Collected Articles Of LA Schwarzschild On Indo Aryan 1953 1979

Author(s): Royce Wiles
Publisher: Australian National University

Page 45

L. A. SCHWARZSCHILD
containing -kk-. This article is an attempt to justify the latter view by a comparison of some of the other words in -kka found in Prakrit, of which there are a considerable number; past participles, verbs, nouns and adjec
tives.
312
1. Past Participles in -kka.
The past participle in Sanskrit ends in (a) -ta, (b) ita (c) -na (the latter form is mainly peculiar to roots with a final i,, d and j), but the verb pac- 'to cook' has the isolated past participle pakva 'cooked'. The first group (a), though the most important in Sanskrit has become less in Prakrit. The regular phonetic development, notably the assimilation of the final consonant of the root to the t- of the ending, has obscured the connection of these past participles with the rest of the verb. In Prakrit therefore it became more and more usual to form the past participle as in (b) by the addition of -i(t) a to the verb, generally to the present stem. PISCHEL thinks that the third group (c) of past participles was also extended in the popular language even before the formation of the Prakrit dialects, and that there was for instance a Sanskrit past participle mukena from the root muc- 'to release', side by side with the normal Sanskrit mukta 'released'. This, PrsCHEL believes, accounts for the Prakrit past participle mukka 'released', which is more frequent than mutta mukta. There are some clear extensions of the use of the ending -na, such as dinna 'given' for datta from the root dê- 'to give', but the bulk of the examples given by PISCHEL fall into two categories: 1) past participles in -lla, which are due to an extended use of the Prakrit suffix -lla, and are not derived, as Pischel supposed, from popular Sanskrit forms in -dna and -Ina; (2) past participles in -kka, which are mainly associated with roots in -e and -é, and for which PISCHEL presumes a Sanskrit final -Jena; here a derivation parallel to that of the -lla past participles is more probable, and it seems unlikely for instance that there existed before the Prakrit period a hypothetical form *mukena from muc- 'to release'. In some of these cases it is almost impossible to reconstruct a plausible Sanskrit prototype: dams- 'to bite' could only have given a past participle dafna if we were really dealing with a mere extension of the -na ending of the past participle, and yet PISCHEL is forced to reconstruct a form dakna bitten', to explain the Prakrit dakka. Here even those who believe in a general extension of the ending -na admit instead an introduction of the suffix -kla in Prakrit.10
8. R. PICHEL, op. cit. §508.
9. JAOS 1957.
10. P. TIME, "Merkwürdige Indische Worte", K.Z. 67. p. 155, Göttingen 1942.
-70
PRAKRIT THAKKA, "TIRED'
313
There are some past participles in -kka in Prakrit which show the normal phonetic development of the corresponding Sanskrit forms, without the necessity for assuming an extension of the -na ending. Pac- 'to cook' has in Sanskrit the past participle pakva, which becomes in Prakrit pakka; Sanskrit vrase- 'to cut' has a past participle vṛkna which becomes Prakrit vukka (there is a doubtful occurrence of this word in Hâla v. 465, but it is definitely attested in Jaina Mâhârâstri)." The Sanskrit adjective suška 'dry' generally became sukka in the Prakrit dialects. This was associated with/sus-'to dry' and was similar in appearance to the above-cited past participles. Another adjective that came to be regarded as a past participle was éakya 'possible', Prakrit sakka. Sakka took over some of the functions of satta < sakta 'capable', past participle of the verb sak- 'to be able, and appears in Jaina Mâhârâstri in the meaning of 'capable'. Sakka is in fact listed as equivalent to the past participle satta by Hemacandra VIII.II.2.
From the use of these forms in -kka there arose gradually the notion that -kka was an ending of the past participle and it was therefore liable to analogical extension in Prakrit. The analogy is most likely to have started among verbs whose roots ended in -e. These verbs remained as a fairly compact group: in cases where the c was intervocalic in the present indicative and should therefore have fallen, it was generally preserved e.g. pacai < pacati, and in Apabhramsa, it was even doubled under the influence of the fourth conjugational class and of the passive e.g. russai 'to please'. The extension of the -kka past participle was probably facilitated by the fact that these verbs already had a velar sound in the future and also had derivatives formed with a -k-. Mukka from\/muc'to release' is one of the most widespread of the past participles in -kka and was probably favoured by the confusions that beset the correctly developed mutta mukta (mutta < mûtra and murta). Mukka is formed from muncai (var. muai) by analogy with pakka from pacai. Similarly luncai formed a past participle lukka, sincai formed sikka, and rincai rikka, while the participle lukka from the verb mluc-12 to go to rest' is somewhat more doubtful. These verbs maintained their association with the verb pac- 'to cook', past participle pakka, which had influenced them: there is in Prakrit a variant past participle pikka 'cooked from pakka + sikka and rikka.
Like the Sanskrit verbs in -c those in Sanskrit & and -3 remained as a compact group in Prakrit: they too formed their future with a velar con
11. J. J. MEYER, Hindu Tales. London 1909, p. 68.
12. J. J. MEYER, op. elt. p. 259. note 2. lukka,
40
-71