Jain Vidyache Vividh Aayam Part 01

Author(s): Nalini Joshi
Publisher: Nalini Joshi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/009841/1

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jainavidyece vividha AyAma ( sphuTa - ciMtanAtmaka lekha) bhAga - 1 * lekhana va saMpAdana DaoN. nalinI jozI prAdhyApikA, jaina adhyAsana seTha hirAcaMda nemacaMda jaina adhyAsana phirodiyA prakAzana puNe vidyApITha oNgasTa 2011

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seTha hirAcaMda nemacaMda jaina adhyAsana phirodiyA prakAzana, puNe vidyApITha jainavidyece vividha AyAma (sphuTa-ciMtanAtmaka lekha) * lekhana va saMpAdana * DaoN. nalinI jozI prAdhyApikA, jaina adhyAsana oNgasTa 2011

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* jainavidyece vividha AyAma (sphuTa - ciMtanAtmaka lekha) * lekhaka va saMpAdaka DaoN. nalinI jozI * prakAzaka phirodiyA prakAzana ec.en.jaina adhyAsana, tattvajJAna vibhAga, puNe vidyApITha * sarva hakka svAdhIna * prathamAvRtti : julai 2011 * khAjagI vitaraNAsAThI pustaka upalabdha hoNyAce sthAna : sanmati - tIrtha 844, zivAjInagara, bI.em. sI. sI. roDa, phirodiyA haoNsTela, puNe - 411004 phona naM. (020) 25671088 * mudraka : kalyANI kaoNrporezana 1464, sadAziva peTha, puNe 411030 phona : (020) 24471405 * akSara saMyojana : zrI. ajaya jozI * mukhapRSTha ANi pRSTha saMracanA : ku. prAcI mhaske

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prastAvanA puNe vidyApIThAtIla seTha hirAcaMda nemacaMda jaina adhyAsanAcyA prAdhyApikA DaoN. zrImatI nalinI jozI yAMcA 'jainavidyece vividha AyAma' hA prastuta lekhasaMgraha (khaMDa - 1) malA aneka kAraNAMsAThI mahatvAcA vATato. muLAta jaina dharma ANi tattvajJAna atyaMta prAcIna kALApAsUna kimAna vedakALApAsUna kadAcit vedapUrva kALApAsUna suddhA astitvA Ahe. tyAne mAnavI jIvanAcyA va saMskRtIcyA aneka aMgopAMgAMnA nusatA sparza kelA ase nasUna tyAta praviSTa heUna ApalA khola ThasA umaTavalA Ahe. tyAmuLe abhyAsakAMnA 'jainavidyA' nAvAcI svataMtra vidyAzAkhAca nirmANa karAvI lAgalI. DaoN. jozI yAMnI zodhabuddhIne va caukasapaNAne jainavidyecyA yA bahuvidha AyAmAMcA dhAMDoLA gheta jaina dharma, tattvajJAna ANi AcAra yAMce vividha pailUMce darzana yA lekhAMmadhUna ghetalele Ahe. tyAta tyAMnI ApalyA sahakAr2yAMcyA kartRtvAlAhI, tyAMcI madata gheta puresA vAva dilA Ahe. DaoN. ke.vA. ApaTe yAMcyA jainAMcyA bahAttara kalA (kiMvA adhika) kalAMvara prakAza TAkaNAr2yA dIrgha lekhAcA samAveza karUna jainavidyelA jAstIta jAsta nyAya deNyAcA prayatnahI tyAMnI kelA, he aucityapUrNaca mhaNAve lAgela. dusare ase kI yA lekhAMmadhIla vivecanAmuLe jaina dharmAce pAlana karaNAr2yAMnA mArgadarzana hoU zakate taseca jainetara bAMdhavAMcyA jainadharmAsaMbaMdhIcyA jijJAsece samAdhAnahI hoU zakate. arthAt yAcA artha he kevaLa mAhitI deNAre, prAthamika va boLabodha lekhana Ahe asA mAtra nAhI. DaoN. jozI yAMnA sanmati-tIrtha va mAMDArA prAvidyA saMsthA yethIha zodhAryAnA praddIrdha anumava Ahe. tyAmujhe tyAMvyA lekhAMtUna saMzodhanAce navenave mudde ThAyIThAyI DokAvatAnA disatAta. tyAMnI phakta tyAce avaDaMbara mAjavaNyAce va saMzodhakIya zistIcyA nAvAkhAlI kliSTatA ANaNyAce kaTAkSAne TALale Ahe. madhyapUrvetIla yahudI, khristI ANi islAma he tIna dharma ekAca semiTika paraMpareta vADhale. tyAcapramANe bhAratAta vaidika (hiMdU), jaina ANi bauddha dharma he ekAca sAMskRtika pArzvabhUmIvara vikasita jhAle. kiMbahunA AjacI bhArata saMskRtI yA tIna dharmAMcyA paraspara prabhAvAtUna nirmANa jhAlI Ahe, ase mhaNaNyAta atizayoktI hoNAra nAhI. tyAmuLe yA dharmAta ApaNAsa sAmyabhedAMcI va saMgharSasamanvayAcI aneka sthaLe ADhaLUna yetAta. vyApaka ANi taTastha dRSTikona asalyAzivAya tI lakSAta yeNAra nAhI. DaoN. jozI yAMcyA lekhAmadhUna hA dRSTikona ADhaLato. tyAmuLe prastuta lekhasaMgraha vAcalyAnaMtara jainajijJAsece samAdhAna tara hoteca paraMtu ekUNaca bhAratIya saMskRtIviSayIcI ApalI jANIva samRddha hote. jainavidyA yA viSayAcA AvAkAca vyApaka asalyAmuLe tyAta jaina tIrthaMkara, graMtha, itihAsa, samAja i. aneka bAbIMvarIla lekhana samAviSTa jhAlele Ahe. paraMtu sarvAta mahattvAcI bAba mhaNaje ApaNa jyA kALAta vAvarata Ahota tyA kALAce bhAna koThehI suTalele disata nAhI. kiMbahunA jainAMcI pratyeka goSTa DaoN. jozI Adhunika saMdarbhAta ujaLUna ghetAta. sAhajikaca pustaka vAcalyAnaMtaracI vAcakAMcI pratikriyA purANavastusaMgrahAlaya pAhUna hota asate, tazI na hotA, 'vartamAna vAstavAzI ApaNa joDale gelo Ahota', azIca hote. vizeSataH sadya:kALAtIla yuvaka-yuvatIMcI bhUmikA, avasthA va apekSA yAMcI dakhala gheUnaca DaoN. jozI mAMDaNI karatAnA disatAta. vizeSa mhaNaje yA mAMDaNI purezI spaSTatA Ahe. anAvazyaka gauravAcI va udAttIkaraNAcI tyAMnA koThehI AvazyakatA vATalelI disata nAhI. DaoN. jozI yAMce hAtUna azA prakArace lekhanasaMzodhana yApuDhehI vipula hota rAho, azA zubhecchA deNyAta mAjhyAsArakhyA jijJAsU vAcakAcA phAyadAca Ahe. tyAmuLe bar2yAcazA goSTI AmhAMlA vinAsAyAsa samajatIla. sadAnaMda more tattvajJAna vibhAga, puNe vidyApITha, 3 oNgasTa 2011

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manogata seTha hirAcaMda nemacaMda jaina adhyAsanAcI sthApanA 17 julai 1976 rojI jhAlI. adhyAsanAcyA mULa uddiSTAta noMdavalyApramANe, 'jainavidyecyA vividha zAkhAMmadhye mUlagAmI saMzodhana' he uddiSTa jitake mahattvAce Ahe, titakeca vividha vyAkhyAne, pustikA, carcAsatre, spardhA ityAdIMcyAdvAre 'jainavidyeviSayI lokajAgRti'-he uddiSTahI mahattvAce Ahe. 2 julai 2007 rojI mAjhI mAnada niyuktI, 'jaina adhyAsana prAdhyApikA' mhaNUna puNe vidyApIThAtarphe karaNyAta AlI. 2007 te 2010 yA kAlakhaMDAta adhyAsanAcyA aMtargata jhAlele saMzodhanakArya prakAzita kele ANi dezIparadezI abhyAsakAMnA yathAzaktI vitaritahI kele. _ 'jainavidyece vividha AyAma' yA pustakAdvAre adhyAsanAcyA dusar2yA mahattvAcyA uddiSTAcyA pUrtIcA AnaMda anubhavIta Ahe. bhAMDArakara-prAcya-vidyA-maMdira ANi sanmati-tIrtha yA saMsthAMzI vizeSa nigaDita asalyAne jaina samAjAzI ANi vizeSata: jaina mahilAvargAzI mAjhA saMparka gelyA 25 varSAMpAsUna rAhilA Ahe. paryuSaNaparva ANi mahAvIrajayaMtI yA dona vizeSa prasaMgI sthAnakAta, maMdirAta, svAdhyAyI zibirAta, sAmAjika saMsthAMta, mAsika patrikaMsa, vRttapatrAMta ANi AkAzavANIvara aneka bhASaNe, vyAkhyAne, lekha, carcAsatre ghaDUna AlI. jaina adhyAsanAcyA dvAre vyAkhyAna-mAlikA ANi 'phAuMDezana korsesa' ghetale. vizeSa khabaradArI azI ghetalI kI jainavidyecI vividha aMge tyAtUna lokAMsamora yAvIta. mahArASTrAtalyA jaina samAjAne vyAkhyAne ANi lekhamAlAMnA udaMDa pratisAda dilA. sphuTa-ciMtanAcA hA raMgIberaMgI puSpaguccha tyAtunaca tayAra jhAlA. yA pustakAta ekUNa 21 lekhAMcA samAveza ATha vibhAgAta karUna dilA Ahe. jainavidyecA vicAra yethe mukhyataH tattvajJAna, itihAsa, sAhitya, samAja ANi taulanika ciMtanAcyA dvAre mAMDalA Ahe. lokapriya paddhatIce lekhana asalyAne arthAtaca saMdarbhakramAMka, graMthasUcI, kliSTa pAribhASika saMkalpanAMcA vApara hetupUrvaka TALalA Ahe. paraMtu yAtIla ciMtana mUlagAmI AdhArAMnA soDUna asaNAra nAhI yAcI kALajI ghetalI Ahe. malA yAcI pUrNa jANIva Ahe kI jainavidyecI kitItarI aMge agara AyAma yA pustiketa samAviSTa nAhIta. jaina maMdire va zilpe, zilAlekha, hastalikhite, jaina nyAya, jaina paMthopaMthAMcA itihAsa - hyA ANi azA aneka AyAmAMnI jainavidyece dezI-paradezI abhyAsaka AjamitIsa jainavidyecyA kakSA ruMdAvaNyAce kArya karIta Aheta. kAlidAsAcyA suprasiddha uktIpramANe hA prayatna mhaNaje, 'choTyA hoDIne samudra tarUna jANyAce sAhasa' karaNyAsArakhe Ahe. tarIhI AttAparyaMta lekha-vyAkhyAnAMnA miLAlelyA pratisAdAvarUna ase vATate kI jaina va jainetara jijJAsU vAcaka yA prayatnAcI nakkI dakhala ghetIla. vegavegaLe viSaya veLoveLI sucavUna ciMtanAsa pravRtta karaNAr2yA mahArASTrAtIla jaina samAjAlA mana:pUrvaka dhanyavAda jaya jineMdra nalinI jozI jaina adhyAsana-pramukha puNe vidyapITha

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vibhAga 1 : kozAsAThI vizeSa lekha (1) jaina paraMparA ( saMskRti - darzana koza, puNe) (2) jaina paraMparetIla strIvicAra (samAja vijJAna koza, puNe) vibhAga 2 : tattvajJAna (3) 'ciMtana' (bhAga 1 te 4 ) : AkAzavANI puNe keMdra (4) jaina darzanAtIla 'punarjanma' saMkalpanA vibhAga 3 : bhagavAn mahAvIra (5) mahAvIrAMcyA dRSTIne 'vIra' koNa ? (6) mahAvIravANItUna bheTalele mahAvIra anukramaNikA vibhAga 4 : jaina sAhitya (7) jaina sAhityAcI saMkSipta oLakha (8) 'prAkRta' mhaNaje kAya ? jainAMnI 'prAkRta' kA zikAve ? (9) jaina sAhityAtIla kathAbhAMDAra (10) jaina prAkRta sAhitya : kAhI mahattvapUrNa nirIkSaNe (11) jainAMnI japalelI RSivacane vibhAga 5 : jaina itihAsa (12) jaina aitihAsika sAhitya (13) jaina purANAtIla rAje vibhAga 6 : jaina samAjadarzana (14) jaina tattvajJAna ANi jaina samAjAtIla parivartane (15) jaina cAturmAsa : kAhI nirIkSaNe, prazna va apekSA (16) jaina dharmagraMthAta 'strI'ce sthAna vibhAga 7 : jaina dharma ANi AdhunikatA (17) jaina dharmAtIla vaijJAnikatA (18) bha. mahAvIrAMce tattvajJAna : Adhunika saMdarbhAta

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vibhAga 8 : taulanika vicAra (19) jaina ANi hiMdU dharma : sAmyabhedAtmaka nirIkSaNe (20) uttarAdhyayana ANi dhammapada (21) jainadharma ANi zIkhadharma : kAhI tulanAtmaka nirIkSaNe (22) jainAMcyA AgamagraMthAMtIla bahAttara kalA (DaoN.ke.vA.ApaTe, sAMgalI) **********

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1. jaina paraMparA ('saMskRti-darzana' yA saMskRtikoSAsAThI pradIrgha lekha, me 2011) (1) prAkkathana : jainadharma hA kevaLa tattvajJAna athavA AcArapaddhatIpuratA maryAdita nAhI. jIvana jagaNyAcI tI eka pUrNa svataMtra zailI Ahe. brAhmaNa athavA vaidika paraMpareitakI kiMbahunA tyAcyAhI pUrvI pracalita asalelyA zramaNa paraMparecI hI eka zAkhA Ahe. jaina paraMparelA svata:cA svataMtra asA eka itihAsa Ahe. dArzanika dRSTyA jainadharma hA nirIzvaravAdI, bahutattvavAdI ANi vAstavavAdI Ahe. ahiMsA, karmasiddhAMta ANi anekAMtavAda he jaina tattvajJAnAce AdhAra Aheta. jaina AcAryAMnI vividha prakAracyA prAkRta bolIbhASAMmadhye lekhana karUna bhAratIya sAhityAlA anamola yogadAna kele Ahe. AcArAcyA dRSTIne sAdhuAcAra ANi gRhasthAMcA AcAra azI niyamabaddha AkhIva-rekhIva AcArapaddhatI jaina samAjAta prAcIna kALApAsUna cAlata AlI Ahe. AjahI bar2yAca aMzAne tI jazIcyA tazI pALalI jAta Ahe. sAmAnyataH nivRttigAmI athavA mokSalakSI mAnalyA gelelyA yA jaina paraMparene dharmaprabhAvanesAThI mhaNUna kalecyA kSetrAta ApalA vegaLA ThasA umaTavalA Ahe. guMphA, caitya, stUpa, mUrtI, maMdire, citrakalA, staMbhalekha ANi zilAlekha va zilpe yAMcyA rUpAne bhAratIya kalelA jainAMnI moTheca yogadAna dilele Ahe. gelyA kAhI dazakAmadhye jainaoNlaoNjI arthAta jainavidyA hI abhyAsazAkhA dezAta va paradezAta jhapATyAne vRddhiMgata hota Ahe. AraMbhApAsUna AtAparyaMta alpasaMkhyAMka asUnahI yA samAjAne ekAcaveLI ApalI pRthagAtmakatAhI japalI Ahe ANi bhAratIya saMskRtIzI ekAtmakatAhI sAdhalI Ahe. (2) 'jaina' zabdAcA artha : 'jaina' hA zabda 'jina' zabdAvarUna sAdhalelA Ahe ANi jina hA zabda saMskRtamadhIla 'ji' yA kriyApadApAsUna banalelA Ahe. jina mhaNaje jetA, jiMkaNArA. rAga athavA Asakti jiMkato to jina. jina hA zabda covIsahI tIrthaMkarAMce bAbatIta samAnapaNe vAparalA jAto. yA jinAMnI praNIta kelele te 'jainadarzana' hoya. jinAMnI sAMgitalelyA mArgAmadhye rata asaNArA, jinapraNIta mArgAce AcaraNa karaNArA to 'jaina' hoya. jinAMnI praNIta kelele mata athavA tattvajJAna mhaNaje 'Arhata mata' athavA 'Arhata darzana' hoya. (3) jainadharmAcI utpattI va prAraMbhika vikAsa : jainadharmAcI utpattI ANi vikAsa pAhaNyAsAThI prathama jaina tattvajJAnAtIla kAlacakra hI saMkalpanA samajUna gheNe atyaMta Avazyaka Ahe. vizvAcyA astitvAcyA dRSTIne vicAra kelA tara te anAdi-anaMta Ahe. vyAvahArika dRSTIne 20 koDA-koDI (20 koTI X 20 koTI) sAgaropama varSe hA pradIrgha kALa kAlacakrAcyA ekA parivartanAcA Ahe. jyA saMkhyAMcI gaNatI karatA yeta nAhI azA saMkhyAMnA jainazAstrAta upamecyA dvAre (sAgaropama, palyopama) spaSTa karaNyAcA praghAta Ahe. kAlacakrAcI azI anaMta Avartane hoUna gelI Aheta va puDhehI hoNAra Aheta. pratyeka kAlacakrAce avasarpiNI (varUna khAlI yeNArA) va utsarpiNI (khAlUna vara jANArA) ase dona ardhabhAga asatAta. pratyeka ardhabhAgAmadhye samAna ase sahA-sahA Are asatAta. vartamAna kAlacakrAcyA avasarpiNI bhAgAcyA tisar2yA Ar2yAcyA zevaTI prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva' athavA 'AdinAtha' he hoUna gele. cauthyA Ar2yAcyA prAraMbhI cAvIsAve tIrthaMkara bha. mahAvIra hoUna gele. yA dona kALAMcyA daramyAna madhIla bAvIsa tIrthaMkara hoUna gele. 24 tIrthaMkarAMcI nAve puDhIlapramANe Aheta : (1) RSabhadeva (2) ajitanAtha (3) saMbhavanAtha (4) abhinaMdana (5) sumatinAtha (6) padmaprabha (7) supArzvanAtha (8) candraprabha (9) suvidhinAtha (10) zItalanAtha (11) zreyAMsanAtha (12) vAsupUjya (13) vimalanAtha

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(14) anaMtanAtha (15) dharmanAtha (16) zAMtinAtha (17) kunthunAtha (18) aranAtha (19) mallinAtha (20) munisuvratanAtha (21) naminAtha (22) neminAtha (23) pArzvanAtha (24) mahAvIra (vardhamAna) vartamAna kAlacakrAta jainadharmAcA AraMbha prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadevAMcyA upadezApAsUna jhAlA. pAraMpArika mAnyatenusAra RSabhadeva lakSAvadhI varSAMpUrvI hoUna gele. tyAMcyA uMcI, AyurmAna he sarva kalpanAtItapaNe pradIrgha varNilele disate. vaidika paraMparecA sarvAta prAcIna upalabdha graMtha jo 'Rgveda' tyAta RSabhadevAMviSayIce ullekha va gauravodgAra disatAta. 'bhAgavatapurANA'ta tara tyAMce samagra caritraca varNilele disate. __ abhyAsakAMnI jyAMcI aitihAsikatA mAnya kelI Ahe ase cAra tIrthaMkara disatAta. tyAMpaikI RSabhadeva he pahile hota. kALAcA TappA sAmAnyata: lakSAta yeNyAsAThI ase mhaNatA yeIla kI rAmAyaNakALApUrvI visAve tIrthaMkara 'munisuvrata' hoUna gele. ekavisAve tIrthaMkara nami' he videhAce rAje janaka yAMcyA vaMzAtIla pUrvaja rAjarSi aNyAcI zakyatA Ahe. bAvisAve tIrthaMkara nemi' (ariSTanemi) he mahAbhAratAtIla vAsudeva kRSNAce jyeSTha culatabaMdhU hote. tevisAve tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha' he bha. mahAvIrAMpUrvI 250 varSe hoUna gele. bha. 'mahAvIra' he covisAve tIrthaMkara i.sa.pUrva 6 vyA zatakAta hoUna gele. pArzvanAtha ANi mahAvIra yAMcI aitihAsikatA AtA vAdAtIta mAnalI jAte. (4) tIrthaMkara : nainavarzanAnusAra mAnavI mAyuSyAne sarvonca dhyeya mokSa athavA nirvANaprAptI mahe. mokSaprAptIsADI triratnAvI (samyakdarzana, samyakjJAna, samyakcAritra) upAsanA karUna sarvazreSTha jJAna arthAt kevalajJAna prApta karAve lAgate. kevalajJAnAcI prAptI AdhyAtmika vikAsAcI sarvocca avasthA Ahe. kAlacakrAcyA oghAta kevalajJAnAcI prAptI jhAlele anaMta Atme hoUna gele. kevalajJAnAcyA prAptInaMtara je Atme mAnavI dehAce dhAraka asatAta tyA sarvAMnA 'arihaMta' (arhat) nAvAne saMbodhale jAte. yA arihaMtAMpaikI jyA vyaktI ApalyA prabhAvI dharmopadezAne samAjAcI naitika ANi AdhyAtmika unnatI karatAta tyAMnA tIrthaMkara' mhaNatAta. sarva tIrthaMkarAMnI Apale upadeza tyA kALAtIla va tyA tyA pradezAtIla pracalita bolIbhASAMmadhye kele. tyAmuLe te sarvasAmAnyAMnA atizaya javaLace vATale. yA prabhAvI vyaktIMcA ThasA kityeka sahasrake TikUna rAhato. vartamAnakALAta bha. mahAvIra yA tIrthaMkarAMcA zAsanakALa cAlU Ahe. tyAMnI upadezalelI jI vANI kAlAMtarAne ardhamAgadhI bhASeta graMthabaddha karaNyAta AlI tilA 'mahAvIravANI' ase saMbodhaNyAcA praghAta Ahe. ___ 'tIrthaMkara' zabdAcA zAbdika artha Ahe, 'tIrthAce karte'. 'tIrtha' zabdAcA jaina paribhASenusAra mukhya artha Ahe 'dharma'. saMsArasamudrAtUna AtmyAlA tArUna neNAr2yA ahiMsA, satya Adi sadguNAMce je prabhAvIpaNe pravartana karatAta, te 'tIrthaMkara' hota. dharmasaMghAcI sudRDha sthApanA karaNe, he dekhIla yA mahApuruSAMce kArya asate. bha. mahAvIrAMnI pArzvanAthapraNIta dharmAmadhye kALAlA anurUpa ase kAhI badala karUna jaina athavA nigraMthadharmAcI punhA ekadA utkRSTa prabhAvanA kelI. 2600 varSe hoUna gelI tarIhI bha. mahAvIrAMcyA yA kartRtvAcA ThasA jaina samAjAvara spaSTapaNe umaTalelA Ahe. tIrthaMkara he tumacyA-AmacyA sArakheca mAnavI janmAsa yeUna ApalyA tapasyene va sAdhanene tIrthaMkara padAlA pohocalele Atme Aheta. duSTAMce nirdAlana ANi sajjanAMce rakSaNa yAsAThI khAsa karUna avatarita jhAlele koNyA paramAtmyAce athavA paramezvarAce aMza athavA avatAra navheta. kevalajJAna prApta kelele sarvaca Atme nirvANAnaMtara lokAkAzAcyA agrabhAgI sadaiva siddharUpAne virAjamAna rAhatAta. tyAMce caitanyamaya astitva tethe asate paraMtu vizvAta punarAgamana hota nAhI. __ jaina dharmAta pUjanIya mAnalele he sarva tIrthaMkara kSatriya kuLAta janmalele rAje hote. pratyekAMce mAtA-pitA, janmasthala, nirvANasthala, tyAMcyA saMghAtIla sAdhu-sAdhvIMcI ANi zrAvaka-zrAvikAMcI saMkhyA - ityAdi tapazIla jaina sAhityAta noMdavalele disatAta. rAjyavaibhava ANi rAjaparivArAcA svecchene tyAga karUna tyAMnI tapasyAmaya jIvanAca

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aMgIkAra kelA. sarvocca jJAnaprAptInaMtara tyAMnI janakalyANArtha dharmopadeza dilA. pratyeka tIrthaMkarAMce pramukha ziSya 'gaNadhara' yA nAvAne saMbodhale jAtAta. tyAMcyA ziSya-praziSyAMnI hI nirgratha paraMparA avyAhatapaNe japalI. pratyeka tIrthaMkarAMcI viziSTa cihne (jase RSabhadevAMcA vRSabha, mahAvIrAMcA siMha i.), yakSa-yakSiNI ANi caityavRkSa (jase vRSabhadevAMcA vaTavRkSa, mahAvIrAMcA zAlavRkSa i.) yAMcI jaina itihAsa purANAta noMda kelelI disate. yakSa-yakSiNI tIrthaMkarAMcyA rakSaka devatA Aheta. tIrthaMkarAMviSayIcyA snehAne tyA vividha ApattIta tyAMce rakSaNa karatAta. vividha citre ANi maMdirAMvara koralelI zilpe yAMmadhye tyA tyA tIrthaMkarAMcyA yakSa-yakSiNIMcyA mUrtI koralelyA asatAta.sarva tIrthaMkarAMnA tyA tyA viziSTa vRkSAkhAlI dhyAnastha asatAnA kevalajJAnAcI arthAt bodhIcI prAptI jhAlI. yA arthAne he caityavRkSa bodhivRkSaca hota. sarva tIrthaMkarAMcyA AyuSyAtIla pAca mahattvAcyA ghaTanA paMcakalyANaka mhaNUna prasiddha Aheta. tyAMce garbhAvataraNa, janma, dIkSA, kevalajJAna va nirvANa yA sarvAMcyA tithI jaina itihAsAta noMdavilelyA Aheta. he sarva prasaMga utsavarUpAne sAjare karaNyAcA praghAta Ahe. (5) cAra tIrthaMkarAMce vaiziSTyapUrNa kArya : (1) RSabhadeva : niSkriya bhogabhUmIta jIvanakrama vyatIta karaNAr2yA mAnavI samAjAlA RSabhadevAMnI sakriya karmabhUmIta jagaNyAsAThI aneka kalA va vidyAMce zikSaNa dile. zetI, anna zijaviNe, vastre viNaNe, grAma-nagara nirmANa, vivAha paddhatI, apatyAMce pAlana-poSaNa yAMce yogya mArgadarzana karUna mAnavAlA susaMskRta banaviNyAce kAma kele. guNAnusArI varNavyavasthecA sUtrapAta, hehI RSabhadevAMcyA mahAna kAryAtIla eka kArya hoya. sumaMgalA nAvAcyA strIcyA patinidhanAnaMtara ticyAzI vivAha karUna, vivAhAcA vegaLAca Adarza ghAlUna dilA. brAhmI va suMdarI yA ApalyA kanyAMnA tyAMcyA rucInusAra lipI va gaNitAce zikSaNa dile. mhaNajeca strI zikSaNAcAhI Adarza tyAMnI ghAlUna dilA. RSabhadevAMcyA aneka putrAMpaikI bharata ANi bAhubalI he putra atizaya parAkramI va prakhyAta hote. bharata he bhAratAcyA itihAsAtIla pahile cakravartI hoUna gele. tyAMcyA nAvAvarUnaca ApalyA bhAratavarSAlA 'bhArata' he nAva paDale. dvitIyaputra bAhubalI he AraMbhI mahAna yoddhA va naMtara khaDatara tapasvI hote. tyAMcI 'zravaNabeLagoLa' yethe asalelI bhavya pratimA bhAratIya mUrtikalecA prakarSa darzavite. uttara AyuSyAta saMsAra va rAjyakArabhArAtUna pUrNa nivRtta hoUna RSabhadevAMnI eka varSabhara niraMtara - nirAhAra rAhUna saMyamayogAcI sAdhanA kelI. sAdhu-sAdhvI- zrAvaka-zrAvikA yA sarvAMnA vrata-niyama- sadAcArAcA upadeza kelA. bha. RSabhadevAMce maulika jIvanakArya jaina ANi vaidika yA donhI paraMparAMnI gauravapUrvaka aMkita kele Ahe. (2) neminAtha (ariSTanemi ) : mahAbhAratAta suprasiddha asalelyA vAsudeva kRSNAce jyeSTha culatabaMdhU ariSTanemi he hote. te jainadharmAce bAvIsAve tIrthaMkara hota. tyAMcyA vivAhAcyA prasaMgI bhojanAsAThI vAparalyA jANAr2yA puzakSyAMce karuNa AkraMdana aikUna nemikumArAMcyA manAta ahiMsA va karuNAbhAva vizeSa jAgRta jhAle. tyAMnI sarva pazupakSyAMnA baMdhanamukta kele. mAMsanivRttIcyA rUpAne ahiMsecA saMbaMdha bhojanAzI joDaNyAce aitihAsika kAma neminAthAMnI kele. chAMdogya upaniSadAtIla upadezAnusAra devakIputra kRSNAlA ghora aMgirasa RSIMnI ahiMsAdharmAcA upadeza dilA. bauddha darzanAce vidvAna sva. dharmAnaMda kauzAmbI yAMcyA matAnusAra ahiMsAdharmAce he upadezaka jaina tIrthaMkara bha. neminAthaca hote. (3) pArzvanAtha : IsavIsanApUrvI sumAre AThavyA zatakAta hoUna gelelyA pArzvanAtha yA tevisAvyA tIrthaMkarAMcA kALa, 'tApasayugA'cA kALa hotA. bhayaMkara kAyaklezAMnA mahattva deNAr2yA aneka prakAracyA tapazcaryA va kriyAkAMDe astitvAta hotI. ahiMsA, dayA, kSamA ANi zAMtIce avatAra asalelyA pArzvanAthAMnI vivekazUnya kriyAkAMDAlA virodha kelA. kamaTha tApasAne dhunIsAThI jamavilelyA jIrNa lAkaDAcyA oMDakyAtUna tyAMnI ekA pracaMDa nAgAlA

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AvAhana karUna bAhera kADhale. pArzvanAthAMcyA caritrakArAMnusAra vivekazUnya kriyAkAMDAlA virodha karaNAr2yA aneka dharmacarcAmadhye pArzvanAtha tyAMcyA gRhasthAvasthepAsUnaca tatpara hote. kevalajJAnAcyA prAptInaMtara pArzvanAthAMnI ahiMsA, satya, asteya ANi aparigraha azA cAra mahAvratAMcA upadeza kelA. tyAMcA dharma 'cAturyAmadharma' hotA, ase bauddhagrAMsahI namUda kelele disate. mahAvIrAMce mAtApitA pArzvanAthapraNIta saMpradAyAce anuyAyI hote. pArzvanAtha anuyAyI kezakkuimAra ANi mahAvIra ziSya gautama yAMcyAtIla vaicArika AdAna-pradAna prAcIna jainagraMthAta namUda kelele disate. jaina paraMparerIla pArzvanAthAMcA prabhAva atulanIya Ahe. pArzvanAthAMcyA mUrtIcI ANi stotrAMcI saMkhyA mahAvIrAMpekSAhI vipula asalyo disate. (4) mahAvIra :AjacyA jaina samAjAvara jyAMcyA upadezAcA, sAhityAcA ANi sAdhanecA sakhola pariNAma jhAlelA disato, te covisAve mhaNaje aMtima tIrthaMkara bha. mahAvIra hota. te 'jJAtRvaMzA'ta janmale asA ullekha jaina va bauddha paraMparAMnI noMdavilelA disato. tyAMcyA AyuSyAtIla tIna pramukha avasthA vizeSa lakSaNIya Aheta. vayAcyA tIsAvyA varSAparyaMta te gRhasthAvastheta vardhamAna' yA nAvAne oLakhale jAta hote. mAtA-pityAMcyA mRtyUnaMtara rAjammevAcA tyAga karUna tyAMnI zramaNa jIvanAcA aMgIkAra kelA. bArA varSe kaThora tapasyA karUna te 'mahAvIra' banale. kevalajJAna prAptInaMtara tIsa varSe satata vihAra ANi dharmopadezAce kAma kele. tyAMcyA pramukha ziSyAMnI arthAt gaNadharAMnI ardhamAdhI bhASetIla tyAMcyA upadezAce saMkalana akarA graMthAMmadhye kele. yA akarA graMthAMcyA avalokanAtUna ase disate kI sthaLa, kALa va vyaktIMcyA pAtratA baghUna tyAMnI ApalyA upadezAcA Azaya va zailI yAta vividhatA ANalI. tyAnaMtara hoUna gelelyA AcAryAMnI jainadharmAcyA prasArAce kArya sAhityanirmitI va pravacane yAMcyAdvArA kele. atimataH 'jJAtRputra vardhamAna zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra' azI tyAMcI oLakha pracalita jhAlI. mahAvIrAMce kAryakartRtva sArAMzAne puDhIlapramANe sAMgatA yeIla - * pRthvI, jala, agnI, vAyu ANi vanaspatI yAMcI 'sajIvatA' ANi 'ekeMdriyatva' mahAvIrAMnI vizeSa adhorekhita kele. tyAMcyA rakSaNAvara ANi maryAdita vAparAvara bhara dilA. tyAmuLe pazupakSI i. tiryaMcaca navhe tara ekeMdriyAMcyA rakSaNAcyA upadezAtUna ahiMsecA sUkSmatama vicAra kelA. paryAvaraNa rakSaNAcyA Adhunika saMkalpanecA ugama mahAvIrAMcyA mULa upadezAta spaSTata: anusyUta asalelA disato. ___ * pArzvanAthapraNIta dharmAta kALAnurUpa badala karUna aparigraha he cauthe vrata brahmacarya ANi aparigraha azA dona mahAvratAta vibhakta kele. azAprakAre sAdhuAcArAta brahmacaryAlA ananya sthAna dile. __ * brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya ANi zUdra he varNa janmAvara AdhArita nasUna vyaktIMcyA guNAMvara AdhArita Aheta he spaSTa noMdavUna Thevale. sAmAjika uccanIcatecA niSedha kelA. ___* yajJIya karmakAMDAcA hiMsA-ahiMsecyA dRSTIne vicAra kelA ANi yajJAcA AdhyAtmika dRSTIne ahiMsaka ANi sakArAtmaka artha spaSTa kelA. ___* jaina paraMpareta AraMbhIpAsUnaca sAdhUMcyA joDIne sAdhvIMnA ANi zrAvakAMcyA joDIne zrAvikAMnA sthAna hote. mahAvIrAMce vaiziSTya ase kI AryA 'caMdanelA' svata: dIkSA deUna tyAMnI sAdhvIsaMghAce pravartinIpada deU kele. jayaMtI, agnimitrA i. zrAvikAMzI mahAvIrAMnI kelelyA saMvAdAvarUna striyAMce jainasaMghAtIla mahattva vizeSa spaSTa hete. ___ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhityAta mahAvIrAMzI saMbaMdhita asalelyA aneka zahare, gAve, nadI-nAle, parvata, araNye, vastyA yAMcA ullekha yeto. hI bhaugolika sAmagrI mahAvIrAMcyA vihArAcA ANi kartRtvAcA pramANita Alekha tayAra karaNyAsa atyaMta upayukta Ahe. prAcIna bauddha vAGmayAta nAtaputta niggaMtha' azA zabdAta mahAvIrAMcA ullekha anekadA ADhaLato. paraMtu tAttvika vicAradhArA japaNAr2yA upaniSadAMmadhye athavA purANa sAhityAta vardhamAna mahAvIrAMcA ullekha apavAdAtmaka rItIne suddhA ADhaLata nAhI. yAulaTa 'RSibhASitA'sArakhyA prAcIna ardhamAgadhI graMthAta mAtra vaidika, vedottarakAlIna ANi bauddha RSIMcyA vicArAMcA saMgraha kelelA disato.

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(6) jainAMce pavitra graMtha arthAt (AmnAya) : ___ jaina dharmAtIla zvetAMbara ANi digaMbara saMpradAyAMnI vegavegaLyA prAcIna graMthAMnA 'Agama' agara 'AmnAya' saMbodhUna pUjanIyatecA darjA dilelA disato. Agama agara AmnAyAne saMbodhalele graMtha saMkhyene aneka Aheta. zvAtmarAMnI te 45 agara 32 mAnalele Aheta. digaMbarAMnI sumAre 15-20 prAcIna zaurasenI graMthAMnA AmnAyAcA darjA dilA Ahe gItA, dhammapada, kurANa, bAyabala agara gurugraMthasAhebasArakhA sarvamAnya lokapriya asA eka graMtha jaina paraMpareta nAhI. AcArya umAsvAmIkRta tattvArthasUtra' hA saMskRta sUtrabaddha dahA adhyAyAtmaka graMtha donhI paraMparAMnA mAnya Ahe. tathapi saMpUrNa dArzanika svarUpa asalelA hA graMtha lokapriya graMthAMcyA vargavArIta basU zakata nAhI. samagra zvetAMbarIya sAhmiAkaDe najara TAkalI asatA 'uttarAdhyayana' hA gAthAbaddha graMtha viSaya va zailIcyA dRSTIne 'dhammapadA'zI atizaya javaLacA Ahe ase disate. digaMbarIya saMpradAyAta 'SaTkhaMDAgama' hA Adya zaurasenI graMtha pUjanIya va pavitra tara mAnalA gelA Ahe paraMtu lokapriyatece nikaSa tyAlA lAgU zakata nAhIta. 'kuMdakuMda' nAvAcyA AcAryAMce 'samayasAra', 'aSTapAhuDa' ANi dvAdazAnuprekSA' he graMtha digaMbara svAdhyAyIMkaDUna vAcale jAtAta. jaina tattvajJAna ANi AcArAce samagra Akalana neTakepaNAne hoNyAsAThI mAtra 'tattvArthasUtra' yA graMthAlA paryAya upalabdha nAhI. sAmAnyataH oNgasTa-sapTeMbara mahinyAta yeNAr2yA paryuSaNaparvA'ta zvetAMbara saMpradAyAta 'kalpasUtra' va 'aMtagaDadazAsUtra' vAcaNyAcA praghAta Ahe. tara digaMbara saMpradAyAce loka tattvArthasUtrA'cA pATha karatAta. prathamAnuyoga yA nAvAne prasiddha basasTenDI tIrthakara kADhIMvI purANe va varitre vAvaMAvI prathA svAdhyAyI nirAMmadhye rUddha mATe. zvetAMbarAMmadhye sAmAyika, pratikramaNAcA nityapATha karaNyAcI rUDhI Ahe. digaMbarAMmadhye devapUjA, gurUpAsti,svAdhyAya, saMyama, tapa ANi dAna yA sahA goSTIMnA nitya Avazyaka mAnale Ahe. ___jainAMmadhye kALAnusAra aneka saMpradAya va upasaMpradAya nirmANa jhAle. zvetAMbara va digaMbara he dona mukhya saMpradAya Aheta. vastra, pAtra, AhAragrahaNAcI paddhata, pavitra graMthAMsaMbaMdhIcI mAnyatA i. aneka mudyAMvarUna, isavIsanAcyA pahilyA zatakAcyA sumArAsa he saMpradAya ekamekAMpAsUna spaSTata: bhinna jhAle. zvetAMbarAMmadhye kALAcyA oghAta viramArgI, sthAnakavAsI va terApaMthI he upasaMpradAya nirmANa jhAle. digaMbarAMmadhye terApaMthI, bIsapaMthI, tAraNapaMthI ANi kAMjavasamIpaMthI Adi upasaMpradAya nirmANa jhAle. vizeSa ase kI he sarva saMpradAya va upasaMpradAya bAhya AcArapaddhatI va karmakAMDAvara AdhArita Aheta. Sadravye, navatattve, karmasiddhAMta, anekAntavAda, paMcamahAvrate azA tAttvika mudyAMbAbata sarva paMthopapaMthAMcI samAna mAnyatA ADhaLate. (7) jaina tattvajJAnAcI saMkSipta oLakha : (a) prastAvanA : ___bhAratIya tattvajJAnAMcyA praNAlIMnA 'darzana' ase saMbodhaNyAcA praghAta Ahe. sAMkhya-yoga ityAdI sahA darzane paraMparene 'Astika' mAnalI jAtAta. jaina ANi bauddha hI dona darzane 'nAstika' Aheta. tI azA arthAne kI jagannimyA IzvarAce astitva tyAMnI mAnalele nAhI. taseca vedavacanAMce arthAt zrutIMce prAmANyahI tyAMnA mAnya nAhI. bhAratIya vidyece (Indology) abhyAsaka ase pratipAdana karatAta kI AryAMcyA dusar2yA dalAce bhAratAta Agamana hoNyApUrvI bhAratavarSAta vairAgya, saMnyAsa va kaThora tapazcaryelA mahattva deNArI zramaNa-paraMparA astitvAta hotI. jaina ANi bauddha dharma tyA paraMparetUna vikasita jhAlele dharma Aheta. bha. mahAvIra ANi bha. gautama buddha yAMcA kAryakALa isavI sanApUrvIce sahAve zataka Ahe. gautama buddhAMnI bauddha dharma navyAne vikasita kelA. te bauddha dharmAce Adya pravartaka hote. yAulaTa bha. mahAvIra he jaina dharmAce 24 ve mhaNaje yA yugAtIla akherace tIrthaMkara hoUna gele. tyAMcyA AdhIcyA tevIsa tIrthaMkaMkaDUna tyAMnA pradIrgha paraMparene jaina dharma, tattvajJAna ANi AcArAcA vArasA miLAlA hotA. kALAnurUpa yogya te badala karUna to vArasA bha. mahAvIrAMnI ApalyA dharmopadezAtUna puDhe cAlavalA.

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jaina darzanAtIla sarvAta mahattvapUrNa vicAradhArA puDhIlapramANe vyakta karatA yete. : yA samasta vizvAcyA muLAzI dona mukhya tattve Aheta. jIva (consciousness) ANi ajIva (matter). hI donhI tattve anAdi kALApAsUna astitvAta Aheta. tI satata ekamekAMcyA saMparkAta Aheta. tyA saMparkAtUna viziSTa 'baMdhane' athavA 'zaktI'cI nirmitI hote. tyAmuLe pratyeka jIvAlA (AtmyAlA) aneka avasthAMmadhUna jAve lAgate. hI saMparkAcI dhArA jara rokhalI ANi utpanna jhAlelI baMdhane jarjarita karUna kSayAlA nelI tara to jIva ApalyA zuddha, buddha, mukta azA naisargika sva-svarUpAta virAjamAna hoto. hIca jaina darzanAtIla sAta naitika-AdhyAtmika tattve athavA padArtha hota. tyAMcI nAve puDhIlapramANe Aheta : ___ 'jIva' ANi 'ajIva' yA dona tattvAMce vistRta va sUkSma varNana hA jaina tattvajJAnAcA mukhya viSaya Ahe. 'Asrava' ANi baMdha' yAMce vivecana jainAMcyA suprasiddha karma-siddhAMtA'ta yete. jainAMce sAre mAnasazAstra yAta samASTi Ahe. saMvara' ANi 'nirjarA' he cAritrA'zI arthAt AcArazAstrAzI nigaDita Aheta. 'mokSa' hI jIvAcI sarvotkRTa avasthA asUna tI prApta karaNe he sarva dhArmika kriyAMce ANi AcaraNAce aMtima dhyeya Ahe. lokAkAzAta samAviSTa asaNAr2yA vizvAlA 'loka' azI saMjJA jaina darzana dete. he vizva mhaNaje mahAskaMdha Ahe. yA vizvAcyA AkArAbaddala jainAMce mhaNaNe lakSaNIya Ahe. ekhAdA puruSa Apale donhI hAta dona bAjUMnI kamarevara ThevUna, dona pAya ADave pasarUna jara ubhA rAhilA tara tyAcA AkAra jasA disela tasA yA vizvAcA (lokAcA) AkAra Ahe. (ba) vizvAce sahA mULa ghaTaka arthAt 'SaD-dravye' : ApalyA sabhovatAlI ApalyAlA sAtatyAne jANavaNAre vizva (kI jyAcA ApaNahI eka ghaTaka Ahota) he sahA khar2yAkhur2yA dravyAMnI banale Ahe. tyA Realities mhaNaje vAstavikatA' Aheta. he sahA ghaTaka satata astitvAta Aheta. tyAMcyAta parivartane hota asalI tarI tyAtIla ekahI ghaTaka navyAne nirmANa jhAlelA nAhI va kadhIhI pUrNapaNe naSTa hoNArA nAhI. dravya mhaNaje 'vizvAcA asA vAstava ghaTaka kI jo satata parivartana pAvata asUnahI kAyama TikUna Ahe.' Atyantika 'zAzvatatA' ANi Atyantika kSaNabhaMguratA' yA donhI parasparavirUddha TokAMcA samanvaya jainAMcyA 'dravya' yA saMkalpaneta disato. dravyAMmadhalA jo badalaNArA dharma Ahe tyAlA paryAya' (avasthAMtara) mhaTale Ahe. jo na badalaNArA dharma Ahe tyAlA 'guNa' mhaTale Ahe. pratyeka dravya guNa-paryAyAMnI yukta asate. 'astitva'rUpa samAna guNadharma asaNArI dravye ekUNa sahA Aheta. tyAmuLe jaina vicAradhArA ekatattvavAdI (monistic) nasUna bahutattvavAdI (pluralistic) Ahe. ekUNa sahA dravyAMpaikI jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma ANi AkAza yA pAca dravyAMnA 'astikAya' mhaNatAta. kAraNa yA dravyAMce bhAga kiMvA pradeza' ApaNa kalpanene vegaLe karU zakato. 'kAla' he sahAve dravya mAtra ekAmAgUna eka yeNagyA kSaNAMce banalele asalyAne tyAMcA ekajinasI pracaya mhaNaje samUha banU zakata nAhI. mhaNUna kAla 'astikAya' nAhI. 'anastikAya' Ahe. (1) pahile dravya Ahe 'jIva' arthAt 'AtmA'. caitanya kiMvA jANIva he jIvAce lakSaNa Ahe. vizvAta anaMta jIva Aheta va te svataMtra Aheta. koNyA ekA IzvarAce, paramAtmyAce aMza nAhIta. anaMta jJAna, anaMta darzana, anaMta saukhya ANi anaMta vIrya (puruSArtha, sAmarthya) he jIvAce khare svarUpa Ahe. karmAMmuLe te jhAkoLale jAte. jIvAlA ApalyA khar2yA svarUpAce jJAna jhAle kI he cAra guNa prakaTa hotAta. 'jIva' tattvAcI aneka dRSTIMnI kelelI cikisA he jaina darzanAce vaiziSTya Ahe. itakI vividhAMgI cikitsA dusar2yA koNatyAhI dharmAne kelelI nAhI. iMdriyAMcyA saMkhyenusAra kelelI jIvAMcI vargavArI barIcazI zAstrIya Ahe. ekaMdara 14 mudyAMnI 'jIvAM'cA zodha ghetalA Ahe. to muLAtUnaca pahANyAsArakhA Ahe. pRthvI, Apa (jala), teja, vAyU va vanaspatI he sarva sthAvara jIva Aheta. tI kevaLa jaDa mahAbhUte nAhIta. pRthvI, khanije, pANI, agni, vanaspatI, vAyU i. sarvAMnA sajIva mAnalyAne jainAMcI ahiMsA

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atizaya sUkSma banalI. ekeMdriyAMcyA rakSaNAcA khUpa vicAra kelyAne paryAyAne paryAvaraNarakSaNAcAhI vicAra aMtarbhUta jhAlA Ahe. ___ (2) dusare mahattvAce dravya Ahe pudgala arthAt jaDadravye kiMvA bhautika dravye. pudgalAMce paramANU asatAta va skaMdhahI asatAta. pratyeka paramANUvara raMga, cava, gaMdha ANi sparza he cAra guNadharma rahAtAta. vizvAtIla sarva dRzyamAna (mUrta) padArtha, jIvAMcI sthUla ANi sUkSma zarIre pudgalAMpAsUnaca banalelI asatAta. 'karmA'ce suddhA paramANU asatAta. te atisUkSma' asatAta. te jIvAlA cikaTalyAmuLeca muLAta urdhvagAmI asalelA jIva 'jaDa' hoto. jainAMce paramANuvijJAna vaizeSikAMpekSA vegaLe ANi adhika mUlagAmI Ahe ase abhyAsakAMce mata Ahe. 'tattvArthAdhigamasUtra' nAvAcyA jaina dArzanika graMthAcyA pAcavyA adhyAyAta jainAMce paramANu-vijJAna sUtrabaddha karUna mAMDale Ahe. (3)(4) tisare dravya Ahe 'dharma' (dharmAstikAya) ANi cauthe Ahe 'adharma' (adharmAstikAya). yethe 'dharma' ANi 'adharma' he zabda rUDha arthAne vAparalele nAhIta. pAribhASika arthAne vAparalele Aheta. dharma he dravya gatizIla azA jIva va pudgalAMcyA gatIsa sahAyya karate. gatI nirmANa karIta nAhI paraMtu gatIsa madata karate. pANI jase mAzAlA pohoNyAsa madata karate tase he dravya Ahe. he dravya amUrta Ahe. pUrNa lokAkAzAta vyApta Ahe. 'adharma' dravya sthira rAhaNAr2yA jIva va pudgalAMcyA sthitIsa sahAyya karate. svata:hUna tyAMnA rokhata mAtra nAhI. pRthvI jazI padArthAMnA sthi rAhaNyAsa AdhAra, Azraya dete tase 'adharma' dravya Ahe. yAbAbata chAyA-pathikAcAhI dRSTAnta dilA jAto. he dravyahI amUrta asUna sarva lokAkAzAta vyApta Ahe. vizvAtIla grahagola, tAre yAMcI ekAca veLI disUna yeNArI gatizIlata ANi tyAca veLI tyAMcyA gatIcI niyamitatA yAMcyA nirIkSaNAtUna jaina vicAravaMtAMnA 'dharma' ANi 'adharma' hI dona tattve sphuralI asAvI. gurutvAkarSaNAcyA zaktIcehI sUcana tyAtUna hote. sRSTIcA kartA, dhartA, niyaMtA asA Izvara jaina darzanAsa mAnya nasalyAne 'gati' ANi 'sthiti' yAMnA udAsInapaNe sahAyya karaNAr2yA svataMtra tattvAMcI avadhAraNA tyAMnI kelI asAvI. (5) pAcave astikAya dravya Ahe 'AkAza'. te sarva jIvAMnA ANi jaDa dravyAMnA rAhaNyAsAThI vAva dete. sarvAMnA sAmAvUna ghete. he AkAza anaMta Ahe. yA AkAzAcyA jyA bhAgAta jIva ANi pudgala rAhatAta, to AkAzAcA bhAga mAtra 'sAnta' mhaNaje maryAdita Ahe. yA bhAgAlA jainAMnI 'lokAkAza' mhaTale Ahe. tyApalikaDIla anaMta pokaLIta jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma-yApaikI kazAcehI astitva nAhI. tyA AkAzAlA 'alokAkAza' mhaTale Ahe. mokSa prApta kelelA jIva (AtmA) tyAcyA svabhAvAnusAra lokAkAzAcyA varacyA TokAsa jAUna 'siddhazile'vara sthirAvato. (6) sahAve 'kAla' he ajIva dravya 'astikAya nAhI. to ekapradezI Ahe. amUrta Ahe. vartanA' he kAladravyAce lakSaNa Ahe. AjubAjUcyA jIva ANi pudgalAMmadhye je badala, pariNAma, avasthAMtare ghaDUna yetAta, tyAmuLe anumAnAne ApalyAlA kAlAce astitva jANavate. itara dravyAta badala ghaDavUna ANaNAre te sahakArI kAraNa Ahe. 'vartanA' lakSaNAne yukta asA 'kAla' hA mukhya athavA pAramArthika kAla hoya. ____samaya, muhUrta, nimiSa, kSaNa, ahorAtra, mahinA, RtU, saMvatsara i. prakArAMnI vyakta kelA jANArA, caMdra-sUrya ityAdIMcyA gatIMnI vyakta hoNArA ANi mojalA jANArA kAla hA 'gauNa' athavA 'vyAvahArika kAla' Ahe. manuSyalokAtIla hA vyAvahArika kAla, bhUta-vartamAna-bhaviSya - asA tIna prakAracA disUna yeto. jainAMcA dravyavicAra vistRta ANi sUkSma Ahe. tyAMnI kelelI paramANuvAdAcI mAMDaNI vaizeSikAMcyA taseca DemokriTsacyA paramANuvAdAcyA toDIsa toDa kiMbahunA kAhI bAbatIta tyApekSAhI sarasa Ahe ase mAnale jAte. saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta, ananta, anantAnanta ANi 'upamita kALa' yA parimANAMcA jainAMnI kelelA vicAra hI prAcIna gaNitazAstrAlA dilelI molAcI deNagI mAnalI jAte. AkAza, kAla yA dravyAMcA tyAMnI kelelA vicAra tyAMcyA sUkSma vijJAnAbhimukha dRSTikoNAcA dyotaka Ahe.

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(ka) naU athavA sAta tattve : jIva ANi ajIva hI dona dravye ekamekAMcyA saMparkAta asalyAne tyAMcyA ekatra yeNyAne athavA vibhakta hoNyAne naU athavA sAta naitika, mAnasika kiMvA AdhyAtmika tattve kAryarata asatAta. jIva ANi pudgalakarma yAMcyA saMyoga-viyogAne jIvAlA baMdha va mokSa kase prApta hotAta he sAMgaNyAce kAma naU agara sAta tattvAMnI kele Ahe. mhaNUna yA tattvAMnA jIva ANi ajIva yAMce vizeSa prakAra mAnale Aheta. tyApaikI 'jIva' ANi 'ajIva' yAMcA vicAra dravyasaMkalpanekhAlI kelA. AtA puNya, pApa, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA ANi mokSa yAMcA saMkSepAne vicAra karU. puNya-pApa yAMcA samAveza 'Asrava' athavA 'baMdha' tattvAta hoU zakato. zubha karma mhaNaje puNya. tyAcI aneka kAraNe va udAharaNe dilI Aheta. azubha karma mhaNaje pApa. tyAcIhI aneka kAraNe va udAharaNe dilI Aheta. zubha va azubha bhAva he bhAvapuNya va bhAvapApa hotAta. AtmyAzI joDale gelele jaDa karmapudgala he dravya-puNya-pApa hotAta. pAramArthika dRSTIne pApa va puNya donhI baMdhanakArakaca Ahe. hyApalikaDacA 'zuddha' bhAva dhAraNa karaNArAca Atmika vikAsa karU zakato. ___Asrava/Azrava mhaNaje karmapudgalAMcA AtmyAta ziraNArA pravAha. zArIrika-mAnasika-vAcika kriyA, mithyAtva ANi kaSAya (krodha, lobha i.) ityAdI aneka kAraNAMnI karmapudgala AtmyAta (jIvAta) sravU lAgatAta. hA Asrava pratyeka jIvAta niraMtara cAlU asato. karmapudgalAMcA AtmyAta Asrava jhAlA kI dohoMce pradeza ekamekAta misaLatAta. AtmA karmapudgalAMnI bAMdhalA jAto. yAlAca 'karmabaMdha' mhaNatAta. yAsaMbaMdhI adhika vicAra jainAMnI 'karmasiddhAMta' athavA 'karmazAstrAta' kelA Ahe. jIvAmadhye ziraNAr2yA karmAMce Agamana thAMbavaNe athavA rokhaNe mhaNaje 'saMvara' hoya. karmAMcA AtmyAta ziraNArA pravAha niruddha karaNyAsAThI jaina AcArazAstrAne aneka upAyAMce digdarzana kele Ahe. pAca mahAvrate, pAca samiti (niyaMtrita hAlacAlI), tIna gupti (mana-vacana-kAyecA saMyama athavA gopana), RjutA-mRdutA Adi dahA sadguNa, bArA prakAracyA bhAvanA (sarva kAhI kSaNabhaMgura Ahe, mI ekaTA Ahe, mAjhe koNI nAhI ityAdi vicAra), bAvIsa prakAracyA pratikUla sthitI sahana karaNe, pAca prakArace cAritra - yA sarvAMcyA sahAyyAne saMvara sAdhatA yeto. 'nirjarA' mhaNaje jIvAta praviSTa jhAlelI karme jIrNa karaNe, jhaTakUna TAkaNe, dUra karaNe. karme AtmyApAsUna dUra hoNyAcI prakriyA sahajapaNe hota asate (akAma nirjarA) athavA tapasyene vicArapUrvakahI karatA yete (sakAma nirjarA). nirjarece mukhya sAdhana Ahe tapa'. AMtarika ANi bAhya miLUna te tapa bArA prakArace asate. jaina dharmAta tapAMce va vizeSataH anazana (upavAsa) tapAce mahattva ananyasAdhAraNa Ahe. belA, telA, aThAI ase niraMkAra upavAsa karaNAre hajAro loka AjahI jaina samAjAta Aheta. upavAsAce udyApana athavA pAraNe utsavI thATAmATAta miravaNukIsaha karaNyAcAhI praghAta Ahe. ____ anAdi kALApAsUna jIvAcyA saMparkAta rAhUna jIvAlA baddha karaNAr2yA sarva karmAMcI pUrNa nirjarA jhAlI kI AtmA baMdhanamukta hoto. tyAce zuddha rUpa prakaTa hote. ApalyA UrdhvagAmI svabhAvAnusAra hA jIva vizvAcyA mAthyAvara nitya vAsa karato. tyAcI janmamaraNacakrAtUna kAyamacI suTakA hote. yAceca nAva mokSa athavA nirvANa. (Da) ratnatrayAtmaka mokSamArga : zrImad-bhagavad-gItA hA rUDha arthAne hiMdudharmIyAMcA prAtinidhika pavitra graMtha mAnalA jAto. jJAnamArga, yogamArga, bhaktimArga, niSkAma-karma-mArga - azI mArgAMcI vividhatA gIteta vegavegaLyA adhyAyAta pratipAdilelI disate. gItecA abhiprAya asA Ahe kI varIlapaikI koNatyAhI mArgAce niSThene pAlana kele kI mokSaprAptI hoU zakate. mhaNaje mArgAMcI vividhatA sAMgitalI Ahe.

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jaina tattvajJAnAta mokSamArga eka ANi ekaca Ahe. to tIna ghaTakAMnI athavA tIna maulyavAna ratnAMnI banalelA Ahe. tyAMcI ArAdhanA ekApAThopATha eka karAvayAcI nasUna ekatritaca karAvayAcI Ahe. AraMbhI SaDdravye, navatattve ityAdIMce mAhitIvajA jJAna asaNe apekSita Ahe. khare "deva - guru- dharma" yAMvara ANi dravya - tattvAMvara samyak zraddhA mhaNaje 'samyak darzana' athavA 'samyaktva'. pakSapAtarahita ucita zraddhA dRDha jhAlI kI prApta kelelyA jJAnAlAhI 'samyaktva' yeU lAgate. he 'samyak jJAna' hoya. jinAMnI ghAlUna dilelyA AcAraniyamAMce pratyakSAta pAlana karaNe he 'samyak cAritra' hoya. cAritra agara AcAradharma dona prakAracA disato. sAdhu-AcAra ANi zrAvakAcAra. aneka jaina AcArapradhAna graMthAta paMcamahAvrate, samiti, gupti yAMcyAvara AdhAralelA 'sAdhudharma' ANi pAca aNuvrate, guNavrate va zikSAvrate yAMcyAvara AdhAralelA 'zrAvakadharma' vistArAne varNilelA disato. digaMbara paraMpareta '11 pratimAM' cyA sahAyAne zrAvaka, upAsaka agara gRhasthAlA mArgadarzana kelele disate. he tIna svataMtra mArga nAhIta. mokSaprAptIsAThI tinhIMcI yathAyogya ArAdhanA apekSita Ahe. 'triratna' saMkalpanA zramaNa paraMparece vaiziSTya disate. kAraNa bauddha dharmAtahI samyak prajJA- zIla-samAdhi yAMnA 'triratna' mhaTale Ahe. (i) AdhyAtmika vikAsAcyA zreNI arthAt guNasthAna : Atmika vikAsa hA ratnatrayAcyA zuddhInusAra hota asato. hA vikAsa kramika asato. mArgadarzanArtha tyAce caudA Tappe, zreNI, sthAne athavA pAyar2yA nizcita karaNyAta AlyA Aheta. ekA bAjUne karmanirjarezI tyAcI joDa ghAlaNyAta AlI Ahe tara dusar2yA bAjUne dharmadhyAna ANi zukladhyAnAzI sAMgaDa ghAtalelI disate. guNazreNIvara uttarottara vikAsa karaNAr2yA jIvAlA prApta hoNAr2yA RddhI-siddhI - atizaya yAMce varNanahI jainAMcyA AdhyAtmika graMthAta miLate. yAbAbata pAtaMjala yoga- sUtrAMzI jaina sUtre khUpaca miLatI-juLatI disatAta. ekAkSarI dhyAnAsAThI OM heca akSara tyAMnIhI pavitra mAnale Ahe. OM, svastika ANi kamaLa hI bhAratIya saMskRtIcI pratIkAtmaka cihne jainAMnIhI tapazilAcyA thoDyA bhinnatesaha mAnalelI disatAta. (pha) karmasiddhAMta ANi karmazAstra : cArvAka athavA bArhaspatyAMcA apavAda vagaLatA sarva bhAratIya darzanAMnI je mudde ekamukhAne mAnya kele Aheta, tyApaikI mukhya Ahe to karmasiddhAMta. prANyAMcyA sukhaduHkhabhogAta IzvarI kartRtva na ANatA tyAMcI upapattI tarkasaMgata ritIne lAvAvayAcI asalyAne jainAMnI karmacikitsA itakI sUkSmatene va anekadA kliSTatene kelI Ahe kI bhalyA-bhalyA abhyAsakAMcI matI kuMThita vhAvI. to kevaLa eka siddhAMta na rAhatA paripUrNa jJAnazAkhAca tayAra kelI. isavI sanAcyA pahilyA zatakApAsUna paMdharAvyA zatakAparyaMta prAkRta- saMskRta bhASAMta karmasiddhAMta spaSTa karaNyAsAThI akSaraza: zekaDo graMtha lihilelesitAta. jainAMcyA sUkSma karmasiddhAMtAce sAra puDhIlapramANe sAMgatA yeIla svayaM karma karotyAtmA, svayaM tatphalamaznute / - svayaM bhramati saMsAre, svayaM tasmAd vimucyate || jIva svata:cyA karmAMcA svataHca kartA va bhoktA Ahe. to svata:ca karmayogAne bAMdhalA jAto ANi svaprayatnAneca tyAtUna suTaNAra Ahe. Izvara, IzvarecchA, IzakRpA i. lA yAmadhye sthAna nAhI. 'baMdha' nAvAcyA tattvAta vivecana kelyApramANe karmapudgala (athavA paramANU ) AtmapradezAMzI nigaDita hoNe mhaNaje karmabaMdha hoya. hA karmabaMdha cAra prakAracA asato. prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga ANi pradeza. prakRti mhaNaje svabhAva. karmAcyA mULa prakRtI ATha ANi uttaraprakRtI 148 Aheta. yethe phakta mULaprakRtI noMdaviNeca zakya Ahe. pratyekAce aneka upaprakAra karmazAstrAta noMdavale Aheta. (1) jJAnAvaraNIya karmAmuLe AtmyAcyA jJAnaguNAvara AvaraNa nirmANa hote. (2) darzanAvaraNIya karma AtmyAcyA

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'darzana' nAmaka caitanyaguNAlA AvRta karate. (3) vedanIya karma jIvAlA sukha-duHkharUpa vedana (jANIva) nirmANa karate. (4) mohanIya karma vivekazaktI mUrcchita karate. aneka vikAra nirmANa karate. buddhI bhraSTa karate (5) AyukarmAcyA yogAne jIvAce tyA tyA gatItIla AyuSyAce nirdhAraNa hote. (6) nAmakarmAne jIvAMcI zArIrika va mAnasika lakSaNe Tharata asatAta. yAce puSkaLa upaprakAra Aheta. (7) gotrakarmAcyA yogAne jIva lokapUjita athavA lokaniMdita kuLAta janmato. (8) aMtarAya karmAmuLe jIvAcyA bhogopabhogAMmadhye bAdhA utpanna hote. karmAcA baMdha' hI jazI eka avasthA Ahe tazIca sattva, udaya, udIraNA ityAdI dahA avasthAMcA jaina zAstrAta vicAra kelelA disato. varIla ATha karmAMcI 'atyaMta ghAtaka' ANi kamI ghAtaka' azIhI vargavArI kelelI disate. jainAMcyA karmasiddhAMtAcyA ekaMdara mAMDaNIvarUna ase disate kI hyAtUna kArya-kAraNa saMbaMdha spaSTa hoto. hA siddhAMta pUrNa niyativAdIhI nAhI ANi sarvathA svacchaMdavAdIhI nAhI. manuSyAlA tyAMnI pUrvakRta karmAMce uttaradAyitva svIkArAyalA bhAga pADale Ahe. vartamAna paristhitIta puruSArthAlA vAva deUna paristhitIta badala ghaDavUna ANaNyAsahI vAva dilA Ahe. khar2yA arthAne karmasiddhAMta jaina dharmAcA kaNA Ahe. (ga) anekAMtavAda-nayavAda-syAdvAda : jainAMnI kAyA-vAcA-manAne ahiMsecA puraskAra kelA Ahe. saiddhAMtika vivecana karatAnAhI sarvasamAvezaka, saumya dRSTikoNa svIkAralA Ahe. virodhakAMcA dRSTikoNa kaThorapaNe dhuDakAvUna na lAvatA, to ekA maryAdita arthAne kasA kharA Ahe, he dAkhavaNyAkaDeca jaina AcAryAMcA kala hotA. tyAtUnaca jainAMnI nayavAda, syAdvAda ANi anekAMvAda he tIna parasparasaMbaMdhita ase siddhAMta sAMgitale. he tInahI ekamekAMnA pUraka Aheta. paraMtu ekarUpa nAhIta. yA sarvAMmadhalA samAna dhAgA asA kI he vaicArika sAmaMjasya sthApaNyAce prayatna Aheta. ____ vizvAtalI pratyeka vastU, vyaktI, ghaTanA 'anaMtadharmAtmaka' asate. zivAya tyAkaDe baghaNAr2yAcyA dRSTIhI bhinna bhinna asatAta. 'naya' mhaNaje neNArA ; vastU, vyaktI kiMvA ghaTanecyA svarUpAkaDe' neNArA dRSTikoNa athavA abhiprAya. tattvata: vastU i. jazA anaMtadharmAtmaka Aheta taseca 'naya'hI tattvata: anaMta Aheta. sAmAnya vyaktIcyA mArgadarzanAsAThI sAta prakArace 'naya' athavA 'abhiprAyAcyA dRSTI' sAMgitalyA Aheta. ekAca vastUkaDe ApaNa koNatyA dRSTikoNAtUna, bhUmiketUna baghato tyAvara ApalI mate Tharata asatAta. yAsAThI hattI ANi sAta AMdhaLyAMcA dRSTAMta suprasiddha Ahe. yA dRSTAMtAta te AMdhaLe Aheta mhaNUna tyAMcI mate ekAMgI Aheta. kityekadA ApaNa DoLasa, buddhimAna asUnahI kevaLa ApalIca mate yogya mAnato. itarAMcyA matAMcI upekSA karato. ApalyA sImita buddhIne ekAMgI matAcA Agraha na dharatA 'riaeNliTI'kaDe vividha pailUMnI baghaNyAce sAmarthya ApalyAta vikasita karaNe mhaNaje anekAMtavAdI' banaNe hoya. ___'anekAMtavAda' zabdAtIla 'vAda' mhaNaje siddhAMta. 'aMta' zabda 'Toka, dRSTI, mata, abhiprAya' yA arthAMcA sUcaka Ahe. 'ekAMtavAda' mhaNaje haThAgrahI, pakSapAtI dRSTI. anekAMtavAdI vhAvayAce asalyAsa prathama he lakSAta ThevAve kI vizvAtIla koNatIca goSTa nirapekSapaNe 'sat' agara 'asat' nasate. anekAMtavAdI nirdoSa dRSTIne matapradarzana karatAnA pratyeka vidhAnAlA 'syAt' (kadAcit, kathaMcit, saMbhavata:) ase pada joDAve lAgate. 'syAt' he pada saMzayavAcaka nasUna sApekSatAdarzaka Ahe. ApalyAlA vastUce varNana karatAnA 'syAt asti', 'syAt nAsti' ANi 'syAt avaktavyam' hI tIna pade ANi tyAMcyA paramyuTezanane banaNArI ekUNa sAta pade upayojita karAvI lAgatAta. tyAlA syAdvAda mhaNatAta. yA sAta ANi sAtaca bhaMgAMnI (prakArAMnI) vastUce samagra svarUpa vyakta hote ase jaina dArzanikAMce ANi tArkikAMce mata Ahe. __kAhI abhyAsakAMnI 'nayavAda' ANi 'syAdvAda' he 'anekAMtavAdA'ce dona paMkha Aheta ase mhaTale Ahe. mI syAdrAda' va 'anekAMtavAdA'lA ekAca nANyAcyA dona bAja mhaTale Ahe. anekAMtAcyA dvAre jainAMnatraiyaktika, kauTuMbika, dhArmika va sAmAjika-sAMskRtika sahajIvanAta sAmaMjasya sthApaNyAcA prayatna kelA. jagabharAtIla

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vicAravaMtAMnI yA siddhAMtAcI dakhala ghetalI. 'sApekSatAvAdAcA siddhAMta' vaijJAnika kSetrAta mAMDaNAr2yA AInsTAinane jainAMcyA anekAMtavAdAbaddala gauravodgAra kADhale Aheta. 'vibhajyavAda' va 'madhyamamArgA'cA avalaMba buddhAnehI kelA 'ekaM sat viprAH bahudhA vadanti' yA RgvedavacanAtUnahI vaicArika udAratececa dyotana hote. paraMtu jaina darzanAne va nyAyazAstrAne hA vicAra nayavAda, syAdvAda va anekAMtavAdAcyA rUpAne nITa vikasita karUna siddhAMtarUpa banavilA. pariNAmI 'anekAMtadarzana' he jaina darzanAce paryAyI nAva banale. (8) jaina mahAmaMtra : sarva jaina saMpradAya-upasaMpradAyAMnA ekamatAne zirodhArya va pavitra asalelA jainadharmAtIla prabhAvI maMtra mhaNaje 'namaskAra' athavA 'navakAra maMtra' hoya. to maMtra yApramANe - namo arihaMtANaM namo siddhANaM namo AyariyANaM namo uvajjhAyANaM namo loe savvasAhUNaM eso paMca namokkAro savvapAvappaNAsaNo maMgalANaM ca savyesiM paDhamaM havai maMgalaM / / hA maMtra ardhamAgadhI bhASeta Ahe. jainadharmAnusAra hA sarva maMtrAMcA rAjA va tattvajJAnAce sAra Ahe. yAta vizvAtIla sarva arihaMta (arhat), siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya ANi sAdhU yAMnA namaskAra kelA Ahe. jainadharmAnusAra he paMca parameSThI Aheta. mhaNajeca sarvotkRSTa AdarzAcI pratike Aheta. paMca parameSThIMnA hA namaskAra asalA tarI tyAta nijasvarUpa paramAtmyAce guNagAna Ahe. AdhyAtmika vikAsAcyA dRSTIne arihaMta ANi siddha he samAna Aheta paraMtu arihaMta he sazarIrI Aheta va siddha he azarIrI Aheta. AcArya, upAdhyAya ANi sAdhU he tighehI mokSamArgAce ArAdhaka asUna tyAMcyAta bAhya va AbhyaMtara nigraMthatA asate. paraMtu vyAvahArika dRSTIne tyAMcyA kAryAMmadhye bheda asato. AcArya he saMghAvara zAsana karatAta ANi jainazAsanAcA mahimA sAMbhALaNyAcI jabAbadArI tyAMcyAvara asate. upAdhyAya he samagra AgamAMce va prAyazcitta zAstrAce jJAte asatAta. sAdhu-sAdhvIvargAcyA adhyApanAcI jabAbadArI tyAMcyAvara asate. namaskArAcyA rUpAne yA pAcAMcyA aMgI asalelyA guNAMcI ArAdhanA kelI jAte. paMca parameSThIMcyA namaskArAnaMtara yA maMtrAtaca ase nirdiSTa kele Ahe kI yAMcI guNapUjA hI sarva pApAMcA nAza karate. jainAMcyA mate vizvAtIla sarvAta maMgalaprada goSTa mhaNaje namaskAramaMtra hoya. (8 a) jaina dhvaja : ___ jaina zAsanAta dhvajAcI prathA pUrvIpAsUnaca Ahe. pUrvI jaina dhvaja kezarI raMgAcA svastika cihnAMkita asA, trikoNI AkArAcA hotA. mahAvIrAMcyA 2500 vyA nirvANa mahotsavAcyA veLI munIzrI vidyAnaMdajI yAMnI paMca parameSThIMce va paMca mahAvratAMce pratika asalelA paMcaraMgI dhvaja pracalita kelA. zveta raMga ahiMsecA ANi arihaMtAMcA Ahe. lAla raMga satyAcA ANi siddhAMcA Ahe. pIta raMga acauryAcA ANi AcAryAMcA Ahe. harita raMga brahmacaryAcA ANi upAdhyAyAMcA Ahe. nIla raMga aparigrahAcA ANi sAdhUMcA dyotaka Ahe. hA paMcaraMgI dhvaja sarva jainadharmIyAMmadhye baMdhutvAcI bhAvanA vRddhiMgata karato.

