Sramana 1990 10

Author(s): Ashok Kumar Singh
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525004/1

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9 bhramaNa pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI-5 akTUbara-disambara 1660 www.jaheliorarorg

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pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina sampAdaka DA0 azoka kumAra siMha sahasampAdaka DA0 zivaprasAda varSa 41 akTUbara-disambara 1990 aMka 10-12 prastuta aMka meM 1. jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA -pro0 sAgaramala jaina 1 2. kSetrajJa zabda ke vividha rUpoM kI kathA aura usakA ardhamAgadhI rUpAntara -DaoN0 ke0 Ara0 candra 49 3. haribhadra kI zrAvakaprajJapti meM varNita ahiMsA : Adhunika sandarbha meM -DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha 57 4. Izvaratva : jaina aura yoga--eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana -DaoN0 lalitakizora lAla zrIvAstava 71 5. jaina Agama sAhitya meM varNita dAsa-prathA -DaoN indreza candra siMha 85 6. jainAcArya rAjazekhara sUri : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva --DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha 93 7. zAjApura kA purAtAtvika mahatva -pro0 kRSNa datta vAjapeyI 111 8. jaina jagata 115 - - - - - vArSika zulka cAlIsa rupaye eka prati dasa rupayA

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA bhAratIya sAMskRtika paramparAoM meM zramaNa paramparA viveka pradhAna evaM krAntidharmI rahI hai| usane sadaiva hI viSamatAvAdo aura vargavAdI avadhAraNAoM ke sthAna para mamatAvAdI jIvana mUlyoM ko sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| jaina dharma bhI zramaNa paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai ataH usameM bhI nara evaM nArI kI samatA para bala diyA gayA aura strI ke dAsI yA bhogyA svarUpa ko nakAra kara use puruSa ke samakakSa hI mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI yaha satya hai ki jaina dharma aura saMskRti kA vikAsa bhI bhAratIya saMskRti ke puruSa pradhAna pariveza meM hI huA hai, phalataH krAntidharmI hote hue bhI vaha apanI sahagAmI brAhmaNa paramparA ke vyApaka prabhAva se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sako aura usameM bhI vibhinna kAloM meM nArI ko sthiti meM parivartana hote rhe| yahA~ hama AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra para jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI kI kyA sthiti rahI hai isakA mUlyAMkana kareMge, kintu isake pUrva hameM isa sAhitya meM upalabdha sandarbho kA prakRti ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| jaina Agama sAhitya eka kAla kI racanA nahIM hai| vaha IsA pUrva pAMcavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI taka arthAt eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM nirmita, pariSkArita aura parivartita hotA rahA hai ataH usake samagra sandarbha eka hI kAla ke nahIM hai / punaH unameM bhI jo kathA bhAga hai, vaha mUlataH anuzrutiparaka aura prAgaitihAsika kAla se sambandha rakhatA hai| ataH unameM apane kAla se bhI pUrva ke aneka tathya upasthita haiM, jo anuzruti se prApta hue haiM / unameM kucha aise bhI tathya haiM, jinakI aitihAsikatA vivAdAspada ho sakatI hai aura unheM mAtra paurANika kahA jA sakatA hai / jahA~ taka Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya kA sambandha hai, vaha mukhyataH Agama granthoM para prAkRta evaM saMskRta meM likho gayI TIkAoM para AdhArita hai ataH isakI kAlAvadhi IsA kI 5vIM zatI se bArahavIM zatI taka hai| usameM bhI apane yuga ke sandarbho ke sAtha Agama yuga ke sandarbha bhI mila gaye haiM / isake atirikta ina Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM kucha aise ullekha bhI milate haiM, jinakA mUla srota, na to AgamoM meM aura na vyAkhyAkAroM ke samakAlIna samAja meM khojA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi ve

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( 2 ) Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI manaHprasUta kalpanA bhI nahIM kahe jA sakate haiM / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM marudevI, brAhmo, sundarI tathA pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kI aneka sAdhviyoM se sambandhita vistRta vivaraNa, jo Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM upalabdha hai, ve yA to AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM yA mAtra saMketa rUpa meM upalabdha haiM, kintu hama yaha nahIM mAna sakate haiM ki ye Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI manaHprasUta kalpanA hai / vastuta ve vilupta pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM se yA anuzruti se ina vyAkhyAkAroM ko prApta hue haiM / ataH AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke AdhAra para nArI kA citraNa karate hue hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki ve kevala Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga ke sandarbha haiM, apitu unameM eka hI sAtha vibhinna kAloM ke sandarbha upalabdha haiM / adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se unheM nimna kAla khaNDoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. pUrva yuga-IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI taka / 2: Agama yuga-IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se lekara I0 san ko pA~cavIM zatAbdI tk| 3. prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyA yuga-IsA ko pA~cavIM zatAbdI se AThavIM zatAbdI tk| 4. saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyA evaM paurANika kathA sAhitya yuga___AThavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka / isI sandarbha meM eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki ina paravartI AgamoM ke rUpa meM mAnya granthoM tathA prAkRta evaM saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA kAla lagabhaga eka sahasAbdI arthAt IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI bArahavIM zatAbdI taka vyApta hai| punaH kAlavizeSa meM bhI jaina vicArakoM kA nAro ke sandarbha meM samAna dRSTikoNa nahIM hai| prathama to uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata kI sAmAjika paristhiti kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa aura dUsare zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM ke bheda ke kAraNa isa yuga ke jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna rahA hai / jahA~ uttara bhArata ke yApanIya evaM zvetAmbara jaina AcArya nArI ke sambandha meM apekSAkRta udAra dRSTikoNa rakhate haiM, vahIM dakSiNa bhArata ke digambara jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa apekSAkRta anudAra pratIta hotA hai| isake lie acelatA kA Agraha aura dezakAlagata paristhitiyAM donoM hI uttaradAyI rahI haiM, ataH Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra para

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nArI kI sthiti kA citraNa karate samaya hameM bahuta hI sAvadhAnIpUrvaka tathyoM kA vizleSaNa karanA hogA / punaH Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya aura jaina paurANika kathA sAhitya donoM meM hI nArI ke sambandha meM jo sandarbha upalabdha haiM, ve saba jaina AcAryoM dvArA anuzaMsita the, yaha mAna lenA bhI bhrAnta dhAraNA hogii| jaina AcAryoM ne aneka aise tathyoM ko bhI prastuta kiyA hai, jo yadyapi usa yuga meM pracalita rahe haiM, kintu ve jaina dharma kI dhArmika mAnyatAoM ke virodhI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bahu-vivAha prathA, vezyAvRtti, satIprathA, strI ke dvArA gomAMsa bhakSaNa evaM madyapAna Adi ke ullekha hameM AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM, kintu ve jainadharmasammata the, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / vastutaH isa sAhitya meM laukika evaM dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ke sandarbha haiM, jinheM alaga-alaga rUpoM meM samajhanA Avazyaka hai / ataH nArI ke sambandha meM jo vivaraNa hameM AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM, unheM vibhinna kAla khaNDoM meM vibhAjita karake aura unake paramparAsammata aura laukika svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karake hI vicAra karanA hogaa| tathApi unake gambhIra vizleSaNa se hameM jainadharma meM aura bhAratIya samAja meM vibhinna kAloM meM nArI ko kyA sthiti thI, isakA eka aitihAsika paricaya prApta ho jAtA hai| nArI lakSaNa nArI kI sAmAjika, Arthika aura dhArmika sthiti kI carcA ke pUrva hameM yaha bhI vicAra kara lenA hai ki Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI daSTi meM nArI zabda kA tAtparya kyA rahA hai| sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMga niyukti aura caNi meM nArI zabda ke tAtparya ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| strI ko dravyasro aura bhAvastrI aise do vibhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai|' dravya-strI se jainAcAryoM kA tAtparya strI kI zArIrika saMracanA ( zArIrika cihna) se hai, jabaki bhAva-strI kA tAtparya nArI svabhAva ( veda ) se hai| Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM donoM meM hI strI-puruSa ke vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra liMga aura veda mAne jAte rahe haiN| jaina paramparA meM strI kI zArIrika saMracanA ko liMga kahA gayA hai / romarahita mukha, stana, yoni, garbhAzaya 1. dadhAbhilAvacindhe vee bhAve ya ithinnikkhevo| ahilAve jaha siddhI bhAve veyammi uvautto // -sUtrakRtAMga niyukti 54.

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Adi se yukta zArIrika saMracanA strIliMga hai, yahI dravya-strI hai, jabaki puruSa ke sAtha sahavAsa kI kAmanA ko arthAt strIyocit kAma-vAsanA ko veda kahA gayA hai / vahI vAsanA kI vRtti bhAva-strI hai|' jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM strI kI kAma-vAsanA ke svarUpa ko citrita karate hae use upalaagnivat batAyA gayA hai / jisa prakAra upala-agni ke prajvalita hone meM samaya lagatA hai kintu prajvalita hone para cAlanA karane para bar3hatI jAtI hai, adhika kAla taka sthAyI rahatI hai usI prakAra strI kI kAmavAsanA jAgRta hone meM samaya lagatA hai, kintu jAgRta hone para cAlanA karane se bar3hAtI jAtI hai aura adhika sthAyI hotI hai| jainAcAryoM kA yaha kathana eka manovaijJAnika satya lie hue hai / yadyapi liMga aura veda arthAt zArIrika saMracanA aura tatsambandhI kAmavAsanA sahagAmI mAne gaye haiM, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA jahA~ liMga zarIra paryanta rahatA hai, vahA~ veda ( kAmavAsanA ) AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI eka vizeSa avasthA meM samApta ho jAtA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta meM liMga kA kAraNa nAmakarma (zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraka tatva ) aura veda kA kAraNa mohanIyakama ( manovRttiyA~ ) mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra liMga, zArIrika saMracanA kA aura veda manovaijJAnika svabhAva aura vAsanA kA sUcaka hai tathA zArIrika parivartana se liMga meM aura manobhAvoM ke parivartana se veda meM parivartana sambhava hai| nizIthacUNi ( gAthA 359 ) ke anusAra liMga parivartana se veda ( vAsanA ) meM bhI parivartana ho jAtA hai isa sambandha meM sampUrNa kathA draSTavya hai| jisameM zArIrika saMracanA aura svabhAva kI dRSTi se strotva ho, use hI strI kahA jAtA hai / sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM strItva ke nAma, sthApanA, dravya, kSetra, kAla, prajanana, karma, bhoga, guNa aura bhAva ye dasa 1. abhidhAna rAjendra, bhAga 2, pR0 623 2. yadvazAt striyAH puruSaM pratyabhilASo bhavati, yathA pittavaNAn madhura dravyaM prati sa phuphumAdAhasamaH, yathA yathA cAlyate tathA tathA jvalati bRhati ca / evam balA'pi yathA yathA saMpRzyate puruSaNa tathA tathA asyA adhikataro'bhilASo jAyate, bhujyamAnAyAM tu channakarISadAhatulyo'bhilASoH, manda ityarthaH iti striivedodyH|--vhii, bhAga 6, pRSTha 1430 3. saMmattaMtimasaMdhayaNa tiyagaccheo bi sattari asuvve / hAsAichakkaaMto chasaTThi aniyaTTiveyatigaM / / 4. dekhe-karmaprakRtiyoM kA vivaraNa |-krmgrnth, bhAga 2, gAthA 18

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nikSepa yA AdhAra mAne gaye haiM, arthAt kisI vastu ke strI kahe jAne ke lie use nimna eka yA ekAdhika lakSaNoM se yukta honA Avazyaka hai, yathA ( 1 ) strIvAcaka nAma se yukta honA jaise-ramA, zyAmA Adi / (2) strI rUpa meM sthApita honA jaise-zItalA Adi kI strIAkRti se yukta yA rahita pratimA / ( 3 ) dravya-arthAt zArIrika saMracanA kA strI rUpa honA / (4) kSetra-deza-vizeSa kI paramparAnusAra strI kI veSabhUSA se yukta hone para usa deza meM use strIrUpa meM samajhA jAtA hai| ( 5 ) kAla-jisane bhUta, bhaviSya yA vartamAna meM se kisI bhI kAla meM strI-paryAya dhAraNa kI ho, use usa kAla kI apekSA se strI kahA jA sakatA hai| (6) prajanana kSamatA se yukta honaa| (7) striyocit kArya krnaa| (8) strI rUpa meM bhogI jAne meM samartha honaa| (9) striyocit guNa honA aura (10) strI sambandhI vAsanA kA honaa|' jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI-caritra kA vikRta pakSa jainAcAryoM ne nArI-caritra kA gambhIra vizleSaNa kiyA hai| nArIsvabhAva kA citraNa karate hae sarvaprathama jainAgamagrantha tandUlavaicArika prarkINaka meM nArI kI svabhAvagata nimna 94 vizeSatAyeM varNita haiM__ nArI svabhAva se viSama, madhura vacana kI vallarI, kapaTa-prema rUpI parvata, sahasroM aparAdhoM kA ghara, zoka kI udgamasthalI, puruSa ke bala ke vinAza kA kAraNa, puruSoM kI vadhasthalI arthAt unakI hatyA kA kAraNa, lajjA-nAzikA, aziSTatA kA punja, kapaTa kA ghara, zatrutA kI khAna, zoka kI Dhera, maryAdA kI nAzikA, kAmarAga kI Azraya sthalI, durAcaraNoM kA AvAsa, sammoha kI jananI, jJAna kA skhalana karane vAlI, zIla ko 1. NAmaM ThavaNAdavie khette kAle ya pajjaNaNakamme / bhoge guNe' ya bhAve dasa e e itthINikkhevo / --sUtrakRtAMga niyukti gAthA 54 2. tandulavaicArika sAvari sUtra 19 (devacaMda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra granthamAlA)

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( 6 ) , vicalita karane vAlI, dharmayAga meM bAdhA rUpa, mokSapatha sAdhakoM kI zatru, brahmacaryAdi AcAra mArga kA anusaraNa karane vAloM ke lie dUSaNa rUpa, kAmI kI vATikA, mokSapatha kI agaMlA, daridratA kA ghara, viSadhara sarpa kI bhAMti kupita hone vAlI, madamatta hAthI kI bhAMti kAmavihvalA, vyAghrI kI bhA~ti duSTa hRdaya vAlI, DhaMke hue kUpa kI bhAMti aprakAzita hRdaya vAlI, mAyAvI kI bhA~ti madhura vacana bolakara svapAza meM Abaddha karane valI, AcArya kI vANI ke samAna aneka puruSoM dvArA eka sAtha grAhya, zuSka kaNDe kI agni kI bhA~ti puruSoM ke antaHkaraNa meM jvAlA prajvalita karane vAlI viSama parvatamArga kI bhAMti asamatala antaHkaraNa vAlI, antadUSita ghAva kI bhAMti durgandhita hRdaya vAlI, kRSNa sarpa kI taraha avizvasanIya, saMhAra (bhairava) ke samAna mAyAvI, sandhyA kI lAlimA kI bhA~ti kSaNika prema vAlI, samudra kI laharoM kI bhA~ti caMcala svabhAva vAlI, machaliyoM kI bhAMti duSparivartanIya svabhAva vAlI, bandaroM ke samAna capala svabhAva vAlI, mRtyu kI bhA~ti nirviroSa, kAla ke samAna dayAhIna, varuNa ke samAna pAzayukta arthAt puruSoM ko kAmapAza meM bA~dhane vAlI, jala ke samAna adhogAminI, kRpaNa ke samAna rikta hasta vAlI, naraka ke samAna dAruNatrAsadAyakA gardabha ke sadRza duSTAcAra vAlI, kulakSaNayukta ghor3e ke samAna lajjArahita vyavahAra vAlI, bAla svabhAva ke samAna caMcala anurAga vAlI, andhakAravat duSpravizya, viSa bela kI bhA~ti saMsarga varjita, bhayaMkara makara Adi se yukta vApI ke samAna duSpravezya, sAdhujanoM kI prazaMsA ke ayogya, viSa-vRkSa ke phala kI taraha prArambha meM madhura kintu dAruNa anta vAlI, khAlI muTThI se jisa prakAra bAlakoM ko lubhAyA jAtA hai usI prakAra puruSoM ko lubhAne vAlI, jisa prakAra eka pakSI ke dvArA mAMsa khaNDa grahaNa karane para anya pakSI use vividha kaSTa dete haiM usI prakAra dAruNa kaSTa strI ko grahaNa karane para puruSoM ko hote haiM, pradIpta tRNarAzi kI bhA~ti jvalana svabhAva ko na chor3ane vAlI, ghora pApa ke samAna dulaMghya, kUTa kArSApaNa kI bhA~ti akAlacAriNI, tIvra krodha kI bhA~ti durrakSya, dAruNa dukhadAyikA, ghRNA kI pAtra, duSTopacArA, capalA, avizvasanIyA, eka puruSa se baMdhakara na rahane vAlI, yauvanAvasthA meM kaSTa se rakSaNIya, bAlyAvasthA meM duHkha se pAlya, udvegazIlA, karkazA, dAruNa vaira kA kAraNa, rUpa svabhAva garvitA, bhujaMga ke samAna kuTila gati vAlI, duSTa ghor3e ke padacihna se yukta mahAjaMgala kI bhA~ti durgamya, kula, svajana aura mitroM se vigraha karAne vAlo, paradoSa prakAzikA, kRtaghnA, vIryanAzikA, zukaravat ,

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( 7 ) jisa prakAra zUkara khAdya-padArtha ko ekAnta meM le jAkara khAtA hai usI prakAra bhoga hetu puruSa ko ekAnta meM le jAne vAlI, asthira svabhAva vAlI, jisa prakAra agnipAtra kA mukha Arambha meM rakta ho jAtA hai kintu antatogatvA kAlA ho jAtA hai usI prakAra nArI Arambha meM rAga utpanna karatI hai parantu antataH usase virakti hI utpanna hotI hai, puruSoM ke maMtrIvinAzAdi kI jar3a, binA rassI kI pAga, kASTharahita vana kI bhA~ti pApa karake pAzcAttApa meM jalatI nahIM hai| kutsita kArya meM sadaiva tatpara, adhArmika kRtyoM ko vaitaraNo, asAdhya vyAdhi, viyoga para tIvra duHkhI na hone vAlI, rogarahita upasarga yA pIr3A, ratimAna ke lie manobhrama kAraNa, zarIra-vyApI dAha kA kAraNa, binA bAdala bijalI ke samAna, binA jala ke pravAhamAna aura samudravega kI bhAMti niyantraNa se pare kahI gaI hai| tandulavaicArika kI vRtti meM inameM se adhikAMza guNoM ke sambandha meM ekaeka kathA bhI dI gii| uttarAdhyayanacUNire meM bhI strI ko samudra kI taraMga ke samAna capala svabhAva vAlI, sandhyAkAlIna AbhA ke samAna kSaNika prema vAlI aura apanA svArtha siddha ho jAne para puruSa kA parityAga kara dene vAlI kahA gayA hai / Avazyaka bhASya aura nizIthacUrNI meM bhI nAro ke capala svabhAva aura zithila caritra kA ullekha haA hai| nizIthaNi meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ thor3e se upahAroM se hI vazIbhUta kI jA sakatI haiM aura puruSoM ko vicalita karane meM sakSama hotI haiN| AcArAMgacUrNi evaM vRtti meM use zItapariSaha kahA gayA hai arthAt anukUla lagate hue bhI trAsadAyo hotI haiN|" 1. tandulavaicArika sAvacUri sUtra 19, (devacanda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra granthamAlA) 2. samudravIcIcapalasvabhAvAH saMdhyAbhramarekhA va muhUrtarAgAH / striyaH kRtArthAH puruSaM nirarthakaM nipIDitAlaktakavad tyajanti / uttarAdhyayanacUNi, pR0 65, RSabhadevajI, kezarImala saMsthA ratnapura (ratalAma) 1933 I0 3. pagaitti sabhAo / svabhAvena ca itthI alpasatvA bhavati / -nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, pR0 584, AgarA, 1957-58 4. sA ya appasattattaNao jeNa vAteNa vatthamAdiNA / appeNAvi lobhijjati, dANalobhiyA ya akajjaM pi karoti / / --vahI, bhAga 3, pR0 584 // 5. AcarAMgacUNi pR0 315 /

