Collected Articles Of LA Schwarzschild On Indo Aryan 1953 1979

Author(s): Royce Wiles
Publisher: Australian National University

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L. A. SCHWARZSCHILD
sonant. Possibly under the combined influence of the verbs in -c and of bus- 'to dry' (which had the apparent past participle Pkt. sukka <buska 'dry') the past participle in -kka penetrated into this group. Thus apart from /us- 'to dry', future soksyati, Prakrit sokkhai, past participle sukka, one also finds\/krus- 'to cry', future krokêyati, Prakrit kokkhai, past participle kukka, kokka, and V/dams- 'to bite', future dankayati > Prakrit dankhai, past participle dakka. More doubtful examples of this development arey/ bhras 'to fall', Prakrit bhamsai, past participle bhukka, andy/slis- 'to grasp past participle thikka 'hidden' in Prakrit.
Some of the other examples that one might quote for the analogical extension of the -kka past participle are much more uncertain. Vokka, which appears in Apabhramsa as the second member of compounds with the meaning of 'speaking' might well come from vac- 'to speak' which has in Prakrit a future vokkhai. Sakka 'moved' is attributed by PISCHEL to a prototype évaŝkna, while the Dhâtvâdešas render it by V sarp- 'to creep' with which it might be associated. Still more dubious in its derivation is the word cikka 'touched'. Even if one leaves aside these doubtful cases the past participle in -kka appears as a well-established element in Prakrit morphology.
II. Verbs in -kka
The past participles in -kka are remarkably similar in their formation to those in -lla. Both these types of past participles often gave rise to new verbs, and hence even new past participles in -i(t) a. This latter development is more a feature of Apabhramsa than of Prakrit, e.g. mukka 'released' in Apabhramsa forms a new verb mukkai 'to release' and a past participle mukkia. The suffix -kka thus came to be regarded as a usual element in the formation of verbs and this was a very active principle in the modern vernaculars and has given rise to a number of verbs, as can be seen at at glance from Professor TURNER's Dictionary. The similarity with the extension of the -lle suffix is striking and sometimes the same roots were affected: e.g.V/muc- to release', Apabhramsa mellai and mukkai 'to release'; vac'to speak', vollai and vokkai 'to speak', 'to call. From the roots in -e, and -, -3, the suffix was extended among verbs of entirely different nature by the time of the modern vernaculars. This accounts for instance for the modern Hindi rokna 'to hinder from Sanskrit Vrudh, Prakrit rundhai, rumbhai.
The analogical extension among verbs with roots in -e, - and is however not the only source of -kk- verbs in Prakrit. In Sanskrit there is
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PRAKRIT THAKKA, 'TIRED'
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a group of words, mainly onomatopoeic in origin and formed with the verb kr- 'to make': e.g. pûtkára 'puffing, thûtkara 'spitting', camatkâra 'astonishment. From these were derived Prakrit verbs of the types pukkarei 'to call out' with the past participle pukkia <půtkṛta. This kind of past participle led to the formation of new verbs pukkai etc. and the association with/kr- 'to make' was lost entirely. Examples are frequent in Apabhramsa where we find for instance jhalakkia 'burnt', tadakkia 'startled' jhulukkiya 'scorched' (the last two are attested in the Bhavisattakahâ). The frequency of such verbs strengthened the conception of -kka- as a suffix used in verb formation. There is one important verb that is similar in development to this group. This is Sanskrit vi+ leri- 'to sell'. The normal Prakrit present tense of this verb was vikkinel, but the infinitive vikkeum and the past participle vikkia led to the creation of a new present vikkei 'to sell'. Under the influence of those verbs where a radical in -kk- coexisted with a radical in -c-, -ce-,14 such as pac-, mune- and sine-, there was formed a new type of present viccei, veccei 'to sell'. This is the prototype of the modern Hindi becná 'to sell'. There was ultimately a complete differentiation of meaning between the two radicals of this verb: vikkei, based as it was on the old past participle passive of vi+kri, was specialised in the meaning of 'to be up for sale', 'to be sold', whence modern Hindi biknd and its congeners, while viccei, veccel remained as 'to sell', Hindi becnd.
III. Nouns and Adjectives in -kka
The suffix -kka was not only extended in Prakrit among past participles and verbs, but also among adjectives and nouns. As in the other cases, it was abstracted as a suffix from a number of Prakrit words that happened to end in -kka. This -kka sometimes simply represents the development of the Sanskrit suffix 'svårthe' -ka after a consonantal base. Examples of this are: Sanskrit catuška 'a square', Prakrit caukka, chakka from Sanskrit Satka a group of six', and perhaps nakka 'nose', which may come from Sanskrit nas+ka, but might also be an example of the addition of the suffix -kka at the Prakrit stage. In some cases Prakrit -kka came from Sanskrit -kya. This is certainly the explanation of Prakrit pårakka 'alien' from Sanskrit pârakya, thokka 'little' from stokya, manikka from manikya 'ruby'. Three masculine nouns designating persons may belong to this group: they are Prakrit raikka 'associate of a king', adikka 'important personage', and
13. It has unfortunately been impossible for me to gain access to Professor F. Esco's work on the Ardha-Magadhi and Jain Maharastri verbs hakkai, halokarai in Indian Studies dedicated to C. R. LANMAN, p. 20. 14. Le, in Apabhramán. vide supra.
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