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(8 ba ) jaina pratIkacihna : jaina pratIkacihna banavatAnA jaina dRSTIne vizvAcyA AkArAcI bAhya pratikRtI banavitAta. tyAvara varacyA bAjUsa cAra gatIMce pratIka asalele svastika va khAlacyA bAjUlA 12, 16 agara 24 Ar2yAce dharmacakra darzavilele asate. yA pratIkacihnAcyA agrabhAgI siddhazilAdarzaka eka ardhacaMdrAkAra regha va jJAna - darzana - cAritradarzaka tIna biMdU darzavile jAtAta. bar2yAca veLA pratikAcyA khAlacyA bAjUsa hAtAcyA bAhyAkRtIvara dharmacakra darzavilele disate. (9) jaina maMdire va tIrthakSetre : Aja bhAratAta stimita karaNAre je prAcIna kalAviSkAra Aheta tyAtIla vAstukalA, mUrtikalA ANi citrakalA yAMmadhIla jainAMce yogadAna lakSavedhaka Ahe. guMphAnirmitI yA kalAviSkArAcA pahilA TappA asUna to maMdire, mUrtI va citrakalecyA svarUpAta adhikAdhika sauMdaryapUrNa hota gelA. jaina vAstukalecA vikAsa stUpa, guMphA, caitya ANi akhera maMdira yA kramAne jhAlelA disato. paraMtu Aja ubhyA asalelyA svataMtra, saMracanAtmaka (sTrakcarala), sarvotkRSTa akhaMDa maMdirAMcA kALa dahAvyA zatakAcyA mAge jAta nAhI. mauryakAlIna jaina maMdirAMce avazeSa paTaNyAjavaLa lohAnIpura yethe sApaDale. 'aihoLe' yethIla 'meghuTI' maMdira (i.sa.634) tyAtIla zilAlekhAmuLe mahattvAce Tharate. he maMdira ' drAviDI' zailIta Ahe. dhAravADa jilhyAtalI dona maMdire (12 ve zataka) yAca zailIta Ahe. 'hoyasALa' rAjavaTItIla (14 ve zataka) 'mUDabidrI'ce maMdira, staMbhAMvarIla kamaLAMcyA zilpAMnI cirasmaraNIya Tharate. prAcInatama jaina graMthAMcyA tADapatrIya hastalikhita pratIhI mUDabidrIcyA graMthabhAMDArAta Aheta. jhAzI jilhyAtIla'devagaDa' pahADIvarIla jaina maMdira-samUhAMvara 'nAgara' zailIcA prabhAva disato. madhya pradezAtIla atiprasiddha 'khajurAho' maMdirAMmadhIla AdinAtha, zAMtinAtha ANi pArzvanAtha yAMcI maMdire apratima Aheta. madhya pradezAtIlaca 'muktAgiri' maMdirasamUha parvatarAjI ANi dhabadhabyAcyA pArzvabhUmImuLe nayanaramya jhAlA Ahe. yAvara mughala zailIcA prabhAva Ahe. rAjasthAna ANi mAravADamadhye tara 'devAlayAMcI nagare' Aheta. jodhapurajavaLIla 'rANakapura' yethIla caturmukhI maMdira vAstukalecA ajoDa namunA Ahe. arbudAcala arthAt AbUcyA pahADAtIla 'dilavADA' yethIla pAca pramukha maMdire tara avaghyA bhAratIya vAstukalelA lalAmabhUta Ahe. tyAMcA itihAsa, daMtakathA ANi apratima kArAgirI kevaLa adbhuta ANi kalpanAtIta Ahe. saMgamaravarAtUna korUna kADhalelI chatAcI jhuMbare pAhUna rasikAMcI mane ananubhUta sauMdaryAnubhUtIne bhArUna jAtAta. saurASTrAtIla zatruMjaya (pAlItANA) ANi giranAra he maMdirasamUha taseca bihAramadhIla 'sammedazikhara' hI tIrthaMkarAMcyA itihAsAzI saMlagna pavitra tIrthakSetre Aheta. jaina munIMcyA siddhIMzI saMbaMdhita asalelyA sthalAMnA 'atizaya kSetre' mhaNatAta. hI kSetre bhAratabhara vikhuralI Aheta. yAkherIja, 'naSTa jhAlelyA, naSTa kelelyA ANi parivartita kelelyA jaina maMdirAMcI saMkhyAhI zekaDyAta mojAvI lAgate'-ase purAtattvavid mhaNatAta. 'akhila bhAratIya digaMbara tIrthoddhAra samitI' ne prAcIna tIrthakSetrAMcyA jIrNoddhArAce kAma gelyA dazakAta hAtI ghetale Ahe. AphrikA, iMglaMDa, amerikA, jarmanI - ANi jethe jethe jaina zrAvakavarga pohocalA Ahe tethe tethe saMpradAyavAda bAjUlA ThevUna maMdire va sthAnake ubhAralI gelI Aheta va jAta Aheta. bhAratAtahI jaina samAja maMdira-nirmitIcyA kamI atizaya utsAhI Ahe. maMdire, mUrtipratiSThA ANi dIkSAmahotsava yAmadhe kharca hoNArA amApa paisA hA zikSaNa, Arogya, ApattinivAraNa, rojagArasaMdhI ANi aneka samAjopayogI upakramAMkaDe vaLaviNyAsAThI prayatnazIla asalelA eka jainavarga gelyA dona-tIna dazakAMpAsUna kriyAzIla jhAlelA disato.

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(10) jaina dhArmika utsava ANi vrate : * ASADha zuddha caturdazIpAsUna (athavA paurNimepAsUna) kArtika zuddha caturdazIparyaMtacA (athavA paurNimeparyaMtacA) kALa pavitra 'cAturmAsya kALa' samajalA jAto. hA kALa pAvasALyAcA asalyAmuLe sagaLIkaDe tRNa, bIja, aMkura i. ugavalelyA asatAta. taseca damaTapaNAmuLe jIvajaMtUMcAhI puSkaLa prAdurbhAva hoto. jainadharmAta atizaya prAcIna kALApAsUnaca yA cAra mahinyAta sAdhu-sAdhvI vihAra na karatA eke ThikANI mukkAma karatAta. sAdhUMce sAnnidhya lAbhalyAmuLe zrAvakavarga tyAMcyA mArgadarzanAkhAlI vividha dhArmika utsava sAjare karatAta. * cAturmAsyAtIla mahattvAcA parvakALa mhaNaje 'paryuSaNaparva' hoya. zvetAMbarIya samAja he parva zrAvaka kRSNa dvAdazI (athavA trayodazI) pAsUna bhAdrapada zuddha caturthI (athavA paMcamI) paryaMta sAjare karato. digaMbarIya samAja bhAdrapada zuddha paMcamI pAsUna anaMta caturdazIparyaMta he parva, 'dazalakSaNaparva' yA nAvAne sAjare karato. paryuSaNaparvAta sAmAnyataH pravacana, tapa, japa, svAdhyAya, upavAsa yAMcI pradhAnatA asate. paryuSaNaparvAtIla zevaTacA divasa 'saMvatsarI' yA nAvAne sAjarA kelA jAto. sthAnakAta athavA maMdirAta yA divazI jaina samAja bahusaMkhyene ekatrita yeUna upAsanA karatAnA disato. saMvatsarInaMtaracA dusarA divasa 'kSamApanA ' 'mhaNUna sAjarA karatAta. 'bole cAle micchAmi dukkaDa' ase mhaNU kSamA mAgaNyAcA praghAta Ahe. * caitra zuddha trayodazIlA prAya: sarva jaina saMpradAya - upasaMpradAya ekatrita hoUna 'mahAvIra jayaMtI' sAjarI karatAta. kRSNASTamIpramANeca janma, pALaNA i. vidhI karUna kAhI saMpradAyAMnI yAce rUpa utsavI kele Ahe. yA divazI prAyaH upavAsa na karatA goDAdhoDAce jevaNa karaNyAcA praghAta Ahe. * 'akSayatRtIye'cA divasa hA jaina paraMparepramANe RSabhadevAMcyA varSItapAcyA pAraNyAcA divasa asato. yA divazI zreyAMsa rAjAne RSabhadevAMnA usAcA rasa dilA mhaNUna AjahI sAdharmika jaina ekamekAMnA usAcA rasa detAta. varSItapa kelele aneka sAdhaka yA divazI ApalyA upavAsAce pAraNe karatAta. * digaMbarIya loka jyeSTha zuddha paMcamIlA 'zrutapaMcamI'ce vrata karatAta. tyA divazI 'SaTkhaMDAgama' yA graMthAcI pUjA arthAt zrutapUjA va sarasvatI pUjA kelI jAte. 'jJAnapaMcamI' he eka vrata asUna tyAcA AraMbha kArtika mahinyAtIla zuddha paMcamIpAsUna karatAta. dara mahinyAcyA zuddha paMcamIlA vidhiyukta upavAsa karUna he vrata pAca varSe, pAca mahine evaDhyA kAlAvadhIsAThI karatAta. tyAnaMtara udyApanAta jJAnopakaraNAMce dAna kele jAte. * kArtika kRSNa amAvasyelA mahAvIrAMcA nirvANotsava sAjarA kelA jAto. jaina dRSTIne hIcadIpAvalI hoya. yA dIpAvalItIla pahilyA divazI mahAvIrAMcyA nirvANAnimitta zubhasUcaka dIpaprajvalana kele jAte. dusar2yA divazI mahAvIra ziSya gautama gaNadhara yAMcyA kevalajJAna prAptIcyA prItyartha pADavA sAjarA kelA jAto. tisar2yA divazI mahAvIrAMcyA bahINa Apale baMdhU naMdIvardhana yAMcyA bheTIlA yete, to divasa bhAUbIja mhaNUna sAjarA kelA jAto. * yAkherIja aSTAhnikAutsava, siddhacakra pUjana, navapada oLI (AyaMbila oLI) i. aneka prakAracI vidhi-vidhAne sAjarI kelI jAtAta. ratnatraya vrata, paMcameru vrata, soLAkAraNa vrata, bhaktAmara vrata, maunaekAdazI vrata, sarva tIrthaMkarAMcI paMcakalyANake, aSTamI-caturdazI i. mahattvapUrNa tithIMnA pauSadha vrata azI aneka prakAracI vrate karaNyAcI prathA Ahe. tyA tyA pradezAmadhye jaina samAjAtIla loka itarahI sthAnika vrate karatAnA disatAta. (11) jaina dharmAcI vyAptI : pUrvI mhaTalyApramANe vartamAna kAlacakrAta AdinAtha RSabhadevAMnI jainadharmAsa AraMbha kelA. veLoveLI sarva tIrthaMkarAMnI tyA dharmAce punarujjIvana kele. vartamAna jainadharma hA covisAve tIrthaMkara bha. mahAvIrAMcI deNagI mAnalA jAto. bihAra, gujarAta ANi karnATaka hI prAcIna kALApAsUnaca jainadharmAcI sudRDha keMdre mAnalI jAtAta. sAmAnyataH uttara bhAratAta zvetAMbarIyAMce ANi dakSiNa bhAratAta digaMbarIyAMce prAbalya asalele disate. AcArAcyA kATekora niyamAvalImuLe isavI sanAcyA 18 vyA zatakApUrvI bhAratAbAhera jainadharmAcA prasAra jhAlA nAhI. 18-19 vyA

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zatakApAsUna AphrikA, yuropa, amerikA, oNsTreliyA i. khaMDAtIla dezAMmadhye jainadharmIya zrAvaka vyApArAnimitta jAU lAgale. tyAMnI tyA tyA dezAta ApalA jainadharma bar2yAca pramANAta abAdhita ThevalA. Aja jagabharAta zAkAhAra he jainAMce vaiziSTya mAnale jAte. 20 vyA zatakAta agadI apavAdAne kA hoInA jaina sAdhu-sAdhvIvarga paradezagamana karU lAgalA. itara dharmAtUna dharmAMtarita hoUna jainadharmIya hoNyAcI prakriyA mAtra 12 - 13 vyA zatakAnaMtara pUrNata: kuMThita jhAlelI disate. lokasaMkhyecyA dRSTIne pAhatA jainadharmIyAMcI saMkhyA, zIkhadharmIyAMpekSAhI kamI Ahe. alpasaMkhyAka asalelA jaina samAja bhAratAtalyA koThalyAhI ekA viziSTa prAMtAta ekavaTalelA nasUna sarvatra vikhuralelA Ahe. choTyAtalyA choTyA gAvAparyaMta pohocalelA jaina samAja, sthAnikAMcyA bhASA, veSa, cAlIritI sahajatene AtmasAta karUnahI ApalyA dhArmika prathA kasAzIne pALatAta. (12) upasaMhAra : aneka kAraNAMnI hiMdU dharmAcI zAkhA mAnalA gelelA jaina dharma vastuta: avaidika zramaNa paraMparece pratinidhitva karato. jainadharmIya loka AraMbhApAsUnaca alpasaMkhyAka Aheta. dRDha dharmazraddhA ANi kaDaka AcaraNa yAmuLe hiMdUdharmIyAMbarobara misaLUna gele tarI haravUna gele nAhIta. svataMtra prAcIna itihAsa, pRthak tattvajJAna, bolI bhASetale amApa sAhitya, kaThora cAritrapAlana ANi anupameya kalAviSkAra - yA vaiziSTyAMmuLe Aja jagabharAtalyA pramukha vidyApIThAMmadhye 'jainavidyA' (Jainology) eka svataMtra abhyAsazAkhA banalI Ahe. arthahIna kriyAkAMDa ANi atirikta avaDaMbara yApAsUna mukta hoUna jaina dharmAtIla zAzvata mUlye ujAgara karaNyAsAThI jaina yuvaka-yuvatI agresara hoU lAgale Aheta. hI eka moThIca AzAdAyI ghaTanA mAnalI pAhije. saMdarbha-graMtha-sUcI 1) bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna : DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSada, 1962 2) darzana aura cintana (khaNDa 1, 2) : paM. sukhalAlajI saMghavI, gujarAta vidyAsabhA, ahamadAbAda 3) tattvArthasUtra : paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1976 4) jainadharma : rAjendramuni zAstrI, saMjaya sAhitya saMgama, Agara, 1971 5) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa : DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1985 6) jaina vicAradhArA : DaoN. nalinI jozI, sanmati - tIrtha prakAzana, puNe, 2010 7) jaina tattvajJAna : DaoN. ke.vA. ApaTe, jaina adhyAsana, phirodiyA prakAzana, puNe vidyApITha, 2011 **********

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2. jaina paraMparetIla strIvicAra ('samAja-vijJAna-kozA'sAThI lihilelI vizeSa noMda, puNe, eprila 2009) hiMdU, bauddha va jaina he tInahI dharma bhAratAta udbhavalele, rujalele va parivardhita jhAlele Aheta. yA tIna paraMparAMnI bhAratIya saMskRtIce salaga vastra viNalele Ahe. jaina paraMparetIla strIvicAra karatAnA eka goSTa prAmukhyAne dhyAnAta se kI jaina strI hI samakAlIna hiMda kiMvA bauddha strIpekSA phArazI vegaLI nAhI. sAmAnyataH jaina strIce kauTaMbika. Aki ANi sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa ticyA samakAlIna itara striyAMsArakheca Ahe. puruSapradhAna saMskRtI, vivAhAce vaya va prakAra, bahupatnItvAcI paddhatI i. bAbata bhAratAta prAcIna ANi madhyayugIna kAlAta jI sthityaMtare jhAlI tyAnusAraca jaina strImadhyehI sthityaMtare disUna yetAta. prAcIna kALApAsUna AjaparyaMta hiMdU kAyadepaddhatIca jaina samAjAlAhI lAgU hota AlI Ahe. jaina strIce vegaLepaNa disUna yeNyAce vizeSa kSetra mhaNaje dhArmika kSetra hoya. samakAlIna hiMdU agara bauddha strIpekSA tilA dhArmika adhikAra va svAtaMtrya nizcitaca adhika Ahe. mhaNUna yethe jaina strIcyA dhArmika sthAnAvara AdhArita azI nirIkSaNe noMdavilI Aheta. 1) striyAMcI kartavye, adhikAra i. ce vivecana karaNArA mhaNajeca strIdharmAvara AdhArita asA svataMtra graMtha jaina sAhityAta ADhaLata nAhI. AcAradharma sAMgaNAr2yA graMthAcA eka bhAga mhaNUnahI pativratA, gRhiNI yAMcI kartavyehI sItalI nAhIta. paraMtu sAdhvI ANi zrAvikA yAMcI AcArasaMhitA sAMgaNAre graMtha upalabdha Aheta. tyAtahI sAdhU ANi zrAvaka ase puruSavAcaka ullekhaca yetAta. te sAdhvI ANi zrAvikesAThI Aheta ase duyyamateneca jANAve lAgate. yA AcAhatetUna kevaLa dhArmika mArgadarzana miLate. dhArmika AcArAbAbata prAcIna kALApAsUna AjaparyaMta jaina striyAMcA puDhAkAra vizeSa disUna yeto. paraMtu striyAMnI lihilelA graMtha mAtra ADhaLUna yeta nAhI. jaina itihAsAta aneka dharmaparAyaNa dAnI striyAMce ullekha mAtra disatAta. 2) jaina striyAMnA dhArmika saMghAta navyAne praveza deNyAcA prazna jaina paraMpareta udbhavalA nAhI. kAraNa AraMbhIpAsUnaca hA dharma caturvidha saMghAvara pratiSThita Ahe. tyAmadhye sAdhaMbarobara sAdhvIMnA ANi zrAvakAMbarobara zrAvikAMnA sthAnadasate. pratyeka tIrthaMkarAMcyA saMghAta kitI sAdhvI ANi kitI zrAvikA hotyA yAcI saMkhyA noMdavilelI disate. (samavAyA, trilokaprajJapti) 3) tIrthaMkarAMce samavazaraNa, AcArya-guruMce pravacana i. prasaMgI striyAMcA barobarIne sahabhAga asalelA disato. mahAvIrAMcyA dharmasabheta mahAvIrAMbarobara praznottare karaNyAitakI buddhIcI pragalbhatA ANi sAmAjika mokaLe vAtAvaraNa jaina paraMpareta disate. (bhagavatIsUtra, upAsakadazA) jaina dharmopadezakAMnI upadezAsAThI prAkRta bolIbhASAMcA vApara kelyAmuLe striyA dharmacarceta sahajapaNe sAmIla hoU zakata. 4) prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadevAMnI striyAMsAThI 64 ANi puruSazaMsAThI 72 kalAMce praNayana kele ase ullekha yetAta. (AdipurANa) tyAMcyA kanyA brAhmI va suMdarI yAMnI lipivijJAna ANi gaNita yAta prAviNya miLavile hote. bhAratAtIla madhyayugIna va arvAcIna itihAsAta striyAMcyA aupacArika zikSaNAcI svataMtra vyavasthA nasAvI. tyAmuLeca yA yugAtIla jaina striyAMcyA aupacArika zikSaNAce ullekha ADhaLata nAhIta. vivAhAce ghaTate vaya hehI yAce kAraNa asAve. dona dazakAMpUrvI sAmAnyata: jaina samAjAtIla striyAMnA ucca zikSaNAcI saMdhI sahajapaNe miLata nase. paraMtu Adhunika kALAta tyA ucca zikSaNAkaDe vaLatAnA disatAta. eka goSTa vizeSa noMdaviNyAsArakhI Ahe kI, strIsAkSaratece pramANa mAtra jaina samAjAta anya samAjApekSA kitItarI adhika Ahe ase sAmAjika sarvekSaNAvarUna disate. RSabhadevAMnI

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strIzikSaNAce je Adarza ghAlUna dile hote te strIsAkSaratecyA rUpAne jaina samAjAne Adhunika kALAparyaMta puDhe cAvalele disatAta. 5) sthAnAMgasUtrAta dIkSAgrahaNAcI 10 kAraNe noMdavilelI Aheta. tyAta utkaTa vairAgyabhAvanA he eka kAraNa asUna bAkIcI kAraNe kauTuMbika, Arthika va sAmAjika Aheta. vinApatya, nirAdhAra, nirdhana, parityaktyA athavA vidhavA azA striyAMnA jaina dharmAne zrAvikA athavA sAdhvI banUna dhArmika jIvana jagaNyAcA paryAya upalabdha karUna dilelA disato. tyAmuLe tyAMnA samAjAta eka AdaraNIya sthAna miLata ase. 6) madhyayugIna ANi arvAcIna jaina sAhityAta jaina strIne patIcyA citevara ArUDha hoNyAce ullekha apavAdAtmaka rItIne suddhA ADhaLata nAhIta. 'ahiMsAvrata' keMdrasthAnI asalelyA jaina paraMparene yA nighRNatelA kadhIca thArA dilA nhI. jainAMnI 'satI' hA zabda vegaLyAca arthAne vAparalA. atyucca koTIce dhArmika jIvana jagaNAr2yA striyAMcA 'satI' mhaNUna gaurava kelelA disato. jaina paraMpareta azA 16 satI suprasiddha Aheta. 7) svecchA va nirdhArapUrvaka dhArmika mRtyU arthAt saMlekhanece (saMthAr2yAce) ullekha sarva jaina sAhityAta vipulatene disatAta. ase maraNa svIkAraNyAcA adhikAra jaina sAdhvIMnA ANi zrAvikAMnAhI AjatAgAyata Ahe ase ADhaLUna yete. 8) zAsanadevatA, pratyeka tIrthaMkarAMcyA yakSa ANi yakSiNI, soLA vidyAdevatA, 56 dikkumArI, sarva devalokAtIla devI, kuladevatA, DAkinI-zAkinI i. duSTa devatA, zrutadevI, sarasvatI azA anekavidha rUpAMnI jaina paraMpareta khatAMcA samAveza kelelA disato. yA devatAMnA mAnyatA deNyAmuLe jainAMcA strIzaktIvaracA vizvAsa, strIce sAmarthya va gauradhAvanA vyakta jhAlelI disate. pratyakSa AcAravyavahArAta ANi vividha citre va zilpAMmadhye viziSTa devatAMnA sanmAnapUrvaka sthAna dilele ADhaLate. 9) jaina kathAsAhityAta strIapatya janmAlA AlyAce duHkha vyakta kelele disata nAhI. kanyAMcA janmotsava i. vidhIhI utsAhapUrvaka pAra pADalele disatAta. apatyahIna strIpuruSa navasa bolatAnA malA agara kanyA hoU de' azI icchA vyakta karatAnA disatAta. "mRtyUnaMtara putrAne kelelyA piMDadAna, zrAddha, tarpaNa i. vidhIMnI pitara mukta hotAta' azI jI dRDha hiMdU dhAraNA aneka dharmagraMthAtUna vyakta jhAlelI disate, tyAmuLe hiMdU paraMpareta putraprAptIlA ananyasAdhAraNa mahattva prApta jhAle. jaina siddhAMtAnusAra mAtra pratyeka jIva svataMtra Ahe. to svata: viveka va nirdhArapUrvaka svata:ca svata:cI AdhyAtmika pragatI karUna gheto. tyAsAThI tyAlA putrAce prayatna upayogI paData nAhIta. yA saiddhAMtika mAnyatemuLe jaina paraMpareta putrapraptIce mahattva, tyAsAThI kelele prayatna yAMnA sthAna disata nAhI. arthAtaca strI va puruSa donhIhI apatyAMcA samAnatene AnaMpUrvaka svIkAra kelelA disato. 10) jaina sAdhusaMghAta AcArya, upAdhyAya i. padAdhikArI disatAta. jaina sAdhvIsaMghAta mAtra pravartinI, AryA, AryikA, gaNinI, mahattarA azI pade disatAta. sAdhvI striyAMcA ullekha AcAryA, upAdhyAyinI azA prakAre kelelA disata nAhI. vyavahArasUtra, kalpasUtra i. graMthAMmadhUna vaMdaneviSayIce niyama sAMgatAnA striyAMnA dilele duyyama sthAna aziya spaSTatene disate. tethe mhaTale Ahe kI, 'pAca varSe dIkSAparyAya asalelyA sAdhUlAhI sATha varSe dIkSAparyAya asalelya sAdhvIne vaMdanA kelI pAhije. kAraNa sarva tIrthaMkarAMcyA tIrthAta dharma he puruSapradhAna asatAta.' AjahI jaina sAdhusAdhvaM

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saMghAtIla sarva vyavahAra yA niyamAnusAra cAlalele disatAta. gelyA kAhI varSAta mAtra yA duyyama sthAnAviSayI sAdhvIsA jAgRtIcI cihne disU lAgalI Aheta. 11) 24 tIrthaMkarAMpaikI 'mallI' hI zvetAMbara paraMparenusAra ekameva strI- tIrthaMkara hoUna gelI. digaMbara mAnyatepramANe mallInAtha he puruSa-tIrthaMkara Aheta. yAbAbata zvetAMbarIyAMcA strIviSayaka udAra dRSTikoNa disato. 12) mallIsakaTa sarva tIrthaMkarAMce 'gaNadhara' mAtra puruSavyaktI Aheta... 13) striyAMnA strIjanmAtUna mokSaprAptI hote agara nAhI yAbAbata jaina paraMpareta dona bhinna vicAradhArA disatAta. striyAMcyA mokSAcyA adhikArAbAbata zvetAMbarIya vicAradhArA adhika udAra Ahe. tyAMcyA mate strIveda (strIliMga) mokSAcyA ADa yeNArI goSTa nAhI. prathama tIrthaMkarAMcI mAtA marudevI, mallI, kRSNAcyA patnI i. striyAMcyA tapazrcA ANi mokSagamanAcA spaSTa ullekha Ahe. (aMtagaDasUtra, cauppannamahApurisacariya) uttarAdhyayanasUtrAta puruSa athavA striyAMnAca navhe tara napuMsaka vyaktIMnA suddhA mokSAcA adhikAra sAMgitalA Ahe. yAvarUna spaSTa disate kI zvetAMbara vicAradhonusAra koNatehI liMga hA mokSAcA aDathaLA asU zakata nAhI. mAvAna mahAvIrAnaMtara sumAre rU00 varSoMnI zvetAMva-viyaMvara meta adhiSThAdhija spaSTa hota oche. zvetAMvara-AiMvara matabhedAce aneka mudde Aheta. (Outlines of Jainism, S. Gopalan. Pg. No. 21-27) paraMtu tyAtIla pramukha mudde dona Aheta. tyApaikI pahilA Ahe - nagnatva ANi saMpUrNa aparigraha ANi dusarA - striyAMnA strIjanmAtUna muktI. dimIyAMcyA mate, mokSaprAptIsAThI saMpUrNa aparigraha atyAvazyaka Ahe. vastra hA eka prakAracA parigrahaca Ahe. vastrAcA saMpUrNa tyA karUna nagnatva svIkAralyAkherIja mokSa saMbhavata nAhI. striyAMnA svAbhAvika lajjA ANi sAmAjika maryAdA yAmuLe saMpUrNa vastratyAga karaNe zakya nAhI. tyAmuLe tyAMcyA bAbatIta mokSagatI saMbhavata nAhI. digaMbarIyAMcyA dRSTIne strIca saMhanana utkRSTa dhyAnAsa asamartha Ahe. (sUtrapAhuDa, kuMdakuMda gAthA kra. 22 te 27) zvetAMbarIyAMnI 'saMpUrNa aparigraha' yA zabdAcA saMbaMdha nagnatvAzI joDalA nasUna 'saMpUrNa anAsaktI'zI joDalA Ahe. 'saMpUrNapaNe anAsakta azI strI mokSAsa pAtra Tharate' ase tyAMce mhaNaNe Ahe. paraMtu zvetAMbara graMthAta strIprApta hoNyAcI jI kAraNe dilI Aheta tyAta, 'pUrvajanmI kapaTavyavahAra karaNe', ase kAraNa noMdavilele disate. (jJAtIkathA) striyAMviSayIcyA pUrvagrahApAsUna zvetAMbarIya suddhA saMpUrNata: mukta nAhIta ase disate.

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jainavidyece vividha AyAma (sphuTa-ciMtanAtmaka lekha) bhAga - 2 * lekhana va saMpAdana * DaoN. nalinI jozI prAdhyApikA, jaina adhyAsana seTha hirAcaMda nemacaMda jaina adhyAsana phirodiyA prakAzana puNe vidyApITha oNgasTa 2011

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3. jaina tattva ciMtana (1 te 4) (AkAzavANI-puNe keMdra, 'ciMtana', paryuSaNaparva, 2005) 1. tIrthaMkarapraNIta dharma ApalyA bhArata dezAta prAcIna kALApAsUna tIna dharma pracalita Aheta. hiMdu kiMvA vaidika dharma. jaina dharma ANi bauddha dharma. jaina dharma hA svataMtra dharma Ahe kI hiMdU dharmAcI zAkhA Ahe, yA vAdavivAdAta Aja ApalyAlA zirAyacaM nAhI. hiMdU paraMparepekSA ApalyA vegaLyA tattvajJAnAnaM ANi AcaraNAnaM uThUna disaNArI jaina paraMparA, zramaNa paraMparetIlaeka mukhya vicAradhArA Ahe. jI manuSya mhaNUna janmalI, rAga-dveSa ityAdI vikArAMvara tAbA miLavalA ANi zuddha AcaraNAnaM zreSTha AdhyAtmika sAmarthyAnaM bhUSita jhAlI, tyA vyaktIsa 'jina' mhaNatAta. azA jina bhagavaMtAMnI sarva prANimAtrAMcyA lyANAcyA icchenaM prarita hoUna, jo upadeza dilA. jI AcArasaMhitA pAlana dilI va je tattvajJAna sAMgitale. te sarva jaina dharmAcyA aMtargata yete. jaina paraMparenusAra, jaina dharma anAdi Ahe. jaina dharmAcyA pravartaka puruSAMnA 'tIrthaMkara' mhaNatAta. RSabhadeva pahile tIrthaMkara asUna bha. mahAvIra he 24 ve tIrthaMkara Aheta. tIrthaMkara he hiMdU saMkalpaneta asalelyA avatArAMpekSA vegaLe heta. mahAvIrAMcA sarvamAnya kALa i.sa.pU.500 Ahe. tevhApAsUna AjaparyaMta aneka prabhAvI AcAryAMnI hA dharma ApalyAparyaMta pohocavilA. vegavegaLe jaina AcArya ApalyA graMthAta 'dharma mhaNaje kAya ?' he aneka prakAre samajAvUna sAMgatAta. ____dharma hA maMgala va utkRSTa Ahe kAraNa ahiMsA, saMyama va tapa hI pramukha tattve samajAvUna sAMgato. jo dharmAlA sadaiva manAta Thevato, tyAlA devahI vaMdana karatAta. vastUcyA mULa svabhAvAlA dharma mhaNatAta. kSamA, mArdava, RjutA, satya, zucitA, saMyama, tapa, i. 10 prakAracyA guNAMnAhI AtmyAce guNa mAnatAta. he guNa dhArmika vyaktIta sahajaca prakaTa hotAta. jIvAMcyA rakSaNAlAhI dharma mhaNatAta. dharma dayApradAna asato. dharma, deva agara gurU yAMcyA nAvAkhAlI kelelyA hiMselA dharmAta kadhIca thArA nasato. jAsta kAya sAMgAve ? je ApalyAlA pratikUla Ahe te dusar2yAMcyA bAbatIta cukUnasuddhA na karaNe hAca dharma. gAjAvAjA, avaDaMbara na karatA dharmAcaraNa zAMtatene va satata karIta rahAve. dharmarUpI mRAce 'vinaya' he mULa asUna, 'mokSa' he phaLa Ahe. dharmAcA pAyA zraddhA Ahe. tI zraddhA nITa pArakhUna ThevalelI asela taraca 'samyak' banate. dharmapAlanAsAThI vrate grahaNa karaNe Avazyaka Ahe. vratAMce pUrNa pAlana kele kI tI 'mahAvrate'hotAta. 'ahiMsA' he sarvAta pramukha mahAvrata Ahe. itara vrate tyAcyA rakSaNAsAThI sAMgitalI Aheta. jaina AcArya AtmaciMtanAlA navInaca khAdya detAta. te mhaNatAta, "jIvavadha hA Atmavadha asUna jIvadayA hI vastuta: ApalyAvaraca kelelI dayA Ahe." **********

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(AkAzavANI-puNe keMdra, 'ciMtana', paryuSaNaparva, 2005) 2. jIva-vicAra vizvAtalA koNatAhI dharma ghyA, tyAcI dona aMge asatAta. eka aMga tattvajJAnAce asate tara dusare AcaraNAce. hA saMbaMdha zarIra ANi caitanya yAMcyA dRSTAMtAne spaSTa karaNyAta yeto. AcaraNa he zarIra asale tara tattvajJAna hA prANa. bAhya AcaraNAta deza-kAla-paristhitInusAra kAhI nA kAhI badala aparihArya Ahe. tattvaciMtanAcI dhArA mAtra satata akSuNNaca rahAte. pratyeka bhAratIya darzanAnaM ApApalyA viziSTa tattvapraNAlI nizcita kelyA Aheta. tattvAMcI agara padArthAMcI gaNanA kelI Ahe. jaina dharmAnehI 7 agara 9 tattvAMcyA rUpAne hI mImAMsA kelI Ahe. ___ mukhyata: sarva sRSTI hI dona vibhAgAta vibhAgatA yete. jIva va ajIva mhaNajeenergy & matter. naU tattvAMpaikI pahile tattva jIva agara AtmA Ahe. ajIva agara jIva yAMnA tattve mhaNUna samAna darjA dilA Ahe. jIva he anaMta Aheta. pratyeka jIva svataMtra Ahe. jJAnacetanA agara bodhazaktI he jIvAce asAdhAraNa lakSaNa Ahe. tyAlA upayoga' hA pAribhASika zabda dilA Ahe. Aja ApaNa jIvatattvAcA adhika vistArAne parAmarza gheU. jIvAMce mukhya prakAra dona. saMsArI ANi mukta. saMsArI mhaNaje ekA janmAtUna dusar2yA janmAta sarata jANAre. mukta mhaNaje janma-mRtyU cakrAtUna suTalele. siddha ANi arhat donhI mukta jIvaca Aheta. paraMtu tyAMcyA kAryAta pharakAhe. arhat kiMvA tIrthaMkara he jIvanakAlAta kAhI kALa tarI upadeza va mArgadarzana karatAta. saMsArI jIvAMce trasa va sthAvara mhaNaje hAlacAla karU zakaNAre (arthAt jAgA soDU zakaNAre) va jAgA soDU na zakaNAre ase dona bheda asatAta. zAvara jIva pAca prakArace asatAta. pRthvIkAyika, jalakAyika, agnikAyika, vAyukAyika va vanaspatikAyika. yAcA artha ApaNa nITa samajUna gheU. gairasamaja asA Ahe kI jalakAyika jIva mhaNaje pANyAtIla jaMtU i. hota. jaina dharmAtIla he pANyAtale jIva nasUna, jyAMcI zarIre khudda pANIca Ahe ase jIva. hIca goSTa pRthvIkAyika i. jIvAMcI Ahe. yA sarvAMnA ekaca iMdriya asate va te mhaNaje sparza. jyAMnA hiMdU darzane 'paMcamahAbhUte' mAnatAta tyAMnA jaina darzana ejeMyi jIva' saMbodhato. trasa mhaNaje jAgA badalU zakaNAr2yA jIvAMce dona iMdriyavAle, tIna iMdriyavAle i. bhAga kele Aheta. gAMDuLAsArakhyA prANyAMnA sparza va rasanA hI donaca iMdriye asatAta. muMgI, DhekUNa, kITakAMnA sparza, rasanA va ghrANa hI tIna jhaMya asatAta. DAsa, madhamAzI i. jIvAMnA cakSU i. cAra iMdriye asatAta. gAya, ghoDA i. pRSThavaMzIya prANyAMnA zravaNa dharUna pAca iMdriye asatAta. manuSya, deva va adholokAtIla jIvAMnA pAca iMdriyAMkherIja mana va vicArazaktIhI asate. 'nigoda' hA sUkSma jIvaprakAra asato. sarva jIvAMcyA miLUna 84 lakSa yonI mAnalyA Aheta. AtmakalyANa karUna gheNyAcI sarvAta adhika kSamatA agara sAmarthya manuSya yonIta Ahe. tyAcabarobara hehI khare Ahe kI saMyama va vivekAcyA abhAvI jAstIta jAsta krUra karme karUna adhogatIlA jANyAsahI mAnavaca udyukta hotAta. jainAMcA hA jIvavicAra vijJAnAcyA kasoTIvara kasa utarato hA prazna vegaLA paNa ciMtanAlA preraka TharaNArA mAtra nakkIca Ahe !

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(AkAzavANI-puNe keMdra, 'ciMtana', paryuSaNaparva, 2005) 3. ajIva-vicAra jaina darzanAtIla 'jIva' vicArAnaMtara ApaNa 'ajIva' dravyAcA parAmarza gheNAra Ahota. jaina tattvajJAnAnusAra he dRzya vizva satya agara vAstava asUna to sahA dravyAMcA samudAya Ahe. hI sahA dravye mhaNaje jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla ANi pudgala - hota. yAtIla 'jIva' vagaLatA uralelI pAca dravye ajIva Aheta. pudgala he pahile ajIva dravya Ahe. jyAMcyA lahAnamoThyA saMghAtAMnI jagAtIla niranirALe acetana padArtha banalele Aheta tyA aNUMnA 'pudagala' mhaNatAta. tyAMcyA ThikANI satata parispaMda va pariNAma yA kriyA surU asatAta. parispaMda mhaNaje nusatI hAlacAla tara pariNAma mhaNaje tyAMcyA guNAta va paryAyAta mhaNaje avasthAMmadhye jhAlele badala. pratyeka pudgalAcyA ThikANI sparza,sa, gaMdha va varNa (rUpa) he guNa asatAtaca. vaizeSikAMnI mAMDalelyA paramANuvAdApekSA jainAMcA paramANuvAda grIka tattvajJAnasa adhika javaLacA Ahe. paramANUMcyA saMghAtAMnA 'skaMdha' mhaNatAta. pudgalAMce sthUla, sUkSma, sUkSmatara ase pharaka Aheta karmAce suddhA atizaya sUkSma paramANUca asatAta. mRtyUnaMtara jIva hA svata:cyA sUkSmatara kArmaNa zarIrAsa gheUnaca dusar2yA zarIrAta pravezato. 'dharma' ANi 'adharma' nAvAcyA svataMtra tattvAMcA vicAra jaina darzanAne kelA Ahe. yAcA artha sadAcAra agara durAcAra asA nAhI. hyA dravyAMnI sarva lokAkAza bharUna TAkale Ahe. yAMce varNana Adhunika paribhASetamotion & intertia ase karatA yeIla. dharmadravya gatIsa sahAyaka Ahe. te gatIsa preraNA deta nAhI tara nusatI madata karate. pANI, kAhI mAzAMnA Dhakalata nAhI, phakta tyAMcyA gatIlA vAva dete. adharmadravya he sthitIce udAsIna kAraNa Ahe. sthitizIla padArthAMnA ekA ThikANI sthira rahANyAsa te madata karate. vRkSAcI sAvalI kAhI pravAzAlA rokhUna ThevIta nAhI paNa sathalA nivAsa sukhakara karaNyAsa madata karate. mhaNaje hI sthiti-gatIMnA AdhArabhUta tattve Aheta. ___cauthe ajIva tattva 'AkAza' (space) he Ahe. sarva dravya-padArthAMnA avakAza karUna deNe, tyAMcyA avagAhanAsa sahAyya karaNe he AkAzAce kArya. AkAzAce lokAkAza ANi alokAkAza ase dona bhAga mAnale. lokAkAzasahA dravyAMnI bharUna gele Ahe tara alokAkAza nusatIca akhaMDa pokaLI Ahe. tethe padArthAMcI gatI vA sthitI zakya nAhI AttAparyaMta varNilelI 'jIva' dravya dharUna pAca dravye 'astikAya' mhaNUna saMbodhalI Aheta. 'paMcAstikAya' nAvAcyA graMthAta tyAce savistara varNana Ahe. 'kAla' (time) he sahAve dravya Ahe. tyAlA lAMbI, ruMdI, uMcI azI aneka parimANe kiMvA mitI nasatAta. kAlAce aNU jaNUkAhI ADavyA dor2yAta maNI ovAve tase ekApuDhe eka asatAta. padArthAMcya madhye jhAlele badala agara vikAra ApalyAlA jANavUna deNyAsAThI AdhAra-tattva mhaNaje kAla. padArthAta badala jhAlA tarI hAca to padArtha' azI oLakhahI kALAmuLeca paDate. divasa, rAtra, mahinA, varSa azI gaNatI mhaNaje vyavahArAtIla kALa hoya. muLAta to akhaMDa Ahe. jainAMcA SaDdravyavicAra saMkSepAne azA prakAracA Ahe.

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(AkAzavANI-puNe keMdra, 'ciMtana', paryuSaNaparva, 2005) 4. uttarAdhyayanAtIla vizeSa vicAra jaina sAhityAtIla prAcIna graMtha 'ardhamAgadhI' nAvAcyA prAkRta bhASeta lihilele Aheta. hiMdU dharmAta je sthAna 'bhagavadgIte'lA Ahe, bauddha dharmAta je sthAna 'dhammapada' graMthAlA Ahe kiMvA khrizcana dharmAta je sthAna bAyabala'lA Ahe teca sthAna jaina dharmAta 'uttarAdhyayana' nAvAcyA graMthAsa Ahe. hI sAkSAt 'mahAvIravANI' samajalI jAte. yAcyA mahattvAche yAsa 'mUlasUtra' ase mhaNatAta. jaina samAjAta yA lokapriya graMthAcA AjahI khUpa abhyAsa kelA jAto. yAtIla mojake vicAra ApalyA adhika vicArArtha ApalyA puDhe ThevIta Ahe. yA saMsArAta prANyAMnA cAra goSTI atizaya durmiLa Aheta. manuSyajanma prApta hoNe, saddharmAce zravaNa karaNe, dharmAvara atUTa zraddhA va saMyamAsAThI lAgaNAre sAmarthya yA tyA cAra goSTI Aheta. rAga arthAt AsaktI ANi dveSa yA dona vikArAMcyA dvAre manuSya satata karmamalAcA saMcaya karata asato. he tyAce kAma donhI dvArAMnI mAtI khANAr2yA guLAsArakhe asate. sAdhUne kazAcAhI lezamAtra saMcaya karU naye. pakSyApramANe sadaiva vicaraNa karAve. tIna vyApArI bhAMDavala gheUna vyApArAlA nighAle. ekAne naphA kamAvalA. dusarA bhAMDavalAsaha parata AlA. tisar2yAne bhAMDavalahI gamAvale. manuSyatva he bhAMDavala Ahe. devagati hI lAbharUpa Ahe. manuSyayonI gamAvalI tara naraka kiMvA tiryaMca gatI prApta hote. pravAsAla nighAlelA mANUsa vATetaca ghara bAMdhUna rAhU lAgalA tara tyAlA icchita sthaLAcI prAptI kazI hoNAra ? mANasAnehI AtmakalyANAce dhyeya soDUna upabhogAMcyA viSayAta ramamANa hoU naye. bha. mahAvIra ApalA pramukha ziSya jo gautama tyAsa mhaNatAta - "he gautamA, kALAcyA oghAta pivaLI pAne jazI jhADAvarUna ApoApa gaLUna paDatAta, tase mAnavI jIvana Ahe. tU kSaNabharahI besAvadha rAhU nakosa. siMha jasA haraNAlA pakaDUna pharaphaTata gheUna jAto, tyApramANe mRtyU manuSyAvara jhaDapa ghAlato. azA veLI nAtevAIka, mitra, zejArI upayogI paDU zakata nAhIta. phakta tyAce karma teveDhatyA kartyAcyA mAge jAte. paDhalele veda AmhAlA tAraNAra nAhIta. brAhmaNa bhojane ghAlaNe hA kAhI moThA dharmAcA mArganAhI. zrAddha vagaire karaNAre putrasuddhA gelelyA jIvAce kAhIca barevAITa karU zakata nAhIta." 'amuka amuka mI miLavale. amuka amuka miLavAyace rAhile'-azA vicArAta tU guMtUna rAhazIla tara mRtyU tulA kadhI gAThela yAcA pattAhI lAgaNAra nAhI. jasajasA mANasAlA lAbha hoto, tasatasA tyAcA lobha vADhataca jAto. dona kavaDyAMcI AraMbhI icchA karaNArA mANUsa, sonyArUpAce parvata miLUnahI tRpta hotaca nAhI. jarAmaraNAcyA pravAhAta vegAne vAhana jANAr2yA jIvAsa dharma heca dvIpa, tIca gatI va teca zaraNasthAna Ahe. bha. mahAvIrAMnI jAtisaMsthesa prAdhAnya deNAr2yA samAjAtIla mAnya vicArAMvara ghaNAghAtI prahAra kele. te mhaNatAta, 'kevaLa muMDana kelyAne koNI zramaNa hota nAhI, samabhAva ThevalyAne zramaNa hoto. oMkArAcyA japAne navhe tara malamajJAnAne brAhmaNa hoto. brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya va zUdra hA jo to ApalyA karmAMnI hoto, kevaLa janmAne navhe.' **********

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4. jaina darzanAtIla 'punarjanma' saMkalpanA ('jaina-jAgRti' mAsika patrikA, me 2011) paraMparene 'Astika' mAnalelyA bhAratIya darzanAMnI jyApramANe karmasiddhAMta ANi punarjanma yA saMkalpanA mAMDalyA Aheta, tyAcapramANe nAstika' samajalelyA jaina darzanAnehI yA saMkalpanA sarvasvI mAnya kelyA Aheta. jagat athavA vizva anAdi-anaMta mAnalyAmuLe ANi sRSTiniyAmaka IzvarAce astitva nAkAralyAmuLe karmasiddhAMta ANi punarjanmAlA jaina darzanAta ananyasAdhAraNa mahattva lAbhale. jIva (soul) ANi ajIva (matter) azI dona svataMtra tattve mAnalI tarI karmAMnA pudgala kiMvA paramANurUpa mAnUna jainAMnI 'kaSAya' ANi 'lezyA' yAMcyA madatIne tyAMcyAtIla anAdi saMparka mAnya kelA. sattAzAstrIya dRSTIne jIva (individual soul) he eka guNa-paryAyAtmaka dravya Ahe. pudgalamaya karma hehI guNaparyAyAtmaka dravya Ahe. yAMcyA saMparkAmuLe jIvAlA miLaNAr2yA vividha gatIMmadhIla zarIre he jIvAce jaNU paryAyaca Aheta. janma-maraNAce avyAhata cAlU asalele cakra he 'punarjanmA'ceca cakra Ahe. jaina darzanAta zarIrAMce pAca prakAra sAMgitale Aheta. zarIra he jIvAce kriyA karaNyAce sAdhana Ahe. audArika, vaikriya, AhAraka, taijasa ANi kArmaNa azI pAca prakAracI zarIre ekUNa asatAta. tyApaikI taijasa ANi kArmaNa hI zarIre jIvasRSTItIla pratyeka jIvAzI avinAbhAvAne saMbaddha Aheta. tyAtahI kArmaNa' zarIra he vAraMvAra janma gheNyAsa kAraNa TharaNAre mUlabhUta zarIra Ahe. te atyaMta sUkSma Ahe. pUrvakRta karmAMcA bhoga (vipAka) ANi navIna karmabaMdhaMce arjana - hI ghaTanA pratyeka jIvAta satata ghaData asate. 'uttarAdhyayana' yA graMthAta mhaTalyApramANe rAga (AsaktI) ANi dveSa he sarva karmAMce bIja Ahe. ___ApalI gati, jAti, liMga, gotra ANi sarva zArIrika-mAnasika vaiziSTye pUrvakRta karmAnusAraca Tharata asatAta. anAdi kALApAsUna ekeMdriya te paMceMdriya sRSTIta bhramaNa karaNArA jIva karmAMcA pUrNa kSaya kareparyaMta satata navanave janmadhAraNa karItaca rahAto. karmAMce cakra he punarjanmAMceca cakra Ahe. jagAtIla pratyeka jIva azA prakAre itara anaMta jIvAMcya saMparkAta anekadA yeUna gelelA Ahe. jaina darzanAcyA dRSTIne anaMta punarjanma 'kavikalpanA' nasUna vastusthitI ahe. punarjanmAcyA vastusthitIlA purAvA Ahe kA ? arthAtaca Ahe. jaina darzanAnusAra jJAna pAca prakArace Ahe. matizruta-avadhi-mana:paryAya ANi kevala. tyApaikI matijJAna' he iMdriye va manAcyA sahAyyAne hoNAre jJAna Ahe. garbhajanmo janmaNAr2yA, paMceMdriya saMjJI (manasahita) jIvAlA viziSTa paristhitIta 'jAtismaraNa' nAvAce jJAna hoU zakate. lezyA, adhyavasAya ANi pariNAma yAMcyA vizuddhImuLe, matijJAnAlA AvRta karaNAr2yA karmAMcA kSayopazama jhAlyAsa jAtismaraNa' arthAt pUrvajanmAce smaraNa hote. mAnavAMnA tara te hoU zakateca paNa pazupakSyAMnAhI hoU zakate. pUrvajanma-punamAMcA hA vyaktiniSTha purAvA Ahe. ____ bauddha dharmAtIla 'jAtakakathA' yA dekhIla azAca prakAracyA pUrvajanmAvara AdhArita vRttAMtaAhe. jaina sAhityAtIla zekaDo kathAMpaikI pannAsa TakkyAMhUna adhika kathAMmadhe pUrvajanma-punarjanmAMce kathana asate. pAtaMjala yogasUtrAtIla.39 (aparigrahasthairye janmakathAnta: saMbodha:) ANi 3.18 (saMskArasAkSAtkaraNAtpUrvajAtijJAnam) yA sUtrAMmadhe jAtismaraNace ullekha Aheta. ____ jaina adhyAtmAta, AdhyAtmika vikAsAcyA 14 pAyar2yA (zreNI) Aheta. tyAMnA 'guNasthAna' mhaNatAta. tyApaikI 4 thyA pAyarIvarIla va tyApuDhe pragatI kelelyA jIvAMnA pUrvajanmAMce smaraNa' khAtrIne hota asate. 'avadhi' ANi 'kevala' jJAnAcyA dhAraka vyaktI ApalI ekAgratA keMdrita karUna itara vyaktIMce pUrvajanma va punarjanma jANU zakatAta. azA prakAre punarjanmAcI siddhI dusar2yAkaDUnahI hoU zakate. pratyeka gatIta (deva-manuSya-naraka-tiryaMca) ANi jAtIta (ekeMdriya te paMceMdriya) janmalelyA jIvAcI kAyasthitI

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ANi bhavasthitI yAMce savistara varNana tattvArthasUtrAta yete. ___ sArAMza kAya ? tara jaina darzanAcA pUrvajanma-punarjanmAvara 100 Takke vizvAsa Ahe. tyAlA tyAMnI sattAzAstrIya ANi jJAnazAstrIya AdhAra dilA Ahe. karmasiddhAMtAcyA vistRta ANi sUkSma mAMDaNIta hI saMkalpanA kauzalyAne guMphalI Ahe. adhyAtmAcyA dRSTInehI punarjanmAcI upapattI lAvalI Ahe. samagra jaina kathAvAGmaya va caritre pUrvajanmapunarjanmAne bharalelI Aheta. ___Adhunika mAnasazAstrIya saMzodhakahI punarjanmAcI siddhI karaNyAcA prayatna karatAnA disatAta. mAtra viziSTa 'case-study' punarjanma sucavIta asalA tarI vyApaka sArvatrika siddhAMtAta ajUna tarI tyAce rUpAMtara jhAlele disata nAhI. **********

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5. mahAvIrAMcyA dRSTIne 'vIra' koNa ? (mahAvIrajayaMtI vizeSAMka, dainika 'prabhAta', eprila 2009) jaina dharmAce 24 ve tIrthaMkara 'bha. mahAvIra' yAMcI aitihAsikatA nirvivAdapaNe dRDhamUla jhAlI Ahe. isavI sana pUrva 599 madhye 'magadha' (athavA matAMtarAne 'videha') janapadAtIla 'kSatriyakuMDa' gaNarAjyAta 'jJAtR' kuLAtIla rAjA 'siddhArtha' va 'trizalAdevI' yAMcyA poTI 'caitra zuddha trayAdazIcyA madhyarAtrI bha. mahAvIrAMcA janma jhAlA. yA tejasvI bAlakAce nAva 'vardhamAna' ase Thevale. tyAMnA 'mahAvIra' he vizeSaNa kA lAvale gele yAviSayI tyAMcyA bAlapaNAtIla zaurya va dhADasAcyA kathA paraMparene noMdavilelyA Aheta. vardhamAna bAlapaNApAsUnaca jJAna-pratibhAsaMpanna, ekAMtapriya va ciMtanazIla hote. vayAcyA 28 vyA varSI, mAtApityAMcyA mRtyUnaMtara Apale jeSTha baMdhU naMdivardhana yAMcyA anumatI yAMnI sAdhujIvanAcI tayArI surU kelI. tyAnaMtara tyAMnI eka varSabhara dIna-du:khI-garajU lokAMnA vipula dAne dilI. vayAcyA tisAvyA varSI 'mArgazIrSa kRSNa dazamIlA' tyAMnI 'dIkSA ghetalI. tyAnaMtara sADe bArA varSe tyAMnI kaThora tapasyA kelI. 'vaizAkha zuddha dazamIlA' tyAMnA kevalajJAna' prApta jhAle. bodhIcI caramAvasthA prApta kelyAvara tyAMnI vihAra karata dharmopadeza deNyAsa AraMbha kelA. tyAMcyA vayAcyA 72 vyA varSAparyaMta arthAt 'azvina kRSNa amAvasyecyA' madhyarAtrIparyaMta tyAMnI prANimAtrAMcyA kalyANAsAThI niraMtara upadeza kelA. jaina loka divALIcyA rAtra dIpa prajvalana karUna tyAMcA nirvANotsava sAjarA karatAta. bha. mahAvIrAMnI 'ardhamAgadhI' yA lokabhASeta kelele upadeza tyAMcyA ziSyAMnI saMkalita kele. te sumAre 1000 varSe maukhika paraMparene jatana kele gele. tyAnaMtara mhaNaje isavI sanAcyA pAcavyA zatakAta te gujarAtamadhIla 'valabhI' yethe jhAlelyA zvetAMbara sAdhu pariSadeta graMthArUDha karaNyAta Ale. Aja ApalyAsamora asalele akarA 'aMga' graMtha 'mahAvIravANI' yA nAvAne oLakhale jAtAta. pahilA aMgagraMtha AcArAMga' nAvAne suprasiddha Ahe. prAkRta bhASAtajJAMnI yA graMthAcA pahilA vibhAga ardhamAgadhI bhASecA sarvAta prAcIna namunA mhaNUna svIkArArha mAnalA Ahe. yA graMthAcA abhyAsa karIta asatAnA tyAtIla 'vIra' ANi 'mahAvIra' yA zabdAMkaDe mAjhe lakSa vedhale gele. bha. mahAvIra svata: 'vIra' zabda koNakoNatyA saMdarbhAta vAparatata yAcI utsukatA lAgUna rAhilI. tyAMce tadviSayaka vicAra yA lekhAta mAMDale Aheta. AcArAMgAcI bhASAzailI upaniSadAMzI atizaya miLatIjuLatI Ahe. mahAvIrAMcyA upadezAcA kALa hA vaidika paraMparetIla upaniSatkALAzI nikaTatA rAkhaNArA asalyAne, hI goSTa naisargikaca Ahe. ___'vIra' hA zabda vAcyArthAne raNAMgaNAvara parAkrama gAjaviNAr2yA yoddhyAcA vAcaka Ahe. AcArAMgAta mAtra to medhAvI, vivekI munIsAThI upayojita karaNyAta AlA Ahe. 'zastraparijJA' ANi 'lokavijaya' yA zIrSakAMcyA adhyayanAMmadhye tyAMnI yA zabdAcA jAstIta jAsta upayoga kelA Ahe. arthAtaca hA 'AdhyAtmika vijaya' Ahe, raNAMgaNAvarIla vijaya navhe. 'atyucca AtmakalyANa' he dhyeya, uddiSTa Ahe. 'ahiMsece pAlana' hA tyAcA mArga Ahe. te mhaNatAta, paNayA vIrA mahAvIhiM' - arthAt vIrapuruSa yA mahApathAlA samarpita Aheta (jasA yoddhA dhyeyapUrtIsAThI samarpita asato tase). ase vIra 'parAkramI' Aheta. te sAdhanetIla aDathaLe, vighne yAvara mAta karatAta. bAhya, dRSya zatrUvara hallA karUna tyAMnA nestanAbUda karaNArA hA parAkrama navhe. hA tara saMyamAcA parAkrama' Ahe. AjUbAjUcyA trasa (hAlacAla karU zakaNAr2yA) jIvAMnA tara hA vIra japatoca paNa pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu va vanaspatI yA ekeMdriya jIvasRSTIviSayIhI hA jAgRta, apramatta asato. paryAvaraNAcyA sarva ghaTakAMce hA prANapaNAne rakSaNa karato. bhojana karatAnA, vastre paridhAna karatAnA, mArgakramaNa karatAnA taseca mala-mUtra visarjana karatAnA hA AjUbAjUcyA koNatyAhI sthUla-sUkSma jIvAlA ijA pohocaNAra nAhI yAcI dakSatA gheto. hIca 'zasvaparijJA' arthAt 'viveka' Ahe sAmAnya vIra he zabUMnA baMdI banavitAta, tyAta bhUSaNa mAnatAta. he AdhyAtmika 'vIra' ApalyA upadezAne

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aneka prANimAtrAMnA baMdhanAMpAsUna mukta karatAta. bha. mahAvIra mhaNatAta, 'NAratiM sahate vIre, vIre No sahate ratiM' arthAt he vIrapuruSa saMyama sAdhanetIla svata:cI 'arati' ANi asaMyamAtIla 'rati' donhIhI sahana karata nAhIta. mAdhyasthavRtti dhAraNa karatAta. __ atyaMta mojakA, nIrasa ANi rukSa AhAra te svIkAratAta. svata: anna zijavIta nAhIta. itarAMnI tyAMcyAsAThI banavalelyA AhArAtIla agadI mojakI bhikSA jIvananirvAhApuratI grahaNa karatAta. vIrAce lakSaNa sAMgatAnA bha. mahAvIra mhaNatAta, 'jAgara-verovarae vIre' arthAt hA vIra sadaiva ahiMseviSayI jAgRta ANi vairabhAvApAsUna dUra asato. medhAvI, nizcayI va vivekI sAdhaka 'Atmagupta' asato mhaNajeca kuzala senApatIpramANe svataHlA zAbUta TheUna dhyeya gAThaNyAcA prayatna karato. svata:cyA manAta DokAvaNAr2yA krodha, ahaMkAra, kapaTa, lobha yA bhAvanavara mAta karato. hA vIra kSetrajJa' asato mhaNajeca raNAMgaNAcA jANakAra ANi raNanItIta kuzala asato. bhagavadgItetahI kSetrakSetrajJa adhyAyAta zarIrAlA kSetra' ANi AtmyAlA 'kSetrajJa' mhaTale Ahe. AcArAMgAta 'vIrya' ANi 'parAkrama' he zabda vAraMvAra upayojile Aheta. hA parAkrama arthAtaca saMyamAta ANi AtmavijayAta daDalelA Ahe. 'mahAvIrA vipparakkamaMti' azI zabdayojanAhI ADhaLUna yete. sAdhanecA mArga kitIhI khaDatara asalA tarI te vIra manAcI prasannatA ghAlavIta nAhIta. khinna, vimanaska hota nAhIta. atyaMta mahattvAcI goSTa mhaNaje AdhyAtmika sAdhakAcI vATacAla 'ekaTyAne karAvayAcI mArgakramaNA' Ahe. yethI4 manubhUtI pratyeAvI svataMtra svataMtra mATe. hA sAmudrAyika mA nAhI. ma. mahAvIra sphaLatAta durayvaro mayAdhIrA aNiyaTTagAmINaM' - arthAt yethe koNI sobatI nAhI ANi kharA vIra mArgAvarUna punhA phirata nAhI. __AcArAMga graMthAtIla zevaTace adhyayana 'upadhAnazruta' mhaNUna prasiddha Ahe. bha. mahAvIrAMcyA upadezAMcA saMgraha karaNAr2yA prabhAvI AcAryAMnI te lihile asAve. tyAMnI sAMgitalelI 'vIrAcI lakSaNe' tyAMcyA caritrAtUna kazI disamta te sAMgUna akherIsa mhaTale Ahe - 'sUro saMgAmasIse vA, saMvuDe tattha se mahAvIre / paDisevamANe pharusAI, acale bhagavaM rIitthA / / ' pratikSaNI ahiMsece pAlana karaNyAta dakSa asalele he tIrthaMkara gelI 2600 varSe 'mahAvIra' mhaNUna prasiddha Aheta. tyAMnI sAMgitalelI AdhyAtmika parAkramAcI lakSaNe tyAMnI svata: taMtotaMta pALalI mhaNUna tara tyAMcyAca zabta sAMgAyace tara, 'esa vIre pasaMsie' arthAt yA vIrAcI evaDhI prazaMsA jhAlI !!! **********

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6. mahAvIravANItUna bheTalele mahAvIra (svAdhyAya zibira, mahAvIra pratiSThAna, puNe, vizeSa vyAkhyAna, me 2011) jaina dharmAce 24 ve tIrthaMkara bha. mahAvIra' yAMcI aitihAsikatA nirvivAdapaNe dRDhamUla jhAlI Ahe. isavI sana pUrva 599 madhye 'magadha' (athavA matAMtarAne 'videha') janapadAtIla 'kSatriyakuMDa' gaNarAjyAta 'jJAtR' kuLAtIla rAjA 'siddhArtha' va 'trizalAdevI' yAMcyA poTI 'caitra zuddha trayAdazIcyA' madhyarAtrI bha. mahAvIrAMcA janma jhAlA. yA tejasvI bAlakAce nAva 'vardhamAna' ase Thevale. tyAMnA mahAvIra' he vizeSaNa kA lAvale gele yAviSayI tyAMcyA bAlapaNAtIla zaurya va dhADasAcyA kathA paraMparene noMdavilelyA Aheta. vardhamAna bAlapaNApAsUnaca jJAna-pratibhAsaMpanna, ekAMtapriya va ciMtanazIla hote. vayAcyA 28 vyA varSI, mAtApityAMcyA mRtyUnaMtara Apale jeSTha baMdhU naMdivardhana yAMcyA anumatInyAMnI sAdhujIvanAcI tayArI surU kelI. tyAnaMtara tyAMnI eka varSabhara dIna-duHkhI-garajU lokAMnA vipula dAne dilI. vayAcyA tisAvyA varSI 'mArgazIrSa kRSNa dazamIlA' tyAMnI 'dIkSA ghetalI. tyAnaMtara sADe bArA varSe tyAMnI kaThora tapasyA kelI. 'vaizAkha zuddha dazamIlA' tyAMnA kevalajJAna prApta jhAle. bodhIcI caramAvasthA prApta kelyAvara tyAMnI vihAra karata dharmopadeza deNyAsa AraMbha kelA. tyAMcyA vayAcyA 72 vyA varSAparyaMta arthAt 'azvina kRSNa amAvasyecyA madhyarAtrIparyaMta tyAMnI prANimAtrAMcyA kalyANAsAThI niraMtara upadeza kelA. jaina loka divALIcyA rAtrI dIpa prajvalana karUna tyAMcA nirvANotsava sAjarA karatAta. bha. mahAvIrAMnI 'ardhamAgadhI' yA lokabhASeta kelele upadeza tyAMcyA ziSyAMnI saMkalita kele. te sumAre 1000 varSe maukhika paraMparene jatana kele gele. tyAnaMtara mhaNaje isavI sanAcyA pAcavyA zatakAta te gajarAtamadhIla 'valabhI' yethe jhAlelyA zvetAMbara sAdhu pariSadeta graMthArUDha karaNyAta Ale. Aja ApalyAsamora asalele akarA 'aMga' graMtha 'mahAvIravANI' yA nAvAne oLakhale jAtAta. AcArAMgasUtra' hA ardhamAgadhI bhASetIla sarvAta prAcIna va pahilA aMgagraMtha Ahe. yAcI bhASA gadyapadyamaya Ahe. upaniSadAMcyA zailIzI miLatIjuLatyA azA sUtramaya, tattvaciMtanAtmaka vicArAMnI hA graMtha purepUra bharalA Ahe. khera tara 'AcArAMga' mhaNaNyApekSA 'vicArAMga' zIrSakaca tyAlA zobhUna disela. gRhasthAvasthecA tyAga karUna, AdhyAtmika unnatIce dhyeya ahiMsecyA AdhAre pratyakSAta utaraviNAr2yA prabuddha, vivekI sAdhakAce ciMtanonmeSa va udgAra yA graMthAta zabdabaddha kelele Aheta. 'natthi kAlassa NAgamo / ' 'savvesiM jIviyaM piyaM' athavA 'suttA amuNI, sayA muNiNo jAgaraMti' azA sopyA, choTyA vAkyAMnA mahAvIrAMcyA vANIcA 'paratattvasparza' jhAlyAne, te AdhyAtmikAMsAThIdIpastaMbha Tharale Aheta. saMpUrNa ahiMsA pratyakSAta ANaNyAsAThI pratyeka hAlacAla, vyavahAra, annagrahaNa, vastragrahaNa, malamUtravisarjana, tapasyA, titikSA kazI karAvI tyAce he 'paeNkTikala gAiDabuka' Ahe. gUDhagahana siddhAMta, avaghaDa tattvacarcA, vizvottIcI mImAMsA, jJAnAcI mImAMsA yAMnA sthAna na detA jIvana jagaNyAcyA dhyeyapradhAna zailIvara bhara dilelA asato. sUtrakRtAMga' yA graMthAta mahAvIrAMcyA jIvanAcA vegaLAca pailU disato.sva-siddhAnta ANi para-siddhAnta yAta noMdavale Ahe. niyativAda, ajJAnavAda, jagatkartRtvavAda, lokavAda yAMcyA siddhAMtAMce maMDana va nirasana Ahe. paMcAnAdI, SaSThabhUtavAdI, advaitavAdI azA vividha matAMcI noMda Ahe. svata:cyA siddhAntAMce nITa maMDanahI kele Ahe. khaMDana karatAnA kalaha, vitaMDavAda, kaThoratA, upahAsa yA zastrAMcA vApara kelelA nAhI. anekAntavAdI dRSTI ThevUna svata:ce siddhAMta ThAmapaNe mAMDale Aheta. 'ArdrakIya' ANi 'nAlandIya' adhyayanAta Alele saMvAda tyA kALacyA dArzanika vicArapravAhAMvara cAMgalAca prakAza TAkaNAre Aheta. sUtrakRtAMgAcI jamecI bAjU hIca Ahe. 'sthAnAga' ANi 'samavAyAMga' hyA graMthAtUna mahAvIrAMcyA pratibhecA ANakhI vegaLA paila disato. he graMtha kozavajA Aheta. ekasaMkhyA asalelyA goSTI sthAnAMgAcyA pahilyA adhyayanAta, dona saMkhyAyukta dusar2yA adhyayata yApramANe dahA adhyayanAMcI racanA Ahe. tyA kALacI dahA Azcarye, dIkSA gheNyAcI dahA kAraNe, dahA mahAnadyA, dahA

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prakhyAta nagarIMcI nAve azA sAMskRtika, aitihAsika va bhaugolika goSTIMcI noMda yAta Ahe. dahAcyA puDhIla vividha saMkhyAMcA vicAra samavAyAMgAta kelA Ahe. 24 tIrthaMkarAMcI nAve, 18 prakAracyA lipIMcI nAve, 64 va 72 kalAMcI (vidyAMcI) nAve ANi jaina dharmAsaMbaMdhIcI mahattvapUrNa mAhitI yAtana miLate. cALIsa pradIrgha prakaraNAMnI banalelA vyAkhyAprajJapti' kiMvA bhagavatI' hA graMtha aitihAsika dRSTIne phAra mahattvAcA mAnalA jAto. hA graMtha aneka saMvAda ANi praznottarAMnI naTalelA Ahe. gautama gaNadhara ANi bha. mahAvIra yAMcI siddhAMtaviSayaka carcA khUpaca udbodhaka Ahe. mahAvIrAMcyA pUrvIcA pArzvanAthapraNIta nigraMtha dharma kazA svarUpAcA homate yAtUnaca samajate. mahAvIrAMcyA aneka varSAvAsAMcI (cAturmAsAMcI) hakIgata yAta noMdavalI Ahe. mahAvIra va tyAMcA virodhaka ziSya gozAlaka' yAMcI anokhI bhramaNagAthA yAtUnaca ulagaData jAte. aMga, vaMga, malaya, lADha, vatsa, kAzI, kozala i. 16 janapadAMcA ullekha prAcIna bhAratAcyA rAjakIya itihAsAcyA dRSTIne mahattvapUrNa Ahe. mahAbhArata jase aneka saMskaraNe hota hota vADhata gele tasA hA graMtha uttaravartI kALAta bhara paData paData bRhatkAya jhAlA asAvA. mahAvIrAMcyA samakAlIna itihAsAvara prakAzajhota TAkaNArA hA graMtha jainavidyecyA abhyAsakAMnI khUpa prazaMsilA Ahe. 'jJAtRdharmakathA' graMthAcyA pUrvabhAgAta mahAvIrAMnI sAMgitalele pratIkAtmaka dRSTAnta ANi dIrghakathA tyAMcyA vihArakALAtIla lokAbhimukhatekaDe Apale lakSa vedhUna ghetAta. hA graMtha nakkIca janasAmAnyAMsAThI Ahe. ATha prakAcyA karmAMcA siddhAMta bhopaLyAlA dilelyA ATha lepAMcyA dRSTAMtAtUna mAMDalA Ahe. pratyekI pAca akSatA deUna cAsunAMcI parIkSA gheNyAcI kathA, vAD.mayIna dRSTyA sarasa va raMjaka tara Aheca paraMtu akherIsa 'pAca mahAvratAMce sAdhUne kasepAlana karAve' asA bodhahI dilA Ahe. 'draupadIne pAca patIMnA kA varale ?' he spaSTa karaNyAsAThI ticyA tIna pUrvajamAMcA sAMgitalelA vRttAMta ekA vegaLyA adbhuta vizvAta gheUna jAto. 'mallI' nAvAcyA adhyayanAta tIrthaMkarapada prApta keleyA suMdara, buddhimAna va vairAgyasaMpanna strIcI apratima kathA raMgavilI Ahe. tetalIputra nAvAcA maMtrI ANi sonArAcI kanyA 'poTTilA' yAMcyA vivAhAcI, vituSTAcI ANi poTTilecyA AdhyAtmika pragatIcI kathA azIca manoraMjaka Ahe. tattvaciMtaka mahAvIrAMce he goSTIvelhALa rUpa nakkIca stimita karaNAre Ahe. sAdhudharma kitIhI Adarza asalA tarI sAmAnya gRhasthAMnA kaThora saMyamapAlana zakya nasalyAne mahAvIrAMnI tyAMcyAsAThI upAsakadharma, zrAvakadharma athavA gRhasthadharmahI samajAvUna sAMgitalA. 'AnaMda' nAvAcyA zrAvakAne zrAvakaveta gheUna ApalA parigraha va AsaktI kazI kramAkramAne kamI kelI tyAcA vRttAMta pahilyA adhyayanAta vistArAne yeto vegavegaLyA sAmAjika starAtIla strIpuruSAMcyA yA hakigatI tatkAlIna samAjajIvanAvara prakAza TAkatAta. sarvasAmAnyAMma jhepela azA dhArmika AcaraNAcA upadeza deNAre vegaLeca mahAvIrAMce darzana 'upAsakadazA' nAvAcyA yA graMthAtUna hote 'aMtagaDadazAsUtra' hyA graMthAce paryuSaNakALAta vAcana karaNyAcA paripATha Ahe. yAtIla arjunamALI ANi bandhumatI yAMcI kathA atizaya rocaka Ahe. mahAbhAratAtIla kAhI pramukha vyaktirekhAMcI hakigata yA graMthAta yete. kRNa, vAsudeva, devakI, ariSTanemI, dvIpAyana RSi, dvArakecA vinAza azA anekavidha kathA yAta yetAta. striyAMnI kelelyA kaThora tapazcaryAMcI varNane AzcaryakAraka Aheta. "anuttaropapAtikadazA" yA graMthAce svarUpahI sAmAnyata: asecaAhe. 'praznavyAkaraNa' graMthAta prazna va tyAMcI uttare asAvIta. Aja upalabdha asalelyA praznavyAkaraNAce svarUpa mAtra pUrNa saiddhAMtika Ahe. ___ 'vipAkazruta' graMthAta cAMgalyA karmAMce supariNAma ANi vAITa karmAMce duSpariNAma kathAMcyA mAdhyamAtUna sAMgitela Aheta. 'dRSTivAda' nAvAcyA bArAvyA aMgagraMthAcA lopa jhAlA ase jaina paraMparA sAMgate. bha. mahAvIrAMnI tyAMcyA nirvANApUrvI satata tIna divasa jyAce kathana kele to graMtha 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' nAvAne oLakhalA jAto. gItA, dhammapada, bAyabala, kurANa athavA gurugraMthasAhebAce tyA tyA dharmAta je AdaraNIya sthAna Ahe teca sthAna zvetAMbara jaina paraMpareta uttarAdhyayanasUtrAce Ahe. yAta tattvajJAna, jagat-mImAMsA, karmavijJAna, jJAnamImAMsA, kathA, saMvAda, AcaraNAce niyama i. aneka goSTIMcA samAveza Ahe. zramaNaparaMparecI aneka vaiziSTye yA graMthAtUna phraTa hotAta.