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( 8 ) sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki striyAM pApakarma nahIM karane kA vacana dekara bho punaH apakArya meM laga jAtI haiN| isakI TIkA meM TIkAkAra ne kAmazAstra kA udAharaNa dekara kahA hai ki jaise darpaNa para par3I huI chAyA durgAhya hotI hai vaise hI striyoM ke hRdaya durgAhya hote haiM / 2 parvata ke durgama mAga ke samAna hI unake hRdaya kA bhAva sahasA jJAta nahIM hotA / sutrakRtAMga vRtti meM nArI caritra ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai acchI taraha jItI huI, prasanna kI huI aura acchI taraha paricita aTavI aura stro kA vizvAsa nahIM karanA caahie| kyA isa samasta jIvaloka meM koI aMgali uThAkara kaha sakatA hai, jisane strI ko kAmanA karake duHkha na pAyA ho ? usake svabhAva ke sambandha meM yahI kahA gayA ki striyA~ mana se kucha socatI hai, vacana se kucha aura kahatI haiM tathA karma se kucha aura karatI haiM / 3 striyoM kA puruSoM ke prati vyavahAra __ striyA~ puruSoM ko apane jAla meM phaMsAkara phira kisa prakAra usakI durgati karatI haiM usakA sundara evaM sajIva citraNa sUtrakRtAMga aura usakI vRtti meM upalabdha hotA hai / usa citraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa nimna hai jaba ve puruSa para apanA adhikAra jamA letI haiM to phira usake sAtha Adeza kI bhASA meM bAta karatI haiN| ve puruSa se bAjAra jAkara accheacche phala, charI, bhojana banAne hetu IMdhana tathA prakAza karane hetu tela lAne ko kahatI hai| phira pAsa bulAkara mahAvara Adi se paira raMgane aura zarIra meM darda hone para use malane kA kahatI haiM / phira Adeza detI haiM ki mere kapar3e jIrNa ho gaye haiM, naye kapar3e lAo, tathA bhojana-peya padArthAdi laao| vaha anurakta puruSa kI durbalatA jAnakara apane lie AbhUSaNa, vizeSa prakAra ke puSpa, bA~surI tathA cirayuvA bane rahane ke lie pauSTika 1. evaM pitA vadittAvi aduvA kammuNA avakareMti / --sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/23 2. dugrahiyaM hRdayaM yathaiva vadanaM yadarpaNAntargatam, bhAvaH parvatamArgadurgaviSamaH strINAM na vijJAyate / --sUtrakRtAMga vivaraNa 1/4/23, pra0 seTha chaganalAla , mUMthA baMgalora 1930 3. suTThavi jiyAsu suTThavi piyAsu suTThavi laddhaparAsu / aDaIsu mahiliyAsu ya vIsaMbho neva kAyavyo / ubbheu aMgulI so pariso sayalaMmi jIvaloyammi / kAmaM taeNa nArI jeNa na pattAiM dukkhAI / / -vahI, vivaraNa 1/4/23 4. vahI, 1/4/2

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( 9 ) 1 auSadhi kI golI mAMgatI haiM / to kabhI agaru, tagara Adi sugandhita dravya, apanI prasAdhana sAmagrI rakhane hetu peTI, oSTha raMgane hetu cUrNa, chAtA, jUtA Adi mA~gatI hai / vaha apane vastroM ko raMgavAne kA Adeza detI haiM tathA nAka ke kezoM ko ukhAr3ane ke lie cimaTI, kezoM ke lie kaMghI, mukha zuddhi hetu dAtauna Adi lAne ko kahatI hai / punaH vaha apane priyatama se pAnasupArI, suI-dhAgA, mUtravisarjana pAtra, sUpa, Ukhala Adi tathA deva pUjA hetu tAmrapAtra aura madyapAna hetu madya pAtra mA~gatI hai / kabhI vaha apane baccoM ke khelane hetu miTTI kI gur3iyA, bAjA, jhunajhunA, geMda Adi maMgavAtI hai aura garbhavatI hone para dohada-pUrti ke lie vibhinna vastue~ lAne kA Adeza detI hai / kabhI vaha use vastra dhone kA Adeza detI hai, kabhI rote hue bAlaka ko cupa karAne ke lie kahatI hai / isa prakAra kAminiyA~ dAsa kI taraha vazavartI puruSoM para apanI AjJA calAtI haiM / vaha unase gadhe ke samAna kAma karavAtI haiM aura kAma na karane para jhir3akatI haiM, A~kheM dikhAtI haiM to kabhI jhUThI prazaMsA kara usase apanA kAma nikAlatI haiM / yadyapi nArI svabhAva kA yaha citraNa vastutaH usake ghRNita pakSa kA hI citraNa karatA hai kintu isakI Anubhavika satyatA se inkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki nArI ke 'prati jainAcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa anudAra hI thA, ucita nahIM hogA / jaina dharmaM mUlataH eka nivRttiparaka dharma rahA hai, nivRttiparaka hone ke kAraNa usameM saMnyAsa aura vairAgya para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / saMnyAsa aura vairAgya ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki puruSa ke sAmane nArI kA aisA citra prastuta kiyA jAya jisake phalasvarUpa usameM virakti kA bhAva prasphuTita ho / yahI kAraNa thA ki jainAcAryoM ne AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM aura itara sAhitya meM kaThora zabdoM meM nArI caritra kI nindA kI, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM rahA ki jainAcAryoM ke sAmane nArI caritra kA * ujjvalatama pakSa nahIM rahA hai / sUtrakRtAMga niryukti meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo zola - pradhvaMsaka caritragata doSa nArI meM pAye jAte haiM puruSoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiM isalie vairAgya mArga meM pravartita striyoM ko bhI puruSoM se usI prakAra bacanA cAhie jisa prakAra striyoM se puruSoM ko bacane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai|' isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainA1. ee ceva ya dosA purisasamAye vi itthiyANaM pi / - sUtrakRtAMganiryukti gAthA 61

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( 10 ) cAryoM ne nArI-caritra kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai, vaha mAtra puruSoM meM vairAgya bhAvanA jAgRta karane ke lie hI hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai-striyoM meM jo doSa hote haiM ve doSa nIca puruSoM meM bhI hote haiM athavA manuSyoM meM jo bala aura zakti se yukta hote haiM unameM striyoM se bhI adhika doSa hote haiN| jaise apane zIla kI rakSA karane vAle puruSoM ke lie striyA~ nindanIya haiM, vaise hI apane zIla kI rakSA karane vAlI striyoM ke lie puruSa nindanIya haiM / saba jIva moha ke udaya se kuzIla se malina hote haiM aura vaha moha kA udaya strI-puruSoM meM samAna rUpa se hotA hai / ataH Upara jo striyoM ke doSoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai vaha sAmAnya strI kI daSTi se hai| zIlavatI striyoM meM Upara kahe hue doSa kaise ho sakate haiM ? jainAcAryoM ko dRSTi meM nArI-caritra kA ujjvala pakSa striyoM kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA gayA hai jo guNasahita striyA~ haiM, jinakA yaza loka meM phailA haA hai tathA jo manuSya loka meM devatA samAna haiM aura devoM se pUjanIya haiM, unakI jitanI prazaMsA kI jAye kama hai| tIrthakara, cakravartI, vAsudeva, baladeva aura zreSTha gaNadharoM ko janma dene. vAlI mahilAe~ zreSTha devoM aura uttama puruSoM ke dvArA pUjanIya hotI haiM / kitanI ho mahilAe~ eka-prativrata aura kaumArya brahmacarya vrata dhAraNa karatI haiM kitanI hI jIvanaparyaMta vaidhavya kA tIvra duHkha bhogatI haiN| aisI bhI kitanI zIlavatI striyA~ sunI jAtI haiM jinheM devoM ke dvArA sammAna Adi prApta huA tathA jo zIla ke prabhAva se zApa dene aura anugraha karane meM samartha thiiN| kitano hI zIlavatI striyA~ mahAnadI ke jala pravAha meM bhI nahIM DUba sakI aura prajvalita ghora Aga meM bhI nahIM jala sakI tathA sarpa, vyAghra Adi bho unakA kucha nahIM kara sake / kitanI hI striyA~ sarvaguNoM se sampanna sAdhuoM aura puruSoM meM zreSTha caramazarIrI puruSoM ko janma dene vAlo mAtAeM huI haiM / 2 antakRtdazA aura usakI vRtti meM kRSNa dvArA pratidina apanI mAtAoM ke pAda-vandana hetu jAne kA ullekha hai| AvazyakacUrNi aura kalpasUtra TIkA meM ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne apanI 1. bhagavatI ArAdhanA gAthA 987-88 va 995-96 2. vahI gAthA, 989-94 3. tae NaM se kaNhe drAsudeva pahAe jAva vibhUsie devaIe devIe pAyavaMdAye hmbmaagcchd| -antakRddazA sUtra 18 For

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( 11 ) mAtA ko duHkha na ho, isa hetu unake jIvita rahate saMsAra tyAga nahIM karane kA nirNaya apane garbhakAla meM le liyA thaa| isa prakAra nArI vAsudeva aura tIrthaMkara dvArA bho pUjya mAnI gayI hai| mahAnizotha meM kahA gayA hai ki jo strI bhaya, lokalajjA, kulAMkuza evaM dharmazraddhA ke kAraNa kAmagni ke vazIbhUta nahIM hotI hai, vaha dhanya hai, puNya hai, vaMdanIya hai, darzanIya hai, vaha lakSaNoM se yukta hai, vaha sarvakalyANakAraka hai, vaha sarvottama maMgala hai, (adhika kyA) vaha (to sAkSAt zruta devatA hai, sarasvatI hai, acyutA hai"parama pavitra siddhi, mukti, zAzvata zivagati hai / (mahAnizItha 2/ sUtra 23 pR0 36) jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kA pada sarvocca jAtA mAnA hai| aura zvetAmbara paramparA ne mallI kumArI ko tIrthakara mAnA hai|2 isimaNDalattha (RSimaNDala stavana) meM brAhmI, sundarI, candanA Adi ko vandanIya mAnA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI adhiSThAyaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM cakrezvarI, ambikA, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA Adi deviyoM ko pUjanIya mAnA gayA hai aura unakI stuti meM paravartI kAla meM aneka stotra race gaye haiM / yadyapi yaha spaSTa hai ki jainadharma meM devI-pUjA kI pa. lagabhaga gupta kAla meM hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se AI hai| uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika kI cUrNi 1. no khalu meM kappai ammApitIhi jIvaMteho muNDe bhavittA agAravAsAo aNagAriyaM pvvie| -kalpasUtra 91 ( evaM ) gambhattho ceva abhiggahe geNhati NAhaM samaNe hokkhAmi jAva etANi ettha jIvaMtitti / -AvazyakacUNi prathama bhAga, pR0 242, pra0 RSabhadeva jI kezarImala zvetAmbara saM0 ratalAbha 1928 2. tae NaM mallI arahA' kevalanANadaMsaNe samuppanne / -jJAtAdharmakathA 8/186 . 3. ajjA vi baMbhi-sundari-rAimaI candaNA pmukkhaao| kAlatae vi jAo tAo ya namAmi bhAveNaM // -RSimaNDalastava 208. 4. devIo cakkesarI ajiyA duriyArI kAli mahAkAlI / accuya saMtA jAlA sutArayA asoya sirivacchA // pavara vijayaM kusA paNNattI nivvANi accayA dharaNI / vairoTTa'cchata gaMdhAri aMba paumAvaI siddhA // --pravacanasAroddhAra, bhAga 1, pR0 375-76, devacanda lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra saMsthA san 1922

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( 12 ) meM rAjomati dvArA muni rathanemi ko' tathA Avazyaka cUrNi meM brAhmo aura sundarI dvArA muni bAhubalI ko pratibodhita karane ke ullekha haiM / na kevala bhikSuNiyA~ apitu gRhastha upAsikAe~ bhI puruSa ko sanmArga para lAne hetu pratibodhita karatI thiiN| uttarAdhyayana meM rAnI kamalAvatI rAjA iSukAra ko sanmArga dikhAtI hai, isI prakAra upAsikA jayantI bharI sabhA meM mahAvIra se praznottara karatI hai to kozAvezyA apane AvAsa meM sthita muni ko sanmArga dikhAtI hai, ye tathya isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki jainadharma meM nArI kI avamAnanA nahIM kI gii| caturvidha dharmasaMgha meM bhikSuNIsaMgha aura zrAvikAsaMgha ko sthAna dekara nirgrantha paramparA ne strI aura puruSa kI samakakSatA ko hI pramANita kiyA hai / pAzvaM aura mahAvIra ke dvArA binA kisI hicakicAhaTa ke bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA kI gaI, jabaki buddha 1. tIse so vayaNaM soccA saMjayAe subhAsiyaM / aMkuseNa jahA nAgo dhamme saMpaDivAiyo / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra 22, 48 (tathA) dazavaikAlikacUrNi, pR0 87-88 maNivijaya sirIja bhAvanagara / 2. bhagavaM vaMbhI-sundarIo patthaveti"imaM va bhaNito / Na kira hatthiM vilaggassa kevalanANaM uppajjai // -AvazyakacUNi bhAga 1, pR0 211 3. baMtAsI puriso rAyaM, na so hoi psNsio| mAhaNaNaM paricattaM dhaNaM AdAumicchasi // - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 14, 38 evaM uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, pR0 230 (RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA ratalAma, san 1933) 4. bhagavatI 12/2 / jai vi paricittasaMgo tahA vi parivaDai / mahilAsaM maggIe kosAbhavaNUsiya vva risI ||-bhktprijnyaa, gA0 128 (tathA) tuma eta soyasi appANaM Navi, tuma erisao ceva hohisi, uvasAmeti laddhabuddhI, icchAmi vedAvaccaM ti gato, puNovi AlovettA virahati / / __-AvazyakacUNi 2, pR0 187 Na dukkA toDiya aMbapiMDI, Na dukkaraNaccitu sikkhiyAe / taM dukkaraM taM ca mahANubhAgaM, ja so muNI pamayavaNaM niviTTho / / -vahI, 1, pR0 555

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( 13 ) ko isa sambandha meM saMkoca rahA - yaha bhI isI tathya kA dyotaka hai ki jainasaMgha kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke prati apekSAkRta udAra rahA hai / jainasaMgha meM nArI kA kitanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA isakA sabase bar3A pramANa to yahI hai ki usameM prAgaitihAsika kAla se vartamAna kAla taka sadaiva hI bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM kI aura gRhastha upAsakoM kI apekSA upAsikAoM kI saMkhyA adhika rahI hai| samavAyAMga, jambUdvIpa-prajJapti, kalpasUtra evaM Avazyaka niryukti Adi meM pratyeka tIrthaMkara kI bhikSuNiyoM evaM gRhastha upAsikAoM kI saMkhyA upalabdha hotI hai / ina saMkhyAsUcaka AMkar3oM meM aitihAsika satyatA kitanI hai, yaha eka alaga prazna hai, kintu isase to phalita hotA hI hai ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI jainadharmaM saMgha kA mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka thI / bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA sambandhI aitihAsika satyatA ko bhI pUrI taraha nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| Aja bhI jainasaMgha meM lagabhaga nau hajAra do sau bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM meM do hajAra tIna sau bhikSu aura chaha hajAra nau sau bhikSuNiyA~ haiM / bhikSuNiyoM kA yaha anupAta usa anupAta se adhika hI hai jo pArzva aura mahAvIra ke yuga meM mAnA gayA hai / dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI aura puruSa ko samakakSatA ke prazna para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra kareM to aneka mahattvapUrNa tathya hamAre samakSa upasthita hote haiM / sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayana, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRt dazA Adi AgamoM meM spaSTa rUpa se strI aura puruSa donoM ko hI sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya mukti prApti ke lie sakSama mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM strIliMga siddha kA ullekha hai / jJAtA, antakRt dazA" evaM Avazyaka 1. kalpasUtra, kramazaH 197, 167, 157 va 134, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura, 1977 I0 2. cAturmAsa sUcI, pR0 77 pra. a. bhA. samagra jaina cAturmAsa sUcI prakAzana pariSad bambaI 1987 3. itthI purisasiddhA ya, taheva ya napuMsagA / saliMge annaliMge ya, gihiliMge taheva ya // 4. jJAtAgharmakathA -- malli aura draupadI ayayayana 5. ( a ) tatheva hatthikhaMdhava ragatAe kevalanANaM, siddhAe imAme osappiNIe padmasiddho marudevA | evaM ArAhaNaM pratiyogasaMgaho kAyavvo |-aa0 cUrNi - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 36, | -p bhAga 2, pR0 212 draSTavya, vahI bhAga, 1, pR0 181 va 488 / 50

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( 14 ) "cUrNi meM bhI aneka striyoM ke mukta hone kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM Agamika kAla se lekara vartamAna taka strI mukti kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra kara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM donoM ko samAna sthAna diyA gayA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM yApanIya paramparA ke grantha SaTkhaNDAgama aura mUlAcAra meM bhI jo ki digambaroM meM bhI Agama rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta hai, strI-puruSa donoM meM kramazaH AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pUrNatA aura makti ko sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| hameM AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM yathA niyukti, bhASya aura caNi sAhitya meM kahIM bhI aisA saMketa nahIM milatA hai jisameM strI mukti kA niSedha kiyA gayA ho athavA kisI aise jaina sampradAya kI sUcanA dI gayI ho jo . strImakti ko asvIkAra karatA hai| sarvaprathama dakSiNa bhArata meM kundakunda Adi kucha digambara AcArya lagabhaga pAMcavI-chaThI zatAbdI meM strI-mukti Adi kA niSedha karate haiN| kundakunda suttapAhuDa meM kahate haiM ki strI acela (nagna) hokara dharmasAdhanA nahIM kara sakatI, aura sacela cAhe tIrthakara bhI ho mukta nahIM ho sktaa| isakA tAtparya yaha bhI hai ki kunda* kunda strI-tIrthakara kI yApanIya ( mUlataH uttara bhAratIya digambara saMgha) evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM pracalita avadhAraNA se paricita the| yaha spaSTa hai ki pahale strI tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA banI, phira usake virodha meM (ba) antakRddazA ke varga 5 meM 10, varga 7 meM 13, varga 8 meM 10 / isa prakAra kula 33 mukta nAriyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| 1. ( a ) maNussiNIsu micchAiTThi sAsaNasammAiTi-TThANe siyA pajjatti yAo siyA apajjattiyAosaMjadAsaMjadasaMjadaTThANe NiyamA pajjattiyAo // -SaTkhaNDAgama, 1,192-93 ( ba ) evaM vidhANacariyaM caritaM je sAdhavo ya manjAvo / te jaMgapujjaM kitti suhaM ca laghRNa sijjhati / / -mUlAcAra 4 / 196 2. liMga itthINaM hava di bhujai piMDaM sueyakAlammi / ajjiya vi ekavatthA vatthAvaraNeNa bhujeda / / Navi sijjhai vatthadharo jiNasAsaNe jaivi hoi titthyro| Naggo vimokkhamaggo sesA umaggayA sanve / / -sUtraprAbhata, 22, 23 ( tathA ) suNahANa gaddahANa ya gopasumahilANaM dIsade mokkho| je sodhaMti cautthaM picchijjaMtA jaNehi savehiM // -zIlaprAbhUta 29

