Collected Articles Of LA Schwarzschild On Indo Aryan 1953 1979

Author(s): Royce Wiles
Publisher: Australian National University

Page 65

THE INDECLINABLE JE IN MIDDLE INDO-ARYAN
irregular development from the Sanskrit word eva 'indeed', via the intermediate forms yeva and jeva. It was most unstable in use, varying from an emphatic form to an expletive; on the one hand it could be combined with ham as hañje, a slightly disdainful form of address, and have a highly specialised use, and on the other hand it could be used on its own, as in later Prakrit and Apabhramsa where it occurred very generally, and was practically meaningless.
NOTES
1. S. Ullmann, The Principles of Semantics (Glasgow, 1951), p. 104. W. Schubring. Das Mehanisihasutta (Berlin, 1918), p. 92.
2.
3. S. Sen, A Critical Introduction to the Pashanigarandi
P. 13.
4. Dhürtäkhyana, edited by A. N. Upadhye (Bombay, 1944), p. 53.
5. H. C. Bhayani, "Some interesting features of the Prakrit of the Nanapamoamikahä". Bharatiya Vidya XII (1951), p. 161.
6. There is one example in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit of the form yeva being used in this position, gantum yevadhyavasito "he is determined to go', which is quoted by Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary (New Haven, 1953), s.v. gera
7. T. N. Dave, A Study of the Gujarati Language in the 16th Century (London, 1935), glossary s.v. ja.
8.
R. Pischel, Grammatik der Prakritsprachen (Strassburg, 1900), p. 229.
9. W. Geiger, Pali Literatur und Sprache (Strassburg, 1916), 66.
10. J. Bloch, Les Inspriptions d' Asoka (Paris, 1950), p. 52.
11. F. Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar (New Haven, 1953), p. 37. 12. H. C. Bhayani, "Prince of Wales Museum Stone Inscription from Dhar", Bharatiya Vidya XIX (1959), p. 118.
13. ef. the occasional weakening of the particle on to yn in Prakrit, Pischel, op. cit., p. 135.
14. M. A. Mehendale, Historical Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrits (Poona, 1948), P. 189.
15. J. Bloch, L'Indo-Aryan (Paris, 1934), p. 200-201.
16. Further examples are given by R. Pischel, op. cit., p. 229. 17. R. Pischel, op. cit., p. 190.
217
(Würzburg, 1939),
-110
NOTES ON SOME WORDS MEANING "IMMEDIATELY" IN MIDDLE
INDO-ARYAN
By L. A. SCHWARZSCHILD
ONE OF THE major advantages of the study of synonyms is that it provides a link between descriptive and historical linguistics. In Professor Ullmann's words: "Synonymic structure implies the formation of associative groups between senses on the langue level. The firmness and constancy of such associations can best be gauged from the diachronistic developments which they may initiate." Among the first words to be studied from this point of view were the Middle English adverbs which meant "swiftly" and later "immediately" Words of this meaning are of interest also in Middle Indo-Aryan where they form a closely-knit group. This is proved by their formal as well as their semantic development. Probably the most important words of this group are the derivatives of Sanskrit sahasa. Being the instrumental case of sahas "force", sahas was used adverbially and meant in Vedic "forcibly" and hence "suddenly", "all at once"." on the spot "a In late Classical Sanskrit it developed the further meaning of "rashly", but this late meaning is not reflected in Middle IndoAryan. There is at first sight nothing curious about the development of sahasa in Middle Indo-Aryan where it becomes quite normally sahasd, with optional shortening of the final - as usual in adverbs. But on reading a well-known Mähäräṣṭrī text such as the Vajjalaggam one is surprised to find that sahasa is followed by the particle tti from Sanskrit iti "thus". The same characteristic is found in other Mähäräştri texts, e.g. the Lilävaikah, where sahasa is followed by -tti whenever it appears with a short final, and this sahasa-ti is more usual than the simple sahasa. Sahasa-tti is very frequent in Jain Mähäräṣṭri texts and is used almost to the exclusion of sahasa in the Apabhraméa texts of both Southern and Western
18. Ullmann, The Principles of Semantics (Glasgow, 1951), p. 111.
G. Stern, Swift, swiftly" and their Synonyms. A Contribution to Semantic Analysis and Theory. Göteborgs Högskolas Arsskrift, xvii (Göteborg, 1921).
For a similar semantle change ef. Buddhist Sanskrit pratiyaly era quoted by L. Renon, JA, cexlvii (1959), p. 261.
R. Pischel, Grammatik der Prakritsprachen (Strassburg, 1900), § 113. Vajjalagga, ed. J. Laber, Bibliotheca Indica (Calcutta, 1944), v. 388.
-111