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vara varNana kelelyA graMthAMcA sAmagyAne, ekatrita vicAra kelA tara mahAvIrAMcyA vyaktimatvAce aneka AyAma tyAtUna prakaTa hotAta. AcArAMgAtUna zuddha tattvaciMtaka mahAvIra prakaTatAta. sUtrakRtAMgAta te vividha dArzanika vicapravAhAMcyA khaMDanamaMDanAta magna disatAta. sthAnAMga-samavAyAMgAta tyAMcI kozaviSayaka pratibhA prakaTa hote. vyAkhyAprajJaptItUna te aneka samakAlIna aitihAsika tathyAMvara prakAza TAkatAta. jJAtAsUtrAtUna tyAMcyA kathA va dRSTAntaracanece kauzalya phraTa hote. upAsakadazeta te gRhasthopayogI dhArmika AcAra sAMgatAta. vipAkazruta graMthAtUna te karmasiddhAntAce vyAvaharika pariNAma darzavitAta tara 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' tyAMcyA bahumukhI pratibhecA kaLasAdhyAya Ahe. jaina paraMparA avatAravAdAvara vizvAsa Thevata nAhI. bha. mahAvIra kAhI punhA avataraNAra nAhIta paNa mahAvIravANItUna ApaNa ApApalyA kuvatInusAra tyAMcyA vyaktimatvAcA puna:puna: vedha mAtra gheU zakato. **********

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7. jaina sAhityAcI saMkSipta oLakha (mahAvIrajayaMtI vizeSAMka dainika 'prabhAta', eprila 2011) isavI sana pUrva pAcavyA zatakApAsUna, isavI sanAcyA 15-16 vyA zatakAparyaMta jaina AcAryAMnI, jaina dharmAcyA anuSaMgAne, vividha bhAratIya bhASAMmadhye ANi vividha vAGmayaprakArAMmadhye pracaMDa sAhityAcI nirmitI kelelI diseta bha. mahAvIrAMce prAraMbhika upadeza 'ardhamAgadhI' bhASeta nibaddha Aheta. zvetAMbara paraMparene mahAvIra-nirvANAnaMtara sumAre 200 varSe he upadeza maukhika paraMparene japale. tyAnaMtara te likhita svarUpAta ANale. lipibaddha kele, graMthArUDha kele. yapradIrgha kAlAvadhIta tyA upadezAta thoDI-thoDI bhASika parivartane yeta gelI. navanavIna graMthakArAMnI ApalyA racanA tyAta sAviSTa kelyA. i.sa.500 naMtara he bhara paDaNyAce kAma thAMbale. ardhamAgadhI bhASetIla 45 graMtha 'mahAvIravANI' nAvAne saMboko jAU lAgale. zvetAMbara paraMparetIla sthAnakavAsI' saMpradAya yApaikI 32 graMthAMnAca 'mahAvIravANI' mAnato. __ digaMbara paraMparene Apale sarva prAraMbhika lekhana zaurasenI' nAvAcyA prAkRta bhASetUna prathamapAsUnaca likhita svarUpAta ANale. zaurasenI bhASetIla sumAre 15 prAcIna graMthAMnA digaMbara-paraMparA 'AmnAya' agara 'Agama' mhaNUna saMbodhate. tyAtIla viSaya mukhyata: saiddhAMtika, tattvajJAnAtmaka, AdhyAtmika ANi AcArapradhAna Aheta. 'zaurasenI' bhASecyA pAThopATha digaMbarAMce sAhitya prAmukhyAne saMskRta bhASeta lihilele disate. mULa graMthAMvarIla TIkA, tattvajJAnanyAya, carita (caritra), purANa, campUkAvya, gaNita - ase vividhAMgI sAhitya jainAMnI abhijAta saMskRtAta racale. AThavyA-navavyA zatakApAsUna digaMbarAMnI 'apabhraMza' nAvAcyA samakAlIna prAkRta bhASeta carite, purANe, dohe yAMcI racanA kelI. zvetAMbara AcArya isavI sanAcyA cauthyA zatakApAsUna 'mahArASTrI' nAvAcyA prAkRta bhASemadhye graMtharacanA karU lAgale. jaina paddhatIne lihilele pahile rAmAyaNa 'paumacariya' yAca bhASeta Ahe. carite-mahAkAvye-khaNDakAvye yAbaroblama zvetAMbarAMnI phAra moThyA pramANAvara upadezapradhAna kathAgraMthAMcI racanA kelI. hI 'mahArASTrI' bhASA jainetarAMnIlihilelyA mahArASTrIpekSA vegaLI ANi ardhamAgadhI bhASene prabhAvita azI Ahe. madhUnamadhUna zaurasenI bhASecI jhalakahI tyAta disate. jainAMcyA mahArASTrI bhASelA, bhASAvid 'jaina mahArASTrI' ase nAmAbhidhAna detAta. koNatyAhI bhAratIyayaktIlA AkRSTa karIla ase anupameya kathAMce bhAMDAra Aja jaina mahArASTrI' yA prAkRta bhASeta upalabdha Ahe. sva. durgalAI bhAgavata yAMnI jyApramANe pAli bhASetIla 'jAtakakathA' marAThIta prathama ANalyA, tyApramANe ardhamAgadhI ANi mahArASTrI bhASetIla jaina kathA marAThIta ANaNyAcA mahattvAkAMkSI prakalpa 'jaina adhyAsana' ANi 'sanmati-tIrtha' saMsthA yAMcyA sahayogAne sadhyA cAlU Ahe. pAca khaMDa prakAzita jhAle Aheta. __16-17 vyA zatakAnaMtara AjapAveto jainAMnI, vizeSata: digaMbara jainAMnI marAThIta lihilelyA graMthAMcI saMkhyAhI vizeSa lakSaNIya Ahe. Adhunika kannaDa bhASetIla sAhityAlA jaina kavIMnI AraMbhIcyA kALAta molAce yogadAna kele Adhunika gujarAtI bhASetIla prAraMbhIcyA graMtharacanetahI zvetAMbara jaina AcAryAMcA molAcA vATA Ahe, ase ADhaLUyete. sArAMza kAya ? - tara saMkhyene alpa asalelyA jaina sAhityikAMnI saMskRtabarobaraca vividha prAkRta bolIbhASAtUna graMtharacanA karUna bhAratIya sAhityAlA Apale mahattvAce yogadAna dile. 'AcArAMga' nAvAcyA graMthAcI zailI upaniSadamyA bhASezI javaLIka sAdhate - tIhI bolIbhASetUna ! 'RSibhASita' yA ardhamAgadhI graMthAta brAhmaNa, bauddha ANi jaina azA ekUNa 45 RSIMce vicAradhana saMkalita kelele Ahe. uttarAdhyayana' hA jaina graMtha ANi bauddhAMce 'dhammapada' yAta vilakSA sAmya Ahe. 'jJAtAdharmakathA' graMthAtIla kathA va dRSTAMta ekAhUna eka sarasa Aheta. 'tattvArthasUtra' hA graMtha saMskRtsUtrAMmadhye nibaddha asA anupameya dArzanika graMtha Ahe. 'SaTkhaMDAgama' hA Adya digaMbara graMtha 'karmasiddhAMta' ANi 'AdhyAtmika vikAsAcyA zreNI' yA viSayAMnA vAhilelA Ahe. 'gommaTasAra' yA digaMbara graMthAta jIvasRSTIcA sUkSma vicAra grathita kelA Ahe. mahAvIrAcAryAMcA 'gaNitasAra' graMtha zAstrIya graMthanirmitItalA mukuTamaNI Ahe. haribhadrAMce prAkRta bhASetIla 'dhUrtAkhyAna'-vyaMga-upahAsAcA ajoDa namunA Ahe. 'vasudevahiMDI' he bolIbhASetale pahile kathApradhAna pravAsavarNana

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Ahe. bha. mahAvIrAMcyA 2610 vyA jayaMtInimitta tyAMnA vAhilelI hI kRtajJatecI sAhityika bhAvAMjalI !! jaya jineMdra

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8. prAkRta mhaNaje kAya ? jainAMnI prAkRta kA zikAve ? (tIrthaMkara' mAsika patrikA, muMbaI, julai 2006) ekA saMpUrNa jagAta sumAre 2000 bhASA bolalyA jAtAta. vidvAnAMnI tyA bhASAMce vegavegaLe 12 gaTa kele Aheta. tyApaikI ekA gaTAlA bhAropIya (iMDo-yuropiyana) bhASAgaTa ase mhaTale jAte. saMskRta, prAkRta ANi pAlIyA bhASA yA parivArAta yetAta. "prAkRta' hI kAhI pAlIsArakhI eka, ekajinasI bhASA nAhI. i.sa.pU. 500 pAsUna i.sa. 1200 paryaMtacyA pradIrgha kALAta bhAratAta jyA vividha bolIbhASA bolalyA jAta hotyA, tyA sarva "prAkRta' nAvAcyA aMtarga yetAta. "saMskRta' hI bhASA vedakALApAsUna javaLajavaLa 17 vyA zatakAparyaMta sarva bhAratIyAMcI jJAnabhASA hotI. sarva prakAracyA kalA va vidyAMce zikSaNa gurukula paddhatIne saMskRta bhASecyA mAdhyamAtUna hota hote. dhArmika sAhitya, gIta, khagola, jyotiSa, nATyazAstra, vAstU va zilpazAstra, vaidyaka azA vividha jJAnazAkhAMce suprasiddha va utkRSTa zAstragraMtha saMskRta bhASetaca lihilele disUna yetAta. eka goSTa agadI kharI Ahe kI varNAzramavyavasthecA pagaDA bhAratIya samAjAvara asalyAne ANi hajAro varSAMcI puruSapradhAna saMskRtI yethe sarrAsa rULalelI asalyAne saMskRtamadhUna zikSaNa gheNe va saMskRtamadhUna lokavyavahAra karaNe he agadI AttAAttAparyaMta phakta uccavarNIyAMcI (tI suddhA puruSAMcI) maktedArI hotI. uccanIcatevara AdhArita jAtivyavastha bAMdhalelA bahujanasamAja va striyA, hI hajAro varSe kAya karIta hotyA ? te rojacyA vyavahArAta, bAjArAta, svayaMpAmarAta, sAmAjika jIvanAta koNatyA bhASecA vApara karIta hote ? yA praznAce uttara Ahe - 'vividha prAkRta bhASAMmadhye mhaNaje bolIbhASAMmadhye, mAtRbhASAMmadhye te bolata hote'. prAkRta bhASAMce vyAkaraNAce niyama jAcaka navhate. uccAraNAcyA bAbatIta zithilatA hotI. vegavegaLyA prAMtAtIla bhaugolika, sAmAjika paristhitInusAra vegavegaLI zabdasaMpattI (Vocabulary) hotI. pratyeka vyavasAyAnusArahI bhASAMmadhye pharaka hotA. kuMbhAra, lohAra, sutAra ase bArA balutedAra thoDI thoDI vegaLyA dhATaNIcI bolI bolata hota striyAMce svayaMpAkaghara, saNa, vAra, utsava ityAdI prasaMgI yA bhASAMcA vApara hota ase. vinoda karaNe, ekamekAMvara manApAsUnaprema karaNe ANi krodhAcyA bharAta apazabda i. uccAraNe, bhAMDaNe yA mAnavI manAtIla agadI mUlabhUta preraNA Aheta. tyAcyA prakaTIkaraNAsAThI atizaya susaMskRta azA saMskRta bhASecA vApara yA dezAtIla lokAMnI phAraca kamI pramANAta kelA disato. yA bhAvanAMnA prAkRtadvAreca vATa miLe. bhAratAtalyA sarva bolIbhASAMnA miLUna 'prAkRta' ase nAva asale tarI tI prAMtAnusAra, vyavasAyAnusAra vividha prakAracI hotI. yA prAkRta bolIbhASAca khar2yA arthAne sarva bhAratIyAMcyA mAtRbhASA' Aheta. yAMce zikSaNa AIpAsUna miLate. tyAMcA pagaDA kholavara asato. sahasA tyA visarata nAhIta. ____ AraMbhIcyA kALAta, prAkRta bolIbhASAMmadhye lihiNyAcA praghAta navhatA. haLUhaLU tyAtahI pustakAMcI racanA hoU lAgalI. mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI va apabhraMza yA prAkRta bhASAMmadhye prAmukhyAne graMtharacanA jhAlelI disate. ___bha. buddhAMnI dharmopadezAsAThI 'pAlI' bhASA nivaDalI. tice sAmya 'mAgadhI' bhASezI hote. bha. mahAvIrAMnI Apale sarva dharmopadeza 'ardhamAgadhI' nAvAcyA bhASetUna kele. ApalA dharma janasAmAnyAMparyaMta jAUna pohocAvA hI tyAmAgacI bhAvanA hotI. dharma hA AtmyAzI nigaDita asalyAne tyAMnA saMskRtacI maktedArI va purohitavargAcI madhyasthI moDU kADhAyacI hotI. ___ zvetAMbarIyAMce 45 kiMvA 32 dharmagraMtha ardhamAgadhI bhASeta Aheta. digaMbara jaina paMthIyAMce sarvAta pracIna dharmagraMtha 'zaurasenI' nAvAcyA prAkRtamadhye lihilele Aheta. haribhadra, hemacaMdra, jinezvara, municaMdra, deveMdra azA anekAnekavetAMbara

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jaina AcAryAMnI Apale dhArmika, laukika,kathApradhAna va upadezapradhAna graMtha 'jaina mahArASTrI' yA bhASetUna aneka zakke lihile Aheta. 'gAthAsaptazatI'sArakhe zRMgArika muktakAvya mahArASTrI prAkRtamadhIla sauMdaryAcA advitIya alaMkAra Ahe. digaMbara AcAryAMnI i.sa.cyA 10 vyA zatakApAsUna 15 vyA zatakAparyaMta aneka prakArace caritragraMtha 'apabhraMza' nAvAcyA bhASetUna lihile. hI apabhraMza bhASA pUrvIcyA prAkRta bhASAtUnaca haLUhaLU vikasita jhAlI hotI. Aja ApaNa aneka paradezI bhASA atizaya utsAhAne zikUna tyAta prAviNya miLavata Ahota. hI goSTa spRhaNIya va abhinaMdanIya Aheca. paraMtu tyAcabarobara pratyeka jaina mANasAne (khare tara ajaina mANasAnehI) prAkRta bhASAMcI toMDaLakha karUna ghetalI pAhije. __gujarAthI, mAravADI, rAjasthAnI, paMjAbI, hiMdI, marAThI, baMgAlI, AsAmI i. AjacyA sarva bolIbhASA yAca prAkRtAtUna nighAlyA Aheta.

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9. jaina sAhityAtIla kathAbhAMDAra (bhASaNa, AkAzavANI puNe keMdra, jUna 2011) zroteho, ApalyA bhArata dezAta prAcIna kALApAsUna AttAparyaMta je je etaddezIya sAhitya arthAt vAGmaya nirmANa jhAlaM te tIna bhASAMmadhe lihilelaM disataM. tyA bhASA mhaNaje saMskRta, prAkRta ANi pAlI. vaidika paraMparece arthAt hiMdadharmAce graMtha prAmukhyAnaM saMskRtAta Aheta. bauddha dharmAcaM AraMbhIcaM sAhitya 'pAlI' bhASeta Ahe. naMtaracaM sAhitya saMskRtAta Ahe. bauddha dharma bhAratAbAhera pasaralyAvara tyA tyA prAMtAMmadhalyA prAdezika bhASAMta va lipIMmadhye bauddha sAhityAcaM lekhana jhAlaM. prAkRta' yA RgvedakALApAsUna Ama samAjAta pracalita asalelyA bolI bhASA Aheta. tyA prAMtAnusAra, lokAMcyA vyavasAyAnusAra vegavegaLyA hotyA. AraMbhI tyA kevaLa dainaMdina bolacAlIpuratyAca maryAdita hotyA. jhavI sanApUrvI 6 vyA zatakAta bha. mahAvIra ANi bha. gautama buddhAMnI ApApale dharmopadeza ardhamAgadhI ANi pAlI yA lokabhASAMmadhe dile. pahilyAMdA kAhI zatakaM te toMDI paraMparenaM pATha karUna japale gele. naMtara naMtara bolI bhaSAMcaM svarUpa badalata gelaM ANi smaraNazaktIhI kSINa hoU lAgalI. pariNAmI isavI sanAcyA pahilyA zatakAnaMtara prAkRta sAhitya graMthabaddha hoU lAgalaM. dhArmika graMthAMkherIja laukika graMthAMcIhI nirmitI hoU lAgalI. 'pAlI' hI bhASA 'mAgadhI' bhASevara AdhArita azI prAkRta bhASAca Ahe. paraMtu 'pAlI'cA svataMtrapaNaM ANi vistArAnaM khUpa abhyAsa jhAlA. zabdakoSahI banale. itara prAkRta bhASAMcA abhyAsa tyA mAnAnaM naMtara jhAlA. tyAmuLaM 'prAkRta' yA nAvAtUna 'pAlI' bhASA vagaLaNyAcA praghAta paDalA. sAhitya arthAt vAGmayAmadhye aneka prakAra va aneka viSaya samAviSTa asatAta. tyApaikI jainAMnI lihilelyA prAkRta sAhityAtIla kathAbhAMDArAcA Aja ApalyAlA paricaya karUna ghyAyacA Ahe. ___ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, apabhraMza ANi saMskRta yA pAca bhASAMmadhye jainAMnI javaLajavaLa 15 zatake arthAt dIDa hajAra varSa sAtatyAnaM lekhana kelaM. tyApaikI mahArASTrI bhASeta tara kathAMcI khANaca upalabdha Ahe. toMDI paraMparenaM cAlata AlelyA kathA tara tyAta noMdavalelyA Ahetaca paraMtu kliSTa viSaya sopA karUna samajAvUna sAMgaNyAsaThI navanavIna kathAMcI nirmitI dekhIla kelelI disate. 'kathA' hA ekaca vAGmayaprakAra kitI vividha rUpAMnI naTUna avatarato tyAcI gaNatIca nAhI. kadhI cAra oLIMcI choTIzI cAturyakathA disela tara kadhI 400 pAnAMcI dIrghakathA ! AttA ApaNa jilA kAdaMbarI mhaNato kliA prAkRtamadhe kahA' arthAt 'kathA'ca mhaTalaM Ahe. prAkRta sAhityAta AkhyAnaM, upAkhyAnaM, dRSTAMtakathA, rUpakakathA, adbhutakathA, bodhakathA, praznottararUpakathA, prANI-pakSI-kathA yAMcI nusatI bharamAra Ahe. vegavegaLyA jaina AcAryAMnI kathAMcaM vargIkaraNa suddhA kitItarI vegavegaLyA prakArAMnI sAdara kelaM Ahe ! dazavakAlika nAvAcyA graMthAcyA vyAkhyeta AcArya haribhadrAMnI kathece pariNAma lakSAta gheUna vargIkaraNa kelaM Ahe. tapa, saMyama, dAna, zIla azA sadguNAMcA paripoSa karaNArI kathA 'satkathA' asate. ajJAna, aMdhazraddhA, pAkhaMDa vADhavaNArI kathA hI 'akathA' asate. rAga, dveSa, matsara, sUDa, corI ityAdI durguNAMnI samAjAta vikRtI nirmANa karate tI 'vikathA' hoya. tIna puruSArthAMvara AdhArita asaM kathAMcaM vargIkaraNa 'kuvalayamAlA' yA dIrgha kAvyakatheta AraMbhI noMdavalaM Ahe. dhArmika guNAMcA vikAsa karate tI 'dharmakathA'. vidyA, zilpa, arthArjanAce upAya, tyAsAThI kelelaM paradezagamana i. prayatna, taseca sAma-dAna (dAma)-daMDa-bheda yAMcA vicAra jicyAta asato tI 'arthakathA' ! rUpa-sauMdarya, tAruNya, prema, strIdAkSiNya yAMnA prakaTa karate tI kAmakathA'. yA tinhIMcyA mizraNAnaM tayAra hote tI 'mizrita' athavA 'saMkIrNa'

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kathA. dharmakathece cAra upaprakAra sAMgaNyAta Ale Aheta. manAlA anukUla tI AkSepaNI' dharmakathA, pratikUla vATaNAra 'vikSepaNI', jJAna vADhavaNArI 'saMvegajananI' ANi vairAgya vADhavaNArI 'nirvedajananI' dharmakathA hoya. strI-puruSa vilAsAMce varNana 'rAtrikathe'ta yete. taseca cauryakartyAMce varNanahI yAta yete. bhojana-mejavAnyAMcI rasabharita varNanaM bhojanakathe'ta yetAta. striyAMcI raMgelapaNe kelelI varNane va vyabhicAra 'strIkathe'cA viSaya asato. yuddha, heragirI, kUTa-kArasthAnaM, baMDALI yAMcI varNanaM 'janapadakatheta' kiMvA 'rASTrakatheta yetAta. azA kathA sAdhUsAdhvIMnI racU nayeta ANi aikUhI nayeta - asA nirbaMdha sAdhu-AcArAta ghAlaNyAta AlA Ahe. 'vasudevahiMDI' nAvAcyA pravAsavarNanAtmaka graMthAta - AkhyAyikA-pustaka, kathAvijJAna ANi vyAkhyAna yAMcaM vizeSa vivecana kelaM Ahe. ___ jaina kathAlekhakAMnI, 'kathA manoraMjaka karaNyAsAThI koNate upAya vAparAveta ?' - yAcA vicAra kelelA disato. kathA adhikAdhika AkarSaka banaNyAsAThI ticyAta puDhIla goSTI asaNe Avazyaka Ahe. jase :- saMvAda, buddhiparIkSA, vAk-kauzalya, praznottara, uttara-pratyuttara, prahelikA, samasyApUrtI, subhASita-sUktI, mhaNI-vAkpracAra, gIta-gItikA-gAthA azA vividha bhASAtIla padyaracanA - ityAdI ityAdI. samora asalelA zrotRvRMda kasA Ahe, koNatyA Arthika-sAmAjika starAtalA Ahe, tyAcI mAnasika avasthA va bauddhika pAtaLI koNatI Ahe - he sarva dhyAnAta gheUna vaktyAne kathecA viSaya nivaDAvA ANi nirUpaNAcI paddhatahI tyAnusAra TharavAvI - ase mhaTale Ahe. adhama-madhyama-uttama' - azI zrotyAMcI vargavArI kelelI disate. ___ ardhamAgadhI bhASeta lihilele 11 aMgagraMtha zvetAMbara jaina sAhityAta 'mahAvIravANI' yA nAvAne prasiddha Aheta. tyAtIla sahAvA graMtha Ahe jJAtAdharmakathA'. sAmAnya lokAMcA bauddhika stara lakSAta gheUna yA graMthAta aneka dhArmika tattvaM ANi siddhAMta - kathA ANi dRSTAMtAcyA mAdhyamAtUna citrita karaNyAta AlI Aheta. yAta ekUNa 14 kathA ANi 5 dRSTAMta Aheta. pratyeka katheta striyAMce citraNa agrabhAgI asalelaM disataM. 'sthApatyA' nAvAcI kartRtvavAna strI, ApalyA mulAcyA AyuSyAtIla mahattvAce nirNaya svataMtrapaNe ANi jabAbadArInaM ghetAnA disate. 'gharakAmAcI vATaNI cAra sunAMmadhe kazI karAyacI ?' hA dainaMdina AyuSyAtalA peca soDavaNyAsAThI sAsarebuvA koNatI parIkSA ghetAta ? - yAcA manoraMjaka vRttAMta 'rohiNI' nAvAcyA katheta yeto. cArahI sunAMcyA zArIrika va bauddhika kSamatA lakSAta ghetalyA jAtAta. mAheracyA maMDaLIMcyA samakSa parIkSA ghetalyAne pakSapAtAcI AzaMkA rahAta nAhI. kathecyA akherIsa mahAvI pAca mahAvrate dhAraNa kelelyA sAdhUlA lAvUna dAkhavatAta. 'satata zaMkAkula asaNAr2yA mANasAce kadhI bhale hota nAhI' - asA bodha morAcyA dona aMDyAMcyA dRSTAMtAtUna miLato. 'naMdIphala' nAvAcyA vRkSAcI phaLe kazI khAyalA goDa ANi pariNAmI viSArI Aheta - yAsAThIcA saMdara dRSTAMta ithaM yojalA Ahe. talAvAtalA beDUka ANi samudrAtalA beDUka yAMcA apratima saMvAda yAca graMthAta citrita karaNyAta AlA Ahe. mahAbhAratAta koThehI na AlelI draupadIcyA tIna pUrvajanmAMcI sAkhaLIbaddha kathA yAta vAcAyalA miLate. draupadIce apaharaNa, pAMDavAMce nirvAsana, pAMDumathurA arthAt madurAIcI nirmitI - ase aneka kathAbhAgnAcakAMnA stimita karatAta. 'uttarAdhyayana-sUtra' hA graMtha sAmAnyataH 'dhammapada' yA bauddha graMthAsArakhA Ahe. vegaLepaNa itakeca kI tyAtale kAhI saMvAda va AkhyAnaM atizaya AkarSaka Aheta. svata:lA sarva prajecA nAtha' samajaNArA rAjA vastutaH svata: kitI 'anAtha' Ahe - he eka munI rAjAlA samajAvUna sAMgatAnA disatAta. 'rAjImatI' nAvAcyA atyaMta tejasvI cAritryavAna strIcA vRttAMta yAtUnaca samajato. ___ardhamAgadhI graMthAMvara naMtaracyA kALAta je spaSTIkaraNAtmaka sAhitya lihile gele tyAlA 'TIkA-sAhitya' mhaNatAta. he samagra TIkAsAhitya kathA-kahANyAMcaM jaNU akSaya bhAMDAraca Ahe. yogya ANi ayogya ziSyAMsAThI sUpa, cALaNI, ghaDA ityAdI aneka manoraMjaka dRSTAMta dile Aheta. manuSyatvAce durlabhatva sAMgaNyAsAThI jaina sAhityAta vAraMvAra dahA dRSTAMta dilele disatAta. maMtravalele phAse gheUna dyUta kheLaNArA jugArI, DhIgabhara dhAnyAta moharIce dANe

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zodhaNArI mhAtArI, samudrAcyA taLAzI gelele haravalele ratna zodhaNArA nAvADI - ase ekAhUna eka sarasa dRSTAnta the ADhaLatAta. 'sukhabodhA' nAvAcyA ekA graMthAta tara akSaraza: zekaDo kathA prasaMgopAtta sAMgitalyA Aheta. AdhIcyA graMthAta bIjarUpAne AlelyA kathA naMtara-naMtaracyA graMthAta adhikAdhika surasa karUna sAMgitalelyA disatAta. suprasiddha arthazAstrakAra cANakya Urpha kauTilya yAcyA jIvanAviSayIcyA kAhI kathA 'AvazyakacUrNI' yA 6-7 vyA zatakAtIla graMthAta prathama ADhaLalyA. vaidika athavA hiMdU ANi bauddha graMthAta yA kathA sAmAnyata: ADhaLata nAhIta. mAjhe kutUhala cAMgaleca jAgRta jhAle. prAkRta ANi saMskRta sAhityAta cANakyAcA kasUna zodha ghetalA. sumo 30-35 graMthAta cANakyAcyA aneka kathA ADhaLalyA. tyAcA janma, janmagAva, AIvaDIla, zikSaNa, naMdAcyA bhojanazAletIla apamAna, pratijJA, caMdraguptAcA zodha, tyAcaM rakSaNa ANi zikSaNa, pATalIputrAvara ayazasvI halle, parvatakAce sahAyya, doghAta rAjyavibhAgaNI, viSakanyecI yojanA, rAjyAcA khajinA vADhaviNyAce prayatna, kaDaka rAjyazAsana, kAhI niSThura, nirNaya, caMdraguptAcA mRtyU, biMdusArAcA rAjyAbhiSeka, 'subandhu' nAvAcyA naMdAcyA pakSapAtI maMtryAne cANakyAzI dharalele zatrutva, biMdusArAcI nArAjI, cANakyAcI nivRttI, tyAne ekA goThyAta samAdhI gheNaM, subaMdhUne goThyAsa kapaTAnaM Aga lAvaNaM, cANakyAce prAyopagamana va akherIsa mRtyU - yA sAr2yA ThaLaka ghaTanA prathama vikhuralelyA kathAbhAgAMcyA rUpAnaM jaina sAhityAta disatAta. hemacandra nAvAcyA AcAryAMnI tyAMcaM saMkalana karUna salaga caritra 12 vyA zatakAta saMskRtAta lihilaM. digaMbara AcArya hariSeNa yAMnI ApalyA bRhatkatheta cANakyAce pUrNa jainIkaraNa karUna vegaLIca kathA lihilelI disate. cANakyAcI apUrva buddhimattA, kaDaka zAsanavyavasthA ANi nirAsaktI yAmuLe jaina paraMparenaM tyAlA gauravalelaM disataM. DoLasa saMzodhakAlA jaina kathA sAhityAtIla ase aneka viSaya khuNAvata rahAtAta. 11 ve-12 ve zataka jaina kathAsAhityAcA suvarNakALa mhaTalA pAhije. yA kALAta svataMtra kathAsaMgrahAMcI nirmitI hoU lAgalI. kathAkoSaprakaraNa, AkhyAnamaNikoza, kumArapAlapratibodha, manoramAkathA hI kAhI suprasiddha jaina kathAgraMthAMcI nAvaM sAMgatA yetIla. upadezapradhAna kathAgraMthAMcI jaNU lATa usaLalelI disate. upadezapada, upadezamAla dharmopadezamAlAvivaraNa, upadezataraMgiNI hI tyAtIla kAhI nAvaM. 'kahakosu' arthAt 'kathAkoSa' nAvAcyA apabhraMza graMthAta tatkAlIna pracalita kathAMcA apratima saMgraha karUna ThevalA Ahe. zroteho, jaina kathAsAhityAtIla kAhI vecaka kathAratnAMcA AtA rasagrahaNAtmaka AsvAda gheU. 'mekhala' nAvAcyA ekA sAdhyA, azikSita paraMtu buddhimAna gavaLyAne cAra bhAvAMcyA sAMpattika vATaNyAMcA taMTA kasA kuzalatene soDavalA yAcI kathA 'manoramA' kathAsaMgrahAta yete. gharAta zUrapaNA dAkhavaNAr2yA sonArAce bhitre svarUpa - tyAcI patnI koNatyA prasaMgAnaM ughaDa karate, he ApalyAlA 'gRhazUra' kathetUna disataM. parakAyApravezavidyecaM varNana karaNArI vikramAdityAcI kathA azIca adbhutaramya Ahe. 'jasajasA jAsta paisA yeIla tasatazI buddhI phirata jAte' - he spaSTa karaNAr2yA dona kathA khUpaca raMjaka Aheta. ekIce nAva Ahe 'anarthakAraka artha' ANi dusarIcenAva Ahe 'pApAcA bApa koNa ?'. sAdhUMcI TiMgalaTavALI karaNyAsAThI caMDacUDAne niyama ghetalA kI, 'samoracyA kuMbhArAcaM jhaLajhaLataM Takkala madhyAnhIcyA unhAta pAhyalyAzivAya mI bhojana gheNAra nAhI.' hA thaTTenaM ghetalelA niyama pALatAnA koNatyA aDacaNI AlyA, tyAcaM koNate phaLa miLAlaM, yAcI hI gaMmatIdAra kathA lahAna mulAMnA khUpaca AvaDate. vasudevahiMDItIla koMkaNaka brAhmaNAcI kathA, lokAMnA pazubaLIpAsUna dUra karaNyAcyA uddezAnaM lihilI asalI tarI ticI mAMDaNI atizaya AkarSaka ANi kutUhala zevaTaparyaMta TikavUna ThevaNArI Ahe. bhAgyAta nasela tara kamanazibI mANasAlA devAce kitIhI vara miLAle tarI tyAcyA paristhitIta kAhI pharaka paData nAhI. yAulaTa bhAgyAta asela tara garIba aMdha vyaktIsuddhA utkarSAlA jAU zakate - asaM tAtparya 'prAkRtavijJAna-kathe'talyA durdaivI' yA katheta ADhaLate. zrIpAlakatheta surasuMdarI ANi madanAsuMdarI yA dona bahiNIMcI saMlacaka goSTa raMgavUna raMgavUna sAMgitalI Ahe. rAjAlA phAra garva hoto kI mAjhyA mulIMnA mI janma dilA. tyA rUpavatIguNavatI-zrImaMta Aheta. tyAMcA bhAgyavidhAtA mIca Ahe. mIca tyAMnA yogya patI nivaDUna deIna. surasuMdarI satata

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vaDilAMcI bhalAvaNa karate. tyAMcI marjI saMpAdana karate. madanAsuMdarIcA karmasiddhAntAvara dRDha vizvAsa asato. tI vaDilAMnA sAMgate, 'mAjhyA karmAta asela toca navarA malA miLaNAra.' rAjA ruSTa hoto. madanAsuMdarIcaM lagna muddAmaca ekA kuSTharogyAzI lAvUna deto. tI patIce auSadhopacAra karate. joDIlA siddhacakrAcI upAsanA karate. patI nirogI hoto. svaparAkramAne rAjyahI miLavato. rAjAhI akhera karmasiddhAntAce zreSThatva mAnya karato. prAviNya miLavaNyAcyA 72 kalA suprasiddha Aheta. 'matizekhara' nAvAcyA maMtryAne 'cauryakalA' hI 72 vI kalA asalyAce cAturyAne kase dAkhavUna dile tI kathA prAkRta-vijJAna-kathe'ta namUda kelI Ahe. zikSaNa ANi namratA yAMcyA jorAvara ekA azvAdhipatIkaDe nokara mhaNUna rahANArA yuvaka, koNatI yuktI karUna tyAcA gharajAvaI jhAlA - yAcI kathA 'upadezapada' yA kathAsaMgrahAta yete. zroteho, puNyAtIla 'sanmati-tIrtha' nAvAcyA saMsthemArphata jaina prAkRta kathAMcyA marAThI anuvAdAce kAma jhapATane cAlU Ahe. pAca khaMDa prakAzita jhAle asUna sahAvA khaMDa prakAzanAcyA mArgAvara Ahe. jijJAsUMnI yAcI jarUra noMda ghyAvI. samAjAtIla uccabhrU vargApAsUna taLAgALAparyaMtacyA strI-puruSAMcyA sarva pravRttIMvara prakAza TAkaNAr2yA yA kathA prAmukhyAnaM madhyayugIna samAjajIvanAcA jaNU ArasAca Aheta. yA kathAMcyA prAmANika anuvAdAcyA AdhAre aneka aMgAMnI tyAMcI samIkSA karatA yeIla. yAtIla vyApAra-vyApArI mArga va arthazAstra atizaya lakSaNIya Ahe. strIvAdI' samIkSakAMnA tara alIbAbAcI guhA sApaDalyAitakA AnaMda hoIla. kAhI aitihAsika vyaktimatvAMcA zodha ghetA yeIla. yAtIla punarAvRtta 'mithake' gheUna jAgatika vAGmayAta zodha ghetA yeIla. hiMdU-jaina-bauddha yAMcyAtIla pasarasaMbaMdha vegaLIca sAmAjika tathye ughaDa karatIla. sarvAta mahattvAce mhaNaje sarva AbAlavRddhAMce tyA nikhaLa manoraMjana karatIla. zroteho, akherIsa eka goSTa AvarjUna namUda karate kI kliSTa, kaMTALavANyA, upadezAMnI bharalelyA, dIkSAvairAgyAcA atireka asalelyA, pUrvajanma-punarjanmAMcyA atirikta varNanAMnI mukhya kathAvastU haravalelyA, atizayokta jainIkaraNAne asaMbhAvya vATaNAr2yA - azAhI aneka kathA yA jaina kathAbhAMDArA'ta Aheta. rAjahaMsAcyA vRttIne ApaNa sArarUpAne tyA grahaNa karU yA ANi tyAtIla vecaka kathA puDhacyA piDhIparyaMta pohocavUna Apale sAMskRtika RNa pheDaNyAcA prayatna karU yA !! premAne mhaNU yA - jaya jinendra !! **********

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10. jaina prAkRta sAhitya : kAhI mahattvapUrNa nirIkSaNe (jaina-marAThI-sAhitya-saMmelanAnimitta lihilelA vizeSa lekha, solApUra, me 2011) jaina sAhityAcA itihAsa mukhyata: hiMdImadhye ANi aneka paddhatIMnI lihilelA disato. pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama saMzodhana maMdirAne ATha khaMDAtmaka itihAsAta sarva prakAracyA prAkRta bhASA ANi saMskRta yAMmadhIla itihAsa vistArane lihilA Ahe. DaoN. jagadIzacaMdra jainAMcA prAkRta sAhityAcA itihAsa sarvavizruta Ahe. jainAMcyA saMskRta sAhityAca itihAsahI svataMtrapaNe lihilelA Ahe. DaoN. harivaMza kochaDa yAMnI kevaLa apabhraMza sAhityAcA itihAsa lihilA Ahe. iMgrajI bhASeta ase itihAsa lekhana atyaMta alpa Ahe. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina yAMnI jaina saMskRtIce yogadAna noMdavitamA bhASA va viSayAnusAra jaina sAhityAcA ADhAvA ghetalA Ahe. puNe vidyApIThAcyA aMtargata asalelyA jaina adhyAsanAne, jaina va prAkRta sAhityAcA itihAsa viSayAnusArI, bhASAnusArI va zatakAnusArI lihiNyAcA prayatna nukatAca kelA oha mahArASTra jaina itihAsa pariSadecyA smaraNikesAThI lekha lihita asatAnA yA koNatyAhI prayatnAMcI punarAvRttI na karatA kevaLa kAhI mahattvapUrNa nirIkSaNe noMdaviNyAsAThI prastuta lekha lihita Ahe. samagra prakAzita jaina sAhityAce aneka bai avalokana va ciMtana karUna hI nirIkSaNe noMdavilelI Aheta. vara noMdavilele graMtha heca yAce AdhArabhUta graMtha Aheta. nirIkSaNe sthUla mAnAne asalyAne taLaTIpA lihilelyA nAhIta. jaina prAkRta sAhityAvarIla nirIkSaNe * zvetAmbara jainAMce prAkRta sAhitya kramAne ardhamAgadhI, jaina mahArASTrI va apabhraMza bhASeta lihilele Ahe. ardhamamAdhI sAhityAta prAmukhyAne 45 AgamagraMthAMcA samAveza hoto. tisar2yA zatakApAsana paMdharAvyA zatakAparyaMta lihilelyA jaina mahArASTrI sAhityAta mahAkAvya, kathA, carita, upadezapara graMtha, karmagraMtha, AcArapradhAna graMtha ANi muktaka kAvyAca samAveza hoto. apabhraMzAtIla sAhitya tyAmAnAne atyaMta alpa Ahe. * digambarAMnI zaurasenI ANi apabhraMza yA prAkRta bhASAMmadhye vipula graMtharacanA kelI. tyAMce prAcIna saiddhAMtika sahitya zaurasenI bhASeta asUna apabhraMzAta prAmukhyAne purANa ANi caritasAhitya lihile gele. * isavIsanAcyA cauthyA zatakAta lihilelA tattvArthasUtra hA AcArya umAsvAtikRta graMtha jaina sAhityAtIla pahilA saMskRta graMtha hoya. zvetAmbara va digambara donhIhI tyAMnA ApalyA saMpradAyAce mAnatAta. cauthyA zatakAnaMtara jainAhityakSetrAta saMskRtamadhUna lekhanAsa AraMbha jhAlA. digambarIyAMnI 4 thyA zatakAnaMtara saMskRtamadhye lihiNe vizeSa pasaMta kele. vyAkhyAsAhitya ANi nyAyaviSayaka sAhitya yAsAThI digambarIyAMnA saMskRta bhASA atyaMta anukUla vATalI. zvetAmbIya AcAryAMnI lihilelyA nyAya va saiddhAMtika sAhityAkherIja kAvye va caritehI saMskRtamadhye ADhaLatAta. 'jaina saMskRta sAhitya' hA viSaya yA lekhAcyA kakSeta nasalyAmuLe tyAviSayI adhika lihilele nAhI. * upalabdha sarva prAkRta sAhityAmadhye ardhamAgadhI bhASetIla AcArAMga(1), sUtrakRtAMga(1), RSibhASita ANi uttarAdhyayana (kAhI adhyayane) he graMtha ardhamAgadhI bhASece prAcInatama namune asalyAcA nirvALA bhASAzAstrAcyA abhyAsakAMnI dilA Ahe. * bolIbhASA mhaNUna zaurasenI hI ardhamAgadhIpekSA adhika prAcIna asaNyAcA saMbhava asalA tarI sAhityAcyA likhita namunyAMmadhye varIla viSiSTa graMthAtIla ardhamAgadhI prathama astitvAta AlI ase disate. kAhI digambarIya abhyAsaka

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'zaurasenItUna ardhamAgadhI nighAlI' - asA dAvA karatAta. paraMtu adyApa to sarvamAnya jhAlelA nAhI. bharatAcyA nATyasanAta ardhamAgadhI va zaurasenI, donhI bolIbhASAMcI noMda ghetalelI disate. * 45 ardhamAgadhI AgamagraMtha isavIsanapUrva 500 te isavIsana 500 yA eka hajAra varSAcyA kALAta tayAra jhAle. yApaikI kAhI nivaDaka graMthAMnAca khar2yA arthAne 'mahAvIravANI' mhaNatA yete. bahutAMzI racanA yA uttaravartI AcAryamI va sthavirAMnI lihilelyA Aheta. yAcamuLe ardhamAgadhI bhASece vegavegaLe tIna stara zvetAmbara AgamAMmadhye disatAta. * digambara saMpradAya ase mAnato kI, koNateca ardhamAgadhI graMtha pramANita mahAvIravANI' mhaNatA yeta nAhIta. kALAcyA oghAta ardhamAgadhI bhASeta aneka badala jhAle va bhara paDalI. mhaNUna zvetAmbara AgamagraMtha he 'vyucchinna' jhAle. yAca kAraNAne digambara AcAryAMnI dRSTivAda' yA prAcInatama graMthAcyA smaraNAcyA AdhAre zaurasenI bhASeta navyAne graMthasanA kelI. tyAMnA AmnAya, Agama kiMvA veda mhaTale gele asale tarI tyAMce kartRtva viziSTa viziSTa AcAryAkeja jAte. * ardhamAgadhI AgamagraMthAMcI vibhAgaNI aMga, upAMga, mUlasUtra, chedasUtra ityAdI prakAre karatAta. digaMbarIya graMthAMcI vibhAgaNI prathamAnuyoga (kathAnuyoga), karaNAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga ANi dravyAnuyoga yA cAra anuyogAMmadhye karatAta adhyayana-paraMpareta mAtra zvetAmbara he mUlasUtrAMpAsUna AraMbha karatAta tara digambara prathamAnuyogApAsUna karatAta. * devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa yAMcyA netRtvAkhAlI, pAcavyA zatakAmadhye jhAlelyA tisar2yA AgamavAcanemadhye, sarva ardhamAgadhI Agama prathama graMthArUDha jhAle mhaNaje likhita svarUpAta Ale. tyApUrvI te maukhika paraMparene japalele hote. 'SaTkhaMDagama' hA zaurasenI bhASetIla pahilA digaMbara graMtha jevhA racalA gelA tevhAca mhaNaje pahilyA zatakAtaca likhita svarUpAta astitvAta AlA. tyAnaMtarahI bhagavatI ArAdhanA va kundakundAMce samagra sAhitya graMthArUDha svarUpAtaca pracalita jhAle. tyAmuLe arthAtaca likhita svarUpAta jaina siddhAMtaviSayaka sAhitya ANaNyAcA pahilA mAna digaMbara paraMparelA dilA jAto. * digaMbarIyAMcyA zaurasenI sAhityAce svarUpa mukhyata: saiddhAMtika arthAt tattvapradhAna Ahe. zvetAMbarIya AgamasAhityA mAtra viSayAMcI vividhatA disate. udAharaNArtha - AcArAMga(1) hA graMtha aupaniSadika zailIta lihilelA adhyAtmapradhAna graMtha Ahe. sthAnAMga va samavAyAMga he kozavajA graMtha Aheta. vyAkhyAprajJaptItUna mahAvIrAMcA samakAlIna itihAsa samajata 'nAyAdhammakahA' graMthAta aneka sarasa kathA va dRSTAMta Aheta. upAsakadazA, aMtagaDadazA va vipAkasUtra he kathApradhAna graMtha Aheta. uttarAdhyayanAta tattvajJAna, AcaraNa, AkhyAna, saMvAda yAMnA prAdhAnya Ahe. eka utkRSTa zramaNakAvya' mhaNUnahI tyAcA gaurava kelA jAto. yAkherIja upAMgAMmadhye khagola, bhUgola va prANizAstra, jIvazAstraviSayaka nirIkSaNe noMdavilI Aheta. he cAra viSaya digaMbara paraMparetIla tiloyapaNNatti va gommaTasAra yA dona graMthAta yetAta. paraMtu he donhIgraMtha ardhamAgadhI upAMgagraMthAMcyA racanecyA kALAnaMtarace Aheta. * zvetAMbara jainAcArya tisar2yA-cauthyA zatakApAsUna te paMdharAvyA zatakAparyaMta sAtatyAne jaina mahArASTrI yA prAkRtabhASeta lihita rAhile. vAD.mayAcA prakAra va viSaya yA dRSTIne tyAta khUpa vividhatA rAhilI. yA graMthAMcI saMkhyA zekaDyaMnI asalI tarI vAD.mayIna mUlya asalele va bhAratIya saMskRtIcyA aMtaraMgAvara prakAza TAkaNAre mojake graMtha yAmadhye uheta. ekaMdarIta bhAratIya sAhityAlA yogadAna TharaNAre graMtha va tyAMcI vaiziSTye puDhIlapramANe Aheta -

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(1) paumacariyaM : * cauthyA zatakAtIla pahile jaina rAmAyaNa. * 'ArSa prAkRta bhASA' mhaNUna bhASAzAstrajJAMkaDUna gaurava. * vAlmIki rAmAyaNa likhita svarUpAta AlyAvara sumAre eka-dona zatakAtaca lihilelA graMtha. * rUDha rAmAyaNAtIla atArkika va asaMbhavanIya goSTI dUra karaNyAcA prayatna. * strI vyaktirekhAMkaDe baghaNyAcA vizeSa sahAnubhUtipUrNa dRSTikoNa. * vAlmIkIMcyA tulaneta rasavattecyA dRSTIne duyyama. * uttaravartI kALAta aneka digaMbara-zvetAMbara rAmAyaNAMnA AdhArabhUta. * svayaMbhUdevAMce apabhraMza 'paumacariu' tyA tulanene adhika rasavattApUrNa. (2) vasudevahiMDI : * prAcIna jaina mahArASTrI arthAt ArSa prAkRta bhASecA 6 vyA zatakAtIla utkRSTa namunA. * bhAratIya prAcIna vAD.mayAtale pahilevahile pravAsavarNana. * dharmakathAMbarobaraca kAmakathAMcA aMtarbhAva. * sakasa kathAbIje, vAcakAMnA khiLavUna ThevaNAr2yA dIrghakathA. * zrIkRSNa vAsudevAce uttarAyuSya va dvArakAvinAzAcI savistara hakIgata. * vyaktirekhAMce ekAMgI citraNa na karatA samatola lekhana. * dona AcAryAMnI saMyuktapaNe lihilelA graMtha. * samAjAcyA uttama-madhyama-nimna starAMce sarvAMgINa darzana. * sahAvyA zatakAtalyA bhAratAce sAMskRtika pratibiMba. (3) haribhadrAMce jaina mahArASTrI sAhitya : (8 ve zataka-pUrvArdha) * dhUrtAkhyAna' : samagra bhAratIya sAhityAta uThUna disaNAre, vyaMga-upahAsapradhAna zailItale khaMDakAvya. * rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata-purANAtIla tarkavirUddha va asaMbhAvya goSTIMcA yatheccha samAcAra. * puDhe aneka zatake prAkRta, saMskRta va apabhraMzAta dhUrtAkhyAnAcI anukaraNe. * 'samarAiccakahA' : karmasiddhAMtAvara AdhArita dhArApravAhI mahAkAdaMbarI. * yAtIla samAsapracura bhAgAMvara saMskRtacI chApa. * bolIbhASetIla capakhala saMvAda, dezI zabdAMcA vApara. * AvazyakaTIketa jarUra tethe prAkRta kathAMcI yojanA. * 'upadezapada' : pracalita prAkRta kathAMcA jaNU kozaca. (4) kuvalayamAlA : (8 ve zataka-uttarArdha) * udyotanasUrikRta apUrva lokapriya graMtha, utkaMThAvardhaka kathAnake. * likhita svarUpAtIla pahile 'marAThI' zabda. 18 dezIbhASAMce namune. * samakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRtIcA jaNU kozaca ! (5) paramappayAsu-yogIndudeva (kALa aMdAje 7 ve te 9 ve zataka) * apabhraMza bhASetIla zuddha AdhyAtmika laghugraMtha.

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* dhyAna va yogAvarahI yogasAra' laghugraMtha. (6) sukhabodhA TIketIla prAkRta kathA : (11 ve zataka) * deveMdragaNIMcI uttarAdhyayanasUtrAvarIla TIkA. tyAta aneka kathA * dIrghakathA, madhyamakathA va laghukathAMce bhAMDAra. * prAkRta abhyAsakAMcA lokapriya graMtha. (7) pAiyalacchInAmamAlA ANi dezInAmamAlA : * yApaikI pahilA dhanapAlakRta graMtha (10 ve zataka) prAkRta bhASecA amarakoza. * dusarA hemacandrakRta graMtha (12 ve zataka) vaiziSTyapUrNa 3978 dezI zabdAMcA arthasahita saMgraha. * saMskRtapAsUna na banalelyA zabdAMcA ekamevAdvitIya zabdakoza. * prAkRta sAhityAcA viSayAnusArI ADhAvA * * 'caNDa' yA jaina AcAryAMce pahile prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 'namo arihaMtANaM' ne AraMbha (3 re-4 the zataka), puDhe hembaMdrAMnI vistArale. * saMskRta-prAkRta vaiyAkaraNAMnI haimazabdAnuzAsana gauravile, abhyAsale. (12 ve zataka) * naya va anekAntavAdAvarIla ekameva prAkRta graMtha-siddhasena divArakRta sanmati-tarka. * 'sanmati-tarka' - zvetAMbara, digaMbara dohoMnA AdaraNIya (7 ve zataka). hA ekameva graMtha soDUna itara sarva nyAyapramANa-syAdvAda-anekAntavAdAvarIla sAhitya saMskRtAta. * SaTrakhaMDAgamAvarIla vIrasenakRta dhavalA TIkA (7 ve-9 ve zataka) zaurasenI gadyAcA khaMDanamaMDanazailIta vApara. abhUpUrva tArkika zailItalA vizAlakAya graMtha. * prAkRtamadhIla (apabhraMzAtIla) pahile 'purANa' - puSpadantakRta mahApurANa' (9 ve zataka). sahAvyA sAtavyA zatakApAsU saMskRta purANAMcI digaMbarIya paraMparA. * apabhraMzAta digaMbarIyAMce vipula carita (cariu) lekhana. karakaMDacariu' ANi 'jasaharacariu' lokapriya. svayaMbhUdevoca 'paumacariu' vizeSa prasiddha. barIcazI caritre anukaraNAtmaka ANi anAkarSaka. * saMskRtacyA tulaneta prAkRta zAstrIya (lAkSaNika) sAhitya atyaMta alpa va nagaNya. aMgavijjA' nimittazAstrAvara AdhArita paraMtu atyaMta durbodha. Thakkura pherU (14 ve zataka)cA ekameva apavAda vagaLatA noMda gheNyAjoge zAstrIya khana prAkRtAta nAhI. * prAkRta chaMdAMce sodaharaNa vivecana karaNAre graMtha puDhIla tIna jaina kavIMce - svayaMbhUchaMdas (8 ve-9 ve zataka)naMditADhya (10 ve zataka), hemacaMdra (12 ve zataka) prAkRta chaMdAMcA itakA savistara vicAra saMpUrNa bhAratIya sAhityAta dusarA nahI. * zilAlekhAMmadhye khAravela samrATAce hAthIguMphA (orisA) yethIla prAkRta zilAlekha azoka zilAlekhAMkhAlokhAla mahattvAce. dakSiNa bhAratAtIla digaMbarIya zilAlekhAMce saMgraha prakAzita. zvetAMbarIya muni jinavijaya, jayantavijaya ANi vijayadharmasUrikRta lekhasaMgraha ullekhanIya. * aitihAsika prabaMdhasAhityAta saMskRta-prAkRta mizrita vividhatIrthakalpa' (jinaprabhasUri-14 ve zataka) vizeSa mahattvAcA. itara prabaMdha pUrNata: saMskRtAta. * subhASita saMgrahAta jayavallabhakRta vajjAlagga' (13 ve zataka) hA prAkRta subhASitAMcA khajinA. kevaLa saMkalanAtmaka graMtha. mahArASTrI muktakakAvya gAthAsaptazatI' (gAhAsattasaI) cyA tulaneta kitItarI uttarakAlIna va kAvyadRSTyATuyyama. * saMskRta nATakAta prAkRtabhASAMcA vipula vApara. prAya: sarvacyA sarva nATake jainetarAMcI. saMpUrNa prAkRta nATeka(saTTake)

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dekhIla jainetarAMcI Aheta. ___* Adhunika bhAratIya bolIbhASA ANi jaina sAhitya * * kannaDa bhASecyA prAthamika sAhityAta paMpa, ponna ANi ranna yA jaina AcAryAMce molAce yogadAna Ahe. * marAThItIla pahile zabda, pahile vAkya ANi 15-16 vyA zatakAtIla carita-purANa racanA he jainAMce marAThItIla yogadAna Ahe. * prAcIna gujarAthI ANi prAcIna hiMdImadhye asalelyA jainAMcyA racanA yA apabhraMzAcyA aMtima avasthA Aheta. * bAkIcyA bhAratIya bolIbhASAMtIla jaina sAhityAcA abhyAsa nasalyAmuLe tyAviSayI vidhAna karU zakata nAhI. * khar2yA arthAne assala jaina prAkRta sAhityAcA lekhAjokhA * (1) prAkRta mhaNaje bolIbhASeta dharmopadeza asAvA' hA bha. mahAvIrAMnI ghAtalelA daMDaka jaina paraMparene pALalA. i.sa.-- 500 pAsUnai.sa. 1500 paryaMta satata tyA tyA kALacyA prAkRta bhASeta sAhityaracanA kelyA. Adhunika bhAratIya bolIbhASAMmadhyehI graMtharacanA karIta rAhile. 'ardhamAgadhI-zaurasenIpAsUna Adhunika bolIbhASAMparyaMtacA bhASAzAstrIya pravAsa kasA jhAlA ?' yAce prabhAvI sAdhana kevaLa jaina vAD.mayAmuLeca upalabdha hoU zakale. (2) atizaya samRddha kathAsAhitya he prAkRta bhASAMce balasthAna Ahe. tyA prAmukhyAne jaina mahArASTrIta zvetAMbara AcAmI lihilelyA Aheta. tyAtIla sumAre 100 kathA atizaya cittavedhaka va saMskRtapekSA vegaLyA Aheta. bAkIcyA bhAraMbhAra kathA raTALa, kevaLa upadezapradhAna, dIkSA ANi vairAgyAcyA varNanAMnI bharalelyA Aheta. jaina soDUna itarAMnA tyAtUna kAhIhI rasaniSpattI hota nAhI. aneka kathAMtUna varNilele camatkAra, maMtra-taMtra ANi adbhutatA jaina tattvajJAnAcyA gAbhyAzI visaMgata Ahe, asehI disate. lekhAta varNana kelele cAra-sahA kathAgraMthaca vAD.mayIna va sAMskRtika dRSTane assala Aheta. jI goSTa kathAgraMthAMcI, tIca caritagraMthAMcI Ahe. cAra-sahA nivaDaka caritAMcA apavAda vagaLatA ajainAMnAca kAya jainAMnAhI tyAta rasa vATaNe zakya nAhI. (3) digaMbara zaurasenI graMtha javaLajavaLa sarvaca siddhAMta, tattva va AcArapradhAna Aheta. kundakundAMce kAhI graMtha va yogIndudevAMcA paramAtmaprakAza he zuddha AdhyAtmika graMtha samagra bhAratIya AdhyAtmika sAhityAlA yogadAnasvarUpa oha. (4) darzanakSetrAtIla agragaNya jaina graMtha tattvArthasUtra' ANi 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' he Aheta. paraMtu te saMskRtamadhe Aheta. bhAratIya dArzanika paraMpareta kevaLa yAca dona graMthAMcI dakhala ghetalI gelI. (5) prAcIna va madhyayugIna bhAratAcyA zikSaNaparaMpareta samAviSTa jhAlelA ANi nAva gheNyAsArakhA ekahI zAstrIya athavA lAkSaNika graMtha prAkRta sAhityAta ADhaLata nAhI. nimittazAstra, Ayurveda, gaNita, khagola, yoga, jyotiSa, arthazAstra yA sarva viSayAtIla agragaNya graMtha saMskRtamadhe Aheta ANi prAmukhyAne jainetarAMceca Aheta. dona-cAra apadA asatIlahI paraMtu prAkRta bolIbhASA lAkSaNika-zAstrIya sAhitya lihAyalA anukUla navhatyA aseca mhaNAve lAgela. (6) Adhunika bhAratIya bolIbhASAMcA vicAra karatAnA ApaNa marAThItIla samakAlIna jaina sAhityAcA vicAra karU. marAThI sAhitya gelyA kAhI dazakAta sarvArthAne samRddha hota cAlale Ahe. zrI. nirmalakumAra phaDakule, vilAsa sAve, joharApurakara, mA.pa.maMguDakara, zAMtilAla bhaMDArI, azoka jaina, sureza bhaTevarA, surekhA zahA he kAhI nivaU ANi malA mAhIta nasalele itarahI aneka jaina lekhaka-lekhikA marAThIta lekhana karIta Aheta. te ApApalyA abhyAsaviSayAta

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siddhahasta lekhaka mhaNUna prasiddhI pAvata Aheta. paraMtu tyAMcyA lekhanAlA 'jaina sAhitya' mhaNaNyApekSA 'dharmAne jaina asalelyA marAThI vyaktIMnI lihilele sAhitya' aseca mhaNAve lAgate. samakAlIna marAThI jaina kathAMbAbatacA peca asA Ahe kI katheta karmakAMDa, pAribhASikatA, AcAra ANi jaina purANakathA ghusalyA kI darjedAra marAThI sAhityAcyA dRSTIne rasavattA ghasarate ANi kathAvastU ANi mAMDaNI uttama alI kI tilA 'jaina' kA mhaNAve asA saMbhrama paDato. jainAMnI, jainAMce, jainAMsAThI marAThI sAhitya saMmelana jarUra bhavAve paraMtu, 'marAThI sAhityAcyA mukhya pravAhAta samakAlIna jaina sAhityAce yogadAna kitI Ahe ?' yAcI pakSapAtarahita samIkSA itarAMkaDUna avazya karUna ghyAvI. **********

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11. jainAMnI japalelI RSivacane (mahAvIra jayaMtInimitta 'lokasattA' dainikAta prakAzita, eprila 2011) Apale svata:ce tattvajJAna, siddhAMta, AcAra-niyama, tyAvara AdhArita tAttvika graMtha, upadezakathA - yA sarvAMce jatana pratyeka dharma ANi saMpradAya atizaya sAkSepAne karIta asato. 'ApalyA AjUbAjUcyA vaicArika kSetrAta kAya cAlU Ahe ?' tyAcA ADhAvA mukhyataH, te vicAra khoDUna kADhaNyAsAThI ghetalA jAto. ase aneka khaMDana-maMDanatmaka dArzanika graMtha bhAratIya sAhityAta lihile gele Aheta. Aja 2610 vyA mahAvIrajayaMtIcyA nimittAne ardhamAgadhI bhASeta asalelyA ekA atyaMta udAramatavAdI graMthAcA paricaya karUna deNAra Ahe. tyAce nAva Ahe - isibhAsiyAI - arthAt 'RSiMcI bhASite' mhaNajeca 'vacane'. ___ ApalA bhArata deza prAcIna kALApAsUna 'tapobhUmi' mhaNUna khyAtakIrta Ahe. RSi, muni, tapasvI, sAdhu, bhikSu, nigraMtha, anagAra, parivrAjaka, tApasa, yogI, saMnyAsI, zramaNa - ase aneka vaividhyapUrNa zabda bhAratAtalyA virAgI vRttIcyA sAdhakAMce dyotaka Aheta. 'RSibhASita' yA jaina graMthAta sarvAMcA RSi' yA zabdAneca nirdeza kelelA disato. yAta ekUNa 45 RSIMcyA vicArAMce saMkalana prastuta kele Ahe. bhAratAcyA prAcIna itihAsAvara najara TAkalI kI he samajUna yete kI yA graMthAta mahAbhAratAcyA kALApAsUna hoUna gelelyA vicAravaMtAMcI ciMtane noMdavalelI aheta. jaina paraMparenusAra yA 45 RSIMpaikI 20 jaNa ariSTanemIMcyA kALAta jhAle. 15 RSI pArzvanAthAMcyA kALAta jhAle. uralele 10 bha. mahAvIrAMcyA kALAta jhAle. 45 adhyayanAMmadhye (adhyAyAMmadhye) 45 pUjanIya vyaktIMce vicAra dile asUna pratyekAta ase mhaTale Ahe kI, he vicAra amuka amuka arhat RSIMnI sAMgitalele Aheta'. AzcaryAcI ANi gauravAcI goSTa mhaNaje vardhamAna (29) ANi pArzva (31) he donaca RSI spaSTata: jaina paraMparetIla Aheta. vajjIyaputta, mahAkazyapa ANi sAriputra he tIna bauddha vicAradhAretIla RSi Aheta. deva nArada, asita devala, aMgirasa bhAradvAja, yAjJavalkya, bAhaka, vidara, vAriSeNa kRSNa, dvaipAyana, AruNI, uddAlaka, tArAyaNa - hI sarva nAve vaidika paraMpareta prasiddha Aheta. AjahI yAMce upadeza upaniSade, mahAbhArata ANi purANAMmadhye surakSita Aheta. yApaikI kAhI RSIMcI nAve bauddha tripiTaka sAhityAtahI ADhaLatAta. ____ maMkhaliputra, rAmaputra, aMbaSTha, saMjaya belaTThiputra - hI azI kAhI nAve Aheta kI jI jaina-bauddhAMvyatirikta asalelyA 'AjIvaka' i. zramaNaparaMparetIla Aheta. Ardraka, valkalacIrI, kUrmAputra, tetaliputra, bhayAlI - yA vicAravaMtAMcyA kathA prAmukhyAne jaina paraMparetaca ADhaLatAta. RSIMcyA saMpUrNa yAdIce avalokana kele kI soma, yama, varuNa, vAyu ANi vaizramaNa - hI pAca nAve vaidika paraMpareta maMtrAMcyA upadeSTyAMcyA svarUpAta disatAta. hI pAca nAve vagaLalI tara uralele sarva RSI kharokharaca prAgaitihAsika kALAta pratyakSa hoUna gelelyA vyaktI Aheta. kAlpanika caritre nAhIta. ___ jaina dharmAtIla pramukha tattve, cAturyAma dharma, karmasiddhAMta ANi AcaraNAce niyama mukhyata: 'pArzva' adhyayanAta yetAta. vizvAlA 'zAzvata' mhaTale asUna tyAcI sarArAcI parivartanazIlatA namUda kelI Ahe. jIva (AtmA) ANi pudgala (paramANu) yAMnA 'gatizIla' mhaTale Ahe. dravya-kSetra-kAla-bhAva yA catuSTayIcI carcA yete. cAra gatI, aSTa Ahe. 'zarIra hA AtmyAcA pAhuNA asUna tyAlA lAgaNAre savvAcArazera annapANI rojacyA roja dyA', azA ta-hece udgAra graMthasAhibAta ADhaLatAta. upAsatApAsAlA jAsta prAdhAnya nAhI. 'bhikSAcarya' pUrNa varNya Ahe. zIkha dharmAtIla pahilyA pAca gurUMnI ApalyA AyuSyAcyA zevaTAparyaMta satsaMgAbarobaraca zetI vyavasAyahI kelA. hAtAne kAma va mukhAne harinAma' yAca sUtrAne zIkhadharmIya vAgata hote va Aheta. yAbAbata gItetIla niSkAma karmayoga hA tyAMnA AdarzarUpa vATato. AdhyAtmika unnatIsAThI saMsAra soDaNyAcI garaja bhAsata nAhI. graMthasAhibAta mhaTale Ahe kI,

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karmagraMthI yAMcA ullekha asUna spaSTa kele Ahe kI pratyeka jIva sva-kRta pApa-puNyAcAca bhAgIdAra asato. pArzvayAMcyA tulanene vardhamAnAMce vicAra troTaka Aheta. 'AcArAMga' ANi 'uttarAdhyayana' nAvAMcyA graMthAtIla aneka viSayavastUMce zAbdika rUpAMtaraNa yAta disate. mhaNUnaca pro. zUbiMga mhaNatAta kI yA graMthAcyA racanecA AraMbha pArzvanAthAMcyA kAryakALAta (mahAvIrAMpUrvI 250 varSe) jhAlA asAvA. AtA itara RSIMce vicAra pAhU. iMdranAga' RSI tapobalAce pradarzana karaNyAsa virodha darzavitAta. dvaipAyana RSI icchelA (vAsanelA) aniccheta parAvartita karaNyAsa sAMgatAta. sukha-duHkhAMcI mImAMsA 'sAriputta' RSI karatAta. 'zrIgiri' mhaNatAta, 'vizvAlA mAyA mhaNU nakA. te satya Ahe. anAdi-anaMta Ahe'. 'tArAyaNa' RSI krodhAce duSpariNAma kAvyamayatene raMgavitAta. 'sadaiva jAgRta rahA, jAgRta rahA, suptAvastheta jAU nakA'-asA preraka saMdeza uddAlaka RSI detAta. kSamA, titikSA ANi madhuravacanAMce mahattva 'RSigiri' spaSTa karatAta. durvacana-duSkarma, suvacana-sukarma ANi satsaMgatI-kusaMgatIcA vicAra 'aruNa' RSI pariNAmakArakatene mAMDatAta. AdhyAtmika kRSIce (zetIce) rUpaka 'piMga' RSI raMgavatAta.AtmA he kSetra, tapa he bIja, saMyama hA nAMgara ANi ahiMsA-samiti hI bailajoDI Ahe. brAhmaNa-kSatriya-vaizya-zUdra - koNIhI hI utkRSTa zetI karU zakato. 'mAtaMga' RSI dekhIla azAca AdhyAtmika zetIcA upadeza karatAta. 'nArada RSI zravaNAce ANi AMtarika zuddhIce mahattva sAMgatAta. ___jainAMnI udAra dRSTikoNAtUna japalelyA yA graMthAtIla vicAradhana hA sarva bhAratIyAMcA anamola ThevA Ahe. saMpradAyabheda dUra karUna ApaNa to graMtha vAcU yA.