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( 15 ) strImukti kA niSedha kiyA gyaa| sambhavataH sabase pahale jainaparamparA meM strImukti-niSedha kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa dakSiNa bhArata meM digambara sampradAya dvArA haa| kyoMki sAtavoM-AThavIM zatAbdI taka uttara bhArata ke zvetAmbara AcArya jahA~ sacelatA ko lekara vistAra se carcA karate haiM vahA~ strImukti ke pakSa-vipakSa meM koI bhI carcA nahIM karate haiN| isakA tAtparya hai ki uttara bhArata ke jaina sampradAyoM meM lagabhaga sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI taka strImukti sambandhI vivAda utpanna hI nahIM huA thA / isa sandarbha meM vistRta carcA paM0 becaradAsa smRti grantha meM paM0 dalasukhabhAI, pro0 DhAkI aura maiMne apane lekha meM kI hai| yahA~ kevala hamArA pratipAdya itanA hI hai ki strImukti kA niSedha dakSiNa bhArata meM pahale aura uttara bhArata meM bAda meM prArambha huA hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara aura yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM lagabhaga AThavIM-nauvIM zatAbdI se strI-mukti ke prazna ko vivAda ke viSaya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainaparamparA meM bhI dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI kI samakakSatA kisa prakAra kama hotI gayo / sarvaprathama to strI kI mukti kI sambhAvanA ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai phira nagnatA ko hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva mAnakara use pAMca mahAvratoM ke pAlana karane ke ayogya mAna liyA gayA aura usameM yathAkhyAtacAritra ( saccaritratA kI uccatama avasthA) ko asambhava batA diyA gyaa| sUttapAhaDa meM to spaSTa rUpa se strI ke lie pravajyA kA niSedha kara diyA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM strI ko jina kAraNoM se pravrajyA aura mokSa ke ayogya batAyA gayA hai, ve nimna haiM (1) strI ko zarIra-racanA ho aisI hai ki usase raktasrAva hotA hai, usa para balAtkAra sambhava hai ataH vaha acela yA nagna nahIM raha sktii| cUMki strI aJcala yA nagna nahIM ho sakatI, dUsare zabdoM meM vaha pUrNa parigraha 1. Aspects of Jainology Vo.. 2; Pt. Bechardas Doshi Comm einoration Vol. page 150-110. 2. isa sambandha meM zvetAmbara dRSTikoNa ke lie dekhie-abhidhAna rAjendra bhAga 2, pR0 618-621 ( tabhA ) itthIsu Na pAvayA bhaNiyA--sUtra-prAbhRta, pR0 24-26 evaM Navi sijAra matvaparo jimayAsa hoi titthayaro / / -~-bahI, 23

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kA tyAga kiye binA usake dvArA mahAvratoM kA grahaNa evaM mukti prApti sambhava nahIM ho sktii| (2) strI karuNA pradhAna hai usameM tIvratama kara adhyavasAyoM kA abhAva hotA hai ataH nimnatama gati sAtaveM naraka meM jAne ke ayogya hotI hai / jainAcAryoM kI isa udAra aura manovaijJAnika mAnyatA ke AdhAra para digambara paramparA ne yaha mAna liyA ki tIvra puruSArtha ke abhAva meM jo nimnatama gati meM nahIM jA sakatI, ataH vaha uccatama gati meM bhI nahIM jA sakatI / ataH strI kI mukti sambhava nhiiN| (3) yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki caMcala svabhAva ke kAraNa striyoM meM dhyAna kI sthiratA nahIM hotI hai, ataH ve AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kara sktii| (4) eka anya tarka yaha bhI diyA gayA hai ki strI meM vAda sAmarthya evaM tIvra baddhi ke abhAva ke kAraNa ye dRSTivAda ke adhyayana meM ayogya hotI haiM ataH ve mukti prApta nahIM kara sktii| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ne bhI unheM bauddhika kSamatA ke kAraNa dRSTivAda, aruNopapAta, nizItha Adi ke adhyayana ke ayogya avazya mAnA phira bhI unameM 'mokSaprApti' kI kSamatA ko svIkAra kiyA gyaa| cAhe zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraNa isake lie saMyama-sAdhanA ke upakaraNa ke rUpa meM vastra Avazyaka hoM kintu Asakti ke abhAva ke kAraNa vaha parigraha nahIM hai, ataH isameM pravajita hone evaM mukta hone kI sAmarthya hai| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki muni ke acelakatva (digambaratatva) ko poSaka yApanIya paramparA ne strI-mukti aura paMca mahAvrata AropaNa rUpa chedopasthApanIya cAritra (strI-dIkSA ) ko svIkAra kiyA hai| usase vikasita drAviDa, kASThA aura mAthura saMghoM meM bhI strI-dIkSA (mahAvatAropaNa) ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi isa kAraNa ve mUlasaMghIya digambara paramparA kI AlocanA ke pAtra bhI bane aura unheM jainAbhAsa taka kahA gayA / isase spaSTa hai ki na kevala zvetAmbaroM ne apitu 1. isa sambandha meM digambara pakSa ke vistRta vivecana ke lie dekheM--jainendra siddhAnta koSa, bhAga 3, pR0 596-598 evaM zvetAmbara pakSa ke lie dekheM--- abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, bhAga 2, pR0 618-621 /

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( 17 ) digambara paramparA ke aneka saMghoM ne bhI stro-mukti aura stro-dIkSA ko svIkAra karake nArI ke prati udAra dRSTikoNa apanAyA thaa|' ___yaha nizcita hI satya hai ki Agamika kAla ke jainAcAryoM ne na kevala strI-mukti aura strI dIkSA ko svIkAra kiyA, apitu malli ko strI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM svIkAra karake yaha bhI udghoSita kiyA ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke sarvocca pada kI adhikArI nArI bhI ho sakatI hai / strI tIrthaMkara ko avadhAraNA jainadharma kI apanI eka viziSTa avadhAraNA hai, jo nArI kI garimA ko mahimAmaNDita karatI hai| jJAtavya hai ki bauddhaparamparA, jo ki jainoM ke samAna hI zramaNa dhArA kA eka aMga thI, strI ke prati utanI udAra nahIM bana sako, jitanI jaina prmpraa| kyoMki buddha strI ko nirvANa pada ko adhikAriNI mAnakara bhI yaha mAnate the ki strI buddhatva ko prApta nahIM kara sakatI hai / nArI ko saMgha meM praveza dene meM unakI hicaka aura usake praveza ke lie aSTaguru dharmoM kA pratipAdana jainoM kI apekSA nArI ke prati unake anudAra dRSTikoNa kA hI paricAyaka hai / yadyapi hindU dharma meM zakti upAsanA ke rUpa meM strI ko mahatva diyA gayA hai, kintu jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kI jo avadhAraNA hai, usakI apanI eka vizeSatA hai / vaha yaha sUcita karato hai ki vizva kA sarvocca garimAmaya pada puruSa aura strI donoM hI samAna rUpa se prApta kara sakate haiN| yadyapi paravartI AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM ise eka Azcaryajanaka ghaTanA kahakara puruSa ke prAdhAnya ko sthApita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gyaa| (sthAnAMga 10/160) kintu Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke kAla meM jaina paramparA meM bhI puruSa kI mahattA bar3hI aura jyeSThakalpa ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA gyaa| aMga AgamoM meM mujhe eka bhI aisA udAharaNa nahIM milA jisameM sAdhvI apanI pravartinI, AcArya aura tIrthaMkara ke atirikta dIkSA meM kaniSTha bhikSu ko vandana yA namaskAra karatI ho, kintu paravartI Agama evaM AgamikavyAkhyA-sAhitya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki sau varSa kI dIkSita sAdhvI ke lie bhI sadyaH dIkSita muni vandanIya hai| (vRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 6 gAthA 6399 kalpasUtra kalpalatA TIkA) / sambhavataH jaina paramparA meM puruSa kI jyeSThatA kA pratipAdana bauddhoM ke aSTaguru dharmoM ke kAraNa hI huA ho / 1. isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA ke lie dekheM--yApanIya sampradAya, pro0 sAgaramala jaina /

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( 18 ) jainadharma saMgha meM nArI kI mahattA ko yathAsambhava surakSita rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| mathurA meM upalabdha abhilekhoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki dharmakAryoM meM puruSoM ke samAna nAriyA~ bhI samAna rUpa se bhAga letI thiiN| ve na kevala puruSoM ne samAna pUjA, upAsanA kara sakato thoM, apitu ve svecchAnusAra dAna bhI karatI thIM aura mandira Adi banavAne meM samAna rUpa se bhAgIdAra hotI thiiN| jaina paramparA meM mUrtiyoM para jo prAcIna abhilekha upalabdha hote haiM unameM sAmAnya rUpa se puruSoM ke sAtha-sAtha striyoM ke nAma bhI upalabdha hote haiM jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiN|' yadyapi digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM meM kucha loga yaha mAnate haiM ki strI ko jina-pratimA ke sparza, pUjana evaM abhiSeka kA adhikAra nahIM hai, kintu yaha eka paravartI avadhAraNA hai / mathurA ke jaina zilpa meM sAdhu ke samAna hI sAdhvI kA aMkana aura strI-puruSa donoM ke pUjA sambandhI sAmagrI sahita aMkana yahI sUcita karate haiM ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA meM donoM kA samAna sthAna rahA hai| Agamika vyAkhyAkAla meM hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi saMgha ke pramukha ke rUpa meM AcArya kA pada puruSoM ke adhikAra meM thA, kisI strI ke AcArya hone kA koI ullekha nahIM hai, kintu gaNino, pravartinI, gaNAvacchedinI, abhiSekA Adi pada striyoM ko pradAna kiye jAte the aura ve apane bhikSuNI saMgha kI svatantra rUpa se Antarika vyavasthA dekhatI thiiN| yadyapi taruNI bhikSaNiyoM ko surakSA kA dAyitva bhikSu saMgha ko sauMpA gayA thA, kintu sAmAnyatayA bhikSaNiyA~ apanI surakSA kI vyavasthA svayaM rakhatI thIM, kyoMki rAtri evaM padayAtrA meM bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM kA eka hI sAtha rahanA sAmAnyatayA vajita thaa| isa surakSA ke lie bhikSuNI saMgha meM pratihArI Adi ke pada bhI nirmita kiye gaye the| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI kI garimA ko yathAsambhava surakSita rakhA gayAphira bhI tathyoM ke avalokana se yaha nizcita hotA hai ki Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga meM aura usake pazcAt jaina paramparA meM bhI strI kI apekSA puruSa ko mahattA do jAne lagI thii| 1. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 2. ( ka ) bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, 2411, 2407, (sa ) bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, 4339 / (ga) vyavahArasUtra 5/1-16 /

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nArI ko svatantratA nArI kI svatantratA ko lekara prArambha meM jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa udAra thA / yaugalika kAla meM strI-puruSa sahabhAgI hokara jIvana jIte the / Agama-grantha jJAtAdharmakathA' meM rAjA drupada draupadI se kahate haiM ki mere dvArA vivAha kiye jAne para tujhe sUkha-duHkha ho sakatA hai ataH acchA ho ki tU apanA vara svayaM hI cuna / yahA~ granthakAra ke ye vicAra vaivAhika jIvana ke liye nArI-svAtantrya ke samarthaka haiM / isI prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upAsakadazAMga meM mahAzataka apanI patnI revatI ke dhArmika vizvAsa, khAna-pAna aura AcAra-vyavahAra para koI jabaradastI nahIM karatA hai / jahA~ Ananda Adi zrAvakoM ko patniyA~ apane pati kA anugamana karatI huI mahAvIra se upAsaka vratoM ko grahaNa karatI haiM aura dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM bhI pati kI sahabhAgo banato haiM, vahIM revatI apane pati kA anugamana nahIM karatI hai, mAtra yahI nahIM, vaha to apane mAyake se maMgAkara madya-mAMsa kA sevana karatI hai, aura mahAzataka ke pUrNa sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM vighna-bAdhAe~ bhI upasthita karatI hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki Agama yuga taka nAro ko adhika svAtantrya thA kintu Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM hama pAte haiM ki pati yA patnI apane dhArmika vizvAsoM ko eka dUsare para lAdane kA prayAsa karate haiM / cUNi sAhitya meM aisI aneka kathAe~ haiM jinameM puruSa strI ko apane dhArmika vizvAsoM kI svatantratA nahIM detA hai| isI prakAra dharmasaMgha meM bhI Agama yuga meM bhikSuNI saMgha kI vyavasthA ko bhikSusaMgha se adhika niyantrita nahIM pAte haiM / bhikSuNI saMgha apane Antarika mAmaloM meM pUrNatayA Atmanirbhara thA, gaNadhara athavA AcArya kA usa para bahuta adhika aMkuza nahIM thA, kintu chedasUtra evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke kAla meM yaha niyantraNa kramazaH bar3hatA jAtA hai / ina graMthoM meM cAturmAsa, 1. jassa NaM ahaM puttA ! rAyassa vA juvarAyassa vA bhAriyattAe sayameva dala. issAmi, tattha NaM tumaM suhiyA vA dukkhiyA vA bhavijjAsi / -jJAtAdharmakathA 16/85 2. tae NaM sA revaI gAhAvaiNI tehiM goNamaMsehiM sollehi ya 4 suraM ca AsAemANI 4 vihri| -uvAsagadasAo 244 tae NaM tassa mahAsayagassa samaNovAsagassa bahUhiM sIla jAva bhAvemANassa coisa saMvaccharA vaikkaMtA / evaM taheva jehra puttaM Thavei jAva posahasAlAe dhammapaNNatti uvasaMpajjitA NaM vihri| -uvAsagadasAo, 245

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( 20 ) prAyazcitta, zikSA, surakSA Adi sabhI kSetroM meM zikSaka varga kA prabhutva baDhatA haA pratIta hotA hai| phira bhI bauddha bhikSaNI saMgha kI apekSA jaina bhikSuNI saMgha meM svAyattatA adhika thii| kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM ko chor3akara ve dIkSA, prAyazcitta, zikSA aura surakSA kI apanI vyavasthA karatI thIM aura bhikSu saMgha se svatantra vicaraNa karate hue dharmopadeza detI thIM jabaki bauddhadharmasaMgha meM bhikSuNI ko uposatha, varSAvAsa Adi bhikSusaMgha ke adhIna karane hote the| yadyapi jahA~ taka vyAvahArika jIvana kA prazna thA jainAcArya hindU paramparA ke cintana se prabhAvita ho rahe the / manusmRti ke samAna vyavahArabhASya meM bhI kahA gayA hai jAyA pitivvasA nArI dattA nArI ptivvsaa| vihavA puttavasA nArI natthi nArI sayaMvasA // 3/233 arthAt janma ke pazcAt strI pitA ke adhIna, vivAhita hone para pati ke adhIna aura vidhavA hone para pUtra ke adhIna hotI hai ataH vaha kabhI svAdhIna nahIM hai| isa prakAra Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM strI ko svAdhInatA sImita kI gayI hai| putra-putrI ko samAnatA kA prazna cAhe prArambhika vaidika dharma meM putra aura putrI kI samakakSatA svIkAra kI gaI ho kintu paravartI hindU dharma meM arthopArjana aura dhArmika karmakANDa donoM hI kSetroM meM puruSa kI pradhAnatA ke pariNAmasvarUpa putra kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa ho gayA aura yaha udghoSa kiyA gayA ki putra ke binA pUrvajoM ko sugati/mukti sambhava nhiiN|' phalataH Age calakara hindU paramparA meM kanyA kI utpatti ko atyanta hInadRSTi se dekhA jAne lgaa| isa prakAra vaidika hindU paramparA meM putra-putrI ko samakakSatA ko asvIkAra kara putra ko adhika mahanIyatA pradAna kI gaI kintu isake viparIta jaina AgamoM meM hama dekhate haiM ki upAsaka aura upAsikAe~ putra-putrI hetu samAna rUpa se kAmanA karate haiN| cAhe arthopArjana aura pArivArika vyavasthA ko dRSTi se jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM meM bhI putra kI pradhAnatA rahI ho kintu jahA~ taka 1. aputrasya gatirnAsti / 2. jai NaM ahaM dAragaM vA payAyAmi to NaM ahaM jAyaM ya jAva aNuvuDDhemitti / -jJAtAdharmakathA, 1, 2, 16 For

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( 21 ) dhArmika jIvana aura sAdhanA kA prazna thA, jaina dharma meM putra kI mahattA kA koI sthAna nahIM thaa| jaina karma siddhAnta ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha udghoSita kiyA ki vyakti apane karmoM ke anusAra hI sugati yA durgati meM jAkara sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai| santAna ke dvArA sampanna kie gaye karmakANDa pUrvajoM ko kisI bhI prakAra prabhAvita nahIM karate' isa prakAra usameM dhArmika AdhAra para putra kI mahattA ko asvIkAra kara diyA gyaa| phalataH Agamika yuga meM putra-putrI ke prati samAnatA kI bhAvanA pradarzita kI gaI kintu arthopArjana aura pArivArika vyavasthA meM puruSa kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa putrotpatti ko hI adhika sukhada mAnA jAne lgaa| yadyapi jJAtAdharmakathA meM malli Adi ke janmotsava ke ullekha upalabdha haiM.2 kintu ina ullekhoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki jaina saMgha meM putra aura putrI kI sthiti sadaiva hI samakakSatA kI rahI, ucita nahIM hogaa| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya evaM paurANika sAhitya meM uparyukta Agamika apavAdoM ko chor3akara jainasaMgha meM bhI putrI kI apekSA putra ko jo adhika sammAna milA usakA AdhAra dhArmika mAnyatAyeM na hokara sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ thiiN| yadyapi bhikSuNI saMgha kI vyavasthA ke kAraNa putrI pitA ke liye utanI adhika bhArasvarUpa kabhI nahIM mAnI gayI jitanI use hindU paramparA meM mAnA gayA thaa| isa prakAra jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se jo sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiM unake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaugalika kAla arthAt pUrva yuga meM aura Agama yuga meM putra aura putrI donoM kI hI utpatti sukhada thI kintu Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga meM bAhya sAmAjika evaM Arthika prabhAvoM ke kAraNa sthiti meM parivartana AyA aura putrI kI apekSA putra ko adhika mahatva diyA jAne lgaa| vivAha saMsthA aura nara-nArI ko samakakSatA kA prazna vivAha-vyavasthA prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka mAnavIya samAja vyavasthA kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga rahI hai / yaha satya hai ki jainadharma ke anuyAyiyoM meM bhI prAcInakAla se vivAha vyavasthA pracalita rahI hai kintu 1. na tassa dukkhaM vibhayaMti nAio, na mittavaggA na suyA na baMdhavA / ekko sayaM paccaNu hoi dukkhaM, kattAramevaM aNujAi kammaM / / -uttarAdhyayana 13, 23 2. jJAtAdharmakathA adhyayana 8, sUtra 30, 31 /

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( 22 ) hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki nivRttipradhAna hone ke kAraNa jainadharma meM vivAha-vyavasthA ko koI vizeSa mahattva nahIM diyA gayA / dhArmika dRSTi se vaha svapatnI yA svapati santoSavrata kI vyavasthA karatA hai jisakA tAtparya hai vyakti ko apanI kAma-vAsanA ko svapati yA svapatnI taka hI sImita rakhanA cAhie / tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi brahmacarya kA pAlana sambhava na ho to vivAha kara lenA caahie| vivAha-vidhi ke sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kI spaSTa dhAraNA kyA thI, isakI sUcanA hameM AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM nahIM prApta hotI hai / jaina-vivAha vidhi kA pracalana paryApta rUpa se paravartI hai aura dakSiNa ke digambara AcAryoM kI hI dena hai jo hindU-vivAha-vidhi kA jainIkaraNa mAtra hai| uttara bhArata ke zvetAmbara : jainoM meM to vivAha vidhi ko hindU dharma ke anusAra ho sampAdita kiyA jAtA hai| Aja bhI zvetAmbara jainoM meM apanI koI vivAha paddhati nahIM hai / jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se jo sUcanA hameM milatI hai usake anusAra yogalika kAla meM yugala rUpa se utpanna hone vAle bhAIbahana hI yuvAvasthA meM pati-patnI kA rUpa le lete the / jaina purANoM ke anusAra sarvaprathama RSabhadeva se hI vivAha prathA kA Arambha huaa|' unhoMne bhAI-bahanoM ke bIca sthApita hone vAle yauna sambandha (vivAha-praNAlI) ko asvIkAra kara diyaa| unakI donoM putriyoM brAhmo aura sundarI ne AjIvana bahmacAriNI rahane kA nirNaya kiyA / phalataH bharata aura bAhubali kA vivAha anya vaMzoM kI kanyAoM se kiyA gayA / jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki Agamika kAla taka strI vivAha sambandhI nirNayoM ko lene meM svatantra thIM aura adhikAMza vivAha usakI sammati se hI kiye jAte the jaisA ki jJAtA meM mallira aura draupadI ke kathAnakoM se jJAta hotA hai / jJAtAdharmakathA meM pitA spaSTa rUpa se putrI se kahatA hai ki yadi maiM tere lie pati cunatA hU~ to vaha tere lie sukha-duHkha kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai, isalie acchA yahI hogA tu apane pati kA cayana svayaM ho kara / mallI aura draupadI ke liye svayambaroM kA Ayojana kiyA gayA thaa| Agama granthoM se jo sUcanA milatI hai usake AdhAra para hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki prAgaitihAsika yuga aura Agama yuga meM sAmAnyatayA strI ko apane pati kA cayana karane meM svatantratA thii| yaha bhI usakI 1. bAvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pRSTha 152 / 1. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR0 142-143 / /

