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is a present participle tense implying the sense of continuous action; and hence it can be a present continuous tense. The implied underlying meaning is that the action has started but still continuing, and so the action is incomplete. But, calie ('has moved') is a present perfect tense which means-that the action-has started and has continued for some time and now the action in complete and the result is there, and hence it is completive. So the use of two tenses is not congruous in the same expression. Mahāvīra's contention to this sort of expression is that when an action continues for some time, it can easily be said that some portions of that continuous action have been completed and the remaining portion is still continuing, when the continuity of action is over, the action is finished, and so the action is said to be complete, and so the expression calie is used to indicate that sense.
In Book II chapter 6, it is said that language is the vehicle of expression (ohāriņī). This expression has a reference to the Pannavaņāsūtra (chapter eleven on language pp 16X-I n of Jain Vishva Bharati edition 1989). The basic points of this chapter are succintly summed up by K.C. Lalwani thus:
‘Language may be satya, asatya, satya-mrșä and asatya-amrşā. The main source of language is the soul. It arises in a physical body, gross, assimilative and caloric. Its shape is like that of a thunder. The matter let loose by language goes to the other extreme of the sphere. Matter-clusters with innumerable space units are included in it; matter with innumerable vacuum units are included in it; matter with a lifespan of one, two, till ten time-units, countable time-units, uncountable time-units are included in it; matter with colour, smell, substance and touch are included in it. As a rule, matter from six directions are included, and they may be included without break or with break. The minimum life-span of language is one time-unit, and the maximum less than 48 minutes. Matter constituting language is acquired by the activities of the physical body, and is thrown out in the form of words or speech. Asatya and satya-mrsā languages are spoken with the decline of karma enshrouding knowledge and vision, but with the rise of karma causing delusion, while satya and asatya-amrşā are spoken with the decline of karma enshrouding knowledge and vision. Smallest in number are those
gri AŞTI BÌ-17A, 2008
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