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jainavidyece vividha AyAma (sphuTa-ciMtanAtmaka lekha) bhAga -3 * lekhana va saMpAdana * DaoN. nalinI jozI prAdhyApikA, jaina adhyAsana seTha hirAcaMda nemacaMda jaina adhyAsana phirodiyA prakAzana puNe vidyApITha oNgasTa 2011

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12. jaina aitihAsika sAhitya (zivAjI vidyApITha Ayojita dvidivasIya rASTrIya carcAsatrAtIla vizeSa vyAkhyAna Ayojaka : bha. mahAvIra jaina adhyAsana, mArca 2008) 'jainavidyA' he abhyAsAce eka vistRta kSetra Ahe. jaina itihAsa ANi paraMparA, jaina sAhitya, jaina tattvajJAna ANi jaina kalA he jainavidyece cAra pramukha staMbha Aheta. tyAkherIja sarva itara vidyAzAkhAMzI kelelA taulanika abhyAsa he tyAce eka nave aMga jhapATyAne puDhe yeta Ahe. tyAtIla aitihAsikatA yA AyAmAviSayI ApaNa sAhityika dRSTane vicAra karaNAra Ahota. tase pAhile tara sAhitya he aitihAsika prAmANyAcyA dRSTIne sarvAta kamI mahattvAce aMga Ahe. purAtattvaviSayaka pramANe hI sarvAdhika mahattvAcI mAnalI jAtAta. zilAlekha, staMbhalekha, maMdire, stUpa, caitya, citrakalA, mUrtikalA, tAmrapaTa, dAnapatre ityAdIMcyA mAdhyamAtUna koNatyAhI paraMparece dRSTigocara hoNAre rUpa nikhaLa satya mhaNUna svIkAle jAte. jaina paraMparetIla varIla purAve bhAratabhara pasarale Aheta. aitihAsikatecyA dRSTIne jaina sAhityAtIla sarvAta mahamAcyA Aheta tyA paTavalI ! ardhamAgadhI bhASetIla paryuSaNAkalpa athavA kalpasUtrAtIla sthavirAvalI hA bhAga tyA dRSTIne sarvAta prAcIna Ahe. 12 vyA zatakAta hoUna gelelyA hemacaMdrAMnI saMskRtamadhye pariziSTaparva' lihUna tyAcI bar2yAca pramANAta pUrtI kelI. gaNa va gaccha paraMparA surU jhAlyAvara vividha gurvAvali, paTTAvali lihilyA jAU lAgalyA. AMcalagaccha, kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha i. cyA paTTAvalI jaina itihAsAvara cAMgalA prakAza TAkatAta. yA paTTAvalIMce saMgraha jAmanagara, bhAvanagara Adi saMsthAMnI prakAzita kele Aheta. adyApahI kAhI paTTAvalI prakAzanAcI vATa pahAta Aheta. paTTavalIMvyatirikta jaina graMthAMcyA prazastIMmadhUnahI vividha prakAracI aitihAsika mAhitI miLate. tyAnaMtara mahattvapUrNa graMtha mhaNaje prabaMdha hota. Aja ApalyAlA prathama jaina sAhityAtIla 'prabaMdha yA viSayAcI adhika mAhitI karUna ghyAvayAcI Ahe. siMghI jaina graMthamAlene te atyaMta cikitsApUrvaka prakAzita kele Aheta. te bahutAMzI saMskRtamadhye Aheta. puDhyAcI hiMdI bhASAMtare phoTo ityAdIMsaha prakAzita karaNyAcA tyAMcA manodaya hotA. AttAparyaMta tarI mAjhyA pahANyAta azI bhASaMtare AlelI nAhIta. brAhmaNa kiMvA bauddha paraMpareta azA prabaMdharacanA agadI turaLaka disatAta. jaina AcAryAMnI yAbAbata AghADI mAralelI disate. kAlAnukrame pahilA prabaMdhagraMtha Ahe dhanezvarasUriviracirtazatruJjayamAhAtmya'. nAvAvarUnaca spaSTa hote kI zatruJjaya tIrthAcI, tyAcyA nirmitIcI ANi daMtakathAMcI samagra mAhitI dhanezvarasUrIMnI saMkalita kelI Ahe. 13 vyA zatakakli prabhAcandrakRta 'prabhAvakacarita' hA graMtha yA mAliketIla dusarI mahattvapUrNa prabaMdharacanA Ahe. vajrasvAmIMpAsUna AraMbha karUna AryarakSita, Aryanandila, kAlakasUri azA kramAne hemacandrasUrIMparyaMtacI caritre yAta noMdavalI Aheta. yA sarvAMcI gaNanA tyA tyA kALAtIla prabhAvasaMpanna vyaktI azI kelI Ahe. caritAMcyA oghAta prAkRta va apabhraMza kAvye, prAkRta mhaNI va dezI zabdAMcA vApara kelelA disato.. 14 vyA zatakAta hoUna gelelyA zrI merutuGga yAMnI racalelA prabandhacintAmaNi' hA graMthahI saMskRtamadhyeca asUna tyAcI racanA adhika sughaTa Ahe. vikramAditya, sAtavAhana, vanarAja, mUlarAja, muJjarAja, bhojarAja, siddharAja, kumAraphA, vastupAla, tejapAla yAMcyAviSayIcI kathAnake ekekA prakAzAta' samAviSTa kelelI asUna aneka mahattvAce AcArya, zrAvaka va anyadharmIya prabhAvI vyaktIMcA vRttAMta zevaTacyA prakaraNAta dilA Ahe. zailIcI vaiziSTye prabhAvakacaritApramopya Aheta. 14 vyA zatakAtIla zrI rAjazekharakRta 'prabandhakoza yA mAliketIla puDhacA graMtha Ahe. yAtIla bahutAMzI viSaya prabhAvakacaritApramANeca Aheta. bhadrabAhu-varAha-prabandhAne AraMbha hoto. vastupAla-tejapAla prabaMdha zevaTacA Ahe.

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ekUNa prabaMdhasaMkhyA 24 Ahe. hariharakavi, amaracandra, madanakIrti, ratnazrAvaka va AbhaDazrAvaka yAMvarIla prabaMdha pUrvIcyA prabaMdhAMhUna vegaLe Aheta. ApalyA yA carcAsatrAcyA dRSTIne sarvAta mahattvAcA graMtha mhaNaje vividhatIrthakalpa' hA hoya. 14 vyA zatakAtaca jinaprabhasUrIMnI hA graMtha lihilA. graMthAtIla pratyeka nibaMdhAlA 'kalpa' mhaTale Ahe. ekUNa 62 kalpa Aheta. yAtIla pahilA zatruJjayatIrthakalpa saMskRtAta Ahe. bAkIce prAyaH 50 kalpa jaina mahArASTrI prAkRtAta Aheta. prAkRta bhASA atizaya rasALa Ahe. prastAvanetaca muni jinavijaya mhaNatAta kI he jaNU kAhI bhAratAtIla tIrthakSetrAMce gAiDabuka'ca Ahe. bhAratAta 11-12 vyA zatakApAsUna te 16-17 vyA zatakAparyaMta muslIma rAjavaTa kamI-adhika pramANAta pasaralelI hotI. 5 pAtazAhyAMcA aMmala cAlU hotA. AzcaryAcI goSTa mhaNaje hyA kALAta jaina AcAryAMnI mAtra saMskRta, jaina mahArASTrI ANi apabhraMza yA bhASAMmadhye vipula graMthasaMpattI nirmANa kelI. kAhI mugala bAdazahAMcyadarabArAta tyAMcA prabhAva lakSaNIya disato. ___itihAsAta 'veDA mahammUda' mhaNUna oLakhalyA jANAr2yA mahammada tughalakAcyA darabArAta jinaprabhasUrIMnA atizaya mAna hotA. (girIza karnADa yAMnI 'tughalaka' nATakAta yA bAdazahAcyA vividha svabhAvavaiziSTyAMvara cAMgalAca prakAza TAkalA Ahe.) ApalyA virakta, niHspRha ANi jJAnasaMpanna vyaktimatvAne jinaprabhasUrIMnI yA samrATAlA prabhAvita kele hote. tyAMce itihAsAce ANi tIrthabhramaNAce prema vividhatIrthakalpAtUna uttama rItIne vyakta hote. gujarAtava kAThevADamadhIla 8 tIrthakSetre, yuktaprAnta ANi paMjAbamadhIla 6, rAjaputAnA va mALavyAtIla 7, avadha va bihAramadhIla 11, dakSiNa va barADa (va-hADa) madhIla 3 ANi karNATaka va telaMgaNAtIla 3 tIrthakSetrAMcyA yAtrA karUna yAMnI tyAvara AdhArita 'kalpa' lihUna molAcI kAmagirI kelI. (yA ThikANI kAzmirI kavI kalhaNa yAcyA rAjataraGgiNI' graMthAcI AThavaNa AlyAzivAya rahAta nAhI. kAzmiracA saMpUrNa itihAsa jANUna gheNyAce te ekameva sAhityika sAdhana Ahe.) 16 vyA zatakAta jhAlelyA samrATa akabarAcyA darabArAta jyA pratibhAvaMtAMnA mAnAce sthAna hote tyAta jaina AcArya hIravijayasUri yAMcA gauravAne ullekha karatA yeIla. yethe Ayojita kelelyA carcAsatrAzI susaMgata azA tIna kalpAMcA ApaNa yA cArahI graMthAMcyA AdhAre ADhAvA gheU. 'nAsikyapurakalpa hA 28 vA kalpa saMpUrNataH prAkRtAta Ahe. to AThave tIrthaMkara candraprabha yAMcyA saMdarbhAta Ahe. 'nAsiakalimalanivaha' (nAzita-kali-mala-nivaha) asA nAzika nAvAvara zleSa kelelA Ahe. brAhmaNAdi tIrthika yAviSayI kAya mAhitI sAMgatAta te AraMbhI dile Ahe. kRtayugAta brahmadevAce kamaLa aruNA-varuNA-gaMgA yAMnI bhUSita azA mahArASTrAta paDale. tethe brahmadevAne padmapura vasavile. yajJAta deva Ale. dAnava yeInAta. te mhaNAle, jara caMdraprabhasvAmI Ale taraca AmhI yeU. brahmadevAne vihAra karaNAr2yA caMdraprabhasvAmIMcA zodha gheUna yeNyAcI vinaMtI kelI. caMdraprabha mhaNAle, 'mAjhyA pratirUpAne mhaNajeca mUrtInehI kAma hoIla'. caMdrakAMta ratnAMpAsUna banavilelI pratimA brahmadevAne saudharma iMdrAkaDUna ghetalI. nAzikakSetra he kRtayugAtale padmapura' hoya. tretAyugAta rAma, lakSmaNa, sItA pitRAjJene vanavAsa patkarUna gautamIgaMgA'tIrAvarIla paMcavaTIta rAhile. gautamI mhaNaje prAkRtAta godamI - tyAvarUna 'godAvarI' nAva paDale asAve. zUrpaNakhece 'nAka' rAmAne chedale mhaNUna nAsikka' nAva paDale. rAmAyaNa ghaDale. ayodhyesa parata jAtAnA, yethe thAMbUna rAmAne caMdraprabhamaMdirAcA uddhAra kelA. kAlAMtarAne puNyabhUmI mhaNUna janakarAjA yethe AlA. tyAne yajJa kelA. 'janakasthAna mhaNUna prasiddha jhAle. AjahI nAzikajavaLacA AdivAsI bhAga 'janasthAna' mhaNUna prasiddha Ahe. kavI kusumAgrajAMnI tethe bareca kArya kele he ApalyAlA mAhIta Aheca. zukrAcAryAMcI kanyA devayAnI hice daMDakarAjAne apaharaNa kele. zakrAcAryAMnI zApa dilA. daMDaka rAjA caMdraprabhasvAmIMnA zaraNa gelA. zApamukta jhAlA. yA ghaTanenaMtara kavI lihito, 'paratIrthikahI jyAcA mahimA gAtAta tyA

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kSetrAcA mahimA ArahaMtaloka kasA gANAra nAhIta ?' dvApArayugAta kuMtIputra yudhiSThirAne caMdraprabhasvAmIMcyA prAsAdAcA uddhAra kelA. javaLa bilvavRkSa lAvalA. te sthAna 'kuMtIvihAra' mhaNUna prasiddha jhAle. jaina paraMparepramANe dvIpAyana RSIMcyA bhaviSyavANInusAra dvArakecA vinAza jhAlA. tyA prasaMgI vajrakumAra yAdava yAcI patnI yA ThikANI AlI. caMdraprabhasvAmIMnA zaraNa gelI. prasUta jhAlI. to putra moThaya parAkramI nagarapramukha jhAlA. yAdava vaMza yethe rujalA. tyAnehI caMdraprabhatIrthAcA uddhAra kelA. kaliyugAta zAntAcAryAMnI (uttarAdhyayanAce TIkAkAra) he tIrtha uddharale. tyAnaMtara kalyANakaTaka nagarAtIla 'paramaDDI' rAjAne tI pratimA tAbyAta gheNyAcA asaphala prayatna kelA. maga bhavanoddhAra karUna 24 gAve dilI. puDhe pallIvAla vaMzAtIla mANikyaputra ANi nAU yAMcA putra sAhu kumArasiMha yA paramazrAvakAne hA prAsAda navA kelA. AjahI tethe cArahI dizAMnI saMgha yeUna utsava karatAta. zevaTI ase mhaTale Ahe kI hA kalpa tyAMnI nAsikyapurAtaca lihilA. 'pratiSThAnapattanakalpa' hA dekhIla jaina itihAsAzI kityeka zatakAMpAsUna joDalelA disato. tyA kalpAcA AraMbha mahArASTrAcyA varNanAne hoto. mahArASTrAta 68 laukika tIrthe asUna 52 jaina tIrthe Aheta asA ullekha ahe. AMdhrabhRtya vaMzAtIla sAtavAhana rAjAMcyA itihAsAzI pratiSThAna athavA paiThaNace nAva nigaDita Ahe. yA sarvaca prabaMdhakAMnI zAtavAhana-sAtakarNI-sAlavAhana-sAlAhaNa yA rAjAMnA 'jainadharmI' ase saMbodhale Ahe. prAcIna bhAratAce itihAsakAra he mAnya karIta nAhIta. sAtavAhanAMcyA rAjavaTIta jaina dharmAcA pracAra, prasAra mAtra yethe bharapUra jhAlelA disato. munismrata tIrthaMkarAMcyA jIvatsvAmI pratimecA, lepyamayI pratimecA vAraMvAra ullekha yeto. yA kSetrAcI devatA ambAdevI asUna 'kapardI' (kavaDDiya) hA yakSa' Ahe. 'kAlakAcAryakathAnaka yA viSayAvara prAkRtAmadhye aneka khaMDakAvye disUna yetAta. ujjainIcA rAjA gardabhilla, tyAne kelele kAlakasUrIMcyA 'sarasvatI' nAvAcyA bahiNIceapaharaNa, tyAMnI ghetalele zaka (zAkhi) rAjAMce sahAyya i. ghaTanA jainAMmadhye pracalita Aheta. he kAlakasUrI vihAra karIta pratiSThAnapurAsa Ale. sAtavAhanAne moThyA thATAmaTAne praveza karavilA. tyAveLI iMdramahotsava surU hotA. paryuSaNaparvAta nehamI yeNArI aDacaNa jANUna sAtavAhana va kAlakasI yAMnI ekatritapaNe paryuSaNaparvasAMgatA'caturthI'lA karAvI asA nirNaya ghetalA. pratiSThAna nagara yA ghaTanece sAkSIdAra Ahe. upalabdha purAvyAnusAra sumAre 4 thyA zatakAta hoUna gelelyA pAdalipta-pAlittaya-yA AcAryAMcAhI pratiSThAnacyA itihAsAzI saMbaMdha varNilA Ahe. pAdaliptAcArya dakSiNAzAmukhabhUSaNa' azA pratiSThAna nagarAta Ale. sAtavAhanAcyA darabArAtIla lokAMnI tupAne bharalele bhAMDe pAThavaNe - pAdaliptAMnI tyAta suI TAkUna kuzAgratA siddha karaNei. ghaTanA varNilyA Aheta. tyAMcyA 'nirvANakalikA' ANi 'praznaprakAza' yA graMthAMcA ullekha Ahe. Aja ajUnaparyaMta tyAMcI hastalikhite sApaDalelI nAhIta. sAtavAhanAcyA rAjyAtaca tyAMnI 'taraMgalolA' nAvAce apratima kAvya racale. Aja tehI upalabdha nAhI. tyAvara AdhArita kAvye mAtra upalabdha Aheta. tyAmadhye pAdaliptAMcA AdarapUrvaka ullekha kelA Ahe. sAtavAhana mhaNato, 'sarvajaNa ApalI stutI karatAta. amuka amuka gaNikA stutI karIta nAhI. tilA stutI karAyalA lAvA'. pAdalipta yogasAdhanene zvAsanirodha karatAta. pretayAtrA gaNikecyA gharAsamorUna jAta asate. tine taraMgalolA kAvya vAcUna AsvAda ghetalelA asato. tI udgArate - "sIsaM kahavi na phuTTa jamassa pAlittayaM haraMtassa jassa muhanijjharAuto taraMgalolA naI vUDhA / / " ujjainI (avaMtI) ce vikramAditya ANi sAtavAhana rAje yAMcA parasparasaMbaMdha sAMgaNArI kathAhI yA pratiSThAnakalpAta yete. ujjainIta bhaviSyavette ghoSita karatAta kI, 'pratiSThAnalA sAtavAhana rAjA hoNAra Ahe. daramyAna sAtavAhanAce buddhikauzalya va parAkrama ujjainIta samajato. vikramAditya AkramaNa karato. sAtavAhana adbhuta zaktI va parAkramAne tyAMnA paLavito. sAtavAhanAcA rAjyAbhiSeka hoto. to tApI nadIparyaMta rAjyavistAra karato. 50 jimaMdire bAMdhato.

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sAtavAhana hA zRMgArapremI rAjA asUna tyAne koTyavadhi suvarNanANI kharca karUna gAthAsaMgraha kelyAcA ullekhahI yA prabaMdhAmadhye yeto. 'zUdraka' nAvAcA eka 'vIra' ANi doghAMviSayIcyA daMtakathA raMgavUna dilyA Aheta. Aja upalabdha asalelyA gAthAsaptazatIta pAlittaya' ANi 'zUdraka yAMcyA nAvAvara prAkRta gAthA disatAta. sAtavAhanAcyA dAnazUratecI ANi tIrthasthApanecI varNane sarvaca AcArya karatAta. sAtavAhanAne sattUMce dAna pUrvabhavAta munIMnA kele ityAdI daMtakathAhI joDalyA Aheta. pratiSThAnakalpa mukhyatvAne suvratajinAMzI saMlagna asUna vAraMvAra tyAMcyA maMdirAcyA jIrNoddhArAcyA kathA yetAta. vividhatIrthakalpAta 'dakSiNa va barADa' saMbaMdhI je kalpa Aheta tyAtIla eka mhaNaje 'zrIpura' yethIla 'antarikSapArzvanAthakalpa' hoya. kathecA AraMbha theTa rAmAyaNApAsUna hoto. rAvaNa ApalyA mAlI va sumAlI yA yoddhyAMnA kAmAsAThI dusarIkaDe pAThavito. tyAMcA baTuka pujArIhI barobara asato. vimAnapravAsa surU hoto. pujArI gaDabaDIta jinapratimA gheNyAsa visaralelA asato. vidyAbalAne to bhAvijina pArzvanAthAMcI vAlukAmaya pratimA karato. mAlIsumAlIMnI pUjana kelyAvara tI visarjita karato. khAlI sarovara asate. dIrghakALa pratimA sarovarAta tazIca rahAte. kityeka varSAMnI ciMgaulla kiMvA viMgaulla pradezAcA zrIpAla rAjA tethe yeto. to kuSTharogI asato. sarovarAtIla snAnAne kuSTharoga barA hoto. rANI Azcaryacakita hote. tilA svapnAta pArzvanAtha pratimecA dRSTAMta hoto. rAjA rathAtUna pratimA neU lAgato. madhyeca vaLUna pahAto. pratimA aMtarikSAta zira hote. rAjA zrIpura' nAvAce nagara vasavito. caitya bAMdhato. aMbAdevI kSetrapAla va dharaNeMdra-padmAvatIMcyA pratimAMcI pratiSThApanA karato. AjahI 'zrIpura' yethe yAtrA mahotsava asato. 'zrIpura' yA ThikANAcI vividhatIrthakalpAta AlelI noMda azA prakAracI Ahe. koMkaNa pradezAcyA utpattIcI kathA prabandhacintAmaNIta AlI Ahe. samudra haTavUna kAhI dvIpe tayAra karUna mahAnanda rAjAne, ApalyA prasaMgavazAt nAvaDatyA jhAlelyA rANIcyA putrAlA tI dilI asA ullekha Ahe. brAhmaNa paraMparetIla parazurAmAzIhI tyAcA saMbaMdha yA prabaMdhAMmadhye disata nAhI. prabhAvakacaritAta vajrasvAmI vihAra karIta dakSiNyAlA yetAta, asA ullekha Ahe. 'sa zanaiH prAyAt kuMkaNAn vittavaJcaNAnaM asA koMkaNa prAMtAcyA dAridryAcA ullekha disato. tethUna te 'sopArapattanA'sa jAtAta ase mhaTale Ahe. azokAce zilAlekha jethe sApaDale te zUrpAraka (ThANyAjavaLa - nAlA sopArA) heca asaNyAcI zakyatA Ahe. koMkaNAtIla jaina tIrtha agara pratimAMcA ullekha nAhI. caturdazapUrvadhArI bhadrabAhU yAMcA vRttAMta prabandhakozAta pratiSThAna (paiThaNa) yethe ghaDalA ase noMdavile Ahe. bhadra aa va brAhmaNa paraMparetIla suprasiddha khagola-jyotiSI varAhamihira yAMnA sahodara' (bhAU) mhaTale Ahe. tyAMcA bRhatsaMhitA graMtha suprasiddha Ahe. kathAnakAta bhadrabAhU varAhamihirAMce tyAMce bhaviSya kase acUka nAhI he dAkhavUna detAta. varAhamihira aneka vighne utpanna karatAta. tyA vighnAMcyA upazamAsAThI bhadrabAhU upasargahara' stotrAcI racanA karatAta ase mhaTale Ahe. prabaMdhaciMtAmaNIta mAtra hAca sarva vRttAMta pATalIputra yethe ghaDalA ase mhaTale Ahe. 'nyAyAvatArasUtra' yA suprasiddha jaina nyAyaviSayaka graMthAce karte, stutividyA' ANi 'kalyANamaMdira stotrAMce karte siddhasena divAkara ApalyA akheracyA divasAta pratiSThAnapurAsa Ale. tyAMnI tetheca prAyopavezanAne dehatyAga kelA ase prabhAvakacaritAta mhaTale Ahe. prabandhacintAmaNI graMthAta gurjarAdhipatI siddharAja ANi kollApura yethIla rAjA yAMcyA saMbaMdhAtIla eka hakIgata sAMgitalI Ahe. tethIla mahAlakSmI maMdirAtIla dIpotsavAcA ullekha lakSaNIya Ahe. upasaMhAra : AraMbhIca mhaTalyApramANe sAhityAta AkhyAyikA, daMtakathA ANi itihAsa yAMce satata mizraNa jhAlele asate. tyAtUna pramANita itihAsa zodhaNe phAra kaThINa asate. he sarva gRhIta dharale tarI jaina AcAryAMnI lihilelyA pAca prabandhaviSayaka graMthAMmadhUna jaina kSetre va jaina dharmaprabhAvaka vyaktIMcA itihAsa noMdaviNyAcI asalelI tyAMcI dRSTI molIcA

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mAnalI pAhije. sadhyA jaina sAhityAcA zatakAnusArI ADhAvA gheNyAcA eka prakalpa hAtI ghetalA Ahe. isavIsanapUrva kALApAsUna 17 vyA zatakAparyaMta zvetAMbara-digaMbara AcAryAMnI sAtatyAne AraMbhI ardhamAgadhI va jaina zaurasenI bhASAMtUna ANi naMta jaina mahArASTrI, saMskRta ANi apabhraMza bhASAMtUna jI sAhityanirmitI kelI Ahe, tyAlA bhAratIya vAGmayAcyA jhahiAsAta toDa nAhI, he nakkI. saMdarbha-graMtha-sUcI 1) prabhAvakacarita : prabhAcandra, siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, saM. jinavijayamuni, ahamadAbAda, 1940 2) prabandhacintAmaNi : merutuGga , siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, saM. jinavijaya, zAntiniketana, 1933 3) prabandhakoSa : rAjazekhara, siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, saM. jinavijaya, zAntiniketana, 1935 4) vividhatIrthakalpa : jinaprabha, siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, zAntiniketana, 1934 5) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa : jagadIzacandra jaina, vArANasI, 1985 6) bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna : DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, bhopALa, 1962 7) prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa : DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI, vArANasI, 1966 *****

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13. jaina purANAtIla rAje (itihAsa-saMkalana-pariSada, puNe yethe vAcalelA zodhanibaMdha, 2010) lekhaka : zrI. sumatilAla bhaMDArI ___mArgadarzana : DaoN. nalinI jozI 'sargazca pratisargazca vaMzo manvantarANi ca / vaMzAnucaritaM caiva purANaM paJcalakSaNam / / ' arthAt purANa pAca prakAracA vicAra karate. utpatti, pralaya, vaMza, manvantara manu va vaMzAcA itihAsa. 'purANa' zabdAcI hiMdU sAhityAtIla hI paribhASA jaina purANAMnAhI lAgU paDate. rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, harivaMzapurANa Adi hiMdUMce graMtha 'purANa' yA svarUpAta moDatAta. purANa yAcA artha prAcIna. hI hiMdUMcI purANe jevhA lokapriya hoU lAgalI tevhA jaina vidvAnAMnAhI purANa lihAvese vATU lAgale. maga tyAMnI purANAMtargata jaina mahApuruSAMcI caritre lihilI. tIrthaMkarAMcI taseca rAma, zrIkRSNa Adi prabhAvI puruSAMcI caritre lihalI. (rAma ANi zrIkRSNa he jainAMmadhye AdaraNIya mokSagAmI puruSa Aheta. 'triSaSTizalAkApuruSa' yA caritragraMthAta rAma va zrIkRSNa yAMnA anukrame baladeva va vAsudeva ase saMbodhale Ahe.) ____ zrutakevalI bhadrabAhU svAmI yAMnI ardhamAgadhI bhASeta racalelyA kalpasUtra' yA graMthAta RSabhadeva, ariSTanemI, pArzvanAtha va mahAvIra yA tIrthaMkarAMcI caritre dilI Aheta. 'harivaMzapurANa' he mahAkAvya 22 ve tIrthaMkara neminAtha athavA ariSTanemI yAMce caritra varNana karaNAre Ahe. tyAmuLe yA mahAkAvyAce dusare nAva 'ariSTanemipurANasaMgraha' asehI Ahe. yAce kartA pannATasaMghIya jinasena asana nirmitIkAla aMdAje 8 ve zataka Ahe. vasudevahiMDI yA AcArya saMghadAsagaNi va dharmasenagaNi yAMnI i.sa.cyA 6 vyA zatakAmadhye lihilelyA graMthAta, RSabhadevAMce taseca zrIkRSNapitA vasudeva yAMce caritra dile Ahe. vimalasUri yA AcAryAMnI 'paumacariya' he rAmacaritra, mahAkAvya yA rUpAne i.sa.cyA tisar2yA zatakAta mhaNaje vAlmIki rAmAyaNAnaMtara javaLa javaLa 200 varSAMnI lihile Ahe. he jaina rAmAyaNa Ahe. azAkaritA kI yAtIla ghaTanA va krama vAlmIki rAmAyaNApramANeca Ahe. paNa tyAMnA vATaNAr2yA viparIta, asaMbhavanIya goSTIMnA tarkAcA, tattvAMcA va karmasiddhAMtAMcA AdhAra deUna tyAMnI kAhI pherabadala kele Aheta. vimalasUri, yA mahAkAvyAlA 'purANa' ase saMbodhatAta. jJAtRdharmakathA, aMtakRddazA, uttarAdhyayanasUtrAvIla sukhabodhATIkA yA graMthAta aneka rAjAMcyA kathA AlyA Aheta. jaina paurANika mahAkAvyAMcI kathAvastU jaina dharmAtIla 63 zalAkApuruSAMcyA jIvanacaritrAvara AdhAralelI Ahe. zalAkApuruSa mhaNaje stutya puruSa, sarvotkRSTa mahApuruSa athavA sRSTIta utpanna jhAlele vA utpanna hoNAre sarvazraTha mahApuruSa. he zalAkApuruSa mhaNaje 24 tIrthaMkara, 12 cakravartI, 9 vAsudeva, 9 prativAsudeva va 9 baladeva he hota. yA 63 puruSAMmadhye bharata, brahmadatta, zrIkRSNa, rAma, balarAma, jarAsaMdha, rAvaNa AdIMcA samAveza Ahe. yA mahApuruSAMnI bharata kSetrAcyA itihAsAta ApalI svataMtra oLakha nirmANa kelI. 63 zalAkApuruSa he eka dhArmika kAvya Ahe va kathedvArA dharmopadeza deNe hAca yAcA uddeza Ahe. 63 zalAkApuruSa hI racanA purANa yAkaritA Ahe kI yAmadhye prAcInAMce itivRtta Ahe. he varNana prAcIna kavIMnI kele Ahe. he mahAna yAkaritA Ahe kI yAta mahApuruSAMce varNana Ahe. he mahAna yAkaritAhI Ahe kI he mahAna zikavaNa dete.63 mahAna puruSAMce varNana karaNAre kAvya mhaNana he 'mahAparANa' Ahe. tyAmaLe jainAMmadhye yA mahattva tevaDheca Ahe jitake rAmAyaNa, mahAbhAratAce Ahe. ___'triSaSTimahApuruSaguNAlaMkAra' hA mahAkAya kAvyagraMtha 'puSpadaMta' yA kavIne apabhraMza bhASeta lihilA. yAcA nirmitIkALa isavI sanAce 10 ve zataka asA Ahe. AcArya jinasena yAMnI 'AdipurANa' hA graMtha 9 vyA zatakAta lihilA. tisarA graMtha 'triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita' hA AcArya hemacaMdrAMnI (zvetAMbara jaina munI) saMskRtamadhye i.sa.cyA 12 vyA zatakAta lihilA. azA puSkaLa lekhakAMnI 63 zalAkApuruSAMvara graMtha lihile Aheta.

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he zalAkApuruSa ase Aheta. 24 tIrthaMkara : vRSabha, ajita, saMbhava, abhinaMdana, sumati, padmaprabha, supArzva, caMdraprabha, suvidhi, zItala, zreyAMsa, vAsupUjya, vimala, anaMta, dharmanAtha, zAMtInAtha, kunthu, araha, mallI, munisuvrata, nami, ariSTanemi, pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra. 12 cakravartI : bharata, sagara, maghavA, sanatkumAra, zAMtinAtha, kunthunAtha, araha, subhauma, padma, hariSeNa, jayasena, brahmadatta. 9 vAsudeva : tripRSTha, dvayapRSTha, svayaMbhU, puruSottama, puruSasiMha, puruSapuMDarIka, datta, nArAyaNa, zrIkRSNa. 9 prativAsudeva : azvagrIva, tAraka, meraka, madhukaiTabha, nisumbha, bali, praharaNa, rAvaNa, jarAsaMdha. 9 baladeva : vitaya, acala, dharma, suprabha, sudarzana, naMdI, naMdimitra, rAma, balabhadra. jaina paurANika graMthAta aneka rAjAMcA ullekha ADhaLato. prAya: he rAje cAra prakArAta ADhaLatAta. eka mhaNaje ApalyA rAjyAcA, saMpattIcA tyAga karUna, dIkSA gheUna lokAMnA dharmopadeza deNAre. yAta tIrthaMkarAdi vyaktI yetAta. udA. RSabhadeva, ariSTanemI, pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra i. dusare mhaNaje gRhasthAzramAta rAhUna kAhI ekA viziSTa prasaMgAne pratibodhita hoUna svata:ca dIkSA gheNAre va mokSAlA jANAre mokSagAmI puruSa. yAta pratyekabuddha yetAta. udA. karakaMDu, namIrAjA, naggatirAjA, dvimukharAjA, zAlibhadra i. tisarA prakAra mhaNaje rAjapadAvara rAhUna paNa jaina dharma svIkArUna dharmAcA prasAra karaNAre va dharmAcA AdhArastaMbha jhAlele rAje. he rAje cAMgale AcaraNa karIta prajelA sanmArga dAkhavitAta yA prakArAta caMdragupta maurya, khAravela, rAjA zreNika (biMbisAra), kuNika (ajAtazatrU), jitazatrU, kumArapAla Adi rAje yetAta. cauthyA prakArAta rAje dIkSA ghetAta paNa dharmopadeza na karatA ekAMta sthaLI jAUna tapazcaryA karatAta va AtmonnatI sAdhatAta. pratyeka prakArAtIla eka eka udAharaNa pAyA. jainAMce pahile tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva : ayodhyA nagarIce 14 ve aMtima kulakara nAbhirAjA va rANI marudevI yAMcyA poTI RSabhadevAMcA janma jhAlA. nAbhirAjA maraNa pAvalyAvara te rAje banale. paNa sarvAMnA te paricita Aheta te tyAMcyA kAryAmuLe. sarva mAnavajAtIlA susaMskRta karaNyAce kArya tyAMnI kele. tyAMcyA kALI mAnavajAta pragata navhatI. loka jhADAkhAlI jhopata. kaMdamuLe khAta. lokAMce jIvana kartavyazUnya va niSkriya hote. lokasaMkhyecI vADha jhAlI hotI. tyAmuLe bhAMDaNe, vaira, ghRNA, saMgharSa azA apapravRttI ADhaLUna yeU lAgalyA hotyA. RSabhadevAMnI yA lokAMmadhye amUlAgra badala ghaDavUna ANalA. tyAMnA zetI karaNyAcI, vastre viNaNyAcI kalA zikavilI. svata: vinItA nagarI (AtAcI ayodhyA) nirmANa karUna nagara, gAva kase nirmANa karAve he zikavile. svata: dona rANyAMzI - sunaMdA va sumaMgalA yAMcyAzI vivAha karUna vivAhasaMsthA astitvAta ANalI. ApalyA kanyA brAhmI va suMdarI yAMnA zikSaNa deUna strI zikSaNAcA pAyA ghAtalA. striyAMnA mAnAce sthAna dile. jAtInusAra nAhI tara pratyekAcyA kAmAnusAra kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra azI varNavyavasthA astitvAta ANalI. thoDakyAta tyAMnI lokAMnA puruSArthAcA dhaDA ghAlUna dilA va niSkriyatA naSTa kelI. mAnavajAta sarvArthAne pragata jhAlyAvara ApalA putra bharata yAsa rAjyAvara basavUna tyAMnI dIkSA ghetalI. zramaNa dharmAcI sthApanA kelI. sAdhu-sAdhvI, zrAvaka-zrAvikA azA caturvidha saMghAcI sthApanA kelI. __ RSabhadevAce nAva RSabha athavA vRSabha azA donhI prakAre ghetale jAte. yA tyAMcyA kAryAmuLeca jainAMbarobara tyAMnA vaidika va bauddha dharmAta AdarAce sthAna miLAle. (1) RgvedAta tyAMcA ullekha jAgojAgI ADhaLato (R. 10/166/1).

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RSabhaM mAsamAnAnAM sapatnAnAM viSAsahim / hattAraM zatrUNA kRdhi, virAjaM gopatiM gavAm / / (R. 10/166/1) taseca tyAMcA ullekha atharvavedAta (RcA 19/42/4) va taittiyAraNyakAta (R. 2/7/1) madhyehI ADhaLato. bhAgavata purANAta RSabhadevAMnA 24 avatArAMpaikI eka avatAra mAnale Ahe. tyAtalyA rajasA upapluto ayaM avatAra: / ' yA udgArAta RSabhadevAMcA dhuLIne mAkhale asaNyAcA ullekha Ahe. bhagavAna RSabhadevAMcI stutI manusmRtImadhyehI khAlIlapramANe ADhaLate. aSTaSaSTivu tIrtheSu yAtrAyAM yatphalaM bhavet / zrI AdinAthasya devasya smaraNenApi tadbhaveta / / tyAcapramANe zivapurANa, AgneyapurANa, brahmANDapurANa, viSNupurANa, nAradapurANa Adi purANAtahI RSabhadevAMcA ullekha tara Aheca. tyAcabarobara tyAMcyA jIvanAtalyA ghaTanAhI dilyA Aheta. (2) mohanajodAro (i.sa.pU. 6000) yAcyA utkhananAta RSabhadevAMcI mUrtI sApaDalI hotI. tI mUrtI RSabhadevAMcI hotI he azAkaritA kI mUrtIcyA khAlI vRSabhAcI AkRtI hotI jI tyAMcI khUNa Ahe. yA sagaLyA goSTI lakSAta gheUna RSabhadevAMcA kALa hA mAnavAcyA susaMskRtapaNAcyA suravAtIcA kALa hotA he mAnya karAve lAgate. tyAvarUna tyAMce prAcInatva siddha hote. itara nirIkSaNe : 24 tIrthaMkarAMpaikI kevaLa RSabhadevaca ase tIrthaMkara hoUna gele kI jyAMnI aSTApada arthAt kailAsa parvatAvara aMtima tapasyA karUna tethUna nirvANapada prApta kele. tyAMce jaTAdhArI svarUpa, kailAsa parvatAvarIla dhyAnastha avasthA, naMdIzI asaNAre vRSabhAce cihna taseca vRSabhadevAMnA jasA pitA, patnI, putra asA parivAra hotA tasAca paurANika zaMkarAlAhI hotA. tyAcapramANe zaMkarAcA smazAnanivAsa ANi bhasmalepana he aMzahI RSabhadevAMcyA varNanAtUna ghetale asaNyAcI zakyatA nAkAratA yeta nAhI. tyAmuLe jaina abhyAsakAMce ase mata Ahe kI RSabhadevAMcyA vyaktimatvAce kAhI aMza uttarakAlIna, paurANika ziva devatecyA varNanAta samAviSTa kele asAveta. pratyekabuddha athavA svayaMsaMbuddha rAje : __ gRhasthAzramAta rAhUna gurUMcyA upadezAzivAya, ekhAdyA prasaMgAce kiMvA vastUce nimitta hoUna kAhI rAje virakta jhAle va tyAMnA bodhi prApta jhAlI. naMtara tyAMnI svata:ca dIkSA ghetalI va lokAMnA upadeza na detA zarIrAcA aMta karUna te mokSAlA gele. azA rAjAMnA pratyekabuddha athavA svayaMsaMbuddha ase saMbodhale jAte. he pratyekabuddha ekAkI vihAra karaNAre asatAta va te gacchAvAsAta rahAta nAhIta. uttarAdhyayana yA mUlasUtrAcyA 18 vyA adhyAyAta cAra pratyekabuddhAMcA ullekha ADhaLato. to asA - karakaMDu kaliMgesu, paMcAlesu ya dummuho / namI rAyA videhesu, gaMdhAresu ya naggaI / / (utta.18.46) ee nariMdavasabhA, NikkhaMtA jiNasAsaNe / putte rajje ThavittA NaM, sAmaNNe pajjuvaTThiyA / / (utta. 18.47) arthAt kaliMga dezAcA karakaMDu, pAMcAla dezAcA dvimukha, videha dezAcA namIrAjA tara gAMdhAra dezAcA naggati rAjA, he cAra zreSTha rAje ApalyA putrAMvara rAjyakArabhAra sopavUna jinazAsanAta pravrajyA ghete jhAle va zramaNadharmAta samyaka prakArAne sthira jhAle. zvetAMbara saMpradAyAta yA cAra pratyekabuddhAMvara kathA dilelyA ADhaLatAta. uttarAdhyayana sUtrAvarIla sukhabodhATIkA

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yA 11 vyA zatakAta A. devedragaNi yAMnI lihilelyA graMthAta yA kathA AlelyA Aheta. bauddhAMcyA kummakArajAtaka yA pAlisAhityAta yA cAra rAjAMnA pratyekabuddha mAnUna yAMcyAvara kathA dilelyA Aheta (jAtakakathA kra.408). bauddha loka yA cArahI rAjAMnA mahAtmA buddhAMcyA agodara hoUna gelyAce mAnatAta. yAtIla karakaMDu rAjA pArzvanAtha saMparetalA jaina asaNyAcI dATa zakyatA Ahe. taseca he cArahI rAje samakAlIna hote. yA pratyekabuddhAMcA kALa bha. pArzvanAtha va bha. mahAvIra yAMcyA madhalA kALa mAnalA jAto jo 250 varSAMcA Ahe. yA pratyekabuddhAMvara prAkRtamadhye pratyekabuddhacarita' hA i.sa. 13 vyA zatakAta lihilelA zrI tilakasUriracita graMtha ADhaLato. saMskRtamadhye pratyekabuddha mahArAjarSi catuSkacaritra' hA jinalakSmIkRta graMtha ADhaLato. kanakAmara mumI yAMnI apabhraMza bhASeta karakaMDucariu' hA graMtha i.sa.cyA 11 vyA zatakAta lihilA Ahe. ___yA caughAMcyA paikI, digaMbara sAhityAta mAtra phakta karakaMDUceca caritra ADhaLate. paraMtu digaMbarAMnI karakaMDUlA pratyekabuddha ase saMbodhalele ADhaLata nAhI. ___ yA cAra rAjAMvyatirikta itarahI aneka buddha hoUna gelyAce ADhaLate. RSibhASita yA graMthAta yA pratyekabuddhAMcI ekUNa saMkhyA 45 dilI Ahe. tyAtale 200 neminAthAMcyA, 15 pArzvanAthAMcyA tara 10 pratyekabuddha mahAvIrAMcyA tIrthakALAta jhAlele dAkhavile Aheta. varIla cAra rAjAMvyatirikta aMbaDa, kUrmAputra, dhannA, zAlibhadra AdIMcI nAve yAta ADhaLatAta. rAjapadAvara rAhUna jaina dharmAcA prasAra karaNAre prAcIna rAje : kaliMga dezAcA rAjA samrATa khAravela hA i.sa.pU. pahilyA zatakAta hoUna gelA. to cedi mahAmeghavAhana vaMzAcA hotA. to atizaya zUra va parAkramI hotA. tyAne kaliMga dezAlA eka sudRDha va zaktizAlI rAjya banavile. he rAjya gaMgApAsUna te godAvarIparyaMta vistRta hote. khAravela rAjAcA janma jaina parivArAtaca jhAlA hotA. tyAmuLe to janmata:ca jaina hotA. paraMtu jainadharmI asUnahI tyAcA itara dharmAMpratI udAra dRSTikona hotA. bauddha dharmAvarahI tyAce prema hote. kiMbahunA samasAmAyika kaliMgAvarabauddha dharmAcA prabhAva vADhaNyAce tehI eka kAraNa mAnatA yeIla. kaliMga dezAlA jaina dharmAcI paraMparA i.sa.pU. 5 vyA zatakAta hoUna gelelyA karakaMDu rAjAkaDUna miLAlI hotI. karakaMDacyA kALI pArzvanAthAMcA cAturyAma dharma pracalita hotA. bhuvanezvara javaLIla udayagirI parvatAta hAthI guphA Ahe. tyA gupheta chatAvara rAjA khAravela yAne brAhmI lipImadhye eka zilAlekha koralelA Ahe. tyAvarUna khAravela rAjAcI mAhitI miLate. yA zilAlekhAta khAravela rAjAcyA 13 varSAMcyA rAjyakArakIrdIcA ADhAvA ghetalelA disato. zilAlekhAvarUna rAjA khAravelane jaina dharmAcyA saMsthApanece va prasArAce pramukha kArya kelyAce disate. rAjyapadAvara AlyAvara tyAne jaina tIrtha mathurelA yavanAcyA tAvaDItUna mukta kale ase lihilele Ahe. zilAlekhAvarUna tyAkALacyA sAMskRtika va sAmAjika jIvanAvara prakAza paDato. rAjyAmadhye saMgIta, nRtya, utsava AdIMce Ayojana kele jAta hote. khAravela svata: krIDA va saMgItapremI asalyAce tyAta mhaTale Ahe. strI, puruSa doghehI alaMkArapriya hote. dhanika loka ApalyA pagaDyAMnAhI alaMkAra ghAlIta. striyAMnA rAjyAta mAna hotA. tyA patIbarobara utsavAta sahabhAgI hota. ekaTyA striyA rAjapathAvara azvArUDha va gajArUDha hota. tyA nRtya, saMgIta, vAdana AdIMmadhyehI pravINa hotyA. kaliMga dezAta zastrAstre nirmANa kelI jAta hotI. zetIbarobaraca pazupAlana hAhI eka pragata vyavasAya hotA. tyAkALacyA citrAMvarUna roma dezAbarobara kaliMga dezAcA vyApAra cAlU hotA va romamadhIla bhAMDI kaliMgAmadhye AyAta kelelI hotI ase disate. dusarA rAjA kumArapAla hA gujarAthetIla aNahilla nagarAcA rAjA hotA. to cAlukyavaMzIya hotA. va i.sa. 12

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vyA zatakAta rAjya karIta hotA. tohI atizaya zUra va parAkramI hotA. taseca to atizaya huzAra va udAramatavAdI hotA. nyAyAne rAjya karIta hotA. sukhI jIvanAkaritA kharA dharma jANUna gheNyAcI tyAlA utkaMThA hotI va prabaLa icchA hotI. gujarAtheta AlelyA jaina AcArya hemacaMdrasUri yAMcyA prabhAvAne tyAne jainadharma svIkAralA va tyAcA sarvAMgAne prasAra kelA. AcArya hemacaMdrAMnI kumArapAla rAjAlA kathAMdvAre upadeza dilA. prANyAMcI hiMsA, chUta, mAMsAhAra, madyapAna, vezyAgamana i. sapta vyasanAMce bhayAnaka pariNAma tyAMnI dAkhavUna dile. evaDheca nAhI tara rAjAlA yA vyasanAMnA rAjyAta baMdI ghAlaNyAkaritA sAMgUna tasA rAjAdezahI kADhavilA. khare deva, khare gurU va kharA dharma yAviSayI sAMgUna itara dharmatale mithyAtva va aMdhazraddhA dAkhavUna dilI. yAkAraNAne kumArapAlarAjA zraddhAyukta hoUna jainadharmAkaDe oDhalA gelA. ___kumArapAla rAjAne naMtara rAjyAta jaina maMdire ubhAralI. tyAMnA svataH bheTI deU lAgalA. aSTAhnikAMsArakhe jainAce utsava sAjare karU lAgalA tyAne aneka samAjopayogI kAme kelI. durbala ghaTakAMkaritA anna va vastre deNyAcI vyavasthA kelI. dhArmika kRtyAMkaritA pauSadhazALA nirmANa kelyA. giranAra parvatAvarIla jaina maMdirAkaDe jANyAkaritA pAyar2yA bAMdhalyA. ___ kumArapAla rAjAne AcArya hemacaMdrAMkaDUna 12 zrAvaka vrate grahaNa kelI. mareparyaMta tyAne tyAMce niSThApUrvaka AcaraNa kele. kumArapAla rAjAcyA mRtyUnaMtara sumAre 11 varSAMnI AcArya hemacaMdrAMce ziSya somaprabhasUri yAMnI 'kumArapAlapratibodha' yA graMthAcI racanA kelI. yAta A. hemacaMdrAMnI kumArapAla rAjAlA upadeza detAnA sAMgitalelyA kathA grathita kelyA Aheta. yA graMthAcI bhASA jaina mahArASTrI asUna yAtIla kAhI prastAva saMskRta va apabhraMza bhASeta Aheta. yAvarUna somaprabhasUrIMcI prakAMDa paMDitatA va vividha bhASAMvarace prabhutva disate. yA graMthAta saptavyasanAMsahita ekUNa 54 kathA Aheta. yA kathA atizaya raMjaka va bodhaprada Aheta. ___ jaina purANAtIla rAjAMcA vicAra karatAnA vara ullekhilelyA cAra rAjAMcA prAmukhyAne vicAra kelA. tyA pAThImAgIla kAraNamImAMsA azI Ahe. ___ bhadrabAhUracita kalpasUtrAta vRSabha, ariSTanemi, pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra azA cAra tIrthaMkarAMcI caritre dilI Aheta. uralelyA 20 tIrthaMkarAMbaddala phArazI mAhitI upalabdha nAhI. yA cAra tIrthaMkarAMpaikI kSatriya rAje mhaNUna RSabhadevAce nAva ghetale jAte. taseca te ghetale jAte te tyAMcyA kartRtvAbaddalahI. dusare kAraNa ase kI RSabhadevAMnA vaidika, jaina, bauddha azA tinhI sAhityAta puSTI miLAlelI disate. rAjA mhaNUna va dharmAcA prasAra karaNAre mhaNUna RSabhadevAMbaddala vara mAhitI dilI Ahe. karakaMDu, nami, dvimukha va naggati azA cAra pratyekabuddhAMcA ullekha uttarAdhyayanasUtrAta kelelA ADhaLato. yA caughAMnA jaina va bauddha dharmAta mAnyatAhI Ahe. tarIhI karakaMDu rAjA pArzvanAthAMcyA kALAtalA jaina rAjA asaNyAcI dATa zakyatA Ahe. taseca apabhraMza bhASeta karakaMDucariu hA graMthahI upalabdha asalyAne tyAcyAbaddala adhika mAhitI miLate. khAravela hA sarvAta junA jaina paraMparA asalelA va zilAlekhI purAvA asalelA ekameva rAjA hoya. jaina kathAMmadhye caMdragupta va cANakya yAMce varNana jaina mhaNUna kelele disate. yA doghAMnIhI dIkSA ghetalI. caMdragupta A.bhadrabAhUMbarobara karnATakAta zravaNabeLagoLa yethe AlA. tethe caMdraguMphemadhye tyAne saMthArA vrata dhAraNa kele. Adi vRttAMta jaina yAgraMthAMmadhye ADhaLatAta. paraMtu caMdragupta hA pratyakSa jaina dharmAvalaMbI asalyAce itihAsakAra mAnIta nAhIta. yA pArzvabhUmIvara sarva itihAsakArAMnI samrATa khAravela yAMce jaina dharmAvalaMbana mAnya kele Ahe va tyAceca zilAlekhahI asalyAce mAnya kele Ahe. tyAmuLe tyAcI mAhitI vara dilI Ahe. prAcIna itihAsAcyA tulaneta tyAmAnAne arvAcIna kALAta mhaNaje isavI sanAcyA 12 vyA zatakAta hoUna gelelA cAlukyavaMzIya rAjA kumArapAla yAcI aitihAsikatA sarva itihAsakArAMnI mAnya kelI Ahe. vAGmayAcyA AdhAre aitihAsikatecA zodha gheNe he kAma atizaya avaghaDa Ahe. azA paristhitIta jaina

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vAGmayAcyA AdhAre jyAMcI aitihAsikatA niSpakSatene mAnya karatA yete azA rAjAMcyA kAryakartRtvAcA ADhAvA saMdarbha-graMtha-sUcI 1) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - DaoN. jagadIzacaMdra jaina 2) jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa - DaoN. gulAbacaMdra caudharI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodhasaMsthAna, vArANasI 3) mahApurANa bhAga 1 va 2 - DaoN. deveMdrakumAra jaina 4) triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita - anuvAdaka zrI gaNeza lalavANI evaM zrImatI rAjakumArI begAnI 5) uttarAdhyayanasUtra 6) RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana - deveMdramunI zAstrI 7) karakaMDucariu - DaoN. hirAlAla jaina 8) prAkRta sAhityAcA saMkSipta itihAsa - sanmati-tIrtha prakAzana 9) kumArapAlapratibodha - saM. Ara.TI.vyAsa (gAyakavADa orienTala serIja - 14), somaprabhAcArya 10) khAravela - zrI. sadAnaMda agravAla (zrI digaMbara jaina samAja, kaTaka) 11) Ao, jaina dharma ko jAne - pravINacaMda jaina ** ********

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14. jaina tattvajJAna ANi jaina samAjAtIla parivartane (mahArASTra tattvajJAna pariSada, muMbaI yethe vizeSa vyAkhyAna, novheMbara 2010) (1) prastAvanA : samAjAcI parivartanazIlatA ; parivartanazIlatelA jaina tattvajJAnAta sthAna ApalyA AjUbAjUce jaga, vastU, vyaktI, ghaTanA sarvAMmadhye satata badala cAlU Aheta. kAhI badala maMda tara kAhI zIghra Aheta. badalAMcyA akhaMDa mAlikene DoLyAta bharaNArI pRthagAtmakatA jyAne jANavate tyAlA ApaNa 'parivartana' mhaNU yA. sAmAnyata: azI apekSA kelI jAte kI dharmAcaraNAmadhye azI parivartanazIlatA asAvI. paraMtu tI itakIhI nasAvI kI jine dharmAlA AdhArabhUta caukaTa deNAr2yA siddhAMtAMnA, tattvAMnA dhakkA basela. jaina paraMparece ase vaiziSTya Ahe kI badala, parivartanazIlatA ANi 'dhrauvya' yA dohoMnA tine ApalyA mUlabhUta DhAcAtaca kauzalyAne viNUna Thevale Ahe. 'sat' mhaNaje reality'ce svarUpaca jaina darzanAne 'kUTastha nitya' na mAnatA 'utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyayukta sat' ase mAnale Ahe. azI 'sat' dravye ekUNa sahA mAnalI Aheta. jagAtIla khar2yAkhur2yA astitvAta asaNAr2yA goSTIMcI vibhAgaNI SaD-dravyAMmadhye kelI Ahe. dravyAcI vyAkhyA-'guNaparyAyavad dravyam' azI Ahe. yAtIla 'paryAya' saMkalpaneta avasthAMtare, badala, parivartane yAlA bhakkama saiddhAMtika pArzvabhUmI Ahe. ____ vastUkaDe (vyaktIkaDe, ghaTanAMkaDe) pAhaNyAce cAra 'nikSepa'hI parivartanazIlatelA vAva deNAre Aheta. te mhaNaje dravya-kSetra-kAla-bhAva. anekAntavAdAcA siddhAMta tara theory of non-absolutism' agara theory of relativity mhaNUna suprasiddha Ahe. tyAcA adhika vistAra na karatA mhaNena kI 'jainatva abAdhita rAkhaNAre ghaTaka' ANi 'jaina samAjAtIla kAlAnusAra parivartane' yA dona mudyAMcA vicAra ANi tyAtIla susaMgatI dAkhavaNe he AjacyA mAjhyA bhASaNAce prayojana Ahe. (2) jainavidyekaDe pAhaNyAce abhyAsakAMce june prArUpa (model). te badalaNyAcI AvazyakatA ___ "muLAtalA jainadharma hA atyaMta saiddhAMtika, mUlagAmI va kaDaka asUna, sAhityAta, samAjAta ANi kalAnirmitIta, kelyA gelelyA taDajoDI hI sarva 'bhraSTarUpe' Aheta"-ase eka prArUpa jainavidyece dezI-videzI abhyAsaka, kayAsamora ThevUna mUlyAMkana karIta asata. gelyA dazakAta mhaNaje 21 vyA zatakAcyA AraMbhApAsUna he vaicArika prArUpa badalaNyAca AvazyakatA, abhyAsakAMnA vATU lAgalI. DaoN. jaoNna I. korTa, DaoN. paoNla DUnDAsa i. pAzcAtya vicAravaMtAMnI navIna vicArasaraNI prathama dRSTipathAta ANalI. vaidika dharmApAsUna purANAtIla hiMdudharmAparyaMta, tyA paraMpareta je badala, parivartane va avasthAMtare jhAlI, tyAcI aneka abhyAsakAMnI 'lavacika', 'samanvayavAdI' azA zabdAta bhalAvaNa kelI. hiMdUcyA vikasanazIla daivatazAstrAcA cikitsaka abhyAsa kelA. navIna badalAMnA svIkRtI dilI. __ hiMdU samAjAcyA atyaMta nikaTa rAhaNAr2yA, jaina samAjAne mAtra jyA cAlIrItI, zraddhA va devadevatA svIkAralyA, tyAbaddala jainAMmadhalyA sanAtanyAMnI pAkhaMDa mhaNUna hiNavale. vicAravaMtAMnIhI 'jainIkaraNa' 'jainIkaraNa' azI dUSaNe lAvalI. jainadharma ANi hiMdudharma yAMnA ase dona vegaLe nikaSa lAvAyace kA ? 'he sarva badala bAhya AcArabadala Aheta kI siddhAMtAzIhI taDajoDa kelI Ahe, yAcA punarvicAra hoNe atyaMta jarUrIce Ahe. (3) jaina tattvajJAna, dharma va AcAra TikaviNyAce mukhya AdhAra - 1) kuTuMba 2) svAdhyAya maMDaLe 3) sAdhusAdhvI varga aupacArika zikSaNa paddhatItUna jaina tattvajJAna, dharma va AcAra yAMce miLaNAre mArgadarzana javaLa-javaLa nagaNya Ahe. samAjahI alpasaMkhya Ahe. tarIhI he tinhI avyAhatapaNe 2600-2700 varSe TikUna rAhaNyAce mukhya AdhAra, vara varNana kelele tIna pramukha AdhArastaMbha Aheta. he AvhAna kharokharaca avaghaDa Ahe. dharmAcaraNAcI va siddhAMtAMcI

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mUlabhUta AvaDa asalyAzivAya, he TikUna rAhaNe duSkara Ahe. tyAmuLeca dravya-kSetra-kAla-bhAvAnusAra kAhI taDajoDa karataca, yA dharmAce astitva TikUna rAhile. (4) koNatyA goSTIMmuLe jaina samAja hiMdU bAMdhavAMcyA agadI javaLa AlA asA AbhAsa nirmANa hoto ? 1)maMdire, mUrtI, pratiSThA, pUjA : ___'saiddhAMtika dRSTIne nirIzvaravAdI asalelyA jainadharmIyAMnI maMdire, mUrtI, pratiSThA, pUjA i. nA ApalyA dharmAta kA bare sthAna dile ?'-asA kaLIcA prazna vAraMvAra vicAralA jAto. hiMdudharmAcA yAMvarIla prabhAva pUrNa nAkAratA yeNara nAhI. tathApi maMdirAcyA mukhya gAbhAr2yAta vItarAgI jinAMcI sthApanA karUna, tyAMcyA AdarzarUpa mAnavI guNAMcI pUja karaNe, hA yAmAgacA spaSTa hetU Ahe. bhaktI, zraddhA, pUjA yAMnA sthAna asale tarI te puNyabaMdhakAraka mAnale Ahe. siddhAMtAnusAra bhaktI, pUjA, guNAnuvAda, dAna i. sarva kRtye puNya bAMdhatAta paraMtu karmAMcI nirjarA karU zakata nAhIta. tyAsAThI jJAnapUrvaka kelelyA tapasyecI, zuddha AcaraNAcI ANi saMyamita vRttIMcI AvazyakatA Ahe, he pratyeka jaina vyaktI prAyaH samajUnaca asate. yakSa-yakSiNI, vidyAdevatA, zAsanadevatA i. muLe kadAcita aihika lAbha hoU zakatIla (arthAt tehI karmaphalAnusAra). paraMtu AdhyAtmika pragatIsAThI devadevatA pUjana pratyakSa sahAyyabhUta hoU zakata nAhI. 2) saNa-vAra-utsavAta sahabhAga : ___hiMdU bAMdhavAMcyA saNa-vAra-utsavAta jaina bAMdhavAMcA sahabhAga hA nivvaLa sAmAjika kAraNAne asato, dhArmika navhe. arthAtaca kAhI apavAda asU zakatAta. akSayatRtIyA, divALI i. prasaMgI AvarjUna, jaina itihAsAtIla vyaktIMce va ghaTanAMce smaraNa kele jAte. 3) cAturmAsa va itara vrate : ___ hiMdUMcyA va jainAMcyA cAturmAsAcyA paddhatIta sAmprata kALAtahI barAca pharaka disato. jainAMcyA cAturmAsAta tapa ANi upavAsAlA vizeSa mahattva asate. hiMdU vrate prAya: pUjAvidhI va bhojanavidhIcyA saMbaMdhita asatAta. muLAtaca 'vrata' hA zabda jaina paraMpareta mahAvrate va zrAvakavrate (aNuvrate) yAMcyAzIca joDalelA Ahe. icchita goSTIcyA pratIsAThI kelelI tAtkAlika vrate jainAMmadhye tyAmAnAne atyalpa Aheta. tyApekSA dainaMdina, cAturmAsika athavA vArSika mayama grahaNa karUna to pALaNyAkaDe adhika kala disato. 4) aneka saMpradAya-upasaMpradAya : anekAMtavAdI jainadharmAtIla zvetAMbara-digaMbara matabheda ANi phATAphUTa hoUna nighAlele itara saMpradAya, yAbaddala abhyAsaka anekadA AkSepa ghetAta. phATAphuTIce samarthana karaNyAcA yethe uddeza nAhI. paraMtu zaiva, vaiSNava, mAhezvarI, liMgAyata, nAthapaMthI, vArakarI, rAmAnujI ANi itarahI asaMkhya upasaMpradAya asUnahI, jevhA te sarvajaNa hiMdU mhaNUna saMbodhale jAtAta, tevhA samAna saiddhAMtika AdhAra asaNAre saMpradAya aneka asale tarI, jainadharmAcyA ekatvAlA bAdhA yeNyAce kAhIca kAraNa nAhI. zivAya Adhunika kALAta yAca kAraNAsAThI dharma ANi jAta yA donhI zIrSakAkhAlI phakta jaina' ase lihAve, ase AvhAna karaNyAta yete. tyAlA uttama pratisAdahI miLata Ahe kAraNa jaina yuvApiDhIlA saMpradAya-upasaMpradAyAtIla hI teDha ajibAta mAnya nAhI. yetyA dazakabharAtaca tyAce pariNAma disaNyAcI sucihne jANavU lAgalI Aheta.