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( 23 ) icchA para nirbhara thA ki vaha vivAha kare yA na kare / pUrvayuga meM brAhmI, sundarI, malli, Agamika yuga meM candanabAlA, jayantI Adi aisI aneka striyoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM jinhoMne AjIvana brahmacaryapAlana svIkAra kiyA aura vivAha asvIkAra kara diyA / Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hameM vivAha ke aneka rUpa upalabdha hote haiM / DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM upalabdha vivAha ke vividha rUpoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai yathA - svayaMvara, mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAha, gandharva vivAha (premavivAha ), kanyA ko balapUrvaka grahaNa karake vivAha karanA, pArasparika AkarSaNa yA prema ke AdhAra para vivAha, vara yA kanyA kI yogyatA dekhakara vivAha, kanyApakSa ko zulka dekara vivAha aura bhaviSyavANI ke AdhAra para vivAha / kintu hameM Agama evaM Aga - mika vyAkhyAoM meM kahIM bhI aisA ullekha nahIM mila sakA jahA~ jainAcAryoM ne guNa-doSoM ke AdhAra para inameM se kisI kA samarthana yA niSedha kiyA ho yA yaha kahA ho ki yaha vivAha paddhati ucita hai yA anucita hai / yadyapi vivAha ke sambandha meM jainoM kA apanA koI svatantra dRSTikoNa nahIM thA para itanA avazya mAnA jAtA thA ki yadi koI brahmacarya pAlana karane meM asaphala ho to use vivAha bandhana mAna lenA cAhie / jahA~ taka svayaMvara vidhi kA prazna hai nizcita hI nArI-svAtantrya ko dRSTi se yaha vidhi mahattvapUrNa thI / kintu janasAmAnya meM jisa vidhi kA pracalana thA vaha mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita vidhi hI thI / yadyapi isa vidhi meM strI aura puruSa donoM ko svataMtratA khaNDita hotI thI / jainakathA sAhitya meM aise aneka ullekha upalabdha haiM jahA~ balapUrvaka apaharaNa karake vivAha sampanna huA | isa vidhi meM nArI kI svataMtratA pUrNatayA khaNDita ho jAtI thI; kyoMki apaharaNa karake vivAha karane kA artha mAtra yaha mAnanA nahIM hai ki strI ko cayana kI svataMtratA hI nahIM hai, apitu yaha to use lUTa kI sampatti mAnane jaisA hai / jahA~ taka Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA prazna hai unameM adhikAMza vivAha mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita vivAha hI haiM kevala kucha prasaMgoM meM hI svayaMvara evaM gandharva vivAha ke ullekha milate haiM jo Agama yuga evaM pUrva kAla ke haiM / mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita isa vivAha - vidhi meM strIpuruSoM kI samakakSatA para koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA hai 1. jainAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, DaoN0 / yadyapi yaha satya hai: jagadIzacandra jaina, pR0 253-266 //

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( 24 ) ki jainAcAryoM ne vivAha-vidhi ke sambandha meM gambhIratA se cintana nahIM kiyA kintu yaha satya hai ki unhoMne strI ko garimAhIna banAne kA prayAsa bhI nahIM kiyaa| jahA~ hindU-paramparA meM vivAha strI ke lie bAdhyatA tho / vahIM jaina-paramparA meM aisA nahIM mAnA gyaa| prAcInakAla se lekara adyAvadhi vivAha karane na karane ke prazna ko strI-viveka para chor3a diyA gyaa| jo striyA~ yaha samajhatI thIM ki ve avivAhita rahakara apanI sAdhanA kara sakeMgI unheM binA vivAha kiye hI dIkSita hone kA adhikAra thaa| vivAha-saMsthA jainoM ke liye brahmacarya kI sAdhanA meM sahAyaka hone ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kI gii| jainoM ke lie vivAha kA artha thA apanI vAsanA ko saMyamita karanA / kevala unhIM logoM ke lie vivAha saMsthA meM praveza Avazyaka mAnA gayA thA jo pUrNarUpa se brahmacarya kA pAlana karane meM asamartha pAte hoM athavA vivAha ke pUrva pUrNa brahmacarya pAlana kA vrata nahIM le cuke haiM / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM ne brahmacarya ko AMzika sAdhanA ke aMga ke rUpa meM vivAha saMsthA ko svIkAra karake bho nArI ko svatantra nirNaya zakti ko mAnya karake usakI garimA ko khaNDita nahIM hone diyaa| bahupati aura bahupatnI prathA vivAha saMsthA ke sandarbha meM eka mahattvapUrNa prazna bahuvivAha kA bhI hai| isake do rUpa haiM bahupatnI prathA aura bahupati prathA / yaha spaSTa hai ki draupadI ke eka apavAda ko chor3akara hindU aura jaina donoM hI paramparAoM ne nArI ke sambandha meM eka-pati prathA kI avadhAraNA ko hI svIkAra kiyA aura bahupati prathA ko dhArmika dRSTi se anucita mAnA gyaa| jainAcAryoM ne draupadI ke bahupati hone kI avadhAraNA ko isa AdhAra para aucityapUrNa batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki sukamAlikA AryA ke bhava meM usane apane tapa ke pratApa se pAMca pati prApta karane kA nidAna (nizcaya kara liyA thA / ' ataH ise pUrvakarma kA phala mAnakara santoSa kiyA gyaa| kintu dUsarI ora puruSa ke sambandha meM bahapatnI prathA kI spaSTa avadhAraNA AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM milatI hai| inameM aise aneka sandarbha haiM jahA~ puruSoM ko bahavivAha karate dikhAyA gayA hai| duHkha to yaha hai ki unakI isa pravRtti kI samAlocanA bhI nahIM kI gaI hai| ataH usa yuga meM jainAcArya isa sambandha meM taTastha bhAva rakhate the, yahI kahA jA sakatA hai| 1. jJAtAdharmakathA adhyAya 16, sUtra, 72-74 /

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( 25 ) kyoMki kisI jainAcArya ne bahuvivAha ko acchA kahA ho, aisA bhI koI sandarbha nahIM milatA hai / upAsakadazA meM zrAvaka ke svapatnI santoSavrata ke aticAroM kA ullekha milatA hai, usameM 'paravivAhakaraNa' ko aticAra yA doSa mAnA gayA hai / 'paravivAhakaraNa' kI vyAkhyA meM usakA eka artha dUsarA vivAha karanA batAyA gayA hai ataH hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM kA Adarza eka patnIvrata hI rahA hai / ba bahupatnI prathA ke AvirbhAva para vicAra kareM to hama pAte haiM ki yaugalika kAla taka bahupatnI prathA pracalita nahIM thI / AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra sarvaprathama RSabhadeva ne do vivAha kiye the / kintu unake liye dUsarA vivAha isaliye Avazyaka ho gayA thA ki eka yugala meM puruSa kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne ke kAraNa usa stro ko surakSA pradAna karane kI dRSTi se yaha Avazyaka thA / kintu jaba Age calakara strI ko eka sampatti ke rUpa meM dekhA jAne lagA to svAbhAvika rUpa se strI ke prati anugraha ko bhAvanA ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu apanI kAmavAsanApUrti aura sAmA'jika pratiSThA ke lie bahuvivAha kI prathA Arambha ho gayI / yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yadyapi samAja meM bahuvivAha kI prathA pracalita thI kintu ise jainadharma sammata eka AcAra mAnanA anucita hogA / kyoMki jaba jainoM meM vivAha ko hI eka anivArya dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa - meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA to bahuvivAha ko dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA / jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM yadyapi puruSa ke dvArA bahuvivAha ke aneka sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM kintu hameM eka bhI aisA sandarbha nahIM milatA jahA~ koI vyakti gRhasthopAsaka ke vratoM ko svIkAra karane ke pazcAt bahuvivAha karatA hai / yadyapi aise sandarbha to haiM ki munivrata yA zrAvakavrata svIkAra karane ke pUrva aneka gRhasthopAsakoM ko eka se adhika patniyA~ thIM / kintu vrata svIkAra karane ke pazcAt kisI ne apanI patniyoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi kI ho, aisA eka bhI sandarbha mujhe nahIM milA / Adarza sthiti to eka 2 1 patnI prathA ko hI mAnA jAtA thA / upAsakadazA meM 10 pramukha upAsakoM meM kevala eka kI hI eka se adhika patniyA~ thIM / zeSa sabhI ko eka-eka patnI thI sAtha hI usameM zrAvakoM ke vratoM ke jo aticAra batAye gaye haiN| unameM svapatnI santoSa vrata kA eka aticAra ' para vivAhakaraNa' hai / ' yadyapi 1. uvAsakadasA 1, 48 /

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( 26 ) kucha jainAcAryoM ne 'paravivAhakaraNa' kA artha sva-santAna ke atirikta anyoM kI santAnoM kA vivAha-sambandha karavAnA mAnA hai kintu upAsakadazAMga kI TIkA meM AcArya abhayadeva ne isakA artha eka se adhika vivAha karanA mAnA hai| ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dhArmika AdhAra para jainadharma bahapatnI prathA kA samarthaka nahIM hai| bahupatnI-prathA kA uddezya to vAsanA meM AkaNTha DUbanA hai, jo nivRttipradhAna jainadharma ko mUla bhAvanA ke anukUla nahIM hai| jaina granthoM meM jo bahupatnI prathA kI upasthiti ke saMketa milate haiM ve usa yuga kI sAmAjika sthiti ke sUcaka haiN| Agama sAhitya meM pArva, mahAvIra evaM mahAvIra ke nau pramukha upAsakoM kI eka patnI mAnI gaI hai| vidhavA vivAha evaM niyoga yadyapi Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM niyoga aura vidhavA-vivAha ke kucha sandarbha upalabdha ho jAte haiM kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yaha bhI jainAcAryoM dvArA samarthita nahIM hai| nizIthacaNi meM eka rAjA ko apanI patnI se niyoga ke dvArA santAna utpanna karavAne ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra kheta meM bIja kisI ne bhI DAlA ho phasala kA adhikArI bhusvAmI hI hotA hai| usI prakAra svastrI se utpanna santAna kA adhikArI usakA pati hI hotA hai / yaha satya hai ki eka yuga meM bhArata meM niyoga kI paramparA pracalita rahI kintu nivRttipradhAna jainadharma ne na to niyoga kA samarthana kiyA na ho vidhavA vivAha kaa| kyoMki usakI mUlabhUta preraNA yahI rahI ki jaba bhI kisI strI yA puruSa ko kAmavAsanA se mukta hone kA avasara prApta ho vaha usase mukta ho jAya / jaina Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hajAroM sandarbha prApta hote haiM jahA~ pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt vidhavAyeM bhikSuNI banakara saMva kI zaraNa meM calo jAto thIM / jaina saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA ke adhika hone kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki bhikSuNo saMgha vidhavAoM ke sammAnapUrNa evaM surakSita jovana jone kA Azrayasthala thaa| yadyapi kucha logoM ke dvArA yaha kahA jAtA hai ki RSabhadeva ne mRta yugala patnI se vivAha karake vidhavA-vivAha kI paramparA ko sthApita kiyA thaa| kintu Avazyaka cUNi se spaSTa hotA hai ki vaha stro mRta yugala ko bahana thI, patnI nhiiN| kyoMki usa. 1. uvAsakadasA, abhayadevakRtavRtti pR0 43 / 2. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2, 381 /

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( 27 ) yugala meM puruSa kI mRtyu bAladazA meM ho cukI thii| ataH isa AdhAra para vidhavA vivAha kA samarthana nahIM hotA hai| jainadharma jaise nivRtti pradhAna dharma meM vidhavA-vivAha ko mAnyatA prApta nahIM thii| yadyapi bhAratIya samAja meM ye prathAe~ pracalita thIM, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / vidhura-vivAha jaba samAja meM bahu-vivAha ko samarthana ho to vidhura-vivAha ko mAnya karane meM koI Apatti nahIM hogii| kintu ise bhI jainadharma meM dhArmika dRSTi se samarthana prApta thA, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| patnI kI mRtyu ke pazcAt Adarza sthiti to yahI mAnI gaI thI ki vyakti vairAgya le le| mAtra yahI nahIM aneka sthitiyoM meM pati, patnI ke bhikSuNI banane para svayaM bho bhikSu bana jAtA hai| yadyapi sAmAjika jIvana meM vidhura-vivAha ke aneka prasaMga upalabdha hote haiM, jinake saMketa Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM milate haiN| vivAhetara yauna sambandha jainadharma meM pati-patnI ke atirikta anyatra yauna sambandha sthApita karanA dhArmika dRSTi se sadaiva hI anucita mAnA gayA / vezyAgamana aura parastrIgamana donoM ko anaitika karma batAyA gyaa| phira bhI na kevala gahastha strI-puruSoM me apitu bhikSa-bhikSaNiyoM meM bhI anaitika yauna sambandha sthApita ho jAte the, Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM aise saikar3oM prasaMga ullikhita haiN| jaina AgamoM aura unakI TIkAoM Adi meM aisI aneka striyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo apane sAdhanA-mArga se patita hokara svecchAcArI bana gayo thIM / jJAtAdharmakathA, usakI TokA, AvazyakarNi Adi meM pAzrvApatya paramparA kI aneka zithilAcArI sAdhviyoM ke ullekha milate haiN|' jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI kA pUrva jIvana bhI isI rUpa meM varNita hai / sAdhanA kAla meM vaha vezyA ko pA~ca puruSoM se sevita dekhakara svayaM pA~ca patiyoM kI patnI banane kA nidAna kara letI hai / nizothacUrNi meM putriyoM aura putravadhU ke jAra athavA dhUrta vyaktiyoM ke sAtha bhAgane ke ullekha haiM / Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM mukhyataH nizIthacUNi bRhatkalpabhASya, 1. jJAtAdharmakathA, dvitIyazrutaskandha, prathama varga, adhyAya 2-5 dvitIya varga, adhyAya 5, tRtIya varga, adhyAya 1-54 2. jJAtAdharmakathA, prathamazrutaskandha, adhyAya 16, sUtra 72-74 /

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( 28 ) vyavahArabhASya Adi meM aise bhI ullekha milate haiM jahA~ striyA~ avaidha santAnoM ko bhikSuoM ke nivAsa sthAnoM para' chor3a jAtI thiiN| Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAyeM isa bAta kI sAkSI haiM ki striyA~ sambhoga ke lie bhikSuoM ko uttejita karatI thIM unheM isa hetu vivaza karatI thIM aura unake dvArA inkAra kiye jAne para unheM badanAma kiye jAne kA bhaya dikhAtI thiiN| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM ina uparisthitiyoM meM bhikSu ko kyA karanA cAhie isa sambandha meM aneka ApavAdika niyamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| yadyapi zIlabhaMga sambandhI aparAdhoM ke vividha rUpoM evaM sambhavanAoM ke ullekha jaina paramparA meM vistAra se milate haiM kintu isa carcA kA uddezya sAdhaka ko vAsanA sambandhI aparAdhoM se vimukha banAnA hI rahA hai| yaha jIvana kA yathArtha to thA kintu jainAcArya use jIvana kA vikRtapakSa mAnate the aura usa Adarza samAja kI kalpanA karate haiM, jahA~ isakA pUrNa abhAva ho| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM una ghaTanAoM kA bhI ullekha hai jinake kAraNa striyoM ko puruSoM ko vAsanA kA zikAra honA par3A thaa| puruSoM kI vAsanA kA zikAra hone se bacane ke lie bhikSuNiyoM ko apanI zIla-surakSA meM kauna-kauna-sI satarkatA baratanI hotI thI yaha bhI ullekha nizItha aura bahatkalpa donoM meM hI vistAra se milatA hai / rUpavatI bhikSuNiyoM ko manacale yuvakoM aura rAjapuruSoM kI kudRSTi se bacane ke lie isa prakAra kA veSa dhAraNa karanA par3atA thA tAki ve kurUpa pratIta hoN| bhikSuNiyoM ko sote samaya kyA vyavasthA karanI cAhie isakA bhI bRhatkalpabhASya meM vistAra se varNana hai / bhikSaNI saMgha meM praveza karane vAloM kI pUrI jA~ca kI jAtI thii| pratihArI bhikSaNI upAzraya ke bAhara daNDa lekara baiThatI thI / zIla surakSA ke jo vistRta vivaraNa hameM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM milate haiM usase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki puruSa varga striyoM evaM bhikSuNiyoM ko apanI vAsanA kA zikAra banAne meM koI kamI nahIM rakhatA thaa| puruSa dvArA balAtkAra kiye jAne para aura aisI sthiti meM garbha raha jAne para saMgha usa bhikSuNI ke prati sadbhAvanApUrvaka vyavahAra karatA thA tathA usake garbha kI surakSA ke prayatna bhI kiye jAte the / prasUta bAlaka ko jaba vaha usa sthiti meM ho jAtA thA ki vaha mAtA ke binA raha sake to use upA 1. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3 pR0 267 / 2. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, pR0 173 /

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( 29 ) saka ko sauMpakara athavA bhikSu saMgha ko sauMpakara aisI bhikSuNI punaH bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza pA letI thii| ye tathya isa bAta ke sUcaka haiM ki sadAcArI nAriyoM ke saMrakSaNa meM jainasaMgha sadaiva sajaga thA / nArI-rakSA balAtkAra kiye jAne para kisI bhikSuNo kI AlocanA kA adhikAra nahIM thaa| isake viparIta jo vyakti aisI bhikSuNI kI AlocanA karatA use hI daNDa kA pAtra mAnA jAtA thA / nArI kI maryAdA kI rakSA ke lie jainasaMgha sadaiva hI tatpara rahatA thA / nizIthacUNi meM ullekhita kAlakAcArya kI kathA meM isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki ahiMsA kA prANapaNa se pAlana karane vAlA bhikSusaMgha bhI nArI kI garimA ko khaNDita hone kI sthiti meM durAcAriyoM ko daNDa dene ke lie zastra pakar3akara sAmane A jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi meM kAlakAcArya kI kathA isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki AcArya ne bhikSuNI (bahana sarasvatI) kI zIla-surakSA ke liye gardabhilla ke viruddha zakoM kI sahAyatA lekara pUrA saMgharSa kiyA thaa| nizItha, bahatkalpabhASya Adi meM spaSTa rUpa se aise ullekha haiM ki yadi saMghastha bhikSuNiyoM kI zola-surakSA ke lie durAcArI vyakti kI hatyA karane kA bhI aparikArya ho jAye to aisI hatyA ko bhI ucita mAnA gayA / nArI ke zIla kI surakSA karanevAle aise bhikSu ko saMgha meM sammAnita bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki jala, agni, cora aura duSkAla kI sthiti meM sarvaprathama strI kI rakSA karanI caahie| isI prakAra DUbate hue zramaNa aura bhikSuNI meM pahale bhikSuNI ko aura kSullaka aura kSullikA meM se kSullikA kI rakSA karanI cAhie / isa prakAra nArI kI rakSA ko prAthamikatA dI gii| satI prathA aura jainadharma uttaramadhya yuga meM nArI utpIr3ana kA sabase bIbhatsa rUpa satI prathA bana gayA thA, yadi hama satI prathA ke sandarbha meM jaina Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya ko dekheM to spaSTa rUpa se hameM eka bhI aisI ghaTanA kA ullekha nahIM milatA jahA~ patnI pati ke zava ke sAtha jalI ho yA jalA dI gayI ho / yadyapi nizIthacUNi meM eka aisA ullekha milatA hai jisake anusAra saupAraka ke pAMca sau vyApAriyoM ko kara na dene ke kAraNa rAjA ne unheM 1. nizIthaNi, bhAga 1, pR0 129 / 2. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, pR0 234 /

