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earlier and later Apabhramŝa 54,
123, 139, 145;
literary Apabhramŝas did not derive from particular literary Prakrits 50, in morphology Apabhramsa differed totally from the literary traditions of the central dialects 180;
sets of interrelations needed to describe dialectical relationships in MIA 166;
distribution of features in NIA, see "future tense", "infinitive",
"adverbs"
differentiation: of vowels 134-135, 1378, 140;
of ae to ai 60
dissimilation: of vowels 134-137, 140, rare in MIA 135, 137, 140,
common in Romance 135, 137; of consonants 166-168, causing loss of final nasal 179-180
elision: of first syllable of kera and its derivatives 98;
of syllables in particles 109
emphasis: see "declension", "particles", "prefixes", "reinforcement"
enclitics: 15, 18, 25, 75-76, 87, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 173, 190 epenthesis: of vowels 134 foreign words: see "loan words" frequency: influences phonetic evolution 2, 108:
resistance to morphological analogy
future tense: 1-11;
-s-type and -h-type have the same origin 1;
distribution of forms belongs to the period of the modem vernaculars 8; connecting vowel 6-8;
ending vowel 8-11;
types of future: -s 1, 4, 5, 20, 152;
-194
-h- 1, 3, 4, 5, 8; -ss-3, 8, 11;
-hi- 8, 9, 10; -ha-9, 10; sigmatic 11;
velar of roots ending in c71; expresses will and or futurity 3; association with imperative 146; in subordinated clauses 154; see "participle"
gender: distinction tends to disappear in eastern dialects 188
gerund: see "absolutive" haśruti: 26
homonyms: and homophones, avoidance of 31, 32, 39, 40, 41, 61, 74, 76, 84, 96, 100, 167-168, 178
imperative: 146-152;
with pronoun subject 146-149, in Apabhramsa and Medieval French 149;
second-person singular forms 149. 152:
bare stem of thematic verbs 149, becomes -ū in Apabhramsa 151, 152, mixture of imperative and optative forms 150, -ahi, -chi, -su 149-152, -hi 149-151,-ahi especially after n 150, -i, -e, -hu in Apabhramsa 152
infinitive: 22-27, 144;
allied to noun of action, participle, absolutive 22;
derivation of the Prakrit infinitive 23-24, 26-27:
distribution in NIA does not reflect MIA dialects 27;
in Ardhamăgadhi 24-25, 104, 152; used as absolutive 25, 106;
possible vestige of Apabhramsa
absolutive 41;
association with the particle je 104110;
see "nouns of action" influence: of one dialect or language on another: morphological 4-5, 7, 910, 19, 24-25, 39-40, 48, 50, 107, 126;
semantic 31-32, 37, 38, 179-180; see "analogy". "loan words" injunctive: 3 labialization: of consonants 40, 55, 93; affecting vowel 144, 145 lengthening of vowel: compensatory after simplification of consonant group 6, 7, 80, 100, 101, 122, 163; of samprasarana vowel 39; provokes disappearance of anusvára 46,
before imperative ending-hi common, before-su rare 150; associated with loss of final -n 178 literary: see "popular speech" loan words: Sanskrit words from Prakrit 55;
Prakrit words from Sanskrit 74; exceptional phonetic developments in loan words from Persian 124, non-IA 122, 127, 136, 142, 143, 169, unknown 144; non-Sanskritic features: initial retroflex plosives 169, intramorphemic nasal-plosive clusters 169;
see "sporadic change" metathesis: rarely a factor in MIA 59, 67;
of vowels 134;
of vowel and nasal consonant 189 nouns of action: accusative infinitive
22;
dative distinguished from infinitive 23:
-h-in the oblique cases in Apabhramsa 27
-195
number of the noun and pronoun: plural of respect 20;
second person singular ablative
confused with plural nominative 21; numerals: 128-133
onomatopoeia: 38, 73, 75, 112, 113, 114, 135, 170
optative: 146, 150, 154, 155 palatalization: 37-38 parataxis: see "subordination" participle: used as future tense 1, 3, 10; allied to the infinitive 22;
past: 122, 142, 144, in -kka 71-73, new formations in -i(t)a 72, origin of present tense 123;
obligatory participle 27, 144, used as infinitive 27;
-ira as a kind of participial suffix
126
particles: negative 82-88;
emphatic u 159, khalu 159, je 104110, 160-161, mostly final 105, nam with imperative 147, -tti not used for emphasis 112, nu 159, se developed from neuter singular pronoun 160; temporal ta 156; interrogative 159-164, replaced by pronominal expressions 159-160, 162-163, käim 164, kissa, kisa 163, kiha 164, nam 161-162; see "vowels"
passive: -mm- morpheme in Prakrit 119, 120
person of verb: frequency of third singular 2, 5;
first more conservative than third 2, 6;
first in future tense can express both will and futurity 3;
third plural forms adopted from a neighbouring dialect 9;
see "frequency", "imperative"
