Sagar Jain Vidya Bharti Part 4

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Parshwanath Shodhpith Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001687/1

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sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI bhAga-4 (pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke zodha lekhoM kA saMkalana) pro0 sAgaramala jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 2001

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA : 122 pradhAna sampAdaka pro. sAgaramala jaina sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI bhAga-4 (pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke zodha lekhoM kA saMkalana) pro0 sAgaramala jaina pAzvanAtha vArANasI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 2001

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA saM0 - 122 lekhaka : pro0 sAgaramala jaina pustaka : sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 prakAzaka : pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, AI.TI.AI. roDa, karauMdI, vArANasI-221005 dUrabhASa saMkhyA : 316521, 318046 I-mela : parshwanathvidyapeeth@rediffmail.com prathama saMskaraNa : 2001 I0 mUlya : 100.00 rupaye mAtra akSara-sajjA : saritA kampyUTarsa, auraMgAbAda, vArANasI (phona naM. 359521) mudraka : varddhamAna mudraNAlaya, bhelUpura, vArANasI ISBN : 81-86715-46-0 : . pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI Parswanatha Vidyapitha Series No. 122 Author : Prof. Sagarmal Jain Title : Sagara Jaina-Vidya Bharati Publisher : Parswanatha Vidyapitha, I.T.I., Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-221005 Telephone No. e-mail : : : 316521, 318046 parshwanathvidyapeeth@rediffmail.com 2001 First Edition Price : 100.00 Rs. only Type Setting : Sarita Computers, Aurangabad, Varanasi. (Phone No. 359521) Printed at : Vardhaman Mudranalaya, Bhelupur, Varanasi-221010

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prakAzakIya jaina dharma-darzana ke antarrASTrIya khyAtiprApta vidvAn pro0 sAgaramala jaina ne jaina-vidyA ke vividha pakSoM para apanI lekhanI calAyI hai aura use apane gambhIra cintana-manana evaM prAmANikatA ke AdhAra para nayA svarUpa pradAna kiyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki pro0 jaina ke sabhI Alekha sArvakAlika haiN| pro0 jaina ke AlekhoM kI isI sArvakAlikatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ne san 1993 meM unake AlekhoM ko sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI ke rUpa meM prakAzita karane kI yojanA bnaayii| isa krama meM sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-1 san 1993 meM, bhAga-2 san 1995 meM tathA bhAga-3 san 1997 meM prakAzita ho cukI hai| sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-4 usI yojanA kI agalI kar3I ke rUpa meM Apa pAThakoM ke samakSa prastuta karane meM atyanta harSa kA anubhava ho rahA hai| isameM kucha Alekha aise haiM jo vibhinna patra-patrikAoM evaM pustakoM kI bhUmikA ke rUpa meM prakAzita ho cuke haiM aura kucha aise haiM jo bilkula naye haiN| pro0 jaina ke ye zodha-Alekha jaina dharma-darzana, itihAsa, sAhitya Adi viSayoM ke vividha AyAmoM para sazakta prastutiyA~ haiN| AzA hai zodha-vidyArthiyoM evaM sudhI pAThakoM ke lie ye Alekha upayogI siddha hoNge| isa pustaka kI prUpha rIDiMga pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke pravaktA DaoN0 zivaprasAda ne kI hai tathA presa sambandhI kAryoM kA dAyitva DaoN0 vijaya kumAra jaina ne nirvahana kiyA hai, ata: pravaktAdvaya kA maiM hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| sundara akSara-sajjA ke lie saritA kampyUTara evaM satvara mudraNa hetu varddhamAna mudraNAlaya ko dhanyavAda detA huuN| bhUpendra nAtha jaina maMtrI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 12. viSayAnukramaNikA bhadrabAhu sambandhI kathAnakoM kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 'kaumudImitrAnanda' meM pratipAdita AcArya rAmacandrasUri kI jaina jIvana-dRSTi aMgavijjA aura namaskAra mahAmantra kI vikAsa-yAtrA jIvasamAsa: eka adhyayana jaina vidyA ke adhyayana kI takanIka kaSAyamukti: kilamuktireva svAdhyAya kI maNiyA~ AcArya haribhadrakRta zrAvakadharmavidhiprakaraNa : eka paricaya apabhraMza ke mahAkavi svayambhU : vyaktittva evaM kRtittva 10. jaina paramparA meM kAzI 11. puNya kI upAdeyatA kA prazna Introduction to Dr. Charlotte Krause: Her life and Literature 13. Foreword: Aparigraha-The Humane Solution 14. Spiritual Foundation of Jainism 1-23 24-29 30-36 37-66 67-75 76-93 94-101 102-107 108-116 117-126 127-145 146-158 159-162 163-175

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jaina vidyA ke mUrdhanya manISI padmavibhUSaNa sva0 paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ko sAdara samarpita sAgaramala jaina

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bhadrabAhu sambandhI kathAnakoM kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana carama zrutakevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu jainadharma kI sabhI paramparAoM ke dvArA mAnya rhe| haiN| kalpasUtra sthavirAvali ke prAcInatama ullekha se lekara paravartI granthoM ke sandarbho ke AdhAra para unake vyaktitva aura kRtitva ko lekara Adhunika yuga meM paryApta uhApoha yA vicAra-vimarza huA hai, kintu unake jIvanavRtta aura kRtitva ke sambandha meM IsA pUrva se lekara IsA kI pandrahavIM zatI taka likhita vibhinna granthoM meM jo bhI ullekha prApta hote haiM, unameM itanA mata vaibhitrya hai ki sAmAnya pAThaka kisI samIcIna niSkarSa para pahu~ca nahIM pAtA hai| bhadrabAhu ke caritra lekhakoM ne unake sambandha meM jo kucha likhA hai, vaha anuzrutiyoM evaM svaira kalpanAoM kA aisA mizraNa hai, jisameM se satya ko khoja pAnA eka kaThina samasyA hai| Arya bhadra yA bhadrabAhu nAmaka vividha AcAryoM ke sambandha meM jo kucha anuzruti se prApta huA, use caturdaza pUrvadhara aura dvAdazAMgI ke jJAtA zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke saptama paTTadhara aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra aSTama paTTadhara carama zrutakevalI Arya bhadrabAhu ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unake jIvanavRtta aura kRtitva ke sambandha meM eka bhramapUrNa sthiti banI huI hai aura aneka paravartI ghaTanAkrama aura kRtiyA~ unake nAma ke sAtha jur3a gaI haiN| ___ jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM Arya bhadrabAhu athavA Aryabhadra nAmaka aneka AcArya hue haiN| paravartI lekhakoM ne nAma sAmya ke AdhAra para unake jIvana ke ghaTanAkramoM aura kRtitva ko bhI carama zrutakevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu ke sAtha jor3a diyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, kahIM-kahIM to apanI sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM ko paripuSTa karane ke liye sva kalpanA se prasUta aMza bhI unake jIvanavRtta ke sAtha milA diye gaye haiN| isa sambandha meM AcArya hastImala jI ne apane grantha 'jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa' bhAga 2, pRSTha 327 para jo kucha likhA hai, vaha niSpakSa evaM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se itihAsa ke . zodhArthiyoM ke liye vicAraNIya hai| ve likhate haiM- "bhadrabAhu ke jIvana-caritraviSayaka donoM paramparAoM ke granthoM kA samIcInatayA adhyayana karane se eka bar3A Azcaryajanaka tathya prakaTa hotA hai ki na zvetAmbara paramparA ke granthoM meM AcArya bhadrabAha ke jIvana caritra ke sambandha meM mataikya hai aura na digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM hii| bhadrabAha ke jIvana sambandhI donoM paramparAoM

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ke vibhinna granthoM ko par3hane se eka niSpakSa vyakti ko spaSTa rUpa se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sambhavataH donoM paramparAoM ke aneka granthoM meM bhadrabAhu nAma vAle do-tIna AcAryoM ke jIvana caritroM kI ghaTanAoM ko gaDDamaDDa karake antima caturdaza pUrvadhara AcArya bhadrabAhu ke jIvana caritra ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai| pazcAdvartI AcAryoM dvArA likhe gaye kucha granthoM kA, unase pUrvavartI AcAryoM dvArA likhita granthoM ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para spaSTarUpeNa AbhAsita hotA hai ki bhadrabAhu ke caritra meM pazcAdvartI AcAryoM ne apanI kalpanAoM ke AdhAra para kucha ghaTanAoM ko jor3A hai| unhoMne aisA apanI mAnyatAoM ke anukUla vAtAvaraNa banAne ke abhiprAya se kiyA athavA aura kisI anya dRSTi se kiyA, yaha nirNaya to tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke pazcAt pAThaka svayaM hI niSpakSa buddhi se kara sakate haiM / " 1 AcArya bhadrabAhu ke jIvanavRtta evaM unake nAma se pracalita kRtiyoM ke sambandha meM samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana karane kA zreya jina pAzcAtya bhAratIyavidyA- vidoM ko jAtA hai unameM prophesara harmana jAkobI prathama haiN| unhoMne sarvaprathama yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki pAinna (prAcya) gotrIya zrutakevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu ko niyuktiyoM kA karttA mAnanA bhrAnti hai, kyoMki niyuktiyA~ vIra nirvANa saMvat 584 se 609 ke bIca racita haiM jabaki zrutavalI AcArya bhadrabAhu to vIra nirvANa saMvat 162 (digambara mAnyatA) athavA vIra nirvANa saMvat 170 (zvetAmbara mAnyatA) meM svargastha ho cuke the| isa sambandha meM samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se jina bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne cintana kiyA hai unameM muni zrI puNyavijayajI, muni zrI kalyANavijayajI, paM0 sukhalAlajI, paM0 dalasukhabhAI, AcArya hastImala jI, AcArya mahAprajJajI, sAdhvIvaryA saMghamitrAjI Adi pramukha haiM / digambara paramparA ke vidvAn DaoN0 rAjArAma jI ne bhI raidhUkRta bhadrabAhu caritra (pandrahavIM zatI) kI bhUmikA meM samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai, phira bhI unhoMne apanI dRSTi ko digambara srotoM ko prAmANika mAnate hue unhIM para vizeSa rUpa se kendrita rakhA hai, jabaki AcArya hastImala jI, munizrI kalyANavijayajI aura sAdhvI saMghamitrAjI ne donoM paramparA ke mUlasrotoM kA adhyayana kara apanA samIkSAtmaka cintana prastuta kiyA hai| vizeSa rUpa se niyuktiyoM ke karttA ke prazna ko lekara pro0 harmana jAkobI, muni puNyavijaya jI, AcArya hastImalajI, AcArya mahAprajJa jI, samaNI kusumaprajJA jI evaM svayaM maiMne bhI samIkSAtmaka vivecana prastuta kiye haiM, inameM samaNI kusumaprajJAjI ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki niyuktiyA~ prAcya gotrIya AcArya bhadrabAhu kI kRtiyA~ nahIM haiM / kintu ve kisakI kRtiyA~ haiM isa sambandha meM ina sabhI ke bIca bhI matavaibhinya hai| isakI vistRta carcA hama Age bhadrabAhu ke kRtitva ke sambandha meM vicAra karate samaya kreNge|

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AcArya bhadrabAhu kA jIvanavRtta zrutakevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu prathama ke dIkSA paryAya ke pUrva ke jIvana-vRtta ke sambandha prAcIna Agamika pramANa prAyaH anupalabdha haiN| kalpasUtra evaM nandIsUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM unakA jo nirdeza milatA hai, usameM kalpasUtra meM unake guru ke rUpa meM yazobhadra kA, ziSyoM ke rUpa meM godAsa, agnidatta, jinadatta aura somadatta kA ullekha hai| sAtha hI bhadrabAhu ke ziSya godAsa se godAsagaNa prArambha hone aura usakI tAmraliptikA, koTivarSIyA, pauNDravarddhanikA aura dAsIkharbaTikA nAmaka cAra zAkhAe~ hone kA nirdeza hai|3 yahA~ unake gRhI jIvana se sambandhita do hI tathya upalabdha hote haiM- eka to yaha ki unakA gotra pAina thA, kyoMki kalpasUtra, nandIsUtra aura dazAzrutaskandhaniryukti tInoM meM hI unake gotra ko 'pAina' kahA gayA hai| isa ullekha kI prAmANikatA ke sambandha meM koI bhI zaMkA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai kyoMki upalabdha sUcanAoM meM ye nirdeza prAcInatama aura sabhI IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI ke pUrva ke haiM phira bhI 'pAinna' kA jo artha pUrvavartI aura paravartI AcAryoM evaM vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai vaha mujhe samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| prAyaH sabhI ne isakA saMskRta rUpAntaraNa 'prAcIna' mAnA hai jisakA artha purAtana hotA hai aura isI AdhAra para AcArya hastImala jI ne to yaha siddha karane kA bhI prayatna kiyA hai ki "kisI paravartI bhadrabAhu kI apekSA pUrvavartI hone se unheM prAcIna kahA gayA hai / kintu merI dRSTi meM 'pAina' kA artha paurvAtya arthAt prAcI yA pUrva dizA kA nivAsI karanA cAhiye / madhyapradeza ke brAhmaNoM meM Aja bhI audIcya nAmaka eka varga hai jo apane ko pUrva dizA se AyA huA mAnatA hai| sarayUpArI, puravaiyAM Adi bhI paurvAtya brAhmaNa jAtiyA~ haiM isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai -- bhadrabAhu bhArata ke athavA bihAra ke pUrvIya pradeza baMgAla ke nivAsI the| unakI ziSya paramparA meM koTivarSIyA, pauNDravardhanikA aura tAmraliptikA Adi jo zAkhAe~ banI haiM ve unhIM nagaroM ke nAma para haiM, jo baMgAla meM vizeSa rUpa se usake pUrvI bhAga meM sthita the, ataH bhadrabAhu ke pAinnaM nAmaka gotra kA phalitArtha yaha hai ki ve paurvAtya brAhmaNa the| 114 bhadrabAhu ke janma-sthAna ko lekara unase sambandhita paravartI kathAnakoM meM vaividhya evaM visaMvAda kI sthiti hai| kalpasUtra, nandIsUtra, dazAzrutaskaMdha kI niyukti, titthogAlIpainnA, gacchAcArapainA Adi prAcIna stara ke zvetAmbara granthoM meM unake janma sthAna kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| paravartI zvetAmbara granthoM- gacchAcAra kI doghaTTIvRtti aura prabandhakoza" meM unheM pratiSThAnapura (vartamAna paiThana, mahArASTra) kA nivAsI batAyA hai / prabandhacintAmaNi meM yadyapi bhadrabAhu ke nivAsa sthAna kA to koI ullekha nahIM haikintu unake tathAkathita bhAI varAhamihira ko pATaliputra kA nivAsI kahA gayA hai / 6 jJAtavya hai ki pratiSThAnapura jahA~ dakSiNa mahArASTra meM hai, vahA~ pATalIputra (paTanA) uttara bihAra meM hai isa prakAra janma sthAna ko lekara zvetAmbara srotoM meM vipratipatti hai| digambara -----

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4 paramparA ke grantha bhAvasaMgraha meM unheM ujjaina ke sAtha jor3A gayA hai| " punnATasaMghIya yApanIya hariSeNa ne apane grantha bRhatkathAkoSa (I. 932) meM bhadrabAhu ke jIvanavRtta kA ullekha kiyA hai-- unake anusAra prAcIna kAla meM puNDravardhana rAjya ke koTipura nagara meM ( devakoTTa ) meM rAjapurohita somazarmA kI dharmapatnI somazrI kI kukSi se bhadrabAhu kA janma huA / kintu unhoMne bhI isa koTipura ko ujrjjayanta parvata ( giranAra ) ke mArga meM kahIM gujarAta meM sthita mAna liyA hai-- jo bhrAnti hai / ' vastuta: yaha koTipura na hokara koTivarSa thA, jo baMgAla meM puNDavardhana ke samIpa sthita rahA hogaa| koTivarSa ke bhadrabAhu ke janma sthAna hone kI sambhAvanA hameM satya ke nikaTa pratIta hotI hai, kyoMki AgamoM meM bhadrabAhu ke ziSya godAsa se prArambha hue godAsagaNa kI do zAkhAoM kA nAma koTivarSIyA aura pauNDravardhanikA ke rUpa meM ullikhita hai / ratnanaMdI ne apane bhadrabAhukathAnaka meM janma-sthAna aura mAtA-pitA ke nAma Adi ke sambandha meM prAyaH hariSeNa kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| raidhU ne apane bhadrabAhukathAnaka meM mAtA-pitA aura rAjA Adi ke nAma to vahI rakhe kintu koTipura ko kauttukapura (kautukapura) kara diyA hai| " janma-sthala evaM nivAsa kSetra ke ina samasta ullekhoM kI samIkSA karane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vastuta: pAina gotrIya zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kA janma-sthala pauNDravardhana deza kA koTivarSa nagara hI rahA hai, kintu hariSeNa ne use jo gujarAta meM sthita mAnA, vaha bhrAntipUrNa hai| vastutaH yaha nagara baMgadeza ke uttara-pUrva meM aura campA ( Adhunika bhAgalapura) se dakSiNa-pUrva meM lagabhaga 100 kilomITara kI dUrI para sthita thA / zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne prabandhakoza Adi meM jo use pratiSThAnapura se samIkRta kiyA hai, vaha bhI bhrAnta hai| usakA sambandha naimittika bhadrabAhu, jo varAhamihira ke bhAI the, se to ho sakatA hai, kintu zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu se nahIM ho sakatA hai| jahA~ taka bhadrabAhu ke vicaraNa kSetra kA prazna hai-- zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra unakA vicaraNa kSetra uttara meM nepAla ke tarAI pradeza se lekara dakSiNa baMgAla ke tAmralipta taka pratIta hotA hai| unake dvArA 12 varSa taka nepAla kI tarAI meM sAdhanA karane kA ullekha titthogAlIpainnA (tIrthodgAlika prakIrNaka- lagabhaga 5vIM - 6ThI zatI) evaM Avazyaka cUrNI (7vIM zatI) Adi aneka zvetAmbara srotoM meM prApta hotA hai / 1deg yadyapi digambara srotoM se isa sambandha meM koI saGketa upalabdha nahIM hotA hai, phira bhI isakI prAmANikatA sandehAspada nahIM lagatI hai| jahA~ taka unakI dakSiNa yAtrA kA prazna hai-- isa sambandha meM zvetAmbara srota prAyaH mauna haiM, digambara srotoM meM bhI aneka vipratipattiyA~ haiM / bhAvasaMgraha meM AcArya vimalasena ke ziSya devasena ne zvetAmbara mata kI utpatti ke prasaGga meM nimittazAstra ke pAragAmI AcArya bhadrabAhu dvArA ujjayinI meM bArahavarSIya duSkAla kI bhaviSyavANI kA ullekha kiyA hai,

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jisake pariNAmasvarUpa aneka gaNanAyakoM ne apane-apane ziSyoM ke sAtha vibhinna pradezoM meM vihAra kiyA / zAnti nAmaka AcArya saurASTra deza ke vallabhI nagara pahu~ce - jahA~ vikrama kI mRtyu ke 136 varSa pazcAt zvetAmbara saMgha kI utpatti huI / 11 isa prakAra isa kathAnaka meM bhadrabAhu ke dakSiNa deza meM bihAra kA aura candragupta kI dIkSA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| punaH isameM jina naimittika bhadrabAhu kA ullekha hai unakA sattA kAla vikrama kI dUsarI zatAbdI mAna liyA gayA hai jo bhrAnta pratIta hotA hai| AcArya hariSeNa ke bRhatkathAkoza meM bhadrabAhu dvArA bAraha varSIya duSkAla kI bhaviSyavANI karane, ujjayinI ke rAjA candragupta dvArA dIkSA grahaNa kara bhadrabAhu se dasa pUrvoM kA adhyayana karane tathA vizAkhAcArya ke nAma se dakSiNApatha ke putrATa deza (karnATaka) jAne aura rAmilla, sthUlAcArya aura sthUlibhadra ke sindhu-sauvIra deza jAne kA nirdeza kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne AcArya bhadrabAhu dvArA ujjayinI ke samIpavartI bhAdrapada deza (sambhavataH vartamAna mandasaura kA samIpavartI pradeza) meM anazana karane kA ullekha kiyA hai / 12 5 isa prakAra na kevala zvetAmbara srotoM meM apitu hariSeNa ke bRhatkathAkoza, 13 zrIcandra ke apabhraMza bhASA ke grantha kahAkosu (vi. 12vIM zatI) aura devasena ke bhAvasaMgraha meM bhI bhadrabAhu ke dakSiNa deza jAne kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| bRhatkathAkoza Adi meM unake ziSya vizAkhAcArya ke dakSiNa deza meM jAne kA ullekha hai, 14 kintu svayaM unakA nahIM / unake svayaM dakSiNa deza meM jAne ke jo ullekha milate haiM ve rAmacandra mumukSu ke puNyAstravakathAkoza 15 (12vIM zatI), raidhU ke bhadrabAhukathAnaka 16 (15vIM zatI) aura ratnanaMdI ke bhadrabAhucaritra 17 (16vIM zatI) ke haiN| inameM bhI jahA~ puNyAsravakathAkoza meM unake magadha se dakSiNa jAne kA ullekha hai, vahI ratnanaMdI ke bhadrabAhucaritra meM avantikA se dakSiNa jAne kA ullekha hai| ina vipratipattiyoM ko dekhate hue aisA lagatA hai ki ye kathAnaka 10vIM se 16vIM zatI ke madhya racita hone se paryApta rUpa se paravartI haiM aura anuzrutiyoM yA lekhaka kI nijI kalpanA para AdhArita hone se kAlpanika hI adhika lagate haiN| yadyapi DaoN0rAjarAmajI ne isakA samAdhAna karate hue yaha likhA hai ki 'yaha bahuta sambhava hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu apane vihAra meM magadha se duSkAla prArambha hone ke kucha dina pUrva cale hoM aura ucchakalpa (vartamAna- uceharA, jo uccairnAgara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala bhI hai) hote hue ujjayinI aura phira vahA~ se dakSiNa kI ora svayaM gaye hoM yA svayaM vahA~ rukakara apane sAdhu-santoM ko dakSiNa kI ora jAne kA Adeza diyA ho / 18 kintu merI dRSTi meM jaba magadha se pUrvI samudrItaTa se tAmralipti hote hue dakSiNa jAne kA sIdhA mArga thA to phira duSkAlayukta madhya deza se ujjayinI hokara dakSiNa jAne kA kyA aucitya thA ?, yaha samajha meM nahIM AtA / merI dRSTi meM ina kathAnakoM meM sambhAvita satya yahI hai ki cAhe duSkAla kI paristhiti bhadrabAhu ne apane muni saMgha ko dakSiNa meM bhejA ho kintu ve svayaM to magadha meM yA

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6 o nepAla kI tarAI meM hI sthita rhe| kyoMki vahA~ unakI dhyAna sAdhanA ke jo nirdeza haiM ve titthogAlI 19 (lagabhaga 5vIM zatI) aura cUrNi sAhitya ( lagabhaga 7vIM zatI) ke hone se ina kathAnakoM kI apekSA na kevala prAcIna haiM, apitu prAmANika bhI lagate haiN| punaH dhyAna sAdhanA kA yaha ullekha bAraha varSIya duSkAla ke pazcAt pATaliputra kI sthUlabhadra kI vAcanA ke samaya kA hai, ataH zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke dakSiNa jAne ke ullekha prAmANika nahIM haiN| isameM satyAMza kevala itanA hI pratIta hotA hai ki bhadrabAhu to apanI vRddhAvasthA ke kAraNa uttara bhArata ke magadha evaM tarAI pradeza meM sthita rahe, kintu unhoMne apane ziSya parivAra ko avazya dakSiNa meM bhejA thaa| nirgrantha munisaMgha kI laMkA evaM tamila pradeza meM I0 pU0 meM upasthiti ke abhilekhIya evaM bauddha sAhitya ke saMketa bhI isa tathya kI puSTi karate haiM / 21 punaH vaDDamANu (Andhra pradeza) meM huI khudAI meM godAsagaNa kA abhilekhIya sAkSya 22 bhI isa tathya kI puSTi avazya karatA hai ki bhadrabAhu kI ziSya paramparA yA to tAmralipti se jalamArga dvArA yA phira baMgAla aura ur3IsA ke sthalamArga se Andhrapradeza hokara laMkA evaM tamilanADu pahu~cI thii| yahA~ isI prasaMga meM zravaNabelagolA sthita candragiri parvata evaM pArzvanAtha vasati ke abhilekhoM kI prAmANikatA kI carcA karanA bhI apekSita hai | zravaNabelagolA ke candragiri parvata para zaka saMvat 572 arthAt vikrama saMvat 707 IsvI san 650 kA zilAlekha hai23 usameM bhadrabAhu aura candragupta ke ullekha haiM / jahA~ taka candragiri ke abhilekha kA prazna hai, usameM na to bhadrabAhu ko zrutakevalI kahA hai aura na candragupta ko mauryavaMzIya / ataH yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki isameM ullekhita bhadrabAhu ko zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura candragupta ko candragupta maurya mAnA jAye yA bhadrabAhu ko varAhamihira ke bhAI bhadrabAhu aura candragupta ko candragupta nAmaka koI guptavaMzIya rAjA mAnA jaaye| pArzvanAthavasati ke isase bhI 50 varSa pUrva zaka saMvat 533 yA I0 san 600 ke eka abhilekha meM spaSTa rUpa se zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura naimittika bhadrabAhu aise do bhadrabAhu kA ullekha hai / 24 isameM zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt vizAkha Adi sAta AcAryoM kA ullekha karake phira guru paramparA ke krama se bhadrabAhu svAmI kA ullekha hai aura unake Adeza se sarvasaMgha kA ujjaina se dakSiNa patha jAne kA nirdeza hai-- isase aisA pratIta hotA hai, ye bhadrabAhu varAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhadrabAhu hoMge / varAhamihira ke paMcasiddhAntikA nAmaka grantha kI prazasti ke AdhAra para unakA kAla zaka saMvat 437 / I0 san 505 / vikrama saM0 562 siddha hotA hai 25 ataH ye abhilekhIya ullekha naimittika bhadrabAhu se sambandhita ho sakate haiM aura isameM ullekhita candragupta, candragupta

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maurya na hokara candragupta nAmaka koI anya rAjA hogaa| abhilekhoM evaM naimittika bhadrabAhu kI kAlika samAnatA bhI isakA pramANa hai| jJAtavya hai ki raidhU ne apane bhadrabAhucaritra meM jisa candragupta ke bhadrabAhu se dIkSita hone kI bAta kahI hai use candragupta maurya na mAnakara usake pautra azoka kA pautra batAyA hai| 26 kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne isakI pahacAna samprati se kI hai, kintu na to samprati kA nAma candragupta thA- aisA koI pramANa milatA hai aura na zrutakevalI bhadrabAha se azoka ke pautra candragupta kI samakAlikatA hI siddha hotI hai| ata: isa kathAnaka meM svaira kavi-kalpanA hI adhika parilakSita hotI hai| zvetAmbara prabandhoM meM bhI naimittika bhadrabAhu ko pratiSThAnapura (paiThaNa-dakSiNa mahArASTra) kA nivAsI mAnA gayA hai| ata: inakA sambandha dakSiNa meM karnATaka kI yAtrA se ho sakatA hai| punaH zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke sambandha meM ye abhilekha isaliye bhI prAmANika nahIM lagate haiM ki ye unake svargavAsa se eka hajAra varSa bAda ke haiM, ata: zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke sambandha meM inakI prAmANikatA eka anuzruti se adhika nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai| hA~, yadi ye naimittika bhadrabAhu se sambandhita haiM to inakI prAmANikatA evaM vizvasanIyatA kAphI bar3ha jAtI hai kyoMki donoM ke kAla meM mAtra 150 varSa kA antara hai| isa carcA se yaha bhI jJAta ho jAtA hai ki zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura naimittika bhadrabAhu meM lagabhaga 800 varSoM kA lambA antarAla hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke granthoM meM zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke kAryoM meM unake dvArA mahAprANa nAmaka dhyAna kI sAdhanA karane evaM sthUlibhadra ko 14 pUrvo kI vAcanA dene kI sampUrNa ghaTanA kA vivaraNa Avazyakaniyukti (lagabhaga 3rI zatI) evaM titthogAlIpaiNNA27 (tIrthodgAlika prakIrNaka-lagabhaga 5vIM zatI) meM milatA hai| saMkSepa meM, dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke bAda zramaNa saMgha pATalIputra meM ekatrita huaa| aMga sAhitya ko vyavasthita karane hetu AgamoM kI isa prathama vAcanA kA Ayojana huA- usameM gyAraha aMgoM kA puna: saMkalana kiyA gayA kintu dRSTivAda evaM pUrvo kA saMkalana nahIM ho sakA, kyoMki usa vAcanA meM inako sampUrNa rUpa se jAnane vAlA koI bhI zramaNa upasthita nahIM thaa| usa samaya dRSTivAda aura 14 pUrvo ke sampUrNa jJAtA mAtra bhadrabAhu hI the jo nepAla meM mahAprANa dhyAna kI sAdhanA kara rahe the| zramaNa saMgha ke pratinidhi ke rUpa meM kucha muni pATalIpattana (paTanA) se nepAla kI tarAI meM gaye aura unase vAcanA dene kI prArthanA kI, bhadrabAhu ne apanI dhyAna sAdhanA meM vighna rUpa mAnakara vAcanA dene se inkAra kara diyaa| vAcanA dene se inkAra karane para saMgha dvArA bahiSkRta karane/sambhoga viccheda rUpa daNDa kA nirdeza dene ke kAraNa ve puna: vAcanA dene meM sahamata hote haiN| sthUlibhadra ke sAtha kucha muni vAcanA lene jAte haiM, prArambha meM vAcanA maMthara gati se calatI hai| sthUlibhadra . ko chor3akara zeSa muni saMgha nirAza hokara lauTa AtA hai| sthUlibhadra kI dasa pUrvo kI

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vAcanA kI pUrNatA para yakSA Adi unakI bahanoM kA AnA-unake dvArA siMha kA rUpa banAnA--unake isa vyavahAra se khinna hokara bhadrabAhu kA vAcanA dene se iMkAra karanA, atyadhika vinaya karane para, zeSa cAra pUrvo kI zabda rUpa se vAcanA denA- Adi kucha ghaTanAyeM varNita haiM, jinakI sUcanA aneka zvetAmbara srotoM meM prAya: samAna rUpa se prApta hotI hai| kintu ye sabhI srota bhI IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI sadI se pUrva ke nahIM haiM arthAt pA~ca sau varSoM ke pazcAt lipibaddha hue haiN| phira bhI sthUlibhadra ke siMha rUpa kI vikurvaNA ke atirikta isameM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jinakI prAmANikatA para prazna cihna lagAyA jA ske| isa sampUrNa vivaraNa se jo mukhya bAteM ubhara kara sAmane AtI haiM, ve nimna haiM- vAcanA ke samaya bhadrabAhu apanI vRddhAvasthA ke kAraNa apanI vaiyaktika sAdhanA ko hI mahattvapUrNa mAnakara anupasthita rhe| ho sakatA hai ki saMghIya kAryoM ke prati unakI isa anyamanaskatA ke kucha anya bhI kAraNa hoN| sthUlibhadra bhI unheM apane vyavahAra se pUrNa santuSTa nahIM kara sake, phalata: unheM dI jAne vAlI vAcanA bhI madhya meM 10 pUrvo ke bAda roka dI gii| jJAtavya hai ki digambara srotoM meM isa Agama-vAcanA kA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| isake sthAna para digambara srota AcAra ke praznoM para, vizeSa rUpa se vastra-pAtra-kambala sambandhI vivAda ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara aura yApanIya paramparAoM ke udbhava kI bAta karate haiN| yadyapi isa sambandha meM digambara srotoM meM jo vipratipattiyA~ haiM usakI carcA to maiM bAda meM karU~gA kintu itanA dRr3hatApUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke kAla meM zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya sampradAyoM ke rUpa meM spaSTa saMgha-bheda nahIM huA thA- kyoMki zvetAmbara (zvetapaTTa), digambara (nirgrantha), yApanIya evaM kUrcaka Adi sampradAyoM ke astitva sambandhI jo bhI sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya pramANa milate haiM, ve sabhI IsA kI caturtha evaM paMcama zatAbdI se hI milate haiN| sAhityika srotoM meM sarvaprathama vimalasUri ke 'paumacariyaM' meM siyambara/siyambarA zabda milatA hai| 28 isameM sItA ko dIkSita avasthA meM siyambarA aura eka anya prasaMga meM eka muni ko siyambara kahA gayA hai| yaha mAtra eka vizeSaNa hai yA sampradAya bheda kA sUcaka hai, yaha nirNaya kara pAnA kaThina hai| sampradAya bheda ke rUpa meM ina zabdoM kA sarvaprathama prayoga halsI (dhAravAr3a-uttarI karNATaka) ke abhilekha meM milatA hai,29 jo IsA kI pA~cavI zatI kA hai| isa abhilekha meM nirgrantha, zvetapaTTa, yApanIya, kUrcaka aise cAra jaina sampradAyoM kA ullekha hai| isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki spaSTa saMgha bheda IsA kI pAMcavI zatI kI ghaTanA hai jisakA sambandha cAhe kisI rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu se to ho sakatA hai kintu zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu se kadApi nahIM hai| isakA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki digambara srotoM meM jo vastra-pAtra vivAda kI sUcanA hai, vaha pUrNata: niHssAra hai| digambara paramparA ke bhadrabAhu sambandhI kathAnakoM meM saMgha bheda sambandhI jo ghaTanAkrama varNita haiM usameM kitanA satyAMza hai, yaha samajhane ke liye pahale inakI samIkSA kara lenI hogii|

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digambaroM ke mAnya sAhitya meM yativRSabha kI tiloyapaNNati ( 5-6 zatI) meM bhadrabAhu kA nirdeza to hai, 30 kintu usameM aisA koI ullekha nahIM hai, jo yaha batAtA ho ki zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM kI utpatti kaise huI ? sarvaprathama hariSeNa ke bRhatkathAkoza (dasavI zatI) meM evaM vimalasena ke ziSya devasena ke bhAvasaMgraha (lagabhaga dasavIM zatI) meM zvetAmbara mata kI utpatti kI kathA ko bhadrabAhu ke kathAnaka ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai, 31 kintu isameM kAla sambandhI visaMgati spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai| eka ora isameM bhadrabAhu ke ziSya zAntyAcArya ke dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla meM vallabhI jAne aura vahA~ jAkara kambala, pAtra, daNDa evaM zveta vastra grahaNa karane kA nirdeza hai| sAtha hI isa kathA meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki sukAla hone para zAntyAcArya dvArA vastrAdi ke tyAga kA nirdeza dene para unake ziSya (jinacandra ) ne unako mAra ddaalaa| usake bAda vaha zAntyAcArya vyaMtara yoni meM utpanna hokara ziSyoM ko pIr3A dene lgaa| ziSyoM dvArA unakI pratidina pUjA (zAnti snAtra ) karane aura kASThapaTTikA para aMkita unake caraNa sadA sAtha rakhane kA vacana dene para vaha vyantara zAnta huA aura isa prakAra zvetAmbaroM kA kuladeva bana gyaa| isameM isa ghaTanA kA samaya vikrama kI mRtyu ke 136 varSa bAda arthAt vIra nirvANa saMvat 606 batAyA hai| jabaki zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa to vIra nirvANa saMvat 162 meM ho gayA thaa| isa prakAra yaha kathAnaka na to zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke samaya se saMgati rakhatA hai aura na naimittika bhadrabAhu ke samaya se kyoMki zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu to usake 460 varSa pUrva hI svargastha ho cuke the aura naimittika bhadrabAhu isa ghaTanA ke lagabhaga 400 varSa bAda hue haiM ataH yaha kathAnaka pUrI taraha kAlpanika hai| isameM satyAMza mAtra yaha hai ki vastra - pAtra sambandhI yaha vivAda Aryabhadragupta ke guru zivabhUti aura AryakRSNa ke bIca vIra nirvANa saMvat 606 yA 609 meM hI huA thA kyoMki isakI puSTi zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI sAhityika srotoM se ho jAtI hai| ina zivabhUti ke eka ziSya pUrvadhara bhadragupta the ataH nAma sAmya kA sahArA lekara ise bhadrabAhu ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA / punaH isameM bhadrabAhu ke nAma ke sAtha zrutakevalI kA abhAva aura unake avantikA meM hone kA ullekha bhI acalatA. ke pakSadhara zivabhUti ke ziSya bhadragupta se hI saMgati rakhate haiM / jJAtavya hai ki ina bhadragupta se AryarakSita ne na kevala pUrvoM kA jJAna prApta kiyA thA apitu unakA samAdhimaraNa / niryApanA bhI karavAI thii| yaha niryApanA bhI avantI ke samIpavartI bhAdrapada deza meM huI thii| AryarakSita bhI svayaM dazArNapura (vartamAna mandasaura) ke nivAsI the| isa prakAra yahA~ pUrvadhara Arya bhadragupta ke kathAnaka ko zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu se jor3ane kA asaphala prayAsa huA hai| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki Arya bhadragupta aura AryarakSita ke samaya taka jinakalpa kA pracalana thA / yadyapi acelakatA ke samarthaka jinakalpa ke sAtha-sAtha pAtra, kambala Adi ke grahaNa ke rUpa meM sthavira kalpa bhI pracalita

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thaa| AryarakSita ne eka ora varSAkAla meM atirikta pAtra kI anumati dI thI, vahIM dUsarI ora apane pitA ko nagnatA grahaNa karavAne hetu kuzalatApUrvaka eka yukti bhI racI thii|32 isI kAla kI mathurA kI jinamUrtiyoM ke pAdapITha para jo muniyoM ke aMkana haiM ve bhI ise puSTa karate haiN| kyoMki unameM nagna muni ke aMkana ke sAtha kambala, mukhavastrikA evaM jholI sahita pAtra pradarzita haiN| (ina aMkanoM ke citra jaina dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya nAmaka grantha ke anta meM pradarzita haiM aura ye mUrtiyA~ aura pAdapITha lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM upalabdha haiN)| isake pazcAta digambara paramparA meM hariSeNa ke bRhatkathAkoza meM zrutakevalI bhadrabAha ke kathAnaka ke sAtha ardha sphAlaka evaM zvetAmbara paramparA kI utpatti ke kathAnaka upalabdha hote haiN| antara yaha hai ki jahA~ devasena ne isa ghaTanA ko vIra nirvANa saM0 606 meM ghaTita batAyA, vahA~ hariSeNa ne spaSTata: ise zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu se jor3akara I0pU0 tIsarI zatI meM btaayaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne isameM devasena dvArA ullekhita zAntyAcArya ke sthAna para rAmilla, sthUlavRddha (sthUlAcArya) aura sthUlibhadra aise tIna anya AcAryoM ke nAma diye haiN|33 inameM sthUlibhadra ke nAma kI puSTi to zvetAmbara srotoM se hotI hai kintu rAmilla aura sthUlavRddha kauna the usakI puSTi anya kisI bhI srota se nahIM hotI hai| isameM sthUlibhadra ko bhI eka sthAna para chor3akara anyatra bhadrAcArya kahA gayA hai| eka vizeSa bAta isa kathAnaka meM yaha hai ki isameM ardhasphAlakoM se zvetAmbaroM kI utpatti batAI hai| ise kambala tIrtha bhI kahA gayA hai aura kathAnaka ke anta meM kambalatIrtha se sAvalIpattana meM yApanIya saMgha kI utpatti dikhAI hai| jabaki aitihAsika dRSTi se satya yaha hai ki bhadrabAha ke kAla meM jo munisaMgha dakSiNa meM calA gayA use vahA~ ke jalavAyu ke kAraNa nagna rahane meM vizeSa kaThinAI nahIM huI kintu jo munisaMgha uttara meM rahA use uttara-pazcima meM jalavAyu kI pratikUlatA ke kAraNa nagna rahate hue bhI kambala evaM pAtrAdi svIkAra karanA par3e tathA isI kAraNa jinakalpa evaM sthavirakalpa kA vikAsa huaa| ise utsarga evaM apavAda mArga bhI kaha sakate haiN| zivabhUti aura AryakRSNa ke vivAda ke pazcAt IsA kI dUsarI zatI meM do varga bne| eka varga ne pUrva meM gRhIta kambala aura pAtra ko yathAvata rakhA-- isase hI kAlAntara meM vartamAna zvetAmbara saMgha kA vikAsa huA aura dUsarA varga jisane kambala aura pAtra kA tyAga karake uttara bhArata meM puna: acelakatva aura pANIpAtra kI pratiSThA kI thI aura jise zvetAmbaroM ne boTika kahA thaa| vahI Age calakara dakSiNa meM pahale mUlagaNa yA malasaMgha ke nAma se aura phira yApanIya saMgha ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| jJAtavya hai ki isa sambandha meM vistRta sapramANa carcA maiMne jaina dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya nAmaka apane grantha meM kI hai| icchuka vyakti use vahA~ dekha sakate haiN| 34

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11 jJAtavya hai ki idhU ne apane bhadrabAhucaritra meM kambala dhAraka ardha nagna muniyoM se zvetAmbara paramparA kA udbhava dikhAyA, vaha to ThIka hai kintu unhoMne zvetAmbaroM se yApanIyoM kI utpatti dikhAI, vaha yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| kyoMki zvetAmbara aura yApanIya donoM kA vikAsa uttara bhArata kI sthavirakalpI muniyoM kI paramparA se huA hai, jo nagna rahate hue bhI kambala, pAtra evaM mukhavastrikA rakhate the| lagabhaga 15vIM zatI meM raidhU ne aura solahavIM zatI meM ratnanaMdI ne jo bhadrabAhu caritra race unameM pUrva kI anuzrutiyoM meM svaira kalpanA se bhI naI-naI bAteM jor3a dI haiM / jaise - muniyoM dvArA rAtri meM bhikSA lAkara dina meM khAnA, bhikhAriyoM dvArA muni kA peTa cIrakara usameM se anna nikAlakara khA jAnA, rAtri meM bhikSArtha Aye nagna muni ko dekhakara strI kA garbhapAta ho jAnA, sthUlavRddha ke ziSyoM dvArA unakI hatyA karanA, unakA vyantara ke rUpa meM janma honA aura apane una duSTa ziSyoM ko kaSTa denA, ziSyoM dvArA unakI haDDI yA kASTa paTTikA para aMkita caraNa kI pUjA karanA aadi| 35 jJAtavya hai ki bhAvasena ne zvetAmbaroM meM pracalita zAnti pATha aura zAnti - snAtra ko dekhakara zAntyAcArya kI kathA gar3hI, to raidhU evaM ratnanaMdI ne zvetAmbaroM meM sthApanAcArya kI paramparA ko dekhakara sthUlAcArya kI yaha kathA gar3hI hai| jJAtavya hai ki sthApanAcArya ke rUpa pA~ca koDiyA yA kASTa paTTikA rakhane kI paramparA zvetAmbaroM meM hai / sthApanAcArya kA ullekha to bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI milatA hai / bhadrabAhu ke jIvanavRtta meM vipratipattiyA~ ina kathAnakoM kI svaira kalpanAoM ke jor3ane se na kevala aitihAsika prAmANikatA khaNDita huI apitu inakI pArasparika visaMgatiyA~ bhI bar3hatI giiN| isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara AcArya hastImala jI evaM DaoN0 rAjArAma 37 jI ke mantavyoM ke AdhAra para kucha visaMgatiyoM ko prastuta kara rahA hU~ 6 (1) dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla kahA~ par3A isa sambandha meM mataikya nahIM hai / hariSeNa, devasena, evaM ratnanandI ne ujjayinI meM batAyA to raidhU ne use magadha meM kahA aura bhAvasena ne use sindhu - sauvIra deza meM btaayaa| (2) bhadrabAhu dakSiNApatha gaye athavA nahIM isa sambandha meM bhI mataikya nahIM hai| hariSeNa, devasena Adi ne unheM avantI pradeza meM rahane kA ullekha kiyA to raidhU ne unheM pATaliputra se dakSiNa jAne kA saMketa kiyaa| (3) hariSeNa ne candragupta muni ko hI vizAkhAcArya batAyA hai jabaki devasena aura ratnanaMdI ne candragupta muni aura vizAkhAcArya ko alaga-alaga mAnA hai| (4) zvetAmbara mata kI utpatti ke prasaMga meM jahA~ devasena ne zAntyAcArya ke ziSya

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jinacandra kA ullekha kiyA vahA~ anya sabhI ne sthUlavRddha ke ziSyoM kA ullekha kiyaa| (5) jahA~ devasena ne zvetAmbara mata kI utpatti vikrama saMvat 136 arthAt vIra nirvANa saM0 606 meM mAnI vahA~ anyoM ne use zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke sAtha jor3akara use vIra nirvANa saMvat 162 ke pUrva maanaa| (6) bhAvasena ne candragupta ke muni hone kA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA, jabaki anyoM ne unake muni hone kA ullekha kiyA hai| kintu raidhU ne ise candragupta maurya (prathama) ke sthAna para usake pautra azoka kA bhI pautra nirUpita kiyA hai jabaki kAlika dRSTi se zrutakevalI bhadrabAha aura isa azoka ke pautra candragupta meM koI saMgati nahIM hai| puna: azoka ke pautra kA nAma candragupta thA isakI aitihAsika AdhAra para koI puSTi nahIM hotI hai| (7) isI prakAra zvetAmbaroM ke utpatti se sambandhita ghaTanAkrama meM pratyeka lekhaka ne apanI svaira kalpanA kA prayoga kiyA hai ata: unameM bhI aneka vipratipattiyA~ dikhAI detI haiM, jinake saMketa pUrva meM kiye gaye haiN| (8) bhadrabAha ke svargavAsa sthala ke sambandha meM bhI ina kathAnakoM meM matabheda hai| kisI ne use bhAdrapada deza mAnA to kisI ne dakSiNApatha kI guhATavI mAnA hai| Azcarya hai ki 16vIM zatI meM hue ratnanaMdI taka kisI ne bhI use zravaNabelagolA nahIM batAyA hai| isa prakAra kI aneka vipratipattiyoM ke kAraNa digambara paramparA meM pracalita bhadrabAhu sambandhI ina kathAnakoM kI aitihAsika prAmANikatA para prazna cihna laga jAtA hai| ata: unameM nihita tathyoM kI aitihAsika dRSTi se gahana samIkSA apekSita hai| digambara paramparA meM varNita bhadrabAhucaritra sambandhI kathAnakoM meM uttarabhArata ke dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla, unake ziSya vizAkhAcArya ke dakSiNa gamana, jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa ke vibhAjana tathA zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya sampradAyoM ke udbhava ke kathAnaka hI vistAra se varNita haiN| merI dRSTi meM ina sabameM satyAMza itanA hI hai ki zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke samaya magadha meM duSkAla athavA rAjanaitika asthiratA kI sthiti rahI hai| phalata: unakI ziSya paramparA ne dakSiNa meM pravAsa kiyA ho- yaha bhI satya hai ki halasI (dhAravAr3a) ke pA~cavI zatI ke abhilekhoM meM zvetapaTTa, yApanIya, kUrcaka evaM nirgrantha sampradAyoM ke jo ullekha haiM unameM nirgrantha sampradAya sambhavataH zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kI ziSya paramparA se sambandhita rahA hai|38 jabaki yApanIya sampradAya jo kramazaH bhadrAnvaya (tIsarI zatI) evaM mUlasaMgha (caturtha zatI) ke nAmoM se abhihita hotA huA halasI (pA~cavI zatI) meM yApanIya sampradAya ke nAma se hI abhihita huA9- usakA sambandha bhI bhadra

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13 nAmaka AcArya se rahA hai| phira ve cAhe zivabhUti ke ziSya aura Arya nakSatra ke guru Aryabhadragupta (I0 dUsarI zatI kA pUrvArdha) hoM athavA unakI ziSya paramparA meM hue gautama gotrIya Aryabhadra (I0 tIsarI kA pUrvArdha), jinake nAma se bhadrAnvaya calA aura jo niyuktiyoM ke kartA haiM tathA jo Arya viSNu ke praziSya Arya kAlaka ke ziSya tathA sthavira vRddha ke guru aura skandila evaM siddhasena divAkara ke praguru rahe haiM ye sabhI yApanIya evaM zvetAmbara donoM ke pUrvaja rahe haiM- yahI kAraNa hai ki ye dakSiNa bhArata meM vikasita acelakatva kI samarthaka digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiN| merI dRSTi meM digambara paramparA kI paTTAvalI meM ullekhita Arya nakSatra aura Arya viSNu bhI ve hI haiM jinakA ullekha kalpasUtra evaM nandIsUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM milatA hai|40 ___isI prakAra digambara paramparA ke bhadrabAhu kathAnakoM meM ullekhita sthUlabhadra, rAmilla aura sthUlavRddha (sthUlAcArya) kisI eka bhadrabAhu se sambandhita na hokara pRthak-pRthak bhadra nAmaka AcAryoM se haiN| sthUlabhadra kA sambandha zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu se rahA haisambhavata: inake dvArA jinakalpa ke sthAna para sthavira kalpa kA vikAsa huA ho| ho sakatA hai ki rAmilla kA sambandha bhadrAnvaya ke saMsthApaka Arya bhadragupta se ho aura ye rAmillAcArya vidizA meM sthApita jinamUrtiyoM meM ullekhita rAmagupta hoM inase hI Age calakara bhadrAnvaya aura yApanIya sampradAya kA vikAsa huA hai| jabaki sthUlavRddha vastutaH sthavira vRddha hoM jinake ziSyoM se vartamAna zvetAmbara paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| jJAtavya hai kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra sthaviravRddha ke guru haiN| isa prakAra ye tInoM bhadra nAmaka tIna alaga-alaga AcAryoM se sambaddha rahe, jinheM zrutakevalI Arya bhadrabAhu kI kathA ke sAtha gaDDa-maDDa kara diyA gayA hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki paravartI digambara AcAryoM ne jo bhadrabAhu kathAnaka taiyAra kiye unameM anuzrutiyoM se prApta ina bhadra nAmaka vibhinna AcAryoM ke kathAnakoM ko Apasa meM milA diyA aura zvetAmbara ko ati nimna starIya yA bhraSTa dikhAne ke liye ghaTanAkramoM kI svaira kalpanA se racanA kara dii| yadi usa yuga ke zvetAmbara muni itane nimna evaM bhraSTa AcaraNa vAle hote to halasI ke usa abhilekha meM (jisameM nirgranthoM evaM zvetAmbaroM kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai) zvetAmbaroM ke liye- arhatprokta saddharmakaraNaparasTA zvetapaTTamahAzramaNa saMgha jaisI AdarasUcaka zabdAvalI kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| jJAtavya hai ki yaha abhilekha dakSiNa bhArata ke uttarI karnATaka ke usa kSetra kA hai jahA~ nirgrantha digambara sampradAya evaM yApanIya sampradAya adhika prabhAvazAlI thaa| vahA~ rAjA ke dvArA I0 san kI pA~cavI zatI meM zvetAmbaroM ke liye mahAtapasvI jaise zabdoM ke prayoga se yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki usa yuga ke zvetAmbara muni itane AcArahIna nahIM the jaisA ki ina bhadrabAhu caritroM meM unheM citrita kiyA gayA hai|

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14 _AcArya hastImalajI ne jaina dharma ke maulika itihAsa, bhAga 2, pRSTha 357 para isa tathya para prakAza DAlA hai ki paravartIkAla meM racita digambara paramparA ke ina bhadrabAhu caritroM meM kisa prakAra svaira kalpanAoM dvArA dUsare sampradAyoM ko nIcA dikhAne ke liye ghaTanAkrama jor3e jAte rhe| unake anusAra digambara paramparA ke vibhinna granthoM ke adhyayana se yaha tathya sAmane AtA hai ki vibhinna kAloM meM bhadrabAhu nAma ke pA~ca AcArya hue haiN| unhoMne kAlakrama ke anusAra inakA vivaraNa isa prakAra diyA hai| 1. zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu (vIra nirvANa saM0 162 arthAt I0pU0 tIsarI shtii)| 2. 29veM paTTadhara bhadrabAhu (vIra nirvANa saM0 492-515 arthAt IsA kI prathama shtii)| 3. nandisaMgha balAtkAragaNa kI paTTAvalI meM ullekhita bhadrabAhu (vIra nirvANa saM0 609-631 arthAt IsA kI dUsarI shtii)| 4. nimitajJa bhadrabAhu (IsA kI tIsarI zatI, vIra nirvANa AThavIM-nauvIM shtii)| 5. prathama aMgadhArI bhadrabAhu (vIra nirvANa saMvat 1000 ke pshcaat| yahA~ ina pA~ca bhadrabAhu nAmaka AcAryoM kI saMgati zvetAmbara paramparA se kaise sambhava hai- yaha vicAra karanA apekSita hai(1) antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu jinakA svargavAsa vIra nirvANa saM0 162 meM huA ye 14 pUrva va 12 aMgoM ke jJAtA the| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra ye sAtaveM aura digambara paramparAnusAra ye AThaveM paTTadhara the| ye sacela-acela donoM paramparA ko mAnya rahe haiN| inake samaya meM utsarga aura apavAda mArga yA sthavirakalpa aura jinakalpa kI vyavasthAyeM pRthak-pRthak huiiN| ye cheda sUtroM ke kartA haiN| cheda sUtroM meM utsarga aura apavAda mArgoM tathA jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kI carcA hai| isase phalita hotA hai ki unake kAla meM vastra-pAtra vyavasthA kA pracalana thaa| puna: yadi bhadrabAhu (prathama) ko uttarAdhyayana kA saMkalanakartA mAnA jAye to usameM bhI chedasUtroM ke tathA sacela-acela paramparAoM ke ullekha haiN| puna: vidvAnoM ne pUrvo ko pArthApatya paramparA se sambaddha mAnA hai| cUMki chedasUtroM kA AdhAra pUrva the aura pUrva pArthApatya paramparA ke AcAra mArga kA pratipAdana karate the, ata: chedasUtroM meM vastra-pAtra ke ullekha pArzvapatyoM se sambandhita the, jo Age calakara mahAvIra kI paramparA meM mAnya ho gye| inakA kAla I.pU. tIsarI zatI hai| (2) 29veM paTTadhara AcArya bhadrabAhu (aparanAma-yazobAhu) jo ATha aMgoM ke jJAtA the, inakA kAla vIra nirvANa saM0.492 se 515 (I0pU0 prathama zatI) mAnA gayA hai| AcArya hastimalajI ke isa ullekha kA AdhAra sambhavata: koI digambara paTTAvalI hogii| harivaMzapurANa meM yazobAhu ko mahAvIra kA 27vA~ paTTadhara batAyA gayA hai| isa kAla meM koI bhadrabAhu yA yazobAhu nAmaka AcArya hue haiM, isakI puSTi zvetAmbara srotoM se nahIM hotI hai|

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15 (3) nandisaMgha balAtkAra gaNa kI paTTAvalI meM ullekhita vIra nirvANa saM0 609 se 631 ke madhya AcArya pada para rahe hue AcArya bhadrabAhu ke ziSya guptigupta the| AcArya hastImalajI ke anusAra inhIM bhadrabAhu ke kathAnaka ko thor3A atiraMjita karake hI zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM vastuta: ye zivabhUti ke ziSya bhadragupta the| inake kAla meM vIra nirvANa saMvat 606 yA 609 meM uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM puna: acelakatva kI pratiSThA huI evaM boTika yA yApanIya paramparA kA vikAsa bhI isI kAla meM huaa| nandIsUtra evaM kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM inakA ullekha zivabhUti ke ziSya ke rUpa meM hai| zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyoM meM inake ziSya zrIgupta kA ullekha hai| sambhava hai ki zrIgupta hI guptigupta hoN| (4) nimitajJa bhadrabAhu digambara paramparA ke anusAra gyAraha aMga ke viccheda ke pazcAt hue haiN| zrutaskandha ke kartA ke anusAra inakA kAla vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM ye gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra haiM, jo niyukti ke kartA tathA Arya viSNu ke praziSya aura Arya kAlaka ke ziSya haiM tathA sthavira vRddha ke guru aura siddhasena divAkara ke dAdA guru haiN| yahI kAla skandila kI mAthurI evaM vallabhI kI nAgArjuna kI vAcanA kA hai kyoMki AgamoM kI mAthurI vAcanA evaM niyuktiyA~ yApanIyoM ko mAnya rahI haiN| (5) vIra nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt hue bhadrabAha digambara paramparA ke anusAra prathama aMga ke dhAraka the| merI dRSTi meM ye zvetAmbara prabandhoM meM ullekhita varAhamihira ke bhAI bhadrabAhu haiN| varAhamihira kI paMca siddhAntikA meM usakA racanAkAla zaka saM0 427 batAyA hai, isameM 135 varSa jor3ane para vikrama saM0 562 AtA hai| isameM 470 jor3ane para vIra nirvANa saM0 1032 AtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki inakA ullekha kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM nahIM hai| yadi hemacandra kI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para isameM 60 varSa kama bhI kareM to bhI inakA kAla vIra nirvANa saM0 972 AtA hai jo isa vAcanA ke mAtra 8 varSa pUrva hai, ata: kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM inakA ullekha hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| inake samaya meM zvetAmbara sampradAya eka svatantra sampradAya ke rUpa meM astitva meM A gayA thA aura zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIyoM ke bIca bheda rekhA spaSTa ho cukI thii| isa prakAra AcArya hastimalajI dvArA ullekhita digambara paramparA meM vibhinna kAloM meM hue pA~ca bhadrabAhu meM se cAra kA ullekha zvetAmbara srotoM meM prAcyagotrIya bhadrabAhu, bhadragupta, gautama gotrIya Aryabhadra aura naimittika varAhamihira ke bhAI bhadrabAhu nAma se prApta hotA hai| ina cAroM kI digambara srotoM se prApta nAmoM se kAlika samarUpatA bhI hai|

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jJAtavya hai zvetAmbara paramparA meM titthogAlI paiNNA evaM cUrNikAla taka bhadrabAhu ke jIvanavRtta meM unakA pUrvadhara honA, dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke pazcAt pATaliputra meM huI prathama Agama vAcanA, usameM bhadrabAhu kI anupasthiti, saMgha dvArA pUrvo kI vAcanA dene kA anurodha, vRddhAvasthA evaM mahAprANa dhyAna sAdhanA meM vyastatA ke kAraNa bhadrabAhu dvArA apanI asamarthatA yA anyamanaskatA vyakta karanA, saMgha dvArA sambhoga viccheda kI sthiti dekhakara saMgha kA anurodha svIkAra kara sthUlibhadra Adi ko vAcanA denA, sthUlabhadra dvArA siMha rUpa banAkara vidyA kA pradarzana karanA, bhadrabAhu dvArA Age vAcanA dene se iMkAra, vizeSa anurodha para mAtra mUla kI vAcanA denA Adi ghaTanAyeM varNita haiN| vahIM nandarAja dvArA maMtrI zakaDAla ke sAtha durvyavahAra, sthUlabhadra se vairAgya prApta kara dIkSita honA Adi ghaTanAyeM ullekhita haiN| 42 kintu inameM kahIM bhI varAhamihira kA ullekha nahIM hai| 'gacchAcAra painnA' kI doghaTTIvRtti se lekara prabandhacintAmaNi, prabandhakoza Adi ke bhadrabAhucaritra meM mAtra varAhamihira sambandhI kathAnaka hI varNita hai| kintu jJAtavya hai ki ye sabhI racanAyeM IsA kI 11vIM zatI ke bAda kI haiN| inameM bhadrabAhu ke sAtha varAhamihira kA dIkSita honA, phira zramaNa paryAya kA tyAga karake apane dvArA 12 varSa taka sUrya vimAna meM rahakara jyotiSa cakra kI jAnakArI prApta karane kA mithyA pravAda phailAnA, rAjapurohita bana jAnA, varAhamihira ko putra kI prApti honA, usa putra ke dIrghajIvI hone kI bhaviSya karanA, isI samaya usa putra ke bAre meM bhadrabAha dvArA billI ke yoga se usakI sAta dina meM mRtyu hone kI bhaviSyavANI karane aura bhadrabAhu kI bhaviSyavANI satyasiddha hone ke ullekha haiN| ina prabandhoM meM dvArA inheM caturdaza pUrvadhara aura niyukti kA kartA bhI kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra zvetAmbara evaM digambara srotoM meM zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura naimittika bhadrabAhu ke kathAnakoM ko milA diyA gayA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, ina donoM ke madhya meM hue Aryabhadragupta aura gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra nAmaka AcAryoM ke kathAnaka evaM kRtitva bhI inameM ghula mila gaye haiM jinakI samyag samIkSA karake unakA vizleSaNa karanA apekSita hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu kA kRtitva jahA~ taka zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kI kRtiyoM kA prazna hai unako dazAzrutaskandha, kalpa (bRhatkalpa) aura vyavahAra nAmaka chedasUtroM kA kartA mAnA gayA hai| 43 dazAzrutaskandha niyukti aura anya srotoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai| kucha logoM ne inheM nizItha kA kartA bhI mAnA hai| isa sambandha meM merA cintana yaha hai ki na kevala nizItha apitu sampUrNa AcAracUlA-jisakA eka bhAga nizItha rahA hai usake kartA bhI zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu haiN| kyoMki usa kAla taka nizItha AcAra cUlA kA hI eka bhAga thA aura usase usakA pRthakkaraNa nahIM huA thaa|

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17 isake atirikta bhadrabAhu ke kRtitva ke sambandha meM jo naI bAta mujhe jJAta huI vaha yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke saMkalanakartA bhI zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu haiN| uttarAdhyayana ke adhyayana aMga AgamoM evaM pUrvo se uddhRta haiN|45 isa prakAra uttarAdhyayana eka kartRka nahIM hokara eka saMgraha grantha hI siddha hotA hai ata: isakA kartA kauna hai, yaha prazna nirarthaka hai| phira bhI yaha prazna to banA hI rahatA hai ki isakA saMgraha yA saMkalana kisane kiyA? prAcInakAla meM saMgrAhaka yA saMkalanakartA kahIM bhI apanA nAma nirdeza nahIM karate the| ata: isa sambandha meM eka sambhAvanA yaha vyakta kI jA sakatI hai ki uttarAdhyayana ke adhyayana pUrvo se uddhRta haiM ata: usake saMkalanakartA koI pUrvadhara AcArya rahe hoNge| pUrvadharoM meM bhadrabAhu kA nAma mahattvapUrNa hai ata: bhadrabAhu uttarAdhyayana ke saMkalanakartA haiM yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI jA sakatI hai| isa sambandha meM eka pramANa AcArya AtmArAma jI ne apanI uttarAdhyayana kI bhUmikA meM diyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki 'bhadrabAhunA proktAni bhadrabAhAni uttarAdhyayanAni' arthAt bhadrabAhu dvArA prokta hone se uttarAdhyayanoM ko bhadrabAhava bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa AdhAra para kaI vidvAnoM ne uttarAdhyayana ke saMkalanakartA ke rUpa meM bhadrabAhu ko mAnane kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai| AtmArAmajI ma.sA0 ne bhI uttarAdhyayana kI bhUmikA meM yaha nirdeza to kiyA hai ki uttarAdhyayana kA eka nAma 'bhadrabAhava' bhI hai kintu uttarAdhyayana kA yaha nAma kahAM upalabdha hotA hai isakA ullekha unhoMne nahIM kiyA hai| kintu unake anusAra uparokta paMkti ke AdhAra para bhadrabAhu ko uttarAdhyayana kA racayitA mAnane kA koI aucitya nahIM haiM, kyoMki uparyukta kathana meM bhadrabAhunA ke sAtha proktAni kriyApada prayukta huA hai jisakI vyutpatti 'prakarSeNa uktAni proktAni' hai arthAt vizeSa rUpa se vyAkhyAta, vivecita yA adhyApita hai| proktAni kA artha racitAni nahIM ho sakatA hai| isa bAta kI puSTi zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa ke prokte (3/1/69), hema vyAkaraNa ke 'tena prokte' (6/3/18) tathA pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke tena proktaM (4/3/10) sUtroM kI vyAkhyA se bhI hotI hai|46 puna: bhASA, zailI evaM viSayavastu kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para bhI uttarAdhyayana ke sabhI adhyayanoM ko eka kAla kI racanA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| isameM eka ora prAcIna ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai to dUsarI ora arvAcIna mahArASTI prAkRta ke zabda bhI upalabdha hote haiN| zailI kI dRSTi se bhI kucha adhyayana vyAsa zailI meM likhe gaye haiM to kucha samAsa zailI meM haiN| ata: ye saba tathya bhI uttarAdhyayana ke eka kartRka mAnane meM visaMgati utpanna karate haiN| phira bhI isa AdhAra para itanA to mAnA hI jA sakatA hai ki uttarAdhyayana ke saMkalanakartA sambhavata: bhadrabAhu rahe hoN| yaha spaSTa hai ki niyukti meM uttarAdhyayana ke 36 adhyayanoM para niyukti likhI gaI hai ata: niyuktikAra ke samakSa chattIsa adhyayana rUpa uttarAdhyayana upasthita thaa| yadi niyuktiyoM ke kartA zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu (prathama) ko mAnate

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18 haiM to hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki uttarAdhyayana kA saMkalana usake pUrva ho cukA thA aura yaha sambhava hai ki usake saMkalanakarttA bhI ve svayaM hoM, kyoMki jisa prakAra unhoMne chaMda sUtroM kI racanA kara una para niyukti likhIM usI prakAra unhoMne uttarAdhyayana kA saMkalana karake usa para niyukti likhI ho / yadyapi unheM niyukti kA kartA mAnanA vivAdAspada hai / dUsare yadi niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra athavA anya vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) ko mAnA jAye to bhI yaha mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai ki uttarAdhyayana ke saMkalana kartA pAiNNa gotrIya Arya bhadrabAhu rahe hoM / uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke ikatIsaveM adhyayana kI satrahavIM gAthA meM dazAdi ke chabbIsa adhyayanoM kA ullekha hai ataH uttarAdhyayana ke saMkalana ko ina cheda sUtroM se paravartI mAnanA hogA ina cheda sUtroM ke racayitA svayaM prAcya gotrIya bhadrabAhu svayaM hI haiM ataH sambhava hai ki unhoMne ina cheda sUtroM kI racanA ke bAda uttarAdhyayana kA saMkalana kiyA ho| ata: isase uttarAdhyayana ke saMkalana kartA bhadrabAhu prathama ko mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| ina cheda sUtroM isa prakAra yaha nizcita hai dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahArake kartA bhadrabAhu (prathama) haiN| sAtha hI nizItha sahita AcAra cUlA ke kartA bhI ve haiMyaha sambhAvanA prakaTa kI gaI hai jo nirAdhAra nahIM hai| isI prakAra unake uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke saMkalanakartA hone kI sambhAvanA se bhI inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / kintu niyuktiyoM ke karttA, Arya bhadrabAhu prathama haiM - yaha vivAdAspada hai / yadi niryuktiyoM ke kartA Arya bhadrabAhu prathama nahIM haiM to kauna hai ? isa prazna para maiMne alaga se eka svatantra nibandha meM vicAra kiyA hai, jo Aspects of Jainology, Vol. 6, DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha meM prakAzita hai| ataH isa nibandha ko yahIM virAma dete haiM / sandarbha 1. 2. AcArya hastimala jI, jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa, bhAga- 2, jayapura (rAja.), 1974 I0, pR0 327. -} the author of the Niryukties Bhadrabahu is indentified by the Jainas with the patriarch of that name, who died 170 A.V. There can be no doubt that they are mistaken, For the account of the seven schisms (ninhaga) in the Avasyaka Niryukti, VIII 56-100, must have been written between 584 and 609 of the Vira era. There are the dates of the 7th and 8th schims of which only the former is mentioned in the Niryukti. It is therefore certain that the Niryukti was composed before 8th schism 609. A.V. Parisistaparva Introductory, p. 6.