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( 30 ) jalA dene kA Adeza de diyA thA aura ukta ullekha ke anusAra una vyApAriyoM kI patniyA~ bhI unakI citAoM meM jala gayI thiiN| lekina jainAcArya isakA samarthana nahIM karate haiN| pUnaH isa ApavAdika ullekha ke atirikta hameM jaina sAhitya meM isa prakAra ke ullekha upalabdha nahIM hote haiM, mahAnizItha meM isase bhinna yaha ullekha bhI milatA hai ki kisI rAjA kI vidhavA kanyA satI honA cAhatI thI kintu usake pitakUla meM yaha * rivAja nahIM thA ataH usane apanA vicAra tyAga diyA / isase lagatA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne pati kI mRtyoparAnta svecchA se bhI apane deha-tyAga ko anucita ho mAnA hai aura isa prakAra ke maraNa ko bAla-maraNa yA markhatA hI kahA hai| satI prathA kA dhArmika samarthana jaina Agama sAhitya aura . usakI vyAkhyAoM meM hameM kahIM nahIM milatA hai| yadyapi Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM dadhivAhana kI patnI evaM candanA kI mAtA dhAriNI Adi ke kucha aise ullekha avazya haiM jinameM brahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta deha-tyAga kiyA gayA hai kintu yaha avadhAraNA satI prathA kI avadhAraNA se bhinna hai / jaina dharma aura darzana yaha nahIM mAnatA hai ki mRtyu ke bAda pati kA anugamana karane se arthAt jIvita citA meM jala marane se punaH svargaloka meM usI pati kI prApti hotI hai / isake viparIta jainadharma apanI karma siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnatA hai ki pati-patnI apane-apane karmoM aura manobhAvoM ke anusAra hI vibhinna yoniyoM meM janma lete haiM / yadyapi paravartI jaina kathA sAhitya meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ eka bhava ke pati-patnI AgAmI aneka bhavoM meM ' jIvanasAthI bane, kintu isake viruddha bho udAharaNoM kI jaina kathA sAhitya * meM kamI nahIM hai| ____ ataH yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki dhArmika AdhAra para jaina dharma satIprathA kA samarthana nahIM krtaa| jaina dharma ke satI prathA ke samarthaka na hone ke kucha sAmAjika kAraNa bhI rahe haiM / vyAkhyA sAhitya meM aisI aneka kathAe~ varNita haiM jinake anusAra pati ko mRtyu ke pazcAt .. 1. (a) nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2, pR0 59-60 / (ba) tesi paMca mahilasatAI, tANi vi aggiM pAvaTThANi / -nizItha cUNi, bhAga 4, pR0 14 / .. 2. mahAnizItha pR0 29 / dekheM, jainAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 271 / .. 3. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 318 /

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( 31 ) patnI na kevala pArivArika dAyitva kA nirvAha karatI thI, apitu pati ke vyavasAya kA saMcAlana bhI karatI thiiN| zAlibhadra kI mAtA bhadrA ko rAjagRha kI eka mahattvapUrNa zreSThI aura vyApArI nirUpita kiyA gayA hai jisake vaibhava ko dekhane ke liye zreNika bhI usake ghara AyA thaa| AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM aise aneka ullekha haiM jahA~ ki strI pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt virakta hokara bhikSugI bana jAtI thii| yaha satya hai ki jaina bhikSuNI saMgha vidhavAoM, kumAriyoM aura parityaktAoM kA Azraya-sthala thA / yadyapi jaina Agama sAhitya evaM vyAkhyA sAhitya donoM meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ pati aura pUtroM ke jovita rahate hue bhI patnI yA mAtA bhikSuNI bana jAtI thI / jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI pati aura pUtroM kI sammati se dIkSita huI thI kintu inake alAvA aise udAharaNoM ko bhI vipUlatA dekhI jAtI hai jahAM patniyA~ pati ke sAtha athavA pati evaM patroM kI mRtyu ke uparAnta virakta hokara saMnyAsa grahaNa kara letI thiiN| kucha aise ullekha bhI mile haiM jahA~ strI AjIvana brahmacarya ko dhAraNa karake yA to pitRgRha meM hI raha jAtI thI athavA dIkSita ho jAtI thI / jaina paramparA meM bhikSuNI saMsthA eka aisA AdhAra rahI hai jisane hamezA nArI ko saMkaTa se ubArakara na kevala Azraya diyA hai, apitu use sammAna aura pratiSThA kA jIvana jInA sikhAyA hai| jaina bhikSuNI saMgha, una sabhI striyoM ke liye jo vidhavA, parityaktA athavA AzrayahIna hotI thIM, zaraNadAtA hotA thA / ataH jaina dharma meM satI prathA ko koI prazraya nahIM milaa| jaba jaba bhI nArI para koI atyAcAra kiye gaye, jaina bhikSuNI saMgha usake lie rakSAkavaca banA kyoMki bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza karane ke bAda na kevala vaha pArivArika utpIr3ana se baca sakatI thI apitu eka sammAnapUrNa jIvana bhI jI sakatI thii| Aja bhI vidhavAoM, parityaktAoM, pitA ke pAsa daheja ke abhAva, kurUpatA, athavA anya kinhIM kAraNoM se avivAhita rahane ke liye vivaza kumAriyoM Adi ke liye jaina bhikSuNI saMgha Azrayasthala hai / jaina bhikSuNI saMgha ne nArI kI garimA aura usake satItva donoM kI rakSA kii| yahI kAraNa thA ki satI-prathA jaisI kutsita prathA jaina dharma meM kabhI bhI nahIM rhii| mahAnizItha meM eka strI ko satI hone kA mAnasa banAne para bhI apanI kUla-paramparA meM satI prathA kA pracalana nahIM hone ke kAraNa apane nirNaya ko badalatA haA dekhate haiN| yaha isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki jainA cAryoM kI dRSTi satIprathA virodhI thii| jaina AcArya aura sAdhviyA~ vidha

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( 32 ) vAoM ko satI banane se rokakara unheM saMgha meM dIkSita hone kI preraNA dete the / jaina paramparA meM brAhmI, sundarI aura candanA Adi ko satI kahA gayA hai aura tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma-smaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha Aja bhI 16 satiyoM kA nAma smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, kintu inheM satI isaliye kahA gayA ki ye apane zIla kI rakSA hetu yA to avivAhita rahIM yA pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt inhoMne apane caritra evaM zIla ko surakSita rakhA / Aja jaina sAdhviyoM ke liye eka bahupracalita nAma mahAsatI hai usakA AdhAra zIla kA pAlana hI hai / jaina paramparA meM Agamika vyAkhyAoM aura paurANika racanAoM ke pazcAt jo prabandha sAhitya likhA gayA, usameM sarvaprathama satI prathA kA hI jainIkaraNa kiyA huA eka rUpa hameM dekhane ko milatA hai| tejapAla-vastupAla prabandha meM batAyA gayA hai ki tejapAla aura vastupAla kI mRtyu ke pazcAt unakI patniyoM ne anazana karake apane prANa tyAga diye / yahA~ pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt zarIra tyAgane kA upakrama to hai kintu usakA svarUpa saumya aura vairAgya pradhAna banA diyA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha usa yuga meM pracalita satI prathA kI jainadharma meM kyA pratikriyA huI thI, usakA sUcaka hai| gaNikAoM kI sthiti gaNikAyeM ora vezyAyeM bhAratIya samAja kA Avazyaka ghaTaka rahI haiN| unheM aparigRhItA-strI mAnA jAye yA parigRhItA ise lekara jaina AcAryoM meM vivAda rahA hai / kyoMki Agamika kAla se upAsaka ke liye hama aparigRhItA-strI se sambhoga karane kA niSedha dekhate haiM / bha0 mahAvIra ke pUrva pApitya paramparA ke zithilAcArI zramaNa yahA~ taka kahane lage the ki binA vivAha kiye arthAt parigRhIta kiye yadi koI strI kAmavAsanA kI AkAMkSA karatI hai to usake sAtha sambhoga karane meM koI pApa nahIM hai| jJAtavya hai ki pArzva ko eramparA meM brahmacarya vrata aparigraha ke adhIna mAnA gayA thA kyoMki usa yuga meM nArI ko bhI sampatti mAnA jAtA thA, cUMki aisI sthiti meM aparigraha ke vrata kA bhaMga nahIM thA isaliye zithilAcArI 1. mantriNyau lalitAdevI saukhvau anaza nena mamratuH / -prabandhakoza, pRSTha 129. 2. evamege u pAsatthA, pannavaMti aNAriyA / itthIvasaMgayA bAlA, jiNasAsaNaparammuhA / / jahA gaMDaM pilAgaM vA, paripIlejja muhuttaMgaM / evaM vinnavaNitthIsu, doso tattha kao siyA ||-suutrkRtaaNg, 1/3/4/9-10.

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( 33 ) zramaNa usakA virodha kara rahe the / yahI kAraNa thA ki bha0 mahAvIra ne brahmacarya ko jor3A thaa| cUMki vezyA yA gaNikA parastrI nahIM thI, ataH parastrI-niSedha ke mAtha svapatnI santoSavrata ko bhI jor3A gayA aura usake aticAroM meM aparigRhItAgamana ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA aura kahA gayA ki gRhastha upAsaka ko aparigRhIta (avivAhita) strI se sambhoga nahIM karanA caahiye| punaH jaba yaha mAnA gayA ki parigrahaNa ke binA sambhoga sambhava nahIM, sAtha hI dravya dekara kucha samaya ke liye gRhIta vezyA bhI parigRhIta kI koTi meM A jAtI hai, to pariNAmasvarUpa dhanAdi dekara alpakAla ke lie gahota strI ( itvarikA ) ke sAtha bhI sambhoga kA niSedha kiyA gayA aura gRhastha upAsaka ke lie AjIvana hetu gRhIta arthAt vivAhita strI ke atirikta sabhI prakAra ke yauna sambandha niSiddha mAne gye| jainAcAryoM meM somadeva ( 10vIM zatI) eka aise AcArya the, jinhoMne zrAvaka ke svapatnI saMtoSa vrata meM, vezyA ko upapatnI mAnakara usakA bhoga rAjA aura zreSThI varga ke lie vihita mAna liyA thA-kintu yaha eka apavAda hI thaa| ___yadyapi AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM se prApta sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki anya sabhI logoM ke sAtha jainadharma prati zraddhAvAna sAmAnyajana bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM gaNikAoM se sambaddha rahA hai| AgamoM meM ullekha hai ki kRSNa vAsudeva kI dvArikA nagarI meM anaMgasenA pramukha aneka gaNikAe~ bhI thiiN| svayaM RSabhadeva ke nolAMjanA kA nRtya dekhate samaya usakI mRtyu se pratibodhita hone kI kathA digambara paramparA meM suvizruta hai| kucha vidvAn mathurA meM isake aMkana ko bhI svIkAra karate haiM / jJAtA Adi meM devadattA Adi gaNikAoM kI samAja meM sammAnapUrNa sthiti kI sacanA milatI hai| samAja ke sampanna parivAro ke logoM ke vezyAoM se sambandha the, isakI sUcanA Agama, Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya aura jaina paurANika sAhitya meM vipula mAtrA meM 1. upAsakadazA 1, 48 / 2. aNaMgaseNA pAmokkhANaM aNegANaM gnniyaasaahssiinnN....."| --AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR0 356 3. AdipurANa, pR0 125, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1919 / 4. aDDhA jAva"""""sAmittaM bhaTTittaM mahattaragataM ANA Isara seNAvaccaM kAremANI..."

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( 34 ) upalabdha hai| kAnhaDa kaThiArA aura sthUlabhadra ke AkhyAna suvizruta haiM, kintu ina saba ullekhoM se yaha mAna lenA ki vezyAvRtti jainadharmasammata thI yA jainAcArya isake prati udAsIna bhAva rakhate the, sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogii| hama yaha pUrva meM saMketa kara hI cake haiM ki jainAcArya isa sambandha meM sajaga the aura kisI bhI sthiti meM ise aucityapUrNa nahIM mAnate the| sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI meM to jainadharma kA anuyAyI banane kI prathama zarta yahI thI ki vyakti sapta duyaMsana kA tyAga kare / isameM parastrIgamana aura vezyAgamana donoM niSiddha mAne gaye the| upAsakradazA meM "asatojana poSaNa" zrAvaka ke lie niSiddha karma thA / Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM prApta ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki aneka vezyAoM aura gaNikAoM kI apanI naitika maryAdAeM thIM, ve unakA kabhI ullaMghana nahIM karatI thIM / kAnhaDakaThiArA aura sthUlibhadra ke AkhyAna isake pramANa haiN| aisI vezyAoM aura gaNikAoM ke prati jainAcArya anudAra nahIM the, unake lie dharmasaMgha meM praveza ke dvAra khule the, ve zrAvikAeM bana jAtI thiiN| kozA aisI vezyA thI, jisakI zAlA meM jaina muniyoM ko niHsaMkoca bhAva se cAturmAsa vyatIta karane kI anujJA AcArya de dete the| mathurA ke abhilekha isa bAta ke sAkSI haiM ki gaNikAe~ jinamandira aura AyAgapaTTa ( pUjApaTTa) banavAtI thiiN| yaha jainAcAryoM kA udAra dRSTikoNa thA, jo isa patita varga kA uddhAra kara use pratiSThA pradAna karatA thaa| nArI-zikSA nArI-zikSA ke sambandha meM jaina AgamoM aura Amika vyAkhyAoM se hameM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM nArI ko samucita zikSA pradAna ko jAtI thii| apekSAkRta paravartI Agama jambadvopaprajJapti, AvazyakacUNi evaM digambara paramparA ke AdipurANa Adi meM ullekha hai ki RSabhadeva ne apano putriyoM brAhmI aura sundarI ko gaNita aura lipi vijJAna kI zikSA dI thii| 1. dekheM, jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA AcAra darzana, bhAga 2, DA0 sAgaramala jaina, pR0 268 / 2. ..."asaIjaNaposaNayA --upAsakadazA 1/51 3. sAvikA jAyA abaMbhassa paccakkhAi NaNNasya raayaabhiyogennN| --Avazyaka. cUNi, bhAga 1, pR0 554-55 / 4. jainazilAlekha saMgraha bhAga 2 abhilekha kramAMka 8

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( 35 ) mAtra yahI nahIM, jJAtAdharmakathA aura jambUdvIpaprajJati meM strI kI cauMsaTha kalAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| yadyapi yahA~ inake nAma nahIM diye gaye haiM tathApi yaha avazya sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki kanyAoM ko inakI zikSA dI jAtI hai| sarvaprathama jambadIpaprajJapti kI TIkA meM inakA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| Azcaryajanaka yaha hai ki jahAM jJAtAdharmakathA meM puruSa kI 72 kalAoM kA varNana hai, vahIM nArI kI cauMsaTha kalA kA nirdezamAtra hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki bhAratIya samAja meM yaha avadhAraNA bana cukI thii| jJAtAdharmakathA meM devadattA gaNikA ko cauMsaTha kalAoM meM paNDita, cauMsaTha gaNikA guNa ( kAma-kalA) se upapeta, unatIsa prakAra se ramaNa karane meM pravINa, ikkIsa ratiguNoM meM pradhAna, battIsa puruSopacAra meM kuzala, navAMgasUtra pratibodhita aura aThAraha kezI bhASAoM meM vizArada kahA hai / ina sUciyoM ko dekhakara spaSTa rUpa se aisA lagatA hai ki striyoM ko unakI prakRti aura dAyitva ke anusAra bhASA, gaNita, lekhanakalA Adi ke sAtha-sAtha striyocita nRtya, saMgIta aura lalitakalAoM tathA pAka-zAstra Adi meM zikSita kiyA jAtA thaa| yadyapi Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAe~ isa sambandha meM spaSTa nahIM haiM ki ye zikSA unheM ghara para hI dI jAtI thI athavA ve gurukula meM jAkara inakA adhyayana karatI thiiN| strI-gurukula ke sandarbha ke abhAva se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unakI zikSA kI vyavasthA ghara para hI kI jAtI thii| sambhavataH parivAra ko praur3ha mahilAeM hI unakI zikSA kI vyavasthA karatI thIM, kintu sampanna parivAroM meM isa hetu vibhinna dezoM kI dAsiyoM evaM gaNi kAkoM ko bhI niyukti kI jAtI thI, jo inheM ina kalAoM meM pAraMgata banAtI thiiN| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hameM koI bhI aisA sandarbha upalabdha nahIM huA, jo sahazikSA kA nirdeza karatA ho| nArI ke gRhastha-jIvana sambandhI ina zikSAoM ke prApta karane ke adhikAra meM prAgaitihAsika kAla se lekara Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke kAla taka koI vizeSa parivartana huA ho, aisA bhI hameM jJAta nahIM hotA; mAtra viSayavastu meM kramika vikAsa huA hogA / yadyapi laukika zikSA meM strI aura puruSa kI prakRti evaM kArya ke AdhAra para antara kiyA gayA thA, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki strI aura puruSa meM koI bheda-bhAva kiyA jAtA thaa| 1. jambUdvIpa prajJapti-zAntisUrIya vRtti, adhikAra 2, 30 / 2. jJAtAdharmakathA 4/6 /

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nArI ko usake lie Avazyaka sabhI pakSoM kI sampUrNa zikSA dI jAtI thii| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki usa yuga meM strI aura puruSa donoM ke lie karma-pradhAna zikSA kA hI vizeSa pracalana thaa| __ jahA~ taka dhArmika-AdhyAtmika zikSA kA prazna hai vaha unheM bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA pradAna kI jAtI thii| sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM bhikSa ko striyoM ko zikSA dene kA adhikAra nahIM thaa|' vaha kevala striyoM aura puruSoM kI saMyukta sabhA meM upadeza de sakatA thaa| sAmAnyatayA bhikSaNiyoM aura gahastha upAsikAoM donoM ko hI sthavirA bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA hI zikSA dI jAtI thii| yadyapi AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hameM kucha sUcanAyeM upalabdha hotI haiM jinake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya aura upAdhyAya bhI kabhI-kabhI unheM zikSA pradAna karate the| vyavahArasUtra meM ullekha hai ki tIna varSa kI paryAya vAlA nirgrantha, tIsa varSa kI paryAya vAlI bhikSuNI kA upAdhyAya tathA pA~ca varSa kI paryAya vAlA nirgrantha sATha varSa kI paryAya vAlI zramaNI kA AcArya ho sakatA thA / jahA~ taka striyoM ke dvArA dharmagranthoM ke adhyana kA prazna hai ati prAcInakAla meM isa prakAra kA koI bandhana rahA ho, hameM jJAta nahIM hotaa| antakRdazA Adi Agama granthoM meM aise aneka ullekha milate haiM jahA~ bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA sAmAyika Adi 11 aMgoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA thA / yadyapi AgamoM meM na kahIM aisA koI spaSTa ullekha hai ki strI dRSTivAda kA adhyayana nahIM kara sakatI thI aura na hI aisA koI vidhAyaka sandarbha upalabdha hotA hai, jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki strI dRSTivAda kA adhyayana karatI thii| kinta Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se daSTivAda kA adhyayana striyoM ke lie niSiddha mAna liyA gyaa| bhikSuNiyoM ke lie dRSTivAda kA niSedha karate hae kahA gayA ki svabhAva kI caMcalatA, evaM baddhi-prakarSa meM kamI ke kAraNa usake lie dRSTivAda kA adhyayana niSiddha batAyA gayA hai| jaba eka 1. tamhA u vajjae itthI........AghAte ga sevi NiggaMthe / --sUtrakRtAMga 1, 4, 1, 11 2. kappai niggaMthINaM viikiTThae kAle sajjhAyaM karettae niggaMtha nissAe / ( tathA) paMcavAsapariyAe samaNe niggaMthe, saTThivAsa pariyAe samaNIe niggaMthIe kappai Ayariya uvajjhAyattAe uddisittAe / --vyavahArasUtra 7, 15 va 20