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(5) vyApAra va zetIvyavasAyAmuLe nirmANa jhAlelI aMgabhUta vaiziSTye a) sAkSaratece sarvAdhika pramANa : bhAratIya janagaNanecyA ahavAlAnusAra jaina samAjAta sAkSaratece pramANa sarvAdhika Ahe. tyAtahI mahilAMcyA sAkSaratece pramANa javaLa-javaLa zata-pratizata Ahe. vyApAra ANi hizeba ThevaNe hI tara kAraNe Ahetaca paraMtu AdinAtha RSabhadevAMnI ApalyA kanyA brAhmI va suMdarI yAMnA lipI vijJAna ANi gaNita yAMce zikSaNa dile hote, hI aitihAsika dhAraNAhI yAmAgacI pArzvabhUmI asAvI. ba) jethe jAtIla tethIla samAjAzI ekarUpa : bha. mahAvIrAMcyA kAryapravRttI prAmukhyAne magadhAta hotyA mhaNaje aMga-vaMga ANi kaliMga yA prAcIna bhAratIya pradezAta to sarvaprathama pasaralA. jaina itihAsAnusAra tyAnaMtara to pazcimekaDe va dakSiNekaDehI prasRta jhAlA. vizeSa goSTa azI kI vyApArAmuLe va dhADasI svabhAvAmuLe jaina samAja bhAratabhara va bhAratAbAherahI pasarata rAhilA. viziSTa pradezAzI nigaDita nasalyAmuLe, tyA tyA pradezAcI bhASA, cAlIrItI, poSAkha i. hI svIkArIta gelA. evaDhe sAmAjika abhisaraNa hoUnahI jainadharmIyAMnI ApalI pRthagAtmakatA neTAne japalI. ka) bhASika vaiziSTye : dharma ANi AcAra hA samAjAcyA sarva starAMparyaMta pohocaNyAsAThIca, jaina tIrthaMkarAMnI Apale upadeza 'prAkRta' bhASemadhye dile hote. bha. mahAvIrAMce prAcIna upadeza 'ardhamAgadhI' bhASeta Aheta. prAkRta yA bolIbhASA asalyAmuLe tyA saMpUrNa bhAratAta AraMbhApAsUnaca vividha hotyA. bhASecI sthaLAnusAra ANi kALAnusAra hoNArI sagaLI parivartane, jainadharmAne sakArAtmakatene svIkAralI. ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, saMskRta ANi apabhraMza yA pAcahI bhASetUna graMthanirmitI kelI. 10 vyA zatakAnaMtara gujarAtI, hiMdI, marAThI kannaDa yA cAra bhASAMmadhIla mULa sAhityAlA bharIva yogadAna dile. mahattvAcI goSTa azI kI, Apale sarva mUlagAmI tattvajJAna veLoveLI tyAMnI yA bhASAMcyA mAdhyamAtUna samAjAparyaMta jhirapavale. jaina samAjAce he vaiziSTyaca Ahe kI to tIna-cAra bhASA tarI sahajapaNe bolU zakato. arthAtaca bahubhASitvAce he varadAna jaina sAdhu-sAdhvI-vargAmadhye tara adhikaca vizeSatvAne disate. Da) rAjakIya praNAlIMzI sAmopacArAce dhoraNa : jainAMcA prAcIna, madhyayugIna ANi Adhunika bhAratIya itihAsa vAcatAnA he jANavate kI, yA tinhI kALAta tyAMnI rAjakIya praNAlIMzI sAmopacArAce dhoraNa Thevale. i.sa.pUrva 200 madhye hoUna gelelA samrATa khAravela' janmAne jaina hotA ase kaliMga arthAta Adhunika orisAtIla hAthIguMphA' zilAlekhAvarUna spaSTa hote. gujarAtetIla zaivArajA, vanarAja cAvaDA jainAnukUla hotA. cAlukya rAjA kumArapAla pUrNataH jaina zrAvaka hotA. dakSiNetIla kadaMba, gaMga, rASTrakUTa, cAlukya ANi hoyasALa he rAjehI jaina sAdhuvarga va zrAvakavargAlA anukUla hote. hyA sarva rAjavaTIta rAjakIya praNAlIMzI sAmopacArAce dhoraNa ThevaNe tyAmAnAne sope hote. mughala rAjAMcyA AkramaNAnaMtara tapAgaccha ANi 'kharataragacchA'cyA sAdhuvargAne tyAMcyAzI salokhyAce saMbaMdha Thevale. jinaprabhasUrIMcyA aMgI asalelyA zaktI va siddhIMcA prabhAva, 'mahammada taghalakA'vara hotA ase disUna yete. tyAmuLeca jinaprabhasUrIMnI mughala rAjavaTa cAlU asatAnAhI, aneka jaina maMdirAMcyA ubhAraNIta puDhAkAra gheUna jainasaMghAcI va dharmAcI khUpa prabhAvanA kelI. tyAcyA AzrayAne 'vividhatIrthakalpa'sArakhyA vaiziSTyapUrNa sAhityAcI nirmitIhI kelI. 16 vyA zatakAta samrATa akabarA'cA darabArAta A. 'hIravijayasUrIMnA sanmAnAce sthAna hote. samrATa akabarAne ApalyA saMpUrNa sAmrAjyAta paryuSaNaparvakLAta kattalakhAne baMda ThevaNyAcI AjJA dilI hotI. zikArIlAhI baMdI ghAtalI hotI. bAdazAha jahAMgira'nehI akabarAnaMtara heca dhoraNa Thevale hote. 20 vyA zatakAcyA prAraMbhI hoUna gelelyA baDodyAcyA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADAMvarahI

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tapAgacchAcyA 'buddhisAgarasUrIM'cyA ahiMsAvicArAcA pagaDA hotA. ___puDhIla kALAta jaina ANi yuropiyana yAMce sAmAjika, Arthika saMbaMdha nehamIca salokhyAce rAhile. briTIza rAjavaTItahI jaina samAjAne Bankers, Traders and Merchants yAMcyA rUpAne Arthika kSetrAta cAMgalI kAmagirI bajAvalI. 19 vyA zatakAcyA uttarArdhApAsUna briTana, AphrikA ANi amerikA yA khaMDAta vyApArAnimitta pohocalele loka bahutAMzI jainaca hote. yA khaMDAta pohocalyAnaMtara tyAMnI ApoApaca saMghaTanA bAMdhUna, maMdiranirmitI vaabhyAsakeMdre sthApalI. yazasvI vyApArAbarobaraca zAkAhAra, ahiMsA ANi zAMtatA yAMcyA prasArAce kAma, ApApalyA zaktInusAra cAlU Thevale. ___ yA saMkSipta itihAsAvarUna ase disUna yete kI sAmopacArAce dhoraNa ThevaNyAsAThI, svata:ta veLoveLI badala ghaDavUna ANaNyAcI jI zaktI lAgate, tI jainAMnI paraMparAgata dharmAtUna cAlata AlelyA tattvajJAnAcyA caukaTItUna miLavilI. (6) parivartane cAlU asatAnAca jainAMnI japalele 'jainatva' : ___ vara vara pAhatA samAjAzI ekarUpa jhAlyAsArakhe disaNAre jaina loka, koNakoNatyA bAbatIta ApalyA jainatvAcI cihna japUna Aheta, yA viSayAce kAhI mudde, mAjhyA 25 varSAMcyA nirIkSaNAcyA AdhAre namUda karIta Ahe. 1) ahiMsece AhArAta pratyakSIkaraNa : ahiMsAtattvAcA dainaMdina vyavahArAta sUkSma vApara karata asatAnA, jainAMnI prathama svata:cyA AhArAta pUrNa ahiMsA ANalI. zAkAhArAcyA aMtargatahI pratyeka vanaspatijIvAcA sUkSma vicAra karUna, aneka prakAracyA saMyama va maryAdA sAMgitalyA. Adhunika kALAtahI deza-videzI mizanarI vRttIne zAkAhAra caLavaLa cAlU ThevalI. tyA caLavaLIlA sakArAtmaka pAThiMbAhI miLata Ahe. 2) 'ApalA samAja'-azI saMghabhAvanA : sAmAjikatA japata asatAnAca svata: alpasaMkhya asalyAmuLe dharmAcyA samAnatecyA AdhAre, choTyA-moThyA saMghaTanA ubhyA karUna, tyA dvAre ApalyA ANi itara samAjAcyA hitAcI kAme karaNyAcI eka sarvasAdhAraNa pravRttI, jaina mANasAmadhye mUlata:ca rujalelI asate. dharma ANi AcAra TikUna rAhaNyAsAThI, azA choTyA-moThyA saMghaTanA ApoApaca kAryarata asatAta. 3) sAdhu-sAdhvI vargAce tulanene kATekora AcaraNa : pAyI vihAra, vastra-pAtra maryAdA, sacitta sevanAcA tyAga, rAtribhojanatyAga i. aneka prakArace kaDaka athavA kaThora AcaraNa itara dharmIyAMcyA tulaneta, jaina sAdhu-sAdhvIvarga kATekorapaNe karIta asalelA disato. veLoveLI yAmadhye zithilatA ANaNyAcI carcAhI hota rAhate. paraMtu jainatva japaNyAsAThI aMtimata: he kaDaka AcaraNa upayuktaca Tharate. 4) dAna-madata-sevA yAMce saiddhAMtika sthAna : 'jIvo jIvasya jIvanam' yA vacanAmadhye 'ekAne dusar2yAcyA jivAvara jagaNe', asA bhAva vizeSatvAne disato. jaina tattvajJAnAta jIvAce kAryAnusArI lakSaNa detAnA 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm' ase dile jAte. yA lakSaNAta sarva prakAracyA jIvajAtIprajAtIMnI ekamekAMnA jagAyalA paraspara sahakArya karaNyAcA bhAva asalyAmuLe arthAtaca dAna, madata, sevA i.nA bhakkama saiddhAMtika AdhAra lAbhato. pariNAmI sarva prakAracyA Arthika starAtIla jaina vyaktIMnA manApAsUna dAna deNyAcI urmI vizeSa karUna disUna yete.

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5) 'paMdharA karmAdAna' arthAt niSiddha vyavasAya : jaina zrAvakAcArAta, 'koNate vyavasAya karAveta va koNate karU nayeta', yAbAbata mArgadarzana ADhaLate. zrAvakAcArAtIla paMdharAhI niSiddha vyavasAya Adhunika paristhitIta niSiddha TharavatA yeta nAhIta. tarIhI madya, mAMsa, kAtaDe, ziMga, kesa, rezIma, hastidaMta, mAsemArI i. pratyakSa hiMsAdhAra vyavasAyAMmadhye jaina vyaktI sahajI praveza karIta nAhI. niSiddha vyavasAyAMviSayIce he saMketa bar2yAca aMzI pALalyAmuLe, jainetarAMnA he prAMta khule rAhile. pariNAmI vyApaka samAjahitAcyA dRSTIne te hitakArakaca Tharale. 6) tapa, upavAsa va niyama grahaNa yAMnA vizeSa sthAna : ____ mahAvratAMce pUrNa pAlana karaNe, zrAvakAlA zakya nasalyAne yathAzaktI dharma pAlana karaNArA pratyeka zrAvaka, prAya: viziSTa dhArmika kAlAvadhIta tarI nakkIca tapa, upavAsa athavA viziSTa goSTIMcyA tyAgAcA niyama grahaNa karato. ase yathAzaktI niyama pAlana 'jainatvA'cI oLakha mhaNUnaca gaNalI pAhije. 7) kSamApanA : paryuSaNaparvAnaMtara jaina samAjAkaDUna pALalA jANArA kSamApanecA divasa hA saMvarAce sAdhana asalelyA dazavidhadharmApekI eka sadguNa jo 'kSamA'-tyAcyA AcArAtmaka pratibiMbAvara AdhAralelA Ahe. 8) zrAddha, pitara, piMDa va itara tatsama cAlIrItIMcA abhAva : vedakALApAsUna Adhunika kALAparyaMta zrAddha, pitara, piMDa, va itara cAlIrItI hA hiMdU samAjAcA eka AvibhAjya ghaTaka banalelA Ahe. zaharIkaraNAmuLe hiMdUsamAjAtIla yA cAlI kAhIzA kamI disata asalyA tarI, madhyama choTI gAve, kheDI i. madhye yAMce prAya: pAlana kele jAte. agadI turaLaka apavAda vagaLatA jaina samAjAne he vidhI ucalalele nAhIta. tyAce kAraNa tyAMcyA punarjanmaviSayaka siddhAMtAta Ahe. jIvAne dehatyAga kelyAnaMtara kAhI kSaNAtaca to dusare zarIra dhAraNa karato. tyAmuLe pitara, piMDa, zrAddha i.nA muLIsuddhA vAva rahAta nAhI. hyA spaSTa saiddhAMtika mAnyateta badala karaNyAcI AvazyakatA jaina samAjAlA koNatyAhI kALAta vATalI nAhI. 9) jaina tattvajJAnAcA vijJAnAnukUlatecyA dizene abhyAsa : jaina tattvajJAnAcI paryAvaraNarakSaNAlA asalelI anukUlatA, paramANu-siddhAMtAcA navA anvayArtha, gotra-karmAcA AnuvaMzazAstrAzI asalelA saMbaMdha, sammUrchimajIva ANi kloniMga, jaina tattvajJAnAtUna miLaNAre utkrAMtivAdAlA anukUla ase saMketa-hyA ANi azA aneka vaijJAnika dizAMnI jainavidyecyA saMzodhanAce prayatna cAlU Aheta. jainavidyecyA abhyAsAlA Adhunika kALAta miLata cAlalele he abhinava vaLaNa, atyaMta AzAdAyI ANi tattvajJAnAcI mahattA adhorekhita karaNAre Ahe. 7) kALAcyA oghAta nirmANa jhAlele doSa : AttAparyaMtacyA varNanAvarUna ase vATela kI jainatva japaNyAsAThI kelele sarva badala sakArAtmakaca Aheta kI kAya ? arthAtaca he khare nAhI. badala-parivartana karUna gheta asatAnA svAbhAvikapaNe doSa he udbhavaNAraca. ___ 'gahamayura' vRttI, saMpradAya-saMpradAyAta kApaNA-vaimanasya-teDha, Arthika ghoTALyAMzI saMbaMdha, dAnAta daDalelI dimAkha dAkhaviNyAcI vRttI, samAraMbhI baDejAva-DAmaDaula, 'aho rUpaM aho dhvaniH' -azA prakAre puraskArAMcI lacela, sAmAjika pratiSThece daDapaNa, hAva athavA aTTAhAsa, jaina soDUna je itara te pAkhaMDa'-azI vRttI, Arthika bharabharIsAThI sAdhu-buvA-jyotiSAMkaDe ghetalelI dhAva-he ANi itarahI aneka doSa jaina samAjAbAbata dRSTotpattIsa ANUna dile

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jAtAta ANi yetIla. ____ paraMtu yAtIla kityeka doSa ase Aheta kI je kALAcyA oghAta ekaMdara samAjAtaca khatapANI ghAlUna jopAsalele Aheta, kevaLa jaina' asalyAmuLe Alele nAhIta. bhraSTAcAra hAca ziSTAcAra' azA sArvatrika naitika adha:patanAcyA kALAta he jaina-he jainetara' azI taphAvata karUna Thokata rahANe ucita navhe. ___ atyaMta varacA malaIdAra stara (creamy layer) ANi nimna stara he vagaLatA sAmAnyata: jaina samAja dharmapremI, kauTuMbika va aMtargata bhAvanika saMbaMdha japaNArA, saMkaTakALI tatparatene madatIsAThI puDhe hoNArA, taDajoDavAdI ANi itarAMzI ekarUpa hotA hotA svata:ce 'jainatva' japaNyAcI tArevaracI kasarata karaNArA asA Ahe. te badala ANi parivartane to sahaja svIkArato je mUlabhUta tattvajJAnAcyA caukaTIzI susaMgata TharatAta. tattvajJAnAce abhyAsaka sAmAnyataH samajatAta tase 'jaina' mhaNaje kevaLa 'jaina darzana' navhe. hI eka svAyatta, prAcIna paraMparA Ahe. tyA paraMparelA ticA mhaNUna khAsa itihAsa, tattvajJAna, sAhitya, AcArapraNAlI ANi kalAnirmitIcI preraNA Ahe. yA sarva prAMtAta jainAMnI bhAratIya saMskRtIlA dilele yogadAna, 'saMkhyAbala' pAhatA, kharokharaca lakSaNIya Ahe !!! **********

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15. jaina cAturmAsa : kAhI nirIkSaNe, prazna va apekSA (svAnaMda mahilA saMsthA, puNe, carcAsatra, jAnevArI 2008) (jaina sAdhu AcArAta, varSabharAcA vihAra thAMbavUna, pAvasALyAce cAra mahine ekA ThikANI rAhaNyAce vidhAna Ahe. bha. mahAvIrAMcyA caritrAta tyAMcyA sAdhu jIvanAtIla 30 cAturmAsAMce varNana ardhamAgadhI va jaina mahArASTrI yAta yete. prastuta lekha hA puNe parisarAtIla zvetAMbara sthAnaka vAsIMcyA cAturmAsAvara prAmukhyAne AdhArita Ahe. yAtIla nirIkSaNe, prazna va apekSA sumAre 100 jaina gRhiNIMcyA carcetUna puDhe AlyA Aheta. vAcakAMnA kAhI mate na paTalyApta tyAvarUna vAdaMga nirmANa karU naye ; hI apekSA.) Aja pracalita asalelA vaidika hiMdU (paurANika, devatApradhAna va bhaktipradhAna) dharma ANi jaina dharma yAMcyAta eravI phArase uThUna na disaNAre bheda cAturmAsAcyA veLI agadI spaSTa disUna yeU lAgatAta. hiMdU striyAMmadhye vrana pUjAMcI lATa usaLate. zrAvaNa-bhAdrapadAta tara pratyeka divazI hiMdU strI saNavArAMsAThI dhAvapaLa karatAnA disate. moThyA zaharAta dhAvapaLIcyA AyuSyAtahI sAmAnyata: striyA, navavivAhita mulI zivAmUTha, maMgaLAgaura, satyanArAyaNa, haritAlikA, gaNezasthApanA-visarjana, anaMtavrata ityAdi vrate karatAnA disatAta. choTyA zaharAta ANi gAvAta tara hI vrate va pUjA adhika utsAhAne va manApAsUna sAjar2yA hotAta. TharAvika divazI khicaDI, bhagara, ratALI i. khAUna upavAsa, saNAvArAla snAna vagaire karUna bharapUra svayaMpAka, naivedya, phaLe-phule-patrI goLA karUna devAlA vahANe ityAdi goSTI surUhotAta. dUradarzanacyA mAlikAMmadhye baghUna-baghUna, taruNa-taruNIhI saNAvArAlA gaNapatI, sAIbAbA azA ThikANI lAMbalacaka rAMgA lAvUna darzana ghetAnA disatAta. jaina gRhiNI mAtra gharAtale vyApa, svayaMpAka kamI karUna sthAnaka-maMdirAtIla kAryakramAMnA, pravacanAMnA hajerI lAvU lAgatAta. paryuSaNAta tara zakyato kaMdamuLe, pAlebhAjyA, moDAcI kaDadhAnye varNya mAnatAta. eravI zAMta asaNAyA sthAnaka va maMdirAta utsAhAcA mahApUra yeto. nimaMtrita sAdhu-sAdhvI TharalelyA ThikANI virAjamAna hotAta. kamiTyA sthApana kelyA jAtAta. supta puruSavargAmadhyehI caitanya saLasaLU lAgate. vargaNyA kADhalyA jAtAta. tyA anekadA lAkhAtIha asU zakatAta. vegavegaLyA kAryakramAMsAThI spaoNnsararsacA zodha ghetalA jAto. vidhipUrvaka upavAsa athavA niyama ghetale jAtAta. moThamoThe maMDapa paDatAta. zekaDo baeNnarsa lAgatAta. dhArmika sAhityAce sTaoNlsa sajatAta. anekAMcyAnAvAnizI pATyA jhaLakU lAgatAta. dhArmika kAryakramAMbarobaraca sAmAjika kAmAMnA, karamaNUkIcyA kAryakramAMnA va zibiAMnAhI udhANa yete. azA prakArace cAturmAsa varSAnuvarSa cAlU Aheta.ApaNa prathama yAce kAhI phAyade pAhU - 1) jaina samUhAlA ekatrita yeNyAce eka ThikANa miLate. ekIbhAvanA TikUna rahAte. 2) pAvasALyAmuLe itaratra phArase hiMDatA phiratA yeta nAhI. tyAmuLe sthAnaka-maMdirAta naTUna-thaTUna jANyAcA utsAha vADhato. 3) yuvaka-yuvatI, lahAna mule i. nA dhArmika prathAMcI mAhitI hote. tyAMcyAvara jaina dharmAce va sAmAjikatece saMskA hotAta. saMyamAce zikSaNa miLate. 4) vegavegaLyA spardhAMmuLe sarvAMcyA kalAguNAMnA vAva miLato. pAritoSike bharapUra asalyAne protsAhana miLate. 5) sAmAjika pratiSThA vADhate. 6) dAna deNyAcI bhAvanA nirmANa hote. 7) netRtvaguNAlA vAva miLato. ekaMdarIta, jarA dhAvapaLa jhAlI tarI cAturmAsa havAhavAsA vATato. carcetUna puDhe AlelI kAhI spaSTa mate va nirIkSaNe : 1) 'koNAcA cAturmAsa adhika yazasvI jhAlA ?' - azA carcA surU hotAta. moThamoThe mAMDava, moThe bajeTa, thATamATa,

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gardI, jevaNAvaLI i. nikaSa tyAsAThI vAparale jAtAta. 2) gelyA kAhI varSAta yAca kAraNAne sAdhu-sAdhvIMcI oDha zaharI bhAgAkaDe vADhalI Ahe. choTyA gAvAMnA, kheDyAMnA sAdhu-sAdhvIMcyA satsaMgAcA lAbha hota nAhI. (arthAt tyAmuLe svAdhyAyI zrAvaka-zrAvikAMnA bharapUra vAva miLatA) 3) TharAvika ThikANI TharAvika lokAMce varcasva varSAnuvarSe rahAte. vAva na miLAlele loka asaMtuSTa rahAtAta, ___ ApoApaca dUra jAtAta. 4) sAdhu-sAdhvIMcyA puDhe puDhe karaNyAcI ahamahamikA surU hote. 5) prabhAvanA mhaNUna khAdyavastU, pustake va bhojanAMce Ayojana kele jAte. navyA piDhIlA yA goSTI nirarthaka vATatata. 6) bAlaka, gRhiNI, yuvaka-yuvatI, sunA, joDapI azA vegavegaLyA gaTAMsAThI zibire Ayojita kelI jAtAta. __ anekadA vegavegaLyA maMDaLAMcI sthApanA hote. cAturmAsAnaMtara tyAta koNateca sAtatya rahAta nAhI. 7) sTejavara rAjakIya puDhAr2yAMnA va spaoNnsararsacyA () basavUna tyAMcI stuti-stotre gAyalI jAtAta. zAlI, mALA va momeMTo deUna satkArAMce kAryakrama itake raTALa kele jAtAta kI atizaya kaMTALavANe vATU lAgate.sTejavara bharamasATha satkAra ANi zrotyAMmadhye ApasAta gappA va carcA surU rahAtAta. 8) sthAnika lokAMmadhye AdhIca kAhI svAdhyAya maMDaLe, dhArmika-zaikSaNika kArya cAlU asate. tyAMcI muLIca dakhala ghetalI nAhI athavA tyAMcyAviSayI tucchatAvAda vyakta kelA tara AdhIce cAMgale upakrama baMda paDatAta. navIna tara TikU zakataca nAhIta. aneka varSe cAlU asalele sanmati-tIrtha ce prAkRta va jenaoNlaoNjIce klAsesa 4-5 gAvAlarI azA prakAre baMda jhAle Aheta. 9) kAhI ThikANI jaina samAja jAsta asato. kAhI ThikANI mojakI ghare asatAta. gRhiNI adhika vyasta jhAlyA Aheta. gocarIce niyamahI anekAMnA mAhIta nasatAta. tyAtUnaca maga sAdhu-sAdhvIMnA gocarIce Taima-Tebala deNe, Tiphina pohocatA karaNe - azA prathA surU hotAta. tyA anekadA soyIskara TharatAta. aneka mahilAMce asehI mata paDale kI sAdhu-sAdhvIMnA yogya asA sAdhA, prAsaka AhAra eke ThikANI banavUna dyAvA. 'bhikSAcaryA' cyA niyamAta basata nasalyAne ase karatA yeta nAhI - yA matAcA puraskAra itarAMnI kelA. sAdhuMnA bhikSA deNyAcA vidhI navIna piDhIlA mAhIta hoNyAsAThI gocarIcI AvazyakatA Ahe - asehI mata kAhIMnI sAMgitale 10) ApApalI pIThe athavA saMsthA sthApana karaNe, tyAsAThI AvAhana karUna paisA ubhA karaNe, tyAtUna sAmAjika, dhArmika kAme karaNe - azI lATahI kAhI varSAMmadhye sAdhu-sAdhvIMmadhye pasarata Ahe. kAhI zrotyAMnI yA svAMnA, 'saMnyAsadharmAlA ayogya asA parigraha ase nAva dile. kAhIMnI tyA nidhItUna zALA-kaoNleja, haoNspiTalasa, anAthAlaye, aMdha-paMgu-Azrama, graMthAlaye i. ubhe rahAta asalyAsa, tI navyA kALAcI garaja mAnUna pAThiMbA dilA. tyAtUnaca sAdhudharmAce dhyeya 'AtmakalyANa' kI 'samAjasevA' asA prazna upasthita jhAlA. 'sAdhUMnI dhArmika va AdhyAtmika prAMtAta kArya karAve, samAjonnatIcA viSaya samAjasevakAMvara sopavAvA - asAhI eka vicAra puDhe AlA. 'eka gharasaMsAra soDUna yA moThyA prapaMcAcI ulADhAla kazAsAThI karAyacI ? hA praznahI vicAralA gelA. 'dIna-du:khI va garajUMcI sevA hA kAya jaina-dharma-pAlanAcA eka mArga nAhI kA ? asA prativAda kelA gelA. tyAnaMtara carcA puDhacyA mudyAkaDe vaLalI. 11) kAhI mahilAMnI tyAMcyA manAtIla zalye mokaLepaNAne bolUna dAkhavilI. * Apale netRtvaguNa jarA uAkhavile kI sAdhu-sAdhvI Agraha karUna azA kAhI avaghaDa jabAbadAr2yA aMgAvara TAkatAta kI te 'avaghaDa jAgecaM dukhaNaM' banate. maga tyAMnA TALaNyAkaDe kala hoU lAgato. * anekAMcI apekSA asate kIApaNa tyAMcA jethe jethe cAturmAsa asela tethe tethe jAUna tyAMcyA saMparkAta rahAvehe tara azakyaca asate. * prAkRta bhASA kiMvA kAhI tatvajJAnaviSayaka zaMkA gheUna ApaNa gelo tara tyAviSayI carcA karAyalA puresA veLa tedeU zakata nAhIta. tyAveLI janasaMparka khUpaca asato.

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* taruNa mulAmulIMnA agadI gaLa ghAlUna, khecUna nele tara tyAMcI veSabhUSA, kezabhUSA, dhArmika pAThAMtarAcA abhAva yAba TIkA TippaNI kelyAne mulAMcI mane dukhAvatAta. khANyApiNyAcyA goSTI soDaNyAcyA zapathA gheNehI mulAMna rucata nAhI. pravacanAMnA yAyalA tara yuvaka-yuvatI nArAjaca asatAta. tyAMcyA kathA-kahANyA boara hotAta, navIna Thosa mudde koNateca nasatAta' asA muddAhI mule upasthita karatAta. * pati-patnI doghehI khUpa utsAhAne roja sAmIla jhAle tara gharAtIla vaDIladhAre va mulebALe yAMcI khUpa AbALa hote 'gRhiNIdharma' soDUna mI ase vAgU kA ? - asA prazna satAvato. * sAdhu-sAdhvIMnI B.A.; M.A. kiMvA Ph.D. hoNyAsa AmacI kAya harakata asaNAra ? paraMtu parIkSecA phaoNrma bharaNe, noTs miLavUna deNe, parIkSecI tayArI karUna gheNe i. sAThI te ekAca goSTIsAThI 3-4 jaNAMnA gaLa ghAlatAta. tyAMnAsatata aneka goSTIMcA puravaThA karaNyAsAThI khUpa tArAMbaLa uDate. * 'gaNapatI utsavAce kAryakrama' ANi 'paryuSaNAce kAryakrama yAta javaLajavaLa kAhIca pharaka uralelA nAhI. maga 'AmacyA gharAzejArace manoraMjanAce kAryakrama AmhI kA aTeMDa karU naye ? - hA praznahI vicAralA gelA. dhArmika uddiSTAMzI saMbaMdhita asalele nivvaLa manoraMjanAtmaka kAryakrama ThevU nayeta - ase ekamatAne zrotyAMnI sAMgmile. * itakyA prakAracI pravacanAMcI pustake, sI.DI., DI.vhI.DI., svata:ce phoTo chApalelyA vahyA-pensa yAsaMbaMdhIbhanekAMnI nArAjI vyakta kelI. dhArmika pustakAMcyA lAkhoMnI pratI kADhUna, jANatyA-neNatyAMnA sarasakaTa vATaNyAne zsatragraMthAMcI 'AzAtanA' ca hote ase mata aneka mahilAMnI vyakta kele. __ 'ANakhI vIsa varSAMnI cAturmAsAce svarUpa kase asela ? yA praznAvara, 'AttA jyA prakAre cAlalA Ahe tasA nakkIca nasela' ase sarvasaMmata uttara mihAle. tyAcyA kholAta ziralyAvara puDhIla vicAra noMdavile gele. * zrAvaka jase badalalele, navIna vicArAMce asatIla taseca sAdhUhI navIna vicArAMce asatIla. * pravacana agadI 1 tAsAce - jJAnavardhaka va mAhitI deNAre asela. tyAnaMtara sarvajaNa ApApalyA udyogAlA jAtIla. * cAra mahinyAMcyA jAgI ekatrita parvavidhI phakta ATha divasAMcA asela. * khANyApiNyAce kaDaka niyama navI piDhI bahadhA ATha divasa pALela. * hAra-ture, satkAra-gaurava va raTALa bhASaNe yAMnA phATA miLela. * zvetAMbara-digaMbara-sthAnakavAsI5terA paMthI he bheda bareca kamI jhAlele asatIla. jaina' ekatecI bhAvanA vADhela. * navI piDhI adhika satyapriya, nirNayakSama va avaDaMbara-rahita Ahe. zAkAhAra, sacoTI, dharmaprema va kuTuMbaprema he kyama rAkhUna tI piDhI cAturmAsAlA naveca rUpa prApta karUna deIla - yA asIma AzAvAdI vicArAMnI carcAsatrAcA zevaTa jhAlA.

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16. jaina dharmagraMthAMta strIce sthAna (dazalakSaNaparvAnimitta vizeSa vyAkhyAna, koparagAva, sapTeMbara 2008) gelI 50 varSe saMpUrNa jagAta ANi gelI 10 varSe bhAratAta, strImuktIcyA caLavaLIne phAraca jora dharalelA disato. gelyA kAhI dazakAta vicAravaMtAMnI yA viSayAvara itake kAhI likhANa kele Ahe kI, strImuktIsaMbaMdhIcyA sAhiyAce eka svataMtra graMthAlaya hoU zakate. puNyAsArakhyA zaharAta azI svataMtra graMthAlaye Aheta. alikaDe samAjAtIla pratyeka ghaTaka kadhI navhe evaDhA jAgRta jhAlA Ahe, azA paristhitIta mahilA suddhA ApApalyA saMghaTanA majabUta karU lAgalyA Aheta. muMbaIta-mahAgAI pratikAra samitI, bhAratIya mahilA pheDarezana, puNyAta-samAjavAdI mahilA sabhA, mahilA saMparka samitI, nArI samatA maMca, dillIta-mahilA sabhA, mahilA dakSatA samitI, janavAdI mahilA sabhA, iMDiyana kaunsila phaoNra phaeNmilI velpheara, taseca vividha choTyA moThyA rAjyAta grAmINa pAtaLIvarahI mahilA saMsthA kAryarata Aheta. ApalyA parIne yA saMsthA huMDA-bekArI-balAtkAra ityAdi aneka anyAyAviruddha AvAja uThavIta Aheta. samAjAtIla puruSapradhAnatA he kAhI kevaLa bhAratIyAMce vaiziSTya nAhI. itihAsAta DokAvale tara ekhAdA apavAda vagaLatA, saMpUrNa jagabharAtaca azI puruSapradhAnatA disate. strImuktIcA laDhA puruSAMcyA viruddha ubhAralele baMDa Ahe kA ? puruSAMpAsUna muktI miLaviNyAcyA nAdAta bharakaTalele, ekAkI jIvana ApaNa jagU icchito kA ? sarva dezAMcyA bahAsAta ase disate kI, strI-jAgRtIcyA kAryAlA AraMbha puruSAMcyA puDhAkArAne jhAlA Ahe. gulAmagirIviruddhacA laDhA gulAma nasalelyAMnIca AraMbhilA. kAmagAra laDhyAbAbatahI heca jhAle. strImuktI hI puruSAMpAsUna paLa kADhaNyAsAThI nasUna tyAMcyA sahakAryAne vyaktimatvAcA vikAsa karUna gheNyAcI eka saMthagatIcI kriyA Ahe. ase satata jANavate. strImuktIcyA caLavaLIlA yogya te adhiSThAna prApta hoNyAsAThI bhAratAcyA gata itihAsAta strIce koNate sthAna hote te prathama pAhU. vaidika va bauddha paraMparetIla sthAna saMkSepAne pAhU va tyAnaMtara jaina dharmagraMthAMta vizeSata: 11 AgraMthAMta pratibiMbita jhAlele sthAna pAhU. vaidika dharmAta strI : vedakALAta AraMbhI, dharmAce svarUpa karmakAMDAtmaka va guMtAguMtIce navhate. vaidika sUkte racaNe, upanayana, yajJa aza prasaMgI striyAMcA barobarIcA sahabhAga asAvA ase disate. kAhI mojakyA ullekhAMvarUna striyAMcyA uccasthAnAviSayI nirvivAda vidhAne karaNe zakya nAhI. veda va brAhmaNakALAta saMnyAsAcI va mokSAcI carcA ADhaLata nAhI. upaniSadAta AtmavidyecI carcA yete. paraMtu striyAMcyA saMdarbhAta mokSAcI carcA ADhaLata nAhI. striyAMcyA dhArmika va sAmAjika sthAnAta yAnaMtara jhapATyAne vhAsa surU jhAlelA disato. bahupatnItvAcI cAla, striyAMce vivAhAce vaya ghaTaNe, upanayana i. saMskArAMcA va maMtroccAraNAcA haLUhaLU naSTa jhAlelA hakka yA sarvAMcA pariNAma mhaNUna, i.sa.pU.500 cyA sumArasa dharmAcI dvAre striyAMsAThI baMda jhAlyAce ApaNAsa disate. vividha smRtIMmadhye yAce paDasAda umaTalele disatAta. jaina va bauddha dharmAcA jhapATyAne prasAra hoU lAgalyAvara va itarahI kAhI sAmAjika kAraNAMnI vividha paurANika paMtha va bhakmiArgAcA udaya hoU lAgalA. yA vrata-upAsanA-bhaktIvara AdhArita dharmAta AtA hiMdU strIlA punhA sthAna prApta hoU lAgale. striyAMcA saMnyAsa va striyAMnA mokSaprAptI yA saMkalpanA hiMdU dharmAne saMpUrNapaNe durlakSilelyA disatAta. AtAcI dharmika hiMdU strI rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata va purANe vAcate, viziSTa vratavaikalye karate, pUjA, naivedya i. karUna vividha saNa-vAsAjare karate. gItA, atharvazIrSa, rAmarakSA i. mhaNate va rAma, kRSNa, zaMkara, gaNapatI azA anekavidha devatAMcI upAsanA karate AjahI ticyA manAta nivRttI, saMnyAsadharmAcA svIkAra athavA mokSaprAptI he vicArahI yeta nAhIta.

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bauddha dharmAta strI : mahAvIrAMcyA javaLa javaLa samakAlIna asalele gautamabuddha he bauddha dharmAce pravartaka hote. AtyaMtika karmakAMDa athavA AtyaMtika vairAgya yAcyA madhalA mArga mhaNUna te svata:cyA dharmAlA 'madhyama-mArga' mhaNatAta. 14 nidAne va 5 zIla yAvara AdhAralelA hA 'aSTAMgamArga' Ahe. bauddha bhikSuNIMcA ekaMdara AcAra-vicAra, niyama, bhiDUMcyA tulaneta sthAna, tyAMcyAtIla vAda-vivAda, kalaha yA sarvAMce darzana ApalyAlA 'vinayapiTaka' va 'jAtakakathA'tUna hote. jaina saMghApramANeca bauddha saMghahI bhikSu-bhikSuNI, upAsaka-upAsikA asA caturvidha asato. striyAMnA saMghAta praveza deNyAsa gautamabuddha AraMbhI phArase utsuka navhate. bhikSU AnaMdA'cI kaLakaLIcI vinaMtI va mahAprajApati gautamI'cI (gautamuddhAMcI sAvatra mAtA) eka prakAracI dhArmika caLavaLa, yAmuLe buddhAMnI striyAMnA saMghAta praveza dilelA disato. bhikSuNIMsAThI vinayapiTakAta dilelyA 'aTTha-guru-dhamma' yA niyamAtUna gautamabuddhAMcA striyAMkaDe baghaNyAcA sahAnubhUtizUnya va upekSA karaNArA dRSTikoNa disato, ase nirIkSaNa bauddha dharmAcyA abhyAsaka zrImatI durgA bhAgavata yAMnI noMdavile Ahe. baddha dIkSAvidhI jaina dIkSAvidhIMpekSA sAdhepaNAne jhAlele disatAta. buddhAMcyA mate striyA arahaMtapada prApta karU zakatAta paraMtu 'buddha' hoU zakata nAhIta. bauddha dharmagraMthAta upAsikAMnA eka khAsa sthAna disate. buddhaghoSAcyA mate buddha, dhamma va saMghAlA jo zaraNa gelA, to upAsaka hoya. gautamabuddha svataH upAsikAMzI carcA karUna tyAMce vividha prazna soDaviNyAsa madata karIta. sujAtA, visAkhA, khujjuttarA, suppavAtA, kAtiyAnI yA striyAMcA svata: gautamabuddha 'Adarza upAsikA' masA gaurava chatAta. vauddha mArAmAtuna rupAsiRviSayI varIva mAhitI mijhate. ardhamAgadhI graMthAMta tyA mAnAne jaina zrAvikAMviSayI mAhitI phArazI miLata nAhI. gautamabuddhAMcyA AcAraviSayaka udAramatavAdI dhoraNAmuLe jaina dharmApekSA bauddhadharmAcA prasAra sarva jagabhara Aja jhAlelA disato. DaoN. bAbAsAheba AMbeDakarAMcyA bauddhadharma svIkArAnaMtara bhAratAta tarI tyA dharmAcI dhurA dalita vargAkaDe Ahe, ase citra disate. jaina dharmagraMthAMta strIce kauTuMbika sthAna : jaina dharmagraMthAcyA abhyAsAne puDhIla nirIkSaNe disUna yetAta. kanyA hI kuTuMbAta moThe snehabhAjana Ahe. aupacarika zikSaNa hA keMdrabiMdU nasUna thoDyAbahuta lalitakalA va mukhya mhaNaje vivAha hIca ticyA AyuSyAtIla mahattvAcI ghaTanA Ahe. mAtApityAMkaDUna tilA saMskAra, bharaNapoSaNa va pityAcyA icchene vivAhAtIla prItidAnAce hakka Aheta. sthiAcyA saMpattIta vArasA hakka nAhIta. avivAhita kanyA va anekadA vidhavAhI, pityAkaDeca rAhatAta. vivAhAnaMtara tI patIcyA ekatra kuTuMbAcA ghaTaka banate. sahapatnI nasalelyA kuTuMbAta tI adhika sukhI va svataMtra Ahe. kharca tI patIcyA anumatIneca karate. samAjAtIla kaSTakarI vargAtIla striyA patIbarobara vyavasAyAta sahabhAgI hotAta. rAjagharANyAtIla va dhanika vargAtIla patnIMnA sapatnIMzI vyavahAra karAve lAgatAta. moThamoThI aMta:pure hI masara, dveSa, kArasthAne va rAjakIya saMbaMdhAMnI yukta disatAta. saMpUrNa Arthika svAtaMtrya nasale tarI pUrNa pArataMtryahI nAhI,maryAdita svAtaMtrya Ahe. mAherUna ANalelyA saMpattIvara strIcA pUrNa hakka Ahe. sAsaracyA saMpattIta vATA nAhI. patIcyA mRthUnaMtara jIvana saMpUrNa parAvalaMbI Ahe. gharAta vinayazIla rahAve lAgale tarI ghaMghaTa, paDadA hA gharAta agara samAjAta ghyAvA lAgata nAhI. saNa, utsava, janA, mejavAnyA, dharmapravacana, dIkSotsava, udyAnayAtrA, prekSaNaka (nATaka) hI karamaNukIcI sAdhane Aheta. ekapatnI paddhatItIla striyAMce kAmajIvana bahutAMzI sukhAsamAdhAnAce Ahe. anaitika saMbaMdhAcI kAraNe barIcazI bahupatnItvAmuLe yeNAr2yA atRpta kAmajIvanAta Aheta. sarva prakAracyA kuTuMbiyAMzI saMbaMdha prAya: cAMgaleca Aheta. dIkSesAThI patI tyAcyA mAtApityAMcI anumatI gheto, patnIcI ghetAnA disata nAhI. bahutAMzI kuTuMbAta kaSTaprakkAmAsAThI nokara, dAsa-dAsI Aheta. pati-patnIta gairasamaja, kalaha barecadA kirakoLa Aheta. saMbaMdhaviccheda, punarvivAha, vidhavAvivAha, satI yA prathA agadI nagaNya svarUpAta Aheta. dhArmika svAtaMtrya Ahe. mAtA banaNe, bAlakAMce saMgopana he moThe AnaMdAce viSaya Aheta. patra agara kanyA yApaikI koNIhI janmale tarI

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apatyAce svAgata karatAta. apatyaprAptIsAThI navasa karatAta. dattakAcI paddhata turaLaka ADhaLate. DohALe koNatyAhI prakArace asale tarI, patI va kuTuMbIya te puraviNyAta tatpara Aheta. mAtece saMbaMdha putrAzI, tara pityAce kanyezI,adhika javaLakIce Aheta. apatyAMviSayIcyA jabAbadAr2yA pati-patnI doghe miLUna pAra pADatAta. dAsa-dAsI ThevaNyAcI paddhata Ahe. dhAtrIMcA darjA barAca cAMgalA Ahe. dAsyatvAtUna kvacitaca suTakA hote. dAsIMcI Arthika, sAmAjika, dhArmika va kAmajIvanaviSayaka sthitI atyaMta anukaMpanIya Ahe. bhAratAcyA prAcIna itihAsAtIla te aMdhakAramaya parva Ahe. jaina dharmagraMthAMta strIce sAmAjika sthAna : vyaktI kuTuMbAta janmalelI asalI tarI vAvarata asate tI samAjAta ! vyaktIcyA jaDaNaghaDaNIta samAjAcA moThAca vATA asato. karmapariNAma va puruSArthavAdAlA prAdhAnya deNAr2yA jaina dharmAta, rUDhInusAra kelelyA janmApasUna mRtyusaMskArAparyaMtacyA saMskArAMnA, khare tara khAsa sthAna nAhI. saMskRta maMtra va vividha vidhAnAMnI bharalele karmakahapradhAna saMskAra AgamAMta disata nasale tarI, samAjAcyA reTyAne yA saMskArAMnA pUrNavirAma miLU zakalelA disata nAhI. magna niyama-apavAdAMnI bharalele kliSTa saMskAra kAhIse sulabha jhAlele disatAta. AgamakAlIna strI khar2yAkhur2yA arthAne samRddha va kalAtmaka AyuSya jagate tI vividha sAmAjika utsavAta bhAga gheUnaca ! strI-puruSa, kumAra-kumArI, bAlaka-bAlikA yA utsavaprasaMgI samAjAta mokaLepaNAne vAvaratAnA disatAta. tyAtIla kAhI utsava dhArmika svarUpAce tara kAhI nivvaLa Amoda-pramodAsAThI disUna yetAta. khAdya-peya, nRtya-gItanATaka, mAlya-puSpe yAMcI relacela asalelyA yA utsavAMmadhye, samAjAcyA sarva starAtIla striyA sahabhAgI hotAnA disatAta. 'saMkhaDI' yA Adhunika kALAtIla 'phUDa phesTivhala'sArakhyA Aheta. phakta tethe annAcA krayavikraya hota nAhI. rUDhI, aMdhavizvAsa, apasamaja, zakuna-apazakuna yAMcyA jokhaDAtUna, koNatAhI samAja koNatyAhI kALI suTU zakata nAhI. AgamakAlIna jaina samAja dekhIla vaidika devatA va sthAnika devatAMcyA pagaDyAkhAlUna suTalelA disata nAhI. DohALe, navasa, apatyaprAptI yA saMdarbhAta striyA yakSa, bhUta, pizAca, taMtra-maMtra, jAdUToNA yAMnA Azraya detAna disatAta. kAma, vAsanA, viSaya-bhoga, strIpuruSa-AkarSaNa yAMcA vicAra AgamAMta vAraMvAra kelelA disato. arthAt to varjanAcyA, niSedhAcyA svarUpAta va niMdecyA surAtaca kelelA disato. vividha gunhyAMcA va vizeSata: anaitika saMbaMdhayA ugama, aneka ThikANI striyAMcyA atRpta kAmajIvanAta disato. bahupatnItvapaddhatImuLe aMtargata hevedAve, matsara va vadhAparyaMtahI majala gelelI disate. vezyA va gaNikA yA prAcIna kALApAsUna astitvAta asalelyA saMsthA, AgamakALI cAMgalyAca sthirAvalelyA va pratiSThAprApta disatAta. Arthika dRSTyA svataMtra va samRddha, advitIya sauMdaryAcyA samrAjJI, vividha vidyA va kalAMta pravINa va zRMgArarasAce Agara asalelyA kAmadhvajA va AmrapAlIsArakhyA gaNikAMce, jaina va bauddha AgamAta varNilele sthAna, he AgamakAlIna sudRDha kAmajIvanAce pratIka Ahe. jaina dharmagraMthAMta strIce dhArmika sthAna : jaina dharmagraMthAMta, sAdhvIdharma svataMtrapaNe pratipAdana kelelA disata nAhI. sAdhudharmAcyA AdhAreca to samajUna ghyAvA lAgato. sAdhvIMcyA dIkSecI kAraNe, dIkSesa anumatI, dIkSAmahotsava yAMcA vicAra vistArAne kelelA disato. sAMchyA dIkSAvidhIitakyAca gauravapUrNa ritIne sAdhvIMce dIkSAvidhI jhAlele disatAta. AcArAta sAdhU va sAdhvI yAMcyAbAbata jo pharaka kelelA disato, je apavAda kelele disatAta, te sAdhvIMnA gauNa lekhaNyAsAThI kelele nasUna, tyAMcI sucatitA va zIlarakSaNa kele asAveta, asA tarkasaMgata niSkarSa kADhAvA lAgato. saMghAce sarvocca pada detAnA mAtra, punhA ekadA puruSapradhAna saMskRtIcA pagaDA disUna yeto. upAdhyAyinI agara strI gaNadhara ApaNAsa AgamakAlIna jaina saMghAta ADhaLata nAhIta. sAdhuvaMdanebAbatahI striyAMce sthAna gauNa disate. sAdhvIMcyA saMkaTamaya jIvanAce citra AgamAta dRSTotpattIsa yo.

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khaDatara azA sAmAjika, bhaugolika, rAjakIya paristhitIta sAdhvIMnI jyA dRDhazraddhene AdhyAtmika pragatI sAdhalI, tyAmuLe tara AgamakAlIna striyAMcyA utkRSTa manobalAce Urjasvala darzana ghaDUna Ale. ___ caturvidha saMghAlA dRDhapratiSTha karaNyAta jyAMcA phAra moThA sahabhAga Ahe, azA jaina zrAvikAMcA athavA upAsikAMcA vicAra ApaNa yAnaMtara kelA. zvetAMbara jaina AgamAMta zrAvakAcAra' svataMtrapaNe upalabdha nAhI. AgamAta ullekhita azA zrAvikAMcA vicAra kelyAvara, gRhasthAzramAtIla dhArmika jIvanAce eka pragalbha citra ApalyAsamora ubhe rAhate. patIcyA sAMgaNyAnusAra zrAvikA banalelyA, svataMtrapaNe dharmopadeza aikUna zraddhAvAna banalelyA, svata:barobara kuTuMbiyAMnAhI niSTha banavaNAr2yA, patIlA zrAvakavratAta sthira karaNAr2yA, svadharmIya va itara dharmIyAMzI mokaLI, tarkasaMgata carcA karaNAr2yA, sAdharmikAMce svAgata karaNAr2yA, sAdhuprAyogya AhAra-vasatidAna karaNAr2yA, tattvAMpAsUna vicalita na hoNAr2yA, aMtimsa: saMlekhanene dehatyAga karaNAr2yA, mokSamArgI jhAlelyA, azA striyAMcyA dhArmika jIvanAcA pratyaya ApaNAsa AgamAtUna yeto. apavAdAdAkhala patIlA dhArmikatepAsUna parAvRtta karaNAr2yA, madyapI, krUra azA revatIsArakhe ekhAde udAharaNahI kvacita ADhaLate. sAdhvI va upAsikA yA donhI rUpAta AgamakAlIna jainadharmI strIce AdaraNIya sthAna ApalyAlA disUna yete. jaina dharmagraMthAMtIla striyAMce sAMskRtika jIvana : bharabharATIsa AlelI samRddha nagare, tyAtIla AkhIva mArgaracanA, mAlAne othaMbUna vAhaNAr2yA bAjArapeThA, aneka majalI bhavya rAjaprAsAda, dhanikAMcyA havecyA rUpasaMpanna gaNikAMce vaibhava, naMdA-puSkariNIsArakhI ArAmodyAne, rANyAMcI zayanagRhe, grAmAMmadhIla hiravIgAra zete, pazuzALA, dhAnya, vastre, upabhogAcyA sAmagrIcI relacela, vividha krIDA, tyanATya ityAdi manoraMjanAcI sAdhane, osaMDUna vAhaNAr2yA utsAhAta sAjare kelele manamokaLe sAmAjika utsava, aza ta-hecyA aneka ucca abhirUcIMnI naTalelyA sAMskRtika jIvanAcA ThasA, AgamAMcyA abhyAsakAcyA aMta:karaNAvara, prathamadarzanI umaTato. sukhasAdhanAMcI koNatIhI uNIva nasalelyA rAjaputra va rAjakanyAMcyA dIkSA, aneka kAraNAMnI samAjAtIla vividha striyAMnI aMgIkAralelA zrAvakadharma va sAdhvIdharma, vividha dharmopadezasabhA, aMtakRddazeta striyAMnI AcaralelI kaThora tape, prauSadhazALA, jaina va jainetara pArivAjikAMce saMvAda-vAdavivAda, zraddhALU zrAvikAMnI sAdhusAdhvIMnA dilele AhAradAna, ase eka dharmapravaNa jIvanAce citrahI tyAcaveLI DoLyAsamora ubhArate. vividha roga, duSkALa, rogAcyA sAthI, yuddhe, rAjakIya kArasthAne, aMta:purAtIla kalaha, choTe-choTe vyavasAya karaNArI gIraba dAMpatye, balAtkAra, apaharaNa, anaitika saMbaMdha ase aneka gunhe va sAmAjika apapravRttI, bhUta-preta-vibhUtI, maMtra-taMtra, navasasAyAsa, yakSAveza yAcyA mAge lAgalelyA aMdhazraddhALU vyaktI va vizeSata: striyA, rAjagRhAta, dhanikAMkaDe va sAmAnyajanAMcyA gharAta anna-vastrApAyI AyuSyAcyA AyuSya khAlI mAna ghAlUna kAma karIta rAhaNAr2yA dAsI, dhAtrI, dAsaceTI, karmakarI, dAsIputra va tyAMce kalaha, thaTTAmaskarI ase nimna starAtIla vyaktIMce saMpUrNa vegaLeca vizva AmAta disUna yete. yA tIna prakAracyA dhAgyAMnA bemAlUma saramisaLa karUna karUna ekatra viNUna tayAra hote te AgamakAlIna saMskRtIce vastra ! jaina dharmagraMthAMtIla striyAMcA saMdeza : AryA caMdanA, tIrthaMkara mallI, sAdhvI rAjamatI, zrAvikA jayaMtI, Adarza gRhiNI rohiNI yA striyA, sarva strIjAtIlA va Adhunika strImuktI caLavaLIcyA dhurINIMnA asA urjasvala saMdeza deta Aheta kI - 'ucca darjA va sthAna miLaviNyAsITha ApaNa svata: jhagaDale pAhije. ApalI sarva sAmarthya paNAlA lAvUna va jJAnAcI kAsa dharUna kartRtva kele pAhije. dveSa, asUyA karUna agara hakkAMcI bhIka mAgUna koNateca sthAna miLata nAhI. kartRtvasaMpanna strIkaDe zreSTha sthAna ApoApa cAlata yete. bhAratIya saMskRtIta he sthAna miLavAyace asela tara kartRtvasaMpannatelA zuddha AcaraNa va AtmonnatIcyA taLamaLIcI joDa asaNehI Avazyaka Ahe. anyathA hajAro varSe loTalyAvarahI AgamakAlAtIla tejasvinIMce he sthAna

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akSuNNa rAhileca nasate !!!' **********

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jainavidyece vividha AyAma (sphuTa-ciMtanAtmaka lekha) bhAga - 4 * lekhana va saMpAdana * DaoN. nalinI jozI prAdhyApikA, jaina adhyAsana seTha hirAcaMda nemacaMda jaina adhyAsana phirodiyA prakAzana puNe vidyApITha oNgasTa 2011

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17. jaina dharmAtIla vaijJAnikatA (dazalakSaNaparvAnimitta vizeSa vyAkhyAna, bArAmatI, oNgasTa 2009) prastAvanA : jaina dharmAtIla vaijJAnikatA yA viSayAvara bolaNyAcA adhikAra vastuta: ekhAdyA vaijJAnikAcA athavA zAstrajJAcAca Ahe. bhASA, dharma ANi tattvajJAna yAMcA abhyAsa asalelyA mAjhyAsArakhyA sAmAnya abhyAsakAlA hA adhika pohocata nAhI yAcI malA pUrNa jANIva Ahe. tathApi khar2yA arthAne vaijJAnika saMzodhaka he jaina dharmatattvAMcI mAhitI asaNAre miLaNe he durApAsta Ahe. yAulaTa dharmAcyA abhyAsakAlA vaijJAnika saMzodhana paddhatI ANi vaijJAnika sUtre acUka sAMgatA yeNe phAra avaghaDa Ahe. tarIhI saMyojakAMnI dAkhavilelyA vizvAsAlA mAna deUna jaina dharmAtIla vaijJAnikatA zodhaNyAcA va tyAce mUlyamApana karaNyAcA hA alpasA prayatna Ahe. vaijJAnika asalyAcA dAvA : kevaLa jaina paraMparAca navhe tara vaidika athavA hiMdU paraMparA suddhA veda, upaniSade, darzane, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata yAMmadhye atipragata vaijJAnikatA ADhaLate asA dAvA karate. tyAMcyA mate pragata astre, zastre, vimAnataLa, puSpaka vimAnAsArakhI vimAne, sAgarI setU bAMdhaNyAce pragata taMtrajJAna, bhUgola, jyotiSa, vAstU yAsaMbaMdhIce sarva pragata jJAna AmacyA prAcIna RSimunIMnA hoteca. saMskRtamadhye asalelyA vividha zAstraviSayaka graMthasaMpattIvara najara TAkalI asatA ase disate kI ekekALI ApalyA bhAratIya zikSaNapaddhatIta arthazAstra, vAstuzAstra, jyotiSa, khagola, gaNita, nATyazAstra, Ayurveda, yoga yA viSayAMvara AdhArita pramANita graMthAMcA samAveza jhAlelA hotA. yA sarva bAbatIta ApaNa ekekALI pragata hoto. paraMtu madhyayugAnaMtara sAmAjika viSamatA, parakIya AkramaNe, yuddhe, naisargika ApattI azA aneka kAraNAMnI hI zikSaNapaddhatI lopa pAvata gelI. Aja AtA vividha zAstre va kalA yAMcI jI zikSaNapaddhatI Ahe, tI sarvasvI pAzcAtya zikSaNa-paddhatIvaraca betalelI Ahe. ApaNa jyA jyA sukhasuvidhA va upakaraNe vAparato tI javaLajavaLa sarvaca prathamata: videzI zAstrajJAMnI banavilelI Aheta. azA paristhitIta ApalA vaijJAnikatecA dAvA punhA ekadA tapAsUna pAhANyAcI veLa AlI Ahe. jI goSTa hiMdUMbAbata tIca goSTa jainAMcya bAbatahI kharI Ahe. nirvivAdapaNe vaijJAnika asalelI jaina jIvanazailI : kAhI mudde mAnavI Arogya uttama rAkhaNyAsAThI jaina jIvanazailItIla kAhI mudde atizaya upayukta Aheta. Aja jagAtIla 90% loka mAMsAhArI asale tarI zAkAhArAce mahattva sarvAMnAca haLUhaLU paTU lAgale Ahe. barDa phlyU, svAina phlyU ANi itarahI aneka saMsargajanya roga mAMsAhArAsAThI vAparalyA jANAr2yA prANyAMcyA mAdhyamAtUnaca mAnavAMparyaMta pohaneta Aheta. prANyAMcI kRtrima paidAsa karaNyAmuLe tayAra jhAlelyA navyA prajAtI, nisargAtIla prANyAMsArakhyA rogapratikArakSamA nasatAta. tyAmuLeca gAyI-gure-meMDhyA-koMbaDyA-Dukkare i. madhye navanavIna roga pasaratAta. tyAnaMtara saMsargAne te mAnavAparyaMta pohocatAta. saMpUrNa zAkAhArI bhojanazailI svIkAralyAsa he sarva TaLU zakate. ___arthAt zAkAhArAsaMbaMdhI suddhA punarvicAra karaNyAcI veLa AlI Ahe. dhAnyAcyA vividha prakArAMcyA saMkarita jAtI ANi bharapUra dhAnya utpAdanAsAThI vAparaNyAta yeNArI hAnikAraka rAsAyanika khate yAmuLe zAkAhAra suddhA aneka prakAre pradUSita jhAlA Ahe. mhaNUna ArogyAcI jANIva asalele zAkAhArI, naisargika khatAMvara posalele dhAnya va bhAjIpAlyAcI nivaDa karU lAgalele Aheta. rAtribhojanatyAga arthAt sUryAstApUrvI bhojana gheNe, ArogyavijJAnAzI saMpUrNataH susaMgata Ahe. tarIhI ApalyA vyasta zaharI jIvanazailIta he tattva pratyakSa vyavahArAta pALaNe zakya hota nAhI. jI vyaktI rAtrIce bhojana ANi

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jhopa yAMmadhye kamIta kamI dona tAsAMce aMtara Thevate tI vyaktI rAtribhojanatyAga vratAce aMzata: tarI pAlana karate ase mhaNAve lAgela. garama karUna gAra kelele va gALalele pANI piNe va pAvasALyAcyA cAra mahinyAta kaTAkSAne UnodarI, upavAsa i. karaNe he ArogyAlA phAyadezIra Ahe he navyAne sAMgaNyAcI garaja nAhI. vaijJAnika paddhatI : vijJAnAta sarvAta mahattvAce asate te nirIkSaNa. aneka nirIkSaNe noMdavUna tyA prayogAMcyA AdhAre sarva paristhitIta lAgU paDela asA sarvasAmAnya siddhAnta zodhUna kADhalA jAto. tyAnaMtara vegavegaLyA paristhitIMnA aeNplAya kelA jAtA to siddhAnta jIvanopayogI asela tara tyAcyA AdhAre vividha upakaraNehI tayAra kelI jAtAta. vijecA mUlagAmI zodha lAgalyAvara azIca vividha upakaraNe tayAra jhAlI. bhautikazAstrAta jase saMzodhana hote taseca saMzodhana samAjavijJAna va mAnasazAstrAtahI hota asate. jaina zAstrAne AraMbhApAsUnaca udghoSilelA ahiMsAtattvAcA siddhAnta mahAtmA gAMdhIMnI azAca prakAre samAjavijJAna va mAnasazAstrAta aeNplAya kelA. mahAtmA gAMdhIMcA jaina dharmAzI asalelA nikaTacA saMbaMdha ANi abhyAsa suparicita Aheca. tyAMce 'satyAce prayoga' suddhA aseca prasiddha Aheta. ahiMsaka satyAgrahAcA mArga dharUna tyAMnI saMpUrNa bhAratIya manAMvara tyAMcA pagaDA basavilA. bhAratAlA svAtaMtrya miLaviNyAsAThI yA tattvAMcA samayocita vApara kelA. kavI mhaNato - de dI hameM AjAdI binA khaDga binA DhAla sAbaramatI ke saMta tUne kara diyA kamAla / / anekAntavAda ANi sApekSatAvAda : jarmana saMzodhaka albarTa AInasTAIna hA sApekSatAvAdAcA janaka Ahe, he sarvavizruta Ahe. jaina zAstrAta sAMgitalelyA anekAntavAda' yA zabdAce iMgrajI bhASAMtara suddhA Theory of Relativity of Truth ase kele jAte. jaina paraMpareviSayI AInasTAInane kADhalele gauravodgArahI suprasiddha Aheta. paraMtu "jainAMcA anekAntavAda tyAlasApekSatAvAda zodhUna kADhaNyAcyA AdhI mAhIta hotA kI naMtara", yAviSayI khulAsA AtAparyaMta jhAlelA nAhI. hyA siddhAntAce rUpAMtara tyAne E=mc yA sUtrAta kele. (yAtIla E= Energy, m-mass ANi c=velocity) he sUtra zodhUna kADhalyAvara tyAcyA AdhAre puDhIla vaijJAnika saMzodhanAsa cAlanA miLAlI. durdaivAne he namUda karAvese vATate kI anekAntavadAcA jaina siddhAnta mAtra vicArApuratAca maryAdita rAhilA. mhaNaje vaijJAnika upakaraNe banaviNyAsAThI to vAparaNe tara dUraca paNa sAMpradAyika bheda miTaviNyAsAThI suddhA tyAcA vApara kelA gelA nAhI. gurutvAkarSaNAcA niyama : ___vizvAta asalelI viziSTa niyamitatA koNatyA niyamAnusAra Ahe he zodhUna kADhaNyAcA prayatna nyUTana yA zAstrajJAne kelA. tyAne gatI, kriyA, pratikriyA, gurutvAkarSaNa i. aneka viSayAMsaMbaMdhIcI mahattvAcI sUtre zodhalI. bhUgola va khagolaviSayaka aneka rahasye tyAne ulagaDalI. nyUTanapUrvI sumAre 2500 varSApAsUna pracalita asalelyA jaina paraMpareta ApalyA dRzya vizvAcI upapattI lAvUna sahA dravyAMmadhye tyAcI vibhAgaNI kelelI disate. jagAtIla koNatyAhI dharmAne na sAMgitalelI dona tattve yA sahA dravyAta samAviSTa Aheta. tI tattve mhaNaje gatizIla padArthAMnA gatizIla ThevaNAre 'dharma' tattva ANi sthitizIla padArthAMnA sthitizIla ThevaNAre 'adharma tattva'. avakAzastha sarva grahagolAMnA gatizIla ThevUnahI viziSTa niyaMtraNAta rAkhaNArI hI dona dravye Aheta. durdaiva ase kI tI dhArmika graMthAMtaca mayAdita rAhilI. smaraNazaktI va pAThAMtarAne tI puDhIla piDhyAMnA pohocavalI. bahudhA 'dharma' va 'adharma' yA zabdAMnI saMbhramavasthA nirmANa kelI asAvI. tI tattve vaijJAnika nasUna bahudhA naitika mAnalI gelI asAvI. tyAtIla pAribhASikatA visaralI.