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1 uddhRta, jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa, bhAga 2, pRSTha 359. there ajja jasabhaddassa tuMgiyAyaNa saguttassa ime do therA ajjabhaddabAhu pAiNasagutte there ajja saMbhUti vijae mADharasagutte .. there ajjabhaddabAhU pAiNasagotte, there ajja saMbhUyavijaye maaddhrsgotte| therassa NaM ajjabhaddabAhussa pAiNagottassa ime cattAri therA aMtevAsI ahAvaccA abhiNNAyA hotthA, taM jahA-there godAse 1 there aggidatte 2 there jaNNadatte 3 there somadatte 4 kAsavagotte nnN| therehito godAse hito kAsavagattehiMto ittha NaM godAsagaNe nAmaM gaNe niggae, tassa NaM imAo cattAri sAhAo evamAhijjaMti, taMjahA- tAmalittiyA 1 koDIvarisiyA2 poMDavaddhaNiyA3 dAsIkhabbaDiyA 4 / - kalsUtra therAvalI, 207. jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa, bhAga-2, pR. 374. 5. (a) gacchAcAra painnA doghaTTIvRtti, gAthA 82 kI vRtti, uddhRta jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR. 327-330. (ba) dakSiNApathe pratiSThAnapure bhadrabAhu varAhAhrau dvau dvijo kumaarau|--prbndhkosh, pR. 2. 6. prabandhacintAmaNi, merutuMga, prakAzaka-siMghI jaina granthamAlA, granthAMka 1, zAnti niketana, baMgAla 1933 I., pR. 194. AsI ujjeNI Nayare AyAriyo bhddbaahunaamenn| - bhAvasaMgraha, devasena, 53. athAsti viSaye kAnte paunnddvrdhnenaamni| koTimataM puraM pUrvaM devakoTTaM ca saamprtm|| - bRhatkathAkoSa, hariSeNa, kathAnaka saMkhyA 131, zloka 1. iha ajjakhetti ..... kautukapurammi ... siribhaddabAhu ..... / bhadrabAhucaritra, raidhU, saM. rAjArAma jaina, pR. 2. 10. nepAla vattiNIe ya bhayavaM bhaddabAhusAmI acchaMti cauddassa puvii| - AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga-2, patrAMka 178. chattIse varisasae vikkama rAyassa mrnnpttss| soraTe uppaNNo sevaDasaMgho hu vallahIe / / 137 / / Asi ujjeNiNayare Ayariyo bhaddabAhu nnaamenn| jANiya suNimittadharo bhaNio saMgho mio tenn||138|| hoii iha dubbhikkhaM bArahavarasANi jAva punnnnaanni| desaMtarAiM gacchaha NiyaNiyasaMgheNa sNjuttaa|| 139 / / 11.

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ekkaM puNa saMtiNAmo saMpatto vlhinnaamnnyriie| bahusIsasaMpautto visae soraTThae rmme||141 / / bhAvasaMgraha, devasena-gAthA, 137-39, 141, mANikacanda digambara jaina granthamAlA, mumbaI 1921 I.. prApya bhAdrapadaM dezaM zrImadujjayinIbhavam / cakArAnazanaM dhIra: sa dinAni bahUnyalam / / 43 bRhatkathAkoza, kathAnaka saMkhyA 131, zloka saM. 23 se 43. 13. sarvasaMghAdhipo jAto visssaacaarysNjnyk|| anena saha saMgho'pi samasto guruvaakytH| dakSiNApathadezasthaputrATaviSayaM yyau||40|| bRhatkathAkoza, kathAnaka saMkhyA 131, zloka 38-40. 14. kahAkosu, kartA- zrIcandra, prakAzaka-prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI, ahamadAbAda 1966 I., saMdhi 47, kaDaSaka 10. 15. puNyAsrava kathAkoza, sampA0- rAmacandra mumukSu, prakAzaka- bhAratavarSIya anekAnta vidvat pariSad 1998, pR. 225-227 kathA kramAMka 38. 16. bArahasahasa muNihiM sahiu bhaddabAhurisi clliyu| jaMtau jaMtau kayavayadiNahiM aDavihiM pattu gunnlliyu|| bhadrabAhu, cANakya candragupta kathAnaka, raidhU, saM.- DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, 13, pR. 26. 17. dekheM- bhadrabAhucaritra, ratnanandI, pariccheda 3, zloka 47 se 53, prakAzaka- digambara jaina pustakAlaya, sUrata, 1966 I.. 18. bhadrabAhu-cANakya-candragupta kathAnaka, sampA.- rAjArAma jaina, prastAvanA, 9-11 19. so vi ya coddasapuvI bArasa vAsAI jogpddivno| dejja na va dejja vA vAyaNaM ti vAhippaU taav|| titthogAlI, painnayaM 725, paiNNayasuttAiM, saM. munipuNyavijaya, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1984 I0. 20. mahApANaM Na paviTTho mi, iyANiM paviTTho mi, to na jAti vAyaNaM dAtuM ...... / - AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga-2, patrAMka 187. .

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21 21. mahAvaMsa (10.65; 33. 43-79) ke anusAra zrIlaMkA meM bauddhadharma pahu~cane ke pUrva jainadharma kA astittva thA / pANDukAbhaya ne vahA~ joniva aura giri nAmaka nigrantha ke lie caitya banavAye the| bAda meM maTTagAmiNI abhaya ne nirgranthoM kA vinAza kara diyA / 22. T.V.G. Sastri, "An Earlist Jaina Site in the Krishna Valley", Arhat Vacana, Vol. I ( 3-4 ), June - Sept. 89, p. 23-54. 23. hIrAlAla jaina, sampA0- jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga - 1, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, granthAMka 28, mumbaI 1928 I., lekhAMka 17-18. 24. mahAvIra savitari parinivRte bhagavatparamarSi gautama gaNadhara sAkSAcchiSya lohAryya-jambuviSNudevAparAjita - govarddhana-bhadrabAhu - vizAkha- proSThila kRttikAryya- jayanAma siddhArtha dhRtiSeNabuddhilAdi guruparamparINa vakra (kra) mAbhyAgata mahApuruSasaMkRttikAryyasamavadyotitAnvaya bhadrabAhu svAminA ujjayanyAmaSTAMga mahAnimitta tattvajJena traikAlyadarzinA nimittena dvAdazasaMvatsara-kAla-vaiSamyamupalabhya kathite sarvvassaGgha uttarApathAddakSiNApathaM prasthitaH / * pArzvanAthavasati zilAlekha, zakasaMvat 522, jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga - 1, lekhAMka 1. 25. saptAzvivedasaMkhyaM, zakakAlamapAsya caitra zuklAdau / ardhAstamite bhAnau, yavanapure saumya divAsAdye / / paMcasiddhAntikA antima prazasti, uddhRta - jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa, bhAga- 2, pR0 372. 26. caMdagutti rAyahu vikkhAyahu viMdusAraNaMdaNu saMjAyahu / tahu puttu viasou huu puNNau Naulu NAmu sua tahu uppaNNau / meM caMdagatti tahu NaMdaNu saMjAyau sajjaNu ANaMdaNu / bhadrabAhu - cANakya- candragupta kathAnaka, 10-11. 27. titthogAlIpainnaya gAthA 714-752, paiNNayasuttAI, saM.- muni puNyavijaya jI, prakAzaka, mahAvIra vidyAlaya, bambaI, san 1984. 28. (a) dekheM - jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR.220-221. (ba) pecchai paribbhamanto dAhiNa dese siyambara paNao / paumacariyaM (vimalasUri ) prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI, vArANasI, 22 / 78. jaina zilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, 29. yApani (nI) ya nirgranthakurccakAnAM ..... / -- lekha kramAMka 99. -

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22 30. NaMdI va NaMdimitto bidio avarAjido taijjo ya / govaddhaNo cauttho paMcamao bhabAhuti / - tiloyapaNatti, 4 / 1482. 31. (a) bRhatkathAkoza (hariSeNa), kathAnaka 131, zloka 45-81. (ba) bhAvasaMgraha ( devasena), gAthA 52 - 70. TippaNI- jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ hariSeNa ne rAmilla, sthavira evaM sthUlabhadra nAmaka tIna AcAryoM kA bhadrabAhu ke ziSya ke rUpa meM ullekhita kiyA hai, vahA~ bhAvasena ne mAtra zAntyAcArya kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa prakAra donoM kathAnakoM meM nAmoM ke sambandha meM antarvirodha hai / 32. nijjavaNa bhaddagutte vIsuM paDhaNaM ca tassa puvvagayaM / pavvAvioya bhAyA rakkhiakhamaNehiM jaNao a / / 33. bRhatkathAkoza, kathAnaka 131, zloka 62. 34. jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya, sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, pR. 44-45 evaM 363. Avazyaka niyukti, gAthA 776. 35. (a) bhadrabAhu - cANakya- candragupta kathAnaka, raidhU, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23. (ba) bhadrabAhucaritra, ratnanandI, paricacheda 3, zloka 56-84. 36. jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa, pR0 326-327, 343-344. 37. bhadrabAhu - cANakya- candragupta kathAnaka, prastAvanA, pRSTha 5-6 evaM 9-12. 38. jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka 96. 39. dekheM (a) kalpasUtra sthavirAvali meM vistRta vAcanA ullekhita zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta aura gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra / (ba) AcArya bhadrAnvayabhUSaNasya - jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga-2, pR057. 40. (a) therassa NaM ajja sivabhUissa kucchaguttassa ajja bhadde there aMtevAsI kAsava gutte / therassa ajja kAlae goyamaguttassa ime do therA-there ajjasaMpalie there ajja bhadde / there ajja jehillassa ... ajja viNhU there / - kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI, 20-27. nandisUtra, (ba) tato vaMde ya bhaddattaM / vaDDau vAyagavaMso revainakkhatta nAmANaM sthavirAvalI, 31, 35. 41. saddharmakaraNaparasya zvetapaTTamahAzramaNasaMghasya / - jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga-3,

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lekhakramAMka 98. 42. (a) titthogAlIpainnayaM, saM. munipuNyavijayajI, gAthA 702-806. (ba) AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga - 2, pR0 178, RSabhadeva kezarImala zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, 1929 I.. 43. vaMdAmi bhaddabAhuM pAINaM carimasayalasuyanANiM / suttassa kAramisiM dasAsu kappe ya vavahAre / / dazAzrutaskandhaniryukti, 1. 44. teNa bhagavatA AyArakappa, dasAkappa, vavahArA ya navamapuvvanI saMdabhUtA nijjUDhA / ( jJAtavya hai ki nizItha kA eka nAma AcAraprakalpa bhI rhaa|) paMcakalpacUrNi, patra 1. 45. (a) aMgappabhavA jiNabhAsiyA ya ptteybuddhsNvaayaa| baMdhe mukkhe ya kayA chattIsaM uttarajjhayaNA / / uttarAdhyayananiyukti 4. (ba) kammappavAyapuvve sattarase pAhuDaMmi jaM suttaM / - uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 67. 46. uttarAdhyayanasUtram, sampAdaka - upAdhyAya AtmArAmajI, prastAvanA, pR016-17. - 23 -

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'kaumudImitrAnanda' meM pratipAdita AcArya rAmacandrasUri kI jaina jIvanadRSTi kAlikAlasarvajJa AcArya hemacandra ke paTTaziSya rAmacandrasUri ne aneka saMskRta nATakoM kI racanA karake saMskRta sAhitya ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa avadAna diyA hai| 'kaumudImitrAnanda' bhI unhIM nATakoM meM se eka hai| yaha kRti zrI zyAmAnanda mizra ke hindI anuvAda ke sAtha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI se prakAzita ho rahI hai| yadyapi prastuta grantha kI bhUmikA meM zrI zyAmAnanda mizra ne isa kRti ke sAhityika pakSa para paryApta vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai, ataH yahA~ usa sambandha meM maiM vizeSa carcA na karake prastuta kRti meM AcArya rAmacandrasUri ne jainadRSTi kA nirvAha kisa kuzalatA se kiyA hai, isakA kiJcit nirdeza karanA cAhU~gA / AcArya rAmacandrasUri apanI isa kRti kA prArambha bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI stuti ke sAtha karate haiN| na kevala isake maGgalAcaraNa meM, apitu isa nATaka meM citrita anya saGkaTakAlIna paristhitiyoM meM bhI ve bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI zaraNa grahaNa karane kA nirdeza karate hai / yathA- (1) yaH prApa nivRtiM klezAnanubhUya bhavArNave / tasmai vizvakamitrAya tridhA nAbhibhuve namaH || (2) paraM bhagavato nAbheyasya pAdAH zaraNam / (3) nAbheyasya tadA padAni zaraNaM devasya duHkhcchid| 1. parameSThi nAma pavitraM mantraM smarAmi / yahI, pR0 147 2. punaH puruSavapurmakarandAbhimukhaM gatvA pratinivRttya c| karavAlena kApAlikamabhihanti / . yahI, pR0 148 / ------ pR0 76 / mAtra itanA hI nahIM nATaka ke aSTama aGka meM to ve makaranda ke dvArA jainadharma ke prasiddha evaM paramapavitra paJcaparameSThI namaskAra mantra ke smaraNa kA bhI nirdeza karate haiN|" usa namaskAra mantra ke smaraNa ke prabhAva se na kevala usake prANa baca jAte haiM, balki usakI bali dene vAlA kApAlika svayaM hI mRtyu ko prApta ho jAtA hai| isase rAmacandrasUri kI jainadharma ke namaskAra mantra ke prati ananya niSThA bhI prakaTa - pR0 11 pR0 37 / -

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25 hotI hai| kRti ke antima dazama aka meM bhI unhoMne nAbhiputra RSabhadeva ke smaraNa karane kA nirdeza kiyA hai| isase yaha suspaSTa ho jAtA hai ki AcArya ne kRti ke prArambha se lekara anta taka apanI jaina paramparA kA nirvAha kiyA hai| yahA~ svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki AcArya ne pArzva, mahAvIra Adi kisI anya tIrthaGkara kI apekSA prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kA hI cayana kyoM kiyA? vastuta: isake pIche AcArya kI eka gahana sUjha chipI huI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM. unhoMne RSabhadeva kA cayana karake bhI sampUrNa kRti meM kahIM bhI unake lie RSabha zabda kA prayoga na karake nAbheya, nAbhisUna, nAbhisamudbhava jaise zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| yahA~ svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha bhI jijJAsA ho sakatI hai ki unhoMne bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA cayana karake bhI unake lie RSabha kA prayoga na karake nAbheya yA nAbhisUnu jaise nAmoM kA prayoga kyoM kiyA? yaha to sunizcita hai ki jaina paramparA meM RSabhadeva ko nAbhinandana, nAbheya Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai, kintu isa viziSTa zabda ke cunAva meM bhI AcArya rAmacandrasUri kI eka dIrghadRSTi rahI huI hai| yaha suvidita hai ki brAhmaNa paramparA meM nAbheya kA artha brahmA bhI hotA hai, yadyapi usI paramparA ke grantha zrImadbhAgavata meM aSTama avatAra ke rUpa meM RSabha kA nirdeza bhI nAbhiputra ke rUpa meM huA hai| isa prakAra AcArya rAmacandrasUri isa viziSTa zabda kA prayoga karake apane isa nATaka ko donoM hI paramparAoM ke lie grAhya banA dete haiM, tAki darzaka aura maMcana karane vAle donoM hI apanI-apanI paramparA ke anurUpa usakA artha grahaNa kara skeN| phira bhI yaha suspaSTa hai ki nAbheya zabda se kRtikAra kA vAcya bhagavAn RSabhadeva hI rahe haiM brahmA nahIM, kyoMki kRtikAra ko jaba bhI unake sandarbha meM vizeSaNa dene kA prazra AyA, unhoMne unake nivRttipradhAna virakta svarUpa kA hI citraNa kiyA hai, jo brahmAjI kI apekSA RSabhadeva ke sAtha hI adhika saMgata siddha hotA hai| punaH prastuta kRti meM nAbheya aura nAbhisamudbhava ke sAtha-sAtha eka sthala para sakaladevatAdhi cakravartI nAbhisUnu zabda kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai, jo pUrNata: RSabhadeva para hI lAgU hotA hai| nAbheya aura nAbhi-samudbhaba kA artha to kisI apekSA se brahmA ho sakatA hai, kintu nAbhisUnu zabda to mAtra RSabhadeva ke sandarbha meM hI 3. smarAmi niSThitaklezaM devaM nAbhisamudbhavam / ~ yahI, pR0 185 / 4. yaH prApa nivRti, klezAnanubhUya bhvaarnnve| - pR0 1 / smarAmi niSThita klesh| - pR0 185 / 5. sakaladevatAdhicakravartI naabhisuunu| yahI, pR0 137 /

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26 ghaTita hotA hai| jabaki RSabhadeva ke sandarbha meM to nAbhiputra hone se tInoM hI zabda sArthaka haiN| yahA~ nAbhisamudbhava kA artha nAbhikula samudbhava hI hai| phira bhI yaha satya hai ki unhoMne nAbheya nAma ke prayoga ke dvArA apanI usa udAradRSTi kA paricaya diyA hai, jo jainadharma ke anekAntavAda para sthita hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prastuta kRti meM jahA~ brahmA kA nirdeza huA hai, vahA~ vidhAtA, svayambhU jaise zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, AcArya rAmacandrasUri ne isa nATaka meM sarvatra jainadharma kI ahiMsaka dRSTi kA bhI pUrI niSThA se paripAlana kiyA hai| yadyapi prastuta nATaka meM aneka prasaGga aise haiM, jahA~ narabalI ke hetu samasta vyavasthAe~ citrita kI gaI haiN| kintu AcArya ne eka bhI prasaGga para narabalI, pazubalI ko sambhava nahIM hone diyaa| kevala itanA hI nahIM AcArya ne spaSTa zabdoM meM aise hiMsaka anuSThAnoM kI AlocanA bhI kI hai, ve likhate haiM akUraM zreyase karma krUramazreyase punH| iti siddhe pathi krUraM zreyase spRzatAM bhrmH|| __ dUsaroM ko kaSTa na denevAle satkarma kA phala zubha hotA hai, jabaki dUsaroM ko kaSTa denevAle asatkarma kA phala azubha hotA hai| isa taraha kI vyavasthA ke zAstrasiddha hone para bhI jo loga zubha phala kI prApti hetu asatkarma karate haiM, ve bhrAnta hI haiN| isake atirikta prastuta kRti meM tIna deva mandiroM kA citraNa kiyA gayA haieka bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA, dUsarA kAmadeva kA aura tIsarA kAtyAyanI devI kaa| AcArya ne bar3I hI kuzalatA ke sAtha kAtyAyanI devI ke mandira kI vIbhatsatA kA, kAmadeva ke mandira ke saundarya kA aura RSabhadeva ke mandira kI zAnti kA citraNa karake avyakta rUpa se apanI vareNyatA ko iGgita kara diyA hai| isa sandarbha meM unake dvArA kiye gaye vivaraNa prastuta haiM(a) kAtyAyanI ke mandira kA svarUpa ketustambhavilambimuNDamabhitaH sAndrAntramAlAJcita dvAraM zoNitapaGkilAGgaNamadamArjAribhISmAntaram / 6. yahI pustaka, pR0 110, pR0 147, pR0 181 / 7. yahI, pR0 106 /

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gopucchotthitadIpamazmakuharakroDapraluptolvaNa ____ vyAlaM darduradAhadhUmavidhuraM kAtyAyanImandiram / / (ba) kAtyAyanI devI kA svarUpa netra-zrotra-varauSTha-bAhu-caraNa-ghrANAdibhiH prANinAM, mantraiH klptblirvsaarskRtsnaanaa'trmaalaarcitaa| kaNThasthoragalihyamAnabahalaplIhAGgarAgA gala draktA''nirendrakRttirasanottaMsA mRDAnI purH|| bhagavatI kAtyAyanI kA yaha mandira aisA hai jisake dhvaja-stambha ke cAroM tarapha (balipazu ke) muNDa laTakara rahe haiM, dvAra (bali diye gaye pazuoM kI khUna se sanI huI ataeva) cipacipI A~taDiyoM kI mAlA se suzobhita hai aura Antarika bhAga khUna ke kIcar3a se paripUrNa AGgana meM mastI se ghUmane vAlI billiyoM ke kAraNa atyanta bhayaGkara hai| isa mandira ke dIpastambhoM para gopucchAkAra lau vAle dIpaka jala rahe haiM, pattharoM (se banI dIvAroM) ke chidroM meM bhayaGkara (viSaile) sA~pa chipe hue haiM aura nagAr3oM ko tapAne hetu jalAyI gayo Aga ke dhue~ se yaha malina (dhUmila) ho gayA hai| punaH bhagavatI kAtyAyanI ke svarUpa kA citraNa karate hue ve likhate haiM- bhagavatI kAtyAyanI sAmane dikhAI par3a rahI haiN| inheM pazuoM ke netra, zrotra, prazasta oSTha, bhujA, ghrANa Adi aGga mantroccArapUrvaka balirUpa meM samarpita haiM, ye carbI ke rasa se gIlI A~tar3iyoM kI mAlA se suzobhita haiM, inake zarIra para tilliyoM (plIhA) kA atyadhika aGgarAga (ubaTana), jinheM gale meM lipaTe hue sA~pa cATa rahe haiM, lagA huA hai aura ye TapakAte hue rakta se atyanta gIle gajacarma kI karadhanI rUpI AbhUSaNa se suzobhita haiN| kAmadeva ke mandira kA svarUpa sphUrjadyAvakapaGkasakramalasanmadhyaM japAsodarai duSyaiH klaptapatAkamAnakisalaistAmrIbhavattoraNam / kausummairghaTitAvacUlamabhito mattAlibhirdAmabhiH, sindUrAruNitAGgaNaM gRhamidaM devasya cetobhuvH|| yaha bhagavAn kAmadeva kA mandira hai, jisakA Antarika bhAga camakIle alaktaka (mahAvara) ke rasa ke prasAra se camakIlA ho gayA hai, jisake zikhara para 8. yahI pustaka, pR0 66-67 / 9. yahI pustaka, pR0 68 / /

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28 japAkusuma ke samAna gAr3he lAla raMga kI patAkA laharA rahI hai, toraNadvAra AmrapallavoM se AcchAdita hone ke kAraNa tAmravarNa ke pratIta ho rahe haiM, saba tarapha (mandira ko sajAne ke lie) kesariyA patAkAe~ laTaka rahI haiM, jina para unmatta bhramarapaMkti ma~DarA rahI hai aura A~gana sindUra (ke girakara phailane) se lAla ho gayA hai| RSabhadeva kA citraNa kathamayaM sakaladevatAdhicakravartI nAbhisUnuzcaityAbhyantaramalaGkaroti? . (sarve praNamanti) bhadrAmbhojamRNAlinI, tribhuvanAvacchidAmahavI, lakSmIyantraNazRGkhalA, gunnklaavlliisudhaasaarnniH| saMsArArNavanaurvipattilatikAnistriMzayaSTizciraM, dRSTinAbhisutasya naH prathayatu zreyAMsi tejAMsi c|| ye devAdhideva sakala devoM ke cakravartI nAbhiputra bhagavAn RSabhadeva mandira ke madhya bhAga ko kisa prakAra suzobhita kara rahe haiM? nAbhiputra bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke darzana, jo kalyANasvarUpa kamaloM ke lie sarovaratulya, tInoM lokoM ke pApa ko naSTa karane ke lie gaGgAsadRza, lakSmI ko niyantrita rakhane ke lie ber3I ke samAna, guNa aura kalAoM ke prasArarUpI amRta ke lie pravAhasvarUpa, saMsArarUpI samudra ko pAra karane ke lie naukAsadRza aura vipattilatA ke lie khaDgasvarUpa haiM, hamAre lie maGgalakAraka aura baladAyaka hoN| yadyapi prastuta kRti meM narabali, pazubali kI samarthaka tAntrika karmakANDoM kA citraNa aneka sthaloM para huA hai, phira bhI rAmacandrasUri ne eka bhI sthala para na to unakA anumodana kiyA hai aura na unake dvArA upalabdha siddhi kA citraNa hI kiyA hai, jisase janasAmAnya kI unake prati AsthA utpanna ho| apitu pratyeka prasaMga para unakI viphalatA kA hI citraNa kiyA hai| jaisA ki pUrva meM sUcita kiyA haieka sthala para to namaskAramantra ke acintya prabhAva ke Age na kevala una tAntrika sAdhanAoM kI viphalatA kA saGketa kiyA gayA hai, apita usameM svayaM tAntrika kI mRtyu dikhAkara unake vIbhatsa duSpariNAmoM ko bhI ujAgara kara diyA gayA hai| puna: jaisA ki hamane nirdeza kiyA hai, rAmacandrasUri ne aisI tAntrika sAdhanAoM meM kI 10. yahI pustaka, pR0 177-178 / 11. yahI pusataka, pR0 137-38 /

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jAne vAlI narabalI Adi ko krUrakarma aura aise zAstra ko krUrazAstra kahakara apane ahiMsaka jaina dRSTikoNa kA poSaNa bhI kiyA hai| isI prakAra unhoMne bhogavAdI jIvanadRSTi kI bhI samAlocanA kI hai| eka prasaGga meM rAmacandrasUri ne kAmadeva kI stuti ke byAja se bhagavAn viSNu, ziva, brahmA, indra, sUrya aura candra ko kAmadeva ke vazIbhUta hokara duryaza (akIrti) kA bhAgI honA dikhAyA haijanamahitamahimAM viSNu-zambhu-svayambhU hari-haya-himadhAmnAM duryazonATyabIjam / he kAmadeva! Apa to lokavizruta mahimA vAle bhagavAn viSNu, ziva, brahmA, indra, sUrya aura candradeva ke duryaza ke prasAra ke kAraNabhUta haiN| kRti ke prArambha meM bhI brahmA jI ko kAmavRtti kA citraNa karate hue likhate haiMetAM nisargasubhagAM viracayya vedhAH zaGke svayaM sa bhagavAnabhilASuko'bhUt / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sRSTikartA brahmA isa nisargasundarI kI racanA karake svayaM isameM anurakta ho ge| ina saMketoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki AcArya gamacandrasUri nivRttimArgI brahmacaryamUlaka jaina jIvanadRSTi ko pradhAnatA dete haiN| yadyapi rAmacandrasUri ke kaumudImitrAnanda meM prasaGgAnukUla nArI ke zArIrika saundarya kA citraNa huA hai, usameM zRGgAra kI jhalaka bhI dikhAI detI hai| phira bhI, prastuta kRti meM unhoMne kahIM bhI maryAdA kA ullaGghana nahIM kiyA hai| zRGgAra ke unake sAre varNana saMyata aura jaina zramaNa kI maryAdA ke anukUla haiN| nAyikA kaumudI ke pati ke prati pUrNa niSThA evaM nAyaka mitrAnanda kI saccaritratA, dharmabhIrutA aura kartavyaniSThA Adi aise guNa haiM- jisase yaha siddha ho jAtA hai rAmacandrasUri ne prastuta kRti meM jaina jIvana-mUlyoM ke prati pUrNa niSThA abhivyakta kI hai|

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aMgavijjA aura namaskAra mantra kI vikAsa yAtrA namaskAra mantra jaina dharma kA AdhArabhUta aura sarvasampradAyamAnya mantra hai| paramparAgata vizvAsa to yahI hai ki yaha mantra anAdi-anidhana hai aura jaina AgamoM kA sAratattva evaM Adi srota hai| isa mantra ke sandarbha meM yaha lokokti prasiddha hai'caudaha pUraba kero sAra samaro sadA mantra navakAra' mAtra yahI nahIM, namaskAra mahAmantra kA mahAzrutaskandha aisA nAmakaraNa bhI isI tathya kA sUcaka hai| AgamoM ke adhyayana ke pUrva prArambha meM isI kA adhyayana karAyA jAnA bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai ki yaha unakA Adi srota hai| namaskAramantra ke pA~co pada vyaktivAcaka na hokara guNavAcaka haiN| ina guNoM kA astitva anAdi anidhana hai aura aise guNI janoM ke prati vinaya kA bhAva bhI svAbhAvika hai ata: isa dRSTi se namaskAra mantra ko anAdi mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA bhitra hai| unake anusAra cUlikA sahita paJcapadAtmaka sampUrNa namaskAra mantra kA eka kramika vikAsa huA hai| prastuta nibandha meM hama aMgavijjA aura khAravela ke abhilekha ke vizeSa sandarbha meM namaskAra mantra kI isa vikAsayAtrA kA adhyayana kreNge| jaina Agama sAhitya ke prAcIna stara ke grantha, AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi meM namaskAramantra kA koI bhI nirdeza hameM upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi dazavaikAlikasUtra meM Arya zayyambhava ne yaha nirdeza kiyA hai kAyotsarga ko namaskAra se pUrNa karanA cAhiye kintu isase yaha spaSTa nahIM hotA hai ki yaha namaskAra paJcapadAtmaka hotA thaa| sAmAyika sUtra meM kAyotsarga ke AgAra sUtra meM yaha pATha AtA hai ki 'arihaMtANaM, bhagavaMtANaM, namukkAreNaM na pAremi'1 arthAt arahaMtANaM se ise pUrNa kruuNgaa| vartamAna paramparA se isakI puSTi bhI hotI hai| phira bhI namaskAra se tAtparya paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra se rahA hogA yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra ke nirdeza jina AgamoM meM upalabdha hote hai unameM aGga AgamoM meM bhagavatIsUtra ke atirikta anya kisI bhI aGga Agama grantha meM namaskAra mantra kA nirdeza nahIM hai| aGgabAhya AgamoM meM prajJApanAsUtra ke prArambha meM bhI namaskAra mantra upalabdha hotA hai| prajJApanA ke atirikta mahAnizItha ke

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prArambha meM bhI namaskAra mantra kA nirdezana milatA hai ( OM namo titthassa arahaMtANaM / ) 2 31 OM namo bhagavatIsUtra evaM prajJApanA ke prArambha meM paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra kA nirdeza to hai, kintu yaha unakA aGgIbhUta aMza hai athavA prakSipta aMza hai, isako lekara vidvAnoM meM matavaibhinna dekhA jAtA hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki prajJApanA ke TIkAkAra malayagiri isakI koI TIkA nahIM karate haiM, isalie yaha mantra usakA aGgIbhUta mantra nahIM hai| ise bAda meM maGgala sUcaka Adi vAkya ke rUpa meM jor3A gayA hai, ataH prakSipta aMza hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki yadyapi bhagavatIsUtra ke prArambha meM paJcapadAtmakaM namaskAramantra to milatA hai, kintu usakI cUlikA nahIM milatI hai, usake sthAna para 'namo baMbhI-livie' yaha pada milatA hai| ataH yaha kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki brAhmIlipi ke prati yaha namaskArAtmakapada tabhI usameM jor3A gayA hogA, jaba isa grantha ko sarvaprathama lipibaddha kiyA gayA hogaa| bhagavatIsUtra ke pazcAt prajJApanAsUtra meM bhI paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra upalabdha hotA hai| kintu prajJApanAsUtra nizcita hI IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga nirmita huA hai| ataH isa AdhAra para kevala itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki IsA kI prathama zatAbdI taka paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra kA vikAsa ho cukA thaa| jahA~ taka mahAnizItha kA prazna hai yaha spaSTa hai ki usakI mUlaprati dImakoM se bhakSita ho jAne para AcArya haribhadra ne hI isa grantha kA punaroddhAra kiyaa| haribhadra kA kAla spaSTa rUpa se lagabhaga IsA kI 7vIM - 8vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| ataH mahAnizIthasUtra meM cUlikA namaskAramantra kI upasthiti usakI vikAsa yAtrA ko samajhane meM kisI bhI prakAra sahAyaka nahIM hotI hai| mahAnizItha meM jo yaha batAyA gayA hai ki 'paJcamaGgala mahAzrutaskandha kA vyAkhyAna mUlamantra kI niyukti bhASya evaM cUrNi meM kiyA gayA thA aura yaha vyAkhyAna tIrthaMkaroM se prApta huA thaa| kAla doSa se ve niyuktiyA~, bhASya aura cUrNiyA~ naSTa ho giiN| phira kucha samaya pazcAt vajrasvAmI ne namakAra mahAmantra kA uddhAra kara use mUla sUtra meM sthApita kiyaa| yaha vRddhasampradAya hai / ' yaha tathya namaskAramantra ke racayitA kA patA lagAne meM sahAyaka hotA hai| yadyapi Avazyaka niryukti meM vajrasvAmI ke ullekha meM isa ghaTanA kA nirdeza nahIM hai, phira bhI isase do bAteM phalita hotI hai - prathama to yaha ki haribhadra ke kAla taka yaha anubhUti thI ki namaskAra mahAmantra ke uddhAraka vajrasUri the aura dUsare yaha ki unhoMne ise Agama meM sthApita kiyaa| isakA tAtparya yaha bhI hai ki bhagavatIsUtra meM namaskAramantra kI sthApanA vajrasvAmI ne kI aura ve hI isake uddhAraka yA kisI artha meM isake nirmAtA haiN| vajrasvAmI kA kAla lagabhaga IsA kI prathama zatI hai| saMyoga se yahI kAla aMgavijjA kA hai| khAravela kA abhilekha isase lagabhaga 150 varSa

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pUrva kA hai| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM Avazyaka niyukti meM sarvaprathama hameM sampUrNa cUlikA sahita namaskAramantra kA nirdeza milatA hai| Avazyaka niyukti meM paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra ke sAtha-sAtha usakI cUlikA bhI upalabdha ho jAtI hai| maiMne apane eka svatantra lekha meM yaha sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki niyukti kA racanAkAla IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki cUlikA sahita paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra lagabhaga IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM astitva meM A gayA thaa| digambara paramparA meM SaTkhaNDAgama ke Adi meM bhI paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra upalabdha hotA hai kintu vikasita guNasthAna siddhAnta kI upasthiti Adi ke kAraNa yaha grantha IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kA siddha nahIM hotA hai| isI prakAra mUlAcAra meM bhI cUlikA sahita namaskAramantra upalabdha hotA hai kintu yaha grantha bhI lagabhaga 6ThI zatAbdI ke Asa-pAsa kA hai| isameM to namaskAramantra aura usakI cUlikA Avazyaka niyukti se hI uddhRta kI gaI hai| kyoMki mUlAcAra evaM Avazyaka niyukti meM na kevala prastuta cUlikA sahita namaskAramantra uddhRta huA hai, apitu usakI aneka gAthAe~ bhI uddhata haiM, ata: hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki Avazyaka niyukti ke kAla taka arthAt IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka namaskAramantra kA pUrNataH vikAsa ho cukA thaa| paramparAgata mAnyatA yaha hai ki 'siddhANaM namo kiccA' arthAt siddhoM ko namaskAra karake jahA~ tIrthakara dIkSita hote haiN| jahA~ taka arahaMta pada kA prazna haibhagavatI, AcArAGga (dvitIya zrutaskandha), kalpasUtra evaM AvazyakasUtra ke zakrastava meM 'namotthuNaM arahaMtANaM' ke rUpa meM arahaMta ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| sambhavata: yahIM se namaskAra mantra kI vikAsa yAtrA prArambha hotI hai| mahAnizItha sUtra ke prArambha meM namo titthassa, namo arahaMtANaM-aise do pada milate haiN| isameM namaskAra mantra kA to mAtra eka hI pada hai| phira usameM 'namo siddhANaM' pada jur3akara dvipadAtmaka namaskAra mantra banA hogA isa prakAra prArambha meM namaskAramantra arahaMta aura siddha-aisA dvipadAtmaka rahA hogaa| yadyapi AgamoM meM saMyukta rUpa meM dvipadAtmaka namaskAramantra kahIM upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| mathurA ke I0pU0 prathama zatI taka ke abhilekhoM meM kucha abhilekhoM meM 'namo arahaMtA' yaha eka pada hI milatA hai| aMgavijjA ke caturtha adhyAya 'aMgastaya' meM 'namo arahaMtANaM' aisA eka hI pada hai jo adhyAya ke Adi meM diyA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt aMgavijjA ke aSTama adhyAya meM dvipadAtmaka, tripadAtmaka aura paJcapadAtmaka namaskAra mantra milatA hai| aMgavijjA meM mujhe namaskAramantra kI cUlikA nahIM milI, isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki cUlikA kI racanA aMgavijjA kI racanA ke pazcAt hI niryaktiyoM ke racanAkAla ke samaya huii| isa prakAra yaha to nizcita hotA hai ki cUlikA rahita paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra lagabhaga IsA kI prathama yA dvitIya zatAbdI meM astitva A gayA thaa| abhI taka kI zodhoM ke AdhAra para kevala yaha aMgavijmA ke adhyayana ke binA nizcita ho pA rahA thA ki IsA kI prathama

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33 zatAbdI meM paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra kA aura IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM usakI cUlikA kA nirmANa huA hogA / usake pUrva namaskAramantra kI kyA sthiti thI ? yaha vicAraNIya hai| prAcIna stara ke AgamoM yathA AcArAGga Adi meM 'arahaMta' pada to prApta hotA hai, kintu usake sAtha 'namo' pada kI koI yojanA nahIM hai| Agama meM 'namo' pada pUrvaka 'siddha' pada kA prayoga uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM milatA hai| usameM 'siddhANaM namo' aisA prayoga milA hai| bhagavatI aura kalpasUtra meM 'namotthUNaM arahaMtANaM, ' aisA pada milatA hai| kintu 'namo arahaMtANaM, namo siddhANaM' aise do pada mujhe dekhane meM nahIM aaye| isI sandarbha meM sarvaprathama lagabhaga IsA pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI kA eka abhilekhIya sAkSya prApta hotA hai jisameM dvipadAtmaka namaskAramantra kA nirdeza hai| bhuvanezvara (ur3IsA) ke khAravela ke hatthIgumphA abhilekha ( I0pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI) meM hameM nimna do pada milate haiM- 1. 'namo arahaMtA,' 2. 'namo savva siddhANaM / ' isa prakAra dvipadAtmaka namaskAramantra kA I0 pU0 kA abhilekhIya sAkSya to milA, kintu kisI sAhityika sAkSya se isakI puSTi nahIM ho pA rahI thii| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, isameM 'siddhANaM' ke sAtha jo 'savva' vizeSaNa jur3A huA hai, usakI bhI kisI sAhityika sAkSya se koI puSTi nahIM ho pA rahI thii| saMyoga se jaba maiM apanI pustaka 'jaina dharma aura tAntrika sAdhanA' kA 'jaina dharma aura mantra sAdhanA' nAmaka adhyAya likha rahA thA, to jaina mantroM ke prArambhika srotoM ko khojane hetu aMgavijjA kA adhyayana kara rahA thA to mujhe usameM na kevala dvipadAtmaka namaskAramantra prApta huA apitu usameM 'savva' vizeSaNa yukta 'siddhANaM' pada bhI prApta huaa| isa prakAra hameM khAravela ke abhilekha ke dvipadAtmaka namaskAramantra kA sampUrNa sAhityika sAkSya aMgavijjA meM prApta huaa| sAtha hI yaha bhI jJAta huA ki dvipadAtmaka isa namaskAramantra ke abhilekhIya evaM sAhityika sAkSya samakAlika bhI haiN| puNyavijaya jI ma0sA0 dvArA sampAdita isa aMgavijjA kI 'bhUmikA' meM DaoN0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne aMgavijjA ko kuSANakAla arthAt IsA kI prathama zatI kI racanA mAnA hai / khAravela kA abhilekha isase lagabhaga 150 varSa pUrva kA hogaa| isa prakAra aMgavijjA, se khAravela ke abhilekha se kiJcit paravartI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki aMgavijjA meM namaskAramantra ke eka padAtmaka, dvipadAtmaka, tripadAtmaka evaM paJcapadAtmaka cAroM hI rUpa dekhane ko milate haiN| kintu aMgavijjA meM hameM namaskAramantra kI cUlikA ( eso paJca namokkAro savvapAvappaNAsaNo maMgalANaM ca savvesiM paDhamaM havAi maMgalaM ) kA koI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki namaskAramantra kI cUlikA eka paravartI racanA hai| isakA sarvaprathama nirdeza Avazyaka niyukti meM upalabdha hotA hai| yadi Avazyaka niyukti ko merI mAnyatA ke anusAra Aryabhadra kI racanA mAnA

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34 jAe to usakA kAla IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga sthApita hotA hai| isa samaya carcA se itanA avazya phalita hotA hai ki paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra kA vikAsa IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM Aye vajra ke samaya meM ho cukA thaa| usameM IsA kI dUsarI zatI meM cUlikA judd'ii| dvipadAtmaka namaskAramantra se paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra ke vikAsa meM lagabhaga eka yA do zatAbdI vyatIta huii| khAravela ke abhilekha aura aMgavijjA kI racanA ke bIca jo lagabhaga 150 varSoM kA antara hai, vahI dvipadAtmaka namaskAramantra se paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra ke vikAsa kA kAla mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM ullekha kara cuke haiM- aMgavijjA meM eka padAtmaka, dvipadAtmaka aura paJcapadAtmaka cAro hI prakAra ke namaskAramantra kA ullekha upalabdha hai| aMgavijjA ke prArambha meM Adi maGgala ke rUpa meM paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra hai kintu usake hI caturtha adhyAya ke prArambha meM maGgala rUpa meM 'namo arahaMtANaM'-aisA eka hI pada hai| pana: aMgavijjA ke aSTama adhyAya meM mahAnimittavidyA evaM rUpa-vidyA sambandhI jo mantra diye gaye haiM usameM dvipadAtmaka namaskAramantra 'namo arahaMtANaM' aura 'namo savvasiddhANaM' aise do pada milate haiN| isameM bhI pratirUpavidyA sambandhI mantra meM 'namo arahaMtANaM' aura 'namo siddhANaM' ye do pada milate haiN| 'siddhANaM' ke sAtha meM 'savva' vizeSaNa kA prayoga nahIM milatA hai, kintu mahAnimittavidyA sambandhI mantra meM 'savva' vizeSaNa kA prayoga upalabdha hotA hai| 'savva' vizeSaNa kA upayoga khAravela ke abhilekhoM meM bhI upalabdha hai| aMgavijjA meM pratihAravidyA sambandhI jo mantra diyA gayA hai usameM hameM tripadAtmaka namaskAramantra kA nirdeza milatA hai| isameM 'namo arahatANaM' 'namo savvasiddhANaM' aura 'namo savvasAhUNaM' aise tIna pada die gae haiN| jJAtavya hai ki isameM siddhoM aura sAdhuoM ke sAtha 'savva' vizeSaNa kA prayoga hai| aMgavijjA ke isI adhyAya meM bhUmikarma vidyA aura siddhavidyA meM paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramaMntra upalabdha hotA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki tripadAtmaka namaskAra maMtra se 'AyariANaM' aura 'namo uvajjhAyANaM' aise do padoM kI yojanApUrvaka paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra kA vikAsa huA hai| namaskAramantra kI isa vikAsa yAtrA meM isakI zabda yojanA meM bhI AMzika parirvatana haA hai-aisA dekhA jAtA hai| prathamata: 'namo siddhANaM' meM 'siddha' pada ke sAtha 'savva' vizeSaNa kI yojanA huI aura puna: yaha 'savva' vizeSaNa usase alaga bhI kiyA gyaa| aMgavijjA aura khAravela kA abhilekha isa ghaTanA ke sAkSya haiN| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM jahA~ khAravela ke abhilekha meM 'namo savvasiddhANaM' pATha milatA hai vahA~ aMgavijjA meM 'namo siddhANaM' aura 'namo savvasiddhANaM'-donoM pATha milate haiN| vartamAna meM jo namaskAramantra kA 'namo savvasiddhANaM' aura 'namo savva sAhUNaM' pATha milatA hai vaha mahAnizItha saptama adhyAya ko cUlikA ke pracalita pATha meM anupalabdha hai| bhagavatI, prajJApanA, ghaTkhaNDAgama Adi zvetAmbara-digambara AgamoM meM jo pATha upalabdha hotA hai usameM kahIM bhI siddha

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pada ke sAtha 'savva' (sarva) vizeSaNa kA prayoga nahIM haiN| isI prakAra kI dUsarI samasyA 'sAhU' pada ke vizeSaNoM ko lekara bhI hai| vartamAna meM 'sAhU' pada ke sAtha 'loe' aura 'savva' ina do vizeSaNoM kA prayoga upalabdha hotA hai| vartamAna meM 'namo. loe savvasAhUNaM' pATha upalabdha hai kintu aMgavijjA meM 'namo savvasAhaNaM' aura 'namo loe savvasAhUNaM' ye donoM pATha upalabdha haiN| jahA~ pratihAra vidyA aura staravidyA sambandhI mantra meM 'namo savvasAhUNaM' pATha hai, vahIM aMgavidyA, bhUmikamavidyA evaM siddhavidyA meM 'namo savvasAhUNaM-aisA pATha milatA hai| bhagavatIsUtra kI kucha prAcIna hasta-pratiyoM meM bhI 'loe' vizeSaNa upalabdha nahIM hotA hai-aisI sUcanA upalabdha hai, yadyapi isakA pramANa mujhe abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huaa| kintu terApaMtha samAja meM 'loe' pada rakhane yA na rakhane ko lekara eka carcA avazya prArambha huI thI aura isa sambandha meM kucha UhApoha bhI huA thaa| kintu anta meM unhoMne 'loe' pATha rkhaa| jJAtavya hai ki vizeSaNa rahita 'namo sAhUNaM' pada kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| ata: namaskAramantra ke paJcama pada ke do rUpa milate haiM. 'namo savvasAhUNaM' aura 'namo loe savvasAhUNaM' aura ye donoM hI rUpa aMgavijjA meM upasthita haiN| isa sambandha meM aMgavijjA kI yaha vizeSatA dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jahA~ tripadAtmaka namaskAra mantra kA prayoga hai vahA~ mAtra 'savva' vizeSaNa kA prayoga huA hai aura jahA~ paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra kA ullekha hai vahA~ 'loe' aura 'savva' donoM kA prayoga hai| jabaki 'siddhANaM' pada ke sAtha paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra meM kahIM bhI 'savva' vizeSaNa kA prayoga nahIM haA hai mAtra dvipadAtmaka athavA tripadAtmaka namaskAramantra meM hI 'siddhANaM' pada ke sAtha 'savva' vizeSaNa kA prayoga dekhane meM AtA hai| aMgavijjA meM namaskAramantra meM to nahIM kintu labdhipadoM ke namaskAra sambandhI mantroM meM 'AyariANaM' pada ke sAtha 'savrvasiM' vizeSaNa bhI dekhane ko milA hai| vahA~ pUrNa pada isa prakAra hai- 'Namo mAhaNimittINaM sabvesiM aayriaannN'| Avazyaka niyukti meM ullekha hai- 'Ayaria namukkAreNa vijjAmaMtA ya sijhNti'5| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki vidyA evaM mantroM kI sAdhanA kA prArambha AcArya ke prati namaskAra pUrvaka hotA hai| isI sandarbha meM NamovijjAcAraNasiddhANaM tavasiddhANaM'-aise do prayoga bhI aMgavijjA meM milate haiN| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ 'siddha' pada kA artha vaha nahIM hai jo artha paJcapadAtmaka namaskAramantra meM hai| yahA~ siddha kA tAtparya cAraNavidyA siddha athavA tapa-siddha hai, na ki mukt-aatmaa| namaskAramantra ke prArambha meM 'namo' meM dantya 'na' kA prayoga ho yA mUrdhanya 'Na' kA prayoga ho ise lekara vivAda kI sthiti banI huI hai| jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA ke granthoM meM 'namo' aura 'jamo' donoM hI rUpa milate haiM, vahA~ digambara paramparA meM 'Namo' aisA eka hI prayoga milatA hai| aba abhilekhIya AdhAroM para vizeSarUpa se khAravela ke hatthIgumphA abhilekha aura mathurA ke jaina abhilekhoM ke adhyayana se suspaSTa

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36 ho cukA hai ki 'namo' pada kA prayoga hI prAcIna hai aura usake sthAna para ' Namo pada kA prayoga paravartI hai| vastutaH zaurasenI prAkRta aura mahArASTrI prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa ke 'no NaH' sUtra ke AdhAra para paravartI kAla meM dantya 'na' ke sthAna para mUrdhanya 'Na' kA prayoga hone lgaa| isa sambandha meM aMgavijjA kI kyA sthiti hai ? yaha bhI jAnanA Avazyaka hai| muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ne apane dvArA sampAdita aMgavijjA meM namaskAramantra ke prasaGga meM 'namo' ke sthAna para 'Namo' kA hI prayoga kiyA hai / kintu mUla meM 'Namo' zabda kA prayoga svIkAra karane para hameM aMgavijjA kI bhASA kI prAcInatA para sandeha utpanna ho sakatA hai| kyoMki prAcIna ardhamAgadhI meM sAmAnyataH 'namo' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| isa sandarbha meM maiMne muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ke sampAdana meM AdhArabhUta rahI hastapratoM ke citroM kA avalokana kiyaa| yadyapi unake dvArA prayukta hastapratoM meM 'namo' aura 'Namo' donoM hI rUpa upalabdha hote haiN| jahA~ kAgaja kI do hastapratoM meM 'namo' pATha hai, vahA~ kAgaja eka hastaprata meM 'Namo' pATha hai| isI prakAra sampAdana meM prayukta tADapatrIya do pratoM meM se jaisalamera kI prati (14vIM zatI) meM 'namo' pATha hai| lekina paravartI khambhAta meM likhI gaI (15vIM zatI ke uttarArdha 1489 meM likhI gaI nijI saMgraha) prati meM 'Namo' pATha hai| mAtra yahI nahIM kAgaja kI unake sva saMgraha kI jisa prati meM 'Namo' pATha milA hai usameM bhI prathama cAra padoM meM hI 'Namo' pATha hai / paJcama pada meM 'namo' pATha hI hai| yahI nahIM Age labdhipadoM ke sAtha bhI 'namo' . pATha hai / honA to yaha thA ki sampAdana karate samaya unheM 'namo' yaha prAcIna pratiyoM kA pATha lenA cAhie thA kintu aisA lagatA hai ki muni zrI ne bhI hemacandra- vyAkaraNa ke 'no NaH' sUtra ko AdhAra mAnakara 'namo' ke sthAna para 'Namo' ko hI vyAkaraNa sammata svIkAra kiyA hai / Azcarya hai ki munizrI ne aMgavijjA kI prastAvanA meM graMtha kI bhASA aura jaina prAkRta ke vividha prayogaM zIrSaka ke antargata mahArASTrI prAkRta se jaina prAkRta (ardhamAgadhI) ke antara kI lagabhaga cAra pRSThoM meM vistRta carcA kI hai aura vividha vyaJjanoM ke vikAra, avikAra aura Agama ko samajhAyA bhI haiM phira bhI usameM 'na' aura 'Na' ke sambandha meM koI carcA nahIM kI hai / sambhavataH unhoMne 'Na' ke prayoga ko hI upayukta mAna liyA thA / kintu merA vidvAnoM se anurodha hai ki unheM abhilekhoM aura prAcIna hastapratoM meM upalabdha 'namo' pATha ko adhika upayukta mAnanA caahie| vastutaH muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ne jisa kAla meM aMgavijjA ke sampAdana kA durUha kArya pUrNa kiyA, usa samaya taka 'na' aura 'Na' meM kauna prAcIna hai yaha carcA prArambha hI nahIM huI thii| merI jAnakArI meM isa carcA kA prArambha AdaraNIya DaoN0 ke0 Ara0 candrA ke prayatnoM se huA hai, ataH bhaviSya meM jaba kabhI isakA punaH sampAdana, anuvAda aura prakAzana ho taba ina tathyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhA jAnA caahie| vastutaH mahAna adhyavasAyI aura puruSArthI muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ke zrama kA hI yaha phala hai ki Aja hameM aMgavijjA jaisA durlabha grantha adhyayana ke lie upalabdha

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37 hai / vidvadgaNa unake isa mahAna kArya ko kabhI nahIM bhuuleNge| Aja AvazyakatA hai to isa bAta ki isa mahattvapUrNa grantha ko hindI, aMgrejI Adi bhASAoM meM anudita karake prakAzita kiyA jAe tAki prAkRta bhASA se aparicita loga bhI bhAratIya saMskRti kI isa anamola dharohara kA lAbha uThA skeN| aMgavijjA bhAratIya nimitta zAstra kI vividha vidhAoM para prakAza DAlane vAlA adbhuta evaM prAcInatam grantha hai| isI prakAra jaina tantra zAstra kA bhI yaha anamola evaM prathama graMtha hai| paramparAgata mAnyatA aura isa graMtha meM upalabdha Antarika sAkSya isa tathya ke pramANa haiM ki yaha graMtha dRSTivAda ke AdhAra para nirmita huA hai (bArasame aMge diTThivAe..... suttakkiyaM tao' isameM bhAratIya saMskRti aura itihAsa kI amUlya nidhi chipI huI hai| munizrI puNyavijaya jI ne ati zrama karake isake vibhinna pariziSToM meM usakA saGketa diyA hai aura usI AdhAra para vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne isakI vistRta bhUmikA likhI hai| jisase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aMgavijjA bhAratIya saMskRti kA anamola grantha hai| isakA adhyayana apekSita hai| prastuta prasaGga meM maiMne aMgavijjA ke pariprekSya meM mAtra namaskAramantra kI vikAsa yAtrA kI carcA kii| Age icchA hai ki aMgavijjA ke AdhAra para labdhi padoM kI vikAsa yAtrA kI carcA kI jaaye| ye labdhi pada sUrimantra aura jaina tAntrika sAdhanA ke AdhAra haiM aura inakA prathama nirdeza bhI aMgavijjA meM milatA hai| sAtha hI ye namaskAramantra ke hI eka vikasita svarUpa haiN| isakI vistRta carcA Age kisI zodha lekha meM kreNge| vastutaH muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ne aMgavijjA ko sampAdita evaM prakAzita karake aisA mahAna upakAra kiyA hai ki kevala isa para saikar3oM zodha lekha aura bIsoM zodha-prabandha likhe jA sakate haiN| vidvat varga isa sAmagrI kA upayoga kare yahI muni zrI ke prati unakI sarvottama zraddhAJjali hogii| sandarbha 1. sAmAyika sUtra (kAyotsarga- AgAra sUtra- 4 ) 2. mahAnizItha, ( zrIAgamasudhAsindhuH - dazamo vibhAgaH ) saMpA0 zrI vijaya jinendra sUrIzvara zrI harSapuSpAmRta jaina graMthamAlA granthAMka- 77, lAkhA bAvala, zAMtipurI " saurASTra, 1/1. 3. tithtyara guNANamaNaMta bhAgamalabyaMtamantrattha, vahI- 3/25. 4. siddhANaM Namo kiccA, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, (navasuttANi) jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 20/1. 5. Avazyaka niyukti, harSapuSpAmRta jaina graM0mA0, lAkhAbAvala, saurASTra - 1110. aMgavijjA- 1/10-11 pR0 - 1 6.