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( 37 ) ora yaha mAna liyA gayA ki strI ko sarvocca kevalajJAna kI prApti ho sakatI hai, to yaha kahanA galata hogA ki unameM buddhi prakarSa kI kamI hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki jaba hindU paramparA meM usI nArI ko, jo vaidika RcAoM kI nirmAtrI thI, vedoM ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gayA to usI ke prabhAva meM Akara usa nArI ko jo tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM aMga aura mUla sAhitya kA mUlasrota thI, dRSTivAda ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gayA / isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki dRSTivAda kA mukhya viSaya mUlataH dArzanika aura tArkika thA aura aise jaTila viSaya ke adhyayana ko unake lie upayukta na samajhakara unakA adhyayana niSiddha kara diyA gayA ho / bRhatkalpabhASya aura vyavahArabhASya kI pIThikA meM unake lie mahAparijJA, aruNopapAta aura dRSTivAda ke adhyayana kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| kintu Age calakara nizItha Adi aparAdha aura prAyazcitta sambandhI granthoM ke adhyayana se bhI use vaMcita kara diyA gayA / yadyapi nizItha Adi ke adhyayana ke niSedha karane kA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki aparAdhoM kI jAnakArI se yA to vaha aparAdhoM kI ora pravRtta ho sakatI thI yA daNDa dene kA adhikAra puruSa apane pAsa surakSita rakhanA cAhatA thaa| kintu niSedha kA yaha krama Age bar3hatA hI gyaa| bArahavIMterahavIM zatI ke pazcAt eka yuga aisA bhI AyA jaba usase AgamoM ke adhyayana kA mAtra adhikAra hI nahIM chInA gayA, apitu upadeza dene kA adhikAra bhI samApta kara diyA gyaa| Aja bhI zvetAmbara mUrti-pUjaka paramparA ke tapAgaccha meM bhikSaNiyoM ko isa adhikAra se vaMcita hI rakhA gayA hai / yadyapi punarjAgRti ke prabhAva se Aja adhikAMza jaina sampradAyoM meM sAdhviyA~ AgamoM ke adhyayana aura pravacana kA kArya kara rahI haiN| niSkarSa ke rUpa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki prAcIna kAla aura Agama yuga kI apekSA Agamika vyAkhyA yuga meM kisI sImA taka nArI ke zikSA ke adhikAra ko sImita kiyA gayA thaa| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se yahA~ yaha bhI dRSTavya hai ki nArI-zikSA ke prazna para vaidika aura jaina paramparA meM kisa prakAra samAnAntara parivartana hotA gyaa| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke yuga meM na kevala zikSA ke kSetra meM apitu dharmasaMgha meM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI strI kI garimA aura adhikAra sImita hote gye| isakA mukhya kAraNa to apanI sahagAmI hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA, kintu isake sAtha hI acelatA ke ati Agraha ne bhI eka mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA adA kii| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA apekSAkRta udAra rahI,

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( 38 ) kintu samaya ke prabhAva se vaha bhI nahIM baca sakI aura usameM bhI zikSA, samAja aura dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM Agama yuga kI apekSA Agamika vyAkhyA yuga meM nArI ke adhikAra sImita kiye gaye / isa prakAra kAla-krama meM jaina dharma meM bhI bhAratIya hindU samAja ke prabhAva ke kAraNa nArI ko usake adhikAroM se vaMcita kiyA gayA thA, phira bhI bhikSuNI kerUpa meM usakI garimA ko kisI sImA taka surakSita rakhA gayA thA / bhikSuNI saMgha aura nArI kI garimA " jaina bhikSuNI saMgha meM nArI kI garimA ko kisa prakAra surakSita rakhA gayA. isa sambandha meM yahA~ kiMcit carcA kara lenA upayogI hogA / jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM jainadharma ke bhikSuNI saMgha ke dvAra binA kisI bhedabhAva ke sabhI jAti, varNa evaM varga kI striyoM ke lie khule hue the / jaina bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza ke lie sAmAnya rUpa se ve hI striyA~ ayogya mAnI jAtI thIM, jo bAlikA athavA ativRddha hoM athavA mUrkha yA pAgala hoM yA kisI saMkrAmaka aura asAdhya roga se pIr3ita hoM athavA jo indriyoM yA aMga se hIna hoM, jaise aMdhI, paMgu, lUlI Adi / kintu striyoM ke lie bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza usa avasthA meM bhI varjita thA-- jaba ve garbhiNI hoM athavA unakI goda meM ati alpavaya kA dUdha pItA huA zizu ho / isake atirikta saMrakSaka arthAt mAtA-pitA, pati, putra kI anujJA na milane para bhI unheM saMgha meM praveza nahIM diyA jAtA thA / kintu surakSA pradAna karane ke lie vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM aisI striyoM ko bhI saMgha meM praveza kI anumati de dI jAtI thI / niravAyalikAstra ke anusAra subhadrA ne apane pati kI AjJA ke viruddha hI bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza kara liyA thA / yadyapi sthAnAMga ke anusAra garbhiNI strI kA bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza varjita thA, kintu uttarAdhyayananiyukti, Avazyaka niyukti, AvazyakacUrNImeM aise saMketa bhI milate haiM, jinake anusAra kucha striyoM ne garbhavatI hone para bhI bhikSuNI saMgha meM dIkSA grahaNa kara lI thI / madanarekhA apane pati kI hatyA kara diye jAne para jaMgala meM bhAga gayI aura vahIM usane bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza le liyA / isI prakAra padmAvatI aura yazabhadrA ne garbhavatI hote hue bhI bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza le liyA thA aura bAda meM unheM putra prasava hue| 1. isa samasta carcA ke lie dekheM mere nirdezana meM racita aura mere dvArA sampAdita grantha -- jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha - DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha / -

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( 39 ) vastutaH ina apavAda niyamoM ke pIche jaina AcAryoM ke mUladRSTi yaha thI ki nArI aura garbhastha zizu kA jIvana surakSita rahe, kyoMki aisI sthitiyoM meM yadi unheM saMgha meM praveza nahIM diyA jAtA hai, to ho sakatA thA ki unakA zIla aura jIvana khatare meM par3a jAya aura kisI strI ke zIla aura jIvana ko surakSita rakhanA saMgha kA sarvopari kartavya thaa| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki nArI ke zIla evaM jIvana kI surakSA aura usake AtmanirNaya ke adhikAra ko mAnya rakhane hetu pati kI anumati ke binA athavA garbhavatI hone kI sthiti meM bhI unheM jo bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza de diyA jAtA thAyaha nArI ke prati jaina saMgha kI uddhAra evaM garimApUrNa dRSTi hI thii| sAmAnyatayA sAdhanA kI dRSTi se bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke AhAra, bhikSAcaryA, upAsanA Adi se sambandhita niyama samAna hI the, kintu striyoM kI prakRti aura sAmAjika sthiti ko dekhakara bhikSuNiyoM ke lie vastra ke sambandha meM kucha vizeSa niyama banAye gye| udAharaNa ke lie jahA~ bhikSu sampUrNa vastroM kA tyAga kara raha sakatA thA vahA~ bhikSuNI ke lie nagna honA vajita mAna liyA gayA thA / mAtra yahI nahIM usakI AvazyakatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue usake vastra saMkhyA meM bhI vRddhi kI gayI thI / jahA~ bhikSu ke lie adhikatama tIna vastroM kA vidhAna thA vahA~ bhikSuNI ke lie cAra vastroM ko rakhane kA vidhAna thA / Age calakara Agamika vyAkhyAsAhitya meM na kevala usake tana DhaMkane kI vyavasthA kI gayI, balki zIla surakSA ke lie use aise vastroM ko pahanane kA nirdeza diyA gayA, jisase unakA zIla bhaMga karane vAle vyakti ko sahaja hI avasara upalabdha na ho / isI prakAra zIla surakSA kI dRSTi se bhikSuNI ko akele bhikSArtha jAnA vajita kara diyA gayA thA / bhikSuNI tIna yA usase adhika saMkhyA meM bhikSA ke lie jA sakatI thii| sAtha meM yaha bhI nirdeza thA ki yuvA bhikSuNI vRddha bhikSuNI ko sAtha lekara jAe / jahA~ bhikSa6 kilomITara taka bhikSA ke lie jA sakatA thA, vahIM bhikSuNI ke lie sAmAnya paristhitiyoM meM bhikSA ke lie ati dUra jAnA niSiddha thaa| isI prakAra bhikSuNiyoM ke lie sAmAnyatayA dvArarahita upAzrayoM meM ThaharanA bhI vajita thA / ina sabake pIche mukhya uddezya nArI ke zIla kI surakSA thii| kyoMki zIla hI nArI ke sammAna kA AdhAra thA / ataH usakI zIla surakSA hetu vividha niyamoM aura apavAdoM kA sRjana kiyA gayA hai| nArI kI zIla-surakSA ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne eka ora aise niyamoM

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( 40 ) kA sRjana kiyA jinake dvArA bhikSuNiyoM kA puruSoM aura bhikSuoM se samparka sImita kiyA jA sake, tAki cAritrika skhalana kI sambhAvanAeM alpatama hoN| phalasvarUpa na kevala bhikSuNiyoM kA bhikSuoM ke sAtha ThaharanA aura vihAra karanA niSiddha mAnA gayA, apitu aise sthaloM para bhI nivAsa varjita mAnA gayA, jahA~ samIpa meM hI bhikSu athavA gRhastha nivAsa kara rahe hoN| bhikSuoM se bAtacIta karanA aura unake dvArA lAkara diye jAne vAle vastra, pAtra evaM bhikSAdi ko grahaNa karanA bhI unake lie niSiddha ThaharAyA gyaa| Apasa meM eka dUsare kA sparza to vajita thA hI, unheM Apasa meM akele meM bAtacIta karane kA bhI niSedha kiyA gayA thA / yadi bhikSuoM se vArtAlApa Avazyaka bhI ho, to bhI agra-bhikSuNI ko Age karake saMkSipta vArtAlApa kI anumati pradAna kI gayI thI / vastutaH ye sabhI niyama isalie banAye gaye the, ki kAmavAsanA jAgRta hone evaM cAritrika skhalana ke avasara upalabdha na hoM athavA bhikSa oM evaM gahasthoM ke AkarSaNa evaM vAsanA kI zikAra banakara bhikSu NI kI zIla kI surakSA khatare meM na pdd'e| kintu dUsarI ora unakI zIla surakSA ke lie ApavA deka sthitiyoM meM unakA bhikSu oM ke sAnnidhya meM rahanA evaM yAtrA karanA vihita bhI mAna liyA gayA thaa| yahA~ taka kahA gayA ki AcArya, cuvA bhikSa aura vRddhA bhikSa NiyA~ tarUNa bhikSa NiyoM ko apane saMrakSaNa meM lekara yAtrA kareM / aisI yAtrAoM meM pUrI vyUha racanA karake yAtrA kI jAtI thI-sabase Age AcArya evaM vRddha bhikSugaNa, unake pazcAt yuvA bhikSu, phira vRddha bhikSuNiyA~, unake pazcAt yuvA bhikSuNiyA~ punaH unake pazcAt vRddha bhikSaNiyAM aura anta meM yuvA bhikSu hote the / nizIthacUNi Adi meM aise bhI ullekha haiM ki bhikSu NiyoM kI zIla surakSA ke lie Avazyaka hone para bhikSu una manuSyoM kI bhI hiMsA kara sakatA thA jo usake zIla ko bhaMga karane kA prayAsa karate the / yahA~ taka ki aise aparAdha prAyazcitta yogya bhI nahIM mAne gaye the| bhikSa NiyoM ko kucha anya paristhitiyoM meM bhI isI dRSTi se bhikSa oM ke sAnnidhya meM nivAsa karane kI bhI anumati de dI gayI thI, jaise-bhikSa-bhikSa NI yAtrA karate hue kisI nirjana gahana vana meM pahu~ca gaye hoM athavA bhikSa giyoM ko nagara meM athavA devAlaya meM Thaharane ke lie anyatra koI sthAna upalabdha na ho rahA ho athavA una para balAtkAra evaM unake vastra-pAtrAdi ke apaharaNa kI sambhAvanA pratIta hotI ho / isI prakAra vikSipta citta athavA atirogI bhikSu kI paricaryA ke lie yadi koI bhikSu upalabdha na ho to bhikSaNI

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( 41 ) 'usakI paricaryA kara sakatI thI / bhikSuoM ke lie bhI sAmAnyatayA bhikSuNI kA sparza varjita thA kintu bhikSuNI ke kIcar3a meM pha~sa jAne para, nAva meM car3hane yA utarane meM kaThinAI anubhava karane para athavA jaba usakI hiMsA athavA zIlabhaMga ke prayatna kiye jA rahe hoM to aisI sthiti meM bhikSu bhikSuNI kA sparza kara use surakSA pradAna kara jaina paramparA meM AcArya kAlaka kI kathA isa bAta kA hai / bhikSuNI ke zola kI surakSA ko jaina bhikSu prAthamika kartavya mAnA gayA thA / sakatA thA / spaSTa pramANa saMgha kA anivArya evaM isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM nArI ke zIla surakSA ke lie paryApta satarkatA rakhI gaI thI / mAtra yahI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne apanI daNDa vyavasthA aura saMgha vyavasthA meM bhI nArI kI prakRti ko samyak rUpa se samajhane kA prayatna kiyA hai / puruSoM ke balAtkAra aura atyAvAroM se pIr3ita nArI ko unhoMne dutkArA nahIM, apitu usake samuddhAra kA prayatna kiyA / jaina daNDavyavasthA meM una bhikSuNiyoM ke liye kisI prakAra ke daNDa kI vyavasthA nahIM kI gaI thI, jo balAtkAra kI zikAra hokara garbhavatI ho jAtI thI, apitu unake aura unake garbhastha bAlaka ke saMrakSaNa kA dAyitva saMgha kA mAnA gayA thA / prasavoparAnta bAlaka ke bar3A ho jAne para ve punaH bhikSuNI ho sakatI thIM / isI prakAra ve bhikSuNiyA~ bhI jo kabhI vAsanA ke Avega meM bahakara cAritrika skhalana kI zikAra ho jAtI thIM, tiraskRta nahIM kara dI jAtI, apitu unheM apane ko sudhArane kA avasara pradAna kiyA jAtA thA / isa tathya ke samarthana meM yaha kahA gayA thA ki kyA bAr3ha se grasta nadI punaH apane mUla mArga para nahIM A jAtI hai ? jaina prAyazcitta vyavasthA meM bhI striyoM yA bhikSuNiyoM ke lie parihAra aura pArAJcika (niSkAsana) jaise kaThora daNDa varjita mAna liye gaye the, kyoMki ina daNDoM ke pariNAma svarUpa ve nirAzrita hokara vezyAvRtti jaise anaitika karmoM ke liye bAdhya ho sakatI thIM / isa prakAra jainAcArya nArI ke prati sadaiva sajaga aura udAra rahe haiM / hama yaha pUrva meM hI sUcita kara cuke haiM ki jainadharma kA bhikSuNI saMgha una anAtha, parityaktA evaM vidhavA nAriyoM ke lie sammAnapUrvaka jIne ke lie eka mArga prazasta karatA thA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcIna kAla se lekara Ajataka jainadharma abhAgI nAriyoM ke lie Azraya sthala yA zaraNasthala banA rahA hai| suzrI hIrAbahana boradiyA ne apane zodha kArya ke daurAna aneka

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( 42 ) sAdhviyoM kA sAkSAtkAra liyA aura usameM ve isI niSkarSa para pahuMcI thIM ki vartamAna meM bhI aneka anAtha, vidhavA, parityaktA striyA~ athavA ve kanyAyeM jo daheja athavA kurUpatA ke kAraNa vivAha na kara sakIM, ve sabhI jaina bhikSuNI saMgha meM sammilita hokara eka sammAnapUrNa svAvalambana kA jIvana jI rahI haiM / jaina bhikSuNiyoM meM se aneka to Aja bhI samAja meM itanI susthApita haiM ki unakI tulanA meM muni varga kA prabhAva bhI kucha nahIM lagatA hai| isa AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki jainadharma ke vikAsa aura prasAra meM nArI kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| Aja bhI jaina samAja meM bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA tIna gunI se bhI adhika hai jo samAja para unake vyApaka prabhAva ko dyotita karatI hai| vartamAna yuga meM bhI aneka aisI jaina sAdhviyAM huI haiM aura haiM jinakA samAja para atyadhika prabhAva rahA hai| jaise sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM paMjAbasiMhanI sAdhvI pArvatIjI, jo apanI vidvattA aura prabhAvazIlatA ke liye suvizruta thiiN| jainadharma ke kaTTara virodhI bhI unake tarkoM aura bulaMdagI ke sAmane sahama jAte the / isI prakAra sAdhvI yazaku~varajI, jinhoMne mUka pazuoM kI bali ko banda karAne meM aneka saMgharSa kiye aura apane zaurya evaM pravacanapaTutA se aneka sthaloM para pazubali ko samApta karavA diyA / usI krama meM sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM mAlava siMhanI sAdhvI zrI ratnakuMvarajI aura mahArASTra gaurava sAdhvI zrI ujjvalaku~varajI ke bhI nAma liye jA sakate haiM jinakA samAja para prabhAva kisI AcArya se kama nahIM thaa| mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM vartamAna yuga meM sAdhvI zrI vicakSaNa zrI jI, maNiprabhA zrI jI aura sAdhvI zrI mRgAvatIjI bhI aise nAma haiM ki jinake vyaktitva aura kRtitva donoM hI unakI yazogAthA ko ujAgara karate haiN| isI prakAra digambara paramparA meM AryikA jJAnamatI jI kA bhI paryApta prabhAva hai / unake dvArA prakAzita granthoM kI sUcI se unakI vidvattA kA abhAsa ho jAtA hai| ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jainadharma meM usake atIta se lekara vartamAna taka nArI kI aura vizeSa rUpa se bhikSuNiyoM kI eka mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| jahA~ eka ora jainadharma ne nArI ko sammAnita aura gauravAnvita karate hue, usake zIla saMrakSaNa kA prayAsa kiyA aura usake AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA mArga prazasta kiyA; vahIM dUsarI ora brAhmo, sundarI aura candanA se lekara Aja taka kI anekAneka satI-sAdhviyoM ne apane caritrabala tathA saMyama sAdhanA se jainadharma kI dhvajA ko phaharAyA hai|

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( 43 ) vibhinna dharmoM meM nArI kI sthiti ko tulanA (1) hindU dharma aura jainadharma-hindU dharma meM vaidika yuga meM nArI kI bhUmikA dhArmika aura sAmAjika donoM hI kSetroM meM mahattvapUrNa mAnI jAtI thI aura use puruSa ke samakakSa hI samajhA jAtA thaa| striyoM ke dvArA ranita aneka veda-RcAeM aura yajJa Adi dhArmika karmakANDoM meM patnI kI anivAryatA, nizcaya hI isa tathya kI poSaka haiM / manu kA yaha udghoSa ki nAryastu yatra pUjyante ramante tatra devatA-arthAt jahA~ nArI kI pUjA hotI hai vahA~ devatA ramaNa karate haiM, isI tathya ko sUcita karatA hai ki hindUdharma meM prAcInakAla se nArI ke mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai, ina sabake atirikta bhI devI-upAsanA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, mahAkAlI Adi deviyoM kI upAsanA bhI isa tathya kI sUcaka hai ki nArI na kevala upAsaka hai apitu upAsya bhI hai| yadyapi vaidika yuga se lekara taMtra yaga ke prArambha taka nArI kI mahattA ke aneka pramANa hameM hindudharma meM milate haiM kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI hai ki smRti yuga se hI usameM kramazaH nArI ke mahatva kA avamUlyana hotA gyaa| smRtiyoM meM nArI ko puruSa ke adhIna banAne kA upakrama prArambha ho gayA thA aura unameM yahA~ taka kahA gayA ki nArI ko bAlyakAla meM pitA ke adhIna, yuvAvasthA meM pati ke adhIna aura vaddhAvasthA meM pUtra ke adhIna raha kara hI apanA jIvana jInA hotA hai| isa prakAra vaha sadaiva hI puruSa ke adhIna hI hai, kabhI bhI svatantra nahIM hai| smRti kAla meM use sampatti ke adhikAra se bhI vaMcita kiyA gayA aura sAmAjika jIvana meM mAtra usake dAsI yA bhogyA svarUpa para hI bala diyA gyaa| pati kI sevA ko hI usakA ekamAtra kartavya mAnA gayA / yaha viDambanA hI thI ki adhyayana ke kSetra meM bhI veda-RcAoM kI nirmAtrI nArI ko, unhIM RcAoM ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gyaa| usake kAryakSetra ko santAna-utpAdana, santAna-pAlana, gahakArya sampAdana tathA pati kI sevA taka sImita karake use ghara kI cAradivArI meM kaida kara diyA gyaa| hindU dharma meM nArI kI yaha durdazA muslima AkrAntAoM ke Agamana ke sAtha kramazaH bar3hatI hI gyii| rAmacaritamAnasa ke racayitA yuga-kavi tulasIdAsa ko bhI kahanA par3A ki 'Dhola ga~vAra zUdra pazu nArI, ye saba tAr3ana ke adhikaarii'| hindU dharma kA madhyayuga kA itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki bahupatnIprathA aura satIprathA jaisI krUra aura nRzaMsa prathAoM ne janma lekara usameM nArI ke mahattva aura mUlya ko prAyaH samApta hI

