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INDIAN BRANCH
349 BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. R. Hernte, The Weber MSS. Another Collection of Ancient Manuscripts from Central Asia, "JOURN. OF THE ROY. ASIAT. Soc., BENGAL BRANCH," 1893.
E. Sieg and W. Siegling, Tocharisch, die Sprache der Indoskyther, "SITZUNGSB. DER PREUSS. AKAD. DER WISSENSCH, Berlin, 1908; Tocharische Sprachreste, Berlin und Leipsic, 1921; the same and W. Schulze, Tochanische Grammatik, Goettingen, 1931; E. Sieg. Und democh Tocharisch," Berlin, 1937.
S. Lévi, Étude des documents tokhariens, etc., "JOURNAL ASIATIQUE," 1911. E. Lidén, Studien sur tocharischen Sprachgeschichte, 1, Goteborg. 1916.
H. Lucders, Zur Geschichte und Geographie Ostturkestans, and Weitere Beitrage sur Geschichte, etc., "SITZUNGSB. DER PREUSS. AKAD., etc.," 1922 and 1930.
J. N. Reuter, Bemerkungen ucber die neuen Lautzeichen int Tocharischen, "STUDIA ORIENTALIA," Helsingfors, 1925; "Tocharisch" und "Kufschanisch," JOURX. DE LA Soc. FINNO-OUCRIENNE," Helsingfors, 1934
W. Schulze, Zum Tocharischen, "UNGARISCHE JAHRBUECHER," Budapest, 1927.
P. Poucha, Tocharica, "ARCHIV ORIENTÁLNI." Prague, 1930; Tocharische Etymologien, ZEITSCHR. DER DEUTSCH. MORGENL. GESSELSCH., 1939.
A. Meillet, Fragments de textes koutchéens (with S. Levi's introduction Le "tokharien"), Paris, 1933.
E. Schwentner, Tocharisch, Berlin-Leipsic, 1935
H. W. Bailey, Tragara, "BULL OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES, 1937
W. B. Henning, Argi and the "Tokharians," the same journal, 1938.
H. Pedersen, Tocharisch zum Gesichtspunkt der indoeuropaeischen Sprachter. gleichung, Copenhagen, 1941; Zur focharischen Sprachgeschichte, Copenhagen, 1944.
A. J. van Windekens, Lexique etymologique des dialects tokhariens, Louvain 1941; Morphologie comparée du tokharien, Louvain, 1944,
Central Asian Cursive Gupta (Fig. 158 and 159) Until 1897when the first manuscripts couched in "Khotanese" were published by A. F. R. Hærnle, nothing was known of the existence of this language. It is the language of many manuscripts discovered in Chinese or Eastern Turkestan, and now in London (British Museum and India Office), Paris (Bibliothèque Nationale) and Berlin (Prussian Academy). This language was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Khotan, called in Sanskrit Gaustana and in Tibetan Khu-then; the indigenous terms were Hvatana- (later Hvarna-) for the kingdom, Hvatanai (later Hvamnai), adject. nom. sing., etc. The greater part of the extant Khotanese manuscripts was found at Ch'ien- or Ts'ien-fo-tung (the "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas'') in Tun-huang, Kansu, N.-W. China.
Khotanese
The term "Khotanese" is not generally accepted. The German scholar E. Leumann called the new language North Aryan, and considered it as an autonomous brunch of the Indo-European languages. French scholars call it East Iranian: it was indeed the easternmost middle Iranian form of speech,