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jIvasamAsa : eka adhyayana jIvasamAsa racayitA evaM racanAkAla jIvasamAsa nAma se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki yaha jIvoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM kI vivecanA karane vAlA grantha hai| yaha kisI pUrvadhara AcArya dvArA racita evaM jaina darzana kA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| isake vAstavika racayitA kauna haiM, yaha tathya mUlagrantha ke AdhAra para kahIM bhI spaSTa nahIM hotA hai| isakI antima prazasti meM ise pUrva sAhitya ke AdhAra para racita mAnA gayA hai| isase itanA to avazya spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isake racayitA pUrvo ke jJAtA the| yaha grantha kisane aura kaba banAyA isakA jJAna haribhadra (8vIM zatI) jaise prAcIna AcAryoM ko bhI nahIM thaa| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra meM usa kAla taka racita Agama granthoM ke ullekha milate haiM, kintu unameM kahIM bhI jIvasamAsa kA ullekha nahIM hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki jIvasamAsa kI racanA nandIsUtra ke pazcAt hI huI hogii| nandIsUtra kI racanA lagabhaga vikrama kI pAMcavIM zatI meM huI, ata: jIvasamAsa pAMcavIM zatI ke pazcAt nirmita huaa| sAtavIM zatAbdI meM yA usake pazcAt racita granthoM meM jIvasamAsa kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai, ata: jIvasamAsa kI racanA vikrama saMvat kI pAMcavIM zatI ke pazcAt aura sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva arthAt lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI meM huI hogii| prastuta kRti lagabhaga chaThI zatI kI racanA hai, isake kucha anya AdhAra bhI hai, sarvaprathama isameM nayoM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM sAta mUla nayoM kI pracalita avadhAraNA ke sthAna para naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra aura zabda- ye pA~ca hI mUlanaya mAne gaye haiM, yaha avadhAraNA hameM tattvArthasUtra meM bhI milatI hai| jIvasamAsa meM samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta- ina do nayoM kA koI ullekha nahIM hai, jabaki umAsvAti samabhirUr3ha evaM evaMbhUta- ina do nayoM kA zabda naya ke do bhedoM ke rUpa meM ullekha karate haiN| siddhasenadivAkara ne naigama ko to svIkAra nahIM kiyA, kintu samabhirUr3ha evaM evaMbhUta ko mUlanaya mAnakara chaha naya mAne haiN| aisA lagatA hai ki sapta nayoM kI spaSTa avadhAraNA lagabhaga chaThI zatI ke uttarArddha meM vikasita huI hai, kyoMki tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA (chaThI zatI) ke mUlapATha meM sarvaprathama bhASyamAna pATha ke pA~ca mUla nayoM ke sthAna para sAta mUlanayoM kA nirdeza haiN| jIvasamAsa meM pA~ca nayoM kA yaha ullekha itanA

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38 jIvasamAsa to avazya siddha karatA hai ki prastuta kRti saptanayoM kI avadhAraNA ke vikasita evaM susthApita hone ke pUrva arthAt chaThI zatI ke pUrvArddha kI racanA honI caahie| yadyapi guNasthAnoM kI avadhAraNA kI upasthiti ke AdhAra para yaha kRti tattvArthasUtra se paravartI hai phira bhI nayoM ke sandarbha meM yaha usa dhArA kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jo prAcIna rahI hai| jJAtavya hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama mUla meM bhI sarvatra inhIM pA~coM nayoM kA nirdeza hai (5/6/3, pR0 718, 4/1/48-50, 4/1/56-59, 4/2/2-4, 4/3/1-4) / / jIvasamAsa kI prAcInatA kA dUsarA AdhAra usakA jJAna siddhAnta hai| isameM jJAna ke pA~ca prakAroM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM tattvArthasUtra ke samAna hI matijJAna aura zrutajJAna ko parokSajJAna hI mAnA gayA hai| yaha avadhAraNA bhI tattvArthasUtra ke samAna hI hai, kintu matijJAna ke antargata indriyapratyakSa ko svIkAra kara lene se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jJAna carcA ke prasaMga meM jIvasamAsa kI sthiti tattvArthasUtra se paravartI hai aura nandIsUtra ke samAna hI hai- nandIsUtra kA kAla lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatI haiN| nandIsUtra meM hI sarvaprathama matijJAna ke ekabheda ke rUpa meM indriyapratyakSa ko vyAvahArika pratyakSa ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA gayA hai| puna: pramANoM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM bhI isameM - pratyakSa, anumAna, zabda aura upamAna ina cAra pramANoM kI hI carcA huI hai| jaina darzana meM cAra pramANoM kI yaha carcA bhI Agamika yuga (5vIM zatI) kI dena hai aura nyAyadarzana se prabhAvita hai, samavAyAMga aura nandIsUtra meM bhI inhIM cAra pramANoM kI carcA milatI hai| isameM smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka ina tIna pramANoM kI carcA kA, jo tArkika yuga kI dena hai, pUrNa abhAva hai| jainadarzana meM ina tInoM kI pramANoM ke rUpa meM svIkRti sarvaprathama akalaMka ke kAla (lagabhaga 8vIM zatI) se prArambha hotI hai| ata: isase bhI itanA to sunizcita hotA hai ki jIvasamAsa 5vIM zatI ke pazcAt aura 8vIM zatI ke pUrva arthAt chaThI-sAtavIM zatI meM kabhI nirmita haA hogaa| kintu sAtavIM zatI se jIvasamAsa ke nirdeza upalabdha hote haiM, ata: yaha chaThI zatI meM nirmita huA hogA, isa tathya ko mAnya kiyA jA sakatA hai| tIsare jIvasamAsa meM caudaha gaNasthAnoM kA bhI spaSTa ullekha milatA hai isase bhI yahI spaSTa hotA hai ki yaha grantha 5vIM zatAbdI ke bAda kI hI racanA hai| tattvArthasUtra aura usake svopajJabhASya (lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI) meM guNasthAna siddhAnta kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| ata: itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha grantha tabhI astitva meM AyA, jaba caudaha guNasthAnoM kI avadhAraNA astitva meM A cukI thii| caudaha guNasthAnoM kA ullekha Agama sAhitya meM sarvaprathama samavAyAMga aura Avazyakaniyukti kI do prakSipta gAthAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| kintu unameM ye gAthAe~

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bhUmikA sambhavata: vallabhIvAcanA ke samaya yA usake bhI pazcAt kabhI saMgrahaNIsUtra se prakSipta kI gaI hoMgI, kyoMki Avazyakaniyukti kI TIkA meM AcArya haribhadra ne ina donoM gAthAoM ko niyukti kI gAthA na mAnakara saMgrahaNIsUtra kI gAthA kahA hai| Aja saMgrahaNIsUtra kI aneka gAthAe~ AgamoM evaM niyuktiyoM meM upalabdha hotI haiN| yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArddha aura chaThI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM kabhI astitva meM AyI hai| ata: guNasthAnoM ke AdhAra para jIva kI caudaha mArgaNAoM aura ATha anuyogadvAroM kI carcA karane vAlA yaha grantha usake pazcAt hI lagabhaga chaThI zatI ke uttarArddha meM nirmita huA hogaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prastuta grantha ke prArambha meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ko jIvasamAsa ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| caudaha guNasthAnoM ko samavAyAMgasUtra meM mAtra jIvasthAna ke nAma se tathA SaTkhaNDAgama ke prArambha meM jIvasamAsa ke nAma se aura bAda meM guNasthAna ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama ke samAna hI prastuta kRti meM bhI guNasthAna ko pahale jIvasamAsa aura bAda meM guNasthAna ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| punaH prastuta kRti kI SaTkhaNDAgama ke satpadaprarUpanA nAmaka prathama khaNDa se bhI aneka arthoM meM samAnatA hai jisakI carcA hama Age kreNge| isase aisA lagatA hai ki yaha kRti SaTkhaNDAgama kI samakAlika yA usase kiJcita pUrvavartI yA paravartI hI rahI hogii| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki prastuta kRti usI prArambhika kAla kI racanA hai jaba guNasthAnoM kI avadhAraNA jIvasamAsa ke nAma se prArambha hokara guNasthAna siddhAnta ke rUpa meM apanA svarUpa le rahI thii| isameM guNasthAnoM aura mArgaNAoM ke saha-sambandha kI carcA se yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki yaha lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha kI racanA hai, kyoMki chaThI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se na kevala jIvasamAsa yA jIvasthAna, guNasthAna ke nAma se abhihita hone lage the, apitu jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna aura guNasthAna ke eka-dUsare se pArasparika saha-sambandha bhI nizcita ho cuke the| jIvasamAsa nAmaka prastuta kRti meM jIvasthAnoM, mArgaNAsthAnoM aura guNasthAnoM ke pArasparika sambandha kI jo spaSTa carcA hai, usase yahI phalita hotA hai ki yaha kRti lagabhaga chaThI zatI ke uttarArddha kI racanA hokara SaTkhaNDAgama ke samakAlika honI caahie| , isa prasaMga meM guNasthAna siddhAnta ke udbhava aura vikAsa kI yAtrA ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki jIvasamAsa nAmaka isa kRti meM 'jIvasamAsa' ke nAma se guNasthAnoM kI hI carcA kI gaI hai aura ina guNasthAnoM ke sandarbha meM mArgaNAoM ' Adi kA saha-sambandha spaSTa karanA hI isakA pratipAdya hai|

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40 jIvasamAsa guNasthAna siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa vyakti kI AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke vibhinna staroM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie jaina darzana meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA jaina dharma kI eka pramukha avadhAraNA hai tathApi prAcIna stara ke jaina-AgamoM yathA- AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazavaikAlika, bhagavatI Adi meM isa siddhAnta kA koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hai| sarvaprathama samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAna ke nAma se ina guNasthAnoM kA ullekha huA hai| samavAyAMga meM yadyapi caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA nirdeza huA hai, kintu unheM guNasthAna na kahakara jIvasthAna (jIvaThANa) kahA gayA hai| (samavAyAMga, sampAdaka- madhukaramuni, 14/95) samavAyAMga ke pazcAt zvetAmbara paramparA meM guNasthAnoM ke ina caudaha nAmoM kA nirdeza Avazyakaniyukti meM upalabdha hai, kintu usameM bhI unheM guNasthAna na kahakara jIvasthAna hI kahA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki niyukti meM bhI ye gAthAe~ prakSipta haiN| AcArya haribhadra (AThavIM zatI) ne apanI Avazyakaniyukti kI TIkA meM inheM saMgrahaNIsUtra se uddhRta batAyA hai| ___ AgamoM ke samAna prakIrNakoM meM bhI guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA abhAva hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM ina caudaha avasthAoM ke lie "guNasthAna" zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga hameM AvazyakacUrNi (7vIM zatI) meM milatA hai usameM lagabhaga tIna pRSThoM meM isakA vivaraNa diyA gayA haiN| jahA~ taka acela paramparA kA prazna hai usameM kasAyapAhuDa ko chor3akara SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA jaise tattvajJAna evaM AcArapradhAna granthoM meM tathA tattvArthasUtra kI pUjyapAda devanandI kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA, bhaTTa akalaMka ke rAjavArtika, vidyAnandI ke zlokavArttika Adi digambara AcAryoM ke TIkA granthoM meM isa siddhAnta kA vistRta vivecana huA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mAtra SaTkhaNDAgama meM inheM jIvasamAsa kahA gayA hai| zeSa sabhI granthoM meM inheM guNasthAna ke nAma se hI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| hamAre lie Azcarya kA viSaya to yaha hai ki AcArya umAsvAti (lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI) ne jahA~ apane tatvArthasUtra meM jaina dharma evaM darzana ke lagabhaga sabhI pakSoM para prakAza DAlA hai| vahA~ unhoMne caudaha guNasthAnoM kA spaSTa rUpa se kahIM bhI nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai| ata: yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se upasthita hotA hai ki kyA tattvArthasUtra ke racanAkAla taka jaina dharma meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa nahIM huA thA? aura yadi usakA vikAsa ho cukA thA

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41 jIvasamAsa eka sAtha caudaha guNasthAnoM kA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu dhyAna ke prasaMga meM 7veM se 14veM guNasthAna taka kI, mUlAcAra kI apekSA vistRta vivecanA huI hai| usake pazcAt devanandI kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM guNasthAna (guNaTThANa ) kA vistRta varNana milatA hai| pUjyapAda devanandI ne to sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM satprarUpaNA Adi dvAroM kI carcA meM mArgaNAoM kI carcA karate hue pratyeka mArgaNA ke sandarbha meM guNasthAnoM kA vistRta vivaraNa diyA hai, yaha vivaraNa AMzika rUpa se jIvasamAsa evaM SaTkhaNDAgama se samAnatA rakhatA hai| AcArya kundakunda kI hI yaha vizeSatA hai ki unhoMne sarvaprathama niyamasAra, samayasAra Adi meM maggaNAThINa, guNaThANa aura jIvaThANa kA unake bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM prayoga kiyA hai| isa prakAra jIvaThANa yA jIvasamAsa zabda jo samavAyAMga evaM SaTkhaNDAgama ke kAla taka guNasthAna ke paryAyavAcI ke rUpa meM prayukta hote the, ve aba jIva kI vibhinna yoniyoM ke sandarbha meM prayukta hone lage / kundakunda ke granthoM meM jIvasthAna kA tAtparya jIvoM ke janma grahaNa karane kI vividha yoniyoM se hai| isakA eka phalitArtha yaha hai ki bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra tathA kundakunda ke kAla taka jIvasthAna aura guNasthAna donoM kI alaga-alaga spaSTa dhAraNAe~ bana cukI thI aura ina donoM ke vivecya viSaya bhI alaga ho gaye the| jIvasthAna yA jIvasamAsa kA sambandha jIvayoniyoM / jIvajAtiyoM se aura guNasthAna kA sambandha Atmavizuddhi / karmavizuddhi se mAnA jAne lagA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki AcArAMga Adi prAcIna granthoM meM jahA~ guNa zabda kA prayoga bandhaka tattva ke rUpa meM ho rahA thA, vahA~ guNa zabda kA prayoga guNasthAna meM Atmavizuddhi kA vAcaka bana gyaa| isa prakAra yadi guNasthAna siddhAnta ke aitihAsika vikAsakrama kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, sarvArthasiddhi TIkA evaM kundakunda ke samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi sabhI grantha lagabhaga chaThI zatI uttarArddha yA usase bhI paravartI hI siddha hote haiN| nizcaya hI prastuta jIvasamAsa aura SaTkhaNDAgama unase kucha pUrvavartI hai| ina samasta carcA se aisA lagatA hai ki lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke anta meM jaba sarvaprathama guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA suvyavasthita huI, taba use jIvasthAna yA jIvasamAsa ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA thA-- guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga abhI pracalita nahIM huA thA / lagabhaga chaThI zatI se isake lie guNasthAna zabda rUr3ha huA aura chaThI zatI ke uttarArddha meM jIvasthAnoM, mArgaNAsthAnoM aura guNasthAnoM ke saha-sambandha nizcita hue| guNasthAna ke isa aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko samajhane ke lie nIce hama do sAraNiyA~ prastuta kara rahe haiM

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bhUmikA 42 to umAsvAti ne apane mUla grantha tattvArthasUtra meM yA usakI svopajJa TIkA tattvArthabhASya meM usakA ullekha kyoM nahIM kiyA? jabaki unhoMne tattvArthasUtra ke naveM adhyAya meM AdhyAtmika vizuddhi (karma-nirjarA) kI dasa avasthAoM ko sUcita karate hue eka lambA sUtra banAyA hai| yadi unake sAmane guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA hotI to nizcaya hI ve usa sUtra ke sthAna para usakA pratipAdana karate, kyoMki prastuta sUtra meM jina dasa avasthAoM kA nirdeza hai unameM aura guNasthAnoM ke nAmakaraNa evaM krama meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai| merI dRSTi meM to inhIM dasa avasthAoM ke AdhAra para hI guNasthAna siddhAnta kA vikAsa huA hai| isa sUtra meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA se sambandhita kucha pAribhASika zabda- jaise darzana-moha-upazamaka, darzana-moha-kSapaka (cAritra-moha) upazamaka, (cAritra-moha) kSapaka, upazAntamoha, kSINamoha, kevalI (jina) Adi upalabdha hote haiN| isase aisA lagatA hai ki tattvArthasUtra aura usake svopajJabhASya ke racanAkAla taka jaina paramparA meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa nahIM ho pAyA thA, yadyapi isa avadhAraNA ke mUla bIja upasthita the| aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha bAta bhI mahattvapUrNa hai ki samavAyAMga aura SaTkhaNDAgama ke prArambha meM 14 guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA spaSTa nirdeza hokara bhI unheM guNasthAna nAma se abhihita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jahA~ samavAyAMga unheM jIvasthAna kahatA hai vahA~ prastuta jIvasamAsa evaM SaTkhaNDAgama meM unheM jIvasamAsa kahA gayA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jIvasamAsa aura SaTakhaNDAgama- ye donoM grantha prAcIna stara ke zvetAmbara AgamoM, kasAyapAhuDasutta, tattvArthasUtra aura tattvArthabhASya se paravartI hai aura ina avasthAoM ke lie guNasthAna zabda kA spaSTa ullekha karane vAlI zvetAmbara-digambara racanAoM se pUrvavartI haiN| sAtha hI ye donoM grantha samakAlIna bhI haiM, kyoMki hama dekhate haiM ki chaThI zatAbdI uttarArddha aura usake pazcAt ke zvetAmbara-digambara granthoM meM vizeSa rUpa se karma-siddhAnta sambandhI granthoM tathA tattvArthasUtra kI TIkAoM meM ina avasthAoM ke lie guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga spaSTatayA kiyA jAne lagA thaa| isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki jaina paramparA meM lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI taka guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA anupasthita thii| lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM yaha siddhAnta astitva meM AyA, kintu taba ise guNasthAna na kahakara jIvasthAna yA jIvasamAsa kahA gyaa| lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI se isake lie guNasthAna zabda rUr3ha ho gyaa| jisa prakAra jIvasamAsa kI prathama gAthA meM guNasthAna ke lie 'guNa' kA prayoga huA hai, usI prakAra mUlAcAra meM bhI inake lie 'guNa' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| usameM caudaha guNasthAnoM kA ullekha bhI hai| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM yadyapi

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bhUmikA guNasthAna siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa sAriNI kramAMka 1 tattvArtha evaM tattvArtha kasAyapAhuDasutta bhASya 1 3rI - 4thI zatI 2 4thI zatI mArgaNA Adi zabdoM zabdoM kA abhAva, kA pUrNa abhAva | kintu mArgaNA zabda pAyA jAtA hai| guNasthAna, jIva- guNasthAna, jIvasthA | samavAyAMga meM guNa samAsa, jIvasthAna, na, jIvasamAsa Adi thAna zabda kA abhAva kintu jIvaThANa kA ullekha hai jabaki jIvasamAsa evaM SaTkhaNDAgama meM prArambha meM jIvasamAsa aura bAda meM guNasthAna ke nAma se 14 avasthAoM kA citraNa | karmavizuddhi yA karmavizuddhi yA A AdhyAtmika vikAsa dhyAtmika vikAsa kI kI dasa avasthAoM kA citraNa, mithyAtva kA antarbhAva karane para 11 avasthAoM kA ullekh| sAsvAdana, samyak mithyAdRSTi aura ayogI kevalI dazA kA pUrNa abhAva | samavAyAMga / SaTkhaNDAgama / jIva samAsa dRSTi se mithyAdRSTi kI gaNanA karane para prakAra bheda se kula 13 avasthAoM kA ullekha | 3 5vIM-6ThI zatI 14 avasthAoM kA ullekha hai / 43 zvetAmbara digambara tattvArtha kI TIkAe~ drN ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi / 4 6ThI zatI yA usake pazcAt guNasthAna zabda kI spaSTa upasthiti / sAsvAdana (sAsAdana) sAsvAdana, samyak ullekha hai| aura ayogI kevalI mithyAdRSTi (mizraavasthA kA pUrNa dRSTi) aura ayogI abhAva, kintu samya- | kevalI Adi kA | mithyAdRSThi upsthiti| kI ullekha hai| 14 avasthAoM kA ullekha hai|

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X jIvasamAsa ullekha hai apramattasaMyata, apUrva | apramattasaMyata, apUrva- | ullekha hai karaNa (nivRttibAdara) karaNa (nivRttibAdara) anivRttikaraNa (a- | anivRttikaraNa (anivRttibAdara) jaise | nivRttibAdara) jaise nAmoM kA abhaav| nAmoM kA abhAva hai| upazama aura kSaya kA | upazama aura kSapaka | alaga-alaga zreNI- alaga-alaga zreNI vicAra hai, kintu 83 kA vicAra hai, kintu vicAra upsthit| | vicAra upsthit| guNasthAna se upazama | 8veM guNasthAna se upaaura kSAyika zreNI se | zama zreNI aura kSapaka alaga-alaga Aro- zreNI se alaga alaga haNa hotA hai| aisA | ArohaNa hotA haiN| vicAra nahIM hai| aisA vicAra nahIM hai| patana kI avasthA kA | patana kI avasthA kA patana Adi kA mUla | ina vyAkhyA granthoM meM koI citraNa nahIM hai| | koI citraNa nahIM hai| pATha meM citraNa nahIM | patana Adi kA | citraNa haiN| jIvasthAna, mArgaNA- | jIvasthAna mArgaNA- | samavAyAMga mUlapATha | sahasambandha kI carcA sthAna aura guNasthAna | sthAna aura guNasthAna | meM jIvasthAna aura | hai| ke saha-sambandha kI | ke saha-sambandhoM kI guNasthAna donoM ko carcA kA abhAva hai| | koI carcA nahIM hai| jIvasthAna hI kahA gayA hai| isameM inake saha-sambandha kI koI carcA nahIM hai, kintu jIvasamAsa evaM SaTkhaNDAgama mUla meM inake saha-sambandhoM kI carcA hai| sAriNI saMkhyA : 2 - tattvArthasUtra kasAyapAi / samavAyAga/ tattvArtha kI TIkAeM (tIsarI-cauthI zatI) (4thI zatI uttraardh)| SaTkhaNDAgama (lagabhaga chaThI zatI) (lagabhaga 5vI zatI) mithyAttva micchAdiTTi micchAdihi mithyAdRSTi (isa sandarbha meM ise | (mithyAdRSTi) (mithyAdRSTi) parigaNita nahIM kiyA

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bhUmikA 45 sAsvAdana sasvAdana samyakadRSTi (sAsAyaNa-sammadiTThI) sammA-micchAiTTho sammA-micchAdiThThI samyagamithyAdRSTi (missagaM) | (samyamithyAdRSTi) | (mizradRSTi) sammAiTThI (samyak- | aviraya sammAdiTThI samyagdRSTi dRSTi) aviradIe 1. samyagdRSTi 2. zrAvaka viradAvirade (virata- virayAvirae (virata- dezavirata avirata) desavirayI avirata) (sAgAra)saMjamAsaMjama 3. virata virada (saMjama) pamattasaMjae . pramattasaMyata apramattasaMyata 4. anantaviyojaka | daMsaNamoha uvasAgame | apamattasaMjae (darzanamoha upazAmaka) 5. darzanamoha-kSapaka | daMsaNamoha khavage | niaTTibAyare (darzanamoha-kSapaka) apUrvakaraNa 6. (cAritramoha) upazamaka caritamohassa upasA- |aniaTTibAyare mage (uvasAmaNA) anivRttikaraNa suhamarAyo suhama-saMparAe sUkSma-sampArAya | uvasaMta kasAya khavage uvasaMta mohe upazAnta-moha 7. upazAnta cAritramoha 8. cAritramoha kSapaka 9. kSINamoha | khINamoha (chadumattho- | khINamohe vedago) kSINamoha 10. jina sayogI kevalI jiNa kevalI salaNhU sajogI kevalI sabadarisI (jJAtavya hai ki cUrNi meM 'sajogijiNo' zabda hai, mUla meM nahIM hai)

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46 jIvasamAsa cUrNi meM yoganirodha ayogI kevalI ayogI kevalI kA ullekha hai, kintu mUla meM nahIM haiM grantha kI bhASA evaM zailI jahA~ taka jIvasamAsa kI bhASA kA prazna hai, vaha spaSTatayA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| isase isake sambandha meM do bAteM nizcita hotI haiM- eka to yaha ki isakI racanA saurASTra aura rAjasthAna meM hI kahIM huI hogI, kyoMki yadi isakI racanA magadha yA zaurasena meM huI hotI to isakI bhASA meM ArSa arddhamAgadhI athavA zaurasenI prAkRta hotii| isase yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki isakI racanA saMghabheda ke pazcAt zvetAmbara paramparA meM huI hai kyoMki isa yuga ke digambara grantha prAya: zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI prabhAvita zaurasenI meM pAye jAte haiN| yadyapi prastuta kRti mahArASTrI prAkRta kI racanA hai, phira bhI isameM kahIM-kahIM ArSa ardhamAgadhI ke prayoga dekhe jAte haiN| jahA~ taka jIvasamAsa kI zailI kA prazna hai, nizcaya hI yaha SakhaNDAgama ke samarUpa pratIta hotI hai, kyoMki donoM hI grantha caudaha mArgaNAoM evaM chaha aura ATha anuyogadvAroM ke AdhAroM para caudaha guNasthAnoM kI carcA karate haiN| yadyapi SaTkhaNDAgama kI jIvasamAsa se aneka arthoM meM bhitratA hai, jahA~ SaTkhaNDAgama sAmAnyatayA zaurasenI meM likha gayA hai vahA~ jIvasamAsa sAmAnyatayA mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai| punaH jahA~ SaTkhaNDAgama gadya meM hai vahA~ jIvasamAsa padya meM hai| jahA~ jIvasamAsa saMkSipta hai, vahA~ SaTkhaNDAgama vyAkhyAtmaka hai| phira bhI viSaya prastutIkaraNa kI zailI evaM viSayavastu ko lekara donoM meM paryApta samarUpatA bhI haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama ke prArambhika khaNDa jIvasthAna ke samAna isakA bhI prArambha satpadaprarUpaNA se hotA hai| isameM bhI gati, indriya, kAya, yoga, veda, kaSAya, jJAna, darzana, saMyama zyA, bhava, samyaka, saMjJA aura AhAra-- ina caudaha mArgaNAoM ke sandarbha meM caudaha guNasthAnoM kI carcA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama ke prathama jIvasthAna ke samAna isameM bhI vahI nAma vAle ATha anuyogadvAra hai- 1. satpadaprarUpaNAdvAra, 2. parimANadvAra, 3. kSetradvAra, 4. sparzanAdvAra, 5. kAladvAra, 6. antarvAra, 7. bhAvadvAra, 8. alpbhutvdvaar| isa prakAra viSaya pratipAdana meM donoM meM adbhUta zailIgata samarUpatA hai| phira bhI SaTkhaNDAgama kI apekSA jIvasamAsa saMkSipta hai| aisA lagatA hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kA prathama khaNDa jIvasamAsa kI hI vyAkhyA ho| jIvasamAsa ke AdhArabhUta grantha jIvasamAsa grantha vastutaH dRSTivAda se uddhRta kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki usakI

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bhUmikA antima gAthA meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha hai ki jinopadiSTa bahubhaMga vAle dRSTivAda ke dRSTi-sthAna se jIvasamAsa nAmaka yaha grantha uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi jIvasamAsa kI viSayavastu se sambandhita aneka viSayoM kI carcA bhagavatI, prajJApanA, jIvAjIvAbhigama, anuyogadvAra Adi zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM meM milatI hai, kintu yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki isa grantha kI racanA ina granthoM ke AdhAra para huI hai, kyoMki aneka praznoM para prastuta grantha kA mata bhagavatI, prajJApanA Adi se bhinna pratIta hotA hai| isameM varNita aneka viSaya jaise mArgaNAoM aura guNasthAnoM ke saha-sambandha Adi aise haiM, jinakA zvetAmbara mAnya ina AgamoM meM koI ullekha hI nahIM hai, kintu AgamoM kI valabhI vAcanA se paravartI candrarSi mahattara ke prAcIna karmagranthoM (chaThI zatI) meM ye viSaya carcita hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki granthakAra ne jo dRSTivAda se isako avatarita karane kI bAta kahI vaha AMzika satya avazya hai, kyoMki karmoM ke bandha, udaya, kSayopazama Adi kA viSaya kammapayaDI Adi pUrva sAhitya ke aMgIbhUta granthoM meM hI adhika sUkSmatA se vivecita thaa| jaina paramparA meM aMgadharoM ke samAna hI pUrvadharoM kI eka svatantra paramparA rahI hai aura karma - sAhitya vizeSa rUpa se pUrva - sAhitya kA aMga rahA hai| punaH Agamika mAnyatAoM kI apekSA isake mantavyoM kA karmagranthakAroM ke adhika nikaTa honA bhI isa tathya kI puSTi karatA hai| AgamoM, karmagranthoM aura jIvasamAsa ke mantavyoM meM kahA~ samarUpatA hai aura kahA~ matabheda hai yaha saba vistAra se anveSaNIya hai| 47 SaTkhaNDAgama aura jIvasamAsa jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM aneka sthaloM para saMketa kiyA ki jIvasamAsa kI sampUrNa viSayavastu apane varNita viSaya aura zailI kI dRSTi se SaTkhaNDAgama ke prathama khaNDa jIvasthAna se pUrNataH samarUpatA rakhatI hai| mAtra antara yaha hai ki jahA~ jIvasamAsa meM yaha varNana mAtra 286 gAthAoM meM kiyA gayA hai vahI varNana SaTkhaNDAgama ke jIvasthAna meM 1860 sUtroM ke dvArA kiyA gyaa| dUsarA mahattvapUrNa antara SaTkhaNDAgama aura jIvasamAsa meM yaha hai ki pratyeka anuyogadvAra kI pratyeka prarUpaNA ke AdhArabhUta tathyoM kI jo vistRta carcA lagabhaga 111 gAthAoM meM jIvasamAsa meM kI gaI hai, vaha SaTkhaNDAgama ke jIvasthAna meM to nahIM hai, kintu usakI dhavalA TIkA meM avazya upalabdha hotI hai| isa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki kyA jIvasamAsakAra ne SaTkhaNDAgama ke AdhAra para hI to isakI racanA nahIM kI hai ? kintu aisA nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM hama apanI ora se kucha na kahakara SaTkhaNDAgama ke viziSTa vidvAn usake sampAdaka aura bhUmikA lekhaka paM0 hIrAlAla jI zAstrI

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jIvasamAsa kA mantavya, unakI SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhUmikA se uddhRta karake avikala rUpa se de rahe haiN| unake nibandha kA niSkarSa yahI hai ki- "kisI pUrvavettA AcArya ne dina para dina kSINa hotI huI logoM kI buddhi aura dhAraNA zakti ko dekhakara hI pravacana-vAtsalya se prerita hokara ise gAthA rUpa meM nibaddha kara diyA hai aura vaha AcArya paramparA se pravahamAna hotA huA dharasenAcArya ko prApta huA hai| usameM jo kathana spaSTa thA, usakI vyAkhyA meM adhika bala na dekara jo aprarUpita mArgaNAoM kA gUr3ha artha thA, usakA unhoMne bhUtabali aura puSpadanta ko vistAra se vivecana kiyA aura unhoMne bhI usI gUr3ha rahasya ko apanI racanA meM spaSTa karake kahanA yA likhanA ucita. smjhaa|" ___ mAtra itanA hI nahIM digambara paramparA ke bahuzruta vidvAn AdaraNIya paNDita jI ne apanI bhUmikA ke upasaMhAra meM isa tathya ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki jIvasamAsa SaTkhaNDAgama ke jIvaTThANa prarUpaNAoM kA AdhAra rahA hai| ve likhate hai ki isa prakAra jIvasamAsa kI racanA dekhate hue usakI mahattA hRdaya para svata: hI aMkita ho jAtI hai aura isa bAta meM koI sandeha nahIM rahatA ki usake nirmAtA pUrvavettA the, yA nahIM? kyoMki unhoMne uparyukta upasaMhAra gAthA meM svayaM hI 'bahubhaMgadiTThiyAe' pada dekara apane pUrvavettA hone kA saMketa kara diyA hai| ___ samagra jIvasamAsa kA siMhAvalokana karane para pAThakagaNa do bAtoM ke niSkarSa para pahuMceMge- eka to yaha ki viSaya varNana kI sUkSmatA aura mahattA kI dRSTi se yaha bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa grantha hai aura dUsarI yaha ki yaha SaTkhaNDAgama ke jIvaTThANa-prarUpaNAoM kA AdhAra rahA hai|" mAtra itanA hI nahIM ve isa tathya ko bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki zvetAmbara saMsthAoM se prakAzita 'pUrvabhRtsUrisUtrita' jIvasamAsa prAcIna hai aura SaTkhaNDAgama ke jIvasthAna aura digambara prAkRta paJcasaMgraha ke jIvasamAsa kA kisI rUpa meM upajIvya bhI rahA hai| mAtra AdaraNIya paNDita jI ne SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhUmikA ke anta meM yaha avazya mAnA hai ki jIvasamAsa meM eka hI bAta khaTakane jaisI hai, vaha yaha ki usameM solaha svargoM ke sthAna para 12 svargoM ke hI nAma haiN| ve likhate haiM- "yadyapi jIvasamAsa kI eka bAta avazya khaTakane jaisI hai ki usameM 16 svargoM ke sthAna para 12 svargoM ke hI nAma haiM aura nava anudizoM kA bhI nAma-nirdeza nahIM hai, tathApi jaise tattvArthasUtra ke 'dazASTapaJcadvAdazavikalpA: ityAdi sUtra meM 16 ke sthAna para 12 kalpoM kA nirdeza hone para bhI indroM kI vivakSA karake aura 'navasu aveyakeSu vijayAdiSu' ityAdi sUtra meM anudizoM ke nAma kA nirdeza nahIM hone para bhI usakI 'navasu' pada se sUcanA mAna karake

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bhUmikA 49 samAdhAna kara liyA gayA hai usI prakAra se yahA~ bhI samAdhAna kiyA jA sakatA hai|" yadyapi AdaraNIya paNDita jI ne digambara paramparA kI dRSTi se yahA~ isa samasyA kA samAdhAna tattvArthasUtra ke usa sUtra kI, savArthasiddhi kI vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para karane kA kiyA hai| kintu yahA~ merA dRSTikoNa kucha bhinna hai| SaTkhaNDAgama meM aise aneka tathya pAye jAte haiM jo digambara paramparA kI Aja kI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM se antara rakhate haiN| yadi hama yahA~ strI meM sAtaveM guNasthAna kI sambhAvanA aura strI-mukti ke samarthaka usake prathama khaNDa sUtra 93 kI vivAdAspada vyAkhyA ko na bhI leM, to bhI kucha prAcIna mAnyatAe~ SaTkhaNDAgama kI aisI haiM, jo prastuta jIvasamAsa se samarUpatA rakhatI haiM aura digambara paramparA kI vartamAna mAnyatAoM se bhinntaa| AdaraNIya paNDita jI ne yahA~ yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki jIvasamAsa meM 12 svargoM kI hI mAnyatA hai, kintu svayaM SaTakhaNDAgama meM bhI 12 svargoM kI hI mAnyatA hai| usake vargaNAkhaNDa ke prakRti anuyogadvAra kI nimna gAthAe~ 12 svargoM kA hI nirdeza karatI hai sakkIsANA paThamaM doccaM tu snnkkumaar-maahiNdaa| tacca tu bamha-laMtaya sukka-sahassArayA cotth|| -5/5/70; pRSTha saM0- 705 ANada-pANadavAsI taha AraNa-accudA ya je devaa| passaMti paMcamakhidiM chaTThima gevajjayA devaa|| - 5/5/71 savvaM ca logaNAli passaMti aNuttaresu je devaa| samkhette ya sakamme rUvagadamaNaMtabhAgaM c|| - 5/5/72; pRSTha saM0- 706 mAtra yaha hI nahIM, jisa prakAra jIvasamAsa meM pA~ca hI mala nayoM kI carcA huI hai, usI prakAra SaTakhaNDAgama meM bhI sarvatra unhIM pA~ca nayoM kA nirdeza huA hai| tattvArthasUtra kI prAcIna bhASyamAna paramparA bhI pA~ca mUla nayoM kA hI nirdeza karatI hai, jabaki sarvArthasiddhi mAnya pATha meM sAta nayoM kI carcA hai| vastuta: tattvArthasUtra kA bhASyamAna pATha SaTkhaNDAgama aura jIvasamAsa kisI prAcIna dhArA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| cAhe hama paramparAgata AdhAroM para inheM eka-dUsare ke AdhAra para banAyA gayA na bhI mAneM to bhI itanA to nizcita hI hai ki unakA mUla AdhAra pUrvasAhitya kI paramparA rahI hai|

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4o jIvasamAsa zvetAmbara jIvasamAsa aura digambara jIvasamAsa prastuta jIvasamAsa ke samAna hI digambara paramparA meM prAkRta paJcasaMgraha ke antargata jIvasamAsa pAyA jAtA hai| donoM ke nAma sAmya ko dekhakara svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha jijJAsA hotI hai ki ina donoM meM kitanA sAmya aura vaiSamya hai aura kauna kisake AdhAra para nirmita huA hai| isa sambandha meM bhI yadi maiM apanI ora se kucha kahatA hU~ to zAyada yaha samajhA jAyegA ki mujhe kucha pakSa vyAmoha hai| ata: isa sambandha meM bhI apanI ora se kucha na kahakara punaH digambara paramparA ke bahuzruta vidvAn paNDita hIrAlAla jI zAstrI kI paJcasaMgraha kI bhUmikA se hI kucha aMza avikala rUpa se uddhRta kara rahA huuN| AdaraNIya paNDita jI likhate haiM - __"paJcasaMgraha ke prathama prakaraNa kA nAma jIvasamAsa hai| isa nAma kA eka grantha zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI zvetAmbara saMsthA ratalAma kI ora se san 1928 meM eka saMgraha ke bhItara prakAzita huA hai, jisakI gAthA saMkhyA 286 hai| nAma-sAmya hote hue bhI adhikAMza gAthAe~ na viSaya-gata samatA rakhatI haiM aura na arthagata samatA hii| gAthA-saMkhyA kI dRSTi se bhI donoM meM paryApta antara hai| phira bhI jitanA kucha sAmya pAyA jAtA hai, unake AdhAra para eka bAta sunizcita rUpa se kahI jA sakatI hai ki zvetAmbara saMsthAoM se prakAzita jIvasamAsa prAcIna hai| paJcasaMgrahakAra ne usake dvArA sUcita anuyogadvAroM meM se 1-2 anuyogadvAra ke AdhAra para apane jIvasamAsa prakaraNa kI racanA kI hai| isake pakSa meM kucha pramANa nimnaprakAra hai 1. zvetAmbara saMsthAoM se prakAzita jIvasamAsa ko 'pUrvabhatsarisatrita' mAnA jAtA hai| isakA yaha artha hai ki jaba jaina paramparA meM pUrvo kA jJAna vidyamAna thA, usa samaya kisI pUrvavettA AcArya ne isakA nirmANa kiyA hai| grantha-racanA ke dekhane se aisA jJAta hotA hai ki yaha grantha bhUtabali aura puSpadanta se bhI prAcIna hai aura vaha SaTkhaNDAgama ke jIvaTThANa nAmaka prathama khaNDa kI AThoM prarUpaNAoM ke sUtra-nirmANa meM AdhAra rahA hai, tathA yahI grantha prastuta paJcasaMgraha ke jIvasamAsa nAmaka prathama prakaraNa kA bhI AdhAra rahA hai| isakI sAkSI meM ukta grantha kI eka gAthA pramANa rUpa se upasthita kI jAtI hai jo ki zvetAmbara jIvasamAsa meM maMgalAcaraNa ke pazcAt hI pAI jAtI hai| vaha isa prakAra hai Nikkheva-NiruttIhiM ya chahiM aTThahiM annuogdaarehi| gAimaggo hi ya jIvasamAsA'NugaMtabbA / / 2 / /

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bhUmikA 51 isameM batalAyA gayA hai ki nAmAdi nikSepoM ke dvArA; nirukti ke dvArA, nirdeza, svAmitva Adi chaha aura sat, saMkhyA Adi ATha anuyoga-dvAroM se tathA gati Adi caudaha mArgaNA-dvAroM se jIvasamAsa ko jAnanA caahie| isake pazcAt ukta sUcanA ke anusAra hI sat-saMkhyAdi AThoM prarUpaNAoM Adi kA mArgaNAsthAnoM meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa jIvasamAsa prakaraNa kI gAthA-saMkhyA kI svalpatA aura jIvaTThANa ke AThoM prarUpaNAoM kI sUtra-saMkhyA kI vizAlatA hI usake nirmANa meM eka dUsare kI AdhAra-AdheyatA ko siddha karatI hai| jIvasamAsa kI gAthAoM aura SaTkhaNDAgama ke jIvasthAnakhaNDa ko AThoM prarUpaNAoM kA varNana-krama viSaya kI dRSTi se kitanA samAna hai, yaha pAThaka donoM kA adhyayana kara svayaM hI anubhava kreN| prastuta paJcasaMgraha ke jIvasamAsa prakaraNa ke anta meM upasaMhAra karate hue jo 182 aMka-saMkhyA vAlI gAthA pAyI jAtI hai, usase bhI hamAre ukta kathana kI puSTi hotI hai| vaha gAthA isa prakAra hai __Nikkheve eyaDhe NayappamANe nnirukti-annioge| maggai vIsaM bhee so jANai jiivsmbhaav|| arthAt jo puruSa nikSepa, ekArtha, naya, pramANa, nirukti aura anuyogadvAroM se mArgaNA Adi bIsa bhedoM meM jIva kA anveSaNa karatA hai, vaha jIva ke yathArtha sadbhAva yA svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| pAThaka svayaM hI dekheM ki pahalI gAthA kI bAta ko hI dusarI gAthA ke dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| kevala eka antara donoM meM hai| vaha yaha ki pahalI gAthA ukta prakaraNa ke prArambha meM dI hai, jabaki dUsarI gAthA usa prakaraNa ke anta meN| pahale prakaraNa meM pratijJA ke anusAra pratipAdya viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, jaba ki dUsare prakaraNa meM kevala eka nirdeza anuyogadvAra se 14 mArgaNAoM meM jIva kI viMzatividhA satprarUpaNA kI gaI hai aura zeSa saMkhyAdi prarUpaNAoM ko na kahakara unake jAnane kI sUcanA kara dI gaI hai| 2. pRthivI Adi SaTkAyika jIvoM ke bheda pratipAdana karane vAlI gAthAe~ bhI donoM jIvasamAsoM meM bahuta kucha samatA rakhatI haiN| 3. prAkRta vRttivAle jIvasamAsa kI aneka gAthAe~ ukta jIvasamAsa meM jyoM-kI-tyoM pAI jAtI hai| ukta samatA ke hote hue bhI paJcasaMgrahakAra ne ukta jIvasamAsa-prakaraNa kI aneka gAthAe~ jahA~ saMkalita kI haiM, vahA~ aneka gAthAe~ una para bhASyarUpa se

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52 jIvasamAsa racI hai aura aneka gAthAoM kA Agama ke AdhAra para svayaM bhI svatantra rUpa se nirmANa kiyA hai| (pR0 37) phira bhI yaha satya hai ki donoM jIvasamAsoM meM kucha gAthAyeM samAna haiN| anuvAdikA sAdhvI zrI vidyutprabhAzrI jI ke sahayoga se jo kucha samAna gAthAeM hameM prApta ho sakI ve nIce dI jA rahI haiM jIvasamAsa- paJcasaMgraha : tulanAtmaka adhyayana (1) mArgaNA jIvasamAsa gai indiya kAe joe vee kasAya nANe y| saMjama daMsaNa lesA bhava samme sanni aahaare|| 6 / / paJcasaMgraha gai indiyaM ca kAe joe vee kasAya NANe y| saMjama daMsaNa lessA bhaviyA sammata saNNi AhAre / / 57 / / (2) jIva ke bheda jIvasamAsa egiMdiyA ya bAyarasuhumA pajjatayA apjjttaa| biyatiya cariMdiya duviha bheya pajjata iyare y|| 23 / / paMcindiyA asaNNI saNNI pajjattayA apjjttaa| paMcidiesu coddasa micchadiTTi bhave sesA / / 24 / / paJjasaMgraha bAyarasuhumegiMdiya bi-ti-cauridiya asnnnnii-snnnniiy| pajjattApajjattA evaM cauddasA hoti / / 34 / / (3) guNasthAna jIvasamAsa micchA''sAyaNa missA avirayasammA ya desavirayA y| virayA pamatta iyare apuvva aNiyaTTi suhumA y|| 8 / / uvasaMta khINamohA sajogI kevalijiNo ajogI y| caudasa jIvasamAsA kameNa ee'NugaMtavvA / / 9 / /

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53 (3) tekAya jIvasamAsa iMgAla jAla accI mummura suddhAgaNI ya agaNI ya / vaNNAIhi ya bheyA suhumANaM natthi te bheyA / / 32 / / paJcasaMgraha iMgAla jAla accI mummura suddhAgaNI ya agaNI y| aNNevi evamAI teDakkAyA samudiTThA / / 79 / / (4) vAyukAya jIvasamAsa vAubbhAme Ukkali maMDaliguMjA mahAdhaNataNu yA / vaNNAIhi ya bheyA suhumANa natthi te bheyA / / 33 / / paJcasaMgraha vAu bhAmo ukkali maMDali guMjA mahAghaNa taNU y| ede du vAukAyA jIvA jiNasAsaNe diThThA / / 80 || (5) vanaspatikAya jIvasamAsa jIvasamAsa mUlaggaporabIyA kaMdA taha khaMdhabIya bIyarUhA / saMbhucchimA ya bhaNiyA patteya aNaMtakAyA yA / / 34 / / paJcasaMgraha -- mUlaggaporabIyA kaMdA taha khaMdha bIya bIyarUhA / sammucchimA ya bhaNiyA patteyANaMtakAyA ya / / 81 / / narakoM meM lezyA jIvasamAsa kAU kAU taha kAUnIla nIlA ya nIlakiNhA ya / kiNhA ya paramakiNhA lesA rayaNappabhAiNaM / / 72 / / paJcasaMgraha kAU kAU taha kAu- NIla NIlA ya NIla- kiNhA y| kiNhA ya paramakiNhA lesA rayaNAdi- puDhavIsu / / 185 / /

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bhUmikA paJcasaMgraha micchosAsaNa misso aviradasammo ya desavirado y| virado pamatta iyaro apuSya aNiyaTTi suhamo y|| 4 / / uvasaMta khINamoho sajogikevalI jiNo ajogI y| cauddasa guNaTThANANi ya kameNa siddhA ya NAyavyA / / 5 / / (4) paryApte jIvasamAsa AhAra sarIridiya pajjattI ANapANa bhaasmnne| cattAri paMcachappiya egidiya vigala snnnniinnN|| 25 / / paJcasaMgraha AhArasarIridiyapajjattI aannpaannbhaasmnno| cattAri paMca chappi ya eiNdiy-viyl-snnnniinnN|| 44 / / (1) pRthvIkAya jIvasamAsa puDhavI ya sakkara bAluyA ya uvale silA ya lonnuuse| ayataMba tauya sIsaya rUpA suvaNNe ya vaira y|| 27 / / paJcasaMgraha puDhavI ya sakkarA vAluyA ya uvale silAi chttiisaa| puDhavImayA hu jIvA NihiTThA jiNavariMdehiM / / 77 / / (2) appakAya jIvasamAsa osA ya himaM mahigA harataNu suddhodae ghaNoe y| vaNNAIhi ya bheyA sahumANaM natthi te bheyaa|| 31 / / paJcasaMgraha osA ya himiya mahiyA haradaNu suddhodayaM ghaNudayaM c| ede du AukAyA jIvA. jiNasAsaNe ditttthaa|| 78 / /

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devoM meM lezyA jIvasamAsa paJcasaMgraha bhavyatva jIvasamAsa AhAraka teU teU taha teU pamha pamhA ya pamhasukkA y| sukkA ya paramasukkA sakkAdivimANavAsINaM / / 73 / teU teU vaha teu-pamha pammA ya pamma sukkA y| sukkA ya paramasukkA lesA bhavaNAidevANaM / / 189 / / paJcasaMgraha samudghAta micchadiTTi abhavvA bhavasiddhAyA ya savvaThANesu / siddhA neva abhavvA navi bhavvA huMti nAyavvA / / 75 / / jIvasamAsa-- bhUmikA Naya je bhavvAbhavvA muttisuhA hoMti tIdasaMsArA / te jIvA NAyavvA No bhavvA No abhavvA y|| 157 / / paJcasaMgraha -- viggahagaimAvannA kevaliNo samuhayA ajogI ya siddhA ya aNAhArA sesA AhAragA jIvA / / 82 / / viggahagaimAvaNNA kevaliNo samuhado ajogI y| siddhA ya aNAhArA sesA AhArayA jIvA / / 177 / / jIvasamAsa 55 veyaNa kasAya maraNe veDavvi ya teyae ya AhAre / kevali tha samugdhAe sattaya maNuesa nAyavvA / / 192 / /

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56 paJcasaMgraha- veyaNa kasAya veDavviya mAraNaMtio samugdhAo / tejA''hAro chaTTo sattamao kevalINaM ca / / 196 / / naraka meM antarakAla jIvasamAsa caDavIsa muhuttA satta divasa pakkho ya mAsa duga cauro / chammAsA rayaNAisu cauvIsa muhutta saNNiyare / / 250 || paJcasaMgraha jIvasamAsa i paNayAlIsa muhUttA pakkho mAso ya viNi caumAsA / chammAsa varisameya ca aMtaraM hoi puDhavINaM / / 206 / / (1) naraka (2) naraka 24 muhUrta 7 dina jIvasamAsa paJcasaMgraha 45 muhUrta 1 pakSa samyaktvAdi kA virahakAla jIvasamAsa paJcasaMgraha -- (3) naraka 1 pakSa 1 mAsa (4) naraka 1 mAsa 2 mAsa (5) naraka 2 mAsa 4 mAsa sammatta sattagaM khalu virayAviraI hoi caudasagaM / viraIe panarasagaM virahiya kAlo ahorattA / / 262 / / (6) naraka 4 mAsa 6 mAsa (7) naraka 6 mAsa / 250 // 1 varSa / / 206 / / sammat satta diNA viradAvirade ya caudasA hoti / viradesu ya paNNarasaM virahiyakAlo ya bohavvo / / 205 / / donoM gAthA kA artha samAna hai| mAtra zabdoM kA antara hai| viSayavastu jIvasamAsa kI prArambhika gAthAoM meM hI yaha spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai ki isa grantha meM cAra nikSepoM, chaha evaM ATha anuyogadvAroM aura caudaha mArgaNAoM ke AdhAra para jIva ke svarUpa kA evaM usake AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI caudaha avasthAoM kA arthAt caudaha guNasthAnoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / sampUrNa grantha 287 prAkRta gAthAoM meM nibaddha hai aura nimna ATha dvAroM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai- (1) satpadaprarUpaNA, (2) dravya parimANa, (3) kSetra, (4) sparzaNA, (5)

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bhUmikA kAla, (6) antara, (7) bhAva aura (8) alpbhutv| ina ATha anuyogadvAroM ko AdhAra banAkara pratyeka dvAra meM jIva ke tatsambandhI pakSa kI carcA kI gaI haiN| ATha anuyogadvAroM ke ullekha ke pazcAt grantha meM caudaha mArgaNAsthAnoM, caudaha jIvasthAnoM aura caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| mArgaNA vaha hai jisake mAdhyama se jIva apanI abhivyakti karatA hai| jIva kI zArIrika, aindrika, mAnasika evaM AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kI abhivyaktiyoM ke jo mArga haiM ve hI mArgaNA kahe jAte haiN| mArgaNAe~ nimna haiM- (1) gati-mArgaNA, (2) indriyamArgaNA, (3) kAya-mArgaNA, (4) yoga-mArgaNA, (5) veda-mArgaNA, (6) kaSAyamArgaNA, (7) jJAna-mArgaNA, (8) saMyama-mArgaNA, (9) darzana-mArgaNA, (10) lezyA-mArgaNA, (11) bhavyatva-mArgaNA, (12) samyaktva-mArgaNA, (13) saMjJImArgaNA aura (14) aahaar-maargnnaa| isI krama meM Age caudaha guNasthAnoM kA jIvasamAsa ke nAma se nirdeza kiyA gayA haiN| ve caudaha guNasthAna nimna haiM (1) mithyAtva guNasthAna, (2) sAsvAdana guNasthAna, (3) mizra guNasthAna, (4) avirata samyagdRSTi guNasthAna, (5) deza-virata guNasthAna, (6) pramattasaMyata guNasthAna, (7) apramattasaMyata guNasthAna, (8) apUrvakaraNa guNasthAna, (9) anivRttibAdara guNasthAna, (10) sUkSmasamparAya guNasthAna, (11) upazAntamoha guNasthAna, (12) kSINamoha guNasthAna, (13) sayogIkevalI guNasthAna aura (14) ayogIkevalI gunnsthaan| ina prArambhika nirdezoM ke pazcAt jIvasamAsa ke prathama satpadaprarUpaNAdvAra meM uparyukta caudaha mArgaNAoM ke sandarbha meM unakI bheda-prabhedoM kI carcA karate hue yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki kisa mArgaNA ke kisa bheda athavA prabheda meM kitane guNasthAna upalabdha hote haiN| vastutaH prathama satpadaprarUpaNA dvAra caudaha mArgaNAoM aura caudaha guNasthAnoM ke pArasparika saha-sambandhoM ko spaSTa karatA hai| hamArI jAnakArI meM acela paramparA meM SaTkhaNDAgama aura sacela paramparA meM jIvasamAsa hI ve prathama grantha hai jo guNasthAnoM aura mArgaNAoM ke saha-sambandha ko spaSTa karate haiN| jJAtavya hai ki AcArya kundakunda ne apane grantha niyamasAra meM jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna aura guNasthAna tInoM ko svatantra siddhAntoM ke rUpa meM pratisthApita kiyA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki AcArya kundakunda ke samaya meM ye tInoM avadhAraNAyeM na kevala vikasita ho cukI thIM, apitu inake pArasparika sambandha bhI suspaSTa kiye jA cuke the| yadi hama isa sandarbha meM jIvasamAsa kI sthiti kA vicAra kare to hameM spaSTa lagatA hai ki jIvasamAsa ke racanAkAla taka ye avadhAraNAe~ astitva meM to A cukI thIM, kintu inakA nAmakaraNa saMskAra nahIM huA thaa| jIvasamAsa kI gAthA chaha meM caudaha mArgaNAoM ke nAmoM kA nirdeza hai, kintu

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58 jIvasamAsa yaha nirdeza nahIM hai ki inheM mArgaNA kahA jAtA hai| isI prakAra gAthA ATha aura nau meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA nirdeza hai, kintu vahA~ inheM guNasthAna na kahakara jIvasamAsa kahA gayA hai| usI kAla ke anya do grantha samavAyAMga aura SaTakhaNDAgama bhI guNasthAnoM ke lie guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga na kara kramazaH jIvasthAna aura jIvasamAsa zabda kA prayoga karate hai| AcArya kundakunda hI prathama vyakti hai jo ina tInoM avadhAraNAoM ko spaSTatayA alaga-alaga karate hai| isI AdhAra para pro0 DhAkI Adi kucha vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki kundakunda kA kAla chaThI zatAbdI ke pazcAt hI mAnanA hogaa| jaba ye tInoM avadhAraNAe~ eka-dUsare se pRthak-pRthak sthApita ho cukI thIM aura inameM se pratyeka ke eka-dUsare se pArasparika sambandha ko bhI sunizcita rUpa se nirdhArita kara diyA gayA thaa| prastuta kRti meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAma nirdeza ke pazcAt jIva ke prakAroM kI carcA huI hai usameM sarvaprathama yaha batAyA gayA hai ki AyogI kevalI do prakAra ke hote haiM- sabhava aura abhv| abhava ko hI siddha kahA gayA hai| punaH sAMsArika jIvoM meM unake cAra prakAroM kI carcA huI hai- (1) nAraka, (2) tiryaJca, (3) manuSya aura (4) devtaa| isake pazcAta prastuta kRti meM nArakoM ke sAta bhedoM aura devoM ke bhavanavAsI vyantara, jyotiSa aura vaimAnika ye cAra bheda kiye gaye hai| isake pazcAt inake upabhedoM kI bhI carcA huI hai| guNasthAna siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM uparokta cAroM gatiyoM kI carcA karate hue yaha batAyA gayA hai ki deva aura nAraka yoniyoM meM prathama cAra guNasthAna pAye jAte haiN| tiryaJcagati meM prathama pA~ca guNasthAna pAye jAte haiM, jabaki manuSya gati meM caudaha hI guNasthAna pAye jAte haiN| jJAtavya hai ki prastuta prasaMga meM inake lie guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga na karate hue jIvasthAna zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isake pazcAt paryApta aura aparyApta kI carcA meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki aparyApta meM mithyAdRSTi guNasthAna hotA hai| paryApta meM unakI gati ke anusAra guNasthAna pAye jAte haiN| isake pazcAt indriyoM kI dRSTi se carcA kI gaI hai| isameM ekendriya se lekara paJcendriya taka ke jIvoM kI carcA hai| isameM caturindriya taka kevala mithyAtva guNasthAna hotA hai, jabaki paJcendriya meM caudaha guNasthAna pAe jAte haiN| isake pazcAt prastuta kRti meM indriya-mArgaNA kI carcA karate hue ekendriya se lekara paJcendriya taka ke jIvoM ke bheda-prabhedoM kI vistAra se carcA kI gaI haiN| isameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki ekendriya jIva, bAdara (sthUla) aura sUkSma aise do prakAra ke hote haiN| punaH ina donoM hI prakAroM ke paryApta aura aparyApta aise

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bhUmikA 59 do-do upabheda hote hai| dvIndriya, trIndriya aura caturindriya jIvoM ke bhI paryApta aura aparyApta aise do bheda hote haiN| paJcendriyoM ke paryApta, aparyApta tathA saMjJI aura asaMjJI aise upabheda hote haiN| inameM paryApta saMjJI paJcendriya meM caudaha guNasthAna hote haiM, zeSa sabhI jIvoM meM mAtra mithyAdRSTi guNasthAna hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki isI sandarbha meM jIvasamAsa meM AhAra, zarIra, indriya, zvAsocchAsa, bhASA aura mana- ye cha: paryAptiyA~ batAI gayI hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki ekendriya jIvoM meM cAra, vikalendriya meM pA~ca aura saMjJI paJcendriya meM chaH paryAptiyA~ hotI hai| kAya-mArgaNA kI carcA karate hue isameM SaTjIvanikAyoM aura unake bheda-prabhedoM kI vistAra se carcA kI gaI hai| SaTjIvanikAyoM ke bheda-prabhedoM kI yaha carcA mukhyataH uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke chattIsaveM adhyayana ke samAna hI hai| yadyapi yaha carcA usakI apekSA saMkSipta haiM, kyoMki isameM trasa-jIvoM kI carcA adhika vistAra se nahIM kI gaI hai| isI kAya-mArgaNA kI carcA ke antargata granthakAra ne jIvoM ke vibhinna kuloM (prajAtiyoM) evaM yoniyoM (janma grahaNa karane ke sthAna) kI bhI carcA kI gaI hai| yoniyoM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM saMvRtta, vivRtta, saMvRtta-vivRtta tathA sajIva, nirjIva aura sajIva- nirjIva evaM zIta, uSNa tathA zItoSNa yoniyoM kI carcA hai| isI krama meM Age chaha prakAra ke saMghayaNa tathA chaha prakAra ke saMsthAnoM kI bhI carcA kI hai| isI krama meM isa sabakI bhI vistAra se carcA kI gaI hai ki kina-kina jIvoM kI kitanI kulakoTiyA~ hotI haiN| ve kisa prakAra kI yoni meM janma grahaNa karate haiN| unakA asthiyoM kA DhA~cA arthAt saMghahana kisa prakAra kA hotA hai tathA unakI zArIrika saMracanA kaisI hotI hai? isI krama meM Age pA~ca prakAra ke zarIroM kI bhI carcA kI gaI hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra ke jIvoM ko kauna-kauna se zarIra prApta hote haiN| yoga-mArgaNA ke antargata mana, vacana aura kAyayoga kI carcA kI gaI hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra ke yoga meM kauna-sA guNasthAna pAyA jAtA hai| yoga-mArgaNA ke pazcAt veda-mArgaNA kI carcA kI gaI hai| jaina paramparA meM veda kA tAtparya strI, puruSa athavA napuMsaka kI kAma vAsanA se hai| vedamArgaNA kI carcA ke pazcAt kaSAya-mArgaNA kI carcA hai| isameM krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- ina cAra kaSAyoM meM pratyeka ke anantAnubandhI apratyAkhyAnI-pratyAkhyAnI evaM saMjvalana aise cAra-cAra vibhAga kiye gaye haiM aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kisa guNasthAna meM kauna se prakAra ke kaSAya pAye .

