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158
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
[JUNE, 1880.
localities which are known, but have not, Ventura's tope only excepted. The masonry apparently, been described.
is in courses, with the interstices filled in The first of these is Kotera-ki-dheri, about a regularly with smaller stones. Some of the quarter of a mile south-east of mound No. 3, blocks of stone are rather large-one being 4 and about a mile from the village of Syudon- 10" long x 1' 7' high: ka-mora, the intervening space being a series Khanda-ka-dhera, the other place, is about a of rugged fissures and denuded ridges of sand- mile in a south-eastern direction from Koterastone. The spot is General Cunningham's No. ki-dheri, a nala being crossed between them. 14, and was examined by General Court, who It is a plateau 200 feet long by 80 or 90 feet found some coins in it. The remains consist of broad, and is the highest point in the entire a tope and monastery, the latter being a large neighbourhood, being conspicuous, with its surrectangular walled enclosure, in good pre- vey cairn, from the village of Syudon-ka-mora. servation, which the people about call a fort. It is surrounded, from 150 to 200 feet below, A plan appears in the plate, fig. 12.
by harsh ridges and ravines, and is covered with The tope is now roughly conical, not allowing fragments of pottery more thickly than the for the partial removal of the upper core by vicinity of Ventura's tope. Numbers of coins General Court, but apparently had a square are said to have been found without excavation. basement. The mound of the tope rises In a few minutes the writer found a small 15 to 20 feet above the level of the pathway, illegible copper coin, a fragment of another, which runs between the tope and monastery. I some beads of coral and lapis lazuli, and several
The facing of part of the tope still remains, pieces of black and red pottery. The only and looks, at a distance, nearly perfect.
remains of masonry are those of two rude butThe walls of the monastery are nearly perfect tresses. The site is apparently however not except at one corner, and they are about 100 ancient, as General Cunningham, who afterfeet above the ravine on the north. The work wards examined it, considered there had been is constructed of large blocks of sandstone, a modern hamlet there; it is therefore probably without mortar, and, so far as it goes, is not worth examination. There is a fine view more perfect than anything about Manikyala, of the Pûnch hills from the plateau.
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ON MAHAVIRA AND HIS PREDECESSORS.
BY PROF. HERMANN JACOBI, PH.D., MÜNSTER. In the Indian Antiquary, vol. VIII, p. 311, a doctrines of the Niganthas as defined by the paper on the Six Tirthakas by James d'Alwis was Bauddhas. To account for, and clear up, these is reproduced with notes by the editor. One of these my purpose in the first part of this paper. heretical teachers, Nigantha N&ta putta, The word Niga ntha in Pali books, and has lately become of great interest, as he basNiya mtha in Jaina Sátras (e.g. the Sútrabeen identified with Maha vira, the supposed kritánga and Bhagavatt) are neither PAli nor founder of the Jaina sect. The proof of this Jaina Prakrit. For its Sanskrit prototype, identity is conclusive. For the Bauddhas and Nirgrantha, current with the Jainas and Jainas agree not only in the name of the sect, Northern Buddhists, would in both dialects have viz., Pali-Nigantha, Niggantha, Nigandha; regularly become Niggam tha, which form, Sanskrit,--Nirgrantha, and Prakrit,-Niyamtha indeed, is the common one in Jaina Prakrit, but Niggamtha; Sanskrit, -Nirgrantha,---respec
not so in Pâli. The form Nigantha was almost tively; and in the name of the founder Påli,- certainly adopted by both sects from the MâgaNataputta, Nataputta, Sanskrit.-Jñåtipatra,and dhi dialect; for it occurs in the Asoka inscription Prakrit,-- Nätaputta, Nayaputta; Sanskrit,- at Delhi, separate edict 1.5 (Ind. Ant. vol. VI. Jõâtaputra, Jña tiputra respectively; but also on p. 150 note). This hypothesis becomes a certainty the place of Jñâtaputra's death, the town Påva; for the word Nâta putta. As translated see my edition of the Kalpasútra, pp. 4 sqq. Yet in Sanskrit it is Jñâta or Jõâtipatra, the regular there remain some anomalies in the forms of Pâli derivative would be Natapatta with a these names and some obscure points in the palatal n. The dental in its stead is a Maga
