Collected Articles Of LA Schwarzschild On Indo Aryan 1953 1979

Author(s): Royce Wiles
Publisher: Australian National University

Page 85

96 A STUDY OF SOME FEATURES OF THE IMPERATIVE IN MIDDLE INDO-ARYAN with the vowel -- and its use was extended to verbs ending in -e from -ya of the causative. In the Jain canon-hi was furthermore the most common termination of the second person singular imperative of all other verbs, and before it thematica was lengthened: c.g. khandhl "dig". payacchi "hand over" (Siyagadanga 14).
No real reason for the lengthening of the thematic vowel before I has as yet been advanced. Final-dhi was etymologically justified only in verbs of the second class ending in long-d, such as ydhi "blow", pdhi "protect" and the much more usual verb ydi "go". Just as the ending-chi was extended from chi "go" and some similar forms, dhl "go" may have exerted a parallel influence. This influence spread very early to the ninth conjugational class. The old second person singular imperative ending dna, taken by some verbs of the ninth class in Vedio and Sanskrit, had no support within the conjugation system and disappeared without a trace. As the third person imperative of a ninth class verb was jand(tu "he should know", which resembled law, etc., Middle Indo-Aryan speakers began to use a second person singular andhi, corresponding to dhi. From the ninth conjugational class the termination-dhi became associated particularly with a preceding. and the analogy was not always felt in verbs of the ninth class where this was obscured by phonetic developments; whence genes instead of gendhi "take" in the passage of the Siyagadangauffa already quoted. This association with was very close and was carried to verbs of other conjugational classes in the Sauraseni and Magadhi of the dramas, where the ending-dhi is otherwise unknown and only w is used, e.g. dhl "listen", bhandhi "speak" (Malavikdgnimitra). Despite this extension of -dhi in Saurasent, the link with the ninth class is still the strongest: bhanasu may occur Occasionally in Sauraseni alongside bhanall, but jdmasu has not been found despite much searching. In Ardhamagadhi the use of the long before-hi was so general that it seems likely that yet another influence was at work, quite apart from the influence of jl, which affected the ninth class, and hence verbs ending in-. It is probable that the imperative was linked by the speakers with the optative, with which it was so closely associated in meaning: e.g. in the same passage as the list of imperatives quoted from the Swagadargutta, there occur the optatives carejasi, vaijeljd, miluje, parivaljdsl. It is certain that the old subjunctive mood, prior to its disappearance had some influence on the imperative, and this may account for some Asokan forms: S (Kalsi), "may he obey," palakkandu and others quoted by Bloch as well as the curious plural suru (Girnar). "may they hear." But the subjunctive disappeared so early that it seems much more probable that the imperative and the optative, both used side by side in a similar context, were associated by early Ardhamagadhi speakers.
The fact that the lengthening of the vowel immediately preceding the ending-himight to some extent have emanated from the optative is confirmed by some unusual forms in Ardhamagadhi where there is actually a mixture between imperative and optative forms: Yanded, "may you praise," paljudeji animanidhi (Udsagadando). A different mixed form is found especially in Maharastri: kualdo, Mhandisu, sad , sar di (Lildwalkahd), kuid (Valjdaggam, where the chidyd has kurvyda), khameds (Palma cariya). Lengthening of this kind is quite unusual before the endings, it is found only in
A STUDY OF SOME FEATURES OF THE IMPERATIVE IN MIDDLE INDO-ARYAN 97 association with the optative. But in the case of the ending-hi in Ardhamagadhi the further extension of such a long form was facilitated by the existence of the analogical forms based on jdhi and on the ninth class as well as the very frequent causative ending-chi, which brought about a rhythmical association between the ending-hi and a long vowel.
The distribution of the forms of the second person singular of the imperative in other dialects is quite complex. In Jain Sauraseni, as illustrated by the usage of the Bhagavati Andhand, the termination e-l is found with verbs ending in , including the causatives, as in Ardhamagadhi and Sauraseni, e.g. cintei "think", nisevel "attend to": but forms like cites are equally frequent. Apart from this the ending -hi is confined to occasional use with verbs belonging to or modelled on the ninth class: jddl (Bhag. Arddh. v. 803). vijanah (Moldedra). Sometimes the vowel is short before this ending as in millahi (Bhag. Arddh. v. 1516). This may have been a feature of popular speech in the west central area of India and foreshadows Apabhramsa developments. But the use of his still comparatively rare in Jain Sauraseni and the majority of verbs, including even those based on the ninth class, add the usual second person singular ending - susu "listen" (very frequent). Jinan "overcome". - is also the normal ending of thematic verbs: labhas, gachas, etc. The use of the bare stem in thematie verbs as in Sanskrit is rare.
Jain Maharastri resembles Jain Sauraseni as regards the endings of the second person singular of the imperative, except that there are occasional instances of the use of -dihi in verbs where it was justified neither by etymology nor by the analogy of the ninth conjugational class. This was due to the influence of the canonical language. The bare stem is used as an imperative quite frequently in Jain Maharastri prose and verse, of which one might take the Samardecakahd as a typical example. The ending su is also widely used. Usage in popular Maharaştri texts is very similar to this, except that forms in-dhi are much rarer where not due to direct causes: e.g. in the Vasudevahindi an extensive search revealed only the one form Khamdi "endure", but frequent instances of sundhl "listen" (adapted to the ninth class) and even md bhadhi "do not fear" (based on the analogy of verbs ending in a long-d). In an even later and more popular text, the Kuvalayamdd, there has been a further change: there is a huge preponderance of forms in-s, while -di does not even occur in the few verbs where it still persisted in the Vasudevandi, e.g. "listen", md bihan "do not fear". In the causative and other verbs in the ending-chi has become extremely rare in the Kuvalayamdld, although there are some instances of a new reduplicated form de-dehi, alongside desu. There are some isolated examples in other popular Maharastri texts of the Apabhramsa tendency to change final a tou when the thematie stem was used as an imperative of the second person: e.g. bhanu "speak" and "stay" occur in the Valldaggam. These forms in - ultimately became quite frequent in Apabhrama.
It is therefore evident from the texts that the ending-hihad undergone an extension in Ardhamaigadhi that was not shared by any other early Middle Indo-Aryan dialect. Magadhi, Sauraseni, Jain Sauraseni and Jain Maharastri all agree in using the ending-hi only in certain groups of verbs, while in the popular form of Maharastri it was almost non-existent, its place being taken mainly by-s, and also by the use of the bare thematic
* J. Bloch, Les Terons dAsaka (Paris, 1950), p. 77.
R. Pischel, op. cit., p. 327. Mixed forms india, with a short a are also found in Ardhamagadhi. Jain Maharastri and Jain Saurasni, ..
m as (Karlowpakkia, . 89).
Vajdaggam, ed. J. Laber(Calcutta, 1944), Fasc. I, p. 11.
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