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60 jIvasamAsa jAte haiN| agrima jJAna-mArgaNA ke antargata pA~ca prakAra ke jJAnoM kI carcA hai| isameM matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna aura manaHparyavajJAna ke bheda-prabheda bhI batAye gaye haiM tathA yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kevalajJAna kA koI bheda nahIM hotA hai| Age isI prasaMga meM kauna se jJAna kisa guNasthAna meM pAye jAte haiM, isakA bhI saMkSipta vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| saMyama-mArgaNA ke antargata pA~ca prakAra ke saMyamoM kI carcA kI gaI hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kisa guNasthAna meM kauna-sA saMyama pAyA jAtA hai| isI carcA ke prasaMga meM pulAka, bakuza, kuzIla, nimrantha aura snAtaka aise pA~ca prakAra ke zramaNoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| / darzana-mArgaNA ke antargata cAra prakAra ke darzanoM kA ullekha karate hue yaha batAyA hai ki kisa guNasthAna meM kitane darzana hote haiN| lezyA-mArgaNA ke antargata cha: lezyAoM kA vistRta vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| isI krama meM lezyA aura guNasthAna ke saha-sambandha ko bhI nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| isameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki nArakIya jIvoM aura devatAoM meM kisa prakAra lezyA pAyI jAtI hai, kintu yahA~ hameM dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki nArakIya jIvoM aura devoM ke sambandha meM jo lezyA kI kalpanA hai, vaha dravya-lezyA ko lekara hai, unameM bhAva-lezyA to chahoM hI sambhava ho sakatI haiN| vastuta: yahA~ dravya-lezyA svabhAvagata vizeSatA kI sUcaka hai| bhavyatva mArgaNA ke antargata bhavya aura abhavya aise do prakAra ke jIvoM kA nirdeza hai| jaina darzana meM bhavya se tAtparya una AtmAoM se hai jo mokSa ko prApta karane meM samartha haiN| isake viparIta abhavya jIvoM meM mokSa ko prApta karane kI kSamatA kA abhAva hotA hai| guNasthAnoM kI apekSA se abhavya jIvoM meM mAtra mithyAdRSTi guNasthAna hotA hai jabaki bhavya jIvoM meM caudaha hI guNasthAna sambhava haiN| bhavyatva-mArgaNA ke pazcAt prastuta kRti meM samyaktva-mArgaNA kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| samyaktva-mArgaNA ke antargata aupazamika, vedaka, kSAyika aura kSAyopazamika aise cAra prakAra ke samyaktva kI carcA hai| isameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kisa-kisa guNasthAna meM kisa prakAra kA samyaktva pAyA jAtA hai| saMjJI-mArgaNA ke antargata saMjJI aura asaMjJI- aise do prakAra ke jIvoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai jinameM heya, jJeya aura upAdeya kA viveka karane kI

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bhUmikA 61 sAmarthya hotI hai, use saMjJI kahA jAtA hai| guNasthAnoM kI apekSA se yahA~ yaha batAyA hai ki asaMjJI jIvoM meM mAtra mithyAtva guNasthAna hotA hai, jabaki saMjJI jIvoM meM sabhI guNasthAna sambhava hote haiN| AhAra-mArgaNA ke antargata jIvoM ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM- (1) AhAraka, (2) anaahaark| isameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki punarjanma grahaNa karane hetu vigrahagati se gamana karane vAle jIva, kevalI-samudghAta karate samaya kevalI tathA ayogI kevalI aura siddha ye anAhAraka hote haiN| zeSa sabhI ahAraka hote haiN| isa prakAra jIvasamAsa ke isa prathama satpadaprarUpaNA-dvAra meM caudaha mArgaNAoM kA caudaha guNasthAnoM se pArasparika sambandha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi gambhIratA se dekhane para yaha lagatA hai ki jIvasamAsa usa prArambhika sthiti kA grantha hai, jaba mArgaNAoM aura guNasthAnoM ke saha-sambandha nirdhArita kiye jA rahe the| jIvasamAsa kA dUsarA dvAra parimANadvAra hai isa dvAra meM sarvaprathama parimANa ke dravya-parimANa, kSetra-parimANa, kAla-parimANa aura bhAva-parimANa ye cAra vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| puna: dravya-parimANa ke antargata mAna, unmAna, avamAna, ganima aura pratimAna- aise pA~ca vibhAga kiye gaye hai jo vibhinna prakAra ke dravyoM (vastuoM) ke taulamApa se sambandhita hai, kSetra-parimANa ke antargata aMgula, vitasti, kukSI, dhanuSa, gAU, zreNI Adi kSetra ko mApane ke paimAnoM kI carcA kI hai| isI krama meM aMgula kI carcA karate hue usake utsedhAMgula, pramANAMgula aura AtmAMgula aise tIna bheda kie haiN| punaH inake bhI pratyeka ke sUcyaMgula, pratarAMgula, dhanAMgula aise tIna-tIna bheda kiye gaye haiN| sUkSma kSetramApa ke antargata paramANu, urdhvareNU, trasareNU, rathareNU, bAlAgra, lIkha, jUM aura yava kI carcA kI gaI hai aura batAyA gayA hai ki. ATha yavoM se eka aMgula banatA hai| punaH chaH aMgula se eka pAda, do pAda se eka vitasti tathA do vitasti kA eka hAtha hotA hai, 4 hAthoM kA eka dhanuSa hotA hai, 2000 hAtha yA 500 dhanuSa kA eka gAU (koza) hotA hai| punaH 4 gAU kA eka yojana hotA hai| kAla-parimANa kI carcA karate hue yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kAla kI sabase sUkSma ikAI samaya hai| asaMkhya samaya kI eka AvalikA hotI hai| saMkhyAta AvalikA kA eka zvAsocchvAsa arthAt prANa hotA hai| sAta prANoM kA eka stoka hotA hai| sAta stokoM kA eka lava hotA hai| sAr3he ar3atIsa lava kI eka nAlikA hotI hai| do nAlikAoM kA eka muharta hotA hai| tIsa muharta kA eka ahorAtra (divasa) hotA hai| pandraha ahorAtra kA eka pakSa hotA hai| do pakSa kA eka mAsa hotA hai| do mAsa kI eka Rtu hotI hai| tIna RtuoM kA eka ayana hotA hai| do ayana kA eka varSa hotA hai| caurAsI lAkha varSoM kA eka pUrvAGga hotA

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jIvasamAsa hai| caurAsI lAkha varSoM ko caurAsI lAkha-lAkha varSoM se guNita karane para eka pUrva hotA hai| pUrva ke Age nayUtAMga, nayUta nalinAMga, nalina Adi kI carcA karate hue anta meM zIrSa prahelikA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isake Age kA kAla saMkhyA ke dvArA batAnA sambhava nahIM hone se use palyopama, sAgaropama Adi upamAnoM se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| jIvasamAsa meM palyopama, sAgaropama ke vividha prakAroM aura unake upamAoM ke dvArA mApane kI vistRta carcA kI gaI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana meM kAla ke paimAnoM kI ativistRta aura gambhIra carcA upalabdha hotI hai| dravya-parimANa nAmaka isa dvAra ke anta meM bhAva-parimANa kI carcA hai| isameM saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta ke bheda-prabhedoM kA atyanta hI sUkSma vivecana kiyA gayA hai| bhAva-parimANa kI isa carcA ke anta meM jIvasamAsa meM pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do pramANoM kI carcA huI hai| isameM indriya pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama aise cAra pramANoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| indriya pratyakSa, anumAna aura upamAna ko matijJAna ke antargata tathA Agama ko zrutajJAna ke antargata vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| Age naya pramANa kI carcA karate hue mUla grantha meM mAtra naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra aura zabda aise pA~ca nayoM kA ullekha huA hai| isI krama meM isa dravya-parimANa-dvAra ke antargata vibhinna guNasthAnoM meM aura vibhinna mArgaNAoM meM jIvoM kI saMkhyA kA parimANa batalAyA gayA hai| jIvasamAsa meM prathama satprarUpaNAdvAra kI carcA lagabhaga 85 gAthAoM meM kI gaI hai, vahI dUsare dravya-parimANa-dvAra kI carcA bhI lagabhaga 82 gAthAoM meM pUrNa hotI hai| usake bAda kSetra-dvAra Adi zeSa cha dvAroM kI carcA atyanta saMkSipta rUpa meM kI gaI hai| tIsare kSetra-dvAra meM sarvaprathama AkAza ko kSetra kahA gayA hai aura zeSa jIva, pudgala, dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya aura kAla ko-kSetrIya arthAt usameM rahane vAlA batAyA gayA hai| isa dvAra ke antargata sarvaprathama cAroM gati ke jIvoM ke dehamAna kI carcA kI gaI hai| prastuta kRti meM dehamAna ko yaha carcA paryApta vistAra ke sAtha upalabdha hotI hai| yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kisa guNasthAnavI jIva loka ke kitane bhAga meM hote haiN| mithyAdRSTi jIva sampUrNa loka meM pAye jAte haiM, zeSa guNasthAnavI jIva loka ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga meM hote haiM, yadyapi kevalI samudghAta karate samaya sampUrNa loka meM vyApta hote haiN| isa carcA ke pazcAt isameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki sUkSma ekendriya aura aparyApta bAdara jIva sarvaloka meM hote haiM, zeSa jIvaloka ke bhAga vizeSa meM hote haiN| yahA~ vAyukAyika jIvoM ko sva-sthAna kI apekSA se to loka ke bhAga vizeSa meM hI mAnA gayA hai, kintu upapAta athavA

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bhUmikA 63 samadaghAta kI apekSA se ve bhI sarvaloka meM hote haiN| jIva svasthAna, samudghAta tathA upapAta kI apekSA se jisa sthAna vizeSa meM rahatA hai, vaha kSetra kahalAtA hai, kintu bhUtakAla meM jisa kSetra meM vaha rahA thA use sparzanA kahate haiN| sparzanA kI carcA agrimadvAra meM kI gaI hai| kSetra-dvAra ke anta meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki AkAza ko chor3akara zeSa pAMcoM dravya loka meM hote haiM, jabaki AkAza loka aura aloka donoM meM hotA hai| caturtha sparzanAdvAra ke antargata sarvaprathama loka ke svarUpa evaM AkAra kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| isI krama meM urdhvaloka, adholoka aura tiryakaloka kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| tiryakloka ke antargata jambUdvIpa aura meruparvata kA svarUpa spaSTa kiyA gayA hai aura usake pazcAt dviguNa-dviguNa vistAra vAle lavaNa samudra, ghAtakIyakhaNDa, kAlodadhi samudra, puSkaradvIpa aura usake madhyavartI mAnuSottara parvata kI carcA hai| isI carcA ke antargata yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki manuSya mAnuSottara parvata taka hI nivAsa karate haiM, yadyapi isake Age bhI dviguNita-dviguNita vistAra vAle asaMkhya dvIpa-samudra haiN| sabake anta meM svayambhUramaNa samudra hai| isa dvAra ke anta meM nimna sAta samudghAtoM kI carcA kI gaI hai (1) vedanAsamudghAta, (2) kaSAya samudghAta, (3) mAraNAntika samudghAta, (4) vaikriya samudghAta, (5) tejas samudaghAta, (6) AhAraka samudghAta aura (7) kevalI smudghaat| samadghAta kA tAtparya Atma-pradezoM ko zarIra se bAhara nikAlakara loka meM prasarita kara vibhinna karmoM kI nirjarA karanA hai| isI krama meM Age yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kina jIvoM meM kitane samudghAta sambhava hote haiN| isake pazcAt isa sparzana nAmaka dvAra meM vibhinna guNasthAnavI jIva loka ke kitane bhAga kI sparzanA karate haiM yaha batAyA gayA hai| anta meM cAroM gati ke jIva loka ke kitane-kitane bhAga kA sparza karate haiM, isakI carcA kI pA~caveM kAla-dvAra ke antargata tIna prakAra ke kAloM kI carcA kI gaI hai- (1) bhavAyu kAla, (2) kAyasthiti kAla, (3) guNavibhAga kAla aura isameM bhavAyu kAla ke antargata cAroM gatiyoM ke jIvoM kI adhikatama aura nyUnatama Ayu kitanI hotI hai, isakI vistAra se carcA kI gaI hai| yaha carcA do prakAra se kI gaI hai| jIva vizeSa kI apekSA se aura una-una gati ke jIvoM ke sarvajIvoM kI apekSA se yaha batAyA gayA hai ki aparyApta manuSyoM ko chor3akara nAraka, tiryazca, devatA aura paryApta manuSya sabhI kAloM meM hote haiN| isa carcA ke pazcAt prastuta dvAra meM kAyasthiti kI carcA kI gayI hai| kisI jIva vizeSa kA punaH-punaH

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64 jIvasamAsa nirantara usI kAya meM janma lenA kAyasthiti hai| isa apekSA se deva aura nAraka puna: usI kAya meM janma nahIM lete hai| ata: unakI kAyasthiti ekabhavaparyanta hI hotI hai| paJcendriya tiryazca ko chor3akara zeSa tiryaJca jIvoM kI kAyasthiti bhava kI apekSA se anantabhava aura kAla kI apekSA se anantakAla taka mAnI gaI hai| jahA~ taka manuSya aura paJcendriya tiryaJca kA prazna hai, unakI sthiti sAta-ATha bhava taka hotI hai| kAla kI apekSA se yaha kAyasthiti tIna palyopama aura nau karor3a pUrva varSa kI ho sakatI hai| kAyasthiti kI carcA ke bAda kAla-dvAra meM guNavibhAga kAla kI carcA hai| isameM vibhinna gaNasthAnoM ke jaghanya aura utkRSTa kAla kI sImA batAyI gayI hai| isI krama meM samyaktva, strIveda, puruSaveda, lezyA evaM mati Adi pAMca jJAnoM kI kAla maryAdA kI carcA bhI prastuta dvAra meM milatI hai| isI krama meM cakSudarzana aura acakSudarzana ke kAla maryAdA kI carcA karate hue cakSudarzana kA kAla do hajAra sAgaropama aura acakSudarzana kA kAla anAdi-ananta, anAdi-sAnta aura sAdi-sAnta aisA tIna prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi Agama meM usake prathama do prakAroM kA hI nirdeza milatA hai| isake pazcAt isa dvAra meM bhavyatva-abhavyatva Adi kI apekSA se bhI utkRSTa kAla kI carcA huI hai| dvAra ke anta meM vibhinna mArgaNAoM aura guNasthAnoM kI apekSA se utkRSTa-jaghanya kAla kI carcA bhI vistArapUrvaka kI gaI hai| anta meM ajIva dravya ke kAla kI carcA karate hue dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya aura AkAzAstikAya ko anAdi-ananta batAyA hai| kAla sAmAnya dRSTi se to anAdi-ananta hai, kintu vizeSa rUpa se use bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya- aise tIna vibhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA hai| pudgala dravya meM paramANu evaM skandhoM kA jaghanyakAla eka samaya aura utkRSTa kAla asaMkhyAta avasarpiNI-utsarpiNI paryanta batAyA hai| chaThe antaradvAra jIva jisa gati athavA paryAya ko chor3akara anya kisI gati yA paryAya ko prApta huA ho, vaha jaba taka punaH usI gati yA paryAya ko prApta na kara sake, taba taka kA kAla antarakAla kahA jAtA hai| prastuta dvAra ke antargata sarvaprathama cAra gatiyoM ke jIvoM meM kauna, kahA~, kisa gati meM janma le sakatA hai, isakI carcA kI gii| usake pazcAt ekendriya, trasakAya evaM siddhoM ke sAmAnya apekSA se nirantara utpatti aura antarAla ke kAla kI carcA kI gaI hai| tatpazcAt siddhoMkI nirantaratA aura antarAla kI carcA karate hue cAroM gatiyoM, pAMcoM indriyoM, SaT jIvanikAyoM Adi kI apekSA se bhI antarakAla kI carcA kI gaI hai|

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bhUmikA 65 sAtaveM bhAva dvAra ke antargata sarvaprathama aupazamika, kSAyika, kSAyopazamika, audayika, pAriNAmika evaM sannipAtika aise chaH bhAgoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| usake pazcAt ATha karmoM kI apekSA se vibhinna bhAvoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| isameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki mohanIya karma meM cAra bhAva hote haiM, zeSa tIna ghAtI karmoM meM audayika, kSAyika aura kSAyopazamika aise tIna bhAga hote haiN| zeSa aghAtI karmoM meM mAtra audayika bhAva hote haiN| pAriNAmika bhAva to jIva kA svabhAva hai| ataH vaha sabhI avasthAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| ajIva dravyoM meM dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya aura kAla meM pAriNAmika bhAva hai, kintu yahA~ pAriNAmika bhAva kA tAtparya pariNamana hI samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki bhAva to cetanAgata avasthA hai| pudgala meM pAriNAmika aura audayika donoM bhAva hote haiM, kyoMki pudgala karmavargaNA ke rUpa meM udaya meM bhI Ate haiN| AThaveM alpabahutva - dvAra meM sarvaprathama cAroM gatiyoM evaM siddhoM kI apekSA se alpabahutva kI carcA huI hai, usameM batAyA gayA hai ki sabase alpa manuSya hai, manuSyoM se asaMkhyAta guNA adhika devatA haiM, devoM se asaMkhyAta guNA adhika siddha yA mukta AtmA hai aura siddhoM se ananta guNA adhika tiryaMca haiN| strI-puruSa ke alpabahutva ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki mAnava strI sabase kama hai, unakI apekSA puruSa adhika haiM puruSoM se adhika nArakIya jIva haiM, unase asaMkhyAta guNA adhika paMcendriya tiriyaciNi haiM, unase asaMkhyAta guNA adhika deviyA~ haiM / isI krama meM Age vibhinna narakoM kI pArasparika apekSA se aura deva gati meM vibhinna devoM kI apekSA se bhI alpabahutva kA vicAra huA hai| isI krama meM Age vibhinna kAyoM kI apekSA se alpabahutva kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| anta meM vibhinna guNasthAnoM kI apekSA se bhI alpabahutva kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra isa dvAra meM vibhinna mArgaNAoM kI apekSA se alpabahutva kA vicAra huA hai| anta meM ajIva dravyoM aura unake pradezoM ke alpabahutva kA vicAra karate hue prastuta kRti samApta hotI hai, antima do gAthAoM meM jIvasamAsa kA AdhAra dRSTivAda ko batalAte hue jIvasamAsa ke adhyayana ke phala ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo isakA adhyayana karatA hai usakI mati vipula hotI hai tathA vaha dRSTivAda ke vAstavika artha kA jJAtA ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jIvasamAsa kA varNya viSaya vividha AyAmoM vAlA hai| usameM jaina, khagola, bhUgola, sRSTi - vijJAna ke sAtha-sAtha usa yuga meM pracalita vividha prakAra ke taula- mApa, jIvoM kI vibhinna prajAtiyA~ Adi kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| guNasthAna siddhAnta ko AdhAra banAkara ATha anuyogadvAroM ke mAdhyama se usakI vyAkhyA karane vAlA zvetAmbara paramparA meM yaha

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66 jIvasamAsa prathama grantha hai| isakI prAcInatA aura mahattA ko nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| isapara sarvaprathama maladhAra gacchIya zrI hemacandrasUri kI vRtti hai| yaha mUlagrantha sarvaprathama RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthAna, ratalAma ke dvArA I0 san 1928 meM prakAzita huA thaa| isake bhI pUrva hemacandrasUri kI vRtti ke sAtha yaha grantha Agamodaya samiti bambaI dvArA I0 san 1927 meM mudrita kiyA gayA thaa| jinaratnakoSa se hameM yaha bhI sUcanA milatI hai ki isapara maladhAragacchIya hemacandrasUri kI vRtti ke atirikta zIlAMkAcArya kI eka TIkA bhI upalabdha hotI hai, jo abhI taka aprakAzita hai| yadyapi isakI pratiyA~ bar3audA Adi vibhinna jJAna bhaNDAroM meM upalabdha hotI haiN| isI prakAra isakI eka anya TIkA bRhavRtti ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai jo maladhAragacchIya hemacandrasUri ke ziSya abhayadevasUri ke dvArA vikrama saMvat 1164 tadanusAra I0 san 1107 meM likhI gaI thii| . isa prakAra yadyapi mUlagrantha aura usakI saMskRta TIkA upalabdha thI, kintu prAkRta aura saMskRta se anabhijJa vyaktiyoM ke lie isake hArda ko samajha pAnA kaThina thaa| isakA prathama gujarAtI anuvAda, jo maladhAragacchIya hemacandrasUri kI TIkA para AdhArita hai, muni zrI amitayaza vijaya kI mahArAja ne kiyA, jo jinazAsana ArAdhanA TrasTa, bambaI ke dvArA I0 san 1985 meM prakAzita huaa| phira bhI hindI bhASA-bhASI janatA ke lie isa mahAn grantha kA upayoga kara pAnA anuvAda ke abhAva meM kaThina hI thaa| I0 san 1995 meM kharataragacchIya mahattarA adhyAtmayoginI pUjyAzrI vicakSaNazrI jI ma.sA. kI suziSyA evaM sAdhvIvaryA marudharajyoti pUjyA maNiprabhAzrI jI kI nezrAyavartinI sAdhvI zrI vidyutaprabhAzrIjI, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM apanI guru bhaginiyoM ke sAtha adhyayanArtha padhArI, unase maiMne isa grantha ke anuvAda ke lie nivedana kiyA, jise unhoMne na kevala svIkAra kiyA apitu kaThina parizrama karake alpAvadhi meM hI isakA anuvAda sampanna kiyaa| usake sampAdana aura saMzodhana meM merI vyavastatA evaM svAsthya sambandhI kAraNoM se apekSA se kucha adhika hI samaya lagA, kintu Aja yaha grantha mudrita hokara lokArpita hone jA rahA hai, yaha atiprasanatA aura santoSa kA viSaya hai| sampAdana evaM bhUmikA lekhana meM hue vilamba ke lie maiM sAdhvIzrI jI evaM pAThakoM se kSamAprArthI huuN|

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jainavidyA ke adhyayana kI takanIka jaina vidyA eka vyApaka zabda hai isameM na kevala jaina dharma aura darzana kA samAveza hotA hai, apitu jaina itihAsa, kalA, purAtattva, sAhitya, samAja aura saMskRti sabhI kucha samAhita hai| Aja jaina vidyA ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA tathA usake mUlya aura mahattva ko samajhane ke lie hameM ina sabhI kSetroM meM jainoM ke avadAna kA Akalana karanA hogaa| yaha satya hai ki jaina samAja bhAratIya samAja aura saMskRti kA eka choTA sA aMga hai| Aja jainoM kI janasaMkhyA bhArata kI janasaMkhyA ke eka pratizata se adhika nahIM hai, kintu inakA avadAna vipula hai| yadi hama janasaMkhyA ke anupAta meM jainoM ke bhAratIya saMskRti meM avadAna kA mUlyAMkana karate haiM to hama Azcaryacakita raha jAte haiN| Aja bhAratIya saMskRti ke pratyeka kSetra meM cAhe vaha purA sampadA kA ho yA sAhitya kA ho, cAhe zikSA aura samAja sevA kA ho, unakA avadAna tIsa pratizata se adhika hI hai| eka pratizata janasaMkhyA kA avadAna yadi tIsa pratizata se adhika ho to yaha usa samAja ke lie kama gaurava kI bAta nahIM hai| __ bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa meM AdikAla se hI hama nivRttimArgI zramaNa-paramparA aura pravRttimArgI vaidika-paramparA kA astitva sAtha-sAtha hI dekhate haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM bhAratIya itihAsa kI ina donoM dhArAoM ne eka dUsare ko prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Aja hama jisa bRhada hindU samAja aura saMskRti ko dekhate haiM vaha kevala vaidika dhArA kI pariNati nahIM hai apitu vaidika aura zramaNa donoM dhArAoM kA samanvita rUpa hai| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama hai, usameM bhAratIya saMskRti kI ina donoM dhArAoM kA Arhat aura bArhat ke rUpa meM ullekha upalabdha hai|Rgved na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM ArhatoM kI upasthiti kA saMketa karatA hai, apitu usameM RSabha, ajita, ariSTanemi, jinheM jaina-paramparA apane tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM mAnya karatI hai, ke ullekha bhI haiN| dhyAna aura yoga kI isa zramaNa dhArA ke astitva ke saMketa to bhAratIya itihAsa meM vaidikoM ke bhI pUrva haiN| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai usase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki vaidika saMskRti ke Agamana se pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca AdhyAtmika saMskRti apanA astitva rakhatI thii| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA yahI siddha karatA hai ki

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68 vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga aura dhyAna pradhAna usa vrAtya saMskRti se bhinna nahIM thI jisakA ullekha Rgveda meM hai| yaha saMskRti na kevala jaina aura bauddha zramaNa paramparAoM kI apit sAMkhya-yoga aura zaivadhArA kI bhI pUrvaja hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kI aupaniSadika dhArA meM vaidika karmakANDoM ke prati jisa upekSAvRtti kA vikAsa huA aura tapa, tyAga, dhyAna, saMnyAsa, samAdhi aura mukti kI avadhAraNAeM astitva meM AyIM, ve sabhI isI nivRttimArgI zramaNa dhArA ke prabhAva kA pariNAma hai| vastuta: upaniSad zramaNa aura vaidika dhArA ke samanvaya yA saMgama ke paricAyaka haiN| yaha sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa paramparA aura vizeSa rUpa se nigraMtha paramparA kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi kA hI pariNAma thA ki mahAbhArata Adi meM vaidika karmakANDoM kI navIna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se sampanna paribhASAeM prastuta kI gaIM, jahA~ yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAja sevA ho gyaa| uttarAdhyayana ke samAna gItA aura mahAbhArata meM yajJoM aura karmakANDoM kI jo AdhyAtmika paribhASAeM dI gaI haiM, ve usI zramaNa yA jaina dhArA kI hI prabhAva haiN| hameM mahAvIra aura buddha ke pUrva bhI aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke ye vacana ki ye yajJa rUpI naukAeM adRr3ha haiM, ye hamAre AtmavikAsa me sakSama nahIM hai, zUnya meM se udbhUta nahIM hue haiN| usake pIche isI nivRtimArgI zramaNa paramparA kA pRSThabala hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM meM janaka kA yaha kathana ki isake pUrva jisa adhyAtma vidyA para kSatriyoM kA adhikAra thA, Aja prathama bAra brAhmaNoM ko dI jA rahI hai- isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki kSatriya adhyAtma pradhAna saMskRti ke upAsaka the| buddha aura mahAvIra kA kSatriya kula meM utpanna hokara AdhyAtmika sAdhanA hetu apane rAjasI vaibhava kA tyAga kara denA isa tathya kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki upaniSadoM ke pUrva bhI koI adhyAtmavAdI saMskRti astitva meM thI jisase prabhAvita hokara unhoMne gRhatyAga kiyA thaa| zramaNoM kA aura vizeSa rUpa se jainoM kA jo sabase mahattvapUrNa avadAna bhAratIya samAja ko hai vaha yaha ki unhoMne na kevala karmakANDa aura purohitavAda se bhAratIya samAja ko mukta kiyA apitu janmanA jAtivAda kA prabala virodha karake dalita varga ke utthAna kA mArga bhI prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne eka aura bhAratIya samAja ko purohita varga ke dvArA kiye jAne vAle karmakANDarUpI dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyA, vahIM dUsarI ora eka aise dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo jana-jana kA dharma thA aura karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita thaa| sabhI jAti aura varga ke lie usake dvAra samAna rUpa se khule hue the| usameM cANDAla kula meM utpana harikezIbala aura brAhmaNa kula meM utpanna gaNadhara gautama donoM hI samAna rUpa se Adara ke pAtra the| vastuta: jaina dharma ne vaidika dhArA kI una vikRtiyoM kA jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura nimna varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thI, khalakara virodha kiyA, kintu unakA yaha virodha bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke lie hI thaa| jainoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizodhana kara unheM svastha banAne meM eka cikitsaka kA dAyitva nibhAyA hai| adhyAtma kA jo svara aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne mukharita kiyA thA, jainoM

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69 ne usI ko yathArtha ke dharAtala para avatarita kiyA hai| unakA yaha avadAna usa yuga meM to prAsaMgika thA hI, kintu Aja bhI jaba jAtivAda, vargavAda aura dhArmika andhavizvAsarUpI ajagara bhAratIya saMskRti ko nigalane hetu apanA muMha phailAye khar3e haiM, aura bhI adhika prAsaMgika hai| Aja vidvAnoM se yaha apekSA hai ki ve tulanAtmaka adhyayana se isa tathya ko spaSTa kareM ki vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM kA pArasparika avadAna kitanA hai| jahA~ prArambha meM zramaNadhArA ne vaidikoM ko prabhAvita kiyA aura unameM tapa, tyAga aura AdhyAtma kA bIja vapita kara aupaniSadika dhArA kA vikAsa kiyA, vahI paravartI kAla meM usI aupaniSadika dhArA se vikasita bRhad hindU paramparA se prabhAvita bhI hue haiN| zramaNoM meM vizeSa rUpa se jaina paramparA meM pUjA aura upAsanA meM jisa karmakANDa kA vikAsa huA vaha usapara bRhad hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hai| jaina devamaNDala meM yakSa-yakSI ke rUpa meM aneka hindU devI-devatA sammilita kiye gye| kAlI, mahAkAlI, gaurI, gandhArI, jvAlAmAlinI, ambikA, cakrezvarI Adi deviyA~ zAsanarakSikA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara lI giiN| zrutadevatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI (zrIdevI) ko jainoM ne Aja se do hajAra varSa pUrva hI gRhIta kara liyA thaa| Aja bhArata meM jo sabase prAcIna sarasvatI kI pratimA hai vaha jaina sarasvatI hai| lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM yaha lagabhaga do sahasrAdvi pUrva kI abhilikhita sarasvatI pratimA upalabdha hai| jainoM meM Aja jo pUjA vidhAna upalabdha hai vaha hindU paramparA se AyA hai| usake pUjA mantra thor3e se zAbdika hera-phera ke sAtha yathAvata gRhIta haiN| tantra ke prabhAva se jaina sAdhanA paddhati kitanI prabhAvita huI hai, yaha jAnanA kama rucikara nahIM hai| bhautika upalabdhi ke lie devI upAsanA aura mAraNa, mohana, uccATana jaise SaTkarma jo ahiMsA pradhAna nivRttimArgI paramparA ke pratikUla the, ve saba tantra kI anya sahavartI paramparA ke prabhAva se hI jaina dharma meM praviSTa hue haiN| yahA~ yaha carcA isalie apekSita hai ki jainadharma aura darzana ke adhyayana aura zodha kI samyaka dizA tabhI nirdhArita hogI, jaba vibhinna bhAratIya paramparAoM ke AdAna pradAna ko loga smjhegeN| kyoMki koI bhI dharma yA saMskRti zUnya meM janma nahIM letI hai| jaina vidyA kA adhyayana tabhI sArthaka hogA jaba hama hindU, bauddha aura itara paramparAoM se usake antaH sambandhoM ko spaSTa kreNge| yaha satya hai ki pratyeka dharma aura darzana kA svatantra rUpa se adhyayana to vipula mAtrA meM huA hai, kintu inake parasparika anta: sambandhoM ko samajhane ke prayAsa kama hI hue haiN| punaH bhAratIya dharmoM aura darzanoM ke prasaMga meM to isa prakAra ke parasparika prabhAvoM aura antaHsambandhoM ko samajhanA isalie bhI Avazyaka hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti eka sazaliSTa saMskRti hai, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake nahIM samajhA jA sakatA haiN| jaina dhArA ke adhyayana ke lie bauddha aura hindU dhArAoM kA adhyayana apekSita hai|

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70 jaina AgamoM kI samyak samajha bauddha tripiTaka ke adhyayana ke binA samyaka rUpa se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| jisane bauddha tripiTaka ko nahIM par3hA ho vaha RSibhASita ke sAriputra aura vAjjiyaputra yA mahAkazyapa ke upadeza ke hArda ko kaise smjhegaa| puna: jisane upaniSadoM ko nahIM par3hA ho usake lie AcArAMga meM pratipAdita AtmA kA svarUpa athavA RSibhASita ke nArada, asitadevala, aruNa, uddAlaka, parAzara, yAjJavalkya Adi ke upadezoM ko samyak rUpa se samajha pAnA kaThina hai| isalie jaina vidyA ke adhyetAoM kA yaha dAyitva hai ki ve jaina vidyA ke apane adhyayana ko ekAMgI nahIM bnaayeN| unheM isa bAta kI gambhIratA se khoja karanI hogI ki jaina dharma para darzana, sAhitya aura kalA ke kSetra meM anya paramparAoM kA kitanA prabhAva hai| unhoMne apanI sahavartI paramparAoM se kitanA liyA hai aura unameM unakA pradAna kyA hai? bhAratIya saMskRti kI vibhinna dhArAoM ke bIca hue AdAna-pradAna ko spaSTa karanA zodha adhyetAoM prAthamika dAyitva hai| yadyapi jaina, bauddha aura vaidika dhArAoM meM dharma, darzana, kalApakSa Adi ko lekara svatantra adhyayana to aneka hue haiM, kintu tulanAtmaka adhyayana kama hI hue haiM aura jo hue bhI haiM unameM bhI adhikAMza pakSAgraha se pIr3ita haiN| unameM inakI pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA aura antaHsambandhoM ko taTastha aura nirbhIka rUpa se rakhane ke prayatna to atyanta hI virala haiN| udAharaNa ke lie jaina paramparA meM loka puruSa kI kalpanA hai| jaina cintakoM ne use gaharAI se spaSTa bhI kiyA hai, kintu kisI ne yaha nahIM batAyA ki yaha Rgveda kI loka puruSa kI kalpanA athavA bhAgavata kI loka puruSa kI kalpanA se kisa prakAra prabhAvita hai aura kisa prakAra bhinna hai? puna: yaha avadhAraNA jaina paramparA meM kaba aura kisa grantha meM prathama bAra AI hai? AgamoM meM graiveyaka deva loka ko grIvA sthAnIya mAnA to gayA phira bhI spaSTa rUpa se loka puruSa kI kalpanA unameM nahIM hai| jabaki jainakalA ke kSetra meM loka puruSa kA yaha aMkana atyanta priya rahA hai| sAhityika srotoM meM loka puruSa kI yaha kalpanA lokaprakAza ke pUrva prAcIna jaina granthoM meM kahIM nahIM milatI hai| isI prakAra svarga, naraka, tiryaka, jambUdvIpa Adi kI kalpanAoM meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparA meM kahIM samarUpatA aura kahIM vaibhinya bhI hai ata: inakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai| puna: tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA artha itanA hI nahIM hai ki donoM paramparAoM kI mAnyatAoM ko pRthak-pRthak rUpa se prastuta kara diyA jAye apitu adhyetA kA yaha bhI dAyitva hai ki vaha pUrvAgrahoM se mukta hokara unheM aitihAsika krama meM rakhakara yaha spaSTa kare ki kisane kisase liyA hai aura kisa prakAra usameM parivartana kiyA hai| jaina darzana ke granthoM meM tattvArthasUtra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| usako aura usakI TIkAoM ko lekara aneka adhyayana hue haiM aura zodhagrantha bhI likhe gaye kintu paM0 sukhalAla jI ke eka apavAda ko chor3akara kisI jaina vidvAn ne isa tathya ko ujAgara

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71 karane kA prayatna hI nahIM kiyA ki tattvArthasUtra kI racanA zailI aura usake sUtroM para vaizeSika sUtra aura yogasUtra kA kitanA prabhAva hai| prAkRta Agama sAhitya kA eka virala kintu mahattvapUrNa grantha hai - Rssibhaassit| isa grantha para sarvaprathama zubriMga kI aura usake pazcAt merI lagabhaga sau pRSThoM kI prastAvanA ko chor3akara kisI ne yaha prayatna nahIM kiyA ki isameM jina paiMtAlIsa RSiyoM ke upadezoM kA pratipAdana hai ve mUlata: kisa paramparA ke haiM / prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha yaha racanA jaina Agamika paramparA kA grantha hai, kintu isameM jina RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, ve aupaniSadika, bauddha aura anya svatantra zramaNa paramparAoM ke haiM / jaina paramparA meM unake upadezoM kA saMkalana yahI sUcita karatA hai ki bhArata kI AdhyAtmika dhArA kA srota eka hI hai| Aja RSibhASita aura thera gAthA jaise granthoM kA adhyayana anya paramparAoM ke sandarbhoM ke binA sambhava nahIM hai| RSibhAsita meM pratipAdita sAriputra yA mahAkAzyapa ke upadezoM ke lie bauddha tripiTaka kA aura uddAlaka yA yAjJavalkya ke vicAroM ko samajhane ke lie upaniSadoM kA adhyayana apekSita hogaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki binA tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke athavA sahavartI anya dhArAoM adhyayana ke jainavidyA ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM eka samagra dRSTi kA vikAsa sambhava nahIM hai| jainavidyA ke kSetra meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke sAtha pratyeka avadhAraNA ke aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko jAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaina AcAra zAstra meM paJcamahAvratoM kA, yogasUtra meM paJcayamoM kA aura bauddha tripiTaka meM paJcazIloM kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha bhI satya hai jahA~ jaina paramparA ke mahAvratoM aura yogasUtra ke paJcayamoM meM nAma aura krama meM ekarUpatA hai, vahA~ bauddha paramparA meM aparigraha ke sthAna surA - meraya madya niSedha hai / ataH tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAyegA ki bauddhoM ne isa avadhAraNA meM apane DhaMga se parivartana kiyA hai, kyoMki mahAvIra ke samAna ve aparigraha para itanA bala nahIM dete the| punaH AcArAMga meM triyAma kA aura bhagavatIsUtra meM cAturyAma kA bhI ullekha hai / yaha bhI aitihAsika satya hai ki pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma dharma meM mahAvIra ne brahmacarya ko jor3akara use pazcayAma yA paJcamahAvratarUpa bnaayaa| punaH triyAma kA ullekha upaniSadoM meM hai, jisake antargata ahiMsA, satya aura asteya Ate haiM / aupaniSadika RSi patnI aura parigraha rakhate the| pArzva ne usameM aparigraha jor3akara yaha mAnA ki strI bhI parigraha hai ataH parigraha ke tyAga meM strI kA tyAga bhI samAhita hai / kintu jaisA ki sUtrakRtAMga meM ullikhita hai jaba strI kA tyAga karake bhI maithuna se virata rahanA Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA to mahAvIra ne brahmacarya aura aparigraha ko alaga alaga karake paJcamahAvrata banAye / punaH mahAvIra ne yama ke sthAna para unheM mahAvrata nAma isalie diyA ki gRhastha ke liye ye hI aNuvratarUpa the : aNuvrata aura mahAvrata kA vargIkaraNa mahAvIra kA apanA thA / ata: yogasUtra meM jo mahAvrata zabda AyA hai, vaha

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72 mahAvIra kI paramparA se gRhIta hai, jaba ki yama zabda pArzva kI paramparA kA hai| isase inake vikAsa kA aitihAsika krama nizcita ho jAtA hai ki kisa prakAra triyAma se cAtaryAma aura cAturyAma se paJcayAma aura paJcamahAvrata vikasita hue| yaha eka prArUpa hai| sabhI avadhAraNAoM ke adhyayana meM isa prakAra ke aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra ke adhyayana se yaha bhI nizcita ho sakegA ki kauna sI avadhAraNA kisa paramparA se kisane grahIta kI hai| jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM aneka avadhAraNAoM kA vidvAnoM dvArA gambhIra aura talasparzI adhyayana huA hai| kintu unake aitihAsika krama ko na samajha pAne ke kAraNa unhoMne sabhI avadhAraNAoM ko sIdhA mahAvIra yA RSabha se jor3a diyA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, prAcIna stara ke granthoM ko vyAkhyAyita karane hetu bhI unhIM paravartI avadhAraNAoM ko AdhAra banA liyaa| udAharaNa ke lie tattvArthasUtra mUla meM kahIM bhI guNasthAna kA nirdeza nahIM hai, kintu tattvArthasUtra ke sabhI zvetAmbara yA digambara TIkAkAra usake sUtroM kI vyAkhyAoM meM jahA~ bhI sambhava hotA hai isa guNasthAna siddhAnta kA vipula rUpa meM prayoga karate haiN| kintu akAdamIya dRSTi se yaha paddhati ucita nahIM hai kyoMki yaha zabda kI mUlAtmA ko samajhane meM bhrAnti utpanna karatI hai| kauna sI avadhAraNA kaba vikasita huI isako samajhane kA sarvasulabha tarIkA yaha hai ki usa zabda kA usa artha meM sarvaprathama prayoga kisa grantha meM hai aura usa grantha kA racanA kAla kaba kA hai? guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga mUla AgamoM aura tattvArthasUtra (tIsarI-cauthI zatI) meM kahIM nahIM hai, jabaki chaThI zatI yA usake bAda nirmita Agamika vyAkhyAoM aura tattvArthasUtra kI TIkAoM meM hai isase yaha phalita hotA ki guNasthAna siddhAnta cauthI zatAbdI ke pazcAt aura chaThI zatI ke pUrva arthAt pAMcavI zatI meM astitva meM AyA hai| punaH isa tulanAtmaka aura aitihAsika vikAsakrama meM kisI avadhAraNA ke prakAroM kI saMkhyAoM ke nirdhAraNa ke AdhAra para bhI aneka mahattvapUrNa niSkarSa nikAle jA sakate haiN| jaise tattvArthasUtra meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI cAra, sAta aura dasa avasthAoM kA citraNa hai| hama dekhate haiM ki upaniSadoM aura hInayAna sampradAya meM bhI isakI cAra hI avasthAoM kA citraNa hai| yogavaziSTa meM jJAna kI sAta avasthA batAyI gayI hai, jabaki mahAyAna sampradAya meM AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama kI dasa bhUmiyA~ batAI gaI haiN| ata: yaha vicAra sambhava hai ki saMkhyA nirdhAraNa akasmAt nahI hotA hai, vaha bhI anya paramparAoM se prabhAvita ho sakatA hai| ata: adhyayana karate samaya isa saMkhyAtmaka pakSa para bhI dhyAna denA caahie| udAharaNa ke lie SaDAvazyaka, gRhastha ke SaTakarma tathA tantra ke mAraNa Adi SaTkarmoM kI saMkhyA ke nirdhAraNa meM eka dUsare kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| tulanAtmaka samagra adhyayana ke sthAna para ekapakSIya adhyayana kA sabase bar3A doSa yahI hai ki aneka sthitiyoM meM vaha hamArI vyAkhyAoM ko bhrAnta banA detA hai| apanI

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73 paramparA ke vyAmoha aura anya paramparAoM ke jJAna ke abhAva meM aisI bhrAntiyaoN janma letI haiN| udAharaNa ke lie zIlAMka jaisA AcArAMga kA samartha TIkAkAra triyAma (tajnAmA) kA sahI artha nahIM kara pAyA kyoMki vaha upaniSadoM ke triyAma se paricita nahIM thA / ve apanI paramparA meM hI triyAma kA artha khojate rhe| isI prakAra rAhula sAMskRtyAyana jaise samartha vidvAn bhI 'savvavAri vArite' zabda kA samyak artha lagAne meM isalie asaphala rahe haiM, kyoMki unhoMne sUtrakRtAMga kI vIra stuti nahIM dekhI thI jisameM vAri zabda pAnI ke artha meM prayukta na hokara pApa ke artha meM prayukta huA hai / na kevala sahavartI anya paramparAoM kA apitu apanI hI paramparA ke AvAntara sampradAyoM ke jJAna kA abhAva bhI aisI hI bhrAntiyA~ utpanna karatA hai / mUlAcAra ke samartha TIkAkAra digambara vidvAn vasunandI dasa kalpoM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM Aye pajjosavaNA zabda kA samyak artha isaliye nahIM samajha sake kyoMki ve uttara bhArata meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM pracalita paryUSaNA kalpa se aparicita the| samayasAra meM Aye 'apadezasuttamajjhaM' kA artha karane meM usake aneka TIkAkAra isalie asamartha rahe ki unheM AcArAGga sUtra meM AtmA ko avyapadeza batAne vAlA prasaMga jJAta nahIM thA / hamAre hI yuga ke prasiddha jaina vidvAn kailAzacanda jI ne bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM Aye hue uvaNAriyo zabda ko isalie aspaSTa kahakara chor3a diyA kyoMki ve zvetAmbara paramparA meM pracalita sthAnAcArya kI avadhAraNA se aparicita the| ye to maine kucha saMketa diye haiM, aisI aneka bhrAntiyA~ ekapakSIya adhyayana praNAlI ke kAraNa janma letI haiN| ataH yathAsambhava hameM apane adhyayana bahu AyAmI yA samagra banAne kA prayatna karanA caahiye| isI prakAra jainavidyA kA jo dArzanika pakSa hai, usakA bhI tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana apekSita hai| binA anya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kA adhyayana kiye darzana ke kSetra meM jainoM ke avadAna ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| darzana ke kSetra meM jainoM kA sabase mahattvapUrNa avadAna yaha hai ki unhoMne na kevala paraspara eka dUsare ke virodha meM khar3I huI dArzanika avadhAraNA kI kamiyoM kI samIkSA kI apitu unako eka dUsare se samanvita kara darzana ke kSetra meM eka samagratAvAdI adhyayana vidhA ko vikasita kiyaa| unhoMne yaha batAyA ki paraspara eka dUsare ke virodha meM khar3I huI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ko samanvita karake samagra satya kA darzana kiyA jA sakatA hai| darzana ke kSetra meM jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne aikAntika mAnyatA kI samIkSA kI aura unase mukta hone kI salAha dI kintu jaina paramparA ne usase eka kadama Age bar3hakara yaha kahA ki sabhI darzana AMzika yA sApekSika satya ko prastuta karate haiM, ata: unameM yaha satya hai aura yaha asatya hai aisA bheda nahIM kiyA jAnA caahie| asatya kA janma to Agraha yA matAndhatA kI goda meM hotA hai / yadi hameM, sampUrNa satya kA darzana karanA hai to yaha samagra dRSTi se hI sambhava hai| yaha siddhasena aura haribhadra jaise dArzanikoM kI dRSTi thI jisane pratipakSa meM nihita satya ko dekhane kA prayatna kiyA aura darzanoM ke madhya jo virodha thA, usakA samAhAra kiyaa| yahAM merA uddezya vidvAnoM ko jaina darzana

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74 ke anekAntavAda kA paricaya denA nahIM hai, kevala yaha dikhAnA hai ki jainoM kI samagratAvAdI dRSTi ne kisa prakAra nityavAda - anityavAda, dvaitavAda - advaitavAda, sAmAnyavAda - vizeSavAda Adi paraspara virodhI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ko samanvita kara samagra satya kI udbhAvanA kii| yaha samagratAvAdI adhyayana dRSTi hI hai jo pratispaddha darzanoM ke madhya nihita satyatA kA digdarzana karA sakatI hai| ataH usake vikAsa ke lie anya dArzanika dhArAoM kA matAgrahoM se pare uThakara taTastha adhyayana Avazyaka hai| jainAcAryoM kA spaSTa udghoSa hai ki satya ke sUrya kA darzana kevala anAgrahI, vyApaka evaM samagratAvAdI bahuAyAmI dRSTi se hI sambhava hai| matAndhatA yA Agraha kA cazmA use samajhane meM bAdhaka hai / anta meM sAhitya aura kalA ke kSetra meM jainoM ke avadAna aura unake adhyayana kI AvazyakatA kA saMketa karake apanI bAta ko samApta karanA caahuuNgaa| prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainoM kA avadAna lagabhaga 30% se adhika hI hai| jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, tamila, kannar3a, maru-gurjara, Adhunika hindI aura gujarAtI bhASAoM meM vipula sAhitya kA sarjana kiyA hai / punaH yaha jo sAhitya hai vaha bhI bahu AyAmI hai| dharma; darzana, AcAra, upadeza, kathA, sRSTi vijJAna, khagola, bhUgola, jyotiSa, nimittazAstra, cikitsA, lalita kalAe~, kAvya, nATaka, chandazAstra, vyAkaraNa zAstra Adi aneka vidhAoM para jaina AcAryoM ne apanI lekhanI calAI hai| abhI taka to inakA sampUrNa sUcIkaraNa bhI nahIM ho pAyA hai| eka moTe anumAna se sampUrNa jaina granthoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga tIsa cAlIsa hajAra se kama nahIM hogii| abhI to SaTkhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDa jaise saikar3oM durlabha grantha bhaNDAroM meM par3e hue apane uddhAra kI pratIkSA meM haiM / ina sabake sampAdana, anuvAda, vyAkhyA aura prakAzana meM jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM kI aneka pIr3hiyA~ khapa jaayegiiN| yahI sthiti jaina kalA, purAvazeSoM aura abhilekhoM kI bhI hai| vizva ke purAtana kalA vaibhava ke kSetra meM bhI jainoM kA avadAna kama nahIM hai / zravaNabelagolA, jinakAJcI, dharmasthala, devagar3ha, mathurA, khajurAho, AbU, rANakapura, tAraGgA, osiyA, jaisalamera jaise saikar3oM jaina sthala haiM jo apane kalApUrNa vaibhava ke lie ke vizva meM prakhyAta haiM, kintu abhI to causA, mathurA, devagar3ha ke samAna vipula sAmagrI bhUgarbha meM dabI par3I hai, saMyoga se jo sAmagrI hameM mila jAtI hai use chor3a deM to abhI aneka aise jaina sthala haiM, jinakA vaijJAnika DhaMga se utkhanana Avazyaka hai| jo sAmagrI upalabdha hai usake bhI samyak adhyayana kA kitanA prayatna huA hai aura kitanA abhI zeSa hai, ise sabhI vidvAn acchI taraha jAnate haiM / mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle evaM anyatra se prApta lagabhaga eka sahasra purAvazeSa aura mUrtiyA~ kevala lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM haiM, jo jaina dharma ke sampradAyoM ke vikAsa evaM jaina kalA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattva ke haiM, kintu isa dRSTi unakA svalpa adhyayana hI huA hai| isI prakAra mathurA se prApta do sau ke lagabhaga jaina abhilekha

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75 haiM jo usake sampradAyoM ke vikAsakrama aura tatkAlIna sAmAjika sthiti ko samajhane meM atyanta sahAyaka haiM, kintu isa dRSTi se inakA adhyayana kisane kiyA hai? ye to maine kucha saMketa sUtra diye haiM, abhI to jainavidyA ke kSetra meM bahuta kucha karaNIya hai, jisa para na kevala vistRta carcA apekSita hai, apitu usa dizA meM kucha kadama bhI uThAne hoMge, jisake lie zAsana, samAja aura vidvAnoM kI sakriya bhAgIdArI Avazyaka hai|

Page #83
'kaSAyamuktiH kila muktireva' jaina sAdhanA kaSAyoM ke vijaya kI sAdhanA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne to bahuta hI . spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA thA ki 'kaSAyoM se mukti hI vAstavika artha meM mukti hai (kaSAyamuktiH kila muktirev)| kaSAya jaina darzana kA pAribhASika zabda hai| yadyapi bauddha paramparA meM 'dhammapada' (223) meM aura hindU paramparA meM chAndogya upaniSad (7/26/2) tathA mahAbhArata meM zAntiparva (244/3) meM kaSAya zabda kA prayoga azubha cittavRttiyoM ke artha meM huA hai; phira bhI ina donoM paramparAoM meM kaSAya zabda kA prayoga virala hI dekhA jAtA hai, jabaki jaina paramparA meM isa zabda kA prayoga pracuratA se dekhA jAtA hai| jaina AcAryoM dvArA isakI vyutpattiparaka paribhASAe~ aneka dRSTikoNoM se kI gaI haiN| sAmAnyatayA ve manovRttiyA~ yA mAnasika Avega jo hamArI AtmA ko kaluSita karate haiM, hamAre AtmIya sadguNoM ko kRza karate haiM, jinase AtmA bandhana meM AtI hai aura usake saMsAra paribhramaNa arthAt janma-maraNa meM vRddhi hotI hai, unheM kaSAya kahate haiN| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki "anigrahita krodha aura mAna tathA vRddhigata mAyA tathA lobha- ye cAroM kaSAyeM punarjanmarUpI vRkSa kA siMcana karatI haiM, dukha: ke kAraNa haiM, ata: samAdhi ke sAdhaka unheM tyAga deN"| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM rAga aura dveSa ko karma kA bIja kahA gayA hai| rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa hI kaSAyoM kA janma hotA hai| sthAnAgasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki pApa karma kI utpatti ke do sthAna haiM- rAga aura dvess| rAga se lobha kA aura lobha se kapaTa arthAt mAyA kA janma hotA hai| dUsarI ora dveSa se krodha kA aura krodha se ahaMkAra kA janma hotA hai| isa prakAra kaSAyoM kI utpatti ke mUla meM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti hI kAma karatI hai| yaha bhI sunizcita hai ki rAga-dveSa ke mUla meM bhI rAga hI pramukha tattva hai| rAga kI upasthiti meM hI dveSa kA janma hotA hai| ata: saMkSepa meM kaheM to sampUrNa kaSAyoM ke mUla meM rAga yA Asakti kA tattva hI pramukha hai| vahI kaSAyoM kA pitA hai| rAga-dveSa se krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- ina cAra kaSAyoM kA kyA sambandha hai, isakI vistRta carcA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM vibhinna nayoM yA apekSAoM ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai| saMgraha naya kI apekSA se krodha aura mAna dveSa rUpa haiM, jabaki mAyA aura lobha rAga rUpa haiN| kyoMki prathama do meM dUsare kI ahita bhAvanA hai aura antima do meM apanI svArtha-sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| vyavahAranaya kI dRSTi se krodha,

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77 mAna aura mAyA- tInoM dveSa rUpa haiM, kyoMki mAyA bhI dUsare ke vighAta kA vicAra hI hai| kevala lobha akelA rAgAtmaka hai, kyoMki usameM mamatvabhAva hai| kintu RjusUtranaya kI dRSTi se kevala krodha hI dveSarUpa hai, zeSa kaSAya-trika-ko na to ekAnta rUpa se rAga-prerita kahA jA sakatA hai, na dvess-prerit| rAga-prerita hone para ve rAga-rUpa haiM aura dveSa-prerita hone para dveSarUpa hotI haiN| phira bhI yaha to satya hI hai ki ye cAroM kaSAya mUlata: vyakti kI rAga-dveSAtmaka vRttiyoM kI hI bAhya abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| vastuta: vyakti meM nihita vAsanA ke tattva apanI vidheyAtmaka avasthA meM rAga aura niSedhAtmaka avasthA meM dveSa bana jAte hai aura ye rAga-dveSa ke tattva hI apanI AvegAtmaka abhivyaktimeM krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha arthAt kaSAya bana jAte haiN| isa prakAra kaSAya rAga-dveSa kI bAhya abhivyakti hai aura rAga-dveSa kaSAyoM ke antaraMga bIja haiN| rAga-dveSa ke abhAva meM kaSAyoM kI sattA nahIM hai| kaSAyeM rAga-dveSa rUpI yugala se hI janma letI haiM, unhIM se sampoSita hotI haiM aura inake marane para mara jAtI haiN| kaSAya aura mithyAtva- kaSAyoM kI uparokta carcA ke prasaMga meM hamane yaha dekhA ki kaSAyoM kA janma rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se hotA hai| puna: yadi hama yaha vicAra kareM ki kaSAyoM ko janma dene vAlI ye rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ kisake AdhAra para janma letI haiM aura sampoSita hotI haiM, to isa sambandha meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki rAga-dveSa aura kaSAyoM kA mUlabhUta kAraNa moha hai| ise ajJAna yA aviveka dazA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| kintu isase Age bar3hakara jaba yaha pUchA jAe ki yaha moha, ajJAna yA aviveka kyoM utpanna hotA hai yA kisake dvArA utpanna hotA hai, to hameM kahanA par3atA hai ki isakA mUla kAraNa kaSAya hI hai| / vastuta: jaina darzana meM yaha eka pramukha dArzanika samasyA hai ki yadi kaSAyoM kA kAraNa moha yA mithyAtva hai, to moha yA mithyAtva kA kAraNa kyA hai? samprati ina praznoM ko lekara jaina cintakoM meM eka vivAda chir3A huA hai, mithyAtva aura kaSAya meM kauna pramukha hai aura kauna gauNa hai? yaha prazna Aja nizcayanaya para adhika bala dene vAle kAnajI svAmI ke samarthaka paNDitoM evaM vyavahAranaya kI upekSA nahIM karane vAle pUjya AcArya vidyAsAgara jI ke samarthakoM ke bIca vivAda kA viSaya banA huA hai| eka ora pU0 kAnajI svAmI ke samarthaka vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki bandhana kA mUlabhUta kAraNa mithyAtva hai aura kaSAya akiMcitkara hai, kyoMki kaSAyoM kA janma bhI mithyAtva se hotA hai| dUsarI ora AcArya vidyAsAgara jI ke samarthaka vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki kaSAya hI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hai, mithyAtva akiMcitkara hai| kyoMki mithyAtva kA janma aura sattA donoM hI anantAnubandhI kaSAyoM kI upasthiti meM hI saMbhava hai| anantAnubandhI kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM mithyAtva kI sattA nahIM hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki donoM hI pakSa apane-apane AgrahoM para khar3e hue haiN| vastuta: mithyAtva aura kaSAya ye donoM hI paraspara Azrita haiM

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78 aura yaha bhI satya hai ki tIvratama kaSAyoM kI upasthiti meM hI mithyAtva kI sattA sambhava hotI hai| vastuta: mithyAtva aura kaSAya donoM hI paropajIvI haiM, mithyAtva ke abhAva meM kaSAya nahIM hotI hai aura kaSAya ke abhAva meM mithyAtva bhI nahIM hotA hai| vastuta: cintana kI apekSA se hI kaSAya aura mithyAtva ko alaga-alaga kiyA jA sakatA hai| sattA meM to ve eka-dUsare ke anusyUta hokara hI rahate haiN| vyakti meM kaSAyoM ke Avega tabhI utpatra hote haiM, jaba vaha mohagrasta yA ajJAna se ghirA hotA hai, kintu jaise hI vaha ajJAna yA mithyAtva kA gherA tor3atA hai, usake kaSAya samApta ho jAte haiN| vastuta: mithyAtva ke binA kaSAya-bhAva nahIM hote haiM aura kaSAya ke binA mithyAtva bhI nahIM hotA hai| eka kI sattA para dUsare kI sattA AdhArita hai, inameM se koI bhI na to akiMcitkara hai aura na dUsare se nirapekSa hii| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM isI samasyA kA samAdhAna kiMcit bhinna zabdoM meM kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra aNDA aura murgI meM kauna prathama, isa samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, usI prakAra mithyAtva aura kaSAya meM bhI kauna prathama yA mahattvapUrNa hai aura kauna gauNa yA kama mahattvapUrNa hai, isakA nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra aNDe ke binA murgI aura murgI ke binA aNDA sambhava nahIM hai, usI prakAra mithyAtva ke binA kaSAya aura kaSAya ke binA mithyAtva sambhava nahIM hai| inameM se kisI kI bhI pUrva koTi nirdhArita nahIM kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki donoM paropajIvI yA parasparAzrita haiN| kaSAya aura karma-bandha jaina darzana nirIzvaravAdI darzana hai, ata: usameM karma-siddhAnta ko hI sarvoparitA dI gaI hai| vyakti kA saMsAra meM paribhramaNa Izvara ke adhIna na hokara karmavyavasthA ke adhIna mAnA gayA hai, phalata: jaina dArzanikoM ne karma ke bandhana aura vipAka kI talasparzI gambhIra vivecanA kI hai| isI krama meM karma-bandha kyoM aura kaise hotA hai? isakI carcA karate hue unhoMne karma-bandha ke nimna pA~ca kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai- (1) mithyAtva, (2) avirati (asaMyama), (3) pramAda, (4) kaSAya aura (5) yog| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ 'yoga' se tAtparya mana, vacana evaM zarIra kI gatividhiyA~ haiN| yadi ina pA~ca kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kareM to hama yaha pAte haiM ki mithyAtva, avirati aura pramAda mUlata: kaSAya ke kAraNa hI hote haiN| kaSAyoM kI anantAnubandhI caukar3I mithyAtva kA kAraNa hai kyoMki kaSAyoM kI isa anantAnubandhI caukar3I kI upasthiti meM hI mithyAtva sambhava hotA hai| jaise hI kaSAyoM kI yaha anantAnubandhI caukar3I samApta hotI hai, mithyAtva bhI samApta ho jAtA hai aura samyagdarzana prakaTa ho jAtA hai| isase yaha sunizcita hotA hai ki mithyAtva kA kAraNa kaSAya hai| isI prakAra avirati arthAt asaMyama kA kAraNa bhI anantAnabandhI athavA apratyAkhyAnI kaSAya hI hote haiN| kaSAya kI apratyAkhyAnI caukar3I ke samApta hone para virati yA saMyama kA prakaTana hotA hai| jaba taka apratyAkhyAnI kaSAya kA udaya

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79 hai, taba taka saMyama yA virati saMbhava nahIM hai| isI prakAra avirati kA kAraNa bhI kaSAya hI hai| jaba hama bandha ke tIsare hetu pramAda para vicAra karate haiM, to bhI hameM spaSTa lagatA ki pramAda kI sattA bhI kaSAya ke kAraNa hI hai| jaba taka pratyAkhyAnI kaSAyoM kI caur3I sattA meM hai taba taka pramAda kI bhI sattA hai / guNasthAna siddhAnta meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAyA gayA hai ki pratyAkhyAnI kaSAya- catuSka ke udaya meM rahate hue apramatta-saMyatta guNasthAna kI upalabdhi sambhava nahIM hotI hai / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, prabuddha jainAcAryoM ne kaSAyoM ko pramAda kA hI eka prakAra mAnA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mithyAtva, avirati aura pramAda- tInoM kA hetu kaSAya hI hai| anantAnubandhI kaSAya-catuSka ke kSaya se mithyAtva kA kSaya hotA hai| apratyAkhyAnI kaSAya- catuSka ke kSaya yA kSayopazama se pramAda samApta hotA hai ataH mithyAtva, avirata aura pramAda ke mUla meM kaSAya hI rahe hue haiN| kaSayoM ke abhAva meM inakI svatantra sattA nahIM rahatI hai, ataH bandhana ke prathama cAra kAraNoM meM kaSAya hI pramukha kAraNa hai, zeSa mithyAtva, avirati aura pramAda to usake AnuSaMgika hI haiM, kaSAya kI sattA meM hI unakI sattA hai / niSkarSa yaha hai ki bandhana ke do hI kAraNa haiM- kaSAya aura yoga / ina donoM kAraNoM meM bhI yoga bandhana kA nimitta kAraNa hai / kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM usameM bandhana kA sAmarthya nahIM hai| jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki kaSAya ke abhAva meM mAtra yoga ke pariNAmasvarUpa jo IryApathika Asrava aura bandha hotA hai vaha kSaNika hI hai| usameM prathama samaya meM bandha hotA hai aura dUsare samaya meM vaha nirjarita ho jAtA hai| vastutaH isa prakAra kA bandha vAstavika bandha nahIM hai| jaise pAnI meM khIMcI gaI lakIra khIMcane ke sAtha hI samApta ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra IryApathika bandha apane bandhana ke sAtha hI samApta ho jAtA hai| isa samasta carcA kA phalita yaha hai ki kaSAya hI bandhana ke pramukha kAraNa haiM, yoga to akiMcitkara hai| jisa prakAra ghI ke abhAva meM laDDU baMdhatA nahIM hai, usI prakAra kaSAya ke abhAva meM karma bhI baMdhate nahIM haiN| puna: jaina karma - siddhAnta meM bandhana ke cAra prakAra mAne gaye haiM- (1) prakRti bandha, (2) pradeza bandha, (3) sthiti bandha aura (4) anubhAga bandha / yadi hama bandhana ke uparokta do kAraNa - kaSAya aura yoga ke sandarbha meM bandhana ke ina cAra prakAroM kI carcA kareM, to hama yaha pAte haiM ki yoga prakRti-bandha aura pradeza-bandha ke kAraNa haiM; jabaki kaSAya sthitibandha aura anubhAgabandha ke kAraNa haiN| yoga arthAt hamArI mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika kriyAoM dvArA karmoM kI prakRti arthAt unakA svarUpa aura unake pradeza arthAt mAtrA nirdhArita hotI hai| kintu yaha ThIka vaisA hI hai jaisA laDDU banAne ke lie vastu vizeSa kA eka nirdhArita mAtrA meM lAyA gayA ATA ho| usase laDDU to tabhI banegA jaba usameM ghI aura zakkara kA sammizraNa hogaa| isI prakAra karma-bandha kI prakriyA meM bhI sthiti aura anubhAga arthAt rasa kA nirdhAraNa kaSAyoM ke mAdhyama se hI hotA hai / kaSAya rUpI ghI aura zakkara hI usa ATe ko laDDU ke rUpa meM parigata karate haiN| karma-bandha

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80 meM sthiti arthAt kAla maryAdA aura anubhAga arthAt unakI vipAkAnubhUti (rasa) kA nirdhAraNa to kaSAya ke dvArA hI hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki karma-bandha aura vipAka (karma-phala) meM mukhya bhUmikA kaSAya kI hI hai| kaSAyoM kI taratamatA hI vyakti ke bandhana ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraka tattva hai| saMkSepa meM kaheM, to kaSAya hI bandhana ke kAraNa haiM, hamAre sAMsArika astitva ke AdhAra haiM aura kaSAyoM kA kSaya yA abhAva hI mukti hai| kaSAya ke bheda AvegoM kI avasthAe~ bhI tIvratA kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM hotI haiM, ata: tIvra AvegoM ko kaSAya aura maMda AvegoM yA tIvra AvegoM ke prerakoM ko no-kaSAya (upa-kaSAya) kahA gayA hai| kaSAyeM cAra haiM- 1. krodha, 2. mAna, 3. mAyA aura 4. lobh| AvegAtmaka abhivyaktiyoM kI tIvratA ke AdhAra para inameM se pratyeka ko cAra-cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai- 1. tIvratama, 2. tIvratara, 3. tIvra aura 4. mNd| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se tIvratama krodha Adi vyakti ke samyak dRSTikoNa yA viveka meM vikAra lA dete haiN| tIvratara krodha Adi Atma-niyantraNa kI zakti ko chinna-bhinna kara DAlate haiN| tIvrakrodha Adi AtmaniyantraNa kI zakti ke uccatama vikAsa meM bAdhaka hote haiN| maMda krodha Adi vyakti ko pUrNa vItarAga nahIM hone dete| cAroM kaSAyoM kI tIvratA ke AdhAra para cAra-cAra bheda haiN| ataH kaSAyoM kI saMkhyA 16 ho jAtI haiN| nimna no upa-Avega, upa-kaSAya yA kaSAya-preraka mAne gaye haiM- 1. hAsya, 2. rati, 3. arati, 4. zoka, 5. bhaya, 6.ghRNA, 7. strIveda (puruSa-samparka kI vAsanA), 8. puruSaveda (strI-samparka kI vAsanA) aura 9. napuMsakaveda (donoM ke samparka kI vaasnaa)| isa prakAra kula 25 kaSAyeM haiN| krodha yaha eka mAnasika kintu uttejaka avega hai| uttejita hote hI vyakti bhAvAviSTa ho jAtA hai| usakI vicAra-kSamatA aura tarka-zakti lagabhaga zithila ho jAtI hai| bhAvAtmaka sthiti meM bar3he hue Avega kI vRtti yuyutsA ko janma detI hai| yuyutsA se amarSa aura amarSa se AkramaNa kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| manovaijJAnikoM ke anusAra krodha aura bhaya meM yahI mukhya antara hai ki krodha ke Avega meM AkramaNa kA aura bhaya ke Avega meM Atma-rakSA kA prayatna hotA hai| jaina-darzana meM sAmAnyatayA krodha ke do rUpa mAnya haiM- 1. dravyakrodha aura 2. bhAva-krodha dravya-krodha ko Adhunika manovaijJAnika dRSTi se krodha kA AMgika pakSa kahA jA sakatA hai, jisake kAraNa krodha meM honevAle zArIrika parivartana hote haiN| bhAvakrodha krodha kI mAnasika avasthA hai| krodha kA anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa bhAva-krodha hai, jabaki krodha kA abhivyaktyAtmaka yA zarIrAtmaka pakSa dravya-krodha hai| krodha ke vibhinna rUpa haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM isake dasa samAnArthaka nAma varNita haiM- 1. krodha- Avega kI uttejanAtmaka avasthA. 2. kopa-krodha se utpanna