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( 44 ) kara diyA thaa| vartamAna samAja vyavasthA meM bhI hindU dharma meM nArI ko puruSa ke samakakSa gauravapUrNa sthAna prApta hai yaha kahanA kaThina hai, yadyapi nArI cetanA kA punaH jAgaraNa huA hai kintu yaha bhI bhaya hai ki pazcima ke andhAnukaraNa meM vaha kahIM galata dizA meM mor3a na le le| hindUdharma meM yadyapi saMnyAsa kI avadhAraNA ko sthAna milA huA hai aura prAcInakAla se hI hindU saMnyAsiniyoM ke bhI ullekha milane lagate haiM, phira bhI saMnyAsiniyoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra ke sambandha meM hindUdharmagrantha prAyaH mauna hI haiN| hindudharma meM prAcInakAla se lekara Aja taka yatra-tatra kinhIM saMnyAsiniyoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha ko chor3akara saMnyAsiniyoM kA eka suvyavasthita varga banA ho aisA nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hindU dharma meM vidhavAoM, parityaktAoM aura avivAhita striyoM ke lie sammAnapUrNa jIvana jIne ke lie koI Azrayasthala nahIM bana sakA aura ve sadaiva hI puruSa ke atyAcAroM aura pratAr3anAoM kA zikAra bniiN| cAhe siddhAntarUpa meM striyoM ke saMdarbha meM hindU dharma meM kucha AdarzavAdI udghoSa hameM mila jAe~, kintu vyAvahArika jIvana meM hindU dharma meM striyA~ upekSA kA hI viSaya banI rhiiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki hindU dharma kI apekSA jaina dharma meM nArI kI sthiti aura bhamikA donoM hI adhika mahattvapUrNa rhii| yoM to jainadharma hindUdharma ke sahavartI dharma ke rUpa meM hI vikasita huA hai aura isIlie pratyeka kAla meM vaha hindUdharma se prabhAvita rahA hai / hindUdharma ke nArI sambandhI dRSTikoNa aura usake duSpariNAmoM kA zikAra vaha bhI banA hai| jisa prakAra hindUdharma meM veda-RcAoM kI nirmAtA strI ko unake adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gayA, usI prakAra jaina dharma meM bhI strI ke lie na kevala daSTivAda ke adhyayana ko apitU AgamoM ke adhyayana ko bhI varjita mAna liyA gayA, yadyapi prAcIna Agama sAhitya meM striyoM ke aMga Agama ke adhyayana ke ullekha evaM nirdeza upalabdha haiN| yaha satya hai ki isa sambandha meM jainadharma ne hindudharma kA anusaraNa hI kiyA / bRhattara hindU samAja kA eka aMga bane rahane ke kAraNa jainoM ke sAmAjika jIvana meM striyoM kI sthiti hindUdharma ke samAna hI rahI hai, phira bhI jainadharma kI sAmAjika vyavasthA meM hindUdharma kI bhA~ti bahapatnIprathA itanI adhika hAvI nahIM huI ki puruSa kI dRSTi meM strI mAtra bhogyA banakara raha gayI ho / isake pIche jainadharma kA saMnyAsamArgIya dRSTikoNa hI pramukha rahA hai| dUsare jainadharma meM prArambha se lekara Aja taka bhikSu NIsaMgha kI, jo eka sudRr3ha

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vyavasthA rahI hai, usake kAraNa usameM nArI vizeSa rUpa se vidhavA, parityaktA aura kumAriyA~ puruSa ke atyAcAra aura utpIr3ana kA zikAra nahIM bniiN| jainadharma kA bhikSu NI saMgha aisI nAriyoM ke lie eka zaraNa-sthala rahA aura usane unheM sammAnaparNa aura svAvalambI jIvana jInA siikhaayaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki usameM satIprathA jaisI vIbhatsa prathAe~ bhI apane jar3e nahIM jamA skii| jainadharma meM ve striyA~, jo sAmAjika kSetra meM puruSa ke adhIna hokara jIvana jItI thIM, bhikSu NI banakara puruSoM ke lie vandanIya aura mArgadarzaka bana jAtI thiiN| isa prakAra tulanAtmaka dRSTi se nizcaya hI hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki hindUdharma kI tulanA meM jainadharma meM nArI kI sthiti bahuta kucha sammAnapUrNa rahI hai| (2) bauddhadharma aura jainadharma-bauddhadharma aura jainadharma donoM hI zramaNa paramparA ke dharma rahe haiM aura donoM meM bhikSuNI saMsthA kI upasthiti rahI hai, phira bhI nArI ke prati jainadharma kI apekSA bauddhadharma kA dRSTikoNa adhika anudAra rahA hai| prathama to bhagavAn buddha bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA ke lie sahamata hI nahIM hue the kintu jaba apanI kSIradAyikA mausI gautamI aura antevAsI Ananda ne kisI prakAra apane prabhAva kA upayoga karake buddha ko sahamata karane kA prayatna kiyA to buddha ne bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA kI svIkRti kucha zartoM ke sAtha pradAna kii| jabaki jainadharma meM mahAvIra ke pUrva meM bhI pArzva kA bhikSaNI saMgha suvyavasthita DhaMga se kAryarata thA aura mahAvIra ko bhI isa sambandha meM kisI prakAra kA saMkoca nahIM huA thA / isa prakAra jainadharma kA bhikSu NI saMgha bauddhadharma ke bhikSaNI saMgha se pUrvavartI thaa| punaH buddha ne bhikSu NI saMgha kI sthApanA ke samaya hI jina aSTa-gurudharmoM ( aSTa puruSa kI zreSThatA sambandhI niyamoM) ke pAlana ke lie striyoM ko bAdhya kiyA, ve spaSTa rUpa se darzAte haiM ki buddha kI dRSTi nAriyoM ke prati apekSAkRta anudAra thii| ina aSTa gurudharmoM ke anusAra bhikSu NI saMgha pratyeka kSetra meM bhikSa saMgha ke adhIna thaa| cira pravrajitA aura vayovRddha bhikSaNI ke lie sadyaH pravrajita bhikSu na kevala vandanIya thA apitu vaha unakA anuzAstA bhI ho sakatA thaa| bhikSa NI ko upadeza dene kA adhikAra bhI nahIM thaa| yadyapi yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddhadharma ke samAna hI jainadharma meM bhI to cirakAla kI dIkSita evaM vayovRddha bhikSu NI ke lie sadyaH dIkSita bhikSu vandanIya hotA hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM jainadharma meM yaha niyama bauddhadharma ke prabhAva athavA isa deza kI puruSa pradhAna saMskRti ke kAraNa kAlAMtara meM hI AyA hogaa| prAcInatama Agama AcArAMga bhikSu-bhikSu NI ke niyamoM

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( 46 ) evaM unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke nirdeza to karatA hai, kintu kahIM yaha ullekha nahIM karatA hai ki cirapravrajita bhikSu NI sadyaH dIkSita bhikSu ko vaMdana kare / paravartI Agama meM bhI mAtra jyeSTha-kalpa kA ullekha hai / jyeSTha-kalpa kA tAtparya hai ki kaniSTha apane se pravrajyA meM jyeSTha ko vaMdana kare / yaha TIkAkAroM kI apanI kalpanA hai ki unhoMne jyeSTha kalpa ko puruSajyeSTha-kalpa ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA / mUla-AgamoM meM aisI koI bhI vyavasthA upalabdha nahIM hai, jisake AdhAra para jainadharma meM strI ko puruSa ko apekSA nimna mAnA gayA ho / AgamoM meM strI ko na kevala mokSa kI adhikArI batAyA gayA, apitu use tIrthaMkara jaise sarvocca pada kI bhI adhikArI ghoSita kiyA gayA hai / jJAtAdharmakathA meM mallI kA strI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM ullekha hai / ata: hama spaSTa rUpa se yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddhadharma kI apekSA jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke prati adhika udAra thA / bauddhadharma meM nArI kabhI bhI buddha nahIM bana sakatI hai, kintu jainadharma meM cAhe apavAda rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, strI tIrthaMkara ho sakatI hai / yadyapi paravartI kAla meM jainadharma kI digambara zAkhA meM, jo nArI ko tIrthaMkaratva evaM nirvANa ke adhikAra se vaMcita kiyA gayA thA, vaha usake acelatA para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa huA thA / cU~ki sAmAjika sthiti ke kAraNa nArI nagna nahIM raha sakatI thI ataH digambara paramparA ne use nirvANa aura tIrthaMkaratva ke ayogya hI ThaharA diyA / kintu yaha eka paravartI hI ghaTanA hai / IsA kI sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva jaina sAhitya meM aise ullekha nahIM milate haiM / yadyapi bauddhadharma meM bhikSa uNI saMgha astitva meM AyA aura saMghamitrA jaisI bhikSuNioM ne bauddhadharma ke prasAra meM mahattvapUrNa avadAna bhI diyA kintu bauddhadharma kA yaha bhikSa uNI saMgha cirakAla taka astitva meM nahIM raha sakA / cAhe usake kAraNa kucha bhI rahe hoM / Aja bauddhadharma vizva ke eka pramukha dharma ke rUpa apanA astitva rakhatA hai, kintu kucha zrAmaNeriyoM ko chor3akara bauddhadharma meM kahIM bhI bhikSuNI saMgha kI upasthiti nahIM dekhI jAtI hai / yaha eka durbhAgyapUrNa ghaTanA rahI hai| cAhe isake mUla meM bhI bauddhAcAryoM ke mana meM buddha kA yaha bhaya hI kAma kara rahA ho ki bhikSuNiyoM kI upasthiti se saMgha cirakAla taka jIvita nahIM rhegaa| jabaki jainadharma meM Aja bhI susaMgaThita bhikSuNI saMgha upasthita hai aura bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSu giyoM kI saMkhyA tIna gunI se adhika hai / yaha bauddhadharma kI apekSA jainadharma ke nArI ke prati udAra dRSTikoNa kA paricAyaka hai /

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( 47 ) (3) IsAIdharma aura jainadharma-nArI ke sambandha meM IsAIdharma aura aura jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa bahuta kucha samAna hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI mAtAoM ke samAna IsAIdharma meM yIzu kI mAtA mariyama ko bhI pUjanIya mAnA gayA hai| sAtha hI IsAIdharma meM jainadharma kI bhAMti hI bhikSuNI saMsthA kI upasthiti rahI hai| Aja bhI IsAIdharma meM na kevala bhikSuNI saMsthA suvyavasthita rUpa meM astitva rakhatI hai apitu IsAI bhikSa NiyAM (Nuns) apane jJAnadAna aura sevAkArya se samAja meM adhika AdaraNIya aura mahattvapUrNa banI huI haiN| IsAI dharma saMgha dvArA sthApita zikSA saMsthAoM, cikitsAlayoM aura sevAzramoM meM ina bhikSa NiyoM kI tyAga aura sevA-bhAvanA aneka vyaktiyoM ke mana ko moha letI hai| yadi jaina samAja unase kucha zikSA le to usakA bhikSuNI saMgha samAja ke lie adhika lokopayogI bana sakatA hai aura nArI meM nihita samarpaNa aura sevA kI bhAvanA kA samyak upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka sAmAjika jIvana kA prazna hai, nizcaya hI pAzcAtya IsAI samAja meM nArI kI puruSa se samakakSatA kI bAta kahI jAtI hai / yaha bhI satya hai ki pAzcAtya dezoM meM nArI bhAratIya nArI kI apekSA adhika svatantra hai aura aneka kSetroM meM vaha puruSoM ke samakakSa khar3I huI hai| kintu ina sabakA eka duSpariNAma yaha huA hai ki vahA~ kA pArivArika va sAmAjika jIvana TUTatA huA dikhAI detA hai| bar3hate hue talAka aura svacchanda yaunAcAra aise tattva haiM jo IsAI nArI kI garimA ko khaNDita karate haiN| jahA~ hindUdharma aura jainadharma meM vivAha sambandha ko Aja bhI na kevala eka pavitra sambandha mAnA gayA hai, apitu eka AjIvana sambandha ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai, vahA~ IsAI samAja meM Aja vivAha yauna-vAsanAoM kI pUti kA mAdhyama mAtra hI raha gayA hai / usake pIche rahI huI pavitratA evaM AjIvana bandhana kI dRSTi samApta ho rahI hai / yadi IsAI dharma apane samAja ko isa doSa se mukta kara sake to sambhavataH vaha nArI kI garimA pradAna karane kI dRSTi se vizva dharmoM meM adhika sArthaka siddha ho sakatA hai| (4) islAmadharma aura jainadharma-jahA~ taka islAmadharma aura jainadharma kA sambandha hai sarvaprathama hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki donoM kI prakRti bhinna hai / islAmadharma meM saMnyAsa kI avadhAraNA prAyaH anupasthita hai aura isalie usameM nArI ko puruSa ke samakakSa sthAna mila pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai| usameM aksara nArI ko eka bhogyA ke rUpa meM hI dekhA gayA hai| bahupatnIprathA kA khulA samarthana bhI islAma meM nArI kI sthiti ko hIna

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( 48 ) banAtA hai| vahA~ na kevala puruSa ko bahuvivAha kA adhikAra hai apitu use yaha bhI adhikAra hai ki vaha cAhe jaba mAtra tIna bAra talAka kahakara vivAha bandhana ko tor3a sakatA hai| phalataH usameM nArI ko atyAcAra va utpIr3ana kI zikAra banAne kI sambhAvanAe~ adhika rahI hai / yaha kevala hindUdharma va jainadharma kI hI vizeSatA hai ki usameM vivAha ke bandhana ko AjIvana eka pavitra bandhana ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai aura yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki yaha bandhana tor3A nahIM jA sakatA hai| yadyapi islAma meM nArI ke sampatti ke adhikAra ko mAnya kiyA gayA hai, kintu vyavahAra meM kabhI bhI nArI puruSa kI kaida evaM utpIr3ana se makta nahIM raha skii| usameM strI puruSa kI vAsanApUti kA sAdhana mAtra hI banI rhii| bhArata meM pardAprathA, satIprathA jaise kuprathAoM ke panapane ke lie islAmadharma hI adhika jimmedAra rahA hai| isa tulanAtmaka vivaraNa ke AdhAra para anta meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vibhinna dharmoM kI apekSA jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke prati apekSAkRta adhika vyAvahArika evaM udAra hai| yadyapi isa satya ko svIkAra karane meM hameM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki samasAmayika paristhitiyoM aura sahavartI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se jainadharma meM bhI nArI ke mUlya va mahattva kA kramika avamUlyana huA hai| kintu usameM upasthita bhikSaNI saMgha ne na kevala nArI ko jo garimA pradAna kI, apitu use sAmAjika utpIr3ana aura puruSa ke atyAcAroM ko bacAyA bhI hai| yahI jainadharma kI vizeSatA hai| mAgha zukla pUrNimA sAgaramala jaina vi0 saMvat 2048 nidezaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI

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kSetrajJa zabdake vividha prAkRta rUpoMkI kathA aura usakA ardhamAgadhI rUpAntara ____-DaoN0 ke0 Ara0 candra AcArAMga' ke prathama zrutaskaMdha meM 'kSetrajJa' zabda ke prAkRta rUpoM kA 16 bAra prayoga huA hai [ sUtra saM0 32 (4) 79 (1); 88 (1); 104 (1); 109 (5); 132 (1); 176 (1); 209 (1); 210 (1)] jo vividha saMskaraNoM meM isa prakAra upalabdha ho rahe haiM :a. (1) zubriga mahodaya ke saMskaraNa meM mAtra kheyanna / (2) Agamodaya samiti ke saMskaraNa meM kheyanna 9 bAra aura kheyaNNa 7 baar| 3) jaina vizva bhAratI ke saMskaraNa meM kheyanna 1 bAra aura kheyaNNa 15 baar| (4) mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa meM kheyagNa 2 bAra, khetaNNa 6 bAra aura khettaSNa 8 baar| ba. pAThAntara(1) zubriga mahodaya ke saMskaraNa meM sirpha eka hI pAThAntara hai khettanna ( cUNi se 3 bAra aura 'jI' saMjJaka prata se 5 bAra ) / Agamodaya samiti ke saMskaraNa meM koI pAThAntara nahIM hai| (3) jaina vizva bhAratI ke saMskaraNa meM do pAThAntara milate haiM khettanna ( 'ca' saMjJaka prata se ) aura khettaNNa ( cUrNi se ) / mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa meM pAThAntaroM kI saMkhyA 5 hai--1. khittaNNa, 2. khedana, 3. khedaNNa, 4. kheyanna aura 5. kheann| 1. mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, saMskaraNa, saM0 muni jaMbUvijaya, I0 san 1977 /

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( 50 ) isa saMskaraNa meM 'khettanna' pAThAntara kA kahIM para bhI ullekha nahIM honA eka Azcarya kI bAta hai, jabaki zubiMga mahodaya ko tADapatra kI eka prata meM aura cUrNi meM khettanna pATha milA hai| sa. kSetrajJa zabda ke lie prAkRta meM ( dhvani-parivartana vAle ) jo alaga alaga zabda apanAye gaye haiM ve isa prakAra haiM(1) kheyanna, kheyaNNa, khetaNNa, khettaNNa ina cAroM pAThoM ko vibhinna saMpAdakoM ne samAna rUpa se nahIM apanAyA hai| uparokta saMskaraNoM ke pAThAntaroM meM jo rUpa milate haiM ve isa prakAra haiM-khettanna aura Upara ba (4) meM diye gaye pA~ca rUpa khittaNNa, khedanna, khedaNNa, kheyanna aura kheanna / (3) arthAt kula nau rUpa milate haiM jo nimna prakAra se cAra bhAgoM meM rakhe jA sakate haiM :[a] kheyanna, kheanna (na) [ba ] khetaNNa, kheyaNNa (NNa) [ sa ] khettanna, khettaNNa, khittaNNa (tta) [da ] khedanna, khedaNNa (da) [ eka anya rUpa se ta=da = a ya ] i. (1) kSetrajJa zabda saMskRta sAhitya meM milatA hai aura usake artha isa prakAra diye gaye haiMkSetra kA jAnakAra, khetI kA jAnakAra, nipuNa, kuzala, AtmajJa sv-caitnyjny| (2) pAiyasaddamahaNNavo meM kheyanna aura kheaNNa kA saMskRta rUpa 1. (a) Sanskrit Dictionary by Monier Williams :-Knowing localities, familiar with the cultivation of soil, clever skilful, dexterous, cunning, knowing the body i.e. the soul, the conscious principle, etc. (ba) kSetrajJa = AtmA (kSetrajJa AtmA puruSaH) amarakoSa :-1 / 4 / 29, 3 / 3 / 33 /

