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"We have already observed that matter and energy are two different manifestations of one and the same cosmic entity, instead of being two different entities. Matter instead of being immutable was energy in a frozen state, while, conversely energy was matter in a fluid state. The liberation of energy in any form-chemical, electrical or nuclearinvolves the loss of an equivalent amount of mass.
Liberation of Energy
It is well known that most chemical reactions liberate energy, simplest instance being burning of coal. The chemical union, in this case, is that of carbon and oxygen in the form of molecular fusion. When 3000 tons of coal are burnt to ashes, the residual ashes and the gaseous products weight one gram less than 3000 tons, that is, one threebillionth part of the orginal mass will have been converted into energy. Thus oxygen (0) + carbon (C) = carbon monoxide (CO) + energy. This reaction would give 92 units of energy per gram of mixture. If instead of molecular fusion of these two atomic species, we have
a nuclear fusion between their nuclei
+8016 14 energy-the energy liberated per gram of mixture will be 14 x 109 Units, i.e. 15,00,000 times as great. In the liberation of chemical energy by the burning of coal, the energy comes from a very small mass i.e. loss of mass resulting from the rearrangment of the electrons on the surface of atoms. The nuclei of the carbon and oxygen atoms are not involved in any way, remaining exactly the same as before. The amount of mass lost by the surface electrons is one thirteenth of one millionth of one percent. On the hand, nuclear energy involves vital changes in the atomic nucleus itself, with a consequent loss of as high as 1/10 to nearly 8/10 of 1% in the orginal mass of the nucleus. This means that from 1 to nearly 8 gms. per 1000 gms. are liberated in the form of energy, as compered with only 1 gm. in 3 billion gms. liberated in the burning of coal. In other words, the amount of nuclear -energy, liberated in the transmutation of atomic nuclei is from 30,00,000 to 2,40,00,000 times as great as the chemical energy released by the burning of an equal amount of coal. Whereas most chemical reactions would take place easily at temperatures of a few hundred degrees, corresponding nuclear transformations would not even start before the temperature reached many million degrees."
Jain Educationa International
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101. Gomber and Gupta, op. cit., p. 8/1
"Concept of Heat
We know that when a piece of red hot iron is dropped into a beaker
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Si +
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