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81 svabhAva kI caMcalatA, 3. doSa- svayaM para yA dUsare para doSa thopanA, 4. roSa-krodha kA parisphuTa rUpa, 5. saMjvalana-jalana yA IrSyA kI bhAvanA, 6. akSamA- aparAdha kSamA na karanA, 7. kalaha-anucita bhASaNa karanA, 8. cANDikya-ugrarUpa karanA, 9. maMDana-hAthApAI karane para utArU honA, 10. vivAda-AkSepAtmaka bhASaNa krnaa| krodha ke prakAra- krodha ke Avega kI tIvratA evaM mandatA ke AdhAra para cAra bheda kie gae haiM, jo isa bhAMti haiM 1. anantAnubaMdhI krodha (tIvratama krodha)- patthara meM par3I darAra ke samAna krodha, jo kisI ke prati eka bAra utpanna hone para jIvanaparyanta banA rahe, kabhI samApta na ho| 2. apratyAkhyAnI krodha ( tIvratara krodha)- sUkhate hue jalAzaya kI bhUmi meM par3I darAra, jaise AgAmI varSA hote hI miTa jAtI hai, vaise hI apratyAkhyAnI krodha eka varSa se adhika sthAI nahIM rahatA aura kisI ke samajhAne se zAnta ho jAtA hai| 3. pratyAkhyAnI krodha (tIvra krodha)- bAlU kI rekhA jaise havA ke jhokoM se jaldI hI miTa jAtI hai, vaise hI pratyAkhyAnI krodha cAra-mAsa se adhika sthAyI nahIM hotaa| 4. saMjvalana krodha (alpakrodha)- zIghra hI miTa jAne vAlI pAnI meM khIMcI gayI rekhA ke samAna isa krodha meM sthAyitva nahIM hotA hai| bauddhadarzana meM bhI krodha ko lekara vyaktiyoM ke tIna prakAra mAne gaye haiM- 1. ve vyakti jinakA krodha patthara para khIMcI rekhA ke samAna cirasthAyI hotA hai, 2. ve vyakti jinakA krodha pRthvI para khIMcI huI rekhA ke samAna alpa-sthAyI hotA hai, 3. ve jinakA krodha pAnI para khIMcI rekhA ke samAna asthAyI hotA hai| donoM paramparAoM meM prastuta dRSTAnta-sAmya vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| mAna (ahaMkAra) ahaMkAra karanA mAna hai| ahaMkAra jAti, kula, bala, aizvarya, sAdhanA, jJAna Adi kisI bhI vizeSatA kA ho sakatA hai| manuSya meM svAbhimAna kI mUla pravRtti hotI hai, parantu jaba svAbhimAna kI vRtti dambha yA pradarzana kA rUpa le letI hai, taba manuSya apane guNoM evaM yogyatAoM kA bar3he-car3he rUpa meM pradarzana karatA hai aura isa prakAra usake anta:karaNa meM mAnavRtti kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| abhimAnI manuSya apanI ahaMvRtti kA poSaNa karatA rahatA hai| use apane se bar3hakara yA apanI barAbarI kA guNI vyakti koI dikhatA hI nhiiN|

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82 jaina paramparA meM prakArAntara se mAna ke ATha bheda mAnya haiM- 1. jAti mada, 2. kula mada, 3. bala (zakti) maMda, 4. aizvarya mada, 5. tapa mada, 6. jJAna mada (sUtroM kA jJAna), 7. saundarya mada aura 8. adhikAra ( prabhutA ) / mAna ko mada bhI kahA gayA hai| mAna nimna bAraha rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai- 1. mAna- apane kisI guNa para ahaMvRtti, 2. mada- ahaMbhAva meM tanmayatA, 3. darpa- uttejanA pUrNa ahaMbhAva, 4. stambhaavinamratA, 5. garva- ahaMkAra, 6. atyukroza- apane ko dUsare se zreSTha kahanA, 7. paraparivAda - paranindA, 8. utkarSa - apanA aizvarya prakaTa karanA, 9 apakarSa- dUsaroM ko tuccha samajhanA, 10 unnatanAma - guNI ke sAmane bhI na jhukanA, 11. unnata- dUsaroM ko tuccha samajhanA aura 12 purnAma yathocita rUpa se na jhukanA / ahaMbhAva kI tIvratA aura mandatA ke anusAra mAna ke bhI cAra bheda haiM 1. anaMtAnubandhI mAna - patthara ke khambhe ke samAna jo jhukatA nahIM, arthAt jisameM vinayaguNa nAmamAtra ko bhI nahIM hai / 2. apratyAkhyAnI mAna- haDDI ke samAna kaThinatA se jhukane vAlA arthAta jo vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM bAhya dabAva ke kAraNa vinamra ho jAtA hai| 3. pratyAkhyAnI mAna- lakar3I ke samAna prayatna se jhuka jAne vAlA arthAt jisake | antara meM vinamratA to hotI hai, lekina jisakA prakaTana vizeSa sthiti meM hI hotA hai / 4. saMjvalana mAna - beMta ke samAna atyanta saralatA se jhuka jAnevAlA arthAt jo Atma gaurava ko rakhate hue bhI vinamra banA rahatA hai| mAyA kapaTAcAra mAyA kaSAya hai / bhagavatIsUtra ke anusAra isake pandraha nAma haiM- 1. mAyA- kapaTAcAra, 2. upAdhi - Thagane ke uddezya se vyakti ke pAsa jAnA, 3. nikRti - Thagane ke abhiprAya se adhika sammAna denA, 4. valaya- vakratA pUrNa vacana, 5. gahanaThagane ke vicAra se atyanta gUr3ha bhASaNa karanA, 6. nUma- Thagane ke hetu nikRSTa kArya karanA, 7. kalka - dUsaroM ko hiMsA ke lie ubhAranA, 8. karUpa- nindita vyavahAra karanA, 9 nihnatA ThagAI ke lie kArya manda gati se karanA, 10. kilviSikabhAMDoM ke samAna kuceSTA karanA, 11. AdaraNatA - anicchita kArya bhI apanAnA, 12. hanatA apanI karatUta ko chipAne kA prayatna karanA, 13. vaMcakatA- ThagI aura 14. prati- kuMcanatA- kisI ke sarala rUpa se kahe gaye vacanoM kA khaNDana karanA, 15. sAtiyoga - uttama vastu meM hIna vastu kI milAvaTa krnaa| ye saba mAyA kI hI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiN|

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mAyA ke cAra prakAra- 1. anaMtAnubandhI mAyA (tIvratama kapaTAcAra)- bAMsa kI jar3a ke samAna kuTila, 2. apratyAkhyAnI mAyA (tIvratara kapaTAcAra)- bhaiMsa ke sIMga ke samAna kuTila, 3. pratyAkhyAnI mAyA (tIvra kapaTAcAra)- gomUtra kI dhArA ke samAna kuTila, 4. saMjvalana mAyA (alpa kapaTAcAra)- bAMsa ke chilake ke samAna kuttil| lobha mohanIya-karma ke udaya se citta meM utpanna hone vAlI tRSNA yA lAlasA lobha kahalAtI hai| lobha kI solaha avasthAe~ haiM- lobha- saMgraha karane kI vRtti, 2. icchAabhilASA, 3. mUrchA- tIvra saMgraha-vRtti, 4. kAMkSA- prApta karane kI AzA, 5. gRddhiAsakti, 6. tRSNA- jor3ane kI icchA, vitaraNa kI virodhI vRtti, 7. mithyA- viSayoM kA dhyAna, 8. abhidhyA- nizcaya se Diga jAnA yA caMcalatA, 9. AzaMsanA- iSTa-prApti kI icchA karanA, 10. prArthanA- artha Adi kI yAcanA, 11. lolapanatA- cATukAritA, 12. kAmAzA- kAma kI icchA, 13. bhogAzA- bhogya-padArthoM kI icchA, 14. jIvitAzA- jIvana kI kAmanA, 15. maraNAzA- marane kI kAmanA aura 16. nandirAga- prApta sampatti meM anuraag| lobha ke cAra bheda- 1. anaMtAnubandhI lobha-majIThiyA raMga ke samAna jo chUTe nahIM, arthAt atyadhika lobh| 2. apratyAkhyAnI lobha- gAr3I ke pahiye ke augana ke samAna muzkila se chUTane vAlA lobh| 3. pratyAkhyAnI lobha- kIcar3a ke samAna prayatna karane para chUTa jAne vAlA lobh| 4. saMjvalana lobha-haldI ke samAna zIghratA se dUra ho jAne vAlA lobh| nokaSAya- nokaSAya zabda do zabdoM ke yoga se banA hai no+kssaay| jaina-dArzanikoM ne 'no' zabda ko sAhacarya ke artha meM grahaNa kiyA hai| isa prakAra krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- ina pradhAna kaSAyoM ke sahacArI bhAvoM athavA unakI sahayogI manovRttiyA~ jaina paribhASA meM nokaSAya kahI jAtI haiN| jahA~ pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM kAma-vAsanA ko pramukha mUlavRtti tathA bhaya ko pramukha Avega mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ jainadarzana meM unheM sahacArI kaSAya yA upa-Avega kahA gayA hai| isakA kAraNa yahI ho sakatA hai ki jahA~ pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne una para mAtra manovaijJAnika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai, vahA~ jaina vicAraNA meM jo mAnasika tathya naitika dRSTi se adhika azubha the, unheM kaSAya kahA gayA hai aura unake sahacArI athavA kAraka manobhAva ko nokaSAya kahA gayA hai| yadyapi manovaijJAnika dRSTi se vicAra karane para nokaSAya ve prAthamika sthitiyA~ haiM, jinase kaSAyeM utpanna hotI haiM, tathApi AvegoM kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se nokaSAya kama tIvra hote haiM aura kaSAyeM adhika tIvra hotI haiN| inheM kaSAya kA kAraNa bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina-granthoM meM inakI saMkhyA 9 (nau) mAnI gaI hai

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84 1. hAsya-sukha yA prasannatA kI abhivyakti hAsya hai| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra hAsya kA kAraNa pUrva-karma yA vAsanA-saMskAra hai| yaha mAna kaSAya kA kAraNa hai| 2. zoka-iSTaviyoga aura aniSTayoga se sAmAnya vyakti meM jo manobhAva jAgRta hote haiM, ve zoka kahe jAte haiN| 10 zoka cittavRtti kI vikalatA kA dyotaka hai11 aura isa prakAra mAnasika samatva kA bhaMga karane vAlA hai| kabhI-kabhI yaha krodha kaSAya meM rUpAntarita ho jAtA hai| 3. rati (ruci)- abhISTa padArthoM para prItibhAva athavA indriya-viSayoM meM citta kI abhiratatA hI rati hai| isake kAraNa hI Asakti evaM lobha kI bhAvanAe~ prabala hotI haiN| 4. arati- indriya-viSayoM meM aruci hI arati hai| aruci kA bhAva hI vikasita hokara ghRNA aura dveSa banatA hai| rAga aura dveSa tathA ruci aura aruci meM pramukha antara yahI hai ki rAga aura dveSa manas kI sakriya avasthAe~ haiM, jabaki ruci aura aruci niSkriya avasthAe~ haiN| rati aura arati pUrva karma-saMskArajanita svAbhAvika ruci aura aruci kA bhAva hai| 5. ghRNA- ghRNA yA jugupsA aruci kA hI vikasita rUpa hai| aruci aura ghRNA meM kevala mAtrAtmaka antara hI hai| aruci kI apekSA ghRNA meM vizeSatA yaha hai ki aruci meM padArtha-vizeSa ke bhoga kI aruci hotI hai, lekina usakI upasthiti sahya hotI hai, jabaki ghRNA meM usakA bhoga aura usakI upasthiti donoM hI asahya hotI hai| aruci kA vikasita rUpa ghRNA aura ghRNA kA vikasita rUpa dveSa hai| 6. bhaya- kisI vAstavika yA kAlpanika tathya se AtmarakSA ke nimitta baca nikalane kI pravRtti hI bhaya hai| bhaya aura ghRNA meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki ghRNA ke mUla meM dveSa-bhAva rahatA hai, jabaki bhaya meM Atma-rakSaNa kA bhAva prabala hotA hai| ghRNA krodha aura dveSa kA eka rUpa hai, jabaki bhaya lobha yA rAga kI hI eka avasthA hai| jainAgamoM meM bhaya sAta prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai, jaise- (1) ihaloka bhaya-yahA~ loka zabda saMsAra ke artha meM na hokara jAti ke artha meM bhI gRhIta hai| svajAti ke prANiyoM se arthAt manuSyoM ke lie manuSyoM se utpanna hone vAlA bhaya, (2) paraloka bhaya-anya jAti ke prANiyoM se hone vAlA bhaya, jaise manuSyoM ke lie pazuoM kA bhaya, (3) AdAna bhayadhana kI rakSA ke nimitta cora-DAkU Adi bAhya kAraNoM se utpanna bhaya, 4. akasmAta bhaya- bAhya nimitta ke abhAva meM svakIya kalpanA se nirmita bhaya yA akAraNa bhy| bhaya kA yaha rUpa mAnasika hI hotA hai, jise manovijJAna meM asAmAnya bhaya kahate haiN| 5. AjIvikA bhaya- AjIvikA yA dhanopArjana ke sAdhanoM kI samApti (viccheda) kA bhy| kucha granthoM meM isake sthAna para vedanA-bhaya kA ullekha hai| roga yA pIr3A kA

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85 bhaya vedanA bhaya hai / 6. maraNa bhaya- mRtyu kA bhaya; jaina aura bauddha vicAraNA meM maraNa-dharmatA kA smaraNa to naitika dRSTi se Avazyaka hai, lekina maraNa bhaya (maraNAzA evaM jIvitAzA) ko naitika dRSTi se anucita mAnA gayA hai| 7. azloka (apayaza ) bhaya- mAna-pratiSThA ko Thesa pahu~cane kA bhaya / ' 12 7. strIveda- strItva sambandhI kAma vAsanA arthAt puruSa se saMbhoga kI icchaa| jaina- vicAraNA meM liMga aura veda meM antara kiyA gayA hai| liMga Agika saMracanA kA pratIka hai, jabaki veda tatsambandhI vAsanAoM kI avasthA hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki strI - liMga hone para strIveda ho hI / jaina- vicAraNA ke anusAra liMga (AMgika racanA ) kA kAraNa nAma-karma hai, jabaki veda (vAsanA) kA kAraNa cAritramohanIya karma hai| 8. puruSaveda- puruSatva sambandhI kAma vAsanA arthAt strI-saMbhoga kI icchaa| 9. napuMsaka veda- prANI meM strItva sambandhI aura puruSatva sambandhI donoM vAsanAoM kA honA napuMsakaveda kahA jAtA hai| donoM ke saMbhoga kI icchA hI napuMsakaveda hai| jaina- vicArakoM ke anusAra tIvratA kI dRSTi se puruSa kI kAma vAsanA zIghra hI pradIpta ho jAtI hai aura zIghra hI zAnta ho jAtI hai| strI kI kAma-vAsanA dera se pradIpta hotI hai, lekina eka bAra pradIpta ho jAne para kAphI samaya taka zAnta nahIM hotI / napuMsaka kI kAma vAsanA zIghra pradIpta ho jAtI hai, lekina zAnta dera se hotI hai / 13 isa prakAra bhaya, zoka, ghRNA, hAsya, rati, arati aura kAma-vikAra- ye upa-Avega haiN| ye bhI vyakti ke jIvana ko bahuta prabhAvita karate haiN| krodha Adi kI zakti tIvra hotI hai, isalie ve Avega haiN| ye vyakti kI zArIrika aura mAnasika sthiti ko prabhAvita karane ke atirikta usake Antarika guNoM-samyak dRSTikoNa, Atma-niyantraNa Adi ko bhI prabhAvita karate haiN| bhaya Adi upa-Avega vyakti ke Antarika guNoM ko utanA pratyakSataH prabhAvita nahIM karate, jitanA zArIrika aura mAnasika sthiti ko karate haiN| unakI zakti apekSAkRta kSINa hotI hai, isalie ve upa-Avega kahalAte haiM / 14 kaSAya-jaya- naitika evaM AdhyAtmika pragati kA AdhAra- jaina AcAra - darzana ke anusAra ukta 16 AvegoM (kaSAya) aura 9 upa- AvegoM (no- kaSAya) kA sIdhA sambandha vyakti ke caritra se hai, naitika jIvana ke lie ina vAsanAoM evaM AvegoM se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| jaba taka vyakti inase Upara nahIM uThatA hai, vaha naitika pragati nahIM kara sakatA / guNasthAna ArohaNa meM yaha tathya spaSTa rUpa se varNita hai ki naitika vikAsa kI kisa avasthA meM kitanI kaSAyoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai aura kitanI zeSa rahatI haiN| naitikatA kI sarvocca bhUmikA samasta kaSAyoM ke samApta hone para hI prApta hotI hai|

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8 jaina-sUtroM meM ina cAra pramukha kaSAyoM ko 'caMDAla caukar3I' kahA gayA hai| inameM anantAnubandhI Adi jo vibhAga haiM, unako sadaiva dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie aura hamezA yaha prayatna karanA cAhie ki kaSAyoM meM tIvratA na Aye, kyoMki anantAnubandhI krodha, mAna, mAyA,lobha ke hone para sAdhaka anantakAla taka saMsAra paribhramaNa karatA hai aura samyagdRSTi nahIM bana pAtA hai| yaha janma-maraNa ke roga kI asAdhyAvasthA hai| apratyAkhyAnI kaSAya ke hone para sAdhaka, zrAvaka yA gRhastha sAdhaka ke pada se gira jAtA hai| yaha sAdhaka ke AMzika cAritra kA nAza kara detI hai| yaha vikAroM kI duHsAdhyAvasthA hai| isI prakAra pratyAkhyAnI kaSAya kI avasthA meM sAdhutva prApta nahIM hotaa| ise vikAroM kI prayatnasAdhyAvasthA kahA jA sakatA hai| sAdhaka ko apane jIvana meM uparyukta tInoM prakAra ke kaSAyoM ko sthAna nahIM denA cAhie, kyoMki isase usakI sAdhanA yA cAritra dharma kA nAza ho jAtA hai| itanA hI nahIM, sAdhana ko apane andara saMjvalana kaSAya ko bhI sthAna nahIM denA cAhie, kyoMki jaba taka citta meM sUkSmatama krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha rahate haiM, sAdhaka apane lakSya-nirvANa kI prApti nahIM kara sktaa| saMkSepa meM, anantAnubandhI caukar3I yA kaSAyoM kI tIvratama avasthA yathArtha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka hai| apratyAkhyAnI caukar3I yA kaSAyoM kI tIvratara avasthA Atma-niyantraNa meM bAdhaka hai| pratyAkhyAnI caukar3I yA kaSAyoM kI tIvra avasthA zramaNa jIvana meM ghAtaka hai| isI prakAra saMjvalana caukar3I yA alpa-kaSAya pUrNa niSkAma yA vItarAga jIvana kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka hai| isalie sAdhaka ko sUkSmatama kaSAyoM ko bhI dUra karane kA prayatna karanA cAhae, kyoMki inake hone para usakI sAdhanA meM pUrNatA nahIM A sktii| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki Atma-hita cAhane vAlA sAdhaka pApa kI vRddhi karane vAle krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- ina cAra doSoM ko pUrNatayA chor3a de| 15 naitika jIvana kI sAdhanA karane vAlA inako kyoM chor3a de? isa tarka ke uttara meM dazavaikAlikasUtra meM inakI sAmAjika evaM vaiyaktika sadguNoM kA ghAta karane vAlI prakRti kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai- krodha prIti kA, mAna vinaya (namratA) kA, mAyA mitratA kA aura lobha sadguNoM kA nAza kara detA hai| 16 AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki mAna vinaya, zruta, zIla-sadAcAra evaM trivarga kA ghAtaka hai| vaha vivekarUpI netroM ko naSTa karake manuSya ko andhA banA detA hai| krodha jaba utpanna hotA hai to prathama Aga kI taraha usI ko jalAtA hai, jisameM vaha utpanna hotA hai| mAyA avidyA aura asatya kI janaka hai aura zIlarUpI vRkSa ko naSTa karane meM kulhAr3e ke samAna tathA adhogati kA kAraNa hai| lobha samasta doSoM kI utpatti kI khAna hai, samasta sadguNoM ko nigala jAne vAlA rAkSasa hai, sAre duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa aura dharma tathA kAma-puruSArtha kA bAdhaka hai| yahA~ para vizeSa draSTavya yaha bhI hai ki kaSAyoM meM jahA~ krodha-mAnAdi ko eka yA adhika sadguNoM kA vinAzaka kahA gayA hai, vahA~ lobha ko sarva sadguNoM kA vinAzaka kahA gayA hai| lobha sabhI kaSAyoM meM nikRSTatama isalie hai ki vaha rAgAtmaka hai aura rAga yA Asakti hI

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87 samasta asat vRttiyoM kI janaka hai| AcArya mahAprajJa sAmAjika jIvana para hone vAle kaSAyoM ke pariNAmoM kI carcA karate hue likhate haiM ki "hamAre matAnusAra (sAmAjika) sambandha-zuddhi kI kasauTI hai- RjutA, mRdutA, zAnti aura tyAga se samanvita mnovRtti| hara vyakti meM cAra prakAra kI vRttiyA~ (kaSAya) hotI haiM:- 1. saMgraha, 2. Aveza, 3. garva (bar3A mAnanA) aura 4. mAyA (chipaanaa)| cAra vRttiyA~ aura hotI haiN| ve ukta cAra pravRttiyoM kI pratipakSI haiM:- 1. tyAga yA visarjana, 2. zAnti, 3. samAnatA yA mRdutA, 4. RjutA yA spsstttaa| ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ vaiyaktika haiM, isalie inheM anaitika aura naitika nahIM kahA jA sakatA inheM AdhyAtmika (vaiyaktika) doSa aura guNa kahA jA sakatA hai| ina vRttiyoM ke jo pariNAma samAja meM saMkrAnta hote haiM, unheM anaitika aura naitika kahA jA sakatA hai|" 1. kaSAya kI vRttiyoM ke pariNAma 1. saMgraha (lobha) kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-zoSaNa, aprAmANikatA, nirapekSa-vyavahAra, krUra-vyavahAra, vishvaasghaat| 2. Aveza (krodha) kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-gAlI-galauja, yuddha, AkramaNa, prahAra, htyaa| 3. garva (apane ko bar3A mAnane) kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-ghRNA, amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra, kruur-vyvhaar| 4. mAyA (chipAne) kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-avizvAsa, amaitrIpUrNa vyvhaar| kaSAya jaya ke pariNAma tyAga (visarjana) kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-prAmANikatA, sApekSa vyavahAra, ashossnn| zAnti kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-vAk-saMyama, anAkramaNa, samajhautA, smnvy| 3. samAnatA kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-sApekSa-vyavahAra, prema, mRdu vyvhaar| 4. RjutA kI manovRtti ke pariNAma-maitrIpUrNa vyavahAra, vishvaas|18 .. ata: Avazyaka hai ki sAmAjika jIvana kI zuddhi ke lie prathama prakAra kI vRttiyoM kA tyAga kara jIvana meM dUsare prakAra kI pratipakSI vRttiyoM ko sthAna diyA jaaye| isa prakAra vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI jIvana kI dRSTiyoM se kaSAya-jaya Avazyaka hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai, krodha se AtmA adhogati ko jAtA hai aura mAna se, mAyA se acchI gati (naitika vikAsa) kA pratirodha ho jAtA hai, lobha se isa janma aura agale janma donoM meM hI bhaya prApta hotA hai| 19 jo vyakti yaza, pUjA yA pratiSThA kI .

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88 kAmanA karatA hai, mAna aura sammAna kI apekSA karatA hai, vaha vyakti apane mAna kI pUrti ke lie aneka prakAra ke pApa-karma karatA hai aura kapaTAcAra kA prazraya letA hai| 20 duSpUrya lobha kI pUrti meM lagA huA vyakti sadaiva hI duHkha uThAyA karatA hai, ata: ina janma-maraNa rUpI vRkSa kA siMcana karane vAlI kaSAyoM kA parityAga kara denA caahie| kaSAya-jaya kaise? - prazna yaha hai ki mAnasika AvegoM (kaSAyoM) para vijaya kaise prApta kI jAye? pahalI bAta yaha ki tIvra kaSAyodaya meM to viveka-buddhi prasupta hI ho jAtI hai, ata: viveka-buddhi se kaSAyoM kA nigrahaNa sambhava nahIM raha jaataa| dUsare icchApUrvaka bhI unakA nirodha sambhava nahIM, kyoMki icchA to svata: unase hI zAsita hone lagI hai| pAzcAtya dArzanika spInojA (Spinoza) ke anusAra AvegoM kA niyaMtraNa saMkalpoM se bhI saMbhava nahIM, kyoMki saMkalpa to AvegAtmaka svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI banate haiM aura usake hI eka aMga hote haiN| 21 tIsare, AvegoM kA nirodha bhI mAnasika svAsthya kI dRSTi se ahitakara mAnA gayA hai aura unakI kisI na kisI rUpa meM abhivyakti Avazyaka mAnI gayI hai| tIvra AvegoM ke nirodha ke lie to eka hI mArga hai ki unheM unake virodhI AvegoM dvArA zithila kiyA jaaye| spInojA kI mAnyatA yahI hai ki koI bhI Avega apane virodhI aura adhika zaktizAlI Avega ke dvArA hI niyaMtrita yA samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| 22 jaina evaM anya bhAratIya cintakoM ne bhI isa sambandha meM yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki zAnti se krodha ko, mRdutA se mAna ko, saralatA se mAyA ko aura santoSa se lobha ko jItanA caahie|23 AcArya kundakunda tathA AcArya hemacandra bhI yahI kahate haiN|24 dhammapada meM kahA hai ki akrodha se krodha ko, sAdhutA se asAdhutA ko jIteM tathA kRpaNatA ko dAna se aura mithyA bhASaNa ko satya se parAjita kreN| 25 mahAbhArata meM bhI lagabhaga inhIM zabdoM meM ina vRttiyoM ke Upara vijaya prApta karane kA nirdeza hai|26 mahAbhArata aura dhammapada kA yaha zabda-sAmya aura dazavaikAlika evaM dhammapada kA yaha vicAra-sAmya bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai| vastutaH kaSAya hI Atma-vikAsa meM bAdhaka hai| kaSAyoM kA naSTa ho jAnA hI bhava-bhramaNa kA aMta hai| eka jainAcArya kA kathana hai 'kaSAyamuktiH kila muktireva'- kaSAyoM se mukta honA hI vAstavika mukti hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki sAdhaka ko hamezA yahI vicAra karanA cAhie ki maiM na to krodha hU~, na mAna, na mAyA, na lobha hI hU~ arthAt ye merI AtmA ke gaNa nahIM haiN| ataeva maiM na to inako karatA hU~, na karavAtA hU~ aura na karane vAloM kA anumodana (samarthana) karatA huuN|27 isa prakAra kaSAyoM ko vikRti samajhakara sAdhaka zuddha Atma-svarUpa kA cintana karate hue inase dUra hokara zIghra nirvANa prApta kara letA hai, kyoMki ina cAroM doSoM kA tyAga kara dene vAlA pApa nahIM kara sakatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-ina cAra mahAdoSoM ko chor3a dene vAlA maharSi na to pApa karatA

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hai, na karavAtA hai|28 kaSAya-jaya se jIvanamukti ko prApta kara vaha niSkAma jIvana jItA hai| bauddhadarzana aura kaSAya-jaya- dhammapada meM kaSAya zabda kA prayoga do arthoM meM huA hai| eka to usakA jaina-paramparA ke samAna dUSita cittavRtti ke artha meM aura dUsare saMnyasta jIvana ke pratIka gerUe vastroM ke artha meN| tathAgata kahate haiM- 'jo vyakti (rAgadveSAdi) kaSAyoM ko chor3e binA kaSAya vastroM (gerUe kapar3oM) ko arthAt saMnyAsa dhAraNa karatA hai vaha saMyama ke yathArtha svarUpa se patita vyakti kaSAya-vastroM (saMnyAsa mArga) kA adhikArI nahIM hai| lekina jisane kaSAyoM (dUSita cittavRttiyoM) ko vamita kara diyA (taja diyA) hai, vaha saMyama ke yathArtha svarUpa se yukta vyakti kASAya-vastroM (saMnyAsa mArga) kA adhikArI hai'|29 bauddha-vicAra meM kaSAya zabda ke antargata kauna-kauna dUSita vRttiyA~ AtI haiM, isakA spaSTa ullekha hameM nahIM milatA / krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ko bauddha-vicAraNA meM dUSita citta-vRtti ke rUpa meM hI mAnA gayA hai aura naitika Adarza kI upalabdhi ke lie unake parityAga kA nirdeza hai| buddha kahate haiM ki krodha ko chor3a do aura abhimAna kA tyAga kara do; samasta saMyojanoM ko tor3a do, jo puruSa nAma tathA rUpa meM Asakta nahIM hotA, lobha nahIM karatA, jo akiMcana hai, usa para klezoM kA AkramaNa nahIM hotaa| jo uThate hue krodha ko usI taraha nigrahita kara letA hai, jaise sArathI ghor3e ko; vahI saccA sArathI hai (naitika jIvana kA saccA sAdhaka hai), zeSa saba to mAtra lagAma pakar3ane vAle haiN| bhikSuoM! lobha, dveSa aura moha pApacitta vAle manuSya ko apane bhItara hI utpanna hokara naSTa kara dete haiM jaise kele ke per3a ko usI kA phala (kelaa)|30 mAyAvI mara kara naraka meM utpanna ho durgati ko prApta hotA hai| 31 suttanipAta meM kahA gayA hai ki jo manuSya jAti, dhana aura gotra kA abhimAna karatA hai aura apane bandhuoMkA apamAna karatA hai, vaha usake parAbhava kA kAraNa hai|32 jo krodha karatA hai, vairI hai tathA jo mAyAvI hai use vRSala (nIca) jaano| 33 isa prakAra bauddhadarzana ina azubha-citta vRttiyoM kA niSedha kara sAdhaka ko inase Upara uThane kA saMdeza detA hai| gItA aura kaSAya-nirodha-yadyapi gItA meM kaSAyoM kA aisA caturvidha vargIkaraNa to nahIM, milatA, tathApi kaSAyoM ke rUpa meM jina azubha manovRttiyoM kA citraNa jainAgamoM meM hai, una sabhI azubha manovRttiyoM ke artha meM prayoga virala hI huA haiN| chAndogya upaniSad meM kaSAya zabda rAga-dveSa ke artha meM vyavahRta huA hai| 34 mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM bhI kaSAya zabda kA prayoga azubha manovRttiyoM ke artha meM huA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki manuSya-jIvana kI tIna sIr3hiyoM arthAt brahmacarya, gRhastha evaM vAnaprastha-Azrama meM kaSAyoM ko vijita kara phira saMnyAsa kA anusaraNa kreN| 35 gItA meM kaSAya zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai| phira bhI gItA meM kaSAya-vRttiyoM kA vivecana hai| gItA kahatI hai ki 'dambha, darpa,mAna, krodha Adi AsurI sampadA haiN|26 ahaMkAra, bala, darpa (mAna), kAma (lobha) aura krodha

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90 ke Azrita hokara manuSya apane aura dUsaroM ke zarIra meM sthita paramAtmA (AtmA) se dveSa karane vAle hote haiN|37 arthAt mAna, krodha, lobha Adi vikAroM ke vazIbhUta hokara AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko nahIM jAna pAte haiN| yaha kAma, krodha aura lobha AtmA kA nAza karane vAle (AtmA ko vikArI banAkara usake sva-lakSaNoM ko Avarita karane vAle) naraka ke dvAra haiN| ata: ina tInoM kA tyAga kara denA caahie| jo ina naraka ke dvAroM se mukta hokara apane kalyANa-mArga kA AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha paramagati ko prApta karatA hai| 38 isa prakAra krodha, mAna aura lobha- ina tIna kaSAyoM kA vivecana hameM gItA meM mila jAtA hai| gItA meM mAyA zabda kA prayoga to huA hai, lekina jisa nimna-starIya kapaTa-vRtti ke artha meM jaina darzana meM usakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, usa artha meM usakA prayoga nahIM huA hai| vahA~ to vaha daivI mAyA (7/14) hai, phira bhI vaha naitika vikAsa meM bAdhaka avazya mAnI gayI hai| gItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM ki mAyA ke dvArA jinake jJAna kA apaharaNa ho gayA hai, aise AsurI svabhAva se yukta, dUSita karmoM kA AcaraNa karane vAle, manuSyoM meM nIca, mUrkha mujha paramAtmA ko prApta nahIM hote|39 sArAMza yaha hai ki manovRttiyoM ke cAroM rUpa, jinheM jaina vicAraNA kaSAya kahatI hai, gItA meM bhI nikRSTa mAne gaye haiM aura naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie inakA parityAga karanA Avazyaka hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM jo manuSya isa zarIra ke nAza hone ke pahale hI kAma aura krodha se utpanna AvegoM (saMvegoM) ko sahana karane meM samartha haiM arthAt jo kAma evaM krodha kI bhAvanAoM se Upara uTha gayA hai, vahI yogI hai aura vahI sukhI hai| kAma-krodhAdi (kaSAya-vRttiyoM se rahita, vijita-citta evaM vikAra rahita AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnane vAlA jJAnI puruSa sabhI ora se brahma-nirvANa meM hI nivAsa karatA hai arthAt jIvanamukta ho jAtA hai|40 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM bhI jainadarzana ke samAna krodha (Aveza), mAna (ahaMkAra), mAyA (chipAne kI vRtti) aura lobha (saMgraha-vRtti) Adi AvegoM ko vaiyaktika AdhyAtmika vikAsa evaM sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi kI dRSTi se anucita mAnA gayA hai| yadi vyakti ina AvegAtmaka manovRttiyoM ko apane jIvana meM sthAna detA hai to eka ora vaiyaktika dRSTi se vaha apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko avaruddha karatA hai aura yathArtha bodha se vaMcita rahatA hai, dUsarI ora usakI ina vRttiyoM ke pariNAma sAmAjika jIvana meM saMkrAnta hokara kramaza: saMgharSa (yuddha), zoSaNa, ghRNA (U~ca-nIca kA bhAva) aura avizvAsa ko utpanna karate haiM jisake pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika jIvana-vyavasthA asta-vyasta ho jAtI hai ata: vaiyaktika-AdhyAtmika vikAsa aura sAmaJjasyapUrNa sAmAjika jIvana praNAlI ke lie AvegAtmaka manovRttiyoM kA tyAga Avazyaka hai aura inake sthAna para inakI pratipakSI zAnti, samAnatA, saralatA

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91 (vizvasanIyatA) aura visarjana (tyAga) kI manovRttiyoM ko jIvana meM sthAna denA cAhie tAki vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa ho ske| vyakti jaise-jaise ina AvegAtmaka manovRttiyoM se Upara uThatA hai, vaise-vaise usakA vyaktitva paripakva banatA jAtA hai aura jaba ina AvegAtmaka manobhAvoM se pUrNatayA Upara uTha jAtA hai, taba vItarAga, arhat yA jIvanamukta avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai, jo ki naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi se ise paripakva vyakti (Matured Personality ) kI avasthA kahA jA sakatA hai| kaSAya evaM hamArA vyaktitva -- hamAre vyaktitva kA sIdhA sambandha hamAre kaSAya sambandhI AvegoM se hai| ina AvegoM kI jitanI adhika tIvratA hogI, vyaktitva meM utanI hI adhika asthiratA hogI / vyakti jitanA kaSAyoM yA AvegoM se Upara uThegA, usake vyaktitva meM sthiratA evaM paripakvatA AtI jaayegii| isI prakAra vyakti meM vAsanAtmaka AvegoM (kaSAyoM) kI jitanI adhikatA hogI, naitika dRSTi se usakA vyaktitva utanA hI nimnastarIya hogaa| AvegoM (manovRttiyoM) kI tIvratA aura unakI azubhatA donoM hI vyaktitva ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| vastutaH AvegoM meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hogI, utanI vyaktitva meM asthiratA hogI aura vyaktitva meM jitanI adhika asthiratA hogI utanI hI anaitikatA hogii| AvegAtmaka asthiratA anaitikatA kI jananI hai| isa prakAra AvegAtmakatA, naitikatA aura vyaktitva tInoM hI eka-dUsare se jur3e haiM / yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vyakti ke sandarbha meM na kevala AvegoM kI tIvratA para vicAra karanA cAhie varan unakI prazastatA aura aprazastatA para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| prAcIna kAla se hI vyakti ke AvegoM tathA manobhAvoM ke zubhatva evaM azubhatva kA sambandha hamAre vyaktitva se jor3A gayA hai| AcAra darzana meM vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa yA zreNI - vibhAjana kA AdhAra vyakti kI prazasta aura aprazasta manovRttiyA~ hI haiN| sandarbha : 1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya- 2668-2671 / 2. 3. 4. tuma anantazakti ke srota ho, pR0 47 / abhidhAnarAjendra koza, khaNDa 3, pR0 395 / bhagavatIsUtra, 12/5/2 / aMgutaranikAya, 3/130 / 6. bhagavatIsUtra, 15/5/5/ 7. tulanA kIjie - jIvanavRtti aura mRtyuvRtti (phraaydd)|

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92 8. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 7, pR0 1157 / 9. vahI, khaNDa 6, pR0 467 / 10-11. vahI, khaNDa 4, pR0 2161 / 12. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, zramaNaAvazyakasUtra-bhayasUtra, khaNDa 7, pR0 1157 / 13. jaina sAikolaoNjI, pR0 131-134 / 14. tuma ananta zakti ke srota ho, pR0 47 / 15. dazavaikAlika, 8/36 / 16. vahI, 8/37 / 17. yogazAstra, 4/10-18 / 18. naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR0 2 / 19. uttarAdhyayana, 9/54 / 20. dazavaikAlika, 5/2/35 / 21. spInojA ina dI lAITa oNpha vedAnta, pR0 266 / 22. spInojA nIti, 4/7 / 23. dazavaikAlika, 8/39 / 24. (a) niyamasAra, 115! (ba) yogazAstra 8/23 / 25. dhammapada, 1/16 / 26. mahAbhArata, udyogaparva, uddhRta-dhammapada, bhUmikA, pRSTha 9. 27. niyamasAra, 81. 28. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/12-13. 29. dhammapada, 9-10 / / 30. saMyuktanikAya, 3/3/3 / 31. vahI, 40/13/1 / 32. suttanipAta, 7/1 / 33. vahI, 6/14 / 34. chAndogyopaniSad, 7/26/2 / 35. mahAbhArata zAMtiparva, 244/31

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36. gItA, 16/4 / 37. vahI, 16/4 38. vahI, 16/21-24 // 39. vahI, 7/15 / 40. vahI, 5/23 /

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svAdhyAya kI maNiyA~ jaina-sAdhanA kA lakSya samabhAva (sAmAyika) kI upalabdhi hai aura samabhAva kI upalabdhi hetu svAdhyAya aura satsAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| satsAhitya kA svAdhyAya manuSya kA aisA mitra hai, jo anukUla evaM pratikUla donoM sthitiyoM meM usakA sAtha nibhAtA hai aura sAtha hI usakA mArgadarzana kara usake mAnasika vikSobhoM evaM tanAvoM ko bhI samApta karatA hai| aise sAhitya ke svAdhyAya se vyakti ko sadaiva hI AtmatoSa aura AdhyAtmika Ananda kI anubhUti hotI hai| mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti milatI hai| yaha mAnasika zAnti kA amogha upAya hai| svAdhyAya kA mahattva satsAhitya ke svAdhyAya kA mahattva ati prAcIna kAla se hI svIkRta rahA hai| aupaniSadik cintana meM jaba ziSya apanI zikSA pUrNa karake guru ke Azrama se vidAI letA thA to use dI jAne vAlI antima zikSAoM meM eka zikSA hotI thI - 'svAdhyAyAn mA pramadaH' arthAt svAdhyAya meM pramAda mata krnaa| svAdhyAya eka aisI vastu hai jo guru kI anupasthiti meM bhI guru kA kArya karatI hai| svAdhyAya se hama koI-na-koI mArgadarzana prApta kara hI lete haiN| mahAtmA gAMdhI kahA karate the ki "jaba bhI maiM kisI kaThinAI meM hotA. hU~, mere sAmane koI jaTila samasyA hotI hai, jisakA nidAna mujhe spaSTa rUpa se pratIta nahIM hotA hai, maiM gItA-mAtA kI goda meM calA jAtA hU~, vahA~ mujhe koI-na-koI samAdhAna avazya mila jAtA hai|" yaha satya hai ki vyakti kitane hI tanAva meM kyoM na ho agara vaha ImAnadArI se sad-granthoM kA svAdhyAya karatA hai, to use apanI pIr3A se mukti kA mArga avazya hI dikhAI detA hai| . jaina paramparA meM jise mukti kahA gayA hai, vaha vastuta: rAga-dveSa se mukti hai, mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti hai aura aisI mukti ke lie pUrva karma-saMskAroM kA nirjaraNa yA kSaya Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| nirjarA kA artha hai- mAnasika granthiyoM ko jarjarita karanA arthAt mana kI rAga-dveSa, ahaGkAra Adi kI gA~ThoM ko kholnaa| ise granthi bheda karanA bhI kahate haiN| nirjarA eka sAdhanA hai| vastuta: vaha tapa kI hI sAdhanA hai| jaina paramparA meM tapa-sAdhanA ke jo 12 bheda mAne gaye haiM; unameM svAdhyAya kI gaNanA Antarika tapa ke antargata hotI hai| isa prakAra svAdhyAya mukti kA mArga hai| jaina-sAdhanA kA eka

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Avazyaka aMga hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM svAdhyAya ko Antarika tapa kA eka prakAra batAte hue usake pA~coM aMgoM evaM unakI upalabdhiyoM kI vistAra se carcA kI gaI hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki 'navi atthi na vi a hohI, sajjhAya samaM tapo kamma' arthAt svAdhyAya ke samAna dUsarA tapa na atIta meM koI thA, na vartamAna meM koI hai aura na bhaviSya meM koI hogaa| isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM svAdhyAya ko AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke kSetra meM vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya se jJAna kA prakAza prApta hotA hai jisase samasta duHkhoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| vastutaH svAdhyAya jJAna prApti kA eka mahattvapUrNa upAya hai| kahA bhI hai ---- nANassa savvassa pagAsaNAe annANa- mohassa vivajjaNAe / rAgassa dosassa ya saMkhaeNaM egantasokkhaM samuvei mokkhaM / / tassesa maggo guru-1 - viddhasevA vivajjaNA bAlajaNassa duuraa| sajjhAya- egantanisevaNA ya sutta'tthasaMcintaNayA dhiI ya / / arthAt sampUrNa jJAna ke prakAzana se, ajJAna aura moha ke parihAra se, ke pUrNa kSaya se jIva ekAnta sukha-rUpa mokSa ko prApta karatA hai / -- gurujanoM aura vRddhoM kI sevA karanA, ajJAnI logoM ke samparka se dUra rahanA, sUtra aura artha kA cintana karanA, svAdhyAya karanA aura dhairya rakhanA yaha duHkhoM se mukti kA upAya hai| -- ---- 95 svAdhyAya kA artha " svAdhyAya" zabda kA sAmAnya artha hai. sva kA adhyayana / vAcaspatyam meM svAdhyAya zabda kI vyAkhyA do prakAra se kI gayI hai (1) sva + adhi + IN, jisakA tAtparya hai ki sva kA adhyayana krnaa| dUsare zabdoM meM- svAdhyAya AtmAnubhUti hai, apane andara jhAMka kara apane Apa ko dekhanA hai / vaha svayaM apanA adhyayana hai / merI dRSTi meM apane vicAroM, vAsanAoM va anubhUtiyoM ko jAnane va samajhane kA prayatna hI svAdhyAya hai| vastutaH vaha apanI AtmA kA adhyayana hI hai, AtmA ke darpaNa meM apane ko dekhanA hai| jaba taka sva kA adhyayana nahIM hogA, vyakti apanI vAsanAoM evaM vikAroM utta0, 32 / 2-3. rAga-dveSa -

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96 dUra Atma-1 kA draSTA nahIM banegA, taba taka vaha unheM dUra karane kA prayatna nahIM karegA aura jaba taka ve nahIM hoMge, taba taka AdhyAtmika pavitratA yA Atma-vizuddhi sambhava nahIM hogI / - vizuddhi ke binA mukti asambhava hai| yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki jo gRhiNI apane ghara kI gandagI ko dekha pAtI hai, vaha use dUra kara ghara ko svaccha bhI rakha sakatI hai / isI prakAra jo vyakti apanI manodaihika vikRtiyoM ko jAna letA hai aura unake kAraNoM kA nidAna kara letA hai, vahI suyogya vaidya ke parAmarza se unakI yogya cikitsA karake anta meM svAsthya lAbha karatA hai| yahI bAta hamArI AdhyAtmika vikRtiyoM ko dUra karane kI prakriyA meM bhI lAgU hotI hai| jo vyakti svayaM apane andara jhA~kakara apanI caitasika vikRtiyoM arthAt kaSAyoM ko jAna letA hai, vahI yogya guru ke sAnnidhya meM unakA nirAkaraNa karake AdhyAtmika vizuddhatA ko prApta kara letA hai| isa prakAra svAdhyAya arthAt sva kA adhyayana, Atma-vizuddhi kI eka anupama sAdhanA siddha hotI hai / hameM smaraNa rakhanA hogA svAdhyAya kA mUla artha to apanA adhyayana hI hai, svayaM meM jhA~kanA hai| svayaM ko jAnane aura pahacAnane kI vRtti ke abhAva se sUtroM yA granthoM ke adhyayana kA koI bhI lAbha nahIM hotA / antarcakSu ke unmIlana ke binA jJAna kA prakAza sArthaka nahIM bana pAtA hai| kahA bhI hai subahupi suyamahIyaM, kiM kAhI? caraNavippahINassa / aMdhassa jaha palittA, dIvasayasahassakoDivi / / appaMpi suyamahIyaM payAsayaM hoI caraNajuttassa / ikko'vi jaha paIvo, sacakkhuassA payAsei / / Avazyakaniryukti, 98-99 arthAt jaise andhe vyakti ke lie karor3oM dIpakoM kA prakAza bhI vyartha hai; kintu A~kha vAle vyakti ke lie eka bhI dIpaka kA prakAza sArthaka hotA hai| usI prakAra jisake antarcakSu khula gaye haiM, jisakI antaryAtrA prArambha ho cukI hai, aise AdhyAtmika sAdhaka ke lie svalpa adhyayana bhI lAbhaprada hotA hai, anyathA Atma- vismRta vyakti ke lie karor3oM padoM kA jJAna bhI nirarthaka hai| svAdhyAya meM antazcakSu kA khulanA - Atma-draSTA bananA, svayaM meM jhA~kanA pahalI zarta hai, zAstra kA par3hanA yA adhyayana karanA usakA dUsarA caraNa hai| svAdhyAya zabda kI dUsarI vyAkhyA su + A + adhi+IDa isa rUpa meM bhI kI gayI hai| isa dRSTi se svAdhyAya kI paribhASA hotI hai 'zobhano'dhyAyaH svAdhyAya:' arthAt satsAhitya kA adhyayana karanA hI svAdhyAya hai| svAdhyAya kI ina donoM paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para eka bAta jo ubhara kara sAmane AtI hai vaha yaha ki sabhI prakAra kA paThana-pAThana svAdhyAya nahIM hai| Atma-vizuddhi ke lie kiyA gayA apanI svakIya ----

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97 vRttiyoM, bhAvanAoM va vAsanAoM athavA vicAroM kA adhyayana yA nirIkSaNa tathA aise sadgranthoM kA paThana-pAThana, jo hamArI caitasika vikRtiyoM ko samajhane aura unheM dUra karane meM sahAyaka hoM, hI svAdhyAya ke antargata Ate haiN| viSaya-vAsanAvarddhaka, bhogAkAMkSAoM ko udIpta karane vAle, citta ko vicalita karane vAle aura AdhyAtmika zAnti aura samatA ko bhaMga karane vAle sAhitya kA adhyayana svAdhyAya kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai| unhIM granthoM kA adhyayana svAdhyAya kI koTi meM AtA hai jinase cittavRttiyoM kI caJcalatA kama hotI ho, mana prazAnta hotA ho aura jIvana meM santoSa kI vRtti vikasita hotI ho| svAdhyAya kA svarUpa svAdhyAya ke antargata kauna-sI pravRttiyA~ AtI haiM, inakA vizleSaNa jaina paramparA meM vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| svAdhyAya ke pA~ca aMga mAne gae haiM - 1. vAcanA, 2. pratipracchanA, 3. parAvartanA, 4. anuprekSA aura 5. dhrmkthaa| 1. guru ke sAnidhya meM sadgranthoM kA adhyayana karanA vAcanA hai| vartamAna sandarbha meM hama kisI sadgrantha ke paThana-pAThana evaM adhyayana ko vAcanA ke artha meM gRhIta kara sakate haiN| pratipracchanA kA artha hai paThita yA par3he jAne vAle grantha ke arthabodha meM sandeha Adi kI nivRtti hetu jijJAsAvRtti se yA viSaya ke spaSTIkaraNa nimitta prazna-uttara krnaa| 3. pUrva paThita grantha kI punarAvRtti yA pArAyaNa karanA, parAvartanA hai| 4. pUrva paThita viSaya ke sandarbha meM cintana-manana karanA anuprekSA hai| 5. . ' isI prakAra adhyayana ke mAdhyama se jo jJAna prApta huA hai, use dUsaroM ko pradAna karanA yA dharmopadeza denA dharmakathA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hai ki svAdhyAya ke kSetra meM ina pA~coM avasthAoM kA eka krama hai| inameM prathama sthAna vAcanA kA hai| adhyayana kie gaye viSaya ke spaSTa bodha ke lie praznottara ke mAdhyama se zaMkA kA nivAraNa karanA- isakA krama dUsarA hai; kyoMki jaba taka adhyayana nahIM hogA, taba taka zaMkA Adi nahIM hoNge| adhyayana kie gae viSaya ke sthirIkaraNa ke lie usakA pArAyaNa Avazyaka hai| isase eka ora smRti sudRr3ha hotI hai to dUsarI ora kramaza: arthabodha meM spaSTatA kA vikAsa hotA hai| isake pazcAt anuprecchA yA cintana kA krama AtA hai| cintana ke mAdhyama se vyakti paThita viSaya ko na kevala sthira karatA hai, apitu vaha usake arthabodha kI gaharAI meM jAkara svata: kI anubhUti ke stara para use samajhane kA prayatna karatA hai| isa prakAra cintana evaM manana

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98 dvArA jaba viSaya spaSTa ho jAtA, taba vyakti ko dharmopadeza yA adhyayana kA adhikAra milatA hai| svAdhyAya ke lAbha uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM yaha prazna upasthita kiyA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya se jIva ko kyA lAbha hai? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya se jJAnAvaraNakarma kA kSaya hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM AtmA mithyAjJAna kA AcaraNa dUra kara samyak jJAna kA arjana karatA hai / svAdhyAya ke isa sAmAnya lAbha kI carcA ke sAtha uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM svAdhyAya ke pA~coM aMgoM vAcanA, pratipracchanA, dharmakathA Adi ke apane-apane kyA lAbha hote haiM-- isakI bhI carcA kI gayI hai, jo nimna rUpa meM pAyI jAtI hai bhante! vAcanA (adhyayana-adhyApana) se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai ? vAcanA se jIva karmoM kI nirjarA karatA hai, zrutajJAna kI AzAtanA ke doSa se dUra rahane vAlA vaha tIrtha-dharma kA avalambana karatA hai gaNadharoM ke samAna jijJAsu ziSyoM ko zruta pradAna karatA hai| tIrtha-dharma kA avalambana lekara karmoM kI mahAnirjarA karatA hai aura mahAparyavasAna ( saMsAra kA anta) karatA hai / bhante ! pratipracchanA se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai ? pratipracchanA (pUrvapaThita zAstra ke sambandha meM zaMkAnivRtti ke lie prazna karanA) se jIva sUtra, artha aura tadubhaya donoM se sambandhita kAMkSAmohanIya (saMzaya) kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai| -- bhante ! parAvartanA se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai ? parAvartanA se arthAt paThita pATha ke punarAvartana se vyaMjana (zabda- pATha) sthira hotA hai aura jIva padAnusAritA Adi vyaMjanA- labdhi ko prApta hotA hai / bhante ! anuprekSA se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai ? anuprekSA se arthAt sUtrArtha ke cintana-manana se jIva AyuSya-karma ko chor3akara zeSa jJAnAvaraNAdi sAta karmoM kI prakRtiyoM ke pragAr3ha bandhana ko zithila karatA hai, unakI dIrghakAlIna sthiti ko alpakAlIna karatA hai, unake tIvra rasAnubhAva ko manda karatA hai, sAtha hI bahukarma - pradezoM ko alpa- pradezoM meM parivartita karatA hai, AyuSyakarma kA bandha kadAcit karatA hai, kadAcit nahIM bhI karatA hai, asAtAvedanIya karma kA punaH punaH upacaya nahIM karatA hai, saMsAraM aTavI anAdi evaM ananta hai, dIrghamArga se yukta hai, jisake narakAdi gatirUpa cAra anta (avayava) haiM, use zIghra hI pAra karatA hai| bhante ! dharmakathA (dharmopadeza) se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai ?

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dharmakathA se jIva karmoM kI nirjarA karatA hai aura pravacana (zAsana evaM siddhAnta) kI prabhAvanA karatA hai| pravacana kI prabhAvanA karane vAlA jIva bhaviSya meM zubha phala dene vAle puNya karmoM kA bandha karatA hai| ___ isI prakAra sthAnAGgasUtra meM bhI zAstrAdhyayana ke kyA lAbha haiM? isakI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki sUtra kI vAcanA ke 5 lAbha haiM - 1. vAcanA se zruta kA saMgraha hotA hai arthAt yadi adhyayana kA krama banA rahe to jJAna kI vaha paramparA avicchinna rUpa se calatI rahatI hai| 2. zAstrAdhyayana-adhyApana kI pravRtti se ziSya kA hita hotA hai, kyoMki vaha usake jJAna prApti kA mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai| 3. zAstrAdhyayana adhyApana kI pravRtti banI rahane se jJAnAvaraNa-karma kI nirjarA hotI hai, arthAt ajJAna kA nAza hotA hai| 4. adhyayana-adhyApana kI pravRtti ke jIvita rahane se usake vismRta hone kI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI hai| 5. jaba zruta sthira rahatA hai to usakI avicchinna paramparA calatI rahatI hai| svAdhyAya kA prayojana _sthAnAGgasUtra meM svAdhyAya kyoM karanA cAhie isakI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| isameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya ke nimna pA~ca prayojana hone cAhie -- 1. jJAna kI prApti ke lie, 2. samyak jJAna kI prApti ke lie, 3. sadAcaraNa meM pravRtti ke hetu, 4. durAgrahoM aura ajJAna kA vimocana karane ke lie, 5. yathArtha kA bodha karane ke lie yA yathA avasthita bhAvoM kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie| AcArya akalaMka ne tattvArtharAjavArtika (9/25) meM svAdhyAya ke nimna pA~ca prayojanoM kI bhI carcA kI hai - 1. buddhi kI nirmalatA, 2. prazasta manobhAvoM kI prApti, 3. jinazAsana kI rakSA, 4. saMzaya kI nivRtti, 5. parivAdiyoM kI zaMkA kA nirasana, tapa-tyAga kI vRddhi aura aticAra (doSoM) kI shuddhi| svAdhyAya kA sAdhaka jIvana meM sthAna / svAdhyAya kA jaina paramparA meM kitanA mahattva rahA hai, isa sambandha meM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke mAdhyama se hI apanI bAta ko spaSTa kruuNgaa| usameM muni kI jIvanacaryA kI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai - divasassa cauro bhAge kujjA bhikkhU viykkhnno| tao uttaraguNe kujjA diNabhAgesu causu vi||

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100 paDhamaM porisiM sajjhAyaM bIyaM jhANaM jhiyaayii| taiyAe bhikkhAyariyaM puNo cautthIe sjjhaayN|| rattiM pi cauro bhAge bhikkhU kujjA viykkhnno| tao uttaraguNe kujjA rAibhAesu causu vi|| paDhamaM porisi sajjhAyaM bIyaM jhANaM jhiyaayii| taiyAe niddamokkhaM tu cautthI bhujjo vi sjjhaayN|| - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 26/11,12,17, 18. muni dina ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya kare, dUsare prahara meM dhyAna kare, tIsare meM bhikSAcaryA evaM daihika AvazyakatA kI nivRtti kA kArya kre| puna: caturtha prahara meM svAdhyAya kre| isI prakAra rAtri ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya, dUsare meM dhyAna, tIsare meM nidrA va cauthe meM punaH svAdhyAya kA nirdeza hai| isa prakAra muni pratidina cAra prahara arthAt 12 ghaNTe svAdhyAya meM rata rahe, dUsare zabdoM meM sAdhaka jIvana kA AdhA bhAga svAdhyAya ke lie niyata thaa| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA meM svAdhyAya kI mahattA prAcIna kAla se hI susthApita rahI, kyoMki yahI eka aisA mAdhyama thA jisake dvArA vyakti ke ajJAna kA nivAraNa tathA AdhyAtmika vizuddhi sambhava thii| satsAhitya ke adhyayana kI dizAe~ satsAhitya ke paThana ke rUpa meM svAdhyAya kI kyA upayogitA hai? yaha suspaSTa hai| vastuta: satsAhitya kA adhyayana vyakti kI jIvanadRSTi ko hI badala detA hai| aise aneka loga haiM, jinakI satsAhitya ke adhyayana se jIvana kI dizA hI badala gyii| svAdhyAya eka aisA mAdhyama hai, jo ekAnta ke kSaNoM meM hameM akelApana mahasUsa nahIM hone detA aura eka sacce mitra kI bhA~ti sadaiva sAtha detA hai aura mArgadarzana karatA hai| vartamAna yuga meM yadyapi logoM meM par3hane-par3hAne kI ruci vikasita huI hai, kintu hamAre paThana kI viSaya-vastu samyaka nahIM hai| Aja ke vyakti ke paThana-pAThana kA mukhya viSaya patra-patrikAe~ haiN| inameM mukhya rUpa se ve hI patrikAe~ adhika pasanda kI jA rahI haiM, jo vAsanAoM ko ubhArane vAlI tathA jIvana ke vidrapita pakSa ko yathArtha ke nAma para prakaTa karane vAlI haiN| Aja samAja meM naitika mUlyoM kA jo patana ho rahA hai usakA kAraNa hamAre prasAra mAdhyama bhI haiN| ina mAdhyamoM meM patra-patrikAe~ tathA AkAzavANI evaM dUradarzana pramukha haiN| Aja sthiti aisI hai ki ye sabhI apaharaNa, balAtkAra, gabana, DakaitI, corI, hatyA ina sabakI sUcanAoM se bhare hote haiM aura hama unake par3hane aura dekhane meM adhika rasa lete haiN| inake darzana aura pradarzana se hamArI jIvanadRSTi hI vikRta ho cukI hai| Aja saccaritra vyaktiyoM evaM unake jIvana vRttAntoM kI sAmAnya rUpa se ina mAdhyamoM

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101 dvArA upekSA kI jAtI hai| ataH naitika mUlyoM aura sadAcAra se hamArI AsthA uThatI jA rahI hai| isa vikRta paristhiti meM yadi manuSya ke caritra ko uThAnA hai aura use sanmArga evaM naitikatA kI ora prerita karanA hai to hameM apane adhyayana kI dRSTi ko badalanA hogaa| Aja sAhitya ke nAma para jo bhI hai vaha paThanIya hai, aisA nahIM hai / Aja yaha Avazyaka hai ki satsAhitya kA prasAraNa ho aura logoM meM usake adhyayana kI abhiruci jAgRta ho / satsAhitya aura sUkti satsAhitya kI vividha vidhAoM meM upadezAtmaka gAthAoM aura sUktiyoM kA apanA mahattva hai| ye gAthAyeM yA sUktiyA~ ati saMkSepa meM gahana tathyoM ko prakAzita karane meM samartha hotI haiN| inake mAdhyama se alpa svAdhyAya se bhI vyakti una sArabhUta tathyoM ko pA letA hai, jo usake jIvana ke vikAsa evaM mUlyaniSThA meM sahAyaka hote haiN| yadi vyakti niyamita rUpa se satsAhitya kI pA~ca gAthAoM yA zlokoM kA bhI paThana evaM cintana kare, to usake jIvana kI dizA badala sakatI hai| kahA bhI hai -- satasaiyA ke dohare, jyoM nAvika ke tIra / dekhana meM choTana lage, ghAva kare gambhIra / / mahAkavi bihArI

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AcArya haribhadrakRta zrAvakadharmavidhiprakaraNa eka paricaya (samyaktva ke vizeSa sandarbha meM) prastuta kRti meM AcArya haribhadra ne zrAvaka zabda ke vyutpattiparaka artha ko spaSTa karate hue 'jinavANI' kA zravaNa karane vAle ko zrAvaka kahA haiM, kintu yahI paryApta nahIM haiM, unakI dRSTi meM zrAvaka hone ke lie kucha yogyatAe~ bhI apekSita haiN| unhoMne isa tathya ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki jo zrAvaka dharma kA adhikArI hai arthAt zrAvaka hone kI pAtratA rakhatA hai usake dvArA hI zrAvaka dharma kA AcaraNa sambhava hai| anAdhikArI yA apAtra vyakti dvArA kiyA gayA zrAvaka dharma kA paripAlana bhI jinezvara deva kI AjJAbhaMga ke doSa se dUSita hone ke kAraNa adharma hI bana jAtA hai| AcArya haribhadra kI dRSTi meM zrAvaka dharma kA adhikArI yA pAtra vahI vyakti ho sakatA hai jo dUsaroM se bhayabhIta nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki dhArmika cetanA kA vikAsa nirbhaya mAnasikatA meM hI sambhava hai| punaH AcArya kahate haiM ki zrAvaka dharma kA pAlana koI bhI vyakti apanI kula paramparA se prApta zuddha AjIvikA kA arjana karate hue kara sakatA hai| zrAvaka dharma ke lakSaNoM kI carcA karate hue ve yaha batAte haiM ki dharma ke prati prIti rakhanA, na to kisI kI nindA karanA aura na nindA sunanA, apitu nindakoM para bhI karuNA rakhanA zrAvaka dharma kI ArAdhanA ke lie Avazyaka hai| haribhadra kI dRSTi meM jijJAsavRtti aura citta kI ekAgratA bhI dharma-sAdhanA ke anya mukhya aMga haiN| isI prakAra niyata samaya para caityavandana (deva-vandana), guru kA vinaya, ucita Asana para baiThakara dharma zravaNa, svAdhyAya meM satat upayoga - ye sabhI kArya zrAvaka dharma ke AcaraNa ke lie Avazyaka haiN| Age AcArya haribhadra zrAvaka-AcAra kI viziSTatA batAte hue kahate haiM ki apane sadAcaraNa se sabhI kA priya honA, anindita karma se AjIvikA upArjana karanA, Apatti meM dhairya rakhanA, yathAzakti tapa, tyAga aura dharma kA AcaraNa karanA yahI zrAvaka ke mukhya lakSaNa haiN| uparyukta guNoM se yukta hokara ke hI gRhastha dharma kA paripAlana sambhava hotA hai, ina guNoM ke abhAva meM jina-AjJA kI virAdhanA hotI hai aura zrAvaka dharma ke paripAlana kI pAtratA hI samApta ho jAtI hai| gRhasthadharma ke adhikArI ke lakSaNoM kI carcA ke uparAnta AcArya haribhadra ne prastuta kRti meM isa bAta para adhika bala diyA hai ki paJca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra -