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koNAhI bhAratIyAne tI vaijJAnika aMgAne vikasita kelI nAhIta, pariNAmI gurutvAkarSaNAcyA zodhAzI nyUTanacecanAva nigaDita rAhile. DaoN. e.pI.je.abdula kalAma jevhA sAmAnya mANasAMsAThI likhANa karatAta tevhA te pAjaJjalayoga ANi gItA vAraMvAra uddhRta karatAta. nobelaprAIjha vinara arthatajjJa amartya sena jevhA navA arthaviSayaka siddhAnta zodhatAta tevhA cArvAkAMcyA matAcA vizeSatvAne vicAra karatAta. 'pANI' yA viSayAvara sadhyA jagabharAta seminArsa ANi kaoNnpharanses cAlU Aheta. apekSA azI Ahe kI apakAyAviSayIcA mUlagAmI ANi sUkSma vicAra karaNAr2yA jaina graMthAMcA pArzvabhUmI mhaNUna tarI nidAna saMdarbha dilA jAvA. yAcAca artha asA kI jaina dharmAtIla mUlagAmI ANi sUkSma vicAra, jaina dharmAcyA abhyAsakAMnI vividha vijJAnazAkhAMmadhye saMzodhana karaNAr2yA pragata saMzodhakAMparyaMta pohocavile pAhijeta anvayArtha ulagaDUna sAMgaNyAsAThI tarI tyAMcyApuDhe jAyalA haveta. ApaNa jara ApalyA mulAMnA jaina dharmAtIla dhAraNA samajAvUna sAMgitalyA tara AjacI jaina yuvA piDhI tyAMcyA saMparkAta asalelyA saMzodhaka yuvA piDhIparyaMta tyA dhAraNA pohocavata rAhIla. sauraUrjA : solara hITara va solara kukara hI dona sAdhane pUrNata: sauraUrjevara cAlatAta. varSAtIla javaLajavaLa dahA te akarA mahine tI ApaNa vAparU zakato. sUryAcI vAyA jANArI uSNatA tyAta vAparalI jAte. hI sAdhane vAparaNe he pUrNataH ahiMsececa pAlana Ahe. zivAya vijecI bacata hoteca. je je anudiSTa Ahe tyAcA vApara karaNyAcyA jaina tattvAcehI pAlana hote. pratyeka jaina gharAta nirapavAdapaNe disalIca pAhije azI hI upakaraNe Aheta. vizeSa noMda gheNyAjogI goSTa azI kI, kumArapAlapratibodha nAvAcyA jaina graMthAta 'sUryapAkarasavatI' arthAt sUryAcyA uSNatevara banavilelyA cavadAra svayaMpAkakalecA ullekha yeto. utsarga samiti ANi kacarA : jaina zAstrAnusAra samiti pAca Aheta. IryA, bhASA, eSaNA, AdAnanikSepa ANi utsarga azI tyAMcI nAve Aheta. prAsuka sthaMDila bhUmIvara malamUtra visarjana karaNe, he zaharI jIvanazailIzI susaMgata nAhI. paraMtu kacarA bAhera phekaNe hAhI utsargaca hoya. gharAtIla rojacA olA kacarA vAparUna uttama phulabAga phulate. bAgakAmAta karAvyA lAgaNAr2yA hiMsecA vicAra yethe na kelelA barA. kAraNa olA kacarA ughaDyAvAghaDyAvara saDUna kujUna lAkho baeNTarayA nirmANa karato. tyApekSA olyA kacar2yApAsUna khata nirmANa karaNyAce taMtra zikUna gheNe kevhAhI phAyadezIra Ahe. yAmuLe olyA kacar2yAce vyavasthApana, paryAvaraNarakSaNa ANi utsargasamitIce pAlana hoUna gharacyAgharI zuddha bhAjIpAlAhI miLela. ekeMdriyaviSayaka mAnyatA : ___ jaina zAstrAnusAra pRthvI, apa, teja, vAyu va vanaspati he ekeMdriya Aheta. jaina zAstrAnusAra yA sarvAMnA ekaca sparzaneMdriya Ahe. jaina zAstrAta hI mAnyatA kazI AlI asela ? sarva sajIva jagaNyAkaratA ekeMdriyAMcA vApara karatAta. sajIva he sajIvAMvaraca jagU zakatAta. nirjIva vastU khAUna jagU zakata nAhIta. dvIMdriya i. jIva ANi he cAra ekeMdriya jIva pRthvI, ap i. ekeMdriyAMcA AhAra karatAta. tyAarthI hehI jivaMta asale pAhije. dvindriyAMpekSA te apragata Aheta. mhaNUna tyAMnA ekendriya mAnale Ahe. mAtI, pANI, vAyu i. vaijJAnikAMnA sajIva vATate kI nAhI, hA kharA prazna Ahe. mAtI va pANyAcyA sUkSma kaNAcyA athavA theMbAcyA AdhAre lAkho sUkSma baeNkTeriyA jagata asatAta ase vaijJAnika mhaNatAta. paraMtu khudda mAtI athavA pANI sajIva asalyAcA nirvALA AtAparyaMta dilA jAta navhatA. di. 1.9.2009 cyA dainika sakALamadhye DaoN. karve yAMcyA AlelyA lekhAnusAra, 'sUkSma jIva he dagaDa, mAtI

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khAtAta'. yAcA artha asA kI, 'sajIva sajIvAMcAca AhAra karatAta' yA niSkarSAzI hA juLato. mAtIbAbatace he tathya kadAcita itarahI ekeMdriyAMnA lAgU paDela. DaoN. karve yAMnA varIla saMzodhanApUrvI ekeMdriyaviSayaka jaina mAnyatA mAhIta asaNe bahudhA saMbhavata nAhI. jaina zAstrAtIla jIvaviSayaka siddhAnta jIvazAstrAcyA abhyAsakAparyaMta pohocale tara kadAcita jIvavaijJAnikAMnA navIna dizA prApta hoIla. vanaspativiSayaka vicAra : DaoN. jagadIzacandra basU yAMnI kelele vanaspativiSayaka saMzodhana suprasiddha Ahe. tyAMnI vanaspatIMce sajIvatva ANi tyAMnA asaNAr2yA bhAvabhAvanA paddhatazIra prayogAMnI siddha karUna dAkhavilyA. ardhamAgadhI graMtha AcArAMga (zrutaskaMdha 1) yAmadhye vanaspatI ANi mANUsa yAMcI tulanA bha. mahAvIrAMnI prastuta kelI Ahe. tyAtIla vanaspativiSayaka nirIkSaNe DaoN. basUMcyA nirIkSaNAzI prAya: juLatAta. ___'mahAvIravANI' yA nAvAne prasiddha asalelyA aneka ardhamAgadhI graMthAMta taseca digaMbarIya graMthAMta, sRSTIviSayaka vividha nirIkSaNe bArakAIne noMdavilelI disatAta. tyAMnI kADhalele niSkarSa he pratyakSa nirIkSaNa va tyAviSayIce ciMtana yAvara AdhAralele hote ase na mAnatA, jaina paraMparene azA mahApuruSAMcyA nirIkSaNAlA va ciMtanAlA tyAMcyA sarvajJatkme AviSkAra' mAnale Ahe. naina graMthAMta sarva vanaspatInA napuMsaRtriI mAnanne baheta. bAna ane dvite jI sapuSpa vanaspatIMmadhye nara va mAvI azA vegavegaLyA vanaspatI asatAta. zivAya prAya: sarva phulAMmadhye strIkesara va puMkesarahI asatAta. sarva vanaspatIMcyA napuMsakaliMgatvAcA navyAne zodha gheNyAcI jarurI Ahe. jaina abhyAsakAMnI napuMsakaliMgatvA'cA artha navyAne samajAvUna gheNyAcI jarUrI Ahe. papaIsArakhyA jhADAMmadhye nara ANi mAdI asA bheda asato he sAmAnya mANUsahI jANato. maga he tathya AgamAMmadhIla nirIkSakAMcyA kakSetUna suTale asela ase mAnaNe yogya Tharata nAhI. mhaNUna napuMsakaliMga' yA zabdAcI cikitsA vhAyalA havI. jaina mAnyatenusAra vanaspatIcA mUla jIva eka Ahe ANi tyAcyA vibhinna avayavAMmadhye alaga alaga vibhinna asaMkhyAta jIva asatAta. vanaspatizAstrAnusAra, vanaspatI kevaLa vibhinna avayavAMcyA pezIMcA ekadusar2yAzI joDalelA saMghAta Ahe'. vijJAnAne, pUrNa vanaspatIta vyApta ekA jIvAlA mAnyatA dilelI nAhI. vRkSAcyA koNatyAhI avayavAcyA pezIcA DI.en.e. pAhUna ApaNa tyA vRkSAcI jAta oLakhU zakato. pezIMce alaga alaga astitva asUnahI tyAta je sAmya Ahe, te lakSAta gheUna, jaina graMthAMmadhye eka mUla jIva' ANi 'bAkI asaMkhyAta jIvAMcI' kalpanA sAMgitalI asAvI. vaijJAnika mAnyatenusAra vanaspatIMnA vividha iMdriye nAhIta. prAya: sarva iMdriyAMcI kArye tyA tvacemArphata karatAta. mhaNUnaca jaina zAstrAne vanaspatIMnA tvacA athavA sparzaneMdriya he ekaca iMdriya mAnale asAve. vaidika paraMpareta uttarakALAta AyurvedazAstra khUpa pragata jhAle. jaina paraMparetahI agadI prAraMbhakALAta AyurvedaviSayaka graMtha asAveta ase ullekha kAhI graMthAMta disatAta. paraMtu hiravyAgAra vanaspatisRSTIcA mAnavAcyA roganivAraNAsAThI vApara karUna gheNe he bahudhA ahiMsAtatvAcyA viruddha vATale asAve. mhaNUna sajIva vanaspatIMcI muLe, sAlI, pAne, phaLe i. yApAsUna kADhe, lepa, cUrNa i. tayAra kele gele nAhIta. auSadhayojanA karatAnA prAsukatekaDe lakSa dile gele. jIvAMcI iMdriyAMnusAra vibhAgaNI : jaina mAnyatenusAra pRthvI te vanaspatI yA jIvAMnA ekaca iMdriya Ahe (sparzana). kRmi, jaLU ANi aLyA yAMnA dona iMdriye Aheta (sparzana + rasana). muMgI, DhekUNa i. he trIMdriya Aheta (sparzana + rasana + ghrANa). bhuMgA, mAzI, viMcU ANi DAsa i. nA cAra iMdriye Aheta (sparzana + rasana + ghrANa + netra). manuSya, pazu, pakSI i. nA pAca iMdriye Aheta. jaina mAnyatenusAra sarpa hA paMceMdriya Ahe. Ajace sarpatajjJa spaSTa sAMgatAta kI sApAlA zroneMdriya' nAhI.

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yAviSayI ekA jaina DaoNkTarAMzI kelelyA carcenusAra varIla iMdriyaviSayaka mAnyatA AjacyA prANizAstrAzI susaMgata nAhIta. dravyedriye va bhAveMdriye hI jaina vibhAgaNI sAMgUna sarva praznAMmadhUna suTakA karUna ghetA yeNAra nAhI. mUladravyAMcI saMkhyA : jaina siddhAntAnusAra pratyeka pudgalAvara eka varNa, eka rasa, eka gaMdha va dona sparza rAhatAta. ekaMdarita sarva varNa, rasa, gaMdha, sparzAcA guNAkAra karUna mUladravyAMcI saMkhyA 220 yete. spardhAMcA vicAra karatAnA 'baMdha' (Bonds) hA zabdahI mahattvAcA Ahe. AttA upalabdha aNuvijJAnAnusAra mUladravyAMcI (Elements) saMkhyA 114 Ahe. mahattvAcI bAba azI kI 'navIna mUladravya zodhUna kADhatAnA varNa-gaMdha-rasa-sparza yA cAra guNAMcA vicAra kelA jAto kA ?' yAcI cikitsA rasAyanazAstrajJAcyA madatIne karaNe Avazyaka Ahe. tiryaMcasRSTIcA vicAra : jaina zAstrAnusAra tiryaMcasRSTIta ekeMdriya te paMceMdriya sarva jIva yetAta. yethe mAtra maryAdita azA pazupakSIsRSTIcA vicAra karaNAra Ahota. gelyA 20 varSAta jIvasRSTIcyA nirIkSaNAce vijJAna vizeSaca pragata hota cAlale Ahe. sthalacara, nabhacara, jalacara ase vividha pazupakSI, kITaka, prANI yAMcyAvara AdhArita abhyAsa ANi philms yA naeNzanala jiogrAphika, aeNnimala plaeNneTa ANi DiskavharI i. caeNnelavara covIsa tAsa pradarzita hota asatAta. prAya: yAMce abhyAsaka videzIca asatAta. bhAratAtIla DaoN. salIma alI, nIlimakumAra khaire, DaoN. kiraNa puraMdare i. kAhI mojakeca nisarganirIkSaka prasiddha Aheta. bhAratAtahI hA abhyAsa haLUhaLU pragata hota Ahe. jaina zAstrAtUna miLaNAre tiryaMcaviSayaka varNana atizaya sUkSma, vistRta ANi stimita karaNAre Ahe. iMdriye, gatI, AhAra, jJAna, saMyama, lezyA, kaSAya, guNasthAna va saMlekhanA i. aneka aMgAMnI tiryaMcAMcI jaina zAstrAta nirIkSaNe dilI Aheta. ekA philmamadhye jevhA Pride, Anger, Cruelty, Soberness azI zIrSake deUna vividha prANyAMce vyavahAra noMdaviNyAta Ale tevhA sAhajikaca jaina zAstrApramANe he kaSAyAMce AviSkAra Aheta ase vATale. hiMsra paza kaDakaDUna bhUka lAgalyAkherIja zikAra karIta nAhI. annAcA parigraha karIta nAhI. siMha, vAgha he pakaDalelyA pazUce zarIra pUrNa niSprANa jhAlyAkherIja AhAra karIta nAhIta. aneka pazupakSyAMnA mRtyUcI cAhUla lAgalyAvara te dUra ekAMtata nighUna jAtAta. javaLajavaLa sarvaca prANyAMmadhIla vAtsalyabhAvanAatizaya prabaLa asate. sthalAMtara karaNAre pakSI viziSTa dizeneca jAtAtava parata yetAta. pazupakSyAMce vyavahAra prAya: aMta:preraNene cAlata asale tarI pratyekAcI vegavegaLI svabhAvavaiziSTyehI disatAta. tiryaMcAMnA asalele jAtismaraNa, tyAMnI dhAraNa kelelI saMlekhanA, tyAMcI guNazreNIMmadhye cauthyA guNasthAnAMparyaMta pragatI, ase ullekha vividha jaina graMthAMta vikhuralele disatAta. tiryaMcAMce jaina zAstranirdiSTa vartana prANyAMcyA manovaijJAnika bhASeta nakkIca mAMDatA yeIla. sammUrchima jIva : jaina zAstrAnusAra muMgyA, kiDe, aLyA, DhekUNa, DAsa, mAzI, bhuMgA i. aneka kITaka sammUrchima Aheta mhAje mAtApityAMcyA saMyogAzivAya te utpanna hotAta. Adhunika vijJAnAnusAra yA sarva kITakAMcI sUkSma aMDI asatAta. mAtra mANasAMcyA malamUtra i. 14 azucisthAnAtUna nirmANa hoNAre 'sammUrchima manuSya' hI saMkalpanA vaijJAnika dRSTyAhI vizeSa lakSaNIya Ahe. Genetic Science cyA Adhunika saMzodhanAnusAra mANasAcyA malamUtra, garbhajala i. pAsUna tyA manuSyAcA DNA miLavitA yeto. asA DNA vikasita karUna kadAcita katrima manuSya tayAra karaNyAparyaMta vijJAna pragatI karU zakela. janakIya zAstrAcA zodhanibaMdha lihitAnA jaina zAstrAtIla etadaviSayaka vicAra mAMDale gele pAhijeta ase prAmANika jaina abhyAsakAlA manApAsUna vATate.

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bhUgolaviSayaka mAnyatA : ___jaina mAnyatenusAra madhyalokAta jambUdvIpAcyA madhomadha meruparvata Ahe. jambUdvIpAcyA bhovatI jambUdvIpAcyA duppaTa lavaNasamudra Ahe. tyAcyAbhovatI tyAcyA duppaTa dhAtakIkhaNDa Ahe. yApramANe sAta dvIpa ANi sAta samudrAMcI racanA Ahe. yAcA artha hI bhUgolaracanA atizaya AkhIvarekhIva va pramANabaddha Ahe. muLAtaca hA bhUgola phakta pRthvIcA Ahe, kI vizvAcyA kAhI bhAgAMcA Ahe kI, saMpUrNa vizvAcA Ahe, yAbAbata zaMkA yete. __ bhUmitizAstrAnusAra biMdU, rekhA, caukona va vartuLe yA sarva gaNitI saMkalpanA Aheta. pUrNa caukona, pUrNa vartuLa azI ekahI AkRtI nisargAta nisargata: disUna yeta nAhI. zivAya jaina zAstrAnusAra vizva koNI nirmANa kelele nahI. vizvAcA niyAmaka Izvara mAnalA asatA tara kadAcita yA AkhIvarekhIva kramAcI puSTI karatA AlI asatI. IzvarAsArakhyA sarvajJa prANyAkherIja ApoApa nirmANa jhAlelI sRSTI vara varNana kelyApramANe atizaya suniyojita va pramANabaddha kazI asU zakela ? jaina zAstrAtIla dvIpa va samudrAMce, samakAlIna dvIpa va samudrAzI nAte joDaNyAcA prayatna anekAMnI kelelA disato. jainAMnI to zraddhene mAnya kelA tarI bhUgolatajjJa to mAnya karaNAra nAhIta. AhAracikitsA : zAkAhAra hI jainAMcI oLakha Ahe. kevaLa zAkAhAraca navhe tara tyAcyAhI aMtargata pratyeka dhAnyAcA, bhAjIcA, phaLAcA, phulAcA kelelA sUkSma vicAra he jaina graMthAMce vaiziSTya Ahe. bhAvanika, mAnasika ANi dhArmika dRSTIne zAkAhAra hA sAttvika mAnalA jAto. sAdhUMnA prAyogya azA AhArAce varNana karaNAre aneka graMtha jaina zAstrAta 'piNDaiSaNA' zIrSakAne prasiddha Aheta. rojacyA AhArAta niyamopaniyamAMcI baMdhane ghAlUna gheNe he jaina dhArmikatece mukhya aMga banale Ahe. yAta AzcaryakAraka bAba azI kI anAsaktI arthAt nirAsaktIce tattva DoLyAsamora Thevale tara jaina vyaktIlA he kalpate kI - jo, jasA, jevhA, jitakA zAkAhAra miLela tyAtIla thoDA va yogya AhAra ghyAvA. Apale AhArAce niyama itarAMnA trAsadAyaka TharatIla ase zakyato gheU nayeta. ghetalyAsa ApalyA balabutyAvara nibhAvUna nyAveta. ApalyA khANyApiNyAce 'TaeNbU' nirmANa karaNe jaina AcArapaddhatIta basata nAhI. khANyApiNyAbAbata sahajatA va sAdhepaNA hI mUla tattve Aheta. __ DAeTiziyana jo Adarza AhAra sucavitAta tyAta gAjara-dudhI bhopaLA i. ce rasa, kaDuniMbAcI caTaNI. ukaDalelyA bhAjyA, moDa ANUna vAphavalelI kaDadhAnye, eka glAsa dUdha, sUpa, tAka, sarva phaLe i. goSTIMcA samAveza asato. kAhI viziSTa vyaktI vagaLalyAsa sarvasAmAnya mANasAlA asA AhAra satata gheNe azakya Ahe. AhArAcyA carvitacarvaNApekSA aneka utkRSTa goSTI jaina dharmAne AmhAlA vArazyAne dilyA Aheta. tyAMcA yogya dizene abhyAsa karUna tyA samAjApuDhe ANaNe he Apale Adya kartavya Ahe. tyAmuLe pUrNata: dhArmika AhAra, pUrNata: ArogyasaMpanna AhAra ANi pUrNata: tAmasa AhAra he tInahI atireka TALUna sAmAnya gRhiNIlA yogya poSaNaratye asalelA va cavadAra AhAra banavAvA lAgato. upasaMhAra : ___sadAcaraNa ANi zAMtatAmaya sahajIvana he dharmAce vyAvahArika uddiSTa Ahe. he uddiSTa pUrNa karaNyAsAThI jI jI dhArmika mUlye atyaMta upayogI TharatAta tI zraddhenehI mAnya karaNyAsa kAhI harakata nAhI. dhArmika graMthAta lihUna ThevalelI pratyeka goSTa vijJAnAcyA kasoTIvara siddha kelIca pAhije asA aTTAhAsahI karaNyAce kAhI kAraNa nAhI. zAMtatAmaya sahajIvanAsAThI jaina dharmAne samagra jIvasRSTiviSayaka nirIkSaNe tyA-tyA kALAta noMdavUna ThevalelI Aheta. jaina dhamIla saNe itara samakAlIna dharmAMcyA tulaneta tyAtalyA tyAta adhika sakSma va vaijJAnika Aheta hI moThIca jamecI bAjU Ahe. **********

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18. bha. mahAvIrAMce tattvajJAna : Adhunika saMdarbhAta (jaina-marAThI-sAhitya-saMmelanAtIla vizeSa vyAkhyAna, miraja, me 2003) 25 eprila 2002 lA saMpaNAre varSa bha. mahAvIra janmakalyANaka varSa mhaNUna sarva bhAratabhara va saMpUrNa jagabhara moThyA thATAmATAne sAjare jhAle. bhavya meLAve, dimAkhadAra utsava, bhASaNe, pradIrgha carcAsatre, pustakAMce prakAzana samAraMbha, miravaNukA, pUjA, abhiSeka, spardhA, puraskAra azA anekavidha aMgAMnI he varSa sAjare jhAle. jaina dharma va tattvajJAnAcyA zreSThatecA udghoSa karaNAr2yA Avezamaya bhASaNAMcA ekaMdara sUra puDhIlapramANe hotA - 'dahazatavAda va yuddhasadRza paristhiIta jagAlA ahiMsAca tAraNAra Ahe. ahiMsA jaina vicArAMcI vizvAlA amola deNagI Ahe. ma. gAMdhIMnI ticA yathAyogya vApara kelA.nayavAda va anekAntavAda jaina dharmAce hRdaya Ahe, paMcamahAvrate he paMcaprANa Aheta. hA dharma vaizvika dharma hoNyAcyA yogyatecA Ahe. zAkAhAra va vyasanamuktIcyA caLavaLIMcyA rUpAne hA paradezAtahI gharogharI rUjata cAlalA Ahe. hA dharma pUrNAMzAne vaijJAnika Ahe. yAta nAhI ase jagAta kAhIca nAhI.' i.i. mahatI gANe, vizeSaNe lAvaNe athavA varNaneMkaraNe atizaya sope asate. thoDe bhASAkauzalya va vaktRtva asale kI ghaNAghAtI vidhAnAMnI tAsa-dona tAsa vyAsapITha gAjavaNaM kAhI phArase avaghaDa nAhI. jaina dharmAcA va tattvajJAnAcA pracAra va prasAra hoNyAsAThI jAstIta jAsta (vizeSataH ajaina) vyaktIMnA to paTavUna deNe Avazyaka Ahe. 'gRhamayUra' banUna svata:cyAca pisAr2yAvara mohita hoNyApekSA, yA dharmAcyA zreSThatecI kAraNamImAMsA detA yeNe phAra mahattvAce Ahe. rASTrIya, AMtararASTrIya agara vaizvika pAtaLIvara pohocaNyApUrvI ApaNa vecaka 12 mudyAMcyA sahAyyAne, yAcyA vizaSTyAMcI noMda Adhunika va vizeSataH vaiyaktika saMdarbhAta gheU. vyaktiza: yA tattvAce pAlana karaNe va jJAna miLaviNe atizaya jarUrIce Ahe, bhASaNabAjI navhe. 1) kevaliprajJapta paripUrNa dharma : jaina dharma va tattvajJAnAcyA itihAsAta DokAvatA, ase disate kI, bauddha dharmApramANe hA vyaktIpravartita nAhI va vaidika dharmApramANe vikasanazIlahI nAhI. mahAvIraca navhe tara RSabhadevAMcyA kALApAsUna hA kevaliprajJapta' Ahe. tattvajJAna va mUla AcaraNAcyA gAbhyAta AjatAgAyata navI bhara paDalelI nAhI. ulaTa, kSullaka goSTIMce nimitta karUna saMpradAya nirmANa karaNyAcI garhaNIya goSTa AmhI aneka zatake karIta Alo Ahota. zvetAMbara, digaMbara, tyAtahI sthAnakavAsI, mUrtipUjaka, terApaMthI, vIsapaMthI, soLApaMthI azA saMpradAyAnizI phuTIra svarUpAta jaina dharma vizvAlA sAmorA gelA, tara ApalyA ekasaMdha kevaliprajJapta paripUrNa anAdi dharmAvara koNI vizvAsa tarI Thevela kA ? 'svata:cyara sudhArA va magaca AmhAlA sudhArA' ase jaga ApalyAlA nAhI kA mhaNaNAra ? 2) dharmAcI bhASA koNatI asAvI ? : saMskRta bhASecA AdhAra na ghetA, lokabhASA asalelyA 'ardhamAgadhI' nAvAcyA prAkRtAta upadeza deUna mahAvIrAMnI dharmabhASeviSayIcA eka kAyamacA daMDaka ghAlUna dilA, mahAvIrAMce bhASAviSayaka kArya puDhIla 6 oLIta pariNAmakAkapaNe sAMgatA yeIla - dharma ANi jIvanAcI phArakata hI jAhalI / gheunI dhyAnI jinAMnI goSTa hI ho sAdhalI / / saMskRtAcI baMda dAre dhADasAne ughaDalI / ANi tyAtuni lokabhASA sahaja kelI vAhatI / /

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tuMbalelA dharma sArA khaLakhaLuni jhepAvalA / vagaLalelyA janamanAMcA ziMpatA kelA maLA / / mahAvIrAMcyA yA krAMtIpAsUna sphUrtI gheUna ApaNahI mahAvIravANI va tice ciMtana bhAratAtIla va itara dezAtIlahI bolIbhASAMmadhye prabhAvIpaNe ANU yA. ApalyA mulAMnA mAtRbhASeta dharma zikavU. iMgrajIta bhASAMtara karUna nako. 3) jJAnamImAMsA : jaina darzanAne jJAnAce pAca bheda sAMgitale. mati, zruta, avadhi, mana:paryAya va kevalajJAna. jaina dRSTInenformation Technology cyA yugAta koNatyAhI vaijJAnika sAdhanAne miLavilele jJAna phakta mAhitIcA dhabadhabA, mahApUra Ahe. mati-zruta naMtara tyAcI maryAdA saMpate. puDhacI jJAne bauddhika kuvatIzI nigaDita nAhItaca. prathama samyaktvAcI joDa miLAlI taraca mati-zrutahI samyak banate. zuddha cAritrAne AdhyAtmika pragatI kelI, taraca puDhIla jJAne AvirbhUta hotA. saoNkreTisahI knowledge is virtue', mhaNato to yAca arthAne ! 'to phAra jJAnI, paMDita Ahe. vaktRtva uttama Ahe. tyAcyA khAjagI AyuSyAta to kAhI kA karenA !' hA dRSTikoNa jaina darzanAsa saMmata nAhI. zuddha AcaraNa nasalelyAce jJAna, jaina darzanAcyA dRSTIne pokaLa va AtmaghAtaka Ahe. svata: bharapUra parigraha karaNAr2yA mANasAce aparigrahAvarIla vyAkhyAna aikUna itara loka kase aparigrahI hoNAra ? praznaca Ahe. 4) samanvayavAda : kAryakAraNasiddhAMta aso, saptabhaMgInaya aso agara AtmakalyANAcA mArga aso, mahAvIrAMnI itarAMce siddhAMta sarvasvI phulI mArUna kadhIca dhikkArale nAhIta. itarAMcyA pratipAdanAtIla satya aMza satata grahaNa kele. bauddha vAGmayA jo satata itarAMvarIla TIkecA sUra disato tasA jaina sAhityAta (vizeSataH AgamAta) javaLajavaLa nagaNya disato. bhagavadgItene jJAnamArga, saMnyAsamArga, bhaktimArga, dhyAnamArga, karmamArga ase vividha adhyAyAta kathana kelele disatAta. jaina dharmAne ekAca AcArAce darzana, jJAna, cAritra, tapa va vIrya ase pAca bheda kalpile. bhagavatI ArAdhanene catuSkaMdha ArAdhanA sAMgitalyA. uttarAdhyayanAne 28 vyA mokSamArgagati adhyayanAta spaSTapaNe noMdavile - nANeNa jANaI bhAve, daMsaNeNa ya saddahe / cAritteNa nigiNhAI, taveNa parisujjhaI / / utta.28.35 umAsvAtIMnI pahilyAca sUtrAta darzana, jJAna, cAritrAcA samanvaya kelA. kuTuMbAta, parivArAta, gAvAta, vyApArAta, sarva vyavahArAtaca samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa vyavahAranayAcyA dRSTInehI phAyadezIraca nAhI kAya ? kevaLa naphyAkaDe baghUna tattve guMDALUna kasehI vAgaNyAcA samanvayavAda' nako bare kA ! 5) viveka va apramAda : AtmakalyANAcI kAsa dharalelyA ArAdhakAsAThI mahAvIrAMnI satata apramAda (besAvadhapaNAcA va bephikIrIcA abhAva) sAMgitalA Ahe. gautama gaNadharAMsArakhyA pAragAmI vyaktIlAhI tyAMnI to vAraMvAra sAMgitalA, tethe tumacyAAmacyAsArakhyA sAmAnyajanAMcA kAya pADa ? dharmAcaraNa karatAnA dehalI-dIpanyAyA'ne hA vivekarUpI divA tevata ThevalA tara ApoApaca toMDUna zabda umaTatAta -

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mAjhyA jIvA - ekAsana byAsana, belA, telA jamela tevaDheca kara tapa / DoLyAta tela ghAlUna divA, aMta:karaNAmadhye japa / / (jJAnadIpa) sairAvairA kuThe dhAvatosa, Theca lAgalI puDhaM bagha / baMda dAra Ahe puDhaM, parata jarA mAge vaLa / / (pratikramaNa) tujhe jJAna nusatI mAhitI, pakke dhyAnI dharUna cala / jJAna tujhyAta hoIla prakaTa, zuddha kelaMsa taraca mana / / (triratna) tI bhalatyAvara ThevU nako, zraddhA moThaMca Ahe baLa / / (samyaktva) nITa pArakhUna Theva svata:vara, sAre dUra karUna sala / / (zalyoddhAra) dara kSaNI, dara pAvalI, thoDA puDhaM puDhaM sara / pravAsa haLU jhAlA tarI, nakkI bheTela zAzvata ghara / / (guNasthAne agara zreNI) veLevArI sArA pasArA, AtA AvarUna sAvarUna nIgha / mAge vaLUna pAhU nako, zraddhAMjalIcIhI rIgha / / (anAsaktI) dusare kaMTALaNyAcyA AdhI, bar2yA bolAnaM mukkAma halava / / (paMDitamaraNa) itakaM sopaM samajU nako, karmodayAcaMca havaM pAThabaLa / / (saMlekhanA) 6) kaSAyAMvara niyaMtraNa : ApalyAlA sarvAMnA pATha Aheta hI nAvaM ! ghaDAghaDA mhaNUna dAkhavato. krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, tyAMcyAvara rAjya mohAcaM, tyAcyA muLAzI rAga-dveSa, tyAMnA jiMkaNAre jina, AtmyAlA kasaNAre kaSAya. kaSAya mhaNaje kADhA agara cahA. vaidika darzanAta SaDripu - kAma, krodha, lobha, moha, mada, matsara, jaina darzanAta anaMtAnubaMdhI te saMjvalana se ekUNa 16 prakAra sAMgitale Aheta. ApaNa Ahota sAmAnya saMsArI zrAvaka. saMpUrNa vItarAgI, nirvikAra, madhyastha azI patnI, mAtA koNAlA tarI rUcela kAya ? ApalyAta kaSAya rahANAraca. paraMtu saMjvalanAcyA dizenaM pravAsAcA yatna vhAvA' hIca sadicchA ! 7) svAvalaMbana : mahAvIrAMnI sAMgitalele svAvalaMbana mukhyata: AdhyAtmika svAvalaMbana Ahe. jaganniyaMtA, tAraNahAra, avatAradhArI Izvara jaina darzanAta saMmata nAhI. 'appA kattA vikattA ya' ase he svAvalaMbana Ahe. gharAta ApaNa sAdhA pANyAcA glAsahI dusar2yAkaDe satata mAgata asU, kuThalIca kAme svata:cI svata: karIta nasU, AjI-AjobAMcI niMdA karIta asU, koNatehI mata svataMtrapaNe mAMDU zakata nasU tara he kAya svAvalaMbana jhAlaM ? ekaMdarIta zArIrika va bauddhika pApaNA javaLa asela tara AtmyAcyA svAvalaMbanAcyA goSTI ApaNa karU zakato kAya ? 8) aparigraha : 'pari + graha' mhaNaje cohobAjUne grahaNa karaNe. tattvArthasUtrAnusAra vastU mhaNaje parigraha nasUna AsaktI hA parigraha Ahe. 'mUrchA parigrahaH' aparigrahAcA Aja ApalyAlA upayukta artha lAvU yA. sAmAnya mANasAnaM aparigrahI vhAyacaM tarI kasaM ? dhAnyAcA sAThA karaNaM hA jarI parigraha, tarI kIDa muLIca lAgU na detA, kaNa n kaNa mukhI ghAlaNaM hAca aparigraha ! / / 1 / /

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bharapUra svayaMpAka karaNaM hA jarI parigraha, tarI apuraM anna na karaNaM, an ziLaM na uraNyAcI khabaradArI gheNaM hAca aparigraha ! / / 2 / / navanavIna phaeNzanace kapaDe gheta rahANaM, hA jarI parigraha, tarI junyAcA lobha lacakA na ThevatA, veLevArI deUna TAkata rahANaM, hAca aparigraha ! / / 3 / / AraDAoraDA karUna, dhapATe ghAlUna mulAMnA abhyAsAlA basaviNaM, hA jarI parigraha, tarI mulAMcyA buddhIcyA maryAdA oLakhUna, tyAMnA resacyA ghoDyAsArakhaM na paLaviNaM, va itara huSAra mulAMcA dveSa na karaNaM, hAca aparigraha / / 4 / / jIva TAkUna, jIva lAvUna, mulaM mulaM karUna, lADa karaNaM va vaLaNa lAvaNaM hA jarI parigraha, tarI mhAtArapaNacI kAThI mhaNUna, DoLe lAvUna na basaNaM, hAca kharA aparigraha / / 5 / / svata:cyA bhogopabhogAMcI tajavIja hA jarI parigraha, tarI koNAce hisakAvUna na gheNyAcI jANa, va garajUMnA eka TakkA tarI deNyAcI vRttI, hA aparigraha / / 6 / / jIvana sukhakara karAyalA, khUpazI sAdhanaM jamaviNaM, hA jarI parigraha, tarI tyAtalaM ekhAda-dusaraM nasalaM, kiMvA moDalaM, tarI nibhAvUna netA yeNaM hAca aparigraha / / 7 / / ghANyAcyA bailAsArakhaM, upajIvikecyA sAdhanAMmAgaM, cakrAkAra phirata rahANaM hA jarI parigraha, tarI divasAkAThI tAsabhara tarI svataMtrapaNe ciMtana, vAcana hAca aparigraha / / 8 / / 9) paryAvaraNa rakSaNa va UrjAbacata : Adhunika yugAce paravalIce zabda Aheta he ! tyAsAThI ApaNa saura UrjA, Thibaka siMcana, pANI aDavA-pANI jiravA, vRkSAropaNa, vanasaMvardhana ase hajAro kAryakrama rAbavIta asato. jaina darzanAnaM yA sarva caLavaLIMnA saMpUrNata: tattvajJAnAcAca pAyA prApta karUna dilA Ahe. jaina dRSTInaM paMcamahAbhUte hI jaDa va paramANUMpAsUna banalelI nasUna, ekeMdraya jIva Aheta. pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika va vanaspatikAyika jIvAMzI ApaNa kase vartana karato, kAya binadhAsta kheLa karato te jarA kAvyamaya paddhatInaM mAMDate. veSa kavitecA asalA tarI gAbhA tattvAMcA ahe, he sUjJAsa sAMgaNe nala ge! 'AMdaNa' - sarva jagaca jaNU AMdaNa ghetalyAsArakhe vAgato ApaNa / trasa-sthAvara jIvAMpaikI, sthAvarAMcaMca evaDhaM kathana / / AtA he pRthvIkAyika jIva - pRthvIkAyika jIva ApalyA pAyAkhAlacA mAmalA / kasaMhI karUna kucalA, khaNA, kADhA, ucalA / /

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koLasAhI ApalA an sonaMhI ApalaM / boariMganaM cheda gheU, te pANIhI ApalaM / / DoMgara uDavUna sAraM kAhI bhuIsapATa karU / zeta-maLe ukhaNUna tithaM navyA vastyA sajava / / navanavIna vANAMnA, bharamasATha khataM ghAlU / / jamIna-kasa jAU de khaDDyAta, kRSi-mitra' satkAra gheU / / 1 / / AtA he apkAyika jIva - apkAyika suddhA Ahe, ApalyAca bApAcA mAla / hapApAcA mAla mhaNUna kitI kitI pyAla ? vahAtaM pANI sAThavU, sAThalelaM pANI vAhavU / samudra mAge haTavU, dimAkhAta kaoNlanI uThavU / / mAse mhaNaje pANa-bhAjI, jAtA yetA khuDUna gheU / hoDyA, jahAje cAla-cAlavUna nadyA, samudra pAra karU / / jalasaMpattI nisargAcI vAremApa kazIhI luTU / minaralacyA nAvAkhAlI dahA rupaye liTara vikU / / 2 / / AtA he vAyukAyika jIva - phuphphusAcyA paMpAMnI, havA Ata gheU ANi soDU / ApalI zuddha havA ApaNa aneka kAraNAMnI bighaDavU / / ticyA dAbAvara ApaNa, lahAnamoThI yaMtre banavU / cAkAta bharUna hIca havA, jaminIvara phirata rAhU / / tejaskAyika upakaraNAMnI, havelAhI veThIsa dharU / ApalyA marjInusAra tilA garama-gAra karIta rAhU / / 3 / / AtA he agnikAyika jIva - pRthvIkAya koLasApAsUna tejaskAya vIja banavU / vAyukAyika pavanacakkInaM navanavIna kAma rAbavU / / apkAyApAsUna vIja moTha cA kauzalyAnaM nirmU / agnibANa an aNusphoTAMnI svazaktIcI stotraM garjU / / jamIna-AkAza-pAtALAta lakSAvadhI vahAnaM cAlavU / ApalA nisarga-vijaya mhaNUna ApalI ApalIca zekhI giravU / / 4 / / AtA he vanaspatikAyika jIva - vanaspatIMcA ApalyAbAbata Ahe nAjUka mAmalA / prazna poTAcA Ahe, jarA haLU haLU boMbalA / / je je disalaM jhADAvara, gupacUpa poTAta ricavalaM / TanAvarI dhAnya, phaLaM, bhAjI, dudhahI khUpa cApalaM / / tRNabhakSI rUcakara jIva, jibhalyA cATata pacavile / vastraM viNalI, gharaM bAMdhalI, bagIcehI ubhArale / / prayogazALeta bhAvabhAvanA vanaspatIMcyA siddha kelyA / AmacyA bothaTa manAparyaMta kazA bare tyA pohocAvyA ?

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jineMdrAMnI dilI dRSTI, hI tara ekeMdriyAMcI sRSTI / hiMsA-caurya-parigrahAvaraca, ubhAralIya mAnavI saMskRtI / / saMskRtI soDU zakata nAhI, badalU zakato ApalI najara / gautamAMcI apramattatA ThevU, manAcyA taLAzI sadaiva hajara !! sArAMza kAya ? ekeMdriya jIvAMnA abhaya mhaNaje paryAvaraNa rakSaNa navhe kAya ? 10) pratikUla paristhitIzI sAmanA : __yA mudyAlA tattvajJAnAta sthAna lAbhalaM Ahe te parISaha va upasargAcyA rUpAnaM ! 22 parISaha va trividha upasargAMnA mahAvIrAMnI karmanirjarece sAdhana mAnale ! jarA manAviruddha, pratikUla jhAlaM kI vyavahArAta ApalA tola jAto. ciDacchi hote. zIta-uSNa-daMza-mazaka yAMcA bhayaMkara trAsa hoto. mAnasika parISaha tara AmhAlA manorugNatecyA pAtaLIparyaMta neUna pohocavitAta. duherI upayogI Ahe hA karmaniracA siddhAMta ! zArIrika, mAnasika Arogya Thevato vaAtmyAcIhI unnatI karato. dahazatavAdI kAravAyA agara zatrUcyA AkramaNAlA mAtra parISaha mAnUna karmanirjarece sAdhana mAnaNe bhayaMkara ghAtaka Tharela. rASTrIya pAtaLIvarIla praznAMsAThI vyavahAranayAne rASTrIya asmitAca yogya Tharela ! 11) niHzalyIkaraNa : koNatehI vrata grahaNa karaNyApUrvI mAnasika zalye dUra karaNaM atyAvazyaka Ahe ase jaina darzanAce pratipAdana Ahe. hI eka prakAracI zalyakriyA mhaNaje sarjarIca Ahe. kapaTa, DhoMga, aMdhavizvAsa, ekamekAMviSayIce gairasamaja, kiMtutyAce dveSAta jhAlele rUpAMtara, yA sarvAMmuLe ApalI manaM nehamI TAcaNIgharAsArakhyA bin-holder) avastheta asatAta. khrizcana dharmAta confessionritual yAsAThIca Ahe. mahAbhAratAta, bhISmAMcA "zarapaMjara" malA kAyama yA zalyoddhArAcI AThavaNa karUna deta AlA Ahe. 12) striyAMnA asalele vaiziSTyapUrNa sthAna : jaina AgamAta, 2600 varSApUrvI hoUna gelelyA aneka striyAMce yathArtha darzana ghaDate. puruSa AcAryAMnI hajAro varSe toMDI paraMparene japalelyA yA AgamAMmadhUna itakyA prabhAvI striyAMce kArya ApalyAparyaMta pohocale Ahe. tIrthaMkaramallI, sAdhvI rAjImatI, AryA caMdanA, rANI kamalAvatI, kanakadhvaja rAjAcI patnI padmAvatI, thApatyA gRhapatnI, zaMkha zrAvakAcI patnI utpanna, jijJAsU zrAvikA jayaMtI, spaSTavaktI agnimitrA, bhAtazetIta pravINa va arthasallAgAra snuSA rohiNI, 18 dezI bhASAta vizArada azA devadattA, anaMgasenA, kAmadhvajesArakhyA gaNikA ... asaMkhya kartRtvavAn striyA Aheta yA Agama va AgamaTIkAgraMthAMmadhye ! he sthAna tyAMnI miLavile Ahe ApalyA cAritryAcyA va kauzalyAcyA baLAvara ! jai dharmAta asalele he striyAMce sthAna Adhunika strI caLavaLIMnAhI sphUrtiprada Tharela ! upasaMhAra : varIla 12 mudde kevaLa digdarzanAkhAtara Aheta. yA darzanAtIla javaLajavaLa sagaLyAca goSTI sadAsarvakALa svIkAraNIyaca Aheta. sarvAta mahattvAcA Ahe pratyekAnaM svayaMpreraNenaM kelelA abhyAsa va tyAtUna hoNArI svasAmarthyanI jANIva' ! jaya jineMdra ! jaya bhArata !! **********

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19. jaina ANi hiMdU dharma : sAmya-bhedAtmaka nirIkSaNe (brahmamahatisAgara jaina sAhitya saMzodhana keMdra : dahigAMva ANi jaina adhyAsana puNe vidyApITha, yAMcyA saMyukta vidyamAne __ Ayojita carcAsatrAta vAcalelA zodhanibaMdha, mArca 2010) lekhaka : DaoN. anItA botharA mArgadarzaka : DajeM. nalinI jozI prastAvanA: 'jaina va vaidika paraMparA : sAmya-bhedAtmaka nirIkSaNe', hA viSaya ekA moThyA prabaMdhAcAca viSaya Ahe. tathApi sumAre gelyA 15 varSAtIla vAcana va ciMtanAtUna, jaina va vaidika paraMparA yAMcyA sAmya-bhedAMvara AdhArita, jI nirIkSaNe DoLyAsamora AlI, tI saMkSepAne ekatrita noMdaviNyAsAThI, hA zodhalekha lihaNyAcA prayAsa kelA Ahe. __ gelI kimAna pAca varSe tarI, bhAratabharAtalyA aneka seminAra ANi kaoNnpharansesalA jAUna, jaina ANi vaidika paraMparAMmadhIla mudyAMvara AdhArita ase, taulanika zodhalekha prastuta kele. tyAveLI asA anubhava AlA kI, vaidika, hiMdu va brAhmaNa yA tInahI zabdAMvara, anekadA AkSepa ghetale gele. jaina, bauddha ANi AjIvaka yA tIna vicAradhArA, nizcitapaNe zramaNa paraMparecyA mAnalyA jAtAta. tyA soDUna vedAMpAsUna cAlU hoUna brAhmaNa, AraNyaka, upaniSade, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, sahA darzane ANi zaiva, vaiSNava i. saMpradAya, yA sarvAMnA ekA vicAradhAreta guMphUna, tyAlA AmhI vaidika, hiMdU va brAhmaNa saMpradAya ase saMbodhato. sAmya-bhedAtmaka nirIkSaNe * pravRttiparakatA ANi nivRttiparakatA * atizaya sAkalyAne arthAt saMgrahanayAne vicAra kelyAsa, jaina paraMparA va ekaMdarItaca zramaNa paraMparA yA, nivRttigAmI ANi vairAgya va tapAlA prAdhAnya deNAr2yA Aheta. vaidika paraMparA prAdhAnyAne, pravRttigAmI ANi aihika jIvanAlA prAdhAnya deNArI Ahe. jaina paraMparene nehamIca sAdhudharma hA pradhAna mAnUna, agrasthAnI ThevalA Ahe. amRtacaMdrAcAryAMnI yAvara 'puruSArthasiddhayupAyAta' cAMgalAca prakAza TAlA Ahe. yAulaTa vaidikAMce smRti i. AcAraviSayaka graMtha prAmukhyAne gRhasthadharmAlAca keMdrasthAnI ThevatAta. jaina paraMpareta zrAvakAcAra arthAt gRhasthAcAra dekhIla vistArAne sAMgitalA Ahe. tarIhI zrAvakAcyA pratyeka vratAMmadhye pariNAma arthAt maryAdelA mahattva dile Ahe.4 vaidika paraMparetahI tattvaciMtanAlA prAdhAnya deNArI upaniSade ANi saMnyAsadharmAce vivecana karaNAre graMtha arthAtaca Aheta. tarI bahusaMkhyene asalelyA gRhasthAMsAThI yajJa, pUjA-arcA, saNa-vAra, vrata-vaikalya yAMcyA rUpAne ekaMdara AcArAtUna pravRttipradhAnatecAca ThasA umaTato. * kAlAnurUpa badala * vaidika paraMparetIla daivatazAstrAkaDe najara TAkalI tara ase disate kI, RgvedApAsUna te uttarakAlIna purANAMparyaMta tyAMce daivatazAstra vikasita hota rAhile. iMdra, varuNa, rudra, viSNu, uSA azA vaidika devatAMpaikI kAhI lopa pAvatyA tara kAhIMce vyaktimatva vegavegaLe aMza misaLUna badalata gele. mhaNUnaca vedAtIla zipiviSTa 'viSNu' hA, purANAtIla avatAradhArI viSNupekSA pUrNata: badalUna gelelA disato. tyAcapramANe RgvedAmadhye vAdaLI vAr2yAMcI devatA asalele

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'rudra' he, kAlAMtarAne kailAsanivAsI zaMkarAce paryAyavAcI nAva jhAle.5 daivata zAstrAce jase badalate svarUpa disate, tase yajJa saMkalpanecehI badalate svarUpa ApalyAlA vaidika paraMpareta disate. Aja jyAlA ApaNa hiMdudharma mhaNato, to spaSTataH devIdevatAMcyA upAsanAMvara AdhArita asA bhaktipradhAna dharma Ahe va to aneka saMpradAyAMnI yukta Ahe. kAlAnurUpa badala va parivartane karUna, jAstIta jAsta lokAMnA ekatritapaNe TikavUna dharaNyAce kAma, vaidika paraMparene kelele disate. jaina paraMparetahI kAlAnurUpa parivartane tara disatAta paNa Sadravye, navatattve, karmasiddhAMta, anekAMtavAda ANi sAdhu va zrAvakAcAra yA mULa gAbhyAlA pradIrgha kAlAvadhItahI dhakkA lAgalA nAhI. parivartane hota gelI tarI tI jaina paribhASeta mAMDAyacI jhAlI tara, paryAyAtmaka parivartane Aheta dravyAtmaka nAhIta. pArzvanAthapraNita cAturyAmadharma mahAvIMnI paMcayAma kelA. saMghAta sacelaka va acelaka dohoMnAhI sthAna dile. AjaghaDIlA maMdiramArgI jainAMvara spaSTata: hiMdudharmAcyA pUjAvidhIcA prabhAva disato. tarIhI Sadravye, navatattve i. varIla sarva mudde abAdhita rAhile Aheta. pUjAsthAnI Adarzat mhaNUna vItarAgI jinAMcIca sthApanA kelI jAte. badalatyA kALAnusAra sarvasvI vegavegaLI navIna ArAdhya daivate nirmANa jhAlI nAhIta. * mokSa va mokSamArga * ___ vaidika paraMparA aso athavA jaina paraMparA aso, donhI bhAratIya saMskRtIcIca apatye asalyAne, tyAMmadhye nAtipAlanAitakeca (ethics) AdhyAtmikatelAhI (spiritualism) mahattva rAhile. tyAmuLe dohoMnIhI mAnavI AyuSyAce aMtima dhyeya mokSaca mAnale. paraMtu yAtahI pharaka asA Ahe kI, jaina paraMparene prAraMbhIpAsUnaca mokSa puruSArthAlA adhekhita kele Ahe tara abhyAsaka ase mhaNatAta kI, dharma, artha ANi kAma yA tIna puruSArthAMnAca vaidika paraMpareta AraMbhI prAdhAnya hote. zramaNa paraMparecyA prabhAvAneca mokSa hA puruSArtha, mahAbhArata kALApAsUna prAmukhyAne najaresamora AlA. sAMkhyamArga athavA jJAnamArga, bhaktimArga, niSkamakarmayogamArga athavA dhyAnamArga azI mokSAkaDe neNAr2yA mArgAMcI vividhatA ANi tyAMcI svataMtratA, he vaidika paraMparece vaiziSTya Ahe. bhagavadgItetIla adhyAyAMcyA nAvAMvarUnasuddhA he spaSTa hote. jaina paraMparene mAtra AraMbhApAsUnaca 'samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / ' he sUtra svIkArale. paraMtu he tIna vegavegaLe mArga nasUna, tinhIMcI samanvita ArAdhanAca mokSamArgAta apekSita Ahe, ase pratipAdana kele Ahe. * Izvara saMkalpanA* vaidika paraMparetIla vividha graMthAta, Izvara saMkalpaneviSayI saMbhramAvasthA disate. vedAta devadevatA asalyA tarI tyAMnA nakkI deva athavA Izvara ase saMbodhita kelele nAhI. brAhmaNagraMthAta anekadA 'yajJo vai devaH' ase varNana dasate. 'kasmai devAya haviSA vidhema ?' asAhI prazna upasthita kelelA disato. rAmAyaNa va mahAbhAratAcyA akheracyA bhAgAta, tyAMnA devatva Alele disate. puDhe purANakALAta tara tyAMcI avatArAtaca gaNanA jhAlI. sAMkhya darzanAta puruSAMce asaMkhyatva sAMgitale asale tarI, IzvarAlA svataMtra sthAna nAhI. yogadarzanAta mAtra klezakarmavipAkAzayairaparAmRSTaH puruSavizeSa IzvaraH / 11 azI IzvarAcI vyAkhyA dilI Ahe. paNa te eka kI aneka yAbAbata yogadarzana mauna pALate. __ vaidika paraMparetIla purANa graMthAta utpattI, sthitI va pralayAce pravartaka ase tIna deva mAnalele disatAta. Aja pracalita hiMdudharmAta brahmA, viSNu va maheza yA tIna devatAMnA ananyasAdhAraNa mahattva Ahe. ___ jaina paraMparene AraMbhApAsUnaca sRSTIcyA kartA-dhartA-vinAzakA IzvarAcI saMkalpanAca mAnalelI nAhI. sRSTIlA anAdi-anaMta mAnUna, jIvAMce niyaMtraNa karaNAre tattva mhaNUna, karmasiddhAMtAlA agrasthAnI Thevale Ahe. jaina paraMparA aMtima zuddha avasthA prApta kelelyA sarva jIvAMnA, paramAtmA athavA Izvara yA nAvAne saMbodhate. paNa he Izvara sRSTIcI utpattI, pAlana i. kazAmadhyehI sahabhAga gheta nAhIta. tyAMce caitanyamaya astitva mAtra satata asate.

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ekaMdarIta vaidika paraMpareta Izvara saMkalpaneviSayIcI jI saMbhramAvasthA disate tI jaina paraMpareta disata nAhI. kAraNa jaina paraMparene devalokAtIla deva va mokSagAmI paramAtmA yA donhIhI sarvathA vegaLyA mAnalyA Aheta. * karmasiddhAMta * donhI paraMparAMnI karmasiddhAMtAlA mahattva dile Ahe. paraMtu jaina paraMpareta tyAce vizleSaNa va upayojana atizaya susaMbaddhapaNe, tArkikatene va vistArAne kele Ahe. ___ vaidika paraMpareta saMcita, prArabdha va kriyamANa he tIna zabda mukhyata: yetAta.12 bhagavadgIteta karma, vikarma ANi akarma yA zabdAMcA vAraMvAra upayoga kelA Ahe.13 paNa tyAtUna karmasiddhAMtAce ekatrita citra va svarUpa muLIsuddhA spaSTa hota nAhI. yAulaTa SaTkhaMDAgamAsArakhyA prAcInatama graMthAtUna, karmasiddhAMtAcyA vivecanAlA suravAta hoUna,puDhe puDhe digaMbara va zvetAMbara doghAMnIhI yAvara AdhArita ase svataMtra karmagraMthaca nirmANa kele. kiMbahunA jaina sAhityAta karmasAhityAcI eka zAkhAca nirmANa jhAlI. jaina darzanAta asalelI sAta tattvAMcI sAkhaLI, karmAMcyA AdhAreca joDalelI Ahe. jIva va ajIva yAMcyA ApApalyA pratyeka karmAcA kartA va bhoktA asalyAmuLe, tyAta madhyasthI karaNAr2yA IzvarAlA koNatehI sthAna nAhI. 14 tyAmuLe sAhajikaca karmasiddhAMta adhikAdhika pallavita jhAlA. * pUrvajanma va punarjanmaviSayaka dhAraNA * donhI paraMpareta yA dhAraNa samAna asalyA tarI, jaina paraMparevara yAMcA pagaDA itakA dRDha Ahe kI, pratyeka jaina caritagraMthAta ANi kathAgraMthAta anivAryapaNe pUrvabhavAMce va pazcAtbhavAMce varNana yeteca. karmasiddhAMta agrabhAgI asalyuLe pUrvabhava va pazcAtabhavAMce varNana hA kathAMcA avibhAjya bhAga TharalA. yAulaTa pUrvajanma va punarjanma mAnale asale tarI vaidika paraMparetIla kathApradhAna graMthAMmadhye pUrvabhava va pazcAtbhava yAMcyA citraNAvara bhara dilelA disata nAhI. * dAna saMkalpanA* anusarUna vegavegaLe jhAle Aheta. donhI paraMpareta dAna he dharmAce ANi puNyaprAptIce sAdhana Ahe. dAnAne miLaNAre jAstIta jAsta phaLa he svargaprAptI Ahe. nityadAnAce mahattva donhI paraMparAMmadhye disate. paraMtu naimittika ANi phyadAnAMcA vicAra brAhmaNa paraMpareta disato. brAhmaNa paraMpareta 'jJAnadAnAlA' eka viziSTa pavitra darjA dilelA disato. jaina paraMpareta 'ahiMsA' va sarvajIvarakSaNAcyA bhAvanetUna 'abhayadAnAcA' mahimA varNilelA disato. 'grahaNa, parvakALa, zrAddha, tIrthakSetra i. prasaMgI vizeSa dAna karAve', ase nirdeza brAhmaNa paraMpareta ADhaLatAta. tIthIMce va kSetrAMce pAvitrya, pitRloka ANi tarpaNa i. saMkalpanA jaina zAstrAta basata nasalyAmuLe, sAgAradharmAmRtakArAne azA prakAracyA dAnAMcA spaSTapaNe virodha kelA Ahe. jaina paraMparene dAna saMkalpanelA kevaLa puNya saMkalpaneparyaMta maryAdita Thevalele nAhI. dAnAlA saiddhAMtika AdhArahI dile. samyaktvAcyA ATha aMgAmadhye vAtsalya va prabhAvanecyA rUpAne15, zrAvakAcArAta atithIsaMvibhAgavatAcyA rUpAne16, sAdhuAcArAta upadezarUpAne", dAna-zIla-tapa-bhAva yA catuSTayItUna dharmAcyA vyAvahArika rUpAne18, pratyAkhyAnAcyA kriyemadhye abhayadAnAcyA rUpAne, AThakarmAtIla vedanIya, aMtarAya va tIrthaMkaranAmakarmAcyA rUpAne jainasiddhAMta va AcArAta dAnAce asalele ananya sAdhAraNa sthAna spaSTa disate. pariNAmI ahiMsA va tapAitakeca, dAna hehI jaina paraMparece vaiziSTya banale.

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* vratavicAra * vaidika paraMpareta Rgveda kALAta, 'dhArmika athavA pavitra pratijJA kiMvA AcAraNasaMbaMdhI nibaMdha', yA arthAne 'vrata' zabdAcA prayoga hota hotA. brAhmaNagraMthAta 'vyaktIcA viziSTa vartanakrama athavA upavAsa', yA donhI arthAMnI 'vrata' zabda yeU lAgalA.22 smRtigraMthAta prAyazcittAce vidhAna' vratarUpAne Ale.23 purANagraMthAta tisar2yA-cauthyA zatakApAsUna dahAvyA zatakAparyaMta, vratAMce svarUpa va uddeza badalata gele va saMkhyA vRddhiMgata hota gelI.4 vratAMcyA mULa arthAMmadhye saMkalpita kRtya, saMkalpa, pratijJA va icchA he artha joDale gele. tyAmuLe vratAMnA aihikatA, kAmyatA prApta jhAlI. vrate karaNyAsa striyAMnA va nimna varNiyAMnAhI sthAna miLAle. hI vrate atyaMta AkarSaka svarUpAcI hotI. jainadharmAta AgamakALApAsUna 'vrata' zabdAtIla 'vRt' kriyApadAcA artha maryAdA ghAlaNe, niyaMtraNa karaNe, rokaNe, saMyama karaNe asA hotA. mhaNUnaca jaina paraMpareta vratAsAThI virati, viramaNa ase zabda yetAta. yAca arthAne jainAMnI pUrNa viratIlA 'mahAvrata' va AMzika viratIlA 'aNuvrata' mhaTale Ahe.26 hI vrate prAsaMgika nasUna Ajanma paripAlana karaNyAcI Aheta. hiMdudharmAmadhye paurANika kALAta jasajase vratAMce svarUpa badalata gele, tasatasA jaina samAja va vizeSata: mahilAvarga, tyAkaDe AkRSTa hoU lAgalA asAvA. tyAmuLe akarAvyA zatakApAsUna paMdharAvyA zatakAparyaMta, jainasamAjAtahI AcAryAMnI vidhi-vidhAnAtmaka vratAMcA pracAra kelA. jainAMcyA donhI saMpradAyAta pratimA, pUjA, vidhividhAne, pratichA, yaMtra-maMtra i. cA samAveza jhAlA. pariNAmI lokAzAhasArakhyA zrAvakAsa, mUrtipUjevirUddha sthAnakavAsI saMpradAya sthApana karaNyAcI preraNA jhAlI. hiMdU ANi jaina samAja satata saMparkAta asalyAmuLe, tyAMcyAmadhye aneka goSTIMce AdAna-pradAna kase hote gele asAve, yAvara vara varNana kelelA vratAMcA itihAsa, he eka bolake udAharaNa Ahe. * samAdhimaraNa * prAyopavezana kiMvA saMjIvana samAdhI i. nAvAMnI dhArmika maraNAcA svIkAra karaNe, he hiMduparaMparelA kAhI navIna nAhI. tathApi hiMdU vAtAvaraNAta ase maraNa svIkAralyAcI udAharaNe agadI mojakI ADhaLatAta. zivAya hyA maraNAsAThI svIkAralelyA prakriyecA, vizeSa bodha karaNAre sAhitya nirmANa jhAlele disata nAhI. __ jaina paraMpareta AgamakALApAsUna mRtyuvicArAlA vizeSa sthAna disate. bhagavatI ArAdhanesArakhyA digaMbaragraMthAta ANi zvetAMbarAMcyA aneka prakIrNakAta saMlekhanA, saMthArA, samAdhimaraNa, paMDitamaraNa, aMtima ArAdhanA azA vividha AjahI yA prathece asalele pracalana, he hiMdUMpekSA asalele vegaLepaNaca mAnAve lAgela. * karmakSayAcA vicAra * bhavakoTI saMcita karmAMcA yA mAnavI AyuSyAta, ApaNa ApalyA prayatnAne kSaya karAvayAcA Ahe, hI saMkalpanA donhI paraMpareta disate. saMcita karme puSkaLa asalyAmuLe va vegavegaLyA veLI karmabaMdha jhAlyAmuLe tyAMcyA kSayAcA eka viziSTa krama sAMgaNe atyaMta Avazyaka Ahe. hiMdU paraMparetIla graMtha hI apekSA pUrNa karIta nAhIta. 'jJAnAgniH sakarmANi bhasmasAtkurute tathA / 28 he vivecana karmakSayAbAbata purese Tharata nAhI. jaina paraMparene yA karmakSayAlA 'nirjarA' yA nAvAne tAtvika darjA dilA Ahe.29 mhaNUna nijarecI vyAkhyA, nirjarece prakAra,31 nijarece adhikArI,32 saMvarayukta tapAne hoNArI nirjarA,33 guNasthAna va nirjarA,4 samudghAta va nirjarA,5 nirjarecA kSapaNavidhi azA prakAre kelelA vividhAMgI vicAra he jaina paraMparece vaiziSTya Tharale.

