Collected Articles Of LA Schwarzschild On Indo Aryan 1953 1979

Author(s): Royce Wiles
Publisher: Australian National University

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SCHWARZSCHILD: "First," "Second' and 'Third' in Middle Indo-Aryan
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an early form of dosard "second" with loss of the final ra, which was felt to be a suffixal element (cf. its use in doka-ri below). Tagare" lists the suffix-ra as being a rarely used pleonastic suffix in Apabhramia. ra was frequent in Sanskrit as a possessive adjectival suffix and there is no doubt that it was very much further extended as a suffix Ekkasarian simultaneously, at once has sur- in the Modern Indo-Aryan languages. It is therevived in Modern Hindi and its dialects as the fore possible that dosa was a back-formation from adverb aksar all at one time,' as distinct from dosard 'second' and belonged to such low strata the adjective ikear, aksar single. There are indi- of the language that it was thought to be a Dest cations that the adverb aksar was more wide-spread word. A number of Desi words can be explained in the earlier phases of Modern Indo-Aryan, and in this way; some have been recognised as Indothat like its Prakrit prototype ekhasariam it could Aryan long ago by Pischel," while others have occasionally be used adjectivally: in the Old Gu- been examined more recently, especially by P. jerati of the Gurjaranialeak there appears a Tedesco. Dosa 'half may therefore be considered nominative plural ekkasura 'all at one time.' The as an indication-however uncertain-of the exist change in the final syllable of the word eksar<ence of dosara(ka) > dosart 'second before the akkasarian shows that there may have been some time of Hemacandra, and it tends to show that confusion with the very similar word ekkasara(ka) the analogy of ekkasara(ka), which brought about > ekar() > modern aksar, iksar single, "un- the formation of the new ordinal numerals, bedivided." The adverb aksar 'all at once,' 'all to- longed to the Apabhraméa rather than the Modern gether' has caused analogical developments among Indo-Aryan period, numerals in the dialects of Hindi: for instance the adverbial forms do-sar doubly, and fi-sar "triply in Bhojpuri are almost certainly based on ekser all together."
Indo-Aryan as its synonym sarisa <sadría, continues to exist as sari 'like, 'similar in modern Nepali. There are signs of its survival in other modern languages, as for instance in Kumaoni, which has the extended form sariko. There is thus nothing surprising in the use of sari(a) in the formation of the Prakrit adverb ekkasarism.
Although the Prakrit words ekkasara(ka) "single" and ekkasariom at once' help to illuminate the main features of the development of the new ordinals dúard and fiend and of the adverbs dosar and fisar, there are still many side-forms to be investigated in Middle Indo-Aryan. These may in turn shed some light on the early history of the modern words. Among the most interesting of the Middle Indo-Aryan forms is the isolated word dose, which is found only in the Definämamala (5.56). It was obviously regarded as of Delt origin by Hemscandra and is given as an equiva lent of ardha 'half. The similarity with do two makes it almost certain that this is an Indo-Aryan word. Ordinals are used in Indo-Aryan as in a number of other languages to form the names of the fractions. This applies less to '' than to the other names of fractions, as there is usually a specialised word for half. There are however instances in Sanskrit quoted by Wackernagel of the use of deifiga 'second in the sense of "half." There is thus a possibility that does was based on
Wackernagel III, p. 412
The Modern Indo-Aryan series typified by the Hindi ikaar, daard, tard, causar, single, second," 'third' and 'fourfold (of a necklace)' has a close parallel in the series typified by the Hindi kahri, dohra, tehra and cauard, 'single, "twofold," threefold, fourfold. In Bengali these words appear with a long -- in the penultimate syllable: ekahard, dohärä, tehard and cashdrd. This group of words is explained by S. K. Chatterji sa being derived, like the series iksar, etc., from the cardinal numerals, but with the addition of the suffix -hard, which he equates with the agentive suffix -hard. There is no evidence in Middle Indo-Aryan to support this view. R. L. Turner suggested that the modern Hindi dohra 'twofold' was based on the Middle Indo-Aryan adjective "doha "twofold," from Sanskrit duidha 'split in two,' with replacement of dei- by the Prakrit cardinal numeral do. The pleonastic adjectival suffix -ra (see above) was added to form the new word dohard> dohns "twofold. The Middle Indo-Aryan adverbs doha
"G. V. Tagare, Historical Grammer of Apobrando (Poona, 1945), p. 341.
Delindmandli of Hemocendre, ed. I. Pichel, d
od, Bombay Sanskrit XVII (1938), p. 8.
"In his article "Sanskrit uch-to gleam," JA08 71.8 (1957), for instance, P. Tedesco derives the Dea word punch to wipe from Indo-Aryan.
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SCHWARZSCHILD: First, Second" and "Third in Middle Indo-Aryan
doubly and tiha, Pali tidha 'triply from Sanskrit deidha and tridha, probably also played some part in the formation of the new adjectives. The long vowel in the Bengali words dohárd, etc., may indicate that these words date back to the period when the adverbs dohd and tiha were still pronounced with a long final vowel, which influenced the new adjectives. The development of tha+ ra> fehra, Bengali fehand, was exactly parallel to that of dokra, Bengali dohari. The analogy of these forms has spread to the remainder of the first four numerals, whence Hindi ekakra 'single'
and caward 'fourfold' and the corresponding Bengali forma, but the analogy was not extended to the higher numerals. The new adjectives ekahr, dohra, tehra and cashrd just like iksar, düsrl, tard and causar show that the first four numbers were felt to be a group in Indo-Aryan, a series par excellence. They are also a further indication of the tendency in late Middle Indo-Aryan to replace etymological forma of numerical adjectives by "motivated" words based on the cardinal numerals.
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