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103 zikSAvrata rUpI zrAvaka dharma kA mUla AdhAra samyaktva hai| prastuta kRti meM AcArya ne samyaktva ke sandarbha meM vistRta vivecanA prastuta kI hai| sarvaprathama unhoMne samyaktva ke kSAyika, aupazamika aura kSAyopazamika aise tIna prakAroM kI carcA kI hai| isI prasaMga meM unhoMne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki jo na svayaM mithyAtva kA sevana karatA hai aura na karavAtA hai aura na karane vAle kA anumodana karatA hai vahIM samyaktva kA adhikArI hotA hai / mithyAtva ke aneka rUpoM kI carcA karate hue AcArya ne sarvaprathama mukti ke nimitta sarAgI laukika devatAoM kI upAsanA ko mithyAtva pratipAdita kiyA hai| ina laukika devoM kI puSpamAlA Adi se pUjA karanA, vastrAdi se unakA satkAra karanA tathA mAnasika rUpa se unake prati prIti bhAva rakhanA - haribhadra kI dRSTi meM ye sabhI mithyAtva ke lakSaNa haiN| isI prakAra unhoMne vItarAga lokottamadeva ke lakSaNa ko laukika devoM para ghaTita karanA bhI mithyAtva mAnA hai| unakI dRSTi meM zuddha dharmAcaraNa se vimukha tApasa, zAkyaputrIyazramaNa Adi anya tairthikoM se saMsarga rakhanA, unakI prazaMsA karanA aura unake AdezoM kA pAlana karanA bhI mithyAtva ke lakSaNa haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM AcArya ne spaSTa rUpa se jainamuni ke veza ko dhAraNa karane vAle, kintu jina - AjJA kA samyak rUpa se pAlana nahIM karane vAle pArzvastha Adi jainAbhAsoM ke vandana, pUjana ko bhI mithyAtva hI mAnA hai| isI tathya ko spaSTa karate hue unhoMne zithilAcArI, khinna mana se muni jIvana jIne vAle, AcArahIna, nitya eka sthAna para rahane vAle, nimitta Adi vidyAoM ke dvArA lokaraMjana karane vAle, svecchAcArI jaina zramaNoM ko bhI vandanIya nahIM mAnA hai / unakI dRSTi meM aise-aise jainazramaNoM ke vandana Adi se bhI mithyAtva kI hI abhivRddhi hotI hai| AcArya ke anusAra aise sAdhuoM kA saMsarga bhI samyaktva kA nAzaka mAnA gayA hai| isI krama meM svecchAcArI ko paribhASita karate hue unhoMne batAyA hai ki jo Agama viruddha AcaraNa karatA hai aura jina vacanoM kI Agama viruddha manamAne DhaMga se vyAkhyAe~ karatA hai, vaha svecchAcArI hai| sAtha hI aisA tathAkathita zramaNa jo Rddhi-gaurava, sukha - gaurava aura rasa - gaurava meM DUbA rahatA hai, mAtra yahI nahIM jo caityAdi ke nirmANa meM aura unake nimitta se dhana-dhAnya kI vRddhi karane hetu ku~A, bagIcA Adi banavAne meM pravRtta rahatA hai tathA zrAvakoM para manamAne DhaMga se kara Adi lagAkara sampatti ekatra karatA hai, jina AjJA kA virAdhaka svecchAcArI zramaNa hai| isa prakAra Agama viruddha AcaraNa karane vAle, jina-vacana kI manamAne DhaMga se anyathA vyAkhyA karane vAle svacchanda muniyoM ke upAzraya Adi meM jAkara dharma zravaNa Adi kriyAe~ bhI haribhadra kI dRSTi meM mithyAtva kA hI kAraNa hai| zraddhAvAn zrAvaka aise svecchAcArI muniyoM ke samparka meM Akara nizcita hI apane samyaktva ko dUSita karatA hai, kyoMki suvihitoM aura svecchAcAriyoM ke upadezoM meM visaMvAda hone ke kAraNa usake mana meM sandeha utpanna hotA hai / prastuta kRti meM AcArya haribhadra to yahA~ taka kahate haiM ki aise svecchAcArI muniyoM ke caitya, upAzraya Adi sthAna bhI mithyAtva ke hetu hone se ardhamAyatana hI haiN| zrAvaka

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104 ko ina sAdhuoM ke samparka Adi ko bhI mithyAtva kA janaka jAnakara tyAga karanA caahie| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcArya haribhadra ne na kevala chadmavezI anya matAvalambI tApasoM Adi ke samparka, satkAra, stuti Adi ko mithyAtva kA kAraNa mAnA, apitu una jaina muniyoM, jo Agama viruddha AcaraNa karate haiM, ke samparka, satkAra, sammAna Adi ko bhI mithyAtva kA kAraNa mAmA hai aura sadgRhastha ko unase dUra rahane kA hI nirdeza diyA hai| AcArya haribhadra zrAvaka dharma ke AdhArabhUta tattva samyakdarzana kI isa vyAkhyA ke prasaMga meM spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki yadi svayaM ina zithilAcAriyoM ke upadeza kA pratiSedha karane meM asamartha ho to, unake upadeza sunane kI apekSA apane kAnoM ko banda kara lenA hI acchA hai| isa prakAra unhoMne gRhasthasAdhakoM ko spaSTa rUpa se yaha nirdeza diyA hai ki manasA, vAcA aura karmaNA na to mithyAtva kA sevana kareM, na karAyeM aura na mithyAtva kA sevana karane vAle kA anumodana kreN| AcArya anumodana kI sUkSmatA se carcA karate hue yahA~ taka kahate haiM ki mithyAdRSTiyoM ke madhya meM nivAsa karanA, unake sAtha khAna-pAna karanA aura unake vicAroM kA pratizravaNa karanA bhI usa viziSTa sthiti meM mithyAtva kA anumodana ho jAtA hai, jaba usase samyaktva ke dUSita hone kI sambhAvanA ho| yadyapi isa carcA ke prasaMga meM haribhadra yaha avazya svIkAra karate haiM ki mAtra sAtha rahane athavA khAna-pAna Adi sAtha-sAtha karane se mithyAtva kA anumodana nahIM ho jAtA haiN| AcArya kI dRSTi meM ina paristhitiyoM meM mithyAtva kA anumodana tabhI hotA haiM, jaba vyakti svayaM unameM sammilita hokara unheM acchA samajhane lagatA hai| mAtra paraspara eka dUsare ke sAtha rahane Adi se hI kisI vyakti ko eka dUsare kA samarthaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| nagara meM rAjA, amAtya, zreSThI, kalAjIvI, vaNika, mAlAkAra, svarNakAra evaM sevakajana saba sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM, phira bhI unheM eka dUsare kA samarthaka nahIM kahA jAtA hai| vastuta: saMvAsa yA paraspara bhoga-upabhoga mAtra se anumati sambhava nahIM hai| AcArya tarka dete haiM ki yadi yaha ho to phira samyaktva meM bhI una sabakI anumati mAnanA hogii| puna: aisI sthiti meM abhavya janoM kA bhI samyaktva meM anumodana mAnanA hogA, jise jaina paramparA svayaM svIkAra nahIM karatI hai| anta meM AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki samyaktva ke sAdhaka zrAvaka ko mithyAtva se virata hokara guru ke samIpa jAkara vItarAga arahanta paramAtmA mere deva arthAt ArAdhya haiM, ahiMsA Adi pA~ca mahAvratoM kA paripAlana karane vAle sAdhu hI mere guru haiM aura ahiMsA hI dharma hai aisI pratipatti svIkAra karanI caahie| samyaktva kI carcA ke prasaMga meM AcArya haribhadra ne ATha darzanAcAroM kA ullekha bhI kiyA hai aura unakI vistRta vivecanA bhI kI hai aura isa prasaMga meM unhoMne jainadharmadarzana kI aneka mahattvapUrNa dArzanika samasyAoM ko uThAyA bhI hai| nizzaMkitattva kI carcA karate hue pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM ve prazna uThAte haiM ki jIvoM meM upayoga lakSaNa samAna

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105 hai, to phira eka ko bhavya aura dUsare ko abhavya kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai? athavA eka paramANu-pUrita pradeza (kSetra) meM dUsare paramANu avagAhana kaise kara sakate haiM aura usI pradeza meM sarvavyApI hokara kaise rahate haiM? kyoMki paramANu se sUkSma to kucha hotA hI nahIM hai aura pratyeka paramANu eka AkAza pradeza kA avagAhana karake rahatA hai, ata: eka hI AkAza pradeza meM aneka paramANu sarvavyApI ho kaise raha sakate haiM? haribhadra kI dRSTi meM ye eka deza viSayaka arthAt AMzika zaMkAeM haiN| isI krama meM gaNipiTaka (jaina Agama) sAmAnya puruSoM dvArA racita hai athavA sarvajJa dvArA racita hai? aisI zaMkA karanA sarva viSayaka sarvAMza zaMkA hai, kyoMki isase samyaktva kA AdhAra hI samApta ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra nirAkAMkSA kI carcA karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki karmoM kA phala milegA yA na milegA isa prakAra kA vicAra karanA AkAMkSA hai| isI prasaMga meM AcArya ne yaha bhI kahA hai, svadharma kA tyAga kara dUsare dharma-darzanoM kI icchA karanA bhI AkAMkSA kA hI rUpa hai| kisI anya dharma vizeSa kI AkAMkSA karanA eka deza arthAt AMzika AkAMkSA hai| isase bhinna sabhI matoM kI AkAMkSA karanA yA yaha mAnanA ki ve sabhI dharma yA darzana mokSa kI ora hI le jAte haiM, sarva viSayaka AkAMkSA hai| yahA~ AcArya ne zaMkA ke prasaMga meM 'peyapAI' aura AkAMkSA ke prasaMga meM 'rAjA aura amAtya' kI kathA kA nirdeza diyA hai| prastuta kRti meM hameM kahIM bhI aise saMketa upalabdha nahIM hote haiM, jisase hama yaha kathA kyA hai, isakA vivecana kara skeN| isI krama meM nirvicikitsA aMga kI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vicikitsA arthAt ghRNA bhI do prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai ekAMza viSayaka aura dUsarI sarva vissyk| vicikitsA ko spaSTa karate hue AcArya ne kahA hai ki caityavandana, vratapAlana Adi anuSThAna saphala hoMge yA niSphala hoMge athavA inakA phala milegA yA nahIM? aise kuzaMkA ko vicikitsA kahA jAtA hai| kintu sAmAnyatayA vicikitsA kA tAtparya jaina sAdhu ke malina zarIra yA vastrAdi ko dekhakara ghRNA karanA mAnA jAtA hai| pUrva meM svayaM AcArya haribhadra ne isI artha kA nirdeza kiyA hai, kintu prastuta prasaMga meM unhoMne vicikitsA kA eka nayA artha kiyA hai| vicikitsA ke sandarbha meM AcArya ne zraddhAhIna zrAvaka aura vidyA kI sAdhanA karane vAle zraddhAvAn cora kA udAharaNa tathA pratyantavAsI arthAt sImAnta pradezavAsI zrAvaka putrI kI kathA kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai| _ amUr3hadRSTi darzanAcAra kA pratipAdana karate hue unhoMne batAyA hai ki bauddha Adi itara dharmAvalambiyoM kI vibhinna prakAra kI sAdhanA vidhiyoM ke prati AkarSita evaM unake pUjA, satkAra Adi ko dekhakara bhrAnta na honA hI amUr3hadRSTi hai| viziSTa tapa karane vAle, vRddha, glAna, rogI, zaikSa Adi kI sevA zuzruSA karane vAle vinayavAna evaM svAdhyAyI muniyoM kI prazaMsA karanA upbrhnhai| isI prakAra dharma mArga se cyuta hote hue .

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106 vyaktiyoM ko panaH dharma mArga meM sthira karanA sthirIkaraNa hai| vastuta: yaha dharma sAdhanA ke kSetra meM khinna hue vyaktiyoM ko protsAhita kara unheM sAdhanA meM pratiSThita karanA hai| svadharmIvAtsalya ko spaSTa karate hue AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki svadharmI janoM ke prati vAtsalya yA anurAga rakhanA, kaSTa ke samaya unakI sahAyatA karanA svadharmIvAtsalya hai| AcArya ne amar3hadRSTi ke prasaMga meM sulasA zrAvikA kI, upabrahana ke sandarbha meM rAjA zreNika kI, sthirIkaraNa ke prasaMga meM ASAr3hAcArya kI aura vAtsalya ke prasaMga meM vajrasvAmI kI kathAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| antima prabhAvanA aMga kI carcA karate hue ve kahate haiM ki vibhinna prakAra kI labdhiyoM (RddhiyoM), vividha prakAra kI vidhAoM (tantra-mantra Adi), aSTAMgajyotiSa, nimittazAstra Adi meM pAraMgata hokara unake mAdhyama se jinazAsana kI prabhAvanA karanA samyak-darzana kA prabhAvanA aMga hai| AcArya ne yahA~ yaha bhI batAyA hai ki samyaktva kA bodha hone para bhI vrata pratipatti arthAt aNuvratoM Adi ko grahaNa karane kI bhAvanA vaikalpika ho sakatI hai, kintu aise vyakti ko bhI sevA evaM svAdhyAya Adi to niyama se karanA hI caahie| AcArya yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki eka bAra samyaktva kI prApti ho jAne para saMsAra samudra ko pAra karane ke lie naukA ke samAna vrata Adi bhI kAlAntara meM avazya hI prApta hote haiN| samyaktva kI carcA ke uparAnta prastuta kRti meM pA~ca aNuvratoM, tIna guNavratoM aura cAra zikSAvratoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| isa sandarbha meM AcArya haribhadra ne tattvArthasUtra kA anusaraNa na karake upAsakadazA ke krama kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| mAtra antara yaha hai ki jahA~ upAsakadazA meM aNuvrata evaM zikSAvrata aisA dvividha vargIkaraNa hai, vahA~ AcArya haribhadra ne kAlAntara meM vikasita aNuvrata, guNavrata evaM zikSAvrata aisA trividha vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| zrAvaka ke vratoM kI isa carcA ke prasaMga meM prastuta kRti meM haribhadra ne zrAvaka ko kisa vrata kA paripAlana kitane yogoM aura kitane karaNoM se karanA hotA hai, isakI vistRta carcA kI hai| AcArya haribhadra ne karaNa aura yoga ke sandarbha meM kula bhaMgoM kI saMkhyA 49 mAnI hai aura unako bhI atIta, anAgata aura vartamAna ke sAtha guNita karane para kula 147 bhaMga mAne haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI batAyA hai ki bharatakSetra ke madhyakhaNDa ke bAhara anumatiniSedha ke tIna bhaMga kama karane para svayaM ke viSaya meM 144 bhaMga hote haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI carcA kI gaI hai ki bharatakSetra ke bAhara zrAvakoM ke bhI sarvavrata sAdhu ke samAna hI tInakaraNa aura tInayoga se hI hote haiN| jJAtavya hai ki yoga (sAdhana) tIna haiM -- 1. mana, 2. vacana aura 3. kaayaa| inake saMyoga se kula sAta bhaMga (vikalpa) hote haiM yathA - 1. mana, 2. vacana, 3. kAyA, 4. mana aura vacana, 5. mana aura kAyA, 6. vacana aura kAyA tathA 7. mana, vacana aura kaayaa| isI prakAra karaNa bhI tIna haiM -- 1. karanA, 2. karAnA aura 3. anumodn| inake bhI sAMyogika bhaMga sAta hI hoNge| yathA -

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107 1. karanA, 2 . karAnA, 3 . anumodana, 4. karanA aura karAnA, 5. karanA aura anumodana karanA, 6. karAnA aura anumodana karanA tathA 7. karanA, karAnA evaM anumodana karanA / isa prakAra sAta yoga aura sAta karaNa ko paraspara guNita karane para unacAsa (7x7=49) bhaMga hote haiN| ye unacAsa bhaMga bhI tIna kAloM kI upekSA se eka sau saitAlIsa (49x3=147) bhaMga ho jAte haiN| isa carcA ke pazcAt prastuta kRti meM AcArya ne zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM aura unake pratyeka ke aticAroM kI vistRta carcA kI hai| AcArya haribhadra ne bhI sAmAnyatayA to unhIM aticAroM kI carcA kI hai jo anya granthoM meM bhI varNita haiN| haribhadra dvArA varNita aticAroM kI yaha sUcI upAsakadazA se bahuta kucha milatI hai| kintu kucha avadhAraNAoM ko lekara haribhadra kA matavaibhinya bhI dRSTigata hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jahA~ chaTheM digvrata kI carcA meM jahA~ anya AcAryoM ne anya guNavratoM ke samAna isa guNavata ko bhI AjIvana ke lie grAhya mAnA gayA hai vahA~ AcArya haribhadra ne divrata kA niyama cAturmAsa yA usase kucha adhika mahInoM ke lie hI batAyA hai| Azcarya yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne divrata ke sarvamAnya aticAroM yathA urdhva, adho evaM tiryak dizA kI maryAdA kA atikramaNa Adi kI carcA ke sAtha hI sAtha nirdhArita kSetra ke bAhara Anayana aura preSaNa ko bhI digvrata kA aticAra mAnA hai| sAmAnyatayA inakI carcA dizAvakAzika nAmaka zikSAvrata meM kI jAtI hai| zeSa guNavratoM kI carcA meM koI viziSTa antara nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| zikSAvratoM ke aticAroM kA vivecana bhI unhoMne upAsakadazA kI paramparA ke anusAra hI kiyA hai| aNuvratoM, guNavratoM aura zikSAvratoM ke prasaMga meM unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai ki jahA~ pA~ca aNuvrata aura tIna guNavrata AjIvana ke lie grahaNa kie jAte haiM vahA~ zikSAvrata nizcita samaya ke athavA dinoM ke lie hI grahaNa kie jAte haiN| zrAvaka ke 12 vratoM kI isa carcA ke pazcAt unhoMne saMlekhanA kA ullekha to kiyA hai, kintu use zrAvaka kA Avazyaka kartavya nahIM mAnA hai / -

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apabhraMza ke mahAkavi svayambhU : vyaktittva evaM kRtittva mahAkavi svayaMbhUdeva kA apabhraMza sAhitya ke kaviyoM meM mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| puSpadanta ne unheM vyAsa, bhAsa, kAlidAsa, bhAravI aura bANa ke samakakSa kavi mAnA hai| ve 'mahAkavi', 'kavirAja', 'kavi cakravartI' jaisI upAdhiyoM se sammAnita the| yadyapi svayaMbhU kI tIna mahattvapUrNa kRtiyA~ Aja bhI avikala rUpa se upalabdha haiM, phira bhI unase unake jIvana ke sambandha meM bahuta kama jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| unakI ina kRtiyoM meM unake janma-sthAna, kula, paramparA, samaya Adi ke sambandha meM bahuta kama sUcanAe~ prApta haiN| jahA~ taka svayaMbhU ke pArivArika jIvana kA prazna hai, hameM mAtra itanI hI jAnakArI prApta hai ki unake putroM meM eka putra kA nAma tribhuvanasvayaMbhU thA, jisane apane pitA kI adhUrI kRti ko pUrNa kiyA thaa| isake sAtha hI svayaMbhU kI kRtiyoM meM unake pitA mArutadeva aura mAtA padmanI ullekha milatA hai| unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai ki unakI mAtA padmanI padma ke samAna hI sundara thiiN| ina sAmAnya sUcanAoM ke atirikta unakI vaMza paramparA Adi kI vistRta jAnakArI aprApta hai| svayaMbhU kI do patniyA~ thIM eka amRtAmbA aura dUsarI aadityaambaa| paNDita nAthUrAma premI ne unakI tIsarI patnI suambA kA bhI anumAna kiyA hai, jo sambhavataH unake putra tribhuvanasvayaMbhU kI mAtA thiiN| svayaMbhU kA kAla ___ jahA~ taka svayaMbhU ke samaya kA prazna hai unakI kRtiyoM meM kahIM bhI racanAkAla kA koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai phira bhI unhoMne apanI kRtiyoM meM bANa, zrIharSa, raviSeNa Adi kA smaraNa kiyA gayA hai, isase kucha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| raviSeNa ke padmacaritra kA racanAkAla I0 san 677 mAnA jAtA hai| ata: itanA nizcita hai ki svayaMbhU I0 san 677 ke pazcAt hI hue haiN| puna: puSpadanta ne apane mahApurANa meM apane pUrvavartI kaviyoM meM svayaMbhU kA ullekha kiyA hai| puSpadanta ke mahApurANa kA racanAkAla I0 san 960 hai| ata: itanA nizcita hotA hai ki svayaMbhU I0 san 677

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109 se 960 ke bIca kabhI hue haiN| svayaMbhU dvArA raviSeNa kA ullekha tathA jinasena kA anullekha yaha bhI sUcita karatA hai ki ve jinasena ke kucha pUrva hI hue hoNge| jinasena ke harivaMzapurANa kA racanAkAla I0 san 783 mAnA jAtA hai, ataH svayaMbhU kA samaya I0 san 677 se I0 san 783 ke madhya bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai / yadyapi yaha eka abhAvAtmaka sAkSya hai isIlie pro0 bhayANI ise mAnya nahIM karate haiN| sambhavataH unake isa kathana kA AdhAra svayambhU dvArA rASTrakUTa rAjA dhruva ke sAmanta dhanaJjaya kA apane AzrayadAtA ke rUpa meM ullekha hai / unhoMne paumacariu ke vidyAdhara kANDa meM svayaM hI yaha ullekha kiyA hai unhoMne dhruva ke hetu isakI racanA kI / itihAsakAroM ne rASTrakUTa rAjA dhruva kA kAla I0 san 780 se 794 mAnA hai / svayambhU inake samakAlIna rahe hoMge / svayambhU dvArA apanI kRtiyoM meM kANDoM kI samApti meM vAroM, nakSatroM Adi kA ullekha to kiyA gayA hai| kintu durbhAgya se saMvat kA ullekha kahIM nahIM hai / inake anusAra pillAI paJcAGga ke AdhAra para pro0 bhayANI ne yaha mAnA ki yuddhakANDa 31 maI, 717 ko samApta huA hogA / kintu yaha mAtra anumAna hI hai, kyoMki yahA~ saMvat ke spaSTa ullekha kA abhAva hai| phira bhI itanA to sunizcita hai ki svayambhU I0 san kI 8 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha evaM navIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha arthAt I0 san 751 se 850 ke bIca kabhI hue haiN| svayaMbhU kA sampradAya jahA~ taka svayambhU kI dharma paramparA kA prazna hai yaha spaSTa hai ki ve jaina paramparA meM hue haiM yadyapi unake putrAdi ke nAmoM ko dekhakara aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki unake kula kA sambandha zaiva yA vaiSNava paramparA se rahA hogaa| kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha kalpanA isalie samIcIna nahIM lagatI hai ki yadi ve zaiva yA vaiSNava paramparA meM hue hote to nizcita hI vAlmIki kI rAmakathA kA anusaraNa karate na ki vimalasUri yA raviSeNa kI rAmakathA kA / punaH unake dvArA riTThanemicariu Adi kI racanA se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unakA sambandha jaina paramparA se rahA hogaa| isakA spaSTa pramANa yaha hai ki puSpadanta ke mahApurANa ke saMskRta TippaNa meM unheM spaSTatayA ApalIyasaMghIya (yApanIyasaMghIya) kahA gayA hai| DaoN0 kiraNa sIpAnI ne unake vyaktitva Adi ke sambandha meM vistRta carcA karate hue svayambhU kI dhArmikasahiSNutA evaM vaicArika udAratA ke AdhAra para jo yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki ve kaTTaratAvAdI digambara sampradAya kI apekSA jaina dharma ke samanvayavAdI yApanIya sampradAya se sambandhita rahe hoMge, ucita to hai / phira bhI merI dRSTi meM svayambhU kA mAtra sahiSNu aura udAravAdI honA hI unake yApanIya hone kA pramANa nahIM hai, isake atirikta bhI aise aneka pramANa haiM jisake AdhAra para unheM yApanIya sampradAya kA mAnA jA sakatA hai|

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3. 1. svayambhU ne bhI apane rAmakathA ke srota kI carcA karate hue raviSeNa kI paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| ve bhI isa kathA ko mahAvIra, indrabhUti, sudharmA, prabhava, kIrti tathA raviSeNa se prApta batAte haiN| apane kathAsrota meM prabhava Adi kA ullekha yahI siddha karatA hai ki ve yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha rahe hoMge kyoMki digambara paramparA meM prabhava kA ullekha nahIM haiN| unakI rAmakathA meM bhI vimalasUri ke 'paumacariya' tathA raviSeNa ke 'padmacarita' kA anusaraNa huA hai| unhoMne digambara paramparA meM pracalita guNabhadra kI rAmakathA kA anusaraNa nahIM kiyA hai| isase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki unakI kathAdhArA digambara paramparA kI kathA-dhArA se bhinna hai| yadi raviSeNa yApanIya haiM to unakI kathA-dhArA kA anusaraNa karane vAle svayaMbhU bhI yApanIya hI siddha hote haiN| yadyapi svayaMbhU ne spaSTa rUpa se apane sampradAya kA ullekha hI nahIM kiyA hai, kintu puSpadanta ke mahApurANa ke TippaNa meM unheM ApalIya saMghIya batAyA gayA hai| isI AdhAra para paNDita nAthUrAma jI premI ne bhI unheM yApanIya mAnA hai| 4. svayambhU dvArA divAyara (divAkara), guNahara (guNadhara), vimala (vimalasUri) Adi anya paramparA ke kaviyoM kA AdarapUrvaka ullekha bhI unake yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha hone kA pramANa isIlie mAnA jAnA cAhie ki aisI udAratA yApanIya paramparA meM dekhI jAtI hai, digambara paramparA meM nhiiN| svayambhU ke granthoM meM anyatairthika kI mukti kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| anyatairthika kI mukti kI avadhAraNA Agamika hai aura AgamoM ko mAnya karane ke kAraNa yaha avadhAraNA zvetAmbara aura yApanIya donoM meM svIkRta rahI hai| uttarAdhyayana, jisameM spaSTa rUpa se anyaliMga siddha kA ullekha hai, yApanIyoM ko bhI mAnya rahA hai| prophesara eca0 sI0 bhAyANI kA mantavya bhI unheM yApanIya mAnane ke pakSa meM hai| ve likhate haiM ki yadyapi isa sandarbha meM hameM svayaMbhU kI ora se pratyakSa yA parokSa koI vaktavya nahIM milatA hai, parantu yApanIya sagrantha avasthA tathA parazAsana se bhI mukti svIkAra karate the aura svayambhU ne bhI apanI kRtiyoM meM aise ullekha kiye haiM, puna: ve apekSAkRta adhika udAracetA the, ata: unheM yApanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai| eka ora acelakatva para bala aura dUsarI ora zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM meM ullikhita aneka tathyoM kI svIkRti unheM yApanIya paramparA se hI sambaddha karatI hai| zrImatI kusuma paToriyA bhI isI niSkarSa para pahu~catI haiN| ve likhatI haiM ki mahAkavi puSpadanta ke mahApurANa ke TIkAkAra ne jisa paramparA ke AdhAra para inheM ApalIsaMghIya kahA hai vaha paramparA vAstavika honI caahie| sAtha hI aneka anya

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111 tathyoM se bhI inake yApanIya hone kA samarthana hotA hai| inake atirikta bhI DaoN0 kusuma paToriyA ne svayambhU ke granthoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para anya kucha aise pramANa prastuta kiye haiM, jisase ve kucha mAnyatAoM ke sandarbha meM digambara paramparA se bhinna evaM yApanIya pratIta hote haiN| digambara paramparA ke tiloyapaNNattI, trilokasAra aura uttarapurANa meM rAma (balarAma) ko AThavA~ aura padma (rAmacandra) ko nauvA~ baladeva batAyA gayA hai| jabaki zvetAmbara granthoM yathA samavAyAMga, paumacariyaM, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, abhidhAnacintAmaNi, vicArasAraprakaraNa Adi meM padma (rAma) ko AThavA~ aura balarAma ko navA~ baladeva kahA gayA hai| rAma kA padma nAma digambara paramparAnusArI nahIM hai, rAma kA padma nAma mAnane ke kAraNa raviSeNa aura svayaMbhU donoM yApanIya pratIta hote haiN| devakI ke tIna yugaloM ke rUpa meM chaha putra kRSNa ke janma ke pUrva hue the, jinheM hariNegamesI deva ne sulasA gAthApatnI ke pAsa sthAnAntarita kara diyA thaa| svayambhU ke riTThanemicariu kA yaha kathAnaka zvetAmbara Agama ataMkRtadazA meM yathAvat upalabdha hotA hai| svayaMbhU dvArA Agama kA yaha anusaraNa unheM yApanIya siddha karatA hai| svayambhU ne paumacariu meM devoM kI bhojanacaryA ke sambandha meM ullekha kiyA hai ki gandharva pUrvAhna meM, deva madhyAhna meM, pitA-pitAmaha (pitRloka ke deva) aparAhna meM aura rAkSasa, bhUta, pizAca evaM graha rAtri meM khAte haiM, jabaki digambara paramparA ke anusAra devatA kavalAhArI nahIM hai, unake anusAra devatAoM kA mAnasika AhAra hotA haiM (devesu mnnaahaarii)| inhoMne kathAsrota kA ullekha karate hue krama se mahAvIra, gautama, sudharma, prabhava, kIrti aura raviSeNa kA ullekha kiyA hai| prabhava ko sthAna denA unheM digambara paramparA se pRthak karatA hai kyoMki digambara paramparA meM inake sthAna para viSNu kA ullekha milatA hai| yadyapi inake riTTaThanemicariu ke anta meM jambU ke bAda viSNu nAma AyA hai, kintu yaha aMza jasakIrti dvArA prakSipta hai| svayambhU ne sItA ke jIva kA rAvaNa evaM lakSmaNa ko pratibodha dene solahaveM svarga se tIsarI pRthvI meM jAnA batAyA hai| jabaki dhavalA TIkA ke anusAra 12 veM se 16 veM svarga taka ke devatA prathama pRthvI ke citrA bhAga se Age nahIM jAte haiN| paumacariu meM ajitanAtha ke vairAgya kA kAraNa mlAnakamala batAyA gayA hai, jabaki trilokaprajJapti meM tArA TUTanA batAyA gayA hai|

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112 raviSeNa ke samAna inhoMne bhI mahAvIra ke caraNAMguSTha se meru ke kampana kA ullekha kiyA hai| yaha zvetAmbara mAnyatA hai| bhagavAn ke calane para devanirmita kamaloM kA rakhA jAnA-bhagavAn kA eka atizaya mAnA gayA hai| yaha bhI zvetAmbara mAnyatA hai| tIrthaMkara kA mAgadhI bhASA meM upadeza denaa| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara mAnya Agama samavAyAMga meM yaha mAnyatA hai| digambara paramparA ke anusAra to tIrthaMkara kI divyadhvani khiratI hai, jo sarva bhASA rUpa hotI hai| 10. digambara uttarapurANa meM sagaraputroM kA mokSagamana varNita hai jabaki vimalasUri ke paumacariyaM ke AdhAra para raviSeNa aura svayambhU ne bhIma evaM bhAgIratha ko chor3akara zeSa kA nAgakumAra deva ke kopa se bhasma honA btaayaa| suzrI kusuma paToriyA ke anusAra ina varNanoM ke AdhAra para svayambhU yApanIya siddha hote haiN| isa prakAra ina sabhI ullekhoM meM svayambhU kI zvetAmbara mAnyatA ye nikaTatA aura digambara mAnyatAoM ye bhinnatA yahI siddha karatI hai ki ve yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha rahe hoNge| punaH svayambhU muni nahIM, apitu gRhastha hI the, unakI kRti 'paumacariu' se jo sUcanAe~ hameM upalabdha hotI haiM, unake AdhAra para unheM yApanIya paramparA se sambandhita mAnA jA sakatA hai| svayambhU kA nivAsa sthala sambhavataH pazcimottara karnATaka rahA haiN| abhilekhIya sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki usa kSetra para yApanIyoM kA sarvAdhika prabhAva thaa| ata: svayambhU ke yApanIya saMgha se sambandhita hone kI puSTi kSetrIya dRSTi se bhI ho jAtI hai| kAla kI dRSTi se svayambhU 7 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha aura 8 vIM zatI ke pUrvArdha ke kavi haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki isa kAla meM yApanIya saMgha dakSiNa meM na kevala praveza kara cukA thA, apitu vahA~ prabhAvazAlI bhI bana gayA thaa| ata: kAla kI STi se bhI svayambhU ko yApanIya paramparA se sambandhita mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| sAhityika pramANa kI dRSTi se puSpadanta ke mahApurANa kI TIkA meM svayambhU ko spaSTa rUpa se yApanIya (ApulI) batAyA gayA hai| usameM likhA hai- "sayaMbhU patyaDibaddha kartA ApalIsaMghIyaH' isa kathana se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki ve yApanIya saMgha se sambandhita the| svayambhU ke yApanIya saMgha se sambandha hone ke lie pro0 bhayANI ne eka aura mahatvapUrNa pramANa yaha diyA hai ki yApanIya saMgha vaicArika dRSTi se udAra aura samanvayavAdI /

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113 thaa| yaha dhArmika udAratA aura samanvayazIlatA svayambhU ke granthoM meM vibhinna sthaloM para pAI jAtI hai| 'riTThanemicariu' saMdhi 55/30 aura 'paumacariu' saMdhi 43 / 19 meM unakI yaha udAratA spaSTa rUpa se dekhI jA sakatI hai| unakI udAratA ko sUcita karane ke lie hama yahA~ kevala eka hI gAthA de rahe haiM arahantu buddhu tuhu~ hariharana va, tuhu~ aNNANa tamohariu / tuhu~ suhumu NiranjaNu paramapaDa, tuhueN ravidambhu sayambhu siu / / digambara paramparA dhArmika dRSTi se zvetAmbaroM aura yApanIyoM kI apekSA anudAra rahI hai, kyoMki vaha anyataithika mukti ko asvIkAra karatI hai, jabaki zvetAmbara aura yApanIya anyatairthika kI mukti ko svIkAra karate haiM / svayambhU kI isa dhArmika udAratA kI vistRta carcA pro0 bhayANI jI ne paumacariu kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| pAThaka use vahA~ dekha sakate hai / " DaoN0 kiraNa sipAnI ne bhI apanI kRti meM isa udAratA kA ullekha kiyA hai| svayambhU kI rAmakathA aura usakA mUlasrota mahAkavi svayambhU ke paumacariu kA apabhraMza sAhitya meM vahI sthAna hai jo hindI sAhitya meM tulasI kI rAmakathA kA hai| paumacariu apabhraMza meM racita jaina rAmakathA kA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| yaha vimalasUri ke paumacariyaM aura raviSeNa ke 'padmacaritaM para AdhArita hai| yaha 5 kANDoM aura 90 saMdhiyoM meM vibhAjita hai isake vidyAdharakANDa meM 20 saMdhiyA~, ayodhyAkANDa meM 22 saMdhiyA~, sundarakANDa meM 14 saMdhiyA~, yuddhakANDa meM 21 saMdhiyA~ aura uttarakANDa meM 13 saMdhiyA~ haiN| isakI ina 90 saMdhiyoM meM 82 saMdhiyoM kI racanA svayaM svayambhU ne kI thI / antima 7 saMdhiyoM kI racanA unake putra tribhuvana ne kI thI / 83vIM sandhi AMzika rUpa se donoM kI saMyukta racanA pratIta hotI hai| / jJAtavya hai ki svayambhU ne rAma aura kRSNa donoM hI mahApuruSoM ke caritroM ko lekara apabhraMza bhASA meM apanI racanAe~ kiiN| unhoMne jahA~ riTThanemicariu aparanAma harivaMzapurANa meM 22veM tIrthaMkara ariSThanemi ke sAtha-sAtha kRSNa tathA kaurava pANDava kI kathA kA vivecana kiyA hai, vahIM paumacariu meM rAmakathA kA / unakI rAmakathA kA AdhAra vimalasUri kA paumacariyaM rahA hai| jaina rAmakathA meM paumacariyaM kA vahI sthAna hai jo hindU rAmakathA meM vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kA hai| vastutaH rAmakathA sAhitya meM vAlmikI kI rAmAyaNa ke pazcAt yadi koI grantha hai, to vaha vimalasUri kA paumacariyaM (IsA kI dUsarI, tIsarI zatI) hai| jainoM ne rAma (padma) ko apane 63 zalAkA puruSoM meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna pradAna kiyA hai| jainoM meM rAmakathA kI do dhArAe~ pracalita rahI hai eka dhArA guNabhadra ke uttarapurANa kI hai, jisakA mUlastrota saMghadAsagaNi kI vasudevahiNDI meM milatA hai, to dUsarI dhArA kA AdhAra vimalasUri kA paumacariyaM hai| jaina AcAryoM ne jina-jina bhASAoM ko apanI

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114 racanAoM kA AdhAra banAyA prAya: una sabhI meM rAmakathA para grantha likhe gye| prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza, kanar3a, marugurjara aura hindI-ina sabhI bhASAoM meM hameM jaina rAmakathA se sambandhita grantha upalabdha hote haiN| rAmakathA ko lekara sarvaprathama vimalasUri ne prAkRta meM paumacariyaM kI racanA kI thii| usI paumacariyaM ko hI AdhAra banAkara raviSeNa ne saMskRta bhASA meM padmapurANa yA padmacarita kI racanA kii| vastuta: raviSeNa kA padmapurANa vimalasUri ke paumacariyaM kA saMskRta rUpAntaraNa hI kahA jA sakatA hai| puna: svayaMbhU ne vimalasUri ke paumacariyaM aura raviSeNa ke padmapurANa ke AdhAra para hI apabhraMza bhASA meM apane paumacariu kI racanA kii| DaoN0 kiraNa sipAnI ne apanI kRti 'paumacariu kA kAvyazAstrIya adhyayana' meM likhA hai ki jainoM ke zvetAmbara sampradAya meM kevala vimalasUri kI (rAmakathA pracalita hai) parantu digambara sampradAya meM vimalasUri evaM guNabhadra donoM kI paramparAoM kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM unake isa kathana meM saMzodhana kI apekSA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI hameM rAmakathA kI donoM dhArAoM ke saMketa milate haiN| usameM saMghadAsagaNi kI vasudevahiNDI meM rAmakathA kI usa dhArA kA mUlastrota nihita hai jise guNabhadra ne apane uttarapurANa meM likhA hai| puna: DaoN0 sipAnI kA yaha kathana to ThIka hai ki digambara paramparA meM vimalasUri aura guNabhadra donoM hI kathAdhArAe~ pracalita rahI haiN| kintu isa sambandha meM bhI eka saMzodhana apekSita hai|vstut: nimrantha saMgha kI acela (digambara) paramparA kI do dhArAe~ rahI haiM, eka uttarabhArata kI yApanIya dhArA aura dUsarI dakSiNa bhArata kI digambara dhaaraa| vastutaH vimalasUri kI rAmakathA kA anusaraNa isI yApanIya paramparA ne kiyA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki raviSeNa ke padmapurANa aura svayambhU ke paumacariu meM aneka aise saMketa upalabdha haiM, jo digambara paramparAoM kI mUlabhUta mAnyatA ke viparIta haiN| raviSeNa aura svayaMbhU ne vimalasUri kI rAmakathA kA anusaraNa kiyA usakA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki ye donoM hI yApanIya paramparA se sambandhita haiN| svayambhU ke sampradAya ke sambandha meM puSpadanta ke mahApurANa ke TippaNa meM spaSTa nirdeza hai ki ve yApanIya saMgha ke the| isakI vistRta carcA hama pUrva meM svayambhU ke sampradAya ke sambandha meM kara cuke haiN| svayambhU kA vyaktitva paumacariu ke racanAkAra svayambhU ke vyaktitva ke sambandha meM paM0 nAthUrAma premI, DaoN0 bhayANI, DaoN0 kochar3a, DaoN0 devendra kumAra jaina, DaoN0 nagendra evaM zrI satyadeva caudharI Adi aneka vidvAnoM ne carcA kI hai| DaoN0 kiraNa sipAnI ne bhI usa para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai, mAtra yahI nahIM unhoMne kucha sthaloM para ina vidvAnoM ke vivecana se apanA matavaibhinya bhI prakaTa kiyA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM ve paviraladante kA artha virala dAMta vAle na karake saghana dAMta vAle karatI haiN| pavirala meM unhoMne 'pa' ke sthAna para 'a' kI yojanA kI hai yadyapi prAcIna nAgarI lipi meM 'pa' aura 'a' ke likhane meM thor3A

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115 sAhI antara hai yathA pa- (pa), a- (a)| yaha sambhava hai ki kisI lehie kI bhUla ke kAraNa Age "a" ke sthAna para "pa" kA pracalana ho gayA ho kintu jaba taka anya kRtiyoM se isa pATha bheda kI puSTi na ho jAtI ho taba taka "pa" ke sthAna para "a" kI kalpanA kara lenA ucita nahIM hai / yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki svayambhU AjIvana gRhastha hI rahe muni nahIM bane phira bhI unakA jJAna gAmbhIrya, vidvattA, dhArmika sahiSNutA aura udAratA Adi aise guNa haiM jo unheM eka viziSTa puruSa kI zreNI meM lAkara khar3A kara dete haiN| jahA~ taka svayambhU ke vyaktitva kA prazna hai ve AtmazlAdhA evaM cATukAritA se dUra rahane vAle kavi haiN| ye hI kAraNa haiM ki unhoMne svataH apanI vizeSatAoM kA koI paricaya nahIM diyA yahA~ taka ki unhoMne apane AzrayadAtA rASTrakUTa rAjA dhruva aura unake sAmanta dhanaJjaya kI bhI koI stuti nahIM kI / yadyapi ve unake prati kRtajJatA kA jJApana avazya karate haiM aura apane ko unakA Azrita batAte haiM mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne apanI donoM patniyoM-amRtAmbA aura AdityAmbA ke prati bhI apanI kRtajJatA jJApita kI hai| unameM vinamratA apanI carama bindu para parilakSita hotA hai / ve apane Apa ko ajJAnI aura kukavi taka bhI kaha dete haiN| unhoMne isa tathya ko bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki yaha sAhitya sAdhanA ve pANDitya pradarzana ke lie na karake mAtra Atma abhivyakti kI bhAvanA se kara rahe haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki unakI racanAoM meM kRtrimatA na hokara eka sahajatA hai / yadyapi unameM pANDitya pradarzana kI koI eka bhAvanA nahIM hai phira bhI unake kAvya meM sarasatA aura jIvantatA hai / yadyapi ve AjIvana gRhastha hI rahe phira bhI unakI racanAoM meM jo AdhyAtmika lalaka hai vaha unheM gRhastha hokara bhI santa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karatI hai / vastutaH unake kAvya meM jo sahaja Atmabhivyakti hai usI ne unheM eka mahAn kavi banA diyA hai| mahApaNDita rAhula sAMskRtyAyana ne unheM hindI kavitA ke prathama yuga kA sabase bar3A kavi mAnA hai / ve bhArata ke gine-cune kaviyoM meM eka haiN| svayambhU kI racanAe~ svayambhU kI jJAta racanAe~ nimna 6 haiM - (1) paumacariu, (2) svayambhU chanda, (3) riTThanemicariu, (4) suvvacariu, (5) siripaJcamIcariu, (6) apabhraMza vyAkaraNa | inameM prathama do prakAzita ho cuke haiM, tIsarA bhI prakAzana kI prakriyA meM hai kintu zeSa tIna abhI taka anupalabdha haiN| inake sambandha meM abhI kucha kahanA kaThina hai| kintu AzA kI jA sakatI hai ki bhaviSya meM kisI na kisI grantha bhaNDAra meM inakI pratiyA~ upalabdha ho skegiiN| unake vyaktitva ke vaiziSTya ke sambandha meM DaoN0 kiraNa sipAnI ne vistRta carcA aura samIcIna samIkSA bhI prastuta hai|

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116 sandarbha 1. eha rAmakaha-sari sohntii| gaNaharadevahiM diTTha vhntii| pacchaha indabhUha aayrieN| puNu dhammeNa gunnaaaalNkrieN|| pugu pahaveM sNsaaraaraaeN| kittihareNaM annuttrvaaeN| puNu rvisennaayriy-psaaeN| vuddhieM avagAhiya kiraaeN| - pumcriuN1/6-9| 2. saMyabhU padaDIbaddhakartA aapliisNghiiy| - mahApurANa (TippaNayukta) pRSTha 9 / 3. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 197 / paumacariuM, saM0-DaoN0 harivallabha bhayANI, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, granthAMka 34, bhUmikA (aMgrejI), pR0 13 / 5. vahI, pR0 9 / / 6. svayaMbhU pAvaMDIbaddha rAmAyaNa kartA aapiisNghiiy| - mahApurANa, 1/9/5ttippnn| 7. paumacariuM, saM0DaoN0 harivallabha bhayANI, bhUmikA (aMgrejI) pR0 13-15 /

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jaina paramparA meM kAzI jaina paramparA meM prAcInakAla se hI kAzI kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna mAnA jAtA rahA hai| use cAra tIrthaGkaroM- supArzva, candraprabha, zreyAMsa aura pArzva kI janmabhUmi hone kA gaurava prApta hai| ayodhyA ke pazcAt aneka tIrthaGkaroM kI janmabhUmi mAne jAne kA gaurava kevala vArANasI ko hI milA hai| supArzva aura pArzva kA janma vArANasI meM, candraprabha kI janma candrapurI meM, jo ki vArANasI se 15 kilomITara pUrva meM gaMgA kinAre sthita hai aura zreyAMsa kA janma siMhapurI- vartamAna sAranAtha meM mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi inameM tIna tIrthaGkara prAk aitihAsika kAla ke haiM kintu pArzva kI aitihAsikatA ko amAnya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| RSibhASita (I0pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI)1, AcArAGga (dvitIya-zrutaskandha)2, bhagavatI, uttarAdhyayana aura kalpasUtra (lagabhaga prathama zatAbdI IsA pUrva) meM pArzva ke ullekha Ae haiN| kalpasUtra aura jainAgamoM meM unheM puruSAdAnIya kahA gayA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM puruSAdAnIya zabda AyA hai| unheM vArANasI ke rAjA azvasena kA putra batAyA gayA hai tathA unakA kAla I0pU0 navIM-AThavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| azvasena kI pahacAna purANoM meM ullekhita haryazva se kI jA sakatI hai| pArzva ke samakAlIna aneka vyaktitva vArANasI se jur3e hue haiN| Aryadatta unake pramukha ziSya the| puSpacUlA pradhAna AryA thii|11 suvrata prabhRti aneka gRhastha upAsaka 12 aura sunandA prabhRti aneka gRhastha upAsikAyeM3 unakI anuyAyI thiiN| unake pramukha gaNadharoM meM soma kA ullekha hai| soma vArANasI ke eka vidvAn brAhmaNa ke putra the| 14 soma kA ullekha RSibhASita meM bhI AtA hai| 5 jaina paramparA meM pArzvanAtha ke ATha gaNa aura ATha gaNadhara mAne gaye haiN|6 motIcandra ne cAra gaNa aura cAra gaNadharoM kA ullekha kiyA hai vaha bhrAnta evaM nirAdhAra hai| 17 vArANasI meM pArzva aura kamaTha tApasa ke vivAda kI carcA jaina kathA sAhitya meM hai| 18 baudhAyana dharmasUtra meM 'pArazava:' zabda hai, sambhavata: usakA sambandha pArzva ke anuyAyiyoM se ho; yadyapi mUla prasaMga varNasaMkara kA hai| 19 pArzva ke samIpa ilA, saterA, saudAminI, indrA, dhannA, vidyutA Adi vArANasI kI zreSThi-putriyoM ke dIkSita hone kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathA meM (IsA kI prathama zatI) AtA hai| 20 uttarAdhyayana kAzIrAja ke bhI dIkSita hone kI sUcanA detA hai| 21 kAzIrAja kA ullekha mahAvagga va mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha hai| 22 antakRtadazAMga se kAzI ke rAjA alakSa (alakkha) alarka ke mahAvIra ke pAsa dIkSita hone kI sUcanA milatI hai| 23 alarka ke atirikta zaMkha, kaTaka, dharmaruci nAmaka kAzI ke rAjAoM ke ullekha jaina kathA sAhitya meM haiM

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118 kintu ye sabhI mahAvIra aura pArzva ke pUrvavartIkAla ke batAye gaye haiN| ata: inakI aitihAsikatA ke sambandha meM kucha kaha pAnA kaThina hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna kAzI ke rAjAoM meM alarka alakSa ke atirikta jitazatru kA ullekha bhI upAsakadazAGga meM milatA hai| 24 kintu jitazatru kA ekasA upAdhiparaka nAma hai jo jaina paramparA meM aneka rAjAoM ko diyA gayA hai| ata: isa nAma ke AdhAra para aitihAsika niSkarSa nikAlanA kaThina hai| mahAvIra ke isa pramukha gRhastha upAsakoM meM cUlanIpitA aura surAdeva vArANasI ke mAne gaye haiM, donoM hI pratiSThita vyApArI rahe haiN| upAsakadazAGga inake vipula vaibhava aura dharmaniSThA kA vivecana karatA hai|25 mahAvIra svayaM vArANasI Aye the|26 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM harikezI aura yajJIya nAmaka adhyAya ke pAtroM kA sambandha bhI vArANasI se hI hai| donoM meM jAtivAda aura karmakANDa para karArI coTa kI gaI hai|27 pArzvanAtha ke yuga se vartamAna kAla taka jaina paramparA ko apane astitva ke lie vArANasI meM kaThina saMgharSa karane par3e haiN| prastuta nibandha meM una sabakI eka saMkSipta carcA hai| kintu isake pUrva jaina AgamoM meM vArANasI kI bhaugolika sthiti kA jo citraNa upalabdha hai use de denA bhI Avazyaka hai| jaina Agama prajJApanA meM kAzI kI gaNanA eka janapada ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai aura vArANasI ko usakI rAjadhAnI batAyA gayA hai| kAzI kI sImA pazcima meM vatsa, pUrva meM magadha, uttara meM videha aura dakSiNa meM kozala batAyA gayA hai| bauddha granthoM meM kAzI ke uttara meM kozala ko batAyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM vArANasI ke uttara-pUrva dizA meM gaMgA kI sthiti batAI gayI hai| vahIM mRtagaGgAtIradraha (tAlAba) bhI batAyA gayA hai|28 yaha to satya hai ki vArANasI ke nikaTa gaMgA uttara-pUrva hokara bahatI hai| vartamAna meM vArANasI ke pUrva meM gaMgA to hai kintu kisI bhI rUpa meM gaMgA kI sthiti vArANasI ke uttara meM siddha nahIM hotI hai| mAtra eka hI vikalpa hai, vaha yaha ki vArANasI kI sthiti rAjaghATa para mAnakara gaMgA kA nagara ke pUrvottara arthAt IzAnakoNa meM svIkAra kiyA jAye to hI isa kathana kI saMgati baiThatI hai| uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM 'mayaMga' zabda kI vyAkhyA mRtagaMgA ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai- isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki gaMgA kI koI aisI dhArA bhI thI jo ki nagara ke uttara-pUrva hokara bahatI thI kintu Age calakara yaha dhArA mRta ho gaI arthAt pravAhazIla nahIM rahI aura isane eka draha kA rUpa le liyaa| yadyapi motIcandra ne isakI sUcanA dI hai kintu isakA yogya samIkaraNa abhI apekSita hai| gaMgA kI isa mRtadhArA kI racanA jainAgamoM aura cUrNiyoM ke atirikta anyatra kahIM upalabdha nahIM hai| yadyapi prAkRta zabda mayaMga kA eka rUpa mAtaMga bhI hotA hai aisI sthiti meM usake AdhAra para usakA eka artha gaMgA ke kinAre mAtaMgoM kI bastI ke nikaTavartI tAlAba se bhI ho sakatA hai| uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM usake samIpa mAtaMgoM (zvapAkoM) kI bastI svIkRta kI gaI hai|29 jainAgamoM meM vArANasI ke samIpa Azramapada (kalpasUtra)30, koSTaka

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119 (upAsakadazAMga)31 ambazAlavana, (nirayAvali)32 kAmamahAvana,(antakRtadvazAMga)33 aura tiMduka (uttarAdhyayananiyukti)34 nAmaka udyAnoM evaM vanakhaNDoM ke ullekha haiN| aupapAtikasUtra se gaMgA ke kinAre basane vAle aneka prakAra ke tApasoM kI sUcanA hameM upalabdha hotI hai-vistara bhaya se yahA~ una sabakA ullekha Avazyaka nahIM hai kintu isase usa yuga kI dhArmika sthiti kA patA cala jAtA hai| 35 jainagamoM se hameM vArANasI kA ziva kI nagarI ke rUpa meM kahIM ullekha nahIM milatA hai- mAtra 14vIM zatAbdI meM vividhatIrthakalpa meM isakA ullekha hai, jabaki yahA~ yakSapUjA ke pracalana ke prAcIna ullekha milate haiN| uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM vArANasI ke uttara-pUrva dizA meM tiMduka udyAna meM gaNDI yakSa ke yakSAyatana kA ullekha hai| yahI yakSa harikezibala nAmaka cANDAla jAti ke jaina zramaNa para prasanna huA thaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (IsA-pUrva) aura usakI niyukti meM yaha kathA vistAra se dI gaI hai| harikezibala muni bhikSArtha yajJamaNDapa meM jAte haiM, cANDAla jAti ke hone ke kAraNa muni ko yajJamaNDapa se bhikSA nahIM dI jAtI hai aura unheM vahA~ se mArakara nikAlA jAtA hai| yakSa kupita hotA hai| sabhI kSamA mA~gate haiN| harikezi sacce yajJa kA svarUpa spaSTa karate haiM aadi|36 prastuta kathA se yaha niSkarSa avazya nikalatA hai ki yakSa-pUjA kA zramaNa paramparA meM utanA virodha nahIM thA jitanA ki hiMsaka yajJoM ke prati thaa| uttarAdhyayana kI yajJa kI yaha navIna AdhyAtmika paribhASA hameM mahAbhArata meM milatI hai| ho sakatA hai ki harikezi ke isI ghaTanA ke kAraNa vArANasI kA yaha gaNDIyakSa harikezi yakSa ke nAma se jAnA jAne lagA ho| matsyapurANa meM harikezi yakSa kI kathA varNita hai jisameM use sAtvikavRtti kA aura tapasvI batAyA gayA hai kintu use zivabhakta ke rUpa meM darzita kiyA gayA hai|37 uttarAdhyayana kI kathA matsyapurANa kI apekSA prAcIna hai| kathA kA srota eka hai aura use apane-apane dharmoM meM rUpAntarita kiyA gayA hai| yakSa pUjA ke prasaMga kI carcA karate hue DaoN0 motIcandra ne uttarAdhyayana ke 3/14 aura 16/16 aise do sandarbha diye haiN| kintu ve donoM hI bhrAnta haiN|38 harikezibala cANDAla-zramaNa aura usake sahAyaka yakSa kA vivaraNa uttarAdhyayana ke bArahaveM adhyAya meM haiN| gaNDitiMdukayakSa kA nAma pUrvaka ullekha uttarAdhyayana niyukti meM hai| jainadharma prArambha se hI karmakANDa aura jAtivAda kA virodhI rahA hai aura unake isa virodha kI tIna ghaTanAe~ vArANasI ke sAtha hI jur3I huI haiN| prathama ghaTanA- pArzvanAtha aura kamaTha tApasa ke saMgharSa kI hai; dUsarI ghaTanA harikezibala kI yAjJikoM se virodha kI hai jisameM jAtivAda aura hiMsaka yajJoM kA khaNDana hai aura tIsarI ghaTanA jayaghoSa aura vijayaghoSa ke bIca saMgharSa kI hai| isameM bhI sadAcArI vyakti ko saccA brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai aura varNavyavasthA kA sambandha janma ke sthAna para karma se batAyA gayA hai|

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120 pArzva ke yuga meM hI hameM jaina sAhitya meM ina saMgharSoM ke kucha ullekha milate haiN| vastutaH ye saMgharSa mukhyataH karmakANDIya paramparA ko lekara the| jaisA ki suvidita hai ki jaina paramparA hamezA karmakANDoM kA virodha karatI rhii| usakA mukhya bala Antarika zuddhi saMyama aura jJAna kA rahA hai| pArzvanAtha vArANasI ke rAjA azvasena ke putra the / pArzva ko apane bAlyakAla meM sarvaprathama una tApasoM se saMgharSa karanA par3A jo dehadaNDana ko dhArmikatA kA samasta utsa mAna baiThe the aura ajJAnayukta dehadaNDana ko hI dharma ke nAma para prasArita kara rahe the| pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM kamaTha kI eka tApasa ke rUpa meM bahuta prasiddhi thI / yaha paMcAgni tapa karatA thaa| usake paMcAgni tapa meM jJAta yA ajJAta rUpa se aneka jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI thI / pArzva ne use yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA ki karmakANDa hI dharma nahIM hai, usameM viveka aura AtmasaMyama Avazyaka hai / kintu AtmasaMyama kA tAtparya bhI mAtra dehadaNDana nahIM hai| pArzva dhArmikatA ke kSetra meM andha-vizvAsa aura jar3akriyAkANDa kA virodha karate haiM aura isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki aitihAsika dRSTi se jaina paramparA ko apanI sthApanA ke lie sarvaprathama jo saMgharSa karanA par3A usakA kendra vArANasI hI thA / pArzvanAtha aura kamaTha ke saMgharSa kI sUcanA hameM jaina sAhitya ke tIrthodgAlika tathA Avazyakaniryukti" meM milatI hai| pArzvanAtha aura kamaTha kA saMgharSa vastutaH jJAnamArga aura dehadaNDana karmakANDa kA saMgharSa thA / kamaTha aura pArzva ke anuyAyiyoM ke vivAda kI sUcanA baudhAyanadharmasUtra meM bhI hai| jaina paramparA aura brAhmaNa paramparA ke bIca dUsare saMgharSa kI sUcanA hameM uttarAdhyayanasUtra se prApta hotI hai / yaha saMgharSa mUlata: jAtivAda yA brAhmaNavarga kI zreSThatA ko lekara thaa| uttarAdhyayana evaM unakI niyukti se hameM yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki harikezibala aura rudradeva ke bIca evaM jayaghoSa aura vijayaghoSa ke bIca hone vivAdoM kA mUla kendra vArANasI hI thaa|42 ye carcAe~ Agama granthoM aura unakI niyuktiyoM aura cUrNiyoM meM upalabdha haiM aura IsApUrva kI zatAbdiyoM meM vArANasI meM jainoM kI sthiti kI sUcanA detI haiN| guptakAla meM vArANasI meM jainoM kI kyA sthiti thI isakA pUrNa vivaraNa to abhI khoja kA viSaya hai / ho sakatA hai ki bhASya aura cUrNI sAhitya se kucha tathya sAmane aayeN| purAtAtvika pramANoM; rAjaghATa se prApta RRSabhadeva kI mUrti aura pahAr3apura se prApta gupta saMvat 158 (479 I0) ke eka tAmrapatra se itanA to nizcita ho jAtA hai ki usa samaya yahA~ jainoM kI bastI thI / yaha tAmrapatra yahA~ sthiti baTagohalI vihAra nAmaka jina - mandira kI sUcanA detA hai| isa vihAra kA prabandha AcArya guNanandi ke ziSya karate the| AcArya guNanandi paMcastUpAnvaya meM hue haiM / 43 paMcastUpAnvaya zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM se bhinna yApanIya sampradAya se sambandhita thaa| isa tAmrapatra se yaha bhI jJAta ho jAtA hai ki mathurA ke samAna vArANasI meM bhI yApanIyoM kA prabhAva thA /

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121 guptakAla kI eka anya ghaTanA jaina AcArya samantabhadra se sambandhita hai| aisA lagatA hai ki guptakAla meM vArANasI meM brAhmaNoM kA ekachatra prabhAva ho gayA thaa| jaina anuzruti ke anusAra samantabhadra ko, jo ki jaina paramparA kI cauthI-pA~cavI zatAbdI ke eka prakANDa vidvAn the, bhasmaka roga ho gayA thA aura isake lie ve dakSiNa se calakara vArANasI Aye the| anuzruti ke anusAra unhoMne yahA~ ziva-mandira meM paurohitya-karma kiyA aura ziva ke pracura naivedya se kSudhA-tRpti karate rhe| kintu eka bAra ve naivedya ko grahaNa karate hue pakar3e gaye aura kathA ke anusAra unhoMne apanI pratiSThA kI rakSA ke lie svayambhUstotra kI racanA aura zivaliMga se candraprabha kI caturmukhI pratimA prakaTa kii|44 .. yaha kathA eka anuzruti hI hai; kintu isase do-tIna bAteM phalita hotI haiN| prathama to yaha ki samantabhadra ko apanI jJAna-pipAsA ko zAnta karane ke lie anya darzanoM ke jJAna ko arjita karane ke lie sudUra dakSiNa se calakara vArANasI AnA par3A, kyoMki usa samaya bhI vArANasI vidyA kA kendra mAnA jAtA thaa| unake dvArA ziva mandira meM paurohitya karma ko svIkAra karanA sambhavata: yaha batAtA hai ki yA to unheM jaina muni ke veza meM vaidika paramparA ke darzanoM kA adhyayana kara pAnA sambhava na lagA ho athavA yahA~ para jainoM kI bastI itanI nagaNya ho gayI ho ki unheM apanI AjIvikA ke lie paurohitya-karma svIkAra karanA par3A ho| vastuta: unakA yaha chadmavezadhAraNa vidyA arjana ke lie hI huA hogA, kyoMki brAhmaNa paMDita nAstika mAne jAne vAle nagna jaina muni ko vidyA pradAna karane ko sahamata nahIM hue hoNge| isa prakAra jainoM ko vidyA arjana ke lie bhI vArANasI meM saMgharSa karanA par3A hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM ullekha kiyA hai guptakAla meM bhI kAzI meM jainoM kA astitva rahA hai| yadyapi yaha kahanA atyanta kaThina hai ki usa kAla meM isa nagara meM jainoM kA kitanA tathA kyA prabhAva thA? purAtAtvika sAkSya hameM kevala yaha sUcanA dete haiM ki usa samaya yahA~ jaina mandira the| kAzI se jo jaina mUrtiyA~ upalabdha huI haiM unameM IsA kI lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI kI mahAvIra kI mUrti mahattvapUrNa hai| yaha mUrti sthAnIya bhArata kalA bhavana meM saMrakSita hai (kramAMka 162) / rAjaghATa se prApta neminAtha kI mUrti lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI kI mAnI jAtI hai| yaha mUrti bhI bhArata kalA bhavana meM hai| ajitanAtha kI bhI lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI kI eka mUrti vArANasI meM upalabdha huI hai jo vartamAna meM rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU meM hai (kramAMka 49-199) / isI prakAra pArzvanAtha kI bhI lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI kI eka mUrti, jo ki rAjaghATa se prApta huI thI, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU meM rakhI hai| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki IsA kI pA~cavI-chaThI zatAbdI se lekara AThavIM zatI taka vArANasI meM jaina mandira aura mUrtiyA~ thiiN| isakA tAtparya yaha bhI hai ki usa kAla meM yahA~ jainoM kI bastI thii|