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* samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa * nayavAda, syAdvAda, anekAntavAda ANi samanvayavAda he jaina abhyAsakAMcyA mate, jaina paraMparece vaiziSTya Ahe. sarva dArzanika pravAhAMnA jainAMnI ekeka naya spaSTa karaNArA vAda mhaNUna sAmAvUna ghetale. 'RSibhASitA'sArakhyA graMthAta hiMdU ANi bauddha vicAravaMtAMcAhI gaurava kelA. sAmAnya jIvana ANi adhyAtma yAMcA samanvaya vyavahAranaya ANi nizcayanaya sAMgUna kelA. kArya-kAraNa bhAvAce spaSTIkaraNa deta asatAnA, koNatehI kArya svabhAvavAda, kAlamada, pauruSavAda, karmavAda va niyativAda yA pAcAMcyA samanvayAne hote, ase sAMgitale. jainAMcA udAramatavAda darzaviNArI aneka udAharaNe azAprakAre detA yetIla. paraMtu yAca barobara asehI lakSAta Thevale pAhije kI vaidika mhaNA, brAhmaNa mhaNA athavA hiMdU mhaNA yA paraMparenehI taDajoDa, badala, parivartane kALAcyA oghAta svIkAralelI disatAta. RSabhadevAMnA ANi gautamabuddhAMnA purANAMnI avatArapada dile. pazubalIpradhAna yajJa kAlAMtarAne hiMsArahita banale. svAdhyAya, jJAna, tapa i. nA yajJAcA darjA dilA.38 zaMkarAcAryAMsArakhyA advaita vedAMtAne prAtibhAsika, vyAvahArika ANi pAramArthika azA tIna sattAMcA siddhAMta mAMlA. koNatehI kArya pAcAMcyA samavAyAne hote, he vidhAna tara bhagavadgIteta jasecyA tase Ahe.39 vedAMpAsUna AraMbha jhAlelI hI paraMparA, prathama brAhmaNa paraMparA mhaNUna parivartita jhAlI va naMtara tIca purANakAlI bhaktipradhAna jhAlI. mhaNaje dravya-kSetra-kAla-bhAvAcA siddhAMta phakta jainAMnIca mAMDalA, asA abhiniveza soDUna deNe Avazyaka Ahe. AtA ekagoSTa mAtra kharI kI, koNatehI vidhAna phakta viziSTa apekSeneca satya asate, ase mhaNUna ANi sadvastUlA anaMta dharmAtmaka mAnUna jainAMnI sApekSatAvAda ANi anekAMtavAda, saiddhAMtika rUpAne yathArthatene mAMDalA. tyAsAThI 'AinasTAina' sArakhyA vaijJAnikAnehI jainAMbaddala gauravodgAra kADhale Aheta.40 yAtIla kharI mekha azI Ahe kI, yA sApekSatAvAdAta daDalelI vaijJAnika samIkaraNe va sUtre jainahI tayAra karU zakale nAhIta va hiMdUhI tayAra karU zakale nAhIta. * strIviSayaka dRSTikoNa * madhyayugAparyaMtacyA kALAta hiMdudharmAta va samAjAta, striyAMce sthAna atizaya duyyama hote, ase abhyAsaka mhaNatAta. jaina dharmAne prathamapAsUnaca sAdhuMbarobara sAdhvIMnA va zrAvakAMbarobara zrAvikAMnAhI saMghAta sthAna dile. zivAya bolIbhASeta upadeza deUna, striyAMnAhI samajU zakela azA bhASeta dhArmika kArya kele. mahAvIrAMce caritra lihatAnA anekAMnI 'nAri jAtI ke uddhAraka' asA tyAMcA gaurava kelelA disato. paNa yAbAbata ase mhaNAvese vATate kI, mahAvIrAMce he kArya dhArmika ANi AdhyAtmika bAbatIta hote. ANi tyAtahI kuMdakuMdAMsArakhyA digaMbara AcAryAMnI strI janmAtUna strIlA mokSa nAhI asehI noMdavile Ahe. jaina strIcI kauTuMbika ANi sAmAjika sthitI mAtra bhAratalyA hiMdU strIsArakhIca hotI. sAdhvIMnA jarI dharmAta sthAna hote tarI sAdhUMcyA tulanene sAdhvIMnA nehamIca duyyama sthAnAvara Thevale gele. AjatAgAyata sAdhvIMnA duyyama lekhaNyAcI hI sthitI kAyama Ahe. uttarAdhyayanAsArakhyA ardhamAgadhI graMthAta strIliMgasiddhA, puruSaliMgasiddhA, napuMsakaliMgasiddhA ase ullekha yeNe, jJAtAdharmakathAsArakhyA graMthAta 'mallI' hI strI tIrthaMkara asaNe,42 jayaMtIsArakhyA buddhimatI zrAvikecA sanmAnapUrvaka ullekha asaNe, i. ullekhAMvarUna ase mhaNAvese vATate kI, AgamAMmadhye jaina strIce sthAna duyyama asale tarI samakAlIna hiMdU agara bauddha strIpekSA tyAmAnAne bareca zreSTha hote. * yajJa saMkalpanA * jaina graMthAta yeNAr2yA yajJavirodhI dhoraNAta, kALAnusAra sthityaMtare yeta gelI, ase disUna yete. AgamakALAta yajJAlA spaSTata: virodha na karatA, hiMsA-ahiMsecyA vivecanAtUna to vyakta hoto. isavI sanAcyA cauthyA-pAcavyA

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zatakApAsUna te dahAvyA zatakAparyaMta, sarva prakAracyA yajJAMnA hoNAr2yA virodhAcI dhAra, haLuhaLU adhikAdhika tIvra hota gelI. dharmopadezamAlAvivaraNa graMthAta, yajJAlA spaSTata: narakagatIce kAraNa mAnale Ahe.44 __ hiMsaka yajJAcyA viruddha dilelyA yA tIvra pratikriyAMmuLe, brAhmaNa paraMparelA yajJAcA punarvicAra karAvA lAgalA. hiMsaka yajJAce pracalana kamI kamI hoU lAgale. yajJacakrapravartanAcA puraskAra karaNAr2yA bhagavadgItelAhI, dravyayajJAbarobya jJAna, svAdhyAya, tapa i. cI gaNanA yajJAta karAvI lAgalI. dahAvyA zatakAnaMtara brAhmaNadharmAcyA prabhAvAne, yajJapaddhatI pUjArUpAta va kriyAkANDAtmaka rItIne jainadharmAta yeU lAgalI. AjahI jainAMmadhye moThyA pramANAta yajJAce Ayojana hota nasale tarI choTe homa, gRhasthAMcyAdvAre kele jAtAta. zivAya hiMdU dharmAcyA sAnidhyAne vivAha prasaMgI amihoma hA kelA jAtoca. azA prakAre jaina va hiMdU samAjAta aneka bAbatIta AcArAce AdAna-pradAna cAlU asalele disate. * avatAravAda * avatAravAda prAmukhyAne hiMdU purANagraMthAta spaSTapaNe mAMDalA gelA. bhagavAna viSNUne sAdhUMcyA paritrANAsAThI ANi duSTAMcyA nirdAlanAsAThI avatAra gheNe ANi avatAra kArya saMpatAca nijadhAmI parata jANe',45 hI saMkalpanA purANAMnI hiMdU manAta kholavara rUjavalI. jaina paraMpareta mAtra sarva tIrthaMkara, jina, kevalI he manuSyayonIta janmatAta va svata:cyA Atmika vikAsAne nirvANapadAsa jAtAta. siddhagatIta gelyAvara he jIva punhA jagAcyA anukaMpene parata bhUtalAvara avatarata nAhIta. ___ bauddhadharma hA svataMtradharma asUnahI, gautamabuddhAMnA purANAMnI dahA avatArAta sthAna dile. tyAcI kAraNe kAhIhI asota. mahAvIrAMcA mAtra hiMdugraMthAta vizeSataH purANAta, koThehI nAmanirdeza suddhA nAhI. bhAgavatapurANAta RSabhadevaMcA 24 avatArAta samAveza kelA gelA, kAraNa tyAMcI pravRttiparakatA ANi ekaMdara jIvanakrama purANakArAMnA hiMdudharmAsArakhA vATalA asAvA. bhagavAna mahAvIrAMnA mAtra paurANikAMnI Apalese kele nAhI. yAcAca artha asA kI, mahAvIravANIsU prakaTa hoNArI vicAradhArA, paurANikAMnA mAnavalI nasAvI. zivAya mahAvIrAMcA dRSTikoNa TIkA va upahAsAtmaka nasalyAmuLe, tyAMnA te dakhalapAtra vATale nasAveta. zivAya jyA kALAta gautamabuddhAlA avatAra mhaTale gele, tyAkALAta bauddhadharmAcA prasAra adhika jhAlA asAvA. RSabhadevAMcA avatArAta samAveza asaNe va mahAvIrAMcA avatArAta samAveza nasaNe, yAtIla koNatI goSTa zramaNadharmAcyA svataMtratelA poSaka Ahe va koNatI poSaka nAhI, hA vicAra karaNyAyogya muddA Ahe. * pitara saMkalpanA * pitara, piMDa, zrAddha i. saMkalpanA vaidika paraMpareta, RgvedApAsUna sarva veda, taittirIya brAhmaNa va AraNyaka, chAMdogyAsArakhI upaniSade, manu, yAjJavalkya i. smRtigraMtha, kauTilIya arthazAstra, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, javaLajavaLa sarva purANe ANi pUrvamImAMsA darzana yA sarvAMmadhye disUna yete. zrAddhavidhiviSayaka svataMtra graMthanirmitIhI jhAlelI jhite. bhAratAtalyA sarva pradezAta, sarva jAtijamAtIMmadhye pitara saMkalpanA ANi tyAcyAzI juLalele zrAddha i. vidhI kele jAtAta. jaina paraMparene hiMdU saMskAra, vratavaikalya, pUjAarcA he sarva vidhI thoDyAphAra pharakAne AtmasAta kele asale tarI, pitara saMkalpanA hI jaina siddhAMtAcyA pUrNa viparIta asalyAne svIkAralI nAhI. jaina dArzanika mAnyatenusAra manuSyagatItIla jIva puDhIla janmAta deva, manuSya, nArakI kiMvA tiryaMca koNatyAhI rUpAne ApalyA karmAnusAra janmate. zivAya vartamAna janma va puDhacA janma yAmadhye phakta kAhI samayAceca (kSaNAce) aMtara asate.tyAmuLe madhIla kALAta pitRloka nAvAcyA ThikANI vasatI karaNe i. saMkalpanA, jaina darzanAta basata nAhI. dravya-kSetra-kAla-bhAva-bhava azA paMcavidha saMsArAta, pratyeka jIva itara jIvAMcyA aneka veLA saMparkAta yeUna, kramAkramAne mAtA-pitA-putrakanyA i. jhAlelA Ahe. hiMdU dRSTIne jyA tIna piDhyAtIla pitarAMnA tarpaNa i. kele jAte, te jIva jaina dRSTIne kevhAca

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vegavegaLyA gatIta janmalele asatAta. azA paristhitIta koNAlA Apale pitara mAnUna zrAddha, tarpaNa athavA piMDa pradAna karaNAra ? asA kaLIcA muddA Ahe. * paMcamahAbhUte va pAca ekeMdriya jIva * vaidika mAnyatenusAra pRthvI, apa, teja, vAyu ANi AkAza hI paMcamahAbhUte Aheta. tI jaDa arthAt nirjIva Aheta.48 taittirIya upaniSadAta tyAMcA eka viziSTa krama sAMgitalA Ahe. to asA - Atmana: AkAza: saMbhUtaH / AkAzAdvAyuH / vAyoragniH / agnerApaH / adbhyaH pRthivI / pRthivyA oSadhayaH / oSadhIbhyo'nnam / annAtpuruSaH / 49 sAMkhyadarzanAta prakRti, mahat, ahaMkAra, paMcatanmAtre va kramAkramAne paMcamahAbhUte asA krama varNilA Ahe.50 jaina paraMparelA hA dRSTikoNa sarvathA amAnya Ahe. tyAMnI pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika va vanaspatikAyika yAMnA ekeMdriya jIva mAnale Ahe. pahilA pharaka asA kI he jaDa nAhIta. dusarA pharaka asA kI AkAza he jaDa mhaNaje ajIva Ahe. paraMtu tyAcI gaNanA SadravyAMmadhye kelI Ahe.51 vanaspatikAyikAlA pRthvI i. cArAMcyA joDIne ekeMdriya mAnale Ahe. zivAya caitanyamaya AtmyApAsUna, cetanAhIna paMcamahAbhUte nirmANa hoNyAcA vaidikAMvara asalelA atayaM prasaMga, jainAMnI TALalA Ahe. pRthvI i. nA ekeMdriya mAnalyAmuLe, ahiMsA tattvAlA bhakkama AdhAra miLAlA Ahe. tyAmuLe jainadharma paryAvaraNa rakSaNAlAhI anukUla banalA Ahe. jaLI, sthaLI, kASThI, pASANI paramezvarAce astitva mAnaNyApekSA, jainAMnI kharokharIce caitanyarUpaca tyAMcyAThikANI kalpile Ahe. * pANyAcA vApara * snAna, saMdhyA, pUjA, svacchatA, pANyAta ubhe rAhUna kelelI purazcaraNe he hiMdU dharmAce vaiziSTya Ahe. yAulaTa pANI he ekeMdriya jIva asalyAne, tyAcA agadI garajepuratA, kamIta kamI vApara, he jaina AcArAce vaiziSTya disate. tyAmuLe arthAtaca pANyAta nirmAlya athavA asthIMce visarjana jaina AcArAcyA caukaTIta basata nAhI. 'pANyAne zuddhI miLata asatI tara sarva jalacara jIva kevhAca svargAta pohocale asate', ase upahAsAtmaka udgAra, 'sUtrakRtAMgA'sArakhyA prAcIna ardhamAgadhI graMthAtahI ADhaLatAta.52 * vijJAnAnukUlatA * prAcIna jaina prAkRta graMthAta, tyA kALAcyA mAnAne kitItarI pragata vaijJAnika dhAraNA ADhaLUna yetAta. udA. SadravyAMmadhIla dharma, adharma yA dravyAMmadhye apekSita asalelI gurutvAkarSaNa zaktI ; ekA paramANUvara rAhaNAre cAra guNa, tyAMce upaprakAra va tyAtUna niSpanna hoNArI mUladravyAMcI saMkhyA ; tiryaMcagatIcyA vivecanAta aMtarbhUta asalelA vanaspativicAra, prANivicAra va pakSIvicAra ; dhvanI arthAt zabdAlA AkAzAcA guNa na mAnatA paudgalika mAnaNe - he sarva vicAra vastutaH AjacyA vijJAnAlAhI tyAmAnAne kitItarI anukUla Aheta. abhyAsaka hehI mAnya karatAta kI jainAMcA pudgala va skaMdha vicAra kaNAdAMcyA paramANUvAdApekSA arthAt vaizeSikAMcyA paramANUvAdApekSA khacitaca zreSTha Ahe. hIca goSTa itarahI udAharaNAMbAbata sAMgatA yeIla. prayogazIla vikAsAcI joDa yA vicArAMnA na miLAyAmuLe, pragata zAstranirmitIcI saMbhAvanA asUnahI, jaina paraMpareta tyA tyA prakAracI vijJAne nirmANa hoU zakalI nAhIta. yAulaTa Ayurveda, khagola, bhUgola, jyotiSa, gaNita, paramANuvAda, arthazAstra azI zAstre vaidika paraMpareta tayAra jhAlI va tatkAlIna zikSaNa paddhatIta aMtarbhUtahI jhAlI. * puruSArthavicAra * ___prAcyavidyAMce abhyAsaka sAkSepAne noMdavatAta kI, pravRttipara vaidika paraMpareta AraMbhI dharma, artha va kAma he tInaca

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puruSArtha hote. nivRttivAdI zramaNa paraMparAMcyA prabhAvAne 'mokSa' hA cauthA puruSArtha tyAta dAkhala jhAlA.53 vaidikAMnI yA cArahI puruSArthAsaMbaMdhI vipula lekhana kele. dharmazAstre va mokSazAstre tara nirmANa kelIca paNa kAmazAstre va arthazAstI nirmANa kelI. yAulaTa jaina paraMpareta 'mokSa' yA puruSArthAceca sadaiva prAdhAnya rAhile. artha ANi kAma hyA puruSArthAMsaMbaMdhI phArasA gaMbhIra vicAra jhAlAca nAhI. * yoga zabdAcA vizeSa artha * pAtajaMlayogadarzanAcA 'yoga' mhaNaje 'cittavRttinirodha'.54 'yamaniyamAdi ATha aMgAMnAhI tethe 'yoga' mhaTale Ahe.55 bhagavadgIteta yoga zabda vegavegaLyA arthAMnI yeto. 'samatvaM yoga ucyate'56, 'yogaH karmasu kauzalam'57 hI vacane tara suprasiddha Aheta. tyAkherIja bhagavadgIteta adhyAyAcyA pratyeka nAvAlAhI 'yoga' zabda lAvalA Ahe.58 jaina paraMparenehI A. haribhadrakRta yogabiMdu, yogazataka i. graMthAMcyA zIrSakAmadhye vaidika paraMparetIla hAca artha disUna yeto. paNa yAkherIja mana-vacana-kAyecyA sarva hAlacAlI mhaNaje karme mhaNaje 'yoga' hoya.59 hyA vyAkhyetUna 'yuj' dhAtUzI juLaNAr2yA, yoga zabdAcyA vegaLyAca arthAvara prakAza TAkalA Ahe. mana-vacana-kAyecyA hAlacAlI yA arthAne yoga zabda vAparUna, tIna yogAMnI va tIna karaNAMnI arthAt 'tivihaM tiviheNaM' hI padAvalI jaina tattvajJAnAta va AcArAtahI atizaya rULalI Ahe. vaidika paraMpareta rUDha asalelyA aneka zabdAMnA jaina paraMparA vegaLeca pAribhASika artha prApta karUna dete. tyApaikI yoga hI eka vizeSa saMkalpanA Ahe. * 'satI' zabdAcA vizeSa artha * __ hiMdU paurANika paraMpareta 'pativratA' hyA arthAne vAparaNyAta yeNArA satI hA zabda, madhyayugIna kALAta patIcyA citevara ArUDha hoNAr2yA, pativratA strIsAThI vAparaNyAta yeU lAgalA. gelyA dona-tIna zatakAta tarI, hiMdU paraMpareta to yAca arthAne rUDha jhAlelA disato. rAjA rAmamohana raoNya' Adi sudhArakAMnI, yA aniSTa rUDhIbaddala khUpa AvAja uThavalA. svAtaMtrya prAptInaMtara bhAratIya saMvidhAnAta, yA aniSTa rUDhIlA uttejana deNAr2yAMvirUddha, kaDaka kAyadA kelelA disato. jaina paraMpareta kALAcyA koNatyAca TappyAvara, azA prakAracyA satI prathelA sthAna nAhI. AdaraNIya sAdhvIMnA jaina paraMparA, satI agara mahAsatI saMbodhate. azA prakhyAta soLA mahAsatIMcA gaurava, jaina paraMparene AdarapUrvaka kelA Ahe. * saMskRta ANi lokabhASA * vedAMpAsUna AraMbha karUna purANAMparyaMta vaidika, brAhmaNa athavA hiMdU paraMpareta nehamIca saMskRtalA agrasthAna miLata rAhile. marAThI sAhityAbAbata bolAyace jhAle tara sumAre dahAvyA-akarAvyA zatakApAsUna mukuMdarAja mahAnubhAva paMtha ANi naMtara bArAvyA zatakAta jJAnezvarAMnI samakAlIna dhArmika racanAMnA AraMbha kelA. jaina paraMpareta mAtra lokabhASeta dharmopadeza karaNyAcA praghAta AraMbhApAsUnaca hotA. kevaLa mahAvIrAMnIca navhe tara AdhIcyA sarva tIrthaMkarAMnI suddhA, lokabhASetUna upadeza kelA asAvA. mhaNUnaca jainAMce isavI sanApUrvIce Agama kiMvA AmnAyagraMthahI, ardhamAgadhI va zaurasenI yA lokabhASAtUna lihalele disatAta. mhaNajeca dhArmika vAD.maya lokabhASeta asAve, hI saMkalpanA jaina paraMpareta, hiMdU paraMparepekSA 1000 varSAMnI junI disate. arthAt Ama samAjAcyA manoraMjanAce sAdhana asalelI saMskRta nATake va kAvya yAMcyAsAThI, hiMdU paraMparenehI prAkRta arthAt lokabhASAMcA vApara kelelA disato.

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* tiryaMcagatIcA vizeSa vicAra * ___jaina paraMpareta saiddhAMtika dRSTyA tiryaMcagatIcI vyAptI puSkaLaca Ahe. prastuta ThikANI ApaNa kevaLa pazu-pakSI sRSTIcA vicAra karIta Ahota. Adhunika kALAta jagabharAtIla praNizAstrAce abhyAsaka, vaividhyAne naTalelyA pazupakSI sRSTIcA, anekavidha aMgAMnI abhyAsa karUna, tyAMce citrIkaraNa karUna, tyAMvara AdhArita azA utkRSTa vaijJAnika graMthAMcI nirmitI karata Aheta. AzcaryAcI goSTa azI kI, prajJApanA, jIvAbhigama yAMsArakhyA ardhamAgadhI graMthAta ANi trilokaprajJapti, gommaTasAra (jIvakAMDa) sArakhyA zaurasenI graMthAta, prANisRSTIviSayIce maulika vicAra noMdavilele disatAta. ticyAMcyA dekhIla gati, jAti, iMdriye, zarIra, liMga, paryApti, prANa, kaSAya, lezyA, jJAna, AyuSya i. vividha aMgAMnI vicAra kelA Ahe. mukhya mhaNaje karmasiddhAMtahI tyAMcyAbAbata upayojita karUna dAkhavilelA Ahe. kevaLa siddhAMtagraMthAtaca navhe tara kathAgraMthAtahI tyAcI udAharaNe sApaDatAta.60 jaina graMthAtIla he mArgadarzana, prANizAstrAcyA Adhunika abhyAsAlA pUraka TharU zakela ase vATate. hiMdU graMthAMtUna azA prakArace mArgadarzana atizaya alpa ADhaLate. * mukta jIvAMce astitva * ____cArvAka soDUna prAya: sarva bhAratIya dArzanikAMnI athavA vicAravaMtAMnI mokSa saMkalpanA mAMDalI Ahe. mokSAnaMtara mukta jIvAMce astitva, svataMtra svataMtra svarUpAta kAyama rAhate, hA siddhAMta mAtra kevaLa jainAMcAca Ahe. azA prakAre siddha kiMvA mukta jIvAMcI vyavasthA, brAhmaNa paraMpareta kuThehI lAvalelI disata nAhI. ekadA pratyeka jIvAcI svataMtra sattA arthAt astitva mAnalyAnaMtara, tI sattA nAhIzI karaNe kiMvA dusar2yAta vilIna karaNe, jaina siddhAMtAlA dharUna nasalyAne mukta jIvAMce azA prakArace astitva mAnale Ahe. * vyaktimatvAMce jainIkaraNa * jainAMcyA samanvayavAdAce eka bolake udAharaNa mhaNaje tyAMnI rAma, lakSmaNa, rAvaNa, hanumAna, kRSNa, nArada, pAMDava, jarAsaMdha, sItA, aMjanA, maMdodarI, kaikeyI, draupadI, rukmiNI yA ANi azA aneka vyaktimatvAcyA jainIkyAce prayatna ApalyAlA purANakAvya va caritagraMthAtUna kelele disate. 24 tIrthaMkara vagaLatA, zalAkApuruSa, kAmadeva i. cI jaina paraMparene tayAra kelelI caukaTa, bahadhA yA sarva ajaina vyaktirekhAMce jainIkaraNa karaNyAsAThIca, yojalelI yuktI asAvI ase vATate. jainAMnI yA sarva vyaktIMnA kitIhI Apalese kele tarI jainetaraca kAya, jainAMcyA manAtahI tyaMcyAvara asalelA hiMdudharmAcA prabhAva kAyama Ahe. mhaNUna vAlmIki rAmAyaNa he mukhya pravAhAtIla rAmAyaNa Tharale ANi jaina rAmAyaNe tyAcyA pratikRtI TharalyA. * vargIkaraNAcI sUkSmatA * ___koNatAhI ekhAdA muddA vicArArtha ghetalyAnaMtara jaina paraMpareta tyAce vivecana aneka prakAra, upaprakAra sAMgUna, tArkikatecyA zevaTacyA TokAparyaMta, atizaya sUkSmatene kele jAte. vicArAMcA koNatAhI dhAgA apUrA ThevaNe, hI jainadharmAcI prakRti nAhI. karmasiddhAMta sAMgAyalA lAgalyAnaMtara, karmAce ATha prakAra mhaNaje mUla prakRti, tyA pratkAcyA uttara prakRti, ghAti-aghAti karma, karma ANi guNasthAna yA ANi azA aneka prakAre karmasiddhAMta sAMgitalA Ahe.1 itakeca navhe tara yAviSayIcI eka svataMtra karmasAhityaviSayaka zAkhAca tayAra jhAlI Ahe. dusare udAharaNa jIvatattvAcyA vicArAsaMbaMdhIce ghetA yeIla. jIvAMce saMsArAcyA dRSTIne, hAlacAlIcyA dRSTIne, manAcyA dRSTIne, iMdriyAMcyA dRSTIne, gatIcyA dRSTIne, zarIrAMcyA prakArAMcyA dRSTIne, veda arthAt liMgAMcyA dRSTIne, yoni arthAt janmasthAnAcyA dRSTIne vargIkaraNa ANi vivecana kelele disate.62 yAulaTa vaidika paraMpareta vara varNana kelelI karmasiddhAMtAcI va jIvavicArAcI saMkalpanA, evaDhyA sUkSmatene spaSTa

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kelelI disata nAhI. vaikuMTha, kailAsa, pitRloka yAMce svargAtIla nemake sthAna spaSTa hota nAhI. jAti-varNavyavasthA svIkAralyAmuLe, cArahI varNAMcA va cArahI AzramAMcA vyavasthita AcAra, hiMdU paraMparene vyavasthita sAMgaNe apekSita hote. tathApi hiMdU dharmazAstrAta barAcasA AcAra, brAhmaNa keMdrI disato va brAhmaNAMcyA bAjUne pakSapAtIhI disato. yAulaTa jainAMcA sAdhuAcAra va gRhasthAcAra aneka graMthAta vistRtapaNe sAMgitalA Ahe. sArAMza kAya, tara sUkSmatA va cikitsA hI jaina paraMparecI vaiziSTye mAnAvI lAgatAta. * upasaMhAra va niSkarSa * zodhalekhAta dilelyA sarva mudyAMcA sAkalyAne vicAra karatA, ase mhaNAvese vATate kI, jainadharma ANi hiMdudharma yAMcyAta kamIta kamI gelI 2600 varSe tarI, bAhyaAcArAmadhye kriyApratikriyAtmaka AMdolaNe cAlU Aheta. varakaraNa pAhatA jainadharmIya he, aneka bAbatIta hiMdU dharmIyAMcyA kitIhI javaLa gelyAsArakhe vATale tarI, tyAMcyA saiddhAMtika bhUmikA va jIvanaviSayaka dRSTikoNa, yAta mUlagAmI bheda asalyAmuLe, jainadharmI he alpasaMkhya asUnahI, hiMdU dharmAmadhye vilIna hoUna gele nAhIta. alpasaMkhya asUnahI jainatva abAdhita ThevaNyAsAThI, tyAMnA kuTuMbAtUna miLaNAre saMskAra, sAdhuvarga, tIrthakSetre va maMdire, zrAvaka saMgha ANi jaina samAjAcI ghaTTa asalelI vINa, he ghaTaka prAmukhyAne upayogI pasa Ale Aheta. AjUbAjUcyA samAjAzI samarasa hoUnahI, ApalI pRthagAtmakatA te azAca prakAre TikavUna ThevatIla, asA vizvAsa vATato. ** ********

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20. uttarAdhyayana ANi dhammapada ('sanmati-tIrtha vArSika patrikA', jUna 2008) jaina ANi bauddha yA zramaNa paraMparecyA dona dhArA Aheta. bauddhAMcyA mAnAne jaina paraMparA kitItarI adhika prAcIna Ahe. jainAMce Aja upalabdha asalele sAhitya mAtra 'mahAvIravANI' yA nAvAneca prasiddha Ahe. zvetAMbara saMpradAya ardhamAgadhI bhASetIla 45 agara 32 AgamagraMthAMnA pramANa mAnato. tyAMce aMga, upAMga ase 6 upavibhAga kele Aheta. tyApaikI 'mUlasUtra' yA upavibhAgAta uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka va dazavaikAlikAcA samAveza hoto. uttarAdhyayanasUtrAcA abhyAsa zvetAMbara paraMpareta vizeSaca kelA jAto. tyAtIla viSayAMcI vividhatA, mAMDaNI, padyamayatA, kAvyaguNa yAmuLe tyAcI lokapriyatAhI khUpa Ahe. uttarAdhyayanAcA abhyAsa kevaLa tyA graMthApuratAca na rAhatA, tyAlA kAhI taulanika abhyAsAce parimANa lAbhAve azI navyA yugAcyA jJAnasaMketAMcI mAgaNI Ahe. vaicArika kakSA ruMdAvata Aheta. paraspaMkhyA saMkalpanA samajAvUna gheNe hI sAmAjika garajahI nirmANa jhAlI Ahe. zramaNaparaMparetIla dusarA pravAha 'bauddha darzana' he aneka dRSTIMnI jaina mAnyatAMzI miLatejuLate Ahe. vedAMcI mAnyatA va sarvazreSThatva nAkAraNe, hiMsaka yajJAMnA virodha karaNe, jAtyAdhAra cAturvarNyAcA niSedha, svataMtra zrAmaNika sAhityAcI nirmitI, azI kAhI pramukha sAmye disatAta. bha. mahAvIra va bha. gautama buddha he prAya: samakAlIna. tyAMcyA kAryapravRttahI prAya: samAna prAMtAta rAhilyA. doghAMcyA dharmabhASAhI 'mAgadhI' bhASezI saMbaMdhitaca hotyA. uttarAdhyayanAzI jyA bauddha graMthAce bahiraMga va aMtaraMga sAmya ADhaLate, asA graMtha mhaNaje pAlI bhASAnibaddha dhammapada' hoya. donhI graMtha isavI sanApUrvI dusar2yA-tisar2yA zatakAta aMtima saMskaraNAcyA svarUpAta Ale. dhammapada hA kAhI koNA ekA vyaktIne lihilelA graMtha nasUna to kevaLa eka gAthA-saMgraha Ahe. vegavegaLyA bauddha AcAryAMnI tyA niranirALyA prasaMgI lihilyA Aheta. gautama buddhAcyA vicArasaraNIcyA tyA nidarzaka asalyAmuLe, tyA buddhAcyA nAvAvara ghAtalyA gelyA. suprasiddha tripiTakAtIla 'suttapiTaka' bhAgAta, 'khuddakanikAya' hA upavibhAga Ahe. tyAta ekUNa 15 graMtha Aheta. tyApaikI eka graMtha 'dhammapada' Ahe. suprasiddha jAtakakathAhI hyAca khuddakanikAyAta Aheta jaina paraMparA uttarAdhyayanAsa aMtima mahAvIravANI mAnate. tathApi tyAcyA 36 adhyayanAMpaikI kAhIca adhyayane mahAvIrakathita asUna, kAhI paravartI jaina AcAryAMnI racUna tyAta ghAtalI Aheta, he tathya AtA vidvajjagatAta mAnya jhAlele Ahe. uttarAdhyayanAta 36 adhyayane Aheta tara dhammapadAta 26 varga (vagga) Aheta. uttarAdhyayanAmadhIla 'namipravrajyA' yA navavyA adhyayanAtIla dona gAthA dhammapadAtIla 'bAlavagga' (7.11) ANi 'sahassavagga' (8.4) yAtIla dona gAthAMzI taMtotaMta juLatAta. 'yuddhAta hajAra paTIMnI hajAra mANasAMnA jiMkaNyApekSA, jA svata:sa ekaTyAsa saMyamapUrvaka jiMkato, to sarvazreSTha hoya'-hA vicAra donhI paraMparAMnI zirodhArya mAnalA Ahe dhammapadAtIla pahilyA 'yamakavargAtIla parasparavirodhI gAthAMcyA joDyA uttarAdhyayanAtIla pahilyA 'vinaya' adhyayanAcI AThavaNa karUna detAta. pramAda ANi apramAda yAMce varNanahI dohota samAna Ahe. dhammapadAta 'appamAdavagga' Ahe tara uttarAdhyayanAmadhIla 10 vyA drumapatraka adhyayanAta 'samayaM goyama mA pamAyae' azI sUcanA gautamasvAmIMnA vAraMvAra dilelI disate. ajJAnI vyaktIlA 'bAla' ANi jJAnI vyaktIlA donhI graMthAta 'paMDita' azI saMjJA disate. 'taNhAvaggA'ta jyA tRSNecI niMdA kelelI disate, toca Azaya jahA lAho tahA loho, lAhA loho pavaDDaI' azabhASeta uttarAdhyayanAmadhye ADhaLato. 'bhikkhuvagga' ANi 'sabhikkha' adhyayana yAtIla sAmya thakka karaNAre disate. dohotahI kAyA-vAcA-manAcyA saMvarAlA (saMyamAlA) mahattva dile Ahe. brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra azA janmajAta jAtIMcA virodha karUna donhI graMthAta taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM' azA zabdAta khar2yA brAhmaNAcI lakSaNe dilI Aheta. bha. mahAvIra va buddha yAMcI sAmAjika, sAMskRtika pArzvabhUmI samAna asalyAmuLe donhI graMthAta aneka upamA, dRSTAMtahI samAna disatAta. vAyane na hAlaNArA parvata (utta.21.19 ; dhamma.6.7); lokAMcyA gAyI mojaNArA gurAkhI

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(utta.22.45, dhamma.1.20) ; rAkheta lapalelA agnI (utta.25.18, dhamma.5.12) ; beTAsArakhe sthira asaNe (AcArAMga 1.6.5.5, dhamma. 2.5) azI zekaDo udAharaNe detA yetIla. bhiDUMcyA AhArAvihArAviSayIcI vAkye, zabdayojanA vagaireta puSkaLaca sAmya kevaLa dhammapadAtaca navhe tara itara pAlI va jaina prAkRta graMthAtahI ADhaLUna yete. varIla sAmyasthaLe pahANAr2yAsa kadAcit ase vATela kI donhI graMtha agadI ekA sAcyAtUna kADhalele disatAta. kAvyamayatA, sAmAnya sadAcAra, nItiniyama, subhASitAMcI pakharaNa, jAtA jAtA sAmAjika paristhitIvara kelele bhASya ityAdi bAbatIta donhI graMthAta samAnatA asalI tarI tyAMce aMtaraMga mAtra vegaLe Ahe. dhammapadApekSA uttarAdhyayanAce mala jANavalele vegaLepaNa mAMDaNyAcA prayatna yethe karate. uttarAdhyayanAta pratyeka adhyayanAcA uddeza, pratipAdya va pArzvabhUmI niranirALI Ahe. viSayAMcI athavA kalpanAMcI koThehI punarAvRttI nAhI. kAhI adhyayane kevaLa upadezapara, kAhI tattva va siddhAMtapradhAna, kAhI kathAtmaka, kAhI saMvAdAtmaka tara kAhI sarvasvI AcArapradhAna Aheta. jaina vicArAMcA kaNA asalele prAyaH sarva siddhAMta vividha adhyayanAta govale Aheta. vinaya, parISaha, caturaMga, akAma-sakAma maraNa, aSTa pravacanamAtA, sAmAcArI, mokSamArgagati, tapomArga, karmaprakRti, lezyA ANi jIvAjIvavibhakti hI kAhI nAve dekhIla uttarAdhyayanAcyA maulika siddhAMtadRSTIvara prakAza TAkaNyAsa purezI Aheta. vastuta: dhammapadAtUna dekhIla triratna, paMcazIla, cAra Aryasatye, dvAdazanidAna, pratItyasamutpAda i. pramukha bauddha siddhAMtAMce mArgadarzana ApaNa apekSito. paraMtu 1-2 goSTIMcA apavAda vagaLatA dhammapada bauddha tattvajJAnAcya gAbhyAlA sparza karU zakalele nAhI aseca mhaNAvese vATate. kadAcit sAdhyA-sopyA bhASeta sadAcaraNAcA upadeza heca dhammapadAmAgace prayojana asU zakela. kliSTa, pAribhASika zabdayojanecA abhAva, sAdhe, sope naitika vicAra ANi suMdara bhASA yAmuLe dhammapadAlA vilakSaNa lokapriyatA mAtra lAbhalI. dhammapadAcI saMskRta, tibeTI va cinI saMskaraNehI jhAlI. silona, brahmadeza, thAyalaMDa kaMboDiyA hyA dezAtIla taruNa bhiDUMcA va gRhasthAzramI upAsakAMcAhI hA nitya pAThAMtarAtIla graMtha Ahe. uttarAdhyayanAcyA jaina abhyAsakAMnI pAlI bhASetIla 'dhammapadA'cA jarUra vizeSa abhyAsa karAvA yAsAThI hA lekhana prapaMca !! **********

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jainavidyece vividha AyAma (sphuTa-ciMtanAtmaka lekha) bhAga - 5 * lekhana va saMpAdana * DaoN. nalinI jozI prAdhyApikA, jaina adhyAsana seTha hirAcaMda nemacaMda jaina adhyAsana phirodiyA prakAzana puNe vidyApITha oNgasTa 2011

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21. jainadharma va zIkhadharma : kAhI tulanAtmaka nirIkSaNe (sanmati-tIrtha vArSika patrikA, jUna 2009) (jJAna va mAhitIcA prasAra he ekavisAvyA zatakAce vaiziSTya Ahe. sarva jaga jhapATyAne javaLa yeta Ahe. sarva dharma va saMpradAyAMcyA mANasAMnA phakta ApalA dharma ANi saMpradAyApuratAca saMkucita vicAra karUna cAlaNAra nAhI. jagAta zAMtatA ANi salokhA nAMdAyacA asela tara ekamekAMcyA dharmAcA Adara karaNe sarvAta mahattvAce Ahe. jaina dharmAta tara itarAMcyA matAMcA Adara karaNe he tattvata: anekAntavAda ANi syAdvAdAcyA rUpAne mAnyaca kele Ahe. yAca uddiSTAne prerita hoUna sanmati-tIrtha saMstheta pragata abhyAsakramAcyA rUpAne jagAtalyA sarva pramukha dharmAMcI toMDaoLakha vidyArthyAMnI karUna ghetalI. 2008-2009 yA varSAta zIkhadharmAviSayI je ciMtana kele tyAtUna puDhIla taulanika nirIkSaNe mAMDalI Aheta.) vizvakozAtIla mAhitIpramANe zIkhadharma hA jagAtIla pAcavA moThA dharma Ahe. muslIma, khrizcana, bauddha, hiMdU ANi zIkha hA tyAMcA krama Ahe. sAhajikaca bhAratAta sarvAta uzirA janmAlA AlelA hA dharma Aja saMkhyecyA dRSTIne jainAMpekSAhI jAsta Ahe. i.sa. cyA 15 vyA va 16 vyA zatakAta zIkhadharmAcA prAraMbha va kramAkramAne vikAsa hoU lAgalA. abhyAsakAMcA asA aMdAja Ahe kI jagabharAta 2 koTI 30 lAkha loka zIkhadharmI Aheta. jainadharma paraMparene anAdi mAnalA Ahe. lekhI purAvyAnusAra to RgvedAhanahI nakkI prAcIna Ahe. jainadharmAcA itihAsa pAhU lAgalyAsa ase disate kI sthAnakavAsI saMpradAya jyA kALAta nirmANa jhAlA sAdhAraNata: tyAca kALAta zIkhadharmAcAhI udaya jhAlA. uzirA sthApana hoUnahI zIkhadharmIya saMkhyene jAsta asaNyAcI kAraNe nakkIca tyA dharmAcyA vaiziSTyAMmadhye sAmAvalelI Aheta. kliSTa tattvajJAna, avaghaDa paribhASA, AcArAcA kaDakapaNA, khANyApiNyAvarIla nirbaMdha ANi sAdhuvargAlA pAyIca vihAra karUna prasAra karaNyAcA asalelA niyama yAmuLe jainadharmAcyA prasArAlA sAhajikaca maryAdA paDalyA. varIla sarva bAbatIta zIkhadharma sahajasulabha va udAramatavAdI disato. zIkha' hA jarI 'dharma' mhaNUna oLakhalA jAta asalA tarI to vastuta: hiMdUdharmAcA eka saMpradAyaca Ahe. gurU nAnakadevAMnI hiMdUdharmAtIla aniSTa prathA va cAlIrItIMmadhye sudhAraNA ghaDavUna hA saMpradAya sthApalA. zIkha tattvajJAnAvara sAMkhya ANi vedAnta tattvajJAnAcI asalelI chApa taseca brahma, paramAtmA, jagat, Izvara, prakRti, puruSa, mAyA i. paribhASAhI zikhAMnI hiMdU dharmAtUnaca ghetalelI disate. jainadharma hA vaidika, brAhmaNa athavA hiMdU dharmAcI zAkhA agara saMpradAya nasUna to eka svataMtra zramaNadharma Ahe. tyAcI mULa tattve, siddhAnta, IzvarAviSayIcI mAnyatA, ahiMsA-saMyama-tapa-vairAgya yAMnA asalele prAdhAnya, he sarva tyA dharmAcI svataMtratA siddha karaNyAsa purese Ahe. kALAnusAra bAhya parivartane yeUnahI jaina dharmAcA gAbhA toca rAhilA. ___ donhI dharmAMcyA dhArmika graMthAMcyA svarUpAtahI mUlagAmI bheda ADhaLatAta. donhI dharmAMce graMtha tyA-tyA kALAta bolIbhASeta asaNe', he sAmya mAtra tyAta disate. gurugraMthasAhiba yA ekAca graMthAlA zIkhadharmAne mULa AgamagraMthAcA darjA dilA Ahe. jainAMmadhye zvetAMbara saMpradAyAne 45 athavA 32 ardhamAgadhI AgamagraMtha mAnale Aheta. digaMbarIya loka zaurasenI bhASetIla prAcIna graMthAMnA AgamagraMtha mAnatAta. yAcA artha asA kI jaina AgamagraMtha vistArAne va saMkhyene kitItarI adhika Aheta. graMthasAhibAtIla padyAMcyA vibhAgaNIcA mukhya AdhAra 'rAgAnusArI racanA' hA Ahe. zIkhadharmAta ekaMdarItaca gAyana ANi vAdanAlA mahattva asalyAmuLe graMthasAhibAtIla padye rAgAMvara AdhArita, geya, rasALa va bhaktirasapUrNa Aheta. yAulaTa gAyanavAdana i. sarva kalAviSkAra jaina sAdhUMsAThI pApazruta va varjanIya mAnale Aheta. tyAmuLe kAhI jaina Agama chaMdobaddha asale tarI gAyanavAdanAlA tyAta sthAna nAhI. zivAya 'guru mAniyo graMtha' ase mhaNUna zikhAMcyA

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dahAvyA gurUMnaMtara te yA graMthAlAca gurusthAnI ThevatAta. jaina loka jJAnapaMcamI athavA zrutapaMcamIlA graMthAMcI pUjA kIta asale tarI te gurusthAnI mAnIta nAhI. ulaTa AgamagraMthAMce jJAna prabhAvI upAdhyAya kiMvA gurUMkaDUnaca gheNyAcA pradhAta Ahe. graMthasAhibAta zIkha dharmAtIla gurUMcyA padyaracanAMbarobaraca jayadeva kavI, kabIra, nAmadeva yAMcyAhI racanA sammIli Aheta. yAta disUna yeNArA udAramatavAda ApalyAlA RSibhASitAsArakhyA ekhAdyAca prAcIna jaina graMthAta disato. jaina dharmAta jasajasA kaTTarapaNA vADhata gelA tasatazI itarAMcI saMbhAvanA te 'mithyAtvI' agara 'pAkhaMDI' mhaNUna karU lAgale. anekAntavAdAzI visaMgata azI hI goSTa haLUhaLU yA dharmAta ziralI. ___'eka paripUrNa darzana' yA dRSTIne vicAra karatA jaina dharmAtIla sarvAta adhika pramANita saMskRta sUtrabaddha graMtha 'tattvArthasUtra' yAcA nirdeza karatA yeto. tattvajJAna, vastumImAMsA, AcaraNa, jJAnamImAMsA va adhyAtma yA sarvAMcI surekha guMphaNa yA graMthAta disate. zIkha dharmAta mAtra tattvajJAna va AcAraviSayaka mArgadarzana graMthasAhibAtUna vikhuralelyA svarUpAta ADhaLate va tehI zodhUna kADhAve lAgate. tattvajJAnAcI sughaTa, tArkika mAMDaNI he jaina darzanAce khAsa vaiziSTya disate.tattvajJAna va AcAra samajUna sAMgaNyAsAThI jainAMnI vividha prAkRta va saMskRta bhASeta jI vipula sAhityAcI nirmitI kelI, tehI jaina dharmAce vaiziSTya Ahe. ___ yA donhI dharmAtIla tattvajJAnAcA DhAcAca vegaLA asalyAmuLe tyAviSayI adhika carcA karaNe yethe ucita TharaNAra nAhI. mAtra dona-tIna goSTI namUda karAvyAzA vATatAta. 'jaga nirmiNa sAmarthyazAlI sata-svarUpa IzvaralA saMpUrNa zaraNa jANe' - he zIkha dharmAce vaiziSTya Ahe. yAulaTa jagatkA IzvarAcI sattA amAnya karUna jainadharma, karma ANi puruSArtha yAcI sAMgaDa ghAlato. svata:cI Atmika zuddhI sarvocca mAnUna Izvara zaraNAgatIlA sthAna deta nAhI. tIrthaMkarAMnA suddhA jainadharma kavaLa pUjanIyatecyA sthAnAvara Thevato. koNAcyA kRpene uddharUna jANyAcI goSTa jainadharma mAnya karIta nAhI. gurugraMthasAhibAta karmagatIcA ullekha asalA tarI karmasiddhAnta tyAMnI vizeSa spaSTa kelelA nAhI. ___ zIkhadharma sRSTIcI utpatti IzvarakRta mAnato tara jainadharma sRSTIlA anAdianaMta mAnato. zIkha dharmApekSA jaina dharmAtIla svarga-naraka kalpanA tarkadRSTyA adhika susaMgata va caturgatIMvara AdhArita Aheta. donhI dharmAMnI jAtivarNabhedAMcA niSedha kelA Ahe. zIkha dharmAne sarva jAtivarNAMcyA lokAMsAThI 'laMgara prathA' cAlU kelI. AjahI laMgara pratheta jAtivarNabheda, uccanIca, raMkarAva ase bheda kele jAta nAhIta. sarvajaNa ekatra miLUnaca tethe asalelI sarva kAme karatAta va ekatra jevatAta. jaina dharmAta siddhAntarUpAne jarI jAtivarNabheda mAnya kelA nasalA tarI pratyakSa vyavahArAta mAtra mAgIla dArAne jAtivarNavyavasthA ghusalelI disate. ____ zIkha dharmAtIla dahA gurUMnI tIrthayAtrA karaNyAcA niSedha kelA asalA tarI tyA-tyA gurUMcyA nAvAne tIrthakSetre nirmANa jhAlI Aheta. badalatyA paristhitIta tyAta kAhI anucitahI vATata nAhI. jaina dharmAta mAtra sAta supradhiddha tIrthakSetrAMcyA yAtrA prAcIna kALApAsUna AjaparyaMta pracalita Aheta. ___mAMsAhArAcA saMpUrNata: niSedha he jaina dharmAce eka vizeSa lakSaNa mAnale jAte. tyA tulaneta zIkha gRhastha sAmiSa va nirAmiSa donhI prakArace AhAra ApApalyA vaiyaktika AvaDInusAra ghetAnA disatAta. tyAbAbata tyAMnA zIkha dharmAce kaDaka baMdhana disata nAhI. zIkha samAjAta nAmakaraNa, vivAha, dIkSA, mRtyU i. saMskAra atizaya sAdhepaNAne sAjare kele jAtAta. tyAveLI graMthasAhibAtIla padye mhaTalI jAtAta. jaina samAjAta he sarva saMskAra va vizeSata: dIkSA atizaya thATAmATAta va DAmaDaulAta hote. nAmakaraNa, vivAha i. prasaMgI AgamAtIla pATha vAcaNyAcA praghAta nAhI. zikhAMcyA dhArmika cihnAta kRpANa, kaTyAra athavA talavArIcA samAveza asato. yAulaTa jaina dharmAta hI sarva hiMsecI upakaraNe mAnUna tyAMcI devagheva kaTAkSAne TALalI jAte. ___ annapAnAce kaDaka niyama, kaMdamuLAMce varjana, rAtribhojanAcA tyAga, upavAsAlA dilele mahattva, parISaha sahana karaNyAviSayIce mArgadarzana hI sarva jaina dharmAcI vaiziSTye Aheta. yAbAbatIta mAtra zIkha dharmAcI dRSTI sarvasvI vegaLI

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Ahe. 'zarIra hA AtmyAcA pAhuNA asUna tyAlA lAgaNAre savvAcArazera annapANI rojacyA roja dyA', azA ta-hece udgAra graMthasAhibAta ADhaLatAta. upAsatApAsAlA jAsta prAdhAnya nAhI. 'bhikSAcarya' pUrNa varNya Ahe. zIkha dharmAtIla pahilyA pAca gurUMnI ApalyA AyuSyAcyA zevaTAparyaMta satsaMgAbarobaraca zetI vyavasAyahI kelA. hAtAne kAma va strAne harinAma' yAca sUtrAne zIkhadharmIya vAgata hote va Aheta. yAbAbata gItetIla niSkAma karmayoga hA tyAMnA AdarzarUpa vATato. AdhyAtmika unnatIsAThI saMsAra soDaNyAcI garaja bhAsata nAhI. graMthasAhibAta mhaTale Ahe kI, 'hasaMdiA khelaMdiA painaMdiA khAvaMdiA vice hovai mukati / ' jIvana utsAhAne jagaNyAcI zikhAMcI pravRttiparakatA yA udgazAtUna spaSTa disate. ___ zikhAMcA itihAsa ANi jainAMcA itihAsa yAta mUlagAmI pharaka Ahe. jainAMcyA itihAsAta zAMtatA, ahiMsA ANi saMyama yAMce sAmrAjya disate. sazastra pratikArAcA tyAMnI kadhIhI vicAra kelA nAhI. yAulaTa zikhAMcyA zevaTazevaTacyA gurUMcA itihAsa hA laDhAyA, raktapAta, sAmrAjya, balidAna yAMnI bharalelA disato. bhAratAcyA uttara sImelA lAgUna asalelyA yA paMjAba prAMtAne i.sa.cyA 7-8 vyA zatakApAsUna te theTa briTIza rAjavaTIparyaMta aneka parakIya AkramaNe sosalI. atyAcAra sahana kele. dhArmika julUmahI anubhavale. laDhAU bANyAcyA yA samAjAne yA sarva anyAyAcA pratikAra samarthapaNe kelA. parakIya dharma va rAjyakartyAMpuDhe kadhIhI mAna tukavilI nAhI. akhera akhera tara sazastra sainyadaLehI ubhI kelI. svataMtra vAsA rAkhyAkhyA mApaNIsAhI mAnahI gurUdAvyA bAzrayAne zastra-sADA vamaLyAvA prasaMge zivAMcyA itihAsAta yeUna gelA. kai. iMdirA gAMdhIMcyA rAjavaTIta 'oNparezana blU sTAra' karUna hA prayatna moDUna kADhAvA lAgalA. 'saccA DerA saudA' caLavaLImadhye nukatAca raktapAta jhAlyAce prasaMgahI ghaDale Aheta. tyAMcyA itihAsAcI samIkSA karatAnA hI sarva dhArmika, rAjakIya va sAmAjika pArzvabhUmI baghaNe atyaMta garajece Ahe. eka goSTa mAtra kharI kI tyAMnI svata:cyA dharmAcA prasAra mAtra kadhIhI talavArIcyA baLAvara kelA nAhI. gAyana-bhajana-satsaMga va upadeza azA sopyA mArgAMnI tyAMnI zIkhadharmAcA prasAra kelA. vANIsaMyama, mana:saMyama, satsaMga, sevA, aikya, dayA-kSamA-saMtoSa, kAma-krodha i.cA tyAga, dAnAdi puNyAcaraNa, svata:cI sudhAraNA, sArthaka-nirarthaka viveka ANi kRtrimatecA niSedha he sAre mudde mAtra jaina va zIkha yA donhI dharmAta samAna disatAta. ___ yA taulanika nirIkSaNAMcA uddeza koNAcIhI zreSThatA-kaniSThatA TharaviNe hA nAhI. jainadharma va zIkhadharma yAMcI pArzvabhUmI, itihAsa, jIvanAkaDe pAhaNyAce dRSTikona yA dRSTIne tyAMcyA aMtaraMgAcA zodha gheNyAcA hA eka prayatna Ahe.

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22. jainAMcyA AgamagraMthAMtIla bahAttara kalA (vidarbha saMzodhana maMDaLa vArSika, 1986) prAcIna bhAratAta adhyayanAce viSaya mhaNUna aneka vidyA, kalA, ityAdIMcA ullekha vAGmayAta sApaDato. hiMdUMcyA graMthAta causaSTa kalAMcA nirdeza yeto. yA kalAMce parigaNana va artha yAMbAbata matabheda disato. taseca kadhI 64 pekSA adhika kalAhI sAMgitalyA gelyA Aheta. bauddhAMcyA lalitavistara nAmaka graMthAta bodhisattva mhaNaje baddha hA 90 pekSA adhika kalAMmadhye pAraMgata hotA', ase mhaTale Ahe. jaina dharmIyAMcyA graMthAta 72 kalA asA ullekha yeto. yA 72 kalAMcyA sUcI jainAMcyA AgamagraMthAta ADhaLatAta. jainAMcyA Agametara graMthAta prAya: azA sUcI nAhIta. tathApi udyotanasUrikRta kuvalayamAlA yA prAkRta bhASetIla graMthAta 72 kalAMce parigaNana Ahe. paNa tyA kalA AgamagraMthAMtIla kalAMpekSA vegaLyA Aheta. prastuta lekhAta jainAMcyA Agama graMthAtIla 72 kalAMcA vicAra kelA Ahe. kalA mhaNaje kAya ? kalA yA zabdAce aneka vyutpattyartha taseca pracalita artha dile jAtAta. tyAMmadhye ekhAdyA kAmAtIla apekSita athavA Avazyaka cAturya, prAvINya' asA eka artha Ahe. jainAMcyA AgamagraMthAvarIla TIkAkAra' abhayadeva hA 'kalA' mhaNaje 'vijJAnAni' asA artha deto. tyAcyA mate, ekhAdyA jJeya viSayAce vizeSa jJAna mhaNaje kalA hoya ANi mhaNUna 'kalanIyabhedAd dvisaptatiH kalA:' ase to sAMgato. jaina AgamagraMthAtIla 72 kalA jainAMcyA AgamagraMthAMpaikI samavAyAMgasUtra, jJAtRdharmakathA (nAyAdhammakahAo), aupapAtikasUtra ANi rAjapraznIyasUtra (rAyapaseNaiyasutta kiMvA paesikahANaya) yA cAra graMthAta 72 kalA dilelyA Aheta. yA kalAMmadhye kAhI kalA samAna Aheta tara kAhI kalA vegaLyA Aheta. taseca lakSaNIya goSTa azI kI kAhI graMthAta yA kalA 72 pekSA jAstaca Aheta. eke ThikANI tara 72 hI saMkhyA sAdhaNyAsa, aneka kalA ekAca kramAMkAkhAlI dilelyA Aheta. hA sarva tapazIla puDhIlapramANe sAMgatA yeIla. (a) nAyAdhammakahAo yA graMthAta kalA barobara 72 Aheta. (A) samavAyAMgasUtra-yethe kramAMka deUna 72 kalA dilelyA Aheta. paraMtu kalA kramAMka 67 khAlI ekUNa 3 kalA, kramAMka 68 khAlI ekUNa 7 kalA, kramAMka 69 khAlI ekUNa 5 kalA, kramAMka 70 khAlI ekaMdara 2 kalA, ANi kramAMka 71 khAlI ekUNa 2 kalA Aheta. AtA, tyA tyA kramAMkAkhAlI jara ekaca kalA ThevalI, tara ekUNa caudA kalA - (3+7+5+2+2 = 19 ; 19-5 = 14) jAsta hotAta. mhaNaje samavAyAMgasUtrAta ekUNa kalA 86 (72+14) hotAta. samavAyAMgasUtrAtIla kalAMcyA saMdarbhAta puDhIla goSTa sAMgaNe Avazyaka Ahe. bha.mahAvIra 2500 mahAnirvANa mahotsava yAprasaMgI, paMDitA sumatibAI zahA yAMcyA saMpAdakatvAkhAlI prasiddha jhAlelyA 'pUrNArghya' yA jJAnakozAtmaka graMthAta, 'samavAyAMgasUtrAmadhye 72 kalAMcI nAmAvalI Ahe.' (pR.785) ase mhaNUna puDhe yAdI detAnA mAtra pratyakSAta 85 kalA dilelyA Aheta. ANi kalAMcI 85 saMkhyA hoNyAce kAraNa ase kI 'pokkhacca' hI kalA yA yAdItUna gaLalI Ahe ; tI dharalI kI samavAyAMgasUtrAtIla kalA 86 hotAta. mhaNaje 72 mhaNUna ApaNa 85-86 kalA deta Ahota, he yA kalAMbaddala lihiNAr2yA lekhakAcyA lakSAta Alele disata nAhI. (taseca, pUrNArghya madhIla yA yAdIta

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camatkArika mudraNadoSa jhAlele Aheta. tyAMcA nirdeza puDhe kelA Ahe.) (i) aupapAtikasUtra-yA sUtrAcyA mudrita pothIta kalAMcI saMkhyA 75 hote. prA. surU yAMnI saMpAdita kelelyA aupapAtika sUtrAta sahA kalA kaMsAta ThevalelyA Aheta. tyA dharUna ekUNa 80 kalA hotAta, tyA soDalyAsa kalA 74 hotAta. prA. surUcyA pustakAta kaMsAta asaNAr2yA 'vatthavihi' ANi 'vilevaNavihi' yA kalA pAthImadhye kaMsarahita dilyA Aheta. kherIja, surU-saMpAdita pustakAtIla saMbhava, muThThinjuddha, maNipAga, ANi dhAupAga' yA kalA pothIta nAhIta. __ yethehI puDhIla goSTa lakSAta ghyAvI :- vara ullekhilelyA pUrNAr2yA graMthAta mhaTale Ahe. 'aupapAtikasUtrAmadhye bahAttara kalAMcI eka yAdI dilelI Ahe. tI yA yAdIpramANeca (mhaNaje samavAyAMgasUtrAtIla yAdIpramANeca) asUna kevaLa kAhI nAvAMmadhye pharaka Ahe.' (pR.787) paNa he vidhAna saMpUrNapaNe barobara nAhI. kAraNa aupapAtikasUtrAtIla puDhIla 8 kalA samavAyAMgasUtrAta nAhItaca. (1) pAsaka, (2) hiraNNajutti, (3) suvaNNajutti, (4) cuNNajutti, (5) cakkavUha, (6) garulavUha, (7) sagaDavUha ANi (8) layAjuddha, mhaNaje yethehI kalAMbaddala lihiNAr2yA lekhakAcA ghoTALA jhAlelA Ahe. (I) malayagiri yA TIkAkArAcyA vRttIsaha asaNAr2yA rAjapraznIya sUtrAcyA mudrita pothIta kalAMcI saMkhyA 73 Ahe. paNa zrI. dozI yAMnI saMpAdita kelelyA rAyapaseNaiyasuttacyA mudrita pothIta 72 kalA Aheta, kAraNa tethe rAja.cyA mudrita pothItIla paDivUha' hI kalA gaLalelI athavA gALalelI Ahe. DaoN.pa.la.vaidya ANi zrI.e.TI.upAdhye yAMnI saMpAdita kelelyA 'paesikahANaya' graMthAta kalAMcI saMkhyA barobara 72 Ahe. tathApi vara ullekhilelyA pothItala kAhI kalA yethe sApaData nAhIta. bahAttara kalAMcI nizcitI ____ vara pAhilyApramANe kalAMcI saMkhyAbhinnatA abhayadevasUrIsArakhyA TIkAkArAcyA lakSAta AlI nasatI taraca navala. yA sthitIta 72 hI kalAMcI saMkhyA sAdhaNyAsa abhayadeva ase sucavito :- kAhI kalAMcA aMtarbhAva anya kalAMmadhye hoto ase samajAve. (ihaca dvisaptatiH iti kalAsaMkhyA uktA, bahutarANi ca sUtre tannAmAni upalabhyante, tatra kAsAMcit kAsucid aMtarbhAva: avagantavyaH / ) he mhaNaNe samAdhAnakAraka vATata nAhI. taseca, kalAMce varga karUna, ekA vargAta aneka kalA ghAtalyA tarI 72 hA kalAsaMkhyecA prazna suTata nAhI. yA bAbatIta ase sucavitA yeIla :- jyApramANe ekhAdyA graMthAcyA aneka hastalikhitAvarUna pATha nizcita karatAnA jAstIta jAsta hastalikhitAta AlelA pATha prAya: svIkAralA jAto. tyApramANe 72 kalAMcyA bAbatIta karAve. mhaNaje ase :- 72 kalA asaNAr2yA sarva graMthAta jyA kalA samAnapaNe yetAta, tyA sarva ghyAvayAcyA yApramANe kramAne karIta gelyAsa 72 kalA TharavitA yetIla, hI dRSTI patkarUna kalAMce parigaNana puDhIlapramANe hoIla. kalAMce parigaNana kalAMcyA sUcI ekUNa cAra graMthAMta Aheta. tevhA prathama cAra graMthAMta, maga tIna graMthAMta, naMtara dona graMthAMta samAna asaNAr2yA kalA, va zevaTI ekekA graMthAMta asaNAr2yA kalAMce nirdeza karatA yetIla. yA saMdarbhAta puDhIla bAbI lakSAta asAvyAta :- (1) jJAtAdharmakathA ANi nAyAdhammakahAo hI ekAca graMthAcI dona nAve Aheta. (2) rAjapraznIya, rAyapaseNaiya ANi paesikahANaya hI ekAca graMthAcI nAve Aheta. (3) kalAMcI nAve prAkRta bhASeta Aheta. tevhA kadhI kalAnAmAMcI varNAntare bhinna asalI tarI kalA mAtra ekaca Ahe. azA kalA detAnA, vegaLe varNAntara deNAr2yA graMthAce nAva kaMsAta Thevale Ahe. (4) kalA-nAmAMcI saMskRta chAyA tyAMce puDhe spaSTIkaraNa karatAnA dilI Ahe.

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(1) nAyA, sama, rAja/rAya, ANi aupa. yA graMthAtIla samAna kalA azA Aheta : (1) leha (2) gaNiya, gaNita (a au) (3) rUva (4) naTTa, NaTTa (aupa) (5) gIya (6) vAiya (7) saragaya (8) pokkharagaya (nAyA, vaipa), pukkharagaya (9) samatAla (10) jUya (11) jaNavAya (12) aTThAvaya (13) porekacca (14) dagamaTTiyA (15) annavihi, aNNavihi (a au) (16) pANavihi (17) vatthavihi (18) sayaNavihi (19) ajjA (20) paheliyA (21) mAgahiyA (22) gAhA (23) siloga, siloya (a au, jJAtA) (24) AbharaNavihi (25) taruNIpaDikamma (26) ithilakkhaNa, itthIlakkhaNa (sama) (27) purisalakkhaNa (28) hayalakkhaNa (29) gayalakkhaNa (30) goNalakkhaNa (31) kukkuDalakkhaNa (32) chattalakkhaNa (33) daMDalakkhaNa, DaMDalakkhaNa (jJAtA) (34) asilakkhaNa (35) maNilakkhaNa (36) kAgiNilakkhaNa (nAyA). kAgaNilakkhaNa (sama, rAya, suau, jJAtA), kAkaNilakkhaNa (aau) (37) nagaramANa, NagaramANa (rAya, rAja) (38) vUha (39) paDivUha, parivUha (jJAtA) (40) cAra (41) paDicAra, paricAra (jJAtA) (42) juddha (43) nijuddha, niyuddha (rAya) (44) juddhAijuddha', juddhAtijuddha (jJAtA, aau) (45) muTThijuddha (46) bAhujuddha (47) Isattha, isattha (aau) (48) charuppavAya, charuppavAha (aau) (49) dhaNuvveya, dhaNuveya (rAja, rAya) (50) hiraNNapAga, hirannapAga (jJAtA) (51) suvaNNapAga, suvannapAga (sama, jJAtA) (52) vaTTakheDa (nAyA, sama, aau), vaTTakheDDa (rAma, rAja), vattakheDDa (suau) (53) nAliyAkheDa (nAyA, sama, vaipa), NAliyAkheDa (a au) NAliyA kheDDa (rAya, rAja, suau) (54) pattacchejja (55) kaDacchejja (nAyA), kaDagacchejja (jJAtA, sama, rAya, rAja, suau), kaDavacchejja (aau) (56) sajjIva. sajIva (sama, rAja) (57) nijjIva (58) sauNaruya. (2) (a) nAyA, rAya, aupa yA tinhItIla samAna kalA azA : (1) pAsaya (nAyA), pAsaga (rAja, rAya), pAsaka (aau) (2) vilevaNavihi (3) gIiyA (4) hiraNNajutti (5) suvaNNajutti, suvanna-jutti (jJAtA) (6) cuNNajutti, cunnajutti (jJAtA) (7) vatthuvijjA (8) cakkavUha (9) garulavUha (10) sagaDavUha (11) layAjuddha. (A) nAyA, sama ANi rAya yA tinhItIla samAna kalA azA :(1) aTThijuddha (2) suttakheDa, suttakheDDa (rAya) (i) sama, rAya ANi aupa yA tinhItIla samAna kalA azA :(1) cakkalakkhaNa (2) maNipAga (suau) (3) dhAtupAga (suau) (I) nAyA, sama ANi aupa yA tinhItIla samAna kalA azA :(1) khaMdhAramANa (nAyA, suau), khaMdhAvAramANa (sama) (3) sama ANi aupa yA dona graMthAMtIla samAna kalA puDhIlapramANe : (1) gaMdha jutti (2) cammalakkhaNa (3) khaMdhAvAranivesa (sama), khaMdhAranivesaNa (suau) (4) vatthunivesa (sama)19, vatthunivesaNa (suau) (5) nagaranivesa (sama)11, nagaranivesaNa (suau) (4) ekAca graMthAta ADhaLaNAr2yA kalA azA Aheta :(ka) rAya / rAja madhye puDhIla kalA Aheta :(1) NiddAiya (NiddAiyA) (2) mANavAra (3) juddhajuddha (4) khaMdhavAra, khaMdavAra (upa) (5) jaNavaya

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(kha) aupa madhye puDhIlapramANe kalA Aheta :(1) saMbhava (2) muttAkheDa (suau) (3) khuttAkheDDa (aau) (ga) sama madhye asaNAr2yA kalA puDhIlapramANe Aheta : (1) madhusittha (2) miMDhayalakkhaNa (3) caMdalakkhaNa (4) sUracariya (5) rAhucariya (6) gahacariya (7) sobhAgakara (8) dobhAgakara (9) vijjAgaya (10) maMtagaya (11) rahassagaya (12) sabhAsA (13) vatthumANa (14) daMDajuddha (15) AsasikkhA (16) hatthisikkhA (17) dhammakheDa (18) cammakheDa varIla parigaNanAcA sArAMza asA :(1) nAyA, sama, rAja / rAya, aupa yA cArAMtIla kalA (2) tIna graMthAMtIla samAna kalA (a) nAyA, rAya, aupa (A) nAyA, sama, rAya (i) sama, rAya, aupa (I) nAyA, sama, aupa Mrmal (3) sama va aupa yA dohoMtIla kalA (4) ekekA graMthAtIla kalA :(ka) rAya / rAja (kha) aupa (ga) sama 3 MO 106 kalA bahAttara kazA hotIla ? vara pAhilyApramANe cAra graMthAtIla samAna 58 kalA ANi (a) madhIla tIna graMthAMtIla samAna 11 kalA miLUna 69 kalA hotAta. AtA, varIla (A), (i) ANi (I) madhye tIna graMthAMnA samAna kalA 2,3,1 azA Aheta : (1) aTijuddha (1) cakkalakkhaNa (2) suttakheDa (2) maNipAga (1) khaMdhAvAramANa (3) dhAtupAga yAtIla koNatyA tIna kalA gheUna 72 hI saMkhyA sAdhAvI, asA prazna nirmANa hoto. yA praznAce uttara tIna prakArAMnI detA yeIla : (a) abhayadevAne sucavilyApramANe, varIla 2,3,1 kalAMtIla eka kalA dusar2yA kaleta samAviSTa karAvayAce Tharavile tara mAge AlelyA 'hiraNNapAga' madhye 'dhAtupAga' ANi 'maNipAga' yA kalA jAtIla, ANi 'nagaramANa'madhye 'khaMdhAvAramANa' hI kalA jAIla. maga (1) aTThijuddha (2) suttakheDa, va (3) cakkalakkhaNa yA tIna kalA uratIla. yA tIna kalA va pUrvIcyA 69 kalA miLUna 72 kalA hotIla (yethe pUrvIcyA koNatyA kaleta dusarI kalA ghAlAvI yAbaddala matabheda hoNyAcI zakyatA Ahe). (A) cAra graMthAMnA samAna asaNAr2yA 58 kalA gheUna, 72 saMkhyA purI karaNyAsa tIna graMthAtIla samAna kalAMmadhUna 14 kalA puDhIlapramANe nivaDatA yetIla (yethehI nivaDIbAbata matabheda

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hoNyAcI zakyatA Ahe) :- (1) pAsaya (2) vilevaNavihi (3) gIiyA (4) hiraNNajutti (5) suvaNNajutti (6) cuNNajutti (7) vatthuvijjA (8) cakkavUha (9) garulavUha (10) sagaDavUha (11) layAjuddha (12) suttakheDa (13) cakkalakkhaNa (14) dhAtupAga (i) cAra graMthAMtIla samAna 58 kalA gheUna, 72 saMkhyA purI karaNyAsa tIna, dona va ekA graMthAta yeNAr2yA kalAMtUna puDhIla 14 kalA nivaDatA yetIla (yethehI nivaDIbAbata matabheda hoIla) :-(1) hiraNNajutti (2) suvaNNajutti (3) cuNNajutti (4) vatthuvijjA (5) layAjuddha (6) suttakheDa (7) dhAtupAga (8) cammalakkhaNa (9) khaMdhAvAranivesa (10) gahacariya (11) vijjAgama (12) AsasikkhA (13) hatthisikkhA (14) cammakheDa varIla carcecA mathitArtha asA hoto :- cAra graMthAMtIla samAna azA 58 kalA kaLalyA tarI uralelyA 14 kalA TharaviNyAbAbata matabheda hoIla. azA sthitIta '72 kalA yAca' ase nizcitapaNe sAMgaNe zakya hoNAra nAhI, he ughaDa Ahe. ___ azA sthitItahI abhayadevAcyA mhaNaNyApramANe, TharavalelyA 72 kalAMta, bahAttara soDUna uralelyA 34 kalA kazAbazA basavilyA. udAharaNArtha - cuNNajuttimadhye gaMdhajutti (1) juddhamadhye aTThijuddha (2) va juddhajuddha (3) asilakkhaNamadhye cakkalakkhaNa (4) dhAtupAgamadhye mANipAga (5) vatthuvijjAmadhye khaMdhAramANa (6) mANavAra (7) khaMdhAvAranivesa (8) vatthunivesa (9) nagaranivesa (10) khaMdhavAra (11) vatthumANa (12) layAjuddhamadhye daMDajuddha (13) jaNavAyamadhye jaNavaya (14) vaTTakheDamadhye muttAkheDa (15) cammakheDa (16) dhammakheDa (17) pokkharagayamadhye khuttAkheDa (18) goNalakkhaNamadhye miMDhayalakkhaNa (19) taruNIpaDikammamadhye madhusittha (20) nijjIvamadhye NiddAiyA (21) sauNaruyamadhye sabhAsA (22) hayalakkhaNamadhye AsasikkhA (23) gayalakkhaNamadhye hatthisikkhA (24) ase kele tarIsuddhA samamadhIla puDhIla dahA kalA koNatyA anya kalAMta aMtarbhUta karatA yetIla hA praznaca Ahe. (1) saMbhava (2) caMdalakkhaNa (3) sUracariya (4) rAhucariya (5) gahacariya (6) sobhAgakara (7) dobhAgakara (8) vijjAgaya (9) maMtagaya (10) rahassagaya. AtA, vargIkaraNa karUna 72 kalA TharavAvyAta, ase mhaTale tarI kalAMcI saMkhyA 106 ca rahANAra ANi kalAMceca 72 varga karUna tyAMmadhye 106 kalA basavAvyAta ase mhaTale tarI varga mhaNUna koNatI kalA ghyAvI va tIca kA ghyAvI, hA prazna nirmANa hotoca. azA sthitIta 72 kalAMcI nizcitI karaNe he kAma soDUna deNeca yogya vATate. tyApekSA jainAgamAMta ADhaLaNAr2yA 106 kalAMce artha jANUna gheNe heca aneka dRSTIMnI yogya vATate. kalAvAcaka zabdAMce artha jainAMcyA jyA cAra AgamagraMthAMta kalAMcyA sUcI Aheta, tyA graMthAMvarIla prAcIna TIkAkArAMnI tyAMce spaSTIkaNa dilele nAhI. yAlA thoDAsA apavAda abhayadeva hA Ahe. samavAyAMgasUtrAvarIla ApalyA TIketa tyAne leha, gaNiya, rUva, naTTa, ANi vAiya yA zabdAMce spaSTIkaraNa dilele Ahe. uralelyA kalAMcyA bAbatIta, 'ityAdika: kalAvibhAgo laukikazAstrebhya: avaseya:' (pR.83ba) ase mhaNUna to mokaLA hoto. tyAmuLe he AgamagraMtha saMpAdita karaNAr2yA Adhunika vidvAnAMnI dilelyA arthAMkaDe ApaNAMsa vaLAve lAgate. tyAcI mAhitI azI : (a) DaoN.pa.la.vaidya ANi zrI.e.TI.upAdhye yAMnI svataMtrapaNe 'paesikahANaya' saMpAdita kele Ahe. tyAMmadhye 72 kalAMce artha iMgrajI bhASeta Aheta.(A) samavAyAMgasUtrAtIla kAhI kalAMce marAThIta vargIkaraNa taseca spaSTIkaraNa 'pUrNArghya' graMthAta sApaDate. (i) jJAtAdharmakathAsUtrAcyA mudrita AvRttIta kalAMce artha gujarAthI bhASeta Aheta. kherIja nAyAdhammakahAomadhIla kalAMce artha el.DI.bArneTa yA paMDitAne ApalyA aMtagaDadasAo' yA anya jainAgamagraMthAcA

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iMgrajI bhASAMtarAta dile Aheta. yAce kAraNa ase. aMtagaDadasAo graMthAcyA tisar2yA vargAta, 'gayasukumAla' yA kumArAcI kathA Ahe. tyAcyA saMdarbhAta, tyAcyA zikSaNApAsUna te to bhogasamartha' hoIparyaMtace varNana he meha' mArApramANe Ahe ase mhaTale Ahe (tae NaM tasya dAragassa amApiyaro nAmaM kareMti gayasukumAle tti / sesaMjahA mehe jAva bhosamatthe jAe yAvi hotthA / ) AtA, yA meha kumArAcI kathA nAyAdhammakahAomadhye prathama yete. hA meha 72 kalA zikato. tyAMcI yAdI nAyAmadhye Ahe. tyA 72 kalAMcA artha bArneTa deto. bArneTane dilelyA arthAMcyA bAbatItahI dona goSTI yethe namUda karAvayAsa havyAta :- (1) bArneTane 'vilevaNavihi'ce bhASAMtara dilele nAhI. (2) bArneTace Rules of House Keeping he zabda muLAtIla koNatyAhI zabdAsAThI nAhIta. tevhA nAmAmadhIla 'vatthavihi' hI kalA 'vatthuvihi' azI gheUna, bArneTane hA artha dilA kI Rules of Besmearing ase tyAlA mhaNAvayAce hote, he kAhI sAMgatA yeta nAhI. vara ullekhilele sarva artha nehamIca yogya vATata nAhIta, taseca tyAMmadhye sarva 106 kalAMcA artha AlelA nAhI. mhaNUna prastuta lekhAta ase kele Ahe :- varIla sarva artha ekatra karUna dile Aheta, tyAta kAhI ThikANI adhika mAhitI pUraka mhaNUna joDalI Ahe. kAhIMce navIna artha sucavile Aheta. ANi jyA kalAMce artha pUrvI yeUna gelele nAhIta, tyAMcA artha dilelA Ahe. ___kalAMce artha detAnA, puDhIla paddhata svIkAralI Ahe :- (1) iMgrajI arthAMce marAThI rUpAMtara kele Ahe, va mULa iMgrajI zabda TIpAMta dile Aheta. (2) bahuteka ThikANI gujarAthI artha tasAca dilA Ahe, to kaLaNyAsa phArazI aDacaNa yeta nAhI. (3) artha jyAMnI dile Aheta, tyAMcI AdyAkSare tyA tyA arthAMpuDhe kaMsAta ThevalI Aheta. (4) pUrNArghya graMthAta vargIkaraNa karUna jase artha dile Aheta, taseca te yogya tethe TIpAMta dile Aheta.(5) vara jyA kramAne kalAMce parigaNana kele Ahe tyAca kramAne tyAMcA artha dilA Ahe. sarva kalAMce artha (1) cArahI graMthAMta samAna asaNAr2yA kalA (1) leha (lekha) :- lekhana (bA.vai.u.gu.) niranirALyA lipItIla va padArthAMvarIla ANi viSayAMvarIla lekhana, asA artha abhayadeva deto. tyAlA dharUna pUrNAr2yAmadhye artha dilA Ahe (pR.785). svAmI, sevaka, pitA ityAdIMnA uddezUna karAvayAce patralekhana2 asAhI artha abhayadeva deto. (2) gaNiya (gaNita) :- saMkhyAna (a), aMkagaNita (bA.vai.), aMkagaNita, bIjagaNita va rekhAgaNita (=bhUmiti) (u)-moThyA saMkhyAMcA guNAkAra ityAdi kriyA toMDI vA jhaTapaTa karaNe (A). (3) rUva (rUpa) :- soMga gheNe.2 (bA.vai.), raMgaviNe (vai), nANI pADaNyAcI vA dravyavinimayAcI kalA (vai), rUpa badalaNyAcI kalA (u.gu.), mUrtikalA va citrakalA 4 (pU)-yethe rUvacA nATaka asA artha gheNyAce kAraNa nAhI, kAraNa to artha puDhIla naTTa'madhye yeto. (4) naTTa (nATya), :- nRtya (bA.vai.u.), nATaka (gu), nATyakalA (a) nATyakaleta nRtyakalAsuddhA yete ase abhayadeva mhaNato. tevhA naTTa mhaNaje nATyakalA vA abhinayakalA ANi nRtyakalA. (kadhI gIta, nRtya ANi vAdina yA tIhIMnA miLUna nATya hI saMjJA dilI jAte. kalAnAM tisRNAmAsAM nATyamekIkriyocyate / (jainAMce) padmapurANa, prathama bhAga (pR.479). hA artha yethe abhipreta nAhI. kAraNa puDhe gIta va vAditta yA kalA svataMtrapaNe sAMgitalyA Aheta.) (5) gIya (gIta) :- gAyana (bA.vai.u.gu.), tAla, sUra, ityAdi sAMbhALUna karAvayAce gAyana. (6) vAiya (vAdita, vAditra) :- vAdyasaMgIta5 (vai.u.), saMgIta vAdye vAjaviNe (bA.vai.gu.), vAdyakalA (a) vAdye hI tata (udA. vINA) avanaddha (udA. mRdaMga), suSira (udA.povA), ANi ghana (udA.TALa) azI cAra prakAracI mAnalI jAtAta. tI vAdye vAjaviNyAcI kalA.