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( 51 ) khedajJa diyA gayA hai aura usake ye artha diye gaye haiM catura, jAnakAra, nipuNa, kuzala / anya prAkRta rUpa jo Upara darzAye gaye haiM unakA ullekha isa koSa meM nahIM hai| Agama zabda-koSa (aMgasuttANi, jaina vizva bhAratI saMskaraNa) meM khettaNNa aura kheyaNNa donoM zabda saMskRta rUpAntara kSetrajJa ke sAtha diye gaye haiN|* (ka) isa zabda ke viSaya meM cUrNikAra kahate haiM-khittaM jANati tti khittaNNo / khittaM AgAsaM, khittaM jANatIti, khittaNNo, taM AhArabhUtaM davvakAlabhAvANaM amuttaM ca paccati / muttAmuttANi khittaM ca jANato pAeNa davvAdINi jANai / jo vA saMsAriyANi dukkhANi jANati so khittaNNo paMDito vaa| (kha) jabaki AcArAMga ke TIkAkAra adhikatara khedajJa' se hI artha samajhAte haiM-nipuNa ke sAtha abhyAsa, zrama Adi artha bhI diye gaye haiM (Agamo. pR0 124 ) / kabhI-kabhI kSetrajJa kA artha nipuNatA bhI samajhAte haiM / zIlAMkAcArya (sU0 132 para TIkA) khedajJa kA artha isa prakAra karate haiM-jantu duHkhaparicchettabhiH / vAstava meM mala zabda to 'kSetrajJa' hI thA lekina bAda meM badalakara 'khedajJa' bhI bana gyaa| vaise prAkRta zabda 'khedaNNa' aura 'khedana' kAgaja kI pratoM meM hI adhikatara milate haiN|' (ga) mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa meM kSetrajJa zabda ke lie jo prAkRta rUpa (pATha) svIkRta kiyA gayA hai aura vibhinna pratoM ( tADapatra aura kAgaja ) se usake jo pAThAntara diye gaye haiM ve isa prakAra haiM * prArambha ke vibhAga a (3) meM 'khettaNNa' zabda pAThAntara meM rakhA gayA hai / 1, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya pR0 26 TippaNa 8; pR0 39, Ti0 10 2. vahI, pR0 26, Ti0 8; pR0 39 Ti0 10 ( he0 1, 2, 3 aura lA0 saMjJaka pratiyA~ ) /

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( 52 ) svIkRta pATha pAThAntara aura prata-paricaya (AdhArabhUta prata evaM sUtra saM0) 1. khettaNNa0 32 khaM, i0 cU0 khetaNNa0 saM, he0 1,2 kheyanna, kheanna (anyatra) 2. khettaNNa-32 i0 cU0 kheyanna, kheanna (anyatra) 3. khettaNNa-32 i0 cU0 khetaNNa saM, khaM, he0 1, 2, kheyanna, kheanna (anyatra) 4. khettaNNa-32 i0 cU0 kheanna he03, lA0 jai, khetaNNa (anyatra) 5. khettaNNa, 79 zAM0 khaM0 ca0 khetaNNa khe, jai, kheyaNNa saM, he0 1, 2, 3 lA0 3, ca0 6. khettaNNa 104 (sarvatra) yahA~ para cUrNi meM khetaNNa pATha (pR0 100 paMkti 1) 7. khettaNNa 176 khaM0 khetaNNa khe, jai, i, kheyaNNa (anyatra), 8. khettaNNa 210 khaM0 khetaNNa khe, jai, kheyaNNa (anyatra) 9. khetaNNa 132 (anyatra) kheaNNa saM, khedaNNa he0 1, 2, 3, lA0 khittaNNa cU0 10. khetaNNa 209 khe, jai0 kheyaNNa (anyatra) 11. khetaNNa 109 (anyatra) khettaNNa khaM, kheyagNa he0 1, 2, 3, i, zAM0 12. khetaNNa 109 cU0 (?) kheyaNNa zAM, khe0 jai0 lA, i0 he 1, 2, 3, khedaNNa saM0 khaM0 13. khetaNNa 109 (anyatra) khedaNNa khaM0 14. khetaNNa 109 (anyatra) kheyaNNa, zAM, he0 2, 3, lA0 i0 khettaNNa cU0 15. kheyaNNa 88 (aspaSTa) khittaNNa cu, khedanna, kheyanna (pratyayAntare) 16. kheyaNNa 109 khemU0 cU0 kheyanna he0 1, 2, 3, lA, jai, i0 vinA (gha) saMpAdakoM dvArA kiye gaye pAThoM kI pasaMdagI yA cunAva para eka samAlocanAtmaka dRSTipAta

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(1) zubiMga mahodaya kI apanI eka vizeSatA rahI hai ki jina pAThAntaroM ko ve apane siddhAnta ke anukUla nahIM mAnate haiM aise pAThAntaroM kA ve ullekha nahIM karate haiN| ataH unake sAmane kauna-kauna se aura bhI pAThAntara rahe hoMge unake bAre meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA jaba taka unake dvArA upayoga meM lAyI gayI sAmagrI kA punarAvalokana nahIM kiyA jAya / unhoMne mAtra eka hI pAThAntara 'khettanna' diyA hai aura use nahIM apanAkara 'khayanna' ko hI saba jagaha apanAyA hai| 'jJa' ke lie 'nna' ko aura 'tra' ke lie 'tta' yA 'ta' ke badale meM 'ya' ko sthAna diyA hai| saMskRta rUpAntaroM ke rUpa meM kSetrajJa aura khedajJa donoM zabdoM kA ullekha unhoMne TippaNiyoM meM kiyA hai| (ca) 'kSetrajJa' zabda ke dhvani sambandhI aneka prAkRta rUpAntaroM ko aiti hAsika vikAsa kI dRSTi se nimna prakAra se samajhAyA jA sakatA kSetrajJa = khettaJja-khettanna-khetanna-khedanna (khedaNNa)-kheyannakheyaNNa / (1) khetaJja-pAli, mAgadhI aura paizAcI ( kI avasthA) kA zabda ( bhASA vizeSa kI dRSTi se ) / pradeza kI dRSTi se pazcima, uttara-pazcima aura dakSiNa meM prayoga ( azokakAlIna zilAlekhoM ke anusAra ) / (2) khettanna-pUrvI pradeza kI lAkSaNikatA ( azoka ke zilAlekhoM ke anusAra ) / jaina AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA kA sthala pUrva bhArata meM pATaliputra hI thA yaha eka mahattva kA muddA hai / (3) khetana-mUla khettanna zabda khetana meM badala gayA kyoMki dIrgha mAtrA ke bAda saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM se eka kA vaikalpika lopa prAkRta bhASA ko mAnya hai| (4) khedana-magadhadeza (pUrva) se uttara-pazcima kI ora prayANa (dharma kA prasAra) karane para ( mathurA = zUrasena pradeza meM ) ta kAra kA da kAra ho gayA aura khetanna zabda khedana meM badala gyaa| jaina AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA kA sthala mathurA thA aura zaurasenI meM ta kA da hotA hai|

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( 54 ) (5) kheyaNNa-punaH pazcimI pradeza ( gujarAta-saurASTra ) kI ora prasthAna karane para khedanna zabda kA parivartana kheyaNNa meM ho gayA ( madhyavartI alpaprANa kA lopa, ya zruti aura tAlavya na kA mUrdhanya Na meM parivartana) jaina AgamoM kI antima vAcanA kA sthala valabhI (gujarAta) thA / isataraha madhyavartI alaprANa vyaMjana kA lopa ( aura ya zruti ) tathA na kA Na meM parivartana paravartI kAla kI aura vizeSataH isI kSetra (pazcimI) kI pravRttiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM jo kAla aura kSetra kI dRSTi se ( zilAlekhoM ke pramANoM para AdhArita ) bilakula upayukta haiN| __ isa prakAra prAcIna prAkRta zabda 'khettanna' (pUrvI bhArata meM-magadha deza kA prAcIna rUpa ) paravartI kAla ke prabhAva meM Akara (pazcima bhArata meM ) bhale hI 'kheyaNNa' meM badala gayA ho aura paravartI kAla kI pratoM meM 'kheyaNNa' pATha adhikatara milatA ho taba bhI mala aura prAcIna zabda to 'khettanna' hI hai jo jaina Agama granthoM meM prayukta honA cAhie thaa| isa dRSTi se zubiMga mahodaya dvArA apanAyA gayA 'kheyanna' zabdapATha bhI ucita nahIM ThaharatA aura na hI anya sampAdakoM kA 'khayaNNa' shbd-paatth| cUNi ke pAThoM meM tta ke sthAna para kvacit hI ya milatA hai jo vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya muddA hai| prAkata meM hone vAle dhvani-parivartanoM ke kAraNa jaba yaha zabda 'khetanna' se 'khedanna' yA 'khedaNNa' (ta=da, na = Na) kI avasthA se gujarA taba dhvani-parivartana-sambandhI kAraNa tathA mUla paramparA kI anabhijJatA ke ojhala ho jAne se usako mUlataH 'kheda' samajha kara usakA usa rUpa meM artha kiyA jAne lgaa| jisa prakAra 'mAtra' zabda kA 'matta' = 'mAta' = 'mAya' ho gayA; pAtra kI 'pAya', 'Atma' kA AttaAta-Aya' ho gayA usI prakAra 'khetta' kA 'kheya' huA hai| ataH isa zabda kA sambandha khedajJa ke sAtha jor3ane kI paramparA paravartI hai aura ucita bhI pratIta nahIM hotii| pizala ne to ( 276 ) mAtra 'kheyanna' 1. mUlagratha kI pratiyoM meM cUrNI meM aise pAThAntara bhI mila rahe haiM taba una prAcIna pAThoM ko prAthamikatA kyoM nahIM dI jAnI caahie| 2. saMskRta aura pAli kozoM meM 'khedajJa' jaisA koI zabda nahIM milatA hai|

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( 55 ) zabda hI diyA hai aura usakA saMskRta rUpAntara bhI 'khedajJa' hI diyA hai jabaki usI sthala para 'mAyanna' kA rUpAntara 'mAtrajJa' (saMskRta) diyA hai| __ isa sampUrNa anveSaNa aura vizleSaNa kA sAra yahI hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM mUlataH khettanna zabda hI thA jo 'kSetrajJa' arthAt AtmajJa ke sAtha sambandhita thA, na ki 'khedajJa' ke sAtha jo paravartI kAla kI dena hai / badalatI huI prAkRta bhASA kI dhvani-parivartana kI pravRtti ke prabhAva meM Akara khettanna zabda ne kAlAnukrama se aneka raMga badale yA aneka rUpa dhAraNa kiye aura ve sabhI rUpAntara AcArAMga ke alaga-alaga saMskaraNoM meM hameM Aja bhI mila rahe haiN| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki AgamoM ke naye saMskaraNa meM 'khettanna' pATha hI ucita prAcIna aura yathAyogya mAnA jAnA caahie| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki kAla aura kSetra kI dRSTi se isa zabda ke aneka rUpAntara hue aura ve alaga-alaga pratiyoM meM aura unameM bhI alaga-alaga rUpa meM tIna staroM meM upalabdha ho rahe haiN| ina sabakA kAraNa hai vividha kAla meM sthAnika pracalana ( upayoga) kI bhASA kA prabhAva / yadi yaha zabda bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mukha se nikalA ho athavA unake gaNadharoM ne ise bhASAkIya rUpa diyA ho athavA pATaliputra kI prathama vAcanA ( jaina AgamoM kI ) kA yaha pATha ho taba to pUrvI kSetra ke zilAlekhIya pramANoM ke anusAra 'khettanna' zabda hI maulika evaM upayukta mAnA jAnA caahie| agara yaha mAnya nahIM ho to mathurA kI dUsarI vAcanA kA zabda ( zaurasenI rUpa ) khedana yA khedaNNa hI upayukta ho sakatA hai| yadi yaha bhI mAnya nahIM ho to tIsarI vAcanA arthAt valabhI kA zabda kheyaNNa hI mAnA jAnA cAhie / isa taraha to phalita yahI hogA ki pU0 devadhigaNi ne AgamoM kI racanA kI hai aura unakI bhASA meM mAgadhI prAkRta ke sthAna para mahArASTrI bhASA kA hI prabhutva hai| parantu prazna yaha hai ki eka kAla kI kisI bhI racanA meM pUrvavartI kAla ke alaga-alaga vartanI vAle zabda kaise A sakate haiM / isakA samAdhAna yahI ho sakatA hai ki yadi prastuta graMtha kI racanA prAcIna hai aura vaha pUrvI pradeza ( magadha deza ) kI hai taba to mAtra

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( 56 ) 'khettanna' zabda-rUpa hI upayukta mAnA jAnA cAhie aura usI zabda kA prayoga AcArAMga meM sarvatra kiyA jAnA caahie| bhASA vijJAna ke anusAra aura aitihAsika vikAsa kI dRSTi se yahI nirNaya upayukta ThaharatA hai| prAkRta jaina vidyA vikAsa phaNDa 375 sarasvatI nagara ahamadAbAda

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haribhadra kI zrAvakaprajJapti meM varNita ahiMsA : Adhunika sandarbha meM -DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha ahiMsA kA paripAlana mAnava ke sAmAjika astitva kA eka anivArya tattva hai / jaina dharma meM ahiMsA eka aisA kendra-bindu hai jisake cAroM ora usakA samasta AcAra zAstra paribhramaNa karatA hai| satya, asteya Adi anya vratoM kI bhI jo vivecanA kI gaI hai, usameM bhI ahiMsA kI dRSTi hI pradhAna hai / prAcInatama aMga sAhitya se lekara vyAkhyA sAhitya taka-sampUrNa jaina vAGmaya ahiMsA ke vivecana se bharA par3A hai / prAcIna jaina AcAryoM se lekara Adhunika vidvAnoM taka sabhI ke lekhoM meM ahiMsA kI vivecanA eka pramukha pratipAdya viSaya rahI hai| itane bahucacita viSaya ke sambandha meM kucha navIna tathya prastuta kara pAnA mAtra eka garvokti hI hogii| phira bhI, AThavIM zatAbdI ke jaina AcArya haribhadrasUri ne apane zrAvakaprajJapti nAmaka grantha meM ahiMsA ke sambandha meM jo eka sUkSma dRSTi prastuta kI hai, usakA Adhunika sandarbho meM mUlyAMkana karane kA hama eka vinamra prayAsa kreNge| haribhadra ne ahiMsA kI jaina paramparA se haTakara koI naI vyAkhyA kI ho-aisA to nahIM kahA jA sakatA, phira bhI, unhoMne ahiMsA ke sandarbha meM uThane vAle vibhinna praznoM kI jo gambhIra vivecanA kI hai, vaha Aja bhI hamAre cintana ko na kevala prabhAvita karatI hai, apitu hameM unakI gahana vizleSaNa kSamatA aura tarkaniSTha dRSTi kA paricaya bhI detI hai| zrAvakaprajJapti meM AcArya ne zrAvakoM ke kartavyoM kA vivecana karate hue 12 vratoM arthAt 5 aNuvratoM, 3 guNavatoM aura 4 zikSAvratoM kA vivecana kiyA hai / pA~ca aNuvratoM meM prathama aNuvrata sthUlaprANighAtaviramaNa hai jise ahiMsANuvrata bhI kahA jAtA hai| apanI vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika sthiti ke kAraNa eka zrAvaka aNuvrata kA hI pAlana kara pAtA hai, mahAvrata kA nhiiN| usa para parivAra, samAja aura rASTra ke

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58 ) aneka uttaradAyitva hote haiM jinheM vaha vahana karatA hai| ataH ahiMsA kA sarvatobhAvena pAlana usake lie zakya nahIM hai| eka zrAvaka jaba ahiMsANuvrata kA pAlana karane kA nizcaya karatA hai to usake hRdaya meM kauna-kauna se vicArodvelaka prazna janma lete haiM aura kauna-kauna-sI paristhitiyA~ utpanna hotI haiM jo usake ahiMsA ke pAlana meM avarodha utpanna kara sakatI haiM, isakA AcArya haribhadra ne tArkika vizleSaNa kiyA hai aura unakA samAdhAna prastuta kara eka stutya kArya kiyA hai| yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki ahiMsA kI samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM yadyapi ye granthakAra kI svayaM kI hI parikalpanAe~ haiM kintu ve Aja bhI janasAdhAraNa ke mAnasa ko udvelita karatI haiM aura isIlie ahiMsA kA Adhunika sandarbho meM mUlyAMkana karane kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke sandarbha meM Aja jo aneka samasyAeM prastuta kI jAtI haiM unameM Mercy killing kI samasyA bahucarcita hai| eka atyadhika duHkhI prANI jisakA jIvana nArakIya yAtanAoM ne bharA huA hai aura jo kaSToM se mukti cAhatA hai, use sarvadA ke lie ciranidrA meM sulA denA pAzcAtya jagat meM puNya kA kArya mAnA jAtA hai| prazna yaha hai ki ahiMsANuvratadhAraka zrAvaka karuNAbhAva se yadi aise kisI duHkhI prANI kA vadha kara use nArakIya yAtanA se mukti dilAtA hai, to aisA karane se usakA vrata bhaMga hotA hai yA nahIM ? ___ AcArya haribhadra isako anucita mAnate haiN| unake anusAra isa prakAra ke kArya se duHkhI jIvoM ke karma kSaya nahIM hote haiM aura binA karmoM ke kSaya huye unako duHkha se chuTakArA nahIM mila sktaa| karmoM kA kSaya ajJAna ke vinaSTa hone para hI sambhava hai, duHkhI jIvoM ke vadha se nahIM / punaH "duHkhI jIvoM ke vadha se vadhakartA ko puNya prApta hotA hai" isa prazna kA uttara dete hue haribhadra kA kahanA hai ki yadi duHkhI jIvoM ke vadha se vadhakartA ko puNya prApta hotA hai to vaisI sthiti meM jina jIvoM kA vaha vadha karatA hai, ve bhI yadi jIvita rahate to anya jIvoM kA vadha karake puNya prApta krte| isa prakAra jo du:khI jIvoM ke puNyabandha meM svayaM antarAya banatA hai, usako puNya-bandha kaise ho sakatA hai| 1. zrAvakaprajJapti : prakAzaka-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, gAthA 141-420

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yaha sarvamAnya niyama hai ki dUsare ke puNyabandha meM bAdhaka bananA kabhI svayaM ke puNya-bandha kA hetu nahIM ho sktaa| AcArya haribhadra ke uparyukta dRSTikoNa kA Adhunika sandarbho meM mUlyAMkana karanA Avazyaka hai| AcArya cUMki kisI bhI prakAra kI hiMsA ke viruddha haiM ataH dharma kI paramparAgata dRSTi se unakI yaha vyAkhyA ucita ho sakatI hai| parantu jaina dharma ke vyApaka pariprekSya evaM lokavyavahAra kI dRSTi se mujhe yaha vyAkhyA ucita nahIM pratIta hotii| vyakti ko usakI nArakIya yAtanA se mukti dilA dene meM nizcaya hI karuNA kA bhAva chipA hai, hiMsA kA nhiiN| pavitra evaM niHspRha bhAva se koI zrAvaka yadi asahya darda se karAhate hue kisI vyakti kI hatyA kara detA hai to usakA yaha kArya anucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha avazya hai ki mRtyu kA AliMgana karane vAle vyakti kI isameM sahamati honI cAhie aura yaha nizcita honA cAhie ki usakI mRtyu avazyambhAvI hai tathA mAnasika rUpa se bhI vaha mRtyu ke lie taiyAra hai| jaina dharma ke paramparAgata dRSTikoNa se bhI vicAra kareM to yaha kRtya adhArmika nahIM hai| hiMsA ke kyA kAraNa haiM tathA hiMsA ke kitane rUpa haiM-isa para jaina AcAryoM ne gaMbhIratApUrvaka vicAra kiyA hai| jaina AcAryoM ke anusAra hiMsA ke cAra kAraNa haiM-(1) rAga, (2) dveSa, (3) kaSAya aura (4) prmaad| inhIM kAraNoM ke vazIbhUta hokara yadi koI vyakti hiMsA karatA hai, tabhI vaha hiMsAjanita pApa kA bhAgI hogA, anyathA nhiiN| isI prakAra jaina AcAryoM ne hiMsA ke cAra rUpa mAne haiM (1) saMkalpajA arthAt saMkalpa yA vicArapUrvaka hatyA karanA / (2) virodhajA arthAt