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122 puna: navIM, dasavIM aura gyArahavIM zatAbdiyoM ke bhI jaina purAtAtvika avazeSa hameM vArANasI meM milate haiN| navI zatAbdI kI vimalanAtha kI eka mUrti sAranAtha saMgrahAlaya meM upalabdha hai (kramAMka 236) / puna: rAjaghATa se RSabhanAtha kI eka dasavIM zatAbdI kI mUrti tathA gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI tIrthaMkara mUrti kA zirobhAga upalabdha huA hai| ye mUrtiyA~ bhI bhArata kalA bhavana meM upalabdha haiN| (kramAMka 176 tathA 197) / uparokta adhikAMza mUrtiyoM ke kAlakrama kA nirdhAraNa DaoN0 mArutinandana prasAda tivArI ne apane lekha "kAzI meM jainadharma aura kalA' meM kiyA hai|45 hamane unhIM ke AdhAra para yaha kAlakrama prastuta kiyA hai| puna: hameM bArahavIM, terahavIM aura caudahavI zatAbdI kI vArANasI ke sambandha meM prabandhakoza aura vividhatIrthakalpa se sUcanA milatI hai| prabandhakoza meM vArANasI ke rAjA govindacandra aura unake putra vijayacandra 6 tathA tejapAla-vastupAla dvArA vArANasI taka ke vividha jina mandiroM ke jIrNoddhAra ke ullekha haiN|47 vividhatIrthakalpa meM vArANasI ke sandarbha meM jo kahA gayA hai, usameM adhikAMza to AgamakAlIna kathAe~ hI haiM kintu vividhatIrthakalpa ke kartA ne isameM harizcandra kI kathA ko bhI jor3a diyA hai| isa grantha se caudahavIM zatAbdI kI vArANasI ke sambandha meM do-tIna sUcanAe~ milatI haiN|48 prathama to yaha ki yaha eka vidyA nagarI ke rUpa meM vikhyAta thI aura dUsare paribuddhajanoM (saMnyAsiyoM) evaM brAhmaNoM se paripUrNa thii| vArANasI ke sandarbha meM vividhatIrthakalpakAra ne jo sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa sUcanA dI hai vaha yaha ki vArANasI usa samaya cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita thii| deva vArANasI, jahA~ vizvanAtha kA mandira thA aura vahIM jinacaturviMzati paTTa kI pUjA bhI hotI thii| dUsarI rAjadhAnI vArANasI thI jisameM yavana rahate the| tIsarI madana vArANasI aura cauthI vijaya vArANasI thii| isake sAtha hI inhoMne vArANasI meM pArzvanAtha ke caitya, sAranAtha ke dharmekSA nAmaka stUpa aura candrAvatI meM candraprabha ke jinAlaya kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| usa samaya vArANasI meM bandara idhara-udhara kUdA karate the, pazu bhI ghUmA karate the aura dhUrta bhI niHsaMkoca Tahalate the Aja bhI yahI sthiti dikhAI detI hai|49 jinaprabha ke isa varNana se aisA lagatA hai ki unhoMne vArANasI kA A~khoM dekhA varNana kiyA hai| deva vArANasI ko vizvanAtha mandira ke Asa-pAsa ke kSetra se jor3A jA sakatA hai| rAjadhAnI vArANasI kA sambandha zrI motIcandra ne Adamapura aura jaitapurA ke kSetroM se batAyA hai| zrI motIcandra ne madana vArANasI ko gAjIpura kI jamaniyA tahasIla meM sthita tathA vijaya vArANasI ko mirjApura ke vijayagar3ha se sambandhita mAnA hai kintu merI dRSTi se madana vArANasI aura vijaya vArANasI banArasa ke hI aMga hone caahie| kahIM madana vArANasI Aja kA madanapurA to nahIM thA? isI prakAra vijaya vArANasI vartamAna bhelUpura ke Asa-pAsa to sthita nahIM thii| vidvAnoM se apekSA hai ki ve isa sambandha meM adhika gaveSaNA kara sUcanA deNge| pandrahavIM-solahavIM aura satrahavIM zatAbdiyoM meM vArANasI meM jainoM kI sthiti ke

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123 sambandha meM bhI hameM purAtAtvika evaM sAhityika, donoM hI prakAra ke sAkSya milate haiN| prathama to yahA~ ke vartamAna mandiroM kI aneka pratimAyeM isI kAla kI haiN| dUsare isa kAla ke aneka hastalikhita grantha bhI vArANasI ke jaina-bhaNDAroM meM upalabdha haiN| tIsare isa kAla kI vArANasI ke sambandha meM kucha saMketa hameM kavivara banArasIdAsa ke ardhakathAnaka se mila jAtA hai| banArasIdAsa, jo mUlataH AgarA ke rahane vAle the, apane vyavasAya ke lie kAphI samaya banArasa meM rahe aura unhoMne apanI AtmakathA 'ardhakathAnaka' meM usakA ullekha bhI kiyA hai| unake ullekha ke anusAra 1598 I0 meM jaunapura ke sUbedAra navAba kilaca khAM ne vahA~ ke sabhI jauhariyoM ko pakar3akara banda kara diyA thaa| unhoMne ardhakathAnaka meM vistAra se solahavIM zatAbdI ke banArasa kA varNana kiyA hai|50 yaha grantha adyAvadhi prakAzita hai| satrahavIM zatAbdI meM upAdhyAya yazovijaya nAmaka zvetAmbara jaina muni gujarAta se calakara banArasa apane adhyayana ke lie Aye the| vArANasI sadaiva se vidyA kA kendra rahI aura jaina vidvAn anya dharma-darzanoM ke adhyayana ke lie samaya-samaya para yahA~ Ate rhe| yadyapi yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai ki isa sambandha meM unheM aneka bAra kaThinAIyoM kA bhI sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| solahavIM, satrahavIM evaM aThArahavIM zatAbdiyoM kI jaina mUrtiyA~ tathA hastalikhita grantha vArANasI meM upalabdha haiM, yadyapi vistRta vivaraNa kA abhAva hI hai| unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM vArANasI meM jainoM kI saMkhyA paryApta thii| vizapa hebara ne usa samaya jainoM ke pArasparika jhagar3oM kA ullekha kiyA hai| sAmAnyatayA jaina mandiroM meM anyoM kA praveza varjita thaa| vizapa hebara ko priMsepa aura mekaliyaDa ke sAtha jaina mandira meM praveza kI anumati milI thii| usane apane jaina mandira jAne evaM vahA~ jaina guru se huI usakI bheMTa kA tathA svAgata kA vistAra se ullekha kiyA hai (dekheMkAzI kA itihAsa, motIcandra, pR0 402-403) / unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke anta aura bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prArambhika dazaka meM jaina AcAryoM ne isa vidyA nagarI ko jaina vidyA ke adhyayana kA kendra banAne ke prayatna kiye| cUMki brAhmaNa adhyApaka sAmAnyatayA jaina ko apanI vidyA nahIM denA cAhate the ata: unake sAmane do hI vikalpa the; yA to chadma veSa meM rahakara anya dharma-darzanoM kA jJAna prApta kareM athavA jaina vidyA ke adhyayana-adhyApana kA koI svatantra kendra sthApita kreN| gaNezavarNI aura vijayadharmasUri ne yahA~ svatantrarUpa se jaina vidyA ke adhyayana ke lie pAThazAlAe~ kholane kA nirNaya liyaa| usI ke pariNAmasvarUpa aMgrejI koThI meM yazovijaya pAThazAlA aura bhadainI meM syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya kI nIMva rakhI gyii| zvetAmbara paramparA ke diggaja jaina vidvAn paM0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI aura paM0 becaradAsa jI Adi jahA~ yazovijaya pAThazAlA kI upaja haiM vahIM digambara paramparA ke mUrdhanya vidvAn paM0

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124 kailAzacandrajI Adi syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya kI upaja haiN| digambara paramparA ke Aja ke adhikAMza vidvAn syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya se hI nikale haiN| yazovijaya pAThazAlA yadyapi adhika samaya taka nahIM cala sakI kintu usane jo vidvAn taiyAra kiye unameM paM0 sukhalAlajI kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM jaina-darzana ke adhyApaka bane aura unhoMne apanI preraNA se pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ko janma diyA, jo ki Aja vArANasI meM jaina vidyA ke ucca adhyayana kA eka pramukha kendra bana cukA hai| - isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki pArzvanAtha ke yuga ke lekara vartamAnakAla taka lagabhaga aTThAisa zatAbdiyoM ke sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM vArANasI meM jainoM kA nirantara astitva rahA hai aura isa nagara ne jaina vidyA aura kalA ke vikAsa meM apanA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| >> saMdarbha : 1. RSibhASita, adhyAya, 31 / 2. AcArAMgasUtra, 2/15/945 / 3. bhagavatIsUtra, pR0 23/1 / uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 23/1 / 5. kalpasUtra, 148 / 6. vahI, 148 / 7. aMguttaranikAya, 7/290 / 8. kalpasUtra, 148 / 9. motIcandra, kAzI kA itihAsa, pR0 22 / 10. kalpasUtra, 157 / 11. vahI, 157 12. vahI, 157 / 13. vahI, 157 / 14. vahI, 156 / 15. RSibhASita, adhyAya 42 / 16. kalpasUtra, 156 / 17. motIcandra, kAzI kA itihAsa, pR0 38 /

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27. 125 18. caupannamahApuruSacariyaM, 216 / 19. baudhAyanadharmasUtra, 1/9/17/3 / 20. jJAtAdharmakathA, 2/3/2-6 / 21. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 18/49 / 22. antakRtadazAMga, 6/96 / 23. matsyapurANa, 180/68 / 24. upAsakadazAMga, 4/1 / 25. vahI, 4/1 / 26. Avazyakaniyukti, 517 tathA upAsakadazAMga, 4/1 / . uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 12 aura 25 / 28. teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM vArANasI nAma NayarI hotthA, vno| tIseNaM ___ vANArasIe nayarIe bahiyA uttara-puracchime disibhAge gaMgAe mahAnadIe mayaMga tIraddahe nAmaM dahe hotthaa| - jJAtAdharmakathA, 4/2 ! 29. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, adhyAya 12, pR0 225 / 30. kalpasUtra, 153 / 31. upAsakadazAMga, 3/124, Avazyakaniyukti, 1302 / 32. nirayAvali, 3/3 / 33. antakRdazAMga, 6/16 / 34. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, adhyAya 12, pR0 355 / 35. aupapAtikasUtra, 74 / 36. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 12 / 37. matsyapurANa, 180/6-20 evaM 180/88-99 uddhRta kAzI kA itihAsa, pR0 33 / 38. kAzI kA itihAsa, pR0 32-33 / 39. uttarAdhyayana niyukti, adhyAya 13, pRSTha 355 / 40. tiirthodgaalik| 41. aavshykniyukti| 42. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 12 evaM 25 / 43. kAzI kA itihAsa, pR0 100 /

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126 44. DaoN0 vidyAdhara joharApurakara, vIra zAsana ke prabhAvaka AcArya, pR0 33 / 45. DaoN0 mArutinandana prasAda tivArI, kAzI meM jainadharma aura klaa| 46. prbndhkosh-hrsskviprbndh| 47. vahI, vstupaalprbndh| 48. vividhatIrthakalpa, vArANasI klp| 49. vhii| 50. ardhakathAnaka uddhRta, kAzI kA itihAsa, pR0 210 /

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puNya kI upAdeyatA kA prazna lokamaMgala yA vizvakalyANa sabhI dharmoM aura sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA sAra hai| jainadharma meM tIrthaGkara kA, bauddhadharma meM bodhasattva kA hindUdharma meM avatAra kA carama lakSya lokakalyANa kI sAdhanA hI hai| lokamaMgala ke lie hI ve dharma kA pravartana karate haiM / yaha lokakalyANa kI pravRtti hI paropakAra, satkarma, kuzala karma, puNyakarma, rakSA Adi nAmoM se abhihita kI jAtI hai| karuNA, sevA, rakSA, parapIr3A kI nivRtti Adi isake pramukha aMga haiN| dUsaroM ke duHkha evaM pIr3A ko dUra kara unheM sukha aura zAnti pradAna karanA inakA pramukha uddezya hai| vaiyaktika- vimukti aura Atma-kalyANa kI apekSA bhI sAmAjika dRSTi se yaha eka ucca Adarza hai| isIlie bodhisattva kahate haiM ki dUsaroM ke duHkha dUra karane meM jo sukha milatA hai vaha kyA kama hai, jise chor3akara vaiyaktika nirvANa kA prayatna kiyA jaaye| isa prakAra lokakalyANa ke carama Adarza kI yaha upalabdhi vaiyaktika- mukti kI apekSA bhI zreSTha mAnI gii| kintu kAlAntara meM jaba vaiyaktika mukti kI avadhAraNA pramukha huI to lokamaMgala yA paropakAra ke kAryoM ko AtmasAdhanA se heya mAnA jAne lgaa| unheM rAgAtmaka, hiMsA yukta aura bandhana kA hetu kahA jAne lagA aura isa prakAra ve anupAdeya yA heya kI koTi meM DAla diye gaye / samasyA kA itihAsa jaina paramparA meM sarvaprathama umAsvAti ne puNya aura pApa donoM ko Asrava ke antargata vargIkRta karake jo viruddha dharmI the, unheM sajAtIya banA diyaa| pariNAma svarUpa pApa ke sAtha puNya kI upAdeyatA para prazna cihna lagA / usake bAda AcArya kundakunda ne aura vizeSarUpa se unake TIkAkAroM ne puNya ko bandhanarUpa mAnakara use heya kI koTi meM DAla diyaa| isa prakAra lokamaMgala rUpa puNyapravRttiyoM kI upAdeyatA eka vivAdAspada viSaya bana gii| vaise to isa vivAda ke saMketa sUtrakRtAMga jaise prAcIna Agama meM bhI milate haiM, jahAM isa sambandha meM muni ko taTastha dRSTi apanAne ke saMketa haiN| vartamAna yuga meM digambara paramparA meM isa vivAda ko adhika bala diyA gyaa| pUjya kAnajI svAmI aura unake samarthaka vidvat maNDala kI nizcayanaya pradhAna vyAkhyAoM ke dvArA / zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI Adhunika yuga meM yaha vivAda mukhara huA terApaMtha paramparA aura anya zvetAmbara paramparAoM ke biic| yadyapi zramaNa jIvana kI sAdhanA meM hiMsA yukta lokamaMgala yA

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128 paropakAra ke kAryoM ke prati vidhi-niSedha se Upara uThakara madhyastha dRSTi apanAne ke saMketa sUtrakRtAGga jaise prAcIna jainAgamoM meM milate haiM / phira bhI sAmAnyatayA digambara- zvetAmbara munivarga preraNA ke rUpa meM aura gRhasthavarga yathArtha meM loka-kalyANoM, samAja-sevA aura paropakAra ke kAryoM meM ruci letA rahA hai| cAhe saiddhAntika mAnyatA kucha bhI ho, sampUrNa jaina samAja paropakAra aura sevA kI ina pravRttiyoM meM ruci letA rahA hai| yadyapi bIsavIM zatI ke prArambhika varSoM meM isa prazna ko lekara pakSa-vipakSa meM kucha svatantra grantha bhI likhe gaye haiN| sevA, dAna aura paropakAra jaisI puNya pravRttiyoM kI upAdeyatA ke sambandha meM prakIrNa saMketa to prAcInakAla se lekara vartamAna yuga taka ke aneka granthoM meM milate haiM, isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM dvArA kucha lekha bhI likhe gaye haiN| maine bhI svahita aura lokahita kA prazna, 'sakArAtmaka ahiMsA' kI bhUmikA jaise kucha lekha likhe| phira bhI niSpakSa dRSTi se binA kisI mata yA sampradAya para TIkA TippaNI kiye mAtra Agamika aura karma siddhAnta ke zvetAmbara - digambara paramparA ke granthoM ke AdhAra para unakA gahana anuzIlana karake apanI kRti meM puNya kI upAdeyatA ke sambandha meM pUjya paM0 zrI kanhaiyAlAla jI lor3hA ne jo niSkarSa prastuta kiye ve na kevala prAmANika haiM, apitu hameM isa prazna para punarcintana ko bAdhya karate haiN| vastutaH samasyA kyA hai aura usakA dArzanika samAdhAna kyA hai, isa prazna para agrima pRSThoM meM kucha gambhIra carcA kreNge| jaina tattvamImAMsA meM pApa aura puNya bhAratIya dharma-darzanoM meM puNya aura pApa kI avadhAraNA ati prAcIna kAla se pAI jAtI hai| inheM dharma-adharma, kuzala akuzala, zubha-azubha, naitika-anaitika, kalyANa- pApa Adi vividha nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| jaina dharma-darzana meM bhI tattvamImAMsA ke antargata nava tattvoM kI avadhAraNA meM puNya aura pApa kA svatantra tattva ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai| hameM na kevala zvetAmbara AgamoM meM, apitu digambara paramparA meM AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM meM bhI navatattvoM kI yaha avadhAraNA prApta hotI hai| ina navatattvoM ko nava padArtha yA nava artha bhI kahA hai, kintu nAma ke isa antara se inakI mUlabhUta avadhAraNA meM koI antara nahIM par3atA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM nava tattvoM kI isa avadhAraNA kA prAcInatama ullekha uttarAdhyayana evaM samavAyAMga meM pAyA jAtA hai| paMcAstikAyasAra nAmaka grantha meM ina nava tattvoM kA nava padArtha ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai| navatattvoM kI isa avadhAraNA ke antargata nimna nau tattva mAne gae haiM- 1. jIva, 2. ajIva, 3. puNya, 4. pApa, 5. Asrava, 6. saMvara, 7. bandha, 8. nirjarA aura 9. mokss|

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129 yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki navatattvoM kI isa sUcI meM puNya aura pApa ko svatantra tattva mAnA gayA, kintu kAlAntara meM AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra (lagabhaga IsA kI tIsarI sadI) meM ina navatattvoM ke sthAna para sAta tattvoM kA pratipAdana kiyA aura puNya tathA pApa ko svatantra na mAnakara unheM Asrava kA bheda maanaa| kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki paNya aura pApa kA na kevala Asrava hotA hai apitu unakA bandha aura vipAka bhI hotA hai| ataH puNya aura pApa ko mAtra Asrava nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vastuta: tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti kI dRSTi saMkSiptIkaraNa kI rahI hai, kyoMki vaha grantha sUtra rUpa meM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne na kevala tattvoM ke sambandha meM apitu anya sandarbho meM bhI apanI sUciyoM kA saMkSiptIkaraNa kiyA hai, jaise uttarAdhyayana aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM varNita caturvidha mokSa-mArga ke sthAna para trividha mokSa-mArga kA pratipAdana karate hue tapa ko cAritra meM hI atabhUta mAna lenA, saptanaya kI avadhAraNA meM samabhirUDhanaya evaM evaMbhUtanaya ko zabdanaya ke antargata mAnakara mUla meM pA~ca nayoM kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta karanA aadi| isI krama meM unhoMne puNya aura pApa ko bhI Asrava ke antargata mAnakara nava-tattvoM ke sthAna para sAta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina darzana ke itihAsa meM kAlakrama meM vibhinna tAttvika avadhAraNAoM kI sUciyoM meM kahIM saMkoca kI to kahIM vistAra kI pravRtti dikhalAI detI hai| isakI carcA paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA ne apanI laghu pustikA 'jainadarzana kA AdikAla' meM kI hai| jahA~ taka tattvoM kI avadhAraNA kA prazna hai isa sandarbha meM hameM aisA lagatA hai ki tattvoM kI saMkhyA sambandhI sUcI saMkucita evaM vistArita hotI rahI hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina dharma darzana meM tattvoM ko zraddhA kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra (1/3) meM to spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki tattva zraddhAna hI samyak darzana hai| kintu jina tattvoM para zraddhA rakhanI cAhie arthAt unako asti rUpa mAnanA cAhie nAsti rUpa nahIM, isakI carcA karate hue sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAGga ke dvitIya zruta skandha ke pAMcaveM adhyayana meM battIsa tattvoM kI eka vistRta sUcI dI gaI hai, jo nimna hai--(1) loka (2) aloka (3) jIva (4) ajIva (5) dharma (6) adharma (7) bandha (8) mokSa (9) puNya (10) pApa (11) Asrava (12) saMvara (13) vedanA (vipAka) (14) nirjarA (15) kriyA (16) akriyA (17) krodha (18) mAna (19) mAyA (20) lobha (21) prema (rAga) (22) dveSa (23) caturaMgasaMsAra (24) siddhasthAna (25) deva (26) devI (27) siddhi (28) asiddhi (29) sAdhu (30) kalyANa aura (32) pApa (aklyaann)| sUtrakRtAGga (2/5/765-78) yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki solaha yugmoM meM battIsa tattvoM ko ginAyA gayA hai| ina yugmoM meM dharma-adharma, pApa-puNya aura kalyANa-akalyANa (pApa) ye tIna yugma aise haiM

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130 jinameM artha kI nikaTatA hai, phira bhI jahA~ dharma aura adharma kramazaH samyak evaM mithyA sAdhanA mArga ke sUcaka haiM, vahAM puNya aura pApa kramazaH satkarma aura asatkarma ke athavA naitika karma aura anaitika karma ke sUcaka haiN| jabaki kalyANa evaM pApa (akalyANa) kA sambandha upAdeya aura heya se hai| phira bhI inameM kisI sImA taka artha kI jo nikaTatA hai, usako dhyAna meM rakhate hue tattva sambandhI anya sUciyoM meM ina tIna yugmoM meM se do ko chAr3akara mAtra puNya aura pApa ko hI sthAna diyA gyaa| sUtrakRtAGga ke hI dvitIya zrutaskandha (2/7/15) meM yaha sUcI rUpa meM saMkucita milatI hai| usameM nimna 12 tattvoM ko hI svakAra kiyA gayA hai- (1) jIva (2) ajIva (3) puNya (4) pApa (5) Asrava (6) saMvara (7) vedanA (8) nirjarA (9) kriyA (10) adhikaraNa (11) bandha aura (12) mokSa / aisI hI eka anya saMkucita sUcI AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke AThaveM adhyayana (uddezaka 1 ) meM milatI hai| isameM loka ke astitva-anastitva sAdi-anAdi, dhruva (nitya) - anitya, sAnta - ananta Adi kI carcA ke sAtha-sAtha sukRta- duSkRta, kalyANa-pApa, sAdhu-asAdhu, siddhi-asiddhi aura naraka-anaraka aise pAMca yugmoM meM dasa tattvoM kA ullekha hai| isI krama meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM Ate-Ate tattvoM kI isa sUcI meM punaH saMkoca huA aura sUtrakRtAGga kI 12 tattvoM kI isa sUcI meM se vedanA, kriyA aura adhikaraNa ina tIna ko nikAla dene se kevala nava tattva raha gye| phira bhI yahAM taka puNya aura pApa kI svatantra tattvoM ke rUpa meM svIkRti banI rahI / sarvaprathama umAsvAti ne hI ina nava tattvoM meM se puNya aura pApa ko bhI alaga karake apanI tattva sUcI meM mAtra sAta tattvoM ko svIkRti dI tathA puNya aura pApa ko Asrava ke antargata maanaa| jaba puNya aura pApa Asrava bana gaye to unakI upayogitA para hI praznacihna laganA prArambha ho gyaa| kyoMki jo Asrava arthAt bandhana kA hetu ho, vaha mukti mArga ke sAdhaka ke lie upAdeya yA AcaraNIya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isaprakAra pApa ko anupAdeya yA heya mAnane ke sAtha-sAtha puNya ko bhI anupAdeya yA haiya mAnane kI pravRtti vikasita huii| jisake pariNAma svarUpa lokamaMgala aura paropakAra ke kAryoM kI upekSA kI jAne lagI aura unheM AtmasAdhanA kI apekSA se heya yA anupAdeya mAnA jAne lagA / puNya aura pApa jaba taka svatantra tattva the taba taka ve viruddhadharmI the, ataH pApa ko heya aura puNya ko upAdeya mAnA jAtA thaa| kyoMki vaha heya pApa kA viruddhadharmI thA, ataH upAdeya thaa| kintu jaba ve donoM Asrava ke bheda mAna liye gaye to ve paraspara viruddhadharmI yA vijAtIya na rahakara sajAtIya yA sahavargI bana gaye / phalataH pApa ke sAtha-sAtha puNya bhI heya kI koTi meM calA gayA aura usakI upAdeyatA para praznacihna lagAye gye|

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131 puNya kI upAdeyatA para kaise lagA praznacihna vastuta: jaba AcArya umAsvAti ne puNya aura pApa ko Asrava kA aMga mAna liyA to svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha samasyA utpanna huI ki jisakA Asrava hotA hai usakA bandha bhI hotA hai aura jisakA bandha hotA hai usakA vipAka bhI hotA hai| isaprakAra bandha aura vipAka kI prakriyA se bhava-zramaNa kI paramparA calatI rahatI hai| puna: jo bhI bhava-bhramaNa kA hetu hogA, vaha upAdeya nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra puNya ko Asrava rUpa mAnane ke pariNAmasvarUpa usako heya mAnane kI avadhAraNA vikasita huii| isa avadhAraNA ko AcArya kundakunda ke isa kathana se adhika bala milA ki puNya aura pApa donoM hI bandhana ke hetu hone se ber3I ke samAna hI haiN| phira vaha ber3I cAhe sone kI ho yA phira lohe kI ho, bandhana kA kArya to karatI hI hai| isa prakAra jaba pApa ke sAtha-sAtha puNya ko bhI samatulA para rakhakara heya mAna liyA to usakA pariNAma yaha huA ki adhyAtmavAdI mumukSu sAdhakoM kI dRSTi meM pApa ke sAtha-sAtha puNya bhI anupAdeya bana gayA aura pariNAma svarUpa ve paropakAra aura lokamaMgala ke kAryoM ko bhI bandhana kA nimitta mAnakara ke unakI upekSA karane lge| AcArya kundakunda ne to puNya aura pApa ko kramaza: sone aura lohe kI ber3I hI kahA thaa| kintu unake paravartI TIkAkAroM ne to puNya-pApa donoM ko bandhanakA rUpa kahakara unakI pUrNata: upekSA karanA prArambha kara diyaa| paM0 jayacaMda jI chAbar3A apanI samayasAra kI bhASA vacanikA meM likhate haiM puNya pApa doya karama, bandha rUpa duI maanii| zuddha Atama jina lahyo, na, caraNa hita jaanii|| isa prakAra pApa ke sAtha-sAtha puNya karma bhI anupAdeya mAna liye gye| cAhe puNya ko Asrava yA bandha rUpa mAna bhI liyA jAye phira bhI usakI upAdeyatA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kintu sahI samajha ke liye karmoM ke bandhaka aura abandhaka hone kI sthiti kI tathA unake zubhatva-azubhatva evaM zuddhatva kI samIkSA apekSita hai| tIna prakAra ke karma jainadarzana meM 'karmaNA badhyate jantuH' kI ukti svIkArya rahI hai, lekina isameM karma athavA kriyAeM samAna rUpa se bandhanakAraka nahIM haiN| usameM do prakAra ke karma mAne gaye haiM- eka ko karma kahA gayA hai, dUsare ko akrm| samasta sAmparAyika kriyAeM arthAt rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya yukta kriyAe~ karma kI koTi meM AtI haiM aura IryApathika kiyAe~ akarma kI koTi meN| naitika darzana kI dRSTi se prathama prakAra ke karma hI ucitaanucita kI koTi meM Ate haiM aura dUsare prakAra ke karma naitikatA ke kSetra se pare haiN|

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132 unheM anaitika kahA jA sakatA hai| lekina naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ane vAle sabhI karma bhI ekasamAna nahIM hote haiN| unameM se kucha zubha aura kucha azubha hote haiN| jaina paribhASA meM inheM kramaza: puNya-karma aura pApa-karma kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana ke anusAra - karma tIna prakAra ke hote haiM--- (1) IryApathika karma (akarma) (2) puNya-karma aura (3) paap-krm| azubha yA pApa karma jaina AcAryoM ne pApa kI yaha paribhASA kI hai ki vaiyaktika sandarbha meM jo AtmA ko bandhana meM DAle, jisake kAraNa AtmA kA patana ho, jo AtmA ke Ananda kA zoSaNa kare aura AtmazaktiyoM kA kSaya kare, vaha pApa hai| sAmAjika sandarbha meM jo para pIr3A yA dUsaroM ke duHkha kA kAraNa hai, vaha pApa hai (pApAya prpiiddnm)| vastuta: jisa vicAra evaM AcAra se apanA aura para kA ahita ho aura jisase aniSTa phala kI prApti ho, vaha pApa hai| ve sabhI karma jo svArtha, ghRNA yA ajJAna ke kAraNa dUsare kA ahita karane kI dRSTi se kiye jAte haiM, pApa karma haiN| itanA hI nahIM sabhI prakAra ke durvicAra aura durbhAvanAeM bhI pApa karma haiN| pApa karmoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina dRSTikoNa-jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra pApa karma 18 prakAra ke haiM1. prANAtipAta (hiMsA), 2. mRSAvAda (asatya bhASaNa), 3. adattAdAna (cauryakarma), 4. maithuna (kAma-vikAra), 5. parigraha (mamatva, mUrchA, tRSNA yA saMcayavRtti), 6. krodha (gussA), 7. mAna (ahaMkAra), 8. mAyA (kapaTa, chala, SaDyantra aura kUTanIti), 9. lobha (saMcaya yA saMgraha kI vRtti), 10. rAga (Asakti), 11. dveSa (ghRNA tiraskAra IrSyA Adi), 12. kleza (saMgharSa, kalaha, lar3AI, jhagar3A Adi), 13. abhyAkhyAna (doSAropaNa), 14. pizunatA (cugalI), 15. paraparivAda (paranindA), 16. rati-arati (harSa aura zoka), 17.. mAyA-mRSA (kapaTa sahita asatya bhASaNa), 18. mithyAdarzanazalya (ayathArtha jiivndRsstti)|2 puNya (kuzala karma) puNya vaha hai jisake kAraNa sAmAjika evaM caitasika stara para samatva kI sthApanA hotI hai| mana, zarIra aura bAhya pariveza meM santulana banAnA yaha puNya kA kArya hai| puNya kyA hai isakI vyAkhyA meM tattvArthasUtrakAra kahate haiM- zubhAsrava puNya hai| dUsare jainAcAryoM ne usakI vyAkhyA dUsare prakAra se kI hai| AcArya hemacandra puNya kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki puNya azubha karmoM kA lAghava hai aura zubha karmoM kA udaya hai|' isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra kI dRSTi meM puNya azubha (pApa) karmoM kI alpatA aura zubha

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133 karmo ke udaya ke phalasvarUpa prApta prazasta avasthA kA dyotaka hai| nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM puNya ke sahAyaka svarUpa kI vyAkhyA AcArya abhayadeva kI sthAnAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM milatI hai| AcArya abhayadeva kahate haiM ki puNya vaha hai jo AtmA ko pavitra karatA hai athavA pavitratA kI ora le jAtA hai| isa prakAra AcArya abhayadeva kI dRSTi meM puNya AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM sahAyaka tattva hai| vastata: puNya mokSArthiyoM kI naukA ke lie anukUla vAyu hai jo use bhavasAgara se zIghra pAra karA detI hai| jaina kavi banArasIdAsa jI samayasAranATaka meM kahate haiM ki jisase bhAvoM kI vizuddhi ho, jisase AtmA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora bar3hatA ho aura jisase isa saMsAra meM bhautika samRddhi aura sukha milatA ho, vahI puNya hai| jaina tattvajJAna ke anusAra, puNya-karma ke zubha pudgala paramANu haiM jo zubhavRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita ho bandha karate haiM aura apane vipAka ke avasara para zubha adhyavasAyoM, zubha vicAroM evaM kriyAoM kI ora prerita karate haiM tathA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hetu mAnasika evaM bhautika anukUlatAoM ke saMyoga prastuta kara dete haiN| AtmA kI ve manodazAeM evaM kiyAeM bhI puNya kahalAtI haiM jo zubha pudgala paramANu ko AkarSita karatI haiN| sAtha hI dUsarI ora ve pudgala-paramANu jo ina zubha vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ko prerita karate haiM aura apane prabhAva se Arogya, samyak zraddhA, jJAna evaM saMyama ke avasara upasthita karate haiM, puNya kahe jAte haiN| zubha manovRttiyAM bhAvapuNya haiM aura zubha-pudgala paramANu dravya puNya haiN| puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa bhagavatIsUtra meM anukampA, sevA, paropakAra Adi zubha pravRttiyoM ko puNyopArjana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM nau prakAra ke puNya nirUpita haiN| 1. annapuNya- bhojanAdi dekara kSudhArta kI kSudhA-nivRtti krnaa| 2. pAnapuNya- tRSA (pyAsa) se pIr3ita vyakti ko pAnI pilaanaa| layanapuNya- nivAsa ke lie sthAna denA jaise dharmazAlAe~ Adi bnvaanaa| zayanapuNya- zayyA, bichaunA Adi denaa| vastrapuNya- vastra kA dAna denaa| manapuNya- mana se zubha vicAra karanA arthAt jagat ke maMgala kI zubhakAmanA krnaa| 7. vacanapuNya- prazasta evaM santoSa dene vAlI vANI kA prayoga krnaa| 8. kAyapuNya- rogI, duHkhita evaM pUjya janoM kI sevA krnaa| la .

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134 9. namaskAra puNya- gurujanoM ke prati Adara prakaTa karane ke lie unakA abhivAdana krnaa| puNya aura pApa (zubha-aura azubha) kI kasauTI zubhAzubhatA yA puNya-pApa ke nirNaya ke do AdhAra ho sakate haiM- 1. karma kA bAhya svarUpa arthAt samAja para usakA pravAha aura 2. kartA kA abhipraay| ina donoM meM kauna sA AdhAra yathArtha hai, yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| gItA aura bauddha darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA saccA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| gItA spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki 'jisameM kartRtva bhAva nahIM hai, jisakI buddhi nirlipta hai, vaha karttavyabhAva se ina saba logoM mAra DAle to bhI yaha samajhanA cAhie ki usane na to kisI ko mArA hai aura na vaha usa karma se bandhana ko prApta hotA hai|' 10 dhammapada meM buddha-vacana bhI aisA hI hai ki naiSkarmyasthiti ko prApta brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajA sahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI niSpApa hokara jAtA hai| 11 bauddha darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI puNya-pApa kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| isakA pramANa sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke Ardraka samvAda meM bhI milatA hai| 12 jahA~ taka jaina mAnyatA kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra usameM bhI kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| muni suzIlakumAra jI likhate haiM ki zubha-azubha karma ke bandha kA mukhya AdhAra manovRttiyAM hI haiN| eka DAkTara kisI ko pIr3A pahuMcAne ke lie usakA vraNa cIratA hai| usase cAhe rogI ko lAbha hI ho jAye parantu DAkTara to pApa-karma ke bandhana kA hI bhAgI hogaa| isake viparIta vahI DAkTara karuNA se prerita hokara vraNa cIratA hai aura kadAcit usase rogI kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai, to bhI DAkTara apanI zubha-bhAvanA ke kAraNa puNya kA bandha karatA hai| 13 paNDita sukhalAlajI bhI yahI kahate haiM, puNyabandha aura pApa-bandha kI saccI kasauTI kevala UparI kriyA nahIM hai, kintu usakI yathArtha kasauTI kartA kA Azaya hI hai|14 jaina darzana ke anusAra jisa vyakti meM saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hai, vahI puNya karmoM kA sraSTA hai| 15 dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta prANiyoM ko jo apane samAna samajhatA hai aura jisakA sabhI ke prati samabhAva hai, vaha pApa-karma kA bandha nahIM karatA hai| 16 sUtrakRtAGga ke anusAra bhI dharma-adharma (zubhAzubhatva) ke nirNaya meM apane samAna dUsare ko samajhanA caahie|17 sabhI ko jIvita rahane kI icchA hai| koI bhI maranA nahIM caahtaa| sabhI ko apane prANa priya haiN| sukha anukUla hai aura duHkha prtikuul| isalie vahI AcaraNa zreSTha hai, jisake dvArA kisI bhI prANI kA hanana nahIM ho|18 kauna sA karma bandhanakAraka hai aura kauna sA karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hai, isakA nirNaya kriyA ke bAhya rUpa se nahIM varan kriyA ke mUla meM nihita cetanA kI rAgAtmakatA ke AdhAra para hogaa| paM0 sukhalAlajI karmagrantha kI bhUmikA meM likhate haiM ki sAdhAraNa

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135 loga yaha samajha baiThate haiM ki amuka kAma nahIM karane se apane ko puNya-pApa kA lepa nahIM lagegA, isase ve kAma ko chor3a dete haiM para bahudhA unakI mAnasika kriyA nahIM chuutttii| isase ve iccha rahane para bhI puNya-pApa ke lepa (bandha) se apane ko mukta nahIM kara skte| yadi kaSAya (rAgAdibhAva) nahIM hai to Upara kI koI bhI kriyA AtmA ko bandhana meM rakhane meM samartha nahIM hai| isase ulTe, yadi kaSAya kA vega bhItara vartamAna hai to Upara se hajAra yatna karane para bhI koI apane ko bandhana se chur3A nahIM sktaa| isI se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki Asakti chor3akara jo kAma kiyA jAtA hai vaha bandhanakAraka nahIM hotaa|19 __ ata: bandhana ke bhaya se.paropakAra kI pravRttiyoM evaM lokahita ke apane dAyitvoM ko chor3a baiThanA ucita nahIM haiN| kyA puNyakarma (zubhakarma) Asrava hI hai? vastuta: puNya ko anupAdeya yA heya mAnane kI pravRtti kA mUla kAraNa use Asrava rUpa mAnanA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM zubha kA Asrava kahA hai, kintu prathama to dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki zubha kA Asrava heya nahIM hai| umAsvAti ne bhI kahIM bhI zubha ko heya nahIM kahA hai| jo bhI Asrava hai, vaha sabhI heya yA anupAdeya hai aisA anekAntavAdI jaina darzana kA siddhAnta nahIM hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki jo Asrava ke hetu haiM, ve parisrava arthAt saMvara aura nirjarA ke hetu bhI bana jAte haiM aura jo parisrava arthAta saMvara aura nirjarA ke hetu haiM ve Asrava ke hetu bhI bana sakate haiN| ata: puNya-karma Asrava rUpa hI haiM- aisI jaina darzana kI ekAnta avadhAraNA nahIM hai| apanI kRti meM paM0 pravara kanhaiyAlAla jI lor3hA kasAyapAhuDa kI jayadhavala TIkA ke AdhAra para likhate haiM ki dayA, dAna, karuNA, vAtsalya, vaiyAvRtya Adi sad pravRttiyo ko zubhayoga va puNya kahA gayA hai| sAtha hI zubhayoga ko saMvara bhI kahA gayA hai| jayadhavalA meM kahA gayA hai ki zubha aura zuddha pariNAmoM se karmoM kA kSaya na mAnA jAye to phira karmoM kA kSaya ho hI nahIM sktaa| vastuta: unakI yaha avadhAraNA yuktisaMgata hai ki zubhabhAva kaSAya ke udaya se nahIM, kaSAya kI maMdatA se hote haiM ata: ve saMvara rUpa bhI haiN| yaha nizcita siddhAnta hai ki zubha pariNAmoM ke udaya se azubha pariNAmoM kA saMvara hotA hai aura azubha pariNAmoM kA saMvara hI vAstavika artha meM saMvara hai| puNya meM pravRtti hone se pApa se nivRtti svAbhAvika rUpa se hotI hai| ata: puNya ko Asrava rUpa aura saMvara rUpa donoM hI mAnanA hogaa| puNya cAhe zubha kA Asrava ho, kintu usI samaya vaha azubha kA to saMvara hai hii| puNya karma aura unakA bandha evaM vipAka yaha satya hai ki puNya karma bhI hai| kyoMki usakA Atrava, bandha aura vipAka mAnA gayA hai, kintu sabhI prakAra ke Asrava aura bandha samAna nahIM hote haiN| vastuta:

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136 vahI Asrava, bandha evaM vipAka heya kahA jAtA hai jisake kAraNa AtmA kA svasvabhAva vikArI banatA hai arthAt vibhAva pariNati hotI hai| jaina paramparA meM inheM ghAtI karma kahA gayA hai| puNya dvArA jina karma prakRtiyoM kA bandha hotA hai ve sabhI aghAtI karma kI haiM arthAt unase AtmA kA svabhAva vikArI nahIM hotA hai| mokSa-prApti ke samaya meM AyuSya karma kA kSaya hone para arthAt AyuSya pUrNa hone para puNya karma bhI svata: hI samApta ho jAte haiN| puNya karmoM ko kSaya karane para kisI prayatna yA puruSArtha kI apekSA nahIM hotI hai| puNya karma tabhI bandhaka banate haiM jaba ve phalAkAMkSA aura rAgAtmakatA se yukta hote haiN| anyathA to ve IryApathika karma kI taraha prathama samaya meM baMdhakara dUsare hI samaya meM nirjarita ho jAte haiM, unakA sthiti bandha nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki sthiti bandha kaSAya ke nimitta se hotA hai aura kaSAya cAhe kisI bhI rUpa meM ho vaha puNya rUpa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| puNya prakRti kA bandha to mana, vacana, kAyA ke zubha yoga hI karate haiN| kaSAya ke abhAva meM vItarAga ke puNya karma hote hae bhI mAtra IryApathika Asrava evaM bandha hotA hai| jaina karma siddhAnta kA niyama hai ki gyArahaveM guNasthAna meM kaSAya ke udaya na hone para jIvoM ke prati karuNA, sevA evaM vinaya rUpa puNya pravRttiyAM rahane para bhI unase mAtra dvisamaya kI sattA vAle IryApathika sAtAvedanIya (puNya prakRti) kA bandha hotA hai| jise jaina paramparA meM IryApathika karma yA akarma kahA gayA hai, aisA karma vastuta: karma hI nahIM hai| vastuta: jo bhavabhramaNa kA kAraNa ho yA mukti meM bAdhaka ho yA jisase Atma-svabhAva vikAra dazA yA vibhAva dazA ko prApta hotA ho vahI karma hai, zeSa to akarma hI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM apramAda kI sthiti meM sampanna kriyA ko akarma kahA gayA hai| isalie vaha sadpravRtti rUpa puNya karma na to heya hai aura na upekSA ke yogya hai, apitu aisA karma to karttavya bhAva se karaNIya hI mAnA gayA hai| vastuta: jo loga puNya ko bandhana rUpa mAnakara usakI upekSA kA nirdeza karate haiM, ve puNya ke vAstavika svarUpa se paricita hI nahIM haiN| unhoMne phalAkAMkSA yukta sakAma karma karane ko hI puNya karma samajha liyA hai| jo vAstavika artha meM puNya karma na hokara pApa hI hai, kyoMki 'rAga' pApa hai| puNya kI upAdeyatA kA prazna - puNya kI upAdeyatA ko siddha karane ke lie AdhyAtmika sAdhaka prajJApuruSA paM0 kanhaiyAlAla jI lor3hA ne ati parizrama karake apanI kRti meM sapramANa yaha siddha - karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki puNya heya nahIM hai, apitu upAdeya hai| yadi puNya karma ko mukti meM bAdhaka mAnakara heya mAneMge to tIrthaMkara nAma gotra karma ko bhI mukti meM bAdhaka mAnanA hogA, kintu koI bhI jaina vicAraka tIrthaMkara nAma

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137 gotra karma ke bandha ko mukti meM bAdhaka, anupAdeya yA heya nahIM mAnatA hai| kyoMki tIrthaMkara nAma gotrakarma ke bandha ke pazcAt niyamata: tIsare bhava meM avazya mukti hotI hai| punaH tIrthaMkara nAma-gotra karma kA, jaba taka unake AyuSya karma kI sthiti hotI hai taba taka hI astitva rahatA hai| ata: vaha mukti meM bAdhaka nahIM hotA, kyoMki tIrthaMkara nAma karma se yukta jIva tIrthaMkara nAma karma gotra ke udaya kI avasthA meM niyama se hI mukti ko prApta hotA hai| vastuta: vyakti meM jaba taka yoga arthAta mana-vacana-karma kI pravRttiyA~ haiM taba taka karmAsrava aparihArya hai| phira bhI jainAcAryoM ne ina yogoM athavA mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyoM ko heya nahIM batAyA hai aura na unheM tyAgane kA hI nirdeza diyA hai| unakA nirdeza mAtra itanA hI hai ki mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyoM ko heya nahIM batAyA hai aura na unheM tyAgane kA hI nirdeza diyA hai| unakA nirdeza mAtra itanA hI hai ki mana, vacana aura kAyA kI jo azubha yA aprazasta pravRttiyAM haiM, unheM rokA jAye, prazasta pravattiyoM ke rokane kA kahIM bhI koI nirdeza nahIM hai| tIrthakara athavA kevalI bhI yoga-nirodha usI samaya karatA hai jaba AyuSya karma mAtra pAMca hrasva-svaroM ke uccAraNa meM lagane vAle samaya ke samatulya raha jAtA hai, ata: puNya karma ko mukti meM bAdhaka yA saMsAra paribhramaNa kA kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| vastuta: saMsAra paribhramaNa kA kAraNa rAga-dveSa yA kaSAya ke tattva haiM kyoMki rAga-dveSa yA kaSAya ke abhAva meM mAtra yoga arthAt kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa jo karmAsrava hotA hai usase IryApathika bandha hotA hai, sAmparAyika bandha nahIM hotaa| jaina karma siddhAnta ke anusAra bandha ke cAra prakAroM meM yoga ke nimitta mAtra prakRti aura pradeza kA hI bandha hotA hai tathA rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa unakA sthiti bandha nahIM ho pAtA ata: IryApathika Asrava aura IryApathika bandha meM sthiti kA abhAva hotA hai aura sthiti ke abhAva meM ve karma dUsare samaya ke pazcAt hI nirjarita ho jAte haiM, ata: puNyAtrava yA puNya karma saMsAra paribhramaNa kA kAraNa nahIM hai| satya to yaha hai ki IryApathika Asrava vastutaH bandha nahIM karatA hai| kabhI-kabhI yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki puNya karma karane meM prazasta rAga hotA hai aura prazasta rAga bhI saMsAra paribhramaNa kA kAraNa hotA hai| vastuta: yahAM hama do bAtoM ko Apasa meM milA dete haiN| karma kI prazastatA aura karma kI rAgAtmakatA ye do alaga-alaga tathya haiN| jo prazasta karma hai vaha rAgAtmaka bhI ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| bandhana meM DAlane vAlA tattva rAga-dveSa yA kaSAya hai, jaina karma siddhAnta ke anusAra usakI anupasthiti meM bandhana nahIM hotA hai| vastutaH prazastakarma kA sampAdana bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai| sabhI sadpravRttiyAM yA puNya karma rAgAtmakatA yA Asakti se utpanna nahIM hote haiN| prajJAvAna AtmAoM ke karma kartavya bhAva se hote haiM aura mAtra kartavya buddhi

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se kiyA gayA vinaya yA sevA rUpa kArya bandhana kA nahIM apitu nirjarA kA hI hetu hotA hai| isa prakAra karma phala kI AkAMkSA, mamatva buddhi yA kaSAya hI usake bandhana ke kAraNa haiM kyoMki unakI upasthiti meM hI karma kA sthitibandha hotA hai aura sthiti ko lekara jo karma bandhate haiM, ve hI saMsAra paribhramaNa ke kAraNa aura mukti meM bAdhaka hote haiM, na ki kartavya buddhi se kiye gaye satkarma yA puNya krm| kyA puNya dharma nahIM hai puna: yaha bhI prazna uThAyA jAtA hai ki jo Asrava kA het ho yA karma rUpa ho vaha dharma nahIM ho sktaa| puNya Asrava hai vaha dharma nahIM hai athavA yaha ki puNya karma hai ata: vaha dharma nahIM ho sktaa| vastuta: Asrava yA karma dharma hai yA dharma nahIM haiyaha prazna isa tathya se jur3A huA hai ki dharma se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai? sAmAnyatayA dharma zabda vastu svabhAva, karttavya bhAva aura sAdhanA paddhati ina tIna arthoM meM pracalita hai| yadi hama dharma kA artha svabhAva lete haiM to hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki puNyAsrava yA puNya-bandha yA puNya-vipAka AtmA ke vibhAva rUpa haiM yA svabhAva rUpa haiN| itanA nizcita hai ki puNya kA Asrava, puNya kA bandha aura puNya kA udaya yA vipAka vibhAva ke hetu nahIM haiN| ve vibhAva ke hetu tabhI banate haiM jaba unake sAtha rAga-dveSa yA kaSAya ke tattva praviSTa ho jAte haiN| rAga-dveSa se Upara uThakara vizuddha rUpa se karttavya buddhi se vinaya pratipatti aura vaiyAvRtti yA sevA ke kArya vibhAva pariNati ke kAraNa nahIM haiM, kyoMki kartavya buddhi se kI gayI kriyAe~ mamatva yA rAga se nahIM, apitu tyAga bhAvanA se hI pratiphalita hotI haiN| jaina paramparA meM puNya ke rUpa meM dAna, sevAvRtti aura vinaya pratipatti kA jo ullekha huA hai, vaha tyAga bhAvanA aura mAtra karttavya buddhi se sambhava hai| dAna mamatva ke visarjana meM hI sambhava hotA hai aura mamatva kA visarjana yA tyAga bhAva svabhAva pariNati hai, vibhAva pariNati nhiiN| puna: yadi tyAga bhAva yA mamatva kA visarjana svabhAva pariNati hai to vaha dharma hai aura aisI sthiti meM puNya ko bhI dharma hI mAnanA hogaa| punaH tyAga bhAva athavA mAtra kartavya buddhi se kiyA gayA karma vastuta: niSkAma karma yA akarma kI koTi meM AtA hai, kyoMki jo karma rAga-dveSa-mamatva se Upara uThakara mAtra kartavya buddhi se kiyA jAtA hai aisA niSkAma karma dharma kA hI aMga hai| binA phala kI AkAMkSA ke kartavya buddhi se karma karane para vibhAva meM pariNati nahIM hotI hai, kyoMki vibhAva dazA tabhI sambhava hotI hai. jaba 'para' meM 'sva' kA arthAt mamatva buddhi kA AropaNa hotA hai| mamatva buddhi yA rAgAtmakatA se athavA phalAkAMkSA se kiyA gayA kArya hI bandhana kA kAraNa hotA hai aura isalie usakI gaNanA azubha karma yA pApa karma meM hotI hai, kintu mamatva buddhi se Upara uThakara mAtra karttavya buddhi se jo karma kiyA jAtA hai vaha karma akarma bana jAtA hai aura niSkAma karma yA akarma dharma hI hotA hai ata: puNya dharma hai| vastuta: zubha karma yA puNya karma karate samaya yadi vyakti mamatva buddhi yA rAgAtmakatA

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139 ko rakhakara calatA hai to vaha puNya ko pApa meM hI parivartita kara detA hai| use pApAnubandhI puNya kahA hai vahI bandhana rUpa hai| na kevala jaina paramparA meM apitu gItA meM bhI karttavya buddhi se kiye gaye karmabandhana ke kAraNa nahIM mAne gaye haiM, apitu unheM dharma yA mukti kA hetu hI kahA gayA hai| karma meM rAgAtmakatA yA phalabuddhi Anepara karttavya buddhi samApta ho jAtI hai aura kartavya buddhi samApta ho jAne para vaha karma vikarma yA pApa karma bana jAtA hai| ata: puNya Asrava kA nimitta hote hue bhI dharma hI hai, kyoMki usameM karttavya buddhi hI hotI hai| ataH puNya ko dharma kI koTi meM hI sthAna denA hogA / puNya dharma nahIM hai athavA dharma puNya nahIM hai yA puNya aura dharma bhinna-bhinna haiMjo loga aisI avadhAraNA rakhate haiM, ve vastutaH puNya kA artha mamatva-buddhi yA rAgAtmakatA se yukta karma hI lete haiM / kintu sabhI zubha karma yA puNya karma rAgAtmakatA se hI sampanna hote haiM, yaha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| aneka zubha karma yA puNya karma mAtra kartavya buddhi se sampanna hote haiM aura jo karma mAtra karttavya buddhi se sampanna hote haiM ve dharma hI kahe jAyeMge kyoMki karttavya- pAlana dharma hI hai| vastutaH kisI karma meM mamatva buddhi yA phalAkAMkSA kA jitanA tattva hotA hai, vahI use azubha yA pApa meM parivartita kara detA hai| ve puNya karma jo karttavya buddhi se yA niSkAma bhAva se sampanna kiye jAte haiM, ve dharma hI haiN| na to bandhana ke hetu haiM aura na mokSa kI prApti meM bAdhaka / aise karmoM ke sambandha meM dharma aura puNya ko ekAtmaka yA abhinna mAnanA hogaa| sevA, vinaya Adi ke jina karmoM ke pIche mamatva buddhi yA phalAkAMkSA jur3I huI hotI hai, ve zuddha rUpa meM puNya karma nahIM kahe jA sakate haiN| ve pApAnubandhI puNya haiM aura isI prakAra sevAdi ke jina kAryoM meM phalAkAMkSA yA phala buddhi hai ve puNyAnubandhI pApa haiN| kyoMki bhaviSya kI phalAkAMkSA unheM pAparUpa banA detI hai| jina sthitiyoM meM puNya aura pApa kA mizraNa hai vahA~ rAgAtmakatA yA phalAkAMkSA kI upasthiti usa karma ko puNya se pApa ke rUpa meM vaisA hI parivartita kara detI hai jaise dUdha meM DAlA gayA thor3A sA dahI sampUrNa dUdha ko dahI meM parivartita kara detA hai| jaina darzana meM pApa ke jo aThAraha prakAra mAne gaye haiM unameM rAga-dveSa bhI haiN| rAgAtmakatA puNya nahIM hai, ataH vaha dharma bhI nahIM hai / jisa karma ke pIche rAgAtmakatA yA phalAkAMkSA hogI vaha pApa karma yA adharma hI hogaa| ataH prazasta rAga jaise zabda mAtra bhrAnti hI khar3I karate haiN| karma - siddhAnta kI apekSA rAga kabhI bhI prazasta nahIM hai, ataH vaha dharma nahIM hai| -puNya vaha puNya kyA hai? yadi isa prazna kA saMkSipta uttara denA hai to hama kaheMgehai jo AtmA ko pavitra karatA hai| (punAti vA pavitrIkarotyAtmAnamiti puNyam) puNya kI isa vyutpattiparaka paribhASA ke AdhAra para use kisI bhI sthiti meM heya aura tyAjya nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki sabhI dharmoM aura sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA mUla uddezya to

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140 AtmA kI pavitratA ko hI prApta karanA hai jo tattva AtmA kI pavitratA meM sAdhaka ho vaha heya yA tyAjya kaise ho sakatA hai| puNya kI dUsarI paribhASA - paropakAraH puNyAya pApAya parapIDanam' ke anusAra jisase dUsaroM ko duHkha ho, pIr3A pahu~ce vaha pApa hai aura jo dUsaroM kA hita kare, upakAra kare vaha puNya hai| isa prakAra paropakAra ko hI dharma kahA jAtA hai / gosvAmI tulasIdAsa jI ne bhI kahA hai -- parahita sarisa dharama nahiM bhAI / para pIr3A sama nahiM adhamAI / / kevala unhIM puNyakarmoM ko dharma kI koTi meM nahIM liyA jA sakatA jo phalAkAMkSA yA mamatva buddhi se prerita hote haiN| jo bhI lokamaMgala ke kArya mAtra kartavyabuddhi se kiye jAte haiM, jinake pIche kisI phalAkAMkSA yA rAga-dveSa kA tattva nahIM hotA, ve dharma se abhinna hI haiM, kyoMki unameM jo IryApathika Asrava aura IryApathika bandha hotA hai vaha vastutaH bandha nahIM hai| niSkAma puNya pravRttiyAM zubha bhI hotI haiM aura zuddha bhI / zubha zuddha kA virodhI nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki puNya kA kArya Atmavizuddhi rUpa pravRttiyAM haiM ve dharma hI haiN| zubha evaM zuddha avirodhI hai sAmAnyatayA yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki puNya prakRtiyoM aura nivRttimUlaka dharma-sAdhanA meM athavA zubha aura zuddha meM paraspara virodha hai, kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai| zuddha dazA kI upalabdhi ke liye zubha kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hotI hai, jaise kapar3e ke maila ko haTAne ke liye sAbuna Avazyaka hai| hama yaha jAnate haiM ki azubha pravRtti se nivRtti tabhI sambhava hotI hai jaba zubha yoga meM pravRtti hotI hai| azubha se bacane ke liye zubha meM athavA pApa pravRttiyoM se bacane ke liye puNya pravRttiyoM meM jur3anA Avazyaka hai / hamArI cittavRtti prArambhika avasthA meM nirvikalpa avasthA ko prApta nahIM ho sakatI / citta vizuddhi ke liye sarvaprathama citta meM loka maMgala yA loka kalyANa kI bhAvanA ko sthAna denA hotA hai| azubha se zubha kI ora bar3hanA hotA hai aura zubha kI ora bar3hanA hI zuddha kI ora bar3hanA hai| jisa prakAra vastra kI zuddhi ke liye pahale sAbuna Adi lagAnA hotA hai, sAbuna Adi dravya vastra kI vizuddhi meM sAdhaka hI hote haiM bAdhaka nahIM / usI prakAra niSkAma bhAva se kiye gaye loka maMgala ke kArya bhI mukti meM sAdhaka hote haiM bAdhaka nhiiN| jisa prakAra vastra kI zuddhi prakriyA meM bhI vastra se maila ko nikAlane kAhI prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, sAbuna to maila ke nikAlane ke sAtha hI svata: hI nikala jAtA hai usI prakAra cAhe puNya pravRttiyoM ke nimitta se Asrava hotA bhI ho, kintu vaha Asrava Atma-vizuddhi kA sAdhaka hI hotA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki zuddhopayoga kI avasthA meM puNya ke Asrava se sthiti bandha nahIM hotA / tIrthaMkara athavA kevalI sadaiva

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141 zuddhopayoga meM hI rahate haiM, kintu unako bhI apanI yoga pravRtti dvArA vedanIya karma kA Asrava jo puNya prakRti kA Asrava hai yA- IryApathika Asrava hai, hotA hI rahatA hai| isakA phalita yaha hai ki zubhopayoga zuddhopayoga meM bAdhaka nahIM hai, apitu sAdhaka hI hai| jaina sAdhanA kA krama yahI hai ki vyakti azubha se zubha kI ora aura zubha se zuddha kI ora bddh'e| ata: zubhopayoga aura zuddhopayoga paraspara virodhI nahIM haiM zubhopayoga ke sadbhAva meM zuddhopayoga sambhava hai| vastuta: zuddhopayoga meM bAdhaka ve hI tathAkathita zubha pravRttiyAM hotI haiM, jo phalAkAMkSA se yA rAgAtmakatA se yukta hotI haiN| vastuta: ve to phalAkAMkSA yA rAgAtmakatA ke kAraNa azubha hI hotI haiM, kintu loka vyavahAra meM athavA upacAra se unheM zubha kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM koI vyakti apane ahaM kI santuSTi ke liye arthAt mAna-kaSAya kI pUrti ke liye dAna detA hai| bAhara se to usakA yaha karma zubha dikhAI detA hai, kintu vastuta: vaha mAna-kaSAya kA hetu hone ke kAraNa azubha hI hai| zubha karma do prakAra ke hote haiM eka ve jo bAhya pratIti ke rUpa meM to zubha dikhAI dete haiM, kintu vastuta: zubha hote nahIM haiM, mAtra vyavahAra meM unheM zubha kahA jAtA hai| dUsare ve jo niSkAma bhAva se mAtra dUsaroM ke prati anukampA yA hita buddhi se kiye jAte haiM ve vastuta: zubha hote haiN| niSkAma bhAva aura karttavya buddhi se loka maMgala ke liye kiye gaye aise karma zubha bhI haiM aura zuddha bhii| yahAM zubha aura zuddha meM virodha nahIM hai| kasAyapAhuDa kI jayadhavalA TIkA meM anukampA aura zuddhopayoga se bhI Azrava mAnA hai, kintu aisA Azrava heya nahIM hai| tIrthaMkara vItarAga hote haiN| unheM zuddhopayoga dazA meM bhI yoga kI sattA bane rahane para zubhAsrava to hotA hI hai| ata: zuddhopayoga aura zubhAstrava virodhI nahIM hai| zuddhopayoga AtmA kI avasthA hai jabaki zubha yoga, jo puNya bandha kA kAraNa hai mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRtti kA pariNAma hai| jaba taka jIvana hai, yoga hoMge hii| yadi zubha yoga nahIM hoMge to azubha yoga hoMge, ata: azubha se nivRtti ke liye zubha meM pravRtti Avazyaka hai arthAt pApa se nivRtti ke liye puNya rUpa pravRtti Avazyaka hai| pApa se arthAt azubha yoga se nivRtti hone para hI zubha yoga dvArA zuddhopayoga kI prApti sambhava hai| zubha-yoga zuddhopayoga meM bAdhaka nahIM, sAdhaka hai| zubha yoga aura zuddhopayoga meM sAdhana-sAdhya bhAva hai, ata: unheM avirodhI mAnakara zuddhopayoga dazA kI prApti ke liye sAdhanarUpa zubha yogoM arthAt puNya karmoM kA avalambana lenA caahiye| pAparUpI bImArI ko haTAne ke liye puNya pravRtti auSadhi rUpa hai jisase Atma-vizuddhi rUpa svAsthya yA zuddhopayoga dazA kI prApti hotI hai| / zuddhopayoga meM zubhopayoga arthAt puNya karma bAdhaka nahIM sAdhaka hI hai| vastutaH zubhAzubha karmoM se jo Upara uThane kI bAta kahI jAtI hai usakA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki mokSa rUpI sAdhya kI upalabdhi hone para vyakti puNya-pApa donoM kA atikramaNa kara jAtA hai| jisa prakAra nadI pAra karane ke liye naukA kI apekSA hotI hai, kintu jaise hI kinArA prApta ho jAtA hai naukA bhI chor3a denA par3atI hai, kintu isase naukA kI mUlyavattA yA