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(7) saragaya-yA zabdAcI saMskRta chAyA 'svaragata' azI gheUna puDhIla artha dile jAtAta :- maukhika saMgIta 16 (vai), AvAjAne saMgIta karaNe (bA), saMgItAtIla svara oLakhaNe (u.gu.)-saragaya zabdAcI saMskRta chAyA 'zaragata' ANi 'smaragata' azIhI hote. zaragata mhaNaje bANavidyA hI puDhe dhanurveda yA nAvAne yete. smara mhaNaje madana, kAma. tevhA smaragata mhaNaje kAmakalA, premakalA, kAmazAstra asA artha hoto (A). (8) pokkharagaya (puSkaragata) :- Dramane saMgIta karaNe (bA), Drama vAjaviNe (vai), puSkara he saMgItAce vAdya vAjaviNe (u), vAjiva samAravAnI kaLA (gu). vAdya hI kalA mAge yeUna gelI Ahe. tevhA puSkara vAdyAce vAdana asA artha gheNyAta aucitya vATata nAhI. mhaNUna puDhIla artha yogya vATato. puSkara mhaNaje pANI (gIlako), maga puSkaragata mhaNaje jalataraNa, pohaNyAcI kalA (A). (9) samatAla (samatAla) :- jhAMja/TALa' yAMce saMgIta (vai), jhAMja/TALa8 vAjaviNe (bA), saMgItAtIla18 kAlAce niyamana (u), samAna tAla jANaNyAcI kalA (gu). mAge vAiya yeUna gelyAne, jhAMja/TALa vAjaviNe hI kalA svataMtra sAMgaNyAcI jarUrI disata nAhI. tyAmuLe hAtAcyA TALIne ThekA deNe, aneka vAdyAMcA samatAla9 sAdhaNe/ oLakhaNe hA artha barA vATato. (10) jUya (dyUta) :- dyUta (bA,vai,u,gu) jugAra. (11) jaNavAya :- yA zabdAcI 'janavAda' azI saMskRta chAyA gheUna puDhIla artha dile jAtAta :- lokAMzI vA lokAMnA AvaDela ase saMbhASaNa (bA), samAjAtIla vaktRtva (ve), saMbhASaNa (u), lokAMbarobara vAdavivAda (gu). hI kalA nAma, sama, aupa ANi vaipa/upamadhye Ahe, paNa rAja/rAya yAMta 'jaNavaya' ase Ahe. zakyatA azI vATate kI 'jaNavaya' hA mudraNadoSa asAvA. tathApi jaNavaya hI svataMtra kalA ghetalyAsa kAya artha hoIla he puDhe sAMgitale Ahe. yethe jaNavAya zabdAcI 'janavrAta' azI saMskRta chAyA hoU zakate ; tyAcA artha janasamUha. tevhA lokasamUhAvara niyaMtraNa ThevaNyAcI kalA, lokAMce netRtva karaNyAcI kalA asA artha hoto (A). (12) aTThAvaya: - yA zabdAcI 'aSTApada' azI saMskRta chAyA gheUna puDhIla artha dile jAtAta :- ATha caurasa21 asaNAr2yA paTAcA kheLa (bA), ATha caurasAMcA kheLa1 (vai), buddhibaLAcA kheLa29 (vai), ATha caurasa21 asaNArA phAzAMcA paTa (u), soMgaTyAMcA paTa22 (copATa) (gu) - aTThAvaya zabdAcI saMskRta chAyA 'arthapada' azI hoU zakate. tyA zabdAcA artha 'arthazAstra' hoU zakato. tevhA kauTilIya arthazAstra sArakhyA zabdAMta arthazAstra zabdAcA jo artha toca artha yethe Ahe (A). (13) porekacca, pokkhacca :- porekacca hA zabda nAyA, vaipa/upa, ANi aupa yAMta Ahe. vaipamadhIla TIpAMta 'porekatta' asAhI zabda dilelA Ahe. rAja/rAyacyA dona pothyAMta pArekavva' asA zabda Ahe. sama.madhye pokkhacca asA zabda Ahe. AtA, pArekavva ANi pokkhacca he donhIhI zabda pAsamamadhye ADhaLata nAhIta. puraskRtya vA pauraskRtya yA saMskRta zabdAMcI varNAntare prAkRtamadhye porekatta, porekacca ANi pokkhacca azI hoU zakatAta. mhaNUna yethe porekacca va pokkhacca hI ekAca kalecI nAve mAnalelI Aheta. 'pArekavva' hA zabda mAtra lekhaka-pramAda kiMvA mudraNadoSa asAvA. porekacca zabdAce ase artha dilele Aheta :- nagararakSaka23 (bA), nagararakSakAcI23 kartavye (?) (vai), nagararakSaNAce23 kartavya athavA nagararakSaka3-kartavye (u), nagararakSaNa (gu), yA arthAMmadhye paurakRtya azI saMskRta chAyA ghetalelI disate. paraMtu tI gheUnahI puDhIla artha hoU zakato :- paurakRtya mhaNaje nAgarikAMcI kArye mhaNaje tyAMce kajje, takrArI ityAdi soDaviNe mhaNaje nyAya deNyAcI kalA asA artha hoto (A). puraskRtya azI chAyA ghetalyAsa, sanmAnanIya/mAnanIya vyaktIcA AdarasatkAra/mAnasanmAna karaNyAce jJAna asA artha hoIla (A). (14) dagamaTTiyA (udakamRttikA) :- mAtIbarobara pANI misaLaNe (bA,vai), pANI va mAtI yAMcyA guNAMcI

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cAcaNI gheNe (u), pANI va mAtI yAMcyA saMyogAne navIna vastU banaviNe (gu) ; sajAvaTa va nirmitIcyA hetUne pANyAmadhye maLalelyA mAtIcyA lagadyApAsUna ghara, mUrti, ityAdi suMdarAkAra vastU nirmANa karaNyAcI kalA (pU).-yethe, pANyAtUna mAtI (=gALa) bAjUlA kADhaNe mhaNaje pANI gALaNyAcI (Filtering) kalA, asAhI artha hoU zakato (A). (15) annavihi (annavidhi) :- annAce niyama (bA,vai), anna gheNyAce vA tayAra karaNyAce niyama (u), dhAnya nIpajAvanAnI kaLA (gu).-anna he bhakSya, coSya, lehya va peya ase cAra prakArace mAnale jAte. tyAta kadhI bhojya hA prakAra ghAlUna anna he pAca prakArace mAnale jAte. anna tayAra karaNyAcI kalA mhaNaje pAkakalA. yAkherIja bhinna Rtu ANi upavAsadivasa yAveLI koNate anna kase khAve yAce niyama (A). (16) pANavihiH - yA zabdAcI 'pAnavidhi' azI saMskRta chAyA gheUna puDhe artha dile jAtAta :- piNyAce niyama26 (bA,vai), pANI piNe athavA26 vAparaNe yAMce niyama (u), navaM (navIna) pANI utpanna karavAnI, saMskArathI zuddha karavAnI ane unuM (=garama) karavAnI kaLA (gu).-pAna mhaNaje madyapAna asAhI artha hoto. prAcIna kALI madyapAnAcI prathA hotIca. tevhA pANavihi mhaNaje madyapAnAce niyama (A). kherIja, pANavihi zabdAcI 'prANavidhi' azIhI saMskRta chAyA hote. maga, dehAtIla prANakriyA vyavasthita cAlU ThevaNyAce niyama asA artha hoto (A). (17) vatthavihi (vastravidhi) :- pozAkhAce niyama8 (vai), kapaDe zivaNe, dhuNe va aMgAvara ghAlaNe yAMcI kalA28 (u),navAMvastra banAvavAnI, vastra raMgavAnI, vastra zIvavAnI tathA paheravAnI kaLA (gu) ; vividha prakAracI vastre viNaNyAcI va zivaNyAcI kalA (pU).-niranirALyA prakArace sUta kADhUna, viNUna, raMgavUna zivaNe ANi bhinna Rtu, prasaMga ityAdImadhye yogya tI vastre vAparaNyAcI kalA (A). (18) sayaNavihi :- yAcI saMskRta chAyA 'zayanavidhi' azI gheUna puDhIla artha dile jAtAta :- zayyece niyama29 (bA,vai), zayyA tayAra karaNe ANi vAparaNe yAMcI kalA (u), zayyA banAvavAnI, suvAnI yukti jANavI vigerenI kaLA (gu), zayyecI sajAvaTa karaNyAcI kalA (pU). bhinna prakAracyA-puSpazayyA ityAdi-zayyA tayAra karaNe, tyAMcI sajAvaTa karaNe ityAdi (A). zayana mhaNaje nidrA asAhI artha Ahe. maga nidrA ANaNyAcI kalA asA artha hoIla (A). taseca, sayaNavihi zabdAcI 'sadanavidhi' azIhI saMskRta chAyA hote. maga, ghara suzobhita karaNyAcI, gharAcI aMtarbAhya sajAvaTa karaNyAcI kalA, asA artha hoIla (A). (19) ajjA (AryA) :- AryA chaMdAta racanA vA kAvyaracanA (bA,vai,u) ; saMskRta tathA prAkRta bhASAMnI AryA vigerenA lakSaNa jANavA, banAvavAnI kaLA (gu). AryA he kAvyaracanesAThIce vRtta Ahe. (20) paheliyA (prahelikA) :- kUTa? (bA), kUTAMcI racanA (vai), kUTe31 banaviNe ANi soDaviNe (u), prahelikA bAMdhavAnI kaLA (gu). prahelikA hA citrakAvyAcA eka prakAra Ahe. tyAta dilelyA varNanAvarUna te kazAce varNana Ahe he zodhAvayAce asate. udA. naranArI samutpannA sA strI dehavivarjitA / amukhIkurute zabdaM jAtamAtrA vinazyati / / (uttara-boTAMnI vAjavilelI cuTakI). (21) mAgahiyA :- yA zabdAcA saMbaMdha 'magadha' zabdAzI joDUna puDhIla artha dile jAtAta :- mAgadhI racanA (bA), mAgadhIcI racanA22 (vai), mAgadhI bhASece kiMvA magadha dezAcyA itihAsAce jJAna (u), magadha dezAnI bhASAmAM gAthA vigere banAvavAnI kaLA (ga). pAsamamadhye 'mAgahiA' mhaNaje eka chaMdavizeSa asA artha dilA Ahe : to ghetalyAsa mAgahiA chaMdAtIla kAvyaracanA asA artha hoIla. kherIja hA zabda mAgadha (=bhATa, stutipAThaka) yA zabdApAsUnahI sAdhatA yeto. maga, mAgahiA mhaNaje bhATAMnI racalele stutigIta. va naMtara sAmAnyapaNe stutigIta vA stotra asA artha hoIla (A). (22) gAhA (gAthA) :- gAthA racanA23 (bA), gAthecI racanA23 (vai), gAthAchaMdAta kAvya racanA23 (u), prAkRta bhASAmAM gAthA vigere banAvavAnI kaLA (gu). gAthA hA kAva racanesAThIcA eka chaMda Ahe. (23) siloga (zloka) :- zloka karaNe34 (bA). padyAMcI racanA34 (vai). sAmAnyapaNe padye karaNe athavA34 anuSTup chaMdAta padye karaNe (u), anuSTup zloka banAvavAnI35 kaLA (gu), zloka mhaNaje sAmAnyapaNe padya athavA

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anuSTup chaMdAtIla padya asA artha Ahe. zloka yA zabdAlA mhaNa kiMvA vAkpracAra asA eka artha Ahe (golako), to ghetalyAsa mhaNI tayAra karaNe va tyAMcA artha jANUna gheNe asA artha hoto. to artha barA vATato, kAraNa AttAparyaMta AryA, gAthA yA racanAMcA nirdeza jhAlA Ahe (A). (24) AbharaNavihi (AbharaNavidhi) :- alaMkArAce niyama (bA,vai), AbhUSaNa tayAra karaNe va vAparaNe (u.gu.), niranirALI-phUla ityAdIMcI-AbharaNe tayAra karaNe, mAhIta asaNe, va tI kazI kazI vAparAvIta, yAMce jJAna mhaNaje AbharaNavidhi (A). (25) taruNIpaDikamma (taruNIpratikarma) :- striyAMcI veSabhUSA27 (vA), taruNa kumArIcI veSabhUSA (vai), taruNa striyAMce prasAdhana (u), taruNInI sevA8 (gu), taruNIlA snAna ghAlaNe, tice kesa viMcaraNe, kesAMnA sugaMdhI dhUra deNe, kesAMcI vividha racanA karaNe, tice anya zarIrasaMskAra, veSabhUSA va alaMkArabhUSA yAMcA samAveza taruNIpaDiyamamadhye hoto (A). (26-36) itthilakkhaNa (strIlakSaNa), purisalakkhaNa (puruSalakSaNa) hayalakkhaNa (hayalakSaNa), gayalakkhaNa (gajalakSaNa), goNalakkhaNa (golakSaNa), kukkuDalakkhaNa (kukkuTalakSaNa), chattalakkhaNa (chatralakSaNa), daMDalakkhaNa (daMDalakSaNa), asilakkhaNa (asilakSaNa), maNilakkhaNa (maNilakSaNa), kAgiNilakkhaNa (kAkinIlakSaNa) :(26-36) yA kalAMmadhye kramAne strI, puruSa, ghoDA (haya), hattI (gaya), gAya/baila (goNa), koMbaDA (kukkuDa), chatrI/chatra (chatta), daMDa, taravAra (asi), maNi, ANi kAgiNI nAvAce ratna yAMce lakSaNa jANaNe, azA kalA sAMgitalelyA Aheta. lakSaNa mhaNaje khANAkhuNA (bA), khuNA va cihne9 (vai,u), guNa39 (u), lakSaNa (gu), ase artha dilele Aheta. tevhA, yethe sAMgitalele padArtha ANi prANI he bare-vAITa, sadoSa-nirdoSa, zubha-azubha ityAdi Aheta. he oLakhaNyAcyA tyAMcyA ThikANacyA viziSTa khuNA, AkRti, cihna ityAdi hota (A). yethe, daMDa mhaNaje zastra mhaNUna vAparAvayAcI kAThI, soTA, gadA (u), asA artha dilelA Ahe. sAdhA dAMDakA vA daMDukA asAhI artha hoIla (A). kAgiNi he eka prakArace 1 ratna Ahe. ___ (37) nagaramANa (nagaramAna) :- nagarAce mojamApa (bA), nagarIMcI yo janA vA AkhaNI (vai), nagarayojanA (vai), nagarayojanA (u), navUnagara vasAvavAnuM pramANa vigere (gu). navIna nagara vasavitAnA athavA junyA nagarIlA joDUna navIna nagara vasavitAnA karAvayAcI mojaNI, AkhaNI yojanA ityAdi. (38) vUha (vyUha) :- sainyAcI viziSTa racanA (bA), sainyAcI viziSTa 3 uDatI/halatI racanA (vai), sainyAcI mAMDaNI (u) vyUha yuddhanI racanA (gu). saMcalana vA yuddha yAMsAThI karAvayAcI sainyAcI viziSTa racanA athavA mAMDaNI. __ (39) paDivUha (prativyUha) :- (samorIla sainyAcyA") virodhI azI sainyAcI viziSTa racanA (bA), sainyAcI viziSTa (virUddha) uDatI/halatI racanA (vai), (pratipakSAcyA sainyA-)viruddha sainyAcI mAMDaNI (u), sAmAvALAlA (=samorIla) sainya sanmukha svasainya rAkhavAnI kaLA (gu), pratipakSa vA zatru samora asatAnA, svasaMrakSaNa karaNyAsa athavA zatrUlA zaha deNyAsa, tyAlA virodhI hoIla, azI sainyAcI viziSTa prakAracI vyavasthA, mAMDaNI kiMvA racanA. (40) cAra (cAra) :- (sainyAcI) uDatI/halatI45 mAMDaNI (bA), sainyAcI45 mAMDaNI (vai), sainyagaNanecA 6 aMdAja (u), sainya calAvavAnI kaLA (gu). (41) paDicAra (praticAra) :- (sainyAcI) halatI prati-mAMDaNI (bA), prati 6-mAMDaNI (vai), sainya mAMDaNIcI kalA (u), sainyane sAmA sainyanI sanmukha calAvavAnI kaLoM (gu). cAra ANi paDicAra mhaNaje sainyAcI hAlacAla va zatrUcI cAla pAhUna tyAviruddha ApalyA sainyAcI hAlacAla, he artha ThIka Aheta. tathApi yethe puDhIla arthahI lAgU paDaNAre Aheta :- cAra mhaNaje hera, guptahera. tevhA, cAra mhaNaje pUrva pahANI vA pahANI (Reconnaissance) vA heragiri karaNyAcI kalA. ANi maga praticAra mhaNaje zatrUcyA heragirI viruddhacI heragirI, asA artha hoto (A).

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(42) juddha (yuddha) :- jhagaDA/mArAmArI8 (bA,vai,u), sAmAnya yuddha (gu). pratyakSa zatrUbarobara yuddha, jhagaDA, mArAmArI, hANAmArI taseca svataMtrapaNe pratipakSAbarobara karatA yeNArI laThThAlaThThI vA mArAmArI. (43) nijuddha (niyuddha) :- jorAcI mArAmArI (bA,vai), javaLUna kelelI, vaiyaktika mArAmArI (u), vizeSa yuddha (gu). nijuddha mhaNaje kustI athavA mallayuddha. hAca artha jaina vAGmayAta anyatrahI sApaDato. udA. AkhyAnamaNikoza, zloka 16-17, pR.261 (A). (44) juddhAijuddha (yuddhAtiyuddha) :- ucca50 mArAmArI (bA,vai), bhayaMkara50 mArAmArI (u), atyaMta vizeSa yuddha59 (gu). (45) muTThijuddha (muSTiyuddha) :- muSTi vAparUna kelelI hANAmArI. (46) bAhujuddha (bAhuyuddha) :- kustI52 (bA,vai), hAtaghAIcI52 laDhAI (u), hAtAMcA vApara karUna kelelI hANAmArI. (47) Isattha :- yA zabdAcI 'iSu-astra' azI saMskRta chAyA gheUna, bANa soDaNe (bA,vai), dhanuSyabANAce zAstra (u), ase artha dilele Aheta. yA zabdAcI 'ISadartha' azI saMskRta chAyA gheUna, 'thoDAne ghaNuM ane ghaNAne thoDaM dekhADavAnI kaLA' (gu). asA artha kelelA Ahe. yethe, Isattha zabdAta pahilA zabda Isa (dezI) khuMTA, khiLA, Iza Izvara, ANi IsA nAMgarAce eka kASTha ANi dusarA zabda zAstra kiMvA astra, he zabda ghetA yetAta. tyAnusAra puDhIla artha hotAta. khiLA Dart, to phukUna vA anya prakArAne mAraNyAcI kalA, IzvarAce zAstra mhaNaje IzvaravAdAce jJAna, nAMgarAce kASTha yAvarUna nAMgaraNyAcI kalA. eka nakkI kI yethe bANa soDaNe vA dhanuSyabANAce zAstra' he artha ghetA yeNAra nAhIta, kAraNa puDhe dhanurveda hI svataMtra kalA AlI Ahe (A). (48) charuppavAya (tsarupravAda) :- khaDga pelaNe54/ cAlaviNe (bA,vai), khaDgayuddha'4 (u), khaDganI mUTha banAvanA vigerenI kaLA (gu). tsaru mhaNaje taravAra vA anya zastra yAMcI mUTha asA artha Ahe. maga maTha asaNArI zastre cAlaviNyAcI kalA asA artha hoto (A). yethe 'charuppavAha' asAhI pAThabheda ADhaLato. pravAha mhaNaje 'uttama ghoDA' asA artha Ahe (gIlako) tevhA charuppavAha mhaNaje ghoDyAvara basUna mUTha asaNArI zastre cAlaviNyAcI kalA asA artha hoIla (A). (49) dhaNuvveya (dhanurveda) :- dhanuSyavidyA5 (bA), dhanuSyabANAce zAstra (vai), dhanuSyabANazAstrAvarIla 5 (veda) graMtha (u), dhanuSyabANanI56 kaLA (gu). (50) hiraNNapAga (hiraNyapAka) :- aghaDIva sone muzIta ghAlaNe (bA,vai), rupe vitaLaviNe (u), rupAno pAka banAvavAnI kaLA (gu). (51) suvaNNapAga (suvarNapAka) :- ghaDIva sone muzIta ghAlaNe (bA,vai), sone vitaLaviNe (u), suvarNano pAka banAvavAnI kaLA (gu). yethe hiraNNa ANi suvaNNa ase svataMtra zabda vAparale asalyAne, tyAMce bhinna artha gheNe Avazyaka Tharate. mhaNUna hiraNNa mhaNaje aghaDIva sone, rupe, athavA anya maulyavAna dhAtu, ANi suvarNa mhaNaje ghaDIva sone ase artha ghyAve lAgatAta. (52) vaTTakheDa :- yA zabdAcI vRttakrIDA' azI saMskRta chAyA gheUna, puDhIla artha dilele disatAta. goLyAMzI kheLa59 (bA), goTyAMzI kheLa59 (vai), ceMDUMzI kheLa59 (u) yethe vRtta mhaNaje golapadArtha asA artha Ahe. gujarAtI bhASAMtarAta kSetra khaMDavAnI (=nAMgaraNyAcI) kalA' asA artha Ahe. AtA vaTTa mhaNaje kAsava (pAsama) hA artha ghetalyAsa, 'kAsavAMzI kheLa' asA artha hoIla (A). vaTTakheDa zabdAcI vartmakrIDA' azIhI saMskRta chAyA hote. maga, rastyAvara karAvayAcA athavA dAkhavAvayAcA kheLa, asA artha hoIla (A). (53) nAliyAkheDa :- yA zabdAcI 'nAlikA-krIDA' azI saMskata chAyA gheUna.paDhIla artha dile jAtAta :- kamaLAMcyA deThAMzI kheLa (bA,vai), kamaLAMce deTha kApaNe, kamaLAcyA deThApAsUna banavilele vA kamaLAcyA

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deThAcA AkAra asaNAre vAdya vAjaviNe, eka prakArace dyUta (u), kamaLanA nALa chedavAnI kaLA (gu). nAlI mhaNaje tAlavAdya asA artha Ahe (gIlako), paNa mAge 'vAiya' yeUna gele asalyAne, to artha yethe gheNyAce kAraNa nAhI. nAlIka mhaNaje bhAlA (gIlako), ANi 'NAliA' mhaNaje ApalyA zarIrApekSA cAra boTe lAMba kAThI (pAsama), ase artha Aheta. he dona artha lakSAta gheUna, nAliyAkheDace puDhIla artha hotAta. bhAlyAcA kheLa, bhAlA phekaNyAcA kheLa ; lahAna bhAlyAcyA TokAlA dorI bAMdhUna kasarata dAkhaviNyAcA kheLa ; bothATIcA kheLa. taseca, nAliyA zabdAcI saMskRta chAyA 'nADikA' azIhI hote. nADikA mhaNaje hAtacalAkhI, zarIrAtIla nADI (ApaTe koza), asA artha Ahe. tyAlA dharUna, hAtacalAkhIcA kheLa, athavA zarIrAtIla viziSTa nADyA dAbaNyAcI kalA, asehI artha hotAta (A). (54) pattacchejja (patracchedya) :- pAnAMvarIla korIva kAma (bA), pAnAMpramANe AkRtyA kADhaNe (vai), bANAne jhADAMvarIla1 pAnAMcA vedha karaNe (u), patra chedavAnI kaLA (gu)-patra mhaNaje jhADAce pAna taseca dhAtu ityAdIcA patrA asAhI artha Ahe. te lakSAta ghetalyAsa puDhIla artha hotAta. pAne ityAdI kApUna vegaLyA AkRtyA tayAra karaNe, vastra ityAdIvara vividha pAnAMcyA AkRtyA kADhaNe ; dhAtUMce patre kApaNe ; taseca dhAtu ityAdIMcyA patryAMvara kAma karaNe (A). (55) kaDacchejja/kaDagacchejja (kaTa-/kaTaka-cchedya) :- bAMgaDyAMvara2/kAMkaNAvara korIva kAma karaNe (bA), vartuLAkAra AkRti kADhaNe (ve), bAMgaDItUna/kaMkaNAtUna/kaDyAmadhUna bANa soDaNe (3), kaDA, 12cUDI, kuMDaLa chedavAnI kaLA (gu).-kaTa mhaNaje gavata, bAMbUcA padArtha, phaLI/taktA ase artha Aheta (gIlako). kaDa mhaNaje tAsalele lAkUDa, parvatAcA eka bhAga, ANi kaDA, ase artha Aheta (pAsama). yAMnA anusarUna puDhIla artha hotAta :- gavata kApaNe, bAMbU chilaNe, phaLyA kApaNe, lAkUDa tAsaNe, parvatAcA ekAdA bhAga phoDaNe. (parvatAcyA kaDyAvara caDhaNe-utaraNe hA artha hoIla kAya ?) (A). (56) sajjIva (sajIva) :- jIvana64 deNe (bA,vai), mRta mANasAMnA jivaMta karaNyAcyA maMtrAMce jJAna (u), marelAne (mUrchA pAselAne) maMtrAdika vaDe jIvato karavAnI kaLA (gu).-bezuddha mANasAlA zuddhIvara ANaNyAcI kalA. (zaraNa AlelyAlA jIvadAna deNe asA artha hoIla kAya ? (A)). (57) nijjIva (nirjIva) :- jIvita5 gheNe (bA), jIvita5 kADhUna gheNe (vai), sonyAsArakhyA dhAtUMnA auSadha yA svarUpAta vAparaNyAsa yogya karaNyAcI kalA (u), jIvatAne maMtrAdika vaDe marelA jebo karavAnI kaLA (gu).-yethe nirjIva hA zabda bezuddhI va maraNa yA dona arthAMnI ghetA yeIla. maraNa hA artha ghetalyAsa :- ziraccheda, phAsa, sULa, jALaNe, buDaviNe, taravAra/bhAlA khupasaNe, gadA ityAdIMnI mastaka phoDaNe, gaLA dAbaNe, nAkatoMDa dAbo ityAdIMnI jIva gheNe. bezuddhI asA artha ghetalyAsa :- pIDA/mAra, mohinI vidyA, maMtra, auSadha ityAdIMnI bezuddha karaNe (A). (58) sauNaruya (zakuna ruta) pakSyAMce oraDaNe (bA), pakSyAMce AvAja (vai), bhinna bhinna pakSyAMce AvAja oLakhaNyAcI kalA (u), kAgaDA, ghubaDa, vigere pakSIonA zabda jANavAnI kaLA (gu).-taseca, niranirALyA pakSyAMpramANe svata:cyA toMDAtUna AvAja kADhaNyAcI kalA (A). (2) tIna graMthAMta samAna asaNAr2yA kalA (a) nAyA, rAma, aupa yAMta samAna asaNAr2yA kalA : 1. pAsaya (pAzaka) :- phAzAMnI kheLaNe (bA,vai,u,gu). yAcyA joDIne phAsa kiMvA jALe tayAra karaNyAcI athavA phAzI deNyAcI kalA, asA artha ghetA yeto (A). 2. vilevaNavihi vilepanavidhi :- sugaMdhI pesTace niyama (vai), vilepanAcI kaLA (u), vilepananI vastu jANavI, taiyAra karavI coLavI vigerenI kaLA (gu).-suvAsika vA auSadhI vilepane tayAra karaNe ANi vAparaNe

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(A). 3. gIiyA (gItikA) :- povADA68 karaNe (bA), bhAvagIte va povADe yAMcI racanA (vai), gIti vRttAta gANI vA kAvya68 yAMcI racanA (u), gIta banAvavAnI kaLA (gu)-gIti nAmaka vRttAta padye karaNe vA gIte racaNe. ___ 4. hiraNNajutti (hiraNyayukti) :- aghaDIva sone karaNyAcA69 upAya (bA), aghaDIva sonyAcA zodha va paheravA vigerenI kaLA (gu). 5. suvaNNajutti (suvarNayukti) :- ghaDIva sone karaNyAcA upAya (bA), ghaDIva sonyAcA zodha va kAma (vai), sonyAcI zuddhI ANi cAcaNI00 (u), rughu navu banAvauM tenA alaMkAra vigere banAvavA tathA paheravA vigerenI kaLA (gu). mAge pAhilyApramANe, hiraNya mhaNaje rupe vA anya maulyavAn dhAtU. suvarNa mhaNaje sone. sone, rupe ANi anya maulyavAn dhAtU asaNArI khanije zodhaNe, tyAtUna dhAtU vegaLA kADhaNe, to zuddha karUna tyAcA, patrA, tAra ityAdi banaviNe, AvazyakatenusAra tyAMnA chidre pADaNe, tyAMcA kasa oLakhaNe, ityAdi kalA. kherIja, yuktI mhaNaje mizraNa asAhI artha Ahe (gIlako), tyAnusAra niranirALyA dhAtUMcyA mizraNAne mizra dhAtU siddha karaNe, asAhI artha hoto (A). 6. cuNNajutti (cUrNa yukti) :- sugaMdha ANi cUrNe (bA), cUrNAcA vApara (vai), pUDa vA cUrNa tayAra karaNe (u) gulAla abIla vigere cUrNa banAvavAnI tathA teno upayoga karavAnI kaLA (gu) :-sugaMdhI taseca auSadhI ANi khANyAsa yogya azI cUrNe (=puDI) tayAra karaNe (A). 7. vatthuvijjA (vAstuvidyA) :- bAMdhaNIcI vidyA (bA), bAMdhaNIce zAstra (vai), vAstuvidyA (u), ghara, dukAna vigerevAstUzAstranI vidyA (gu).-yethe vatthuvijjA zabdAcI saMskRta chAyA vastuvidyA' azIhI hote ; tyamusAra padArthavijJAnazAstra asA artha hoIla (A). (8-9) cakkavUha (cakravyUha),g2arulavUha-garuDyUha) :- cakra va garuDa yAMcyA AkArApramANe sainyAcI mAMDaNI karaNe. (10) sagaDavUha (zakaTavyUha) :- pAcarIpramANe asaNArI sainyAcI mAMDaNI (u). paNa zakaTAcyA AkArAcI sainyAcI mAMDaNI hA zabdaza: artha Ahe. kAhI vyUhAMcyA mAhitIsAThI manusmRti 7.187-188 varIla kullUka ityAdIMcI spaSTIkaraNe pahAvIta. (11) layAjuddha (latAyuddha) :- zAkhAyuddha (bA), veta-yuddha5 (vai), cAbakAne kelele yuddha (u), latA vaDe yuddha (gu).-latA yA zabdAce artha cAbUka (ApaTekoza), yaSTi, chaDI (pAsama) ase Aheta. tevhA cAbakAne athavA chaDIne kelelI mArAmArI asA artha hoto. 'so...dAragaM layAe haMtuM payatto' (vasudevahiMDi, pR.75) madhye latA mhaNaje chaDI asA artha Ahe. taseca, samavAyAMgasUtrAta 'daMDajuddha' hA zabda Ahe (A). (A) nAyA, sama, rAya yA tIna graMthAMtIla samAna kalA (1) aTThijuddha :- hA zabda 'asthiyuddha' asA gheUna, asthiyuddha 6 (bA,vai), hADApAsUna banavalelyA zastrAMnI yuddha (u) ; asthi (athavA) yaSTi vaDe yuddha (gu), ase artha dile jAtAta. aTTi mhaNaje jyAta biyA jhAlelyA nAhIta azI phaLe asAhI artha Ahe (pAsama) maga, azI hiravI kaThiNa phaLe phekUna kelelI mArAmArI asA artha hoIla. aTThijuddha hA zabda 'aTThiya-juddha' asAhI ghetA yeto. maga eke ThikANI sthira na rahAtA (aTTiya=a-sthita) kelele yuddha, asA artha hoto (A). (2) suttakheDa (sUtrakrIDA) :- dhAgyAMzI/sutAMzI kheLa (bA,vai) dorAMzI kheLa (u), sutara (saraLa)78 chedavAnI kaLA (gu)).-sUta vAparUna bharatakAma/kazidA karaNe, lokarIcyA dhAgyAMnI hAtAne viNakAma karaNe, dorIne

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ANi dorIvarUna uDyA mAraNe hA kheLa, tANalelyA dorAvarUna cAlaNe, ubhyA dorAvara hAtAcyA upayogAne caDhaNe ANi utaraNe, dor2yAMnI kaLasUtrI bAhulyAMcA kheLa karaNe, hehI artha hotAta (A). (i) sama, rAya, va aupa yA tinhItIla samAna kalA (1) cakkalakkhaNa (cakralakSaNa) :- mAge lakSaNa' cA artha AlelA Ahe. cakra mhaNaje cAka. he cAka ratha, gADI, kuMbhAra, pavanacakkI ityAdIMce asU zakela. taseca, cakra he phekUna mAraNyAce eka zastrahI hote (A). (2) maNipAga (maNipAka) :- mAge 'pAka' zabdAcA artha yeUna gelA Ahe. tyAlA dharUna, vAToLA padArtha (maNi) tayAra karaNyAsa kAcesArakhI vastU vitaLaviNe asA artha hoIla. maNi mhaNaje ratna, motI, sphaTika, lohacuMka, kAca ityAdIMcA vAToLA padArtha ase artha Aheta (gIlako) ; ANi pAka mhaNaje pakvatA, pakti, pUrNatA asAhI artha Ahe. maga ratnamaNi ityAdIMnA pUrNatA ANaNe asA artha hoIla (A). __(3) dhAtupAga (dhAtupAka) :- dhAtU mhaNaje khanija dhAtU (gIlako), zise, jasta he dhAtU (pAsama), ase artha Aheta. khanije va zisAsArakhe dhAtU vitaLaviNe, te zuddha karaNe va tyAMcyA vastU tayAra karaNe asA artha hoto. (A). (I) nAyA, sama, aupa yA tinhItIla samAna kalA (1) khaMdhAvAramANa (skaMdhAvAra-mAna) :- zibirAce mojamApa (bA), sainyanA paDAvanu pramANa vigere (gu).-javaLa pANavaThA ityAdi taseca surakSita jAgA pAhUna, sainyAcyA saMkhyepramANe chAvaNIcI AkhaNI karaNe (A). (3) dona graMthAMta samAna asaNAr2yA kalA sama ANi aupa yA dohoMtIla samAna kalA (1) gaMdhajutti (gaMdhayukti) :- hI vividha prakAracyA sugaMdhI dravyAMcyA rAsAyanika saMyogApAsUna navanavIna sugaMdhI dravya nirmANa karaNyAcI kalA Ahe (pU). gaMdha mhaNaje sugaMdhI padArtha. niranirALI attare, sugaMdhI tele, uTaNI ityAdi tayAra karaNyAcI yukti vA kauzalya (A). (2) cammalakkhaNa (carmalakSaNa) :- lakSaNacA artha mAge AlA Ahe. carma mhaNaje kAtaDe athavA DhAla (A). (3)-(5) khaMdhAvAranivesa/khaMdhAvAranivesaNa (skaMdhAvAraniveza/skaMdhAvAranivezana), vatthunivesa/vatthunivesaNa (vastu-vAstu-niveza/nivezana), nagaranivesa/nagaranivesaNa (nagaraniveza/nagaranivezana) :- niveza ANi nivezana he zabda samAnArthI Aheta. niveza mhaNaje vasaviNe, sthApanA. skaMdhAvAra mhaNaje chAvaNI, zibira, vastu mhaNaje ekhAdA padArtha, vAstu mhaNaje imArata ityAdi. nagara mhaNaje zahara. tevhA, ArAkhaDA athavA AkhaNI karUna sainyAsAThI vA pravAzAMsAThI chAvaNI ThokaNe, imAratIMcI bAMdhaNI karaNe, nagara vasaviNe ase artha hotAta. vastu mhaNaje kaTTA, pAra, samAdhi, staMbha yAMsArakhA padArtha bAMdhaNe vA sthApana karaNe (A). (4) ekA graMthAtIla kalA (ka) rAya/rAjamadhIla kalA (1) NiddAiya (NiddAiyA) (nidrAyita) :- nidrA mhaNaje jhopa. have tyAveLesa vATela tyA ThikANI jhopI jANe, jhopa sAvadha ThevaNe, itarAMnA jhopa ANaNe (A). yethe, NiddA/NiddAyA asA dezI zabda mULa ghetalyAsa, tyAcA artha 'viziSTa vedanA' (pAsama) Ahe. maga, svata:madhye athavA itarAMmadhye viziSTa vedanA nirmANa karaNe, asA artha hoIla (A). (2) mANavAra :- yA rAya/rAja graMthAta 'khaMdhavAra mANavAra' ase zabda kramAne yetAta. AtA, khaMdhavAra zabdAlA

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joDUna puDhIla 'mANa' ghetalA, tara nAyA, sama, aupa yAMmadhye asaNAr2yA khaMdhAvAramANapramANe, yethehI khaMdhAvAramANa hI kalA hote. 'mANavAra' madhIla 'mANa' hA 'khaMdhAvAra'lA joDUna ghetalyAvara urato 'vAra' zabda. hA zabda 'cAra' zabdAaivajI lekhakAcA pramAda asAvA. ANi tethe cAra' ghetalyAsa, sadhyAcyA rAja/rAyamadhye na yeNArI 'cAra' hI kalA ApoApaca yete (A). mANavAra asA svataMtra zabda pAsamamadhye noMdalelA nAhI. tyAcA nakkI artha kAya asAvA he sAMgatA yeta nAhI. mANa mhaNaje mana. mANa zabdAne cAra prakAracyA mojaNyA sUcita hotAta :- prastha, ityAdi mApAMnI mojaNe (meyamAna), hAta ityAdIMnI mojaNe (deza-mAna), zera ityAdi vajanAMnI mojaNe (tulAmAna), ANi ghaTiyaMtra ityAdIvarUna kAla mojaNe (kAla-mAna). vAra mhaNaje kuMbha, ghaDA (pAsama). he artha gheUna 'mANavAra'cA artha kAya karAyacA asA prazna paDato. AtA, vAra mhaNaje vAsara ANi mAna mhaNaje kAlamAna ase ghetalyAsa, divasa ityAdi mojaNe asA kAhI tarI artha hoIla (A). tathApi mANavAra hI svataMtra kalA na ghetA, vara sucavilyApramANe khaMdhAvAramANa va cAra ase gheNe yogya vATate (A). (3) juddhajuddha (yuddhayuddha) :- mAge AlelyA 'juddhAjuddha' aivajI juddhajuddha hA lekhaka-pramAda asAvA. ANi tase mAnale nAhI tarI juddhajuddha mhaNaje joradAra yuddha asA artha hoIla (A). (4) khaMdhavAra (skaMdhAvAra) :- hI kalA vaipa ANi upa madhye Ahe. zibirAcI yojanA (vai), chAvaNI ThokaNyAcI yojanA (u).-sainyAcI chAvaNI, zibira vA taLa AkhaNe va ThokaNe (A). (5) jaNavaya :- hA zabda mAge AlelyA 'jaNavAya' aivajI lekhakadoSa athavA mudraNadoSa asAvA. tase mAnale nAhI tara yA zabdAcA artha asA hoIla :- jaNavaya mhaNaje janapada. janapada mhaNaje rASTra, jamAta, grAmINa bhAga, janatA/prajA ase artha Aheta (ApaTe koza). maga, rASTrAta taseca prajeta kAya cAlale Ahe he jANUna gheNe asA artha hoIla. kherIja, jaNavaya zabdAcyA jana-vacas, jana-vayas, janavrata, ANi janavraja azAhI saMskRta chAyA hotAta. tyAnusAra lokasamUha kAya bolato ; prajecA AcAra-vicAra kasA Ahe, janatetIla vayogaTa kase Aheta he jANUna gheNe. taseca lokasamUhAvara niyaMtraNa ThevaNe, tyAlA anukUla karUna gheNe, asAhI artha hoto (A). (kha) aupamadhIla kalA (1) saMbhava :- yA zabdAce utpatti, zakyatA, aizvarya, paricaya, tulya pramApatA ityAdi artha Aheta. (gIlako) tyAtIla utpatti' arthAlA dharUna prasUtikarma' karaNyAcI kalA asA artha hoIla. 'zakyatA' yA arthAnusAra zakyatA vartaviNe asA artha hoIla (A). (2) muttAkheDDa :- yA zabdAcyA saMskRta chAyA mukta-krIDA, muktaka krIDA, mUrta-krIDA, ANi muktAkrIDA azA hoU zakatAta. mukta mhaNaje AnaMdita (gIlako) maga AnaMdAne/AnaMdAsAThI kelelI krIDA. muktaka mhaNaje phekUna mAraNyAce eka zastra (gIlako) maga galola, gophaNa ityAdi dvArA phekUna mAraNyAcI krIDA. mUrtakrIDA mhaNaje (cAracaughAta) ughaDapaNe/mokaLepaNAne karAvayAcI krIDA. muktA mhaNaje motI ANi vastravizeSa (gIlako) maga motyAMcA/motyAMzI kheLa, taseca viziSTa prakAre halavUna vA phiravUna karAvayAcI krIDA (A). muttAkheDa hA zabda 'muddA-kheTu' (mudrAkrIDA) asA asaNyAcI zakyatA Ahe. mudrA mhaNaje hAtAMce/boTAMce viziSTa AkAra kiMvA avasthA, maga tyAdvAre viziSTa sAMketika artha pragaTa karaNyAcI kalA asA artha hoIla (A). ___(3) khuttAkheDDa :- kutta (dezI) mhaNaje kutarA (pAsama). kutta ce varNAntara khutta (jase-kIlace varNAntara khIla). maga kutryAce kheLa zikaNe, zikavaNe vA karUna dAkhaviNe asA artha hoIla. khutta (dezI) mhaNaje pANyAta buDaNe (pAsama). maga pANyAta buDUna rAhaNyAcA kheLa (A). (yethe khattakheDDa ANi khitta-kheDDa ase pATha bheda ghetA yetIla. khatta (dezI) mhaNaje khaNaNe ; maga viziSTa prakAracA vA prakArAne khaDDA khaNaNyAcI krIDA (khittakheDDa mhaNaje kSetrakrIDA mhaNaje maidAnI kheLa-A).

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yethe muttAkheDDa ANi khuttAkheDDa he svataMtra zabda kalAsUcaka mAnUna hoNAre artha vara dile Aheta. tathApi he donazabda mhaNaje itara graMthAta ADhaLaNAr2yA 'suttakheDDa' aivajI lekhanadoSa asaNyAcI zakyatA vATate. (ga) samamadhye asaNAr2yA kalA (1) madhusittha (madhusiktha) :- hA zabda pUrNAr2yA madhye pR.786 vara madhusikbha asA mudrita Ahe ; to ughaDa ughaDa mudraNadoSa Ahe. madhusiktha mhaNaje taLahAta, pAya raMgaviNyAsAThI lAgaNArI meMdI tayAra karaNyAcI kalA' Ahe (pU), hA artha 'striyAMcyA pAyAlA lAvaNyAcI meMdI vagaire' yA pAsamane dilelyA arthAlA dharUna Ahe. taseca, mahusittha mhaNaje meNa (pAsama) ; maga meNa va meNAce padArtha tayAra karaNe. kherIja, madhusikthaka mhaNaje eka prakArace viSa (ApaTekoza) maga viSa tayAra karaNyAcI kalA asA artha hoIla (A). __ hA zabda madhu ANi sittha asAhI ghetA yeIla. madhu mhaNaje madha, madya, meNa, sAkhara, ase artha Aheta (gIlako), ANi siktha mhaNaje bhAtAce zIta, ghAsa (gIlako), dhAnyakaNa, dhanuSyAcI dorI (pAsama) ase artha Aheta. tyAnusAra dhanuSyAcyA dorIlA meNAcI puTe caDhaviNe, sAkhara ghAlUna sAkharabhAta karaNe, dhAnyApAsUna madya tayAra karaNe, asehI artha hoU zakatIla (A). (2) miMDhayalakkhaNa :- miMDhaya mhaNaje meMDhA (miMDhaya mhaNaje mer3haka (=zizna) asAhI artha Ahe). (3) caMdalakkhaNa (caMdralakSaNa) :- caMdra mhaNaje AkAzAtIla caMdra, kApUra, pANI, lAla motI, chata, elacI ase artha Aheta (gIlako). ___mAgIla meMDhayalakkhaNa'cyA sAhacaryAne caMdalakkhaNa zabda jhAlA asAvA. puDhIla (4)-(6) madhIla kalAMpramANe yethe caMdacariya' ase asaNyAcI zakyatA vATate. tase ghetalyAsa caMdrAcyA gatIce jJAna asA artha hoIla (A). (4)-(6) sUracariya (sUryacarita) rAhucariya (rAhucarita) gahacariya (grahacarita) :- sUrya, rAhU, va anya maMgaLa, zani ityAdi grahAMcyA gatI ityAdIMce jJAna (A). (7)-(8) sobhAgakara (saubhAgyakara), dobhAgakara (durbhAgyakara) :- bare vAITa ghaDavUna ANaNAr2yA zaMkha, ratne ityAdi viziSTa vastUMce jJAna kiMvA maMtra taMtrAce jJAna (A). (9) vijjAgaya (vidyAgata) :- bahAttara kalAMcyA yAdIta yeNAr2yA dhanurvidyA ityAdi soDUna, uralelyA karapallavI vidyA, yogavidyA ityAdIMce jJAna asA artha hoIla (A) yethe vijjAgama zabdAcI 'vaidyagata' azI saMskRta chAyA gheUna vaidyApramANe auSadhAMce jJAna asA artha hoIla (A). (10) maMtagaya (maMtragata) :- bahAttara kalAMmadhIla kAhIMmadhye maMtrAce jJAna apekSita Ahe. te soDUna gArUDamaMtra, vazIkaraNamaMtra, ityAdi maMtrAMce jJAna asA artha hoIla (A). (11) rahassagaya (rahasyagata) :- rahasya mhaNaje gupta, jhAkalelI goSTa. tevhA, Apale va dusar2yAce rahasya gupta ThevaNe, dusar2yAMcI rahasye jANUna gheNe, jhAkalelyA goSTI oLakhaNe, gupta goSTIMcA artha lAvaNe, gupta kiMvAsAMketika goSTI tayAra karaNe va itarAMcyA oLakhaNe, ase artha hotIla (A). (12) sabhAsA :- yA zabdAcyA saMskRta chAyA samabhAsada, sabhASyaka, ANi svabhASA azA hoU zakatAta. maga tyAMce artha ase :- sabhetIla sadasya yA nAtyAne kAhI goSTI gupta ThevaNe, viziSTa niyama pALaNe, niyamAnusara bhASaNa karaNe, ityAdIMce jJAna. spaSTIkaraNAtmaka bhASyagraMthAMsaha nivaDalelyA mUlabhUta pustakAMce adhyayana karaNe. sva ce sarvAMgINa jJAna karUna gheNe ; mhaNaje ApalyA bhASece upabhASAMsaha tatsadRza anya bhASAMce jJAna asaNe. udA. prAkRtace jJAna mhaNaje saMskRtasaha prAkRta mhaNUna prasiddha asaNAr2yA bhASAMce jJAna hoya (A). (13) vatthumANa (vastumAna, vAstumAna) :- vastumAna mhaNaje vastUce mojamApa. vAstumAna mhaNaje vAstuvidyA athavA siddha asaNAr2yA vAstUMce mojamApa kADhatA yeNe (A). (14) daMDajuddha (daNDayuddha) :- chaDI, daMDukA, kAThI, soTA, gadA azAsArakhyA vastUMnI kelelI hANAmArI

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(A). (15)-(16) AsasikkhA (azvazikSA), hatthisikkhA (hastizikSA) :- ghoDe va hattI yAMnA nAnAprakArace prazikSaNa deNe (A). (17) dhammakheDa (dharmakrIDA) :- dharma yA zabdAlA saMskRtamadhye aneka artha Aheta. tyAMmadhye dhanuSya asA eka artha Ahe (gIlako). to ghetalyAsa dhanuSyakrIDA asA artha hoIla. paNa samamadhye mAge dhaNuvveya, isattha yA kala AlelyA Aheta. tyAmuLe hA artha yethe yogya vATata nAhIta. tevhA dharma mhaNaje varavarace, dAMbhika dharmAcaraNa asA artha ghetA yeIla. manusmRti 7.154 madhye rAjAcyA pAca prakAracyA guptaherAMcA nirdeza yeto. tyAta khoTekhoTe dharmAcaraNa karaNArA 'tApasa' hera Ahe. to yethe abhipreta asAvA (A). zakyatA azI vATate kI yethe dharmakrIDA asA zabda nasUma gharmakrIDA asA zabda asAvA. AtA dharma mhaNaje unhALA, uSNatA, ghAma, kaDhaI ase artha Aheta (gIlako). maga kaDhaI vAparUna kheLaNyAcA kheLa, unhALyAta kheLAvayAce kheLa, unhAta kheLAvayAce kheLa, ghAma phoDaNAre kheLa, ase artha hoU zakatIla (A). (18) cammakheDa (carmakrIDA) :- carma mhaNaje cAmaDe, DhAla.86 jyAta kAtaDe agara DhAla vAparale jAte ase DhAla-taravAra, vetacarma, ityAdi kheLa asA artha hoIla (A). anya kalAMzI tulanA ___yA lekhAcyA prAraMbhI kuvalayamAlA graMthAtIla taseca hiMdu ANi bauddha kalA yAMcA ullekha kelA hotA. tyA kalAMzI jainAgamagraMthAtIla kalAMcI tulanA AtA saMkSepAne kelI Ahe. kuvalayamAlAtIla va jainAgamAtIla kalA kuvalayamAlA va jainAgama yAMmadhye puDhIla 8 kalA samAna Aheta : (1) gaNiya (2) gaMdhajutti (3) gayalakkhaNa (hatthINaM lakkhaNaM) (4) jUya (5) dhaNuvveya (6) naTTa (7) pattacchejja, ANi (8) hayalakkhaNa (turayANaM lakkhaNaM). kherIja gIya ANi gaMdhavva, vatthavihi ANi vatthakamma, ANi sayaNavihi ANi sayanasaMvihANa yA tIna kalAMtahI sAmya disate. hiMdu ANi bauddhakalA va jainakalA (1) hiMdu, bauddha ANi jaina graMthAMta sApaDaNAr2yA kalAMmadhye, yA tighAMnA samAna azA pAca kalA puDhIlapramANe Aheta :- (1) gaMdhajutti (2) gIya (3) naTTa (4) pattacchejja (5) vAiya. (2) hiMdukalA va jainakalA yAMta samAna puDhIla pAca kalA Aheta :-(1) juddha (2) jUya (3) paheliyA (4) vatthuvijjA (5) suttakheDa.. kherIja AbharaNavihi ANi bhUSaNayojana, sayaNavihi ANi zayanaracanA, nAliyAkheDa (hAtacalAkhI) va hastalAghava, yA tIna hiMdU va jainakalAMta sAmya disate. (3) bauddha ANi jainakalAMta samAna asaNAr2yA dahA kalA puDhIlapramANe Aheta :- (1) itthilakkhaNa (2) Isattha (3) gayalakkhaNa (4) goNalakkhaNa (5) dhaNuvveya (6) purisalakkhaNa (7) miMDhayalakkhaNa (ajalakSaNa) (8) rUpa (9) sauNaruyaM (zakuniruta), ANi (10) hayalakkhaNa (azvalakSaNa). kherIja jUya ANi akSakrIDA, aTThAvaya (arthazAstra) ANi arthavidyA yA dona bauddha ANi jainakalAMta sAdharmya Ahe.

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samAropa jainAgamAtIla vara ullekhilelyA kalA mAnavAcyA vaiyaktika, kauTuMbika, sAmAjika, ANi rAjakIya jIvanAzI kamIjAsta pramANAta saMbaMdhita asalyAne tyAvarUna tatkAlIna sAmAjika jIvanAcI thoDIphAra kalpanA yeU zakate. TIpA 1. bhAsaMko, khaMDa 2, prathamAvRttI, puNe 1964, pR.161-162 ; zrImadbhAgavata, bhAga 7, pra. yaMde muMbaI, 1928, zevaTace pRSTha ; lokaprabhA sAptAhika, muMbaI, 27 novheMbara, 1977, pR.44 2. lalitavistara, saM.DaoN.pa.la.vaidya, darabhaMgA 1958, pR.108 3. yA kalAMcyA sUcI sthalAbhAvI dilyA nAhIta. 4. bhAsaMko, khaMDa 2, prathamasavRttI, puNe 1964 5. abhayadeva, samavAyAMgasUtra mudrita pothI, pR.83a-83ba 6. hI kalA rAja/rAya pothyAMta nAhI paNa vaipa ANi upa yAMta Ahe. 7. hI kalA dorA madhye nAhI. 8. 'cAra' hI kalA rAja/rAya madhye nAhI. 9. juddhAijuddha hA sama cyA mudrita pothIta mudraNadoSa Ahe. 10. cakkalakkhaNa hI kalA vaipamadhye nAhI. 11. nivesa ANi nivesaNa yA dona zabdAMcyA arthAMta pharaka nasalyAne, yA zabdAMnI bodhita hoNArI kalA ekaca Ahe. 12. lekhanaM akSaravinyAsaH / salekhaH dvidhA lipibhedAt... tathAvidhavicitra-upAdhi-bhedataH vA patra-valka-kASTha danta-loha-tAmra-rajatAdayo akSarANAM AdhAraH / viSayApekSayA api anekadhA svAmibhRtya-pitR-putragurUziSya-bhAryA-pati-zatru-mitrAdInAM lekhaviSayANAM api anekatvAt / abhayadeva 13. Impersonation, painting, art of coinage or money changing art of changing appearances. 14. lepya-zilA-suvarNa-maNi vastra, cittAdiSu rUpanirmANam abhayadeva. 84. Instrumental music, making music with instruments or playing upon musical instruments. 16. Vocal music, making music with voice. 17. Making music with the drum, playing upon drums. 18. Music of cymbals, making music with cymbals, regulating musical time. 19. nRtya, gIta, vAdya, svaragata, puSkaragata, samatAla yA sarva kalAMcA viSaya saMgIta Ahe. (pU, pR.786) 20. Popular conversation, public oratory. 21. Play of the eight-square board, play ofeight squares, board of chase, a dice-board having eight squares. DaoN. vaidyAMcyA bhASAMtarAtIla chase hI cUka asUna, to zabda chess asA havA. 22. dyUta, janavAda, pokkhacca va aSTApada hyA kalA dyUtakrIDece prakAra hota (pU, pR.786). yethe ullekhilelI pokkhacca hI kalA pR.785 varIla kalAMcyA yAdIta dilelI nAhI he lakSAta ghyAve. taseca, jaNavAya ANi pokkhacca yAMnA dyUtakrIDece prakAra' mAnatA yeIla kA he zaMkAspada Ahe. 23. City police, duties of city police (?), duty of protecting a city, police duties. 24. Mixing of water with clay, testing the qualities of water and soil. 25. Rules of food, rules of taking or preparing food. 26. Rules of drink, rules about drinking or using water.

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27. annavidhI va pAnavidhI hyA niranirALyA prakArAMce khAdya, svAdya, lehya va peya padArtha tayAra karaNyAcyA kalA __ Aheta (pU, pR.786). 28. Rules of dress,art of sewing, washing and putting on clothes. 29. Rules of bed, art of making and using a bed. 30. Arya verses, composition in arya metre. 31. Riddling ; composition of riddles, making and solving riddles. 32. Magadhi composition, composition of magadhi, knowledge of magadhi language or of the history of magadha country. 33. Gatha composition, composition of gatha, composing poetry in gatha metre. 38. Slolka-making, composition of verses, composing verses in general or verses in anushtup metre. 35. AryA, prahelikA, mAgadhikA, gAthA va zloka yA yAca nAvAcyA chaMdAMviSayI va kAvyarItIsaMbaMdhI racanAviSayaka kalA Aheta (pU, pR.786). 36. Rules of ornament, making and putting on ornaments. 37. Attiring of damsels, attiring of young maids, adorning young women. 38. AbharaNavidhI va taruNI pratikarma hyA AbhUSaNe, alaMkAra va taruNIcyA aMtaraMgAMsaMbaMdhIcyA kalA Aheta (pU, pR.786). yethe 'aMtaraMgAsaMbaMdhIcyA' hA zabda 'alaMkArAsaMbaMdhIcyA' yA zabdAaivajI mudraNa doSa asAvA ase vATate. 39. Points, marks and signs; characteristics, qualities. 40. Stick, club or mace used as weapon. 41. strIlakSaNa te carmalakSaNa paryaMtacyA 14 kalA strI, puruSa, va itara vastU yAMcI zubhAzubha lakSaNe jANaNyAsAThI va __ tyAMcyAtIla guNadoSa oLakhaNyAsAThI upayogI paDatAta (pU, pR.786). 42. Measurement of cities, planning of cities, townplanning 83. Column, flying column, marshalling an army. 88. Counter-column, flying counter-column, arranging the army against an army. 84. Flying column, columns of army, estimating the strength of an army. 46. Flying counter-column, counter-columns, art of arranging an army. 47. cAra, praticAra, vyUha va prativyUha yA cAra saMgrAmavidyA Aheta. AghADIvara phaujecA moharA badalaNe, zatru sainyAcA hallA niSphaLa karaNyAsAThI upayukta azI ApalyA sainyAcI racanA badalaNe, cakravyUha paddhatIne sainyaracanA karaNe, va zatrusainyAcI vyUharacanA phoDaNyAsAThI vyavasthA karaNe ityAdi kalAMcA yAta samAveza hoto (pU, pR.786). 48. Fighting. 49. Heavy fighting, close fight, personal struggle. 40. Supreme fighting, fierce fighting. 51. yuddha, niryuddha va juddAijuddha he yuddhakalece prakAra hota (pU, pR.787) yethe juddAijuddha hA juddhAijuddha aivajI mudraNadakSe Ahe. pUrNArghya puDhe sAMgato :- azvazikSA te muSTiyuddha kalA hotyA (pR.787). 52. Wrestling, hand to hand fight. 43. Arrow-shooting, arrow-throwing, science of archery. 48. Wielding the sword, fencing. 55. Lore of the bow, science of archery, the work (veda) on the science of archery.

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56. Isattha, charuNyavAya :- surI, kaTyAra, khaDga ityAdi nirmitIcyAhI kalA asata (pU, pR.787) yethe charuNyavAya hA mudraNadoSa Ahe. 57. Casting of unwrought gold, melting silver. 58. Casting of wrought gold, melting gold. 59. Play with cells, play with pebbles, play with balls. &0. Play with lotus-stalks, cutting of lotuses, playing on a wind-instrument made of or having the shape of a lotus-stalk, or a kind of gambling. 61. Engraving leaves, drawing leaf-like figures, piercing leaves of trees with an arrow. 62. Engraving bracelets, drawing circular figures, discharging an arrow through a bracelet. 63. padmacchedya va kaTakacchedya :- pAne va gavata yAMcA cheda karUna tyApAsUna suMdara vastU banaviNyAsaMbaMdhIcyA yA kalA hotyA (pU, pR.787) yethe patracchedya aivajI padmacchedya hA mudraNadoSa Ahe. 64. Giving, life, knowledge of charms to revive dead persons. 65. Taking life, taking away life, art of making metals (such as gold) fit to be used as medicines. 66. Birds cries, cries of birds, art of recognising the notes of different birds. 67. Rules of scented paste, art of anointing 68. Ballad-making, compositions of lyrics or ballada, composing songs or poetry of giti metre. 69. Means of preparing unwrought gold, metallurgy of unwrought gold, testing silver or any precious metal. 70. Means of preparing wrought gold, metallurgy of wrought gold, testing and purifying gold. 71. yethe gujarAtI bhASAMtarAta hiraNyasAThI suvarNa ANi suvarNasAThI 'rupu' ase zabda vAparale Aheta. paNa mAgIlapramANe yethehI hiraNyAsAThI rupu ANi suvarNasAThI suvarNa ase zabda vAparAvayAsa have hote. 72. Perfumes and powders, use of powders, preparing powders. 73. Lore of building, science of building, art of architecture. 74. A form of military array resembling a wedge. 75. Branch-fighting, cane-fighting, fighting with a whip. 76. Bone-fighting, fighting with weapons made of bones. 77. Play with threads, play with ropes. 78. sUtrakrIDA, vRttakrIDA, dharmakrIDA va carmakrIDA he krIDAprakAra hota (pU, pR.787). 79. Measurement of camps. 80. skaMdhAvAramAna te nagaraniveza hyA sahA kalAMta sainyAcA taLa ubhAraNe, tyAsAThI yogya bhUmI, (va) killA ityAdIsaThi bhUmI nizcita karaNe ityAdIMcA samAveza hoto (pU, pR.787). 81. yuktireSA tu kauzalam / raviSeNakRta padmapurANa, khaMDa 1, pR.48. 82. Planning of camps, planning of encampments. 83. caMdralakSaNa te grahacarita yA cAra kalA jyotiSazAstrAsaMbaMdhIcyA Aheta (pU, pR.786). 84. saubhAgyakara te maMtragata yA cAra kalA maMtrataMtraviSayaka Aheta (pU, pR.786). 85. AsasikkhA te muSTiyuddha kalA hotyA (pU, pR.787). 86. dharmakrIDA va carmakrIDA he krIDAprakAra hota (pU, pR.787). 87. prastuta lekhAcA vistAra vADhela yA bhItIne yA viSayAcI carcA yethe kelelI nAhI.

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graMthasUcI 1. aupapAtikasUtra, abhayadevasUrikRta vRttisaha (mudritapothI), prakAzaka-bhurAlAla kAlidAsa, dvitIya AvRttI, surata, vi.saM.1994 2. aupapAtikasUtra, saMpAdaka-en.jI.surU, puNe 1931 3. kuvalayamAlA, (udyotanakRta) saM.e.en.upAdhye, muMbaI 1959 4. gIrvANalaghukoza, saMpAdaka-ja.vi.oka, puNe, zake 1837 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMgasUtra, prathama vibhAga, (mudrita pothI), gujarAtI bhASAMtarAsaha, bhAvanagara, vi.saM.1985 6. nAyAdhammakahAo, saMpAdaka-en.vhI.vaidya, puNe 1940 7. paesikahANaya, saMpAdaka-DaoN.pa.la.vaidya, puNe 1934 8. paesikahANaya, saMpAdaka-e.TI.upAdhye, beLagAva, 1936 9. padmapurANa (raviSeNakRta), prathamabhAga, saMpAdaka-pannAlAla jaina, kAzI, 1958 10. pAidyasaddamahaNNava, saMpAdaka-seTha, kalakattA, saMvat 1985 11. pUrNArghya, saMpAdaka-sumatibAI zahA, solApUra, vIranirvANa saMvat 2504 12. rAjapraznIya, malayagirikRta vRttisaha, (mudrita pothI), ahamadAbAda, (prakAzana varSa dile nAhI). 13. rAyapaseNaiyasUtra, saMpAdaka-dozI, mudrita pothI, ahamadAbAda, vi.saM.1994 14. lalitavistara, saMpAdaka-DaoN.pa.la.vaidya, darabhaMgA, 1958 15. vasudevahiMDi (saMghadAsakRta), prathama khaMDa, bhAvanagara, 1931 16. samavAyAMgasUtra, abhayadevasUrikRta vivaraNAsaha, (mudrita pothI) (prakAzanasthaLa va varSa deNAre pAna upalabdha pothIta phATale hote). 17. saMskRta-iMgliza-koza, saMpAdaka-vhI.es.ApaTe, dillI 1959 a au A ApaTekoza upa aupa saMkSepa -- abhayadeva, samavAyAMgasUtrAvarIla vRttI - abhayadevakRta vRttisaha aupapAtikasUtra - ApaTe ke.vA. - ApaTe vhI.es. saMpAdita saMskRta-iMgliza-koza - upAdhye e.TI. - upAdhye e.TI. saMpAdita paesikahANaya - aupapAtikasUtra - gujarAtI bhASAMtara, jJAnAdharmakathAMgasUtrAce - jJAnAdharmakathAMgasUtra - nAyAdhammakahAo - paesikahANaya - pAiya-sadda-mahaNNava - pUrNArghya - bArneTa - rAjapraznIya - rAyapaseNaiyasutta jJAnA nAyA pAsama bA rAya

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- vaidya pa.la. - vaidya pa.la. saMpAdita paesikahANaya - samavAyAMgasUtra - suru-saMpAdita aupapAtikasUtra sama suau **********