Collected Articles Of LA Schwarzschild On Indo Aryan 1953 1979

Author(s): Royce Wiles
Publisher: Australian National University

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THE HISTORY OF MODERN HINDI NAHIN "NO", "NOT"
naya to nd by the Apabhramsa period, although details of this phonetic change are still uncertain. The appearance of this form ná na ca gave new vitality to the popular emphatic negative váli. Na itself left a number of derivatives in the modern vernaculars, it is found for instance in Kashmiri and Lahnda and in modern Eastern Hindi as well as in earlier texts from that region (e.g. the works of Jayasi and Tulsidas).
The later phonetic development of the Apabhramsa negative ndhi(m) does not present many problems. The lengthening of the final syllable that characterizes the Hindi derivative is probably based on the influence of the frequent final -hin of adverbs such as kahin. The correspondence of the final of these locative adverbs with the final of the negation in some of the other modern IndoAryan languages lends support to this view: Gujerati has tahi and nahi(m), while Old Gujerati has variants such as kahia(m) for the locative adverb and nahia(m) for the negative; Nepali has kahi and nahi, etc. The syntactic advance shown by the Prakrit of the dramas in the use of nahi <Sanskrit nahi as the "abstract" negative interjection "no" was naturally continued by the more popular nahi, and this gave rise to modern usage.
1 For the contraction of the final aya of masculine nouns ef. L. Alsdorf, Apabhramia Studien, Hamburg, 1937.
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NOTES ON TWO POSTPOSITIONS OF LATE MIDDLE INDO-ARYAN: TANAYA and RESI, RESAMMI
L. A. SCHWARZSCHILD
In the earlier days of Indian Linguistics it was customary to think of the postpositions of modern Hindi and other modern IndoAryan languages simply as prepositions in reverse. Thus Kellogg1 says of postpositions: "These are similar in character to prepositions in English, but as they usually follow their noun they are more accurately termed postpositions." It was also usual to regard their origin as due entirely to the decay of the Sanskrit declension system. These two suppositions are true only to a limited extent. J. Bloch has already noted that the modern Indo-Aryan postpositions differ from the English and French prepositions in that they are much less independent. This lack of independence has led to drastic phonetic reductions in the course of their development and it makes their origin often uncertain. Their rise is not necessarily directly dependent on the loss of the declensional endings. This article represents an attempt to illustrate this in the light of the early history of two very different postpositions, tapaya and resi, resammi,
Tanaya is one of the first postpositions to appear in the later Prakrit texts and in Apabhramsa, and it shows certain archaic characteristics, but nevertheless its origin remains uncertain. No fewer than five major theories have been advanced as to its derivation:
(a) J. Beames thought that tanaya came from the Sanskrit adjectival suffix -tana as found in cirantana, puratana 'ancient" or even prähnetana 'belonging to the morning'. This theory has been followed amid certain misgivings by Kellogg' and especially by
Grierson.4
(b) J. Bloch thought of the possibility that tanaya came directly from the root tan- 'to stretch".
1. S. H. Kellogg, Grammar of the Hindi Language, 3rd edition, London, 1968, p. 100.
2. J. Bloch, L'Indo-Aryen, Paris, 1934. p. 181.
3. J. Beames, A Comparative Grammar of the Modern Language of India, London 1872-9, vol. 2, 1875. pp. 287 ff.
4. G. A. Grierson, "On certain Suffixes in the Modern Indo-Aryan Vernaculars", Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung XXXVIII, 1905, p. 489.
5. J. Bloch, La Formation de la Langue Marathe, Paris, 1915, p. 204.
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