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DECEMBER, 1915]
THE LINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF KASHMIRI
The first two personal pronouns may be shown as follows:I
boh
thou
tsah
me
mě
thee
tsě
my
myônu
thy
we
asi
ye
us
asě
you
our
sônu
your
It will at once be seen that not one of these forms agrees with the corresponding Indian pronouns.
chyônu
tõhi
tõhě
tuhondu
Similarly or the demonstrative pronouns we have:
That (near). huh
This.
yih
Sing. Nom. Dat. (animate) yimis Dat. (inanimate) yith Plur. Nom. tim timan
Dat.
humis, amis huth, ath
hum, am
human, aman
265
That (far) suh
tamis
tath
tim
timan
Again it is Lot necessary to draw attention to the various points of difference between his and the Indian forms. It may be especially pointed out that India has nothing corresponding to the distinction between the proximate and remote demonstrative pronouns, although it once existed in Sanskrit.
While none of the above forms are Indian, they all have their cognates on other Pisâcha languages. This has been fully worked out in my Pisaca Languages of North-Western India, and need not be repeated here.
The above remarks also apply to the other pronouns, and space need not here be wasted in considering them. Particulars will be found in the work just mentioned.
As regards verbs, the general principles of conjugation are on the whole the same in Indian, in Eranian, and in Pisâcha, but a few facts stand out. While the present tense of the verb substantive, based on the participial form chhuh, he is, is also to be found in India, the past tense, formed from the root âs, sit, in ôsu, he was, is not at all used in that sense in that country. This root âs is, however, common in Pisâcha. Thus, for he was ' we have My. as, Grw. âsh, Kh. ásistai, Kl. âsis, and so on.
In the conjugation of the ordinary verb, the present participle ends in ân, as in riârân, striking, a form that does not occur in India, but which has many Piśâcha relatives, such as Bsh. vinan, Gwr. thliman, Kl. timan, all meaning 'striking.'
While the Indian verb has only ons past participle, Ksh. has three,-one (môru, struck) indicating past time in the near past, another (máryov) indicating past time indefinitely, and a third (mâryâv) indicating remote past time. One of these (máryov, for mâryô) has the same origin as the past tense of India (Braj mâryau), but the others have had an independent line of growth. Although we do not yet know enough in regard to the Pisacha languages to distinguish between the meanings of the various forms of the past participle in them, it is certain that Wai., Kh., Sh., and My. have at least each two. Thus Wai. has vinâ and vinasta, Kh. gani and ganista, Sh, shido and shidegô, and My. kuta and kutagal, all meaning 'struck'
The Ksh. infinitive is built on the same lines as in Indian languages, i. e., it ends in un (mârun), which may be compared with the H. ending in nå (mârna). In most Pitâchs
? It is not the same as the root as, be, which does occur in several Indian languages.