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142 mahattA ko kama nahIM AMkanA caahiye| pAra hone ke liye usakI AvazyakatA to aparihArya rUpa se hotI hai| vaise hI saMsAra rUpI samudra se pAra hone ke liye puNya rUpI naukA apekSita hai, kyoMki sAdhanA kI pUrNatA mAnavIya guNoM kI abhivyakti meM hai aura mAnavIya guNoM kI abhivyakti ke liye puNya karmoM kA sampAdana Avazyaka hai, ata: puNya karmoM kI upAdeyatA nirvivAda hai| puNya karmoM ko bandhana rUpa mAnakara jo unakI upekSA jAtI hai vaha bandhana ke svarUpa kI sahI samajha nahIM hone ke kAraNa hai| puNya karma jaba niSkAma bhAva se kiye jAte haiM to unase bandhana nahIM hotA hai| yadi jaina dharma kI zAstrIya bhASA meM kaheM to unameM mAtra IryApathika bandha hotA hai, jo vastuta: bandha nahIM hai| bandhana jaba bhI hogA vaha rAga-dveSa (kaSAya) evaM phalAkAMkSA kI sattA hone para hI hogA, unakA abhAva hone para bandhana nahIM hogaa| jaina karma siddhAnta kA yaha zAzvata niyama hai ki kisI bhI karma kA sthiti bandha kaSAya kA kAraNa haiN| ata: vItarAga dazA kI prApti para zubha karma yA puNya karma akarma bana jAte haiM, ve bandhana nahIM karate haiN| ata: tyAjya 'kaSAya' hai na ki 'puNya' krm| AtmA kI zuddha dazA kI prApti arthAt zuddhopayoga meM upasthiti kaSAya ke abhAva meM sambhava hai| ata: usakI prApti ke lie kaSAya kA tyAga Avazyaka hai, na ki puNya pravRtti kaa| vastuta: jaba rAga-dveSa (kaSAya) evaM phalAkAMkSA samApta ho jAtI hai taba vaha zubhakarma akarma bana jAtA hai| kaSAya cAhe adhika ho yA alpa, vaha tyAjya hai, vaha pAparUpa hI hai kyoMki vaha bandhana kA kAraNa hI hai| kanhaiyAlAla jI lor3hA kA yaha kathana zata pratizata sahI hai ki manda kaSAya pAparUpa hai, kintu kaSAya kI mandatA puNya rUpa hai| kaSAya meM jitanI mandatA hogI puNyaprabhAra utanA hI adhika hogaa| puNya pravRtti jaba bhI hotI haiM, ve kaSAya kI mandatA meM hI hotI hai ata: kaSAya cAhe vaha manda hI kyoM na ho, tyAjya hai- kintu kaSAya kI mandatA upAdeya hai, kyoMki sAdhaka kaSAya ko manda karate-karate anta meM vItarAga dazA ko upalabdha ho jAtA hai aura jaba vaha vItarAga dazA ko upalabdha ho jAtA hai to usakI svAbhAvika rUpa se ni:sRta hone vAlI lokamaMgalakArI puNya pravRttiyA~ bandhana kAraka nahIM hotI haiN| ve tyAjya nahIM, apitu upAdeya hI hotI haiN| bandhana puNya pravRttiyoM se nahIM hotA hai, bandhana to vyakti kI nidAna buddhi yA phalAkAMkSA se hotA hai athavA kaSAya kI upasthiti se hotA hai| guNasthAna siddhAnta ke anusAra bhI karmabandha dasaveM guNasthAna taka hI sambhava hai, kyoMki dasaveM guNasthAna meM saMjvalana lobha (sUkSma lobha) kI sattA hai| gyArahaveM guNasthAna se lekara caudahaveM guNasthAna taka lokamaMgala kI pravRttiyoM ke phalasvarUpa jo dvi-samaya kA IryApathika sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha hotA hai vastuta: vaha bandha nahIM hai| ata: puNya rUpa sadpravRttiyA~ bandha rUpa nahIM haiM ata: ve heya nahIM upAdeya haiN| heya to kaSAya haiM, jo pApa rUpa haiN| apanI kRti meM paM0 kanhaiyAlAla jI lor3hA ne puNya pravRttiyoM kI upAdeyatA ko sapramANa siddha kiyA

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143 hai, unake mukhya pratipAdya bindu nimna haiM(1) puNyatattva aura puNyakarma meM antara hai| cAhe puNya karma bandha ke nimitta ho, kintu puNyatattva bandha kA nimitta nahIM hai| puNyakarma kriyA yA yoga rUpa hai| isase usakA Asrava evaM bandha sambhava hai, kintu puNyatattva upayoga rUpa hai, zubha Atma pariNAma rUpa hai jo kaSAya kI mandatA kA pariNAma hai| ata: kaSAya kI mandatA rUpa puNya tattva Atma-vizuddhi kA nimitta hone se upAdeya hai| kaSAya kI mandatA aura manda kaSAya meM antara hai| jahA~ kaSAya kI mandatA puNya rUpa hai vahA~ manda kaSAya bhI pApa rUpa hai| kaSAya kI mandatA se zubhapariNAma hote haiM aura usase puNya tattva meM abhivRddhi hotI hai, jabaki manda kaSAya se bhI azubha pariNAma hI utpanna hote haiM aura unase pApa tattva kI abhivRddhi hotI hai| isa prakAra kaSAya kI mandatA puNya kA hetu hai, jabaki manda kaSAya pApa ke hetu haiN| (3) kaSAya kI mandatA se huI puNya kI abhivRddhi Atma-vizuddhi kA hetu hone se __ mokSa kI upalabdhi meM sAdhaka hai| ata: puNya mokSa kA sAdhaka hone se upAdeya hai, jabaki pApa mokSa meM bAdhaka hone se heya hai| (4) puNya pApa kA prakSAlana karatA hai, ata: puNya sone kI ber3I na hokara sone kA AbhUSaNa hai| ber3I bandhana meM DAlatI hai, AbhUSaNa nhiiN| ber3I bAdhyatAvaza dhAraNa karanI par3atI hai, jabaki AbhUSaNa svecchA se dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| ata: ber3I se hama icchAnusAra mukta nahIM ho sakate haiM kintu AbhUSaNa se icchAnusAra mukta ho sakate haiN| ata: AbhUSaNa rUpa puNya ke kSaya kA koI upAya kisI sAdhanA meM nirdiSTa nahIM hai| (5) dayA, dAna, karuNA, vAtsalya, sevA Adi sadapravRttiyoM se bandha nahIM hotA hai| bandha to tabhI hotA hai, jaba karttA meM phalAkAMkSA, nidAna kartRtva yA bhauktRtva rUpa kaSAya pariNAma ho| saMkSepa meM zubhayoga ke sAtha rahA huA kaSAya bhAva hI una karmoM ke sthiti bandha kA kAraNa hotA hai| zubha yoga karma bandha kA kAraNa nahIM hotA hai| (6) puNya svabhAva hai, svabhAva kA nAza nahIM hotA hai| punaH jo svabhAva hotA hai, vahI dharma hai| puNya svabhAva hai ata: vaha dharma hai| puna: svabhAva kA tyAga sambhava nahIM hai, ata: 'puNya tyAjya nahIM haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki tIrthaMkara kevalajJAna kI prApti ke pazcAt bhI lokakalyANa yA prANiyoM ke prati anukampA kI dRSTi se hI tIrtha pravartana, dharmopadeza Adi pravRtti karate haiN| ata: puNya kabhI bhI tyAjya nahIM hai, vaha sadaiva hI upAdeya hai|

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144 (7) puNya kevala Asrava yA bandha rUpa nahIM hai, apitu saMvara aura nirjarA rUpa bhI hai, ata: puNya heya nahIM upAdeya hai| (8) puNya-pApa karma kA sambandha unakI phaladAna zakti-anubhAga se hai, sthiti bandha se nahIM hai| (9) jaina darzana meM vItarAgatA kI upalabdhi ke liye rAgAdi pApoM ko hI tyAjya kahA hai, puNya ko nhiiN| ata: Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa Adi tattvoM ke bheda-upabheda kA pratipAdana pApa ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI kiyA hai, puNya ko lekara nhiiN| (10) jaina karma-siddhAnta meM jIva ke svabhAva va guNa kA ghAtaka ghAtI karmoM ko hI kahA hai, aghAtI karmoM ko nhiiN| aghAtI karmoM kI asAtA vedanIya, nIca gotra, anAdeya, ayazakIrti Adi pApaprakRtiyoM kI sattA bhI jIva ke kevalajJAna, kevaladarzana Adi kisI bhI guNa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka nahIM hai| ata: puNya prakRtiyoM ko jIva ke kisI guNa kI upalabdhi meM evaM vItarAgatA meM bAdhaka mAnanA siddhAnta viruddha hai| (11) puNya-pApa donoM virodhI haiN| ata: jitanA pApa ghaTatA hai utanA hI puNya bar3hatA hai| puNya ke anubhAga kI vRddhi pApa ke kSaya kI sUcaka hai| puNya ke anubhAga ke ghaTane se pApa karmoM ke sthiti aura anubhAga bandha niyama se bar3hate haiN| (12) puNya ke anubhAga kA kisI bhI sAdhanA se yahA~ taka ki kevala samudghAta se bhI kSaya nahIM hotA hai| (13) cAroM aghAtI karmoM kI puNya prakRtiyoM kA upArjana cAroM kaSAyoM ke ghaTane se va kSaya se hotA hai| (14) puNya tyAjya nahIM hai, puNya ke sAtha rahA huA phalAkAMkSA nidAna, bhoktRtvabhAva kartRtvabhAva rUpa kaSAya va pApa tyAjya hai| jaise geMhU ke sAtha rahe hue kaMkara-miTTI evaM bhUsA tyAjya hai, gehU~ tyAjya nahIM hai| . (15) puNya kA anubhAga bar3hakara catuH sthAnika hue binA samyagdarzana aura utkRSTa hae binA kevalajJAna nahIM hotA hai| ata: puNya Atma-vikAsa meM, sAdhanA meM bAdhaka va heya nahIM hai| yaha to hamane lor3hAjI kI sthApanAoM kI saMkSipta jhalaka dI hai| unhoMne apanI kRti ke anta meM aise eka sau ikkIsa tathya prastuta kiye haiM, jo puNya kI upAdeyatA ko siddha karate haiN| vastuta: unakI ye sthApanAeM kisI pakSa-vizeSa ke khaNDana-maNDana kI dRSTi se nahIM, apitu jaina karma siddhAnta ke granthoM ke gambhIra AloDana kA pariNAma

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145 hai| ve mAtra vidvAn nahIM haiM, apitu sAdhaka bhI haiN| unake dvArA isa kRti kI racanA kA prayojana unake anta meM pravAhamAna karuNA kI ajasradhArA hI hai| unakA pratipAdya mAtra yahI hai ki dharma aura AdhyAtmikatA ke nAma para sevA aura karuNA kI sadpravRttiyoM kA samAja se vilopa na ho| kyoMki manuSya kI manuSyatA isI meM hai ki vaha dUsare prANiyoM kA rakSaka aura unake sukha-duHkha kA sahabhAgI bne| sandarbha : abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 5, pRSTha 876. jainasiddhAntabolasaMgraha, bhAga 3, pRSTha 182. tattvArthasUtra, 6/4. yogazAstra, 4/107. sthAnAGgaTIkA, 1.11-12. 6. jainadharma, pRSTha 84. 7. samayasAranATaka, utthAnikA 28. 8. bhagavatIsUtra, 7 /10/121. 9. sthAnAGgasUtra, 9. 10. bhagavadgItA, 18.17. 11. dhammapada, 249. 12. sUtrakRtAGga, 2/6/27-42. 13. jainadharma, pRSTha 160. 14. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pRSTha 226. 15. anuyogadvArasUtra, 129. 16. dazavaikAlikasUtra 129. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 17. sUtrakRtAGga, 2/2/4, pRSTha 104. 18. dazavaikAlika, 6 / 11. 19. karmagrantha, prathama bhAga, bhUmikA, pRSTha 25-26.

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146 Introduction To Dr. Charlotte Krause : Her life and Literatur The present trend of comparative and critical Indological studies starts with the encounter of European-scholars to Indian heritage in the 19th century. Among these European scholars, who took keen interest in Indological studies ( the study of Indian philosophies, religions, culture and literature as well written in oriental languages such as Vedic Chandas, Samskrta, Prakta, Pali, Apabhraisa, Old Gujarati and Rajasthani ), the Germans were on the top rank. The German poet Heinrich Heine has rightly remarked "Let the Portuguese, the Dutch and the English plunder India of her material wealth. We Germans would rather dip into her spiritual and intellectual riches." In the field of Indological studies the contribution of German scholars such as Maxmullar, Albrecht Weber, Hermann Jacobi, Ernest Leumann, Walther Schubring, Johannes Hertel, Helmuth Von Glasenapp, Ludwig Alsdorf, Gustav Roth, Klaus Bruhn and others is matchless. In the galaxy of these German scholars, who devoted themselves in Indological studies in general and Jainological studies in particular, the name of Charlotte Krause shines as a brighter star. She has made a significant contribution to the Indological studies. Born in Germany on May 18, 1895 Charlotte Krause received her Ph. D. Degree from Leipzig University on 'Nasaketari Katha : An Old Rajasthani Tale' with a grammer of old Rajasthani, in the year 1920 at the age of 25 years only. She had an opportunity to work with Johannes Hertel, an eminent scholar of Indian narrative literature. While working as a fellow and Assistant Professor of Indian Comparative Philology in Leipzig University, she wrote a critical and comparative exhaustive article on a newly discovered version of the Jaina Pancatantra in old Gujarati and thus she established herself as a scholar of Indology in general and Jainology in particular. Her role in the establishment of

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147 a Centre of Jaina Studies in the Institute of Indology at the university of Leipzig was conspicuous and significant one and it was the reason that she was given two years academic leave of absence in order to have a first hand knowledge on Jaina religion, Culture and Literature. For this very purpose she visited India in the year 1925. In March 1926 she decided to have a wide tour of Jaina centres and to meet various Jaina Acaryas and scholars. She got influenced with the calmness of mind of Acarya Vijayadharmasuriji, Muni Mangalavijayaji and Muni Jayantavijayaji. Though she had came India only to have a first hand knowledge of Indian philosophies, Culture and Literature, but being impressed with the high spiritual ideals and way of living of some Jaina saints she changed herself into a real devotee of Jaina religion. The contribution of Dr. Charlotte Krause to Jainism henceforth is two-fold - firstly as a scholar of Jainology and secondly as a true follower of Jainism. In the biography of Dr. C. Krause Dr. Luitgard Soni has rightly observed, "She integrated her will into the life-style of the Jaina ) monks and nuns and travelled with them on foot from Shivapuri to Bombay. She came in direct contact with the life in India with its customs, dia-lects, various religions and sects and many Jaina communities." She was so overwhelmed with etherial elegance of Jainism that during her stay at Beawar, she publicly announced her decision to take the Jaina vows of non-violence, non- possession etc. till the life. She changed her name from Charlotte Krause to Subhadra Devi. Though by birth she was a German and by faith a Christian, but putting aside all her past religious inclinations she willingly adopted the life of a Jaina lay devotee ( Sravaka ) in a real sense. I have had the privilege of being in close contact with this celebrated lady. She visited my native place Shajapur (M.P.) many times on her way from Shivapuri to Ujjain and Bombay. Then she was Inspectress of Schools of Gwalior state and latter on of Madhya Bharata. I recall the first meeting with her, when she was staying in a Rest house at Shajapur. She requested to my matemal brother to

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148 see her in the Rest house in the early morning so that she could offer her puja in the Jaina temple. I met her with my brother and then I came to know that she was a staunch devotee of Jainism and did not take any thing, even a glass of water without visiting Jaina temple and having Darsana of Jina image. After that time whenever she came to Shajapur, she used to visit Jaina temple with my maternal brother. Next time I met her at Gwalior in her old age. At that time she had returned back to the Christianity and was living in a campus of Roman Catholic Church at Gwalior. I was working as a lecturer of Philosophy in the M. L. B. Arts and Commerce College, Gwalior ( 1964-1967 ). In Gwalior I visited her first time with Prof. G. R. Jain - the author of Jaina Cosmology : Old and New - a commentary on the fifth chapter of Tattvartha-sutra. As I remember, at that time we had a long discussion on the holy symbol of Swastika. This was for the first time I could evaluate and appraise her depth of knowledge about oriental studies particularly, Jainism. But in her old age, her faith towards Jainism and Jaina community had been shakened. It was very pathetic and painful experience for me that the Jaina community could not be able to offer proper regard and service to this great scholar and devotee of Jainism and that is why she had to spend her old age in a campus of Christian church. In this particular case I was compelled to think that what has happened to our basic principles of Swadharmivatsalya, i.e. the service towards our fellow religious beings ? Who is responsible for all this? In my humble opinion it is the indifference of Jaina community towards the scholars, particularly the foreign scholars and devotees of Jain-ism. We should learn a lesson from it. We Jainas are completely unable to estimate her sacrifices she made for the noble cause of Jaina religion and Jaina studies. She had not only resigned from her university services, but left her relatives, nation, nationality and even her religion. How sad it is that we failed to provide her proper care and service in her old age, when she was badly needed for. In respect to

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149 her great contribution to Jainological studies, ours return was nothing but disdainful. As I came to know from her biography, that after her retirement from the post of a curator in the Scindia Oriental Institute, Ujjain and Deputy Inspector General of Female Education in Gwalior state, she approached some Institutes of Jainological Research to get a research assignment but she failed. Was it not condemnable that we could not adjust to such a dedicated scholar in the field of Jainological studies. My estimate is that she had a pain of not being well recognised by Jaina community and at the result she developed indifference towards Jaina community and returned back to the Roman Catholic faith. She spent rest of her life till death (January 27, 1980) in the campus of the Roman Catholic Church, Gwalior, depending on the very small amount of her pension, without any financial support from Jaina community. Well it is true that after her final establishment in India, some of her publications were more or less the reflections of a western observer on the social status of Jainas than a serious research work. They were critical in nature and so that they remain unable to have a good appreciation from the Jaina community. I am of the opinion that this was also one of the cause of indifference of Jaina community towards Dr. Charlotte Krause. But her articles/ works written in last quarter of her life got much recognition and appreciation in scholarly world. Dr. Charlotte Krause wrote in several languages such as German, English, Hindi and Gujarati on various aspects of Jaina philosophy, religion, ethics, rituals and narratives. In spite of her great contribution to the Jinistic studies no efforts were made to publish her works in a book form. It is for the first time that with the efforts of Shri Hazarimullji Banthia, Parsvanatha Vidyapitha is publishing her complete works with a view to let the scholars know her contribution in the field of Indology in general and Jainology in particular. This present volume contains her fifteen articles and edited works in English, Hindi and Gujarati written on different aspects of Jainology.

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150 In her essay on "The Kaleidoscope of Indian Wisdom", she had beautifully discriminated the spheres of Science and Religion and has mentioned the limitations of religious thinking and a need for philosophical thinking. While dealing with Indian philosophical schools she had classified them into Vedic and Non-Vedic instead of Astika and Nastika as other schools did. In her division she included Sankhya and Yoga into Vedic trend, but really these two schools do not belong to the Vedic trend but to the Sramanic trend. According to some scholars even Nyaya and Vaisesika schools do not fall under the category of Vedic trend. These two schools, however, accept the authority of Vocas, but so far as their philosophies are concerned they have their independet origin. I am of the opinion that among the different schools of Indian philosophy it is only the Mimarsa school which has purely a Vedic origin. Though Vedanta is also considered to be of Vedic tradition, but in my opinion Vedanta is not based on the Vedas only. In real sense it is based on the Upanisadas and the Upanisadas are neither the blind supporter of Vedic ritualism nor they accepts the materialistic approach of the Vedas. On the other hand, they criticise Vedic ritualism and their materialistic philosophy in the same fashion as the Jainism and Buddhism do. They are spiritualistic and rich in profound philosophical thought. In this essay Dr. Charlotte Krause presents a brief survey of the central concepts of different Indian philosophies. While discussing these schools she has mentioned each and every branch in detail which were remain in course of time. While men-tioning the different branches of Vedanta she has listed some newly born subsects of Vedanta such as Arya-samaja, Prarthana-samaja and Brahma-samaja. In her lists of different shades of Vedanta, however, we do not find the names of Aurobindo school and the practical Vedanta of Ramaksina and Vivekananda, but it was not on part of her negligence, really at that time they were not prominent. This essay shows her minute observation and detailed study of each

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and every branch of Indian Philosophy. In her second essay, "The Interpretation of Jaina Ethics", she starts with the comparison of the outlook of the modern Europeans and Indians towards the way of living. She rightly observes, "it is true that our intellect is at present absorbed in technical and scientific problem but only a few centuries ago it was so in problem of how best to win the grace of God. It is true that our studying and teaching has all worldly ends, but only some centuries ago there existed no other science but Theology, the knowledge of God and all the other disciplines were its subordinate branches. Modern India represents exactly the state of Medieval Europe, with its religio-centrical conception of the problems of life." Religion is the starting point and aim of all and everything. According to Dr. Charlotte Krause, sacred writings of Indian religions are not a subject of research or mere have a theoretical import as they are to the western scholars, but their study is indeed one of the practical import. They are being put fully into action. While interpreting the Jaina ethics, she also accepts the same fact. In this essay while dealing with the theoretical aspect of Jaina ethics, she discusses the main features of Jaina Karma Theory and accepts that this Karma theory is the fundamental postulate of Jaina ethics. On the concept of practical aspect of Jaina Ethics, she has dealt with the concepts of Jinakalpa and Sthavirakalpa, Punya and Papa, Asrava and Samvara, five Samitis and three Guptis, twenty-two Hardships, ten virtues, 12 reflections, five caritras, five great vows of monk, twelve vows of the house-holder and twelve types of austerities as a means of Nirjara. On the ritualistic aspect of Jaina ethics, she discusses the six essential duties ( Avasyakas ). In this essay the aspects of Jaina Ethics discussed, are descriptive in nature. She has not made any critical evaluation of them, except a sense of admiration. *** 848 The third essay of the present volume "The Heritage of Last Arhat" deals with the fundamental teachings of Jainism. At the very ......

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152 outset of this essay, on the basis of Jaina theory of Anekantavada, Dr. Krause propounds the relativity of religious truth. She rightly observes that, "each of the various religions on the earth appears to make us see a different aspect of truth-divine. How then we are entitled to speak of merit in only one or another of them." Really, Jaina theory of Relativity, i.e. Anekantavada, teaches us regard for other religions and faiths and thus establishes religious harmony and fellowships of faiths on the earth. So far as the criterion of an ideal religion is concerned, Jainism holds that it is the tranquility and equanimity of mind of individual and society, provided by a religion which can be the touch-stone of an ideal religion. According to Dr. Krause Jainism fulfils this criterion of an ideal religion, because it warrants for perfect social welfare through this doctrine of non-violence and mental equanimity or tranquility through its doctrine of passionlessness, i.e. total detachment towards worldly things. Only through complete detachment (Aparigraha) and practice of non-violence one can attain spiritual and social peace. She firmly holds that "Jainism promulgates self realization as the aim of individual life, which at the same time also forms the basis of the well-being of all that lives." The perfect soul is one, who is completely free from all the passions, desires and attachments. This perfectness of soul, according to Jainism, can be attain through selfrestraint (Samyama) and renunciation (Pratyakhyana). Dr. Krause concludes this essay suggesting the necessity of applying Jaina principles to modern social problems, because it is through the application of these principles perfect social and individual welfare can be achieved. In the fourth essay "The Jaina Canon and Early Indian Court Life", Dr. Krause propounds that the Jaina Canon not only supply us the data regarding the religious dogmas, ethical code, philosophical ideas and the history of its propagation and propagators, but it also presents some glances of early Indian court-life. It is true that some of the canonical works as well as Jaina narrative literature have full

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153 cultural material of that period. But it is unfortu-nate that while writing cultural history of India, this material has not been properly utilised. Though in this article Dr. Krause has shown the richness of Jaina canonical and narrative literature regarding its cultural data which reflects on the life of Indian society at that time. Here on the basis of Jaina canon she has mentioned that the system of Pardah was a well established custom prevailing in Indian society, particularly in royal class, before the arrivals of Mohamme-dans to India. This essay lacks the original references from the Jaina canons. Had the author supplied the references, it would have been a good research article. In the fifth article "The Social Atmosphere of Present Jainism", Dr. C. Krause has given her accounts of observations of social atmosphere of Jainism. She propounds that not only a person who took his birth in the Jaina community or in Jaina family, is a Jaina, but the persons who took their birth in other communities and the followers of align faiths or religions, if they observe the fundamental principles of Jainism, such as non-violence etc. and have a regard towards Jaina ideals can also be included in Jaina community. Jainism is not a birth based religion, it is the religion of those who observes its ideals in their lives. The second aspect of this article on which Dr. Krause has stressed more is that Jainism was the religion, which strongly opposed the birth-based four-fold Varna system as well as caste system of Indian society, but unfortunately at present it is completely in the grip of that Varna and caste system. In this regard she had made a complete survey of the rites and rituals, prevalent at that time in different Jaina castes and her observation were true in that regard. But we must be aware of the fact that in these fifty to sixty year this position altogether has changed and that rigidness of class and caste system in Jainism had become only a historical fact. She has expressed her anxiety regarding the prevailing bitter sectarianism in Jainas which is totally against their liberal outlook of Anekantavada. Her observations

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154 regarding the sectarian quarrels in Jainas are worthy to note. She mentions "the Svetambaras and the Digambaras being still engaged in furious mutual quarrels about "e possession of certain places of pilgrimage, such as Antariksa ( near Akola ), Pavapuri, Rajaglhi, and Sammetasikhara ( Bihar ), Kesariyaji ( near Udaipur ) and Maksi ( near Ujjaina ) and others, millions have been spent in those fruitless strives. On the other hand, the idolatrous and two nonidolatrous Svetambara sect, viz. the Sthanakavasis and Terapanthis are violently fighting each other about insignificant dogmatic discrepancies, whereas Digambaras too has its own troubles. Within the aforesaid sects there are again subsects, parties and schools of opinions which are not friendly with one another, but often enough cross each others schemes, the one spoiling, what positive work the other may have achieved. So there can be no doubt that stopping all these fruitless strives many power would become free to engage in the necessary work of caste-reform and uplift." It is to be noted that her remarks regarding Jaina society are still true and one can learn lesson from it. This essay is less a result of her research in Jainology than the reflections of a committed observer, who had lived in Jaina society with keeping his eyes on each and every activity of the society. Thus this article is an outcome of her minute observations and sincere reflections. The Hindi version of this article is also being published in this collection in its Hindi section. In the sixth article of the English section "Pythagoras : The Vegetarian", Dr. Krause has enlightened us regarding the great Greek thinker Pythagoras and his vegetarianism. It shows that the vegetarianism is not only supported by Jainism alone. There were some great thinkers in Greek, contemporary to Mahavira, who preached the vegetarianism in the same fashion as Jainism do. It is worth mentioning that before Mahavira his predecessor Parsva and Aristanemi also propounded the concept of vegetarianism in human society. In the seventh essay of this volume "Siddhasena Divakara

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155 and Vikramaditya", Dr. Krause has established the contemporaneity of Siddhasena Divakara and Vikramaditya on the basis of Gunavacanadvatrimsika of Siddhasena, which was according to her composed to address a royal patron who is revealed as such a unique personality, standing out in bold relief against a background of warfare, empire building and ingenious rule. On the basis of these qualities of a king Dr. Krause infer that this Gunavacanadvatrimsika is composed by Siddhasena in the honour of Samudragupta, the father of Candragupta II, the Vikramaditya. She has supported her thesis on the basis of some Jaina and non-Jaina literary and epigraphical sources. Regarding the date of Siddhasena Divakara, she is of the firm opinion that he belongs to fifth century A.D. I also favour this date of Siddhasena, which I have already proved in my Introduction to Dr. Shriprakash Pandey's Hindi work "Siddhasena Divakara : Vyaktittva and Ketittva" published from Vidyapitha in 1997. If we accepts that Siddhasena Divakara belongs to fifth century A.D. then there is no difficulty in accepting the contemporaneity of Siddhasena Divakara and Candragupta II, the Vikramaditya. The Ksapanaka, one of the nine jewels of Vikramaditya was no other than Siddhasena Divakara, as she has concluded. This article of Dr. Krause is really a master piece of her research work. It is well documented and supported by 205 references from Jaina and non-Jaina sources, literary as well as epigraphical. The eighth article, "Javada of Mandu", is about a person who lived in sixteenth century of Vikrama era and was famous for his charity. In this essay Dr. Krause has presented the biography of Javada on the basis of some literary and epigraphical evidences found in Jaina sources. In his biography Dr. Krause has mentioned his lineage, official and social position, his pilgrimages, welcoming the Guru and acceptance of the twelve vows. While accepting the fifth vow of the limitations of one's property, Javada reserved following quantity of his possessions for his lifetime 1,00,000 mounds of

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156 grain; 1,00,000 mounds of ghi and oil; 1,000 ploughs; 2,000 plough oxen, 10 houses and markets; 4 mounds of silver; 1 mound of gold; 4 mounds of pearls; 300 mounds of gems; 10 mounds of base metal; 20 mounds of coral; 1,00,000 mounds of salt; 2,000 mounds of molasses; 200 mounds of opium; 2,000 asses; 100 carts, 1,500 horses; 50 elephants, 100 camels; 50 mules; 20,00,000 Tankas. By these figures one can infer the richness of Javada, a businessman of ancient Mandu of the fifteen-sixteen century. In this article Dr. Krause has mentioned the generous charity of Javada temples he had built and statues he had installed. Among these statues there was one statue of gold weighing 10 kg. and one of silver weighing 20 kg. In the consecration festival he had spend 15 lacs of rupees. From all these informations which Dr. Krause had supplied, we can have an idea of her depth in the study of Jaina history as well as the richness and charitable attitude of Jaina Sravakas of that time. In the English section of this volume last two articles are about the biography of Vijayadharma Suri and his sayings. It is worthy to mention that Vijayadharma Suri was not only her teacher for Jainological studies, but also a spiritual guide. She had great regard for him. In this biography she has mentioned his popularity among Jains and non-Jains, his eminent personality, literary and editorial activities, scholarship and educational works. The main contribution of Vijayadharma Suriji is promoting Jainology across the sea in western scholars, significant reforms in monastic customs and his attempt to solve the Devadravya and another disputes prevailing in Jaina society. In Sayings of Vijayadharma Suri, Dr. Krause has chosen meticulously the inspiring sayings of his revered teacher from his preachings and sermons for which she deserves for thanks from the Jaina society as well as the individuals interested in their spiritual upliftment. These sayings can play a vital role in the spiritual development of human personality.

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157 Hindi section of this book includes two important articles of the celebrated author namely "Jaina Sahitya aura Mahakala Mandira" and "Adhunika Jaina Samaja ki Samajika Paristhiti". The latter is the Hindi version of her English article "Social Atmosphere of Present Jainism", which I have already commented upon. In the former article, in the beginning, Dr. Krause has supplied various literary evidences proving the existence of Mahakala temple at Ujjain. No doubt she has made exhaustive survey of Jaina literature in support of her view starting from 'Kahavali' of Bhadresvara (1205 A.D.) to Upadesaprasada of Vijayalaksmi Suri ( 1778 A.D.). She has also quoted Avantisukumala episode, cited in some early canonical and non-canonical works of the Svetambaras and Digambaras in support of the existence of Kalakadisvara or Kudangesvara or Kutumbesvara with Mahakalavana which later on said to be changed as Mahakala Mandira. It may be a matter of dispute whether a Jaina temple was changed into Mahakala Mandira or the Sivalinga, after the recitation of Siddhasena Divakara's eulogy in its praise, itself got changed into the Jaina image or whether Vikramaditya became a Jaina or not, but literary, archaeological and epigraphical evidences refers to in her work establishe's her as a serious scholar, ever worked on this subject. Gujarati section includes some important articles authored by Dr. C. Krause namely, Sri Hemavimala Suri krta Tera Kathiyani Sajjhaya, Bhanumeru krta Candanabala Sajjhaya, Kairka Sankhesvara Sahitya, Sri Phalavardhi Parsvanatha Stuti along with some reviews. These articles shows her efficiency of Gujarati language and deep insight as well as interest into hymnical literature. Indeed it was her laudable effort. Last book section includes her two famous work "Ancient Jaina Hymns" and "Nasaketari Katha". In Ancient Jaina Hymns she has edited some very important hymns noted amongst are 'Munisuvrata Stavana', 'Sri Devakuladinatha Stavana', 'Sri Varakana-Parsvanatha-Stotram', 'Sri Simandhara Svami Stavana',

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[846 ] and so on in which she not only edited the text of hymns but has supplied all its variants and notes etc. which further shows her talent and scholarship. Appendix of the book includes some articles dealing with her life, glimpses from the letters of German as well as Indian Indologist about Dr. Krause, some 'Dohas' written in her praise, Janmadivsttam and Abhinandanam by Dr. Kapildeva Dwivedi, German Jaina Sravika Dr. Charlotte Krause, a Hindi article of Shri Hazarimull Banthia and at last her Will. Being a multifarious writer she has written so many articles and monographs and different aspects of Jaina literature which are not possible to accommodate in one and single volume. Her some articles and books which are left in this volume will be published in its next volume. It is my privilege that I was asked to write an Introduction on the works of such a great scholar. I thank to the authorities of the Parsvanatha Vidyapikha for their commendable decision to publish this work. I must record my sincere thanks to Dr. Shriprakash Pandey who has not only edited this work but also supplied me all necessary literature to prepare my introduction. I hope this work will be expedient not only to the researchers working in the field of Indology particularly on Jaina Literature but to the enlightened individuals also. Sagarmal Jain Vaisakha Purnima Shajapur.

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159 Foreword:Aparigraha The Humane Solution Our age is the age of science and technology. Science and technology have done a great service to the mankind by providing amenities of pleasant living. Scientific discoveries have enabled man to master Nature. But, now, man is showing the defects of 'slave turned master.' The scientific achievements and mastery over the nature have turned man into a selfish being open to temptation. Selfishness and temptation have eroded our spiritual and moral values of self sacrifice and service to the needy. In their place is the mad scramble for power and wealth, a mad race that has endangrered our social institutions. these values can servive only if we check our selfish and greedy attitudes. Lord Mahavira in Uttaradhyayana Sutra has rightly observed 'where there is inner desire for material gain and possession of worldly objects of enjoyments, there is greed. The limitless desire for power and wealth has caused man to lose his sense of respect for others. This attitude, in turn, has created a gulf between haves and have nots, and this has resulted in the loss of mutual faith and sense of brotherhood. The desire for power and possession has also given birth to the race for atomic weapons. This desire to accumulate more power and weath is called 'parigraha'. And not to accumulate power and possession beyond minimum requirment constitutes the principle of aparigraha, a constituent of pancayama of Lord Mahavira's philosophy. Though Mahavira has laid stress on the principle of non-violence (ahimsa) yet, he also observed that in the root of all violence and war there is the lust for power and possession. Therefore, in order to restore peace and brotherhood and to uproot violence we will have to develop mutual faith and sense of security. Every one has right to use the gift of the nature, but has no right to deprive others of using these gifts. In Jainism and Patanjala-yoga system the principle of nonpossession (aparigraha) is accepted as fifth vow, but if viewed seriously it is the first basic principle. Jaina thinkers are of the view that if this very principle is violated all other vows automatically becomes violated because at the root of violence and theft there is lust for power and possession. According to Uttaradhyayana Sutra the root of all mental and

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160 APARIGRAHA - THE HUMANE SOLUTION physical and mental sufferings is the disire for worldly enjoyment, therefore only detachment from the worldly enjoyment can put an end to suffering. While materialism seeks to eliminate suffering by fulfilment of human desire it can not eradicate the primal cause from which the stream of suffering wells up. Materialism does not have an effective means to quench the thirst for possession of worldly objects. It only attempts at temporary appeasement of a yearning, and this has the opposite effect of causing the desire to flare up like fire fed by an ablation of butter. Uttaradhyayana states: Even if an infinite number of mountains of Gold and silvers, each as large as the Kailasa are conjured up, they would not be able to satisfy the human desire for possessions because the desire is as infinite as the sky. The concept of aparigraha does not forbid an individual to fulfil his basic needs such as hunger, thirst, etc. The fundamental message of this principle is to eradicate the desire for power and possessions and lust for sensuous enjoyments. This principle also makes us aware of every living beings' right to nature's bounty. It questions the very concept of possession, for possession implies denying and depriving the others of their right to that which is possessed. This truth is stated in Mahabharata too: so for as fulfilment of one's organic need is concerned every one has the right to use the gifts of nature but one who tries to take possession of them and deprives others from them, is a thief. Jainism is not alone in its belief that the root cause of suffering is attachment towards worldly objects and lust for their enjoyment. All spiritual traditions are agreed on this. In Dasavaikalika, aparigraha is defined as amurcha i. e. the detachment. Tattvarthasutra of Umasvati also supports this view. Amrtacandra also points out that he who is unable to root out the lust for enjoyment and attachment to his belongings, can not be said to have been established in the vow of non-possession, even if he gives up all his belongings. In the real sense attachment is an obstacle in the way of emancipation. Attachment is born out of 'mineness' which ultimately binds the soul. All misteries suffered by the self are born of attachments towards the alien associations and so it is imperative to abandon the sense of 'mineness' with regard to these external objects.

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FOREWORD / 161 Jainism regards abandoning of 'I and mine sense' and attachment as the only way for self-realisation. As long as there is attachment, one's attention is fixed not on self (soul), but on not-self, i. e. material objects. Materialism thrives on this objects-oriented attitude or indulgence in the not-self. According to Jaina philosophers, the identification with the not-self and regarding worldly objects as a source of happiness are the hallmarks of materialism. It is true that by detached attitude one can free oneself from his mental as well as physical suffering. Jainisn maintains that the attachment is responsible for all our worldly sufferings. The most intense vasana is called granthi which is nothing but a deep attachment towards worldly objects and a desire for their enjoyment. The classical term for Janism is Nigganthadhamma. The term niggantha means one who has unknotted his hrdaya-granthi, or one who has eradicated his attachments and passions. The term 'Jaina' also conveys the same meaning; a true Jaina is one who has conquered his passions. Mahavira says the attachment towards sensuous objects is the root of our worldly existence. The five senses alongwith anger, connceit, delusion and desire are difficult to conquer, but when the self is conquered, all these are completely conquered. There is a vicious circle in the origin of desire and delusion, desire is produced by delusion and delusion by desire. Attachment and hatred are the seeds of karma which have delusion as their source. Karma is the root of birth and death which is the sole cause of misery. Aparigraha, one of the five Pancasilasis truly a part of universal ethics. Its role in restoring peace and harmony in the world can not be neglected. It is needed to be closely associated with modern society, its economic growth, environment preservation. Consuming 'too much' or possessing too much' has become an object of social concern as this is a real threat to the social environment. Aparigraha is the solution as it means limiting consumption and acquisition. The author of present title Dr. Kamla Jain has beautifully discussed these problems with their solution. In the first chapter of the book she has discussed consumerism as anti-human goal with various aspects of consumerism and their possible dangerous consequences. She has also thrown light on the different ways of controlling consumerism by establishing a solution in ichha-parimana(limiting one's desires). To

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887 APARIGRAHA - THE HUMANE SOLUTION substantiate her views she has cited the views of eminent thinkers and scholars. She has laid stress on coordination of science, technology and economics with ethics. In second chapter Dr. Jain has expressed concern over environmental degradation. She traces the march of science and technology and shows how man has learnt to control nature to suit his purposes. But nature has also provided man with the capacity to think and to understand that nature's gifts are to be used intelligently. Conservation of natural resources is as important as their exploitation. She suggests proper environmental education and the stablishing of agencies and institutions which can play an effective role in preservation and development of environments resources. In this context apart from discussing environmental degradation, she has tried to view the ecological issue from spiritualistic angle. She writes, "It is to be addressed to the people that mass rape of nature can be resisted only with spiritual strength. Our spirituality does not permit us to exploit nature for our self chosen purposes (P-69). For this to happen the author suggests the three fold practical ethics with (i) concept of co-existence (ii) concept of contentment (iii) concept of making best use of available resources. Dr. Jain also points out that aparigrahais a realistic practical and rational principle with solid foundation in our social system. Defining vairous shades of aparigraha she stresses that it is murcha or asakti that is in the root of all possessions, internal or external. This book helps us to realize that aparigraha, ichha-parimanais not an abstract philosophy but it is a vision of life, providing us with the solution to number of problems that society is facing today. Dr.Jain's first book "The Concept of Pancasilain Indian Thought" published from our Institute in 1983 was welcomed by serious scholars of Indology from India and abroad. In the present work she has analysed the concept of aparigraha in context of present day problems. In my opinion this work is a significant contribution in the field of socio-ethical studies. I am sure that the book will be well received by scholars as well as researchers. I must express my gratitude to Dr. Kamla Jain for approaching me to write the 'Foreword' to this work. 19 August, Varanasi. Dr. Sagarmal Jain

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Spiritual Foundation of Jainism Indian religious quest has two main stream- Vedic (Brahmanic) and Sramanic. Among the world's living religion, Jainism and Buddhism belong to the Sramanic trend of Indian culture. There were some other Sramanic religions also, but they either like Ajivakas disappeared in the course of time or like Samkhya-yoga became part and parcel of great Hindu religion. These Sramanic traditions are spiritualistic and stereological in their very nature. Religions are consist of two aspects-ritualistic and spiritualistic. The Vedic religion is ritualistic, while the Sramanic tradition in general is spiritualistic. Spiritualistic religions are those, which give more stress on self realisation than rituals. The word Adhyatma, the Sanskrit equivalent of spirituality derived from adhitatma, implies the superiority and sublimity of Atma, the soul force. The realisation of the self i.e. Atma is the sole aim of spiritualistic religions. In the oldest Jaina text Acaranga we find the word such as 'Ajjhathavisohi', which cannotes the inner purity of self, spiritualism is nothing but the realisation of self in its complete purity. Purification of self is the sole aim of Jainism. According to Jainism the realisation of physical amenities or creature comforts is not the ultimate aim of our life. There are some higher ideals of life which are over and above the mere biological and economic needs of life; spirituality consists in releasing these higher values of life. Jainism lays special emphasis on the renunciation of creature comforts and emancipation from worldly existence i.e. the cycle of birth and death. It may be accepted without any contradiction that these very ideals of renunciation and emancipations have been cultivated by the Sramanas. Asceticism is the fundamental concept of * 35 Oswalseri, Shajapur (M.P.) 465001.

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164 the Sramanic tradition, such as Jainism and Buddhism. It is on this ground, they differ from early Vedic-religion. The early Vedic seers are against asceticism and emphasized the material welfare of the individual and the society. They in their hymns were praising world existence and praying for their own health and wealth as well as of their fellow beings while the Sramanas were condemning this worldly existence and propounding the theory that this world of existence is full of suffering and ultimate goal of human life is to get rid of the cycle of birth and death. Austerity, renunciation, emancipation, atheism, supremacy of human beings over gods, equality of all living beings, opposition to the supremacy of Brahmins over other casts as well as the opposition to animal sacrifices and emphasis on moral virtues and higher values of life are some of the fundamental spiritual tendencies of Sramanic traditions in general and Jainism in particular. These concepts which were absent in earliest form of vedic religion were contributed by the sramanas to Indian culture. Does Jainism teach the Negation of Life? In Jainism more stress is given on austerities and renunciation of worldly enjoyments with the result that there is a wide-spread misconception that it teaches the negation of life. It will, therefore, not be irrelevant here to point out that the applause of austerities and renouncement does not imply non-recognition of physical and material life. The recognition of spiritual values does not mean that physical and material values snould be completely rejected. According to Jainism, physical values are not hindrances to spiritual development, but are rather subservient to it. It is mentioned in the Nisithabhasya (4159) that. "Knowledge leads to salvation, the body leads to knowledge and food leads to the nutrition of) body." The body is a vessel that ferries a person to the shore of eternal bliss. From this point of view, fulfillment of bodily needs has both value and importance, the body is means to liberation and therefore deserves care. But it must be noted that our attention should be fixed not on the vessel-the means, but on the shore-- the end to which it leads. As the vessel, body is a means and not an end. The recognition of physical and material values of life as means is at the core of jainism and its entire spirituality. Here we have a line of demarcation indicating the

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165 difference between spiritualism and materialism. In materialism, fulfillment of bodily needs and animal urges is an end in itself whereas in spiritualism it is only a means leading to the higher spiritual values. In Jainism both enjoyment and renunciation of worldly objects by an aspirant are needed for the cultivation of self restraint (samyama) and mental equanimity (samatva). The entire religious practices of Jainism aims at the development of an unruffled, unattached, dispassionate and peaceful life that is free from mental tensions and conflicts. The main issue is not the fulfillment or rejection of bodily needs but the establishment of peace in the life of individual as well as of society. Hence the fulfillment of bodily needs is welcomed to the extent to which it furthers this particular cause, but when it does not, ought to be rejected. This view is beautifully presented in the Acaranga and Uttaradhyayana (32/100-107). They say, when the senses come into contact with their objects, then the concomitant sensations of pleasure or pain also arise. It is not possible in actual life to effectively alienate senses from the experiences of their objects and thus to exclude sensations of pleasures and pains. Hence what we must renounce is not the sense experiences but attraction or repulsion to them invoked in the mind. Attractions and repulsions (mental tensions) are the effects of the involvement of the self in pleasant or unpleasant sense-objects; they cannot arise in an unattached and indifferent person. Thus the essential teaching of Jainism is the eschewment of attachment, not the negation of life. The Main Objective of Jain Spirituality The main objective of Jainism is to emancipate man from sufferings. It tries to track down sufferings to their very root. The famous Jaina text Uttaradhyayana-sutra says : Kamanugiddhippabhvam khu dukkhari sawassa logass sadevagassa. Ja koiyam manasiyam ca kinci tassa antagam gacchai viyarago. (32.19) That the root of all physical as well as mental sufferings of everybody including the gods is the desire for enjoyment. Only a dispassionate attitude can put an end to them. It is true that materialism

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166 seeks to eliminate sufferings, through the fulfillment of human desires, but it cannot eradicate the primal cause from which the stream of suffering wells up. Materialism does not have at its disposal an effective means for quenching the thirst of man permanently. Not only this, its attempts at the temporary appeasement of a yearning have the opposite effect of flaring it up like the fire fed by an oblation of butter. It is clearly noted in the Uttaradhyayanasutra Suvanna-rupassa upawayabhave siya hu kelasasama asamkhaya. Narassa luddhassa na tehim kinci iccha u agasasama anantiya. (9.49) That, even if an infinite number of gold and silver mountains, each as large as the Kailasa, are conjured up, they would not lead to the final extinction of human desires, because desires are infinite like space. Not only Jainism but all spiritual traditions unanimously hold that the root cause of sorrow is attachment, lust or a sense of minenss, but the fulfillment of desires is not means of ending them. Though a materialistic perspective can provide for material prosperity, it cannot make us free from attachments and yearnings. Our materialistic outlook can be compared to our attempt of chopping the branches off while watering the roots of a tree. In the above mentioned Gatha it is clearly pointed out that desires are endless just as space (Akasa) and it is very difficult to fulfil all of them. If mankind is to be freed from selfishness, violence, exploitation, corruption and affliction stemming from them, it is necessary to outgrow materialistic outlook and to develop an attitude which may be described as spiritual. Jaina spiritually teaches us that happiness or unhappiness is centered in the soul and not in worldly objects. Pleasure and pain are self-created. They are subjective in nature also. They do not depend totally on the objects, but depend also on the attitude of a person towards them. The Uttaradhyayanasutra mentions : Appa katta vikatta ya, duhana ya suhana ya Appa mittamamittam ca, duppatthiya-supatthio. (20.37) That the self (atma) is both the doer and the enjoyed of happiness and misery. It is its own friend when it acts righteously and foe when

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167 it acts unrighteously. An unconquered self is its own enemy, unconquered passions and sense organs of the self are its own enemy. oh! having conquered them I move righteously. In another Jaina text Aurapaccakkhanam it is mentioned : Ego me sasado appa nanadanisanasamjuo Sesa me bahira bhava, sawe samjogalakkhana. Tamha samjogasambandhan, sawabhavena vosire. The soul endowed with knowledge and perception is alone permanently mine, all other objects are alien to it. All the serious miseries suffered by the self are born of the individual's sense of mine or attachment towards these alien objects. First of all, Jainism maintains that the attachment (Raga) and delusion (moha) obscure our spiritual nature and are responsible for our worldly existence and suffering. The most intense vasana is hrdaya granthi, which is a deep attachment towards sense-objects and worldly desires. The oldest name of Jaina sect is Niggantha-dhamma. The word Niggantha means the one who has unknotted his hrdayagranthi, i.e., the "mine-complex;" it means, in other words, one has eradicated ones attachment and passions. The word, "jaina", also conveys the same meaning; a true jaina is one who has conquer ered ones passions. According to Lord Mahavira, "to reamin attached to sensuous objects is to remain in the whirl (Acaranga, 1.1.5) The attachment towards sensous objects is the root of our worldly existence (Acaranga, 1.2.1.). Further, it is also mentioned in the Acaranga, "only he who knows the nature of the sensuous objects is possessed of self knowledge, scripture, Law (dhamma) and Truth (bambha)" (Acaranga, 1.3.1). The five senses together with anger, pride, delusion and desire are difficult to be conquered, but when the self is conquered, all these are completely conquered (Uttaradhyayana, 9.36). Just as the female crane is produced from the egg and the egg from the crane, in the same way desire is produced by delusion and delusion by desire (Uttaradhyayana, 32.6). Attachment and hatred are the seeds of Karma, which have delusk'n as their source. Karma is the root of birth and death. This cycle of birth and death is the sole cause of misery. Misery is gone in the case of a man who has no

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168 delusion, while delusion is gone in the case of a man who has no desire; desire is gone in the cases of a man who has no greed, while greed is gone in the case of a man who has no attachment" (Uttaradhyayana, 32.8). According to the Tattvartha-sutra, a famous Jaina text, perverse attitute (mithya-darsana), non-abstinence (aviratil), spiritual inertia (pramada). passions (kasaya) and activity (Yoga) -- these five are the conditions of bondage (8.1). We can say that mithyadarsana (perverse attitude), mithya-jnana (perverse knowledge) and mithya-caritra (immoral conduct) are also responsible for our worldly existence or bondage. But perversity of knowledge and conduct depends upon the pervesity of attitude. Thus the perversity of attitutde, which is due to darsana-moha is one of the important factors of bondage. Non-absence, spiritual inertia and passion are due to the presense of perverse attitude. Though activities of mind, body and speech are considered the cause of bondage yet they are incapable of bondage unless they are following by perverse attitude and passions. They are only the cause of Asrava (influx of karmic matter), not the cause of bondage. Bondage is possible only through these three type of activities or yogas in the presence of perverse attitude and passions. The perverse attitude (mithya-darsana) and the passions (kasayas) are nutually cause and effect of each other just as the egg and the hen or the seed and the tree. We can not fix the priority of one over the other, passions are due to the perverse attitude and perverse attitude is due to the passions. The Nature of Self (a) Nature of Self as pure knower : Here naturally a question may arise, "what according to Jainism, is the nature of self? While defining the nature of self, the Acaranga mentions je aya se vinnaya je vinnaya se aya (1.5.5) Self is the knower and the knower is the self, thus the real nature of self is regarded as pure knower. Modern psychology recognizes three aspects of consciousness-- cognitive, affective and conative. Among these three, the affective and conative aspects respectively correspond to enjoying (experiencing) and to doing (behaving). So long as the self manifests itself as the enjoyed or the doer, it is not

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169 in its ideal state of pure knower, for, in this state, the mind constantly sways between "either-or i.e. alternative feelings of pleasure and pain or alternative desires. Hence the mental equanimity of self is disturbed. But when consciousness appears as the pure knower it can lead the self to a deep seated trance and free it from sufferings. A pure knower is not enamored of the objects of pleasure which come to him. He enjoys them indifferently, and is therefore not subject to attachment or bondage. It is mentioned in Samayasara : Jaha phaliyamani suddho na saya parinamadi ragamadihim. Raijjadi annehim du so rattadihim davvehin. Evarn nani suddho na sayam parinamadi ragamadihim. Rajjadi annehim du so ragadihim dosehirn. (300-301) Just as the quartz crystal gem is by nature pure and while and it itself does not really become coloured in the presence of coloured objects but it appears to be coloured for it reflects the coloured of the near object, similarly the pure knower does not modify itself into love etc. But by attachment and other defects it appears affected. Love, hatred and other thought activities are not the souls own modifications. They are due to karmic matter or external objects. Really the soul is pure knower. (b) Samata as a Nature of Self : Samayika (samata) is the principal concept of Jainism. It is the pivot on which the ethics of jainism revolves. In English, we can translate it as equality, equanimity, harmony, integration and rightness. But none of these terms convey the complete meaning of the word Samata (Samaika or Samahi) in which it is used in Indian philosophy. And so it will be better to use it without translating into English. The word Samata has different meanings in different contexts. Sometimes it means a balanced state of mind which is undisturbed by any kind of sorrow, emotional excitement, pleasures, pains, achievements or disappointments. Sometimes it refers to the kind of a personality which is completely free from the vectors of aversion and attachment, that is a dispassionate personality with a mental equanimity. The word Samata also means the feeling of equality with the fellow beings. Loosely speaking, it also conveys the meaning of social equality and social integration.

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170 Ethically, the term 'Sama' or 'Samyak' means rightness. Inspite of all its different shades of meanings the term samata is associated with some kind of a psychological state of mind and it has some impact on our external, social and individual adjustments. In a Jaina text known as Bhagavatisutra, there is a conversation between Lord Mahavira and Gautama. Gautama asked Mahavira"what is the nature of soul"? and Mahavira answered. "The nature of soul is equanimity." Gautama again asked, "what is the ultimate end of soul"? and Mahavira replied, "The ultimate end of soul is also equanimity (Viyahapannatti, 1.9). The view of Lord Mahavira that the real nature of soul is equanimity (samata) is further supported by Acarya Kunda-kund. Kundakkunda's famous works known as Samayasara, in which Jaina spirituality reach its culmination, deals with the nature of soul. In the whole of Jain literature he is the only acarya who used the word 'samaya' or 'Samayasara' for soul (Atman). I think the Acarya has purposely used this word for Atman. So far as I know, no commentator of Samayasara has raised the question: "why has Kundakunda used the word 'Samaya' for jiva or soul?" I think the word samaya may be a Prakrta version of Samskrta-word samah + yah which means one who has the quality of equanimity. i.e. Samata. Further the word Samayasara can also be defined in the similar fashion. We can say that he who possesses Samata as his essential nature is called Samayasara. Acarya Kundakunda also equated the word 'samaya' with svabhava or essential nature. He used the words svasamaya and parasamaya. Sva-samaya means real nature and para-samaya means resultant nature. Further, sva-samaya, i.e. real nature, has been explained as an ultimate end. In this way its ultimate end is equanimity or samata. Furthermore, according to Jaina Ethics the way through which the ultimate end can be achieved is also Samata which is known in prakrta as samahi or samai. In this way three basic presuppositions of Jaina Ethics, the moral agent, the ultimate end and the path through which this ultimate end can be achieved, are equated with the term

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equanimity or samata. In jaina Ethics ends and means do not exist as something external to the moral agent; they are part and parcel of his own real nature. By means of sadhana we can actualize what is potentially present in us. According to the Jaina view equanimity (samata) is our real potential nature and sadhana is nothing but practice of equanimity. The three-fold path of right knowledge, right attitude or belief and right conduct solely depends on the concept of equanimity (samata) for their rightness. The three-fold path is only an application of equanimity in the three aspects of our consciousness. According to Jainism, equanimity should be a directive principle of the activities of knowing, feeling and willing. 171 What is the justification for saying that our essential nature or our aim of life is samata or that samata should be the directive principle of our life and what are the grounds for its justification : To answer these questions first of all we must understand human nature. By human nature we mean man's organic and psychological make-up. What do you mean by a living organism? By living organism we mean an organism that has the power to maintain its physiological equilibrium. In Biology this process is known as homeostasis, which is considered as an important quality of living organism. The second essential quality of a living organism is its capacity for adjustment to its environment. Whenever a living organism fails to maintain its physiological equilibrium and to adjust itself to its environment, it tends towards death. Death is nothing but an utter failure of this process of maintaining equilibrium. Thus we can say that where there is life there are efforts to avoid unequlibrium and to maintain equilibrium. Psychologically nobody wants to live in a state of mental tension. We like relaxation and not tension, satisfaction and not anxiety; this shows that our psychological nature working in us is for mantal peace or mental equanimity or for the adjustment between these two poles of our personality, the ideal and the real. It is a fact that there are mental states such as emotional excitements, passions, anxieties and frustrations, but they do not form our essential nature because they do not exist for there own sake. Either they seek there satisfaction from some external objects or we want to get rid of these

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172 mental states. They are thus, the resultant expressions (ibhava) of our self. An important process or our life is the process of adjustment, and at the mental level adjustment is nothing but a process or restoring mental peace, harmony and integration. In this way we can say that the Jaina concept of equanimity or 'samatva' as the real nature of souls has a sound ground for its justification in our organic and psychological nature also. Darwin suggested that the "struggle for existence is the basic principle of living." Apparently it is true that there is a struggle for existence in our world and nobody can deny this fact. But owing to certain reasons we cannot call this a directive principle of living. First of all this theory is self-contradictory, because its basic slogan is 'live on others', in other words, it prescribes 'living by killing'. Secondly, it is opposed to the basic human nature and to even animal nature to a certain extent. The theory 'live on others' is against the simple rule that all living beings or human beings are potentially equal. The concept of equality of all living beings (Samata) can only give us a right directive principle of living with fellow beings. The directive principle of living is not "live on others" but "live with others" or "live for others". The famous Jaina philosopher Umasvati in his Tattvartsutra maintains that the nature of Jiva is to serve one another (Parasparopagrho jivanam, 5.21). Struggle is not our inner nature but it is only a resultant nature, it is imposed on us by some outer factors. Whenever we have to struggle we struggle under compulsion and whatsoever is done under compulsion cannot be a guiding principle of our living, because it does not blow out from inner nature. In the Acaranga (1.8.3) also equanimity has been referred to as the essence of religion (Dharma). This equanimity or balanced state of mind is the greal nature of self. According to Jainism, Dharm is nothing but the fundamental nature of a thing (vatthu sahavo dhammo, Kartikeyanupreksa; 478) Jainism maintains that an ideal, which differ from one's own nature, cannot be realised or actualised; one's essential nature (savalaksana) alone can be out ideal. It is true that dialectic materialism takes conflict or struggle as the law of life and states that the history of man is a history of classconflict, but this concept is erroneous. No conscious and living being

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tends to continue in a state of conflict, it rather seeks to put an end to a conflict as it arises. Since struggle or conflict is something to be get rid of, it cannot be regarded as the real nature of soul. The main drive of life is towards putting an end to mental tensions (arising from external and internal stimuli) and returning to a state of mental equanimity. That is why Jainism maintains that equanimity is the real nature of self and calls it Dharma. It is also true that in Jainism the basic aim of religious aspirations is to put an end to such mental disequilibriums or tensions as attachment and the sense of mine beget attraction and repulsion and cause mental tension or disturb equanimity of mind. An attached man identifies not-self as self, whereas an unattached and dispassionate person regards self as self and not-self as not-self and thus maintains mental equanimity. 173 According to Jainism the attainment of mental equanimity is the ultimate objective of man. It is in this state that consciousness can be free from constant flickerings and attain peace which again is a pre-condition for spiritual happiness which Jainism marks out as the goal of life and is possible alone in the state of equanimity. This comes down to the statement that the dispassionate stage of mind (vitaragata) or the equanimity of mind itself is alone the goal of life. This state of consciousness is also known as a state of pure knowership (Saksibhava or drastabhava) which is the real nature of self and its attainment is the ultimate aim of life. The Identity of Self with End and Means In Jainism the aspirant, the end and the means are regarded as identical to self. Each member of the trinity is a manifestation of self. The Adhyatma-tattvaloka (41.7) mentions that self is both-- the binding network of the phenomenal universe (samsara) and salvation 'rom it. It remains in bondage so long as it is conditioned by the Karmas and under the domination of senses and passions, but when t has full control over them, it is emancipated. In his commentary on Samayasara (305) Acarya Amrtacandrasuri says, "Emancipation Mukti) consists in the exclusion of para-dravya. i.e. Karma and the realisation of one's own real nature. Acarya Hemcandrasuri also maintains in his famous work Yogasastra 9415). "The self which is

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174 conditioned and overwhelmed by the senses is in bondage and the self, which has control over them, is called the emancipated or the enlightened one. In fact, the self being yoked to desires constitutes bondage and when the desires are shed, the self appears in its pristine purity, it is emancipated. The Jaina view of the spiritual goal is that it is within the aspirant and not outside. What is realised by spiritual practices is not an external object, but the full manifestation of one's inner potentialities of self remain same at the beginning of the quest and at its end; the difference lies in the realisation or actualisation of these potentialities. Just as a seed is capable of being developed into a tree, and it actualises his capability when it is really grown in the form of a tree, similarly the soul (atma) which has the potentiality of being the Supreme-Soul (paramatma), becomes perfect by realising its potentialities of infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite bliss and infinite power. According to Jainism salvation lies in the full development of our potentialities. The mission of Jainism is the realisation of the self through the self. The godhood which is already present in the self has to be manifested and the soul has to be brought to its purity. Thus the spiritual journey of soul starts form impure state of the soul and ends with the pure state of the soul (Suddhatma). From the Jaina view-point the path of liberation is also not different from the self. The three aspects of our consciousnesscognition, affection and conation, when rightly oriented constitute the path of emancipation. In the Jaina philosophy, the three-fold path of liberation consists of right knowledge (Samyak-jnana), right belief (Samyak-darsana) and right conduct (Samyak-caritra). This implies that the congnitive, affective and conative wings of the self, processed into right knowledge, right belief and right conduct, appear to be the real path. Thus considered, the path of emancipation is also soul-stuff. As Acarya Kundakunda puts it : Ada khu majjhanana ada me damsanam carittam ca Ada paccakkhanam ada me samvaro jogo. Damsanana carittani sevidavvani sahuna niccam. Tani puna jana tinnvi appanam ceva nicchayado. (Samayasara, 18.19)

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175 Right knowledge (Jnana), right faith (Darsana), renunciation (Pratyakhyana), Discipline (Samvarao) and yoga are the means to realize the real nature of the self. The same self (soul) is in knowledge, perception, renunciation, discipline and Yoga. What appears as knowledge, faith and conduct is no other than the self. From practical view-point (Vyavaharanaya) they are said to be different from the self, but from real view-point (niscaya-naya) they are one and same with self. Right faith, knowledge and conduct should always be pursued by a saint, but he must know that all these three from real view-point are the self itself. Thus we can say that Jainism is based on the spiritual foundation of the self realisation i.e. Atma-saksatkara.

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