________________
THE GREEK ALPHABET AND ITS OFFSHOOTS 407 BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. H. Sayce, The Carian Language and Inscriptions, "TRANSACT. SOC. BIBL. ARCHAEOL.," 1885: The Languages of Asia Minor, "ANATOLIAN STUDIES PRESENTED TO SIR W. M. RAMSAY," 1923; THE DECIPHERMENT OF THE LYDIAN LANGUAGE, "AMERICAN JOURN. OF PHILOLOGY," 1925: The New Neo-Phrygian Texts, "JOURN. OF HELLENIC STUDIES," 1926.
P. Kretschmer, Einleit. in die Gesch. der griechischen Sprache, Goettingen, 1896. K. Buresch, Aus Lydien, Leipsic, 1898.
E. Kalinka, Tituli Lyciae lingua lycia conscripti. Tituli Asice Minoris. Vol. I, Vienna, 1901.
T. Kluge, Die Lykier: ihre Geschichte und ihre Inschriften, Leipsic, 1910. J. Fraser, Phrygian Studies, 1. Language, "TRANSACT. OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOL. SOC.," 1913; The Lydian Language, "ANATOLIAN STUDIES ETC.," 1923.
J. Sundwall, Zu den karischen Inschriften, etc., "K110," 1915.
Lydian Inscriptions ("Sardis," Vol. VI), Part I (by E. Littmann) and Part II (by W. H. Buckler), Leyden, 1916 and 1924.
O. A. Danielsson, Zu den lydischen Inschriften, Uppsala, 1918.
W. Arkwright, Lycian Epitaphs, "ANATOLIAN STUDIES, etc.," 1923.
J. Bachofen, Das lykische Volk, etc., Fribourg, 1924.
C. Autran, Les Langues propres de l'Asie Antérieure ancienne, "LES LANGUES DU MONDE," 1924.
E. H. Sturtevant, Remarks on the Lydian Inscriptions, "LANGUAGE," 1925
F. Bork, Skizze des Luekischen, Koenigsberg-Leipsic, 1926; Die Schrift der Karer, "ARCHIV FUER SCHREIB- UND BUCHWESEN," 1930.
W. M. Calder and others, Monumenta Asia Minoris antiqua, Manchester, 1928. F. Sommer and P. Kahle, in "KLEINASIATISCHE FORSCHUNGEN," 1930.
J. Friedrich, Kleinasiatische Sprachdenkmaler, Berlin, 1935.
A. Gatze, Kleinasien (Otto, Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft), Munich, 1933. W. Brandenstein, Karische Sprache, and Kleinasiatische Pauly-Wissowa, "REAL ENCYCLOPEDIE," Suppl. VI, 1935
Ursprachen, in
A. Mentz, Zu den lydischen Inschriften, "GLOTTA," 1942. K. Bittel, Kleinasiatische Studien, Istanbul, 1942.
Coptic Alphabet
(Fig. 208-209)
There was one other non-European descendant of the Greek alphabet, and that the only one in Africa, the Coptic script (Fig. 208-9). The term "Copt" (from Arabic gopt, qubt, gibt, a corruption from Greek Aigyptios-gyptios) is employed nowadays to indicate the indigenous population of Egypt, who after the Arabic conquest of that country, in A.D. 641, maintained their Christian monophysite faith, the "Coptic" religion, and continued to use the "Coptic" speech (that is the last stage of the Egyptian language) as their spoken and written language until the thirteenth century A.D. (although it was still employed, but very rarely, until the seventeenth century), and later as the liturgical language of the Coptic Church, when Arabic had been adopted as the speech of everyday life. Spoken Coptic, called now Zeniyah, has survived in Christian villages of Upper Egypt; the existence of a living Coptic speech was unknown until the Czech scholar W. Vycichl described it in 1936.
The Coptic documents and inscriptions may be attributed to the second or third centuries A.D., but the earliest manuscripts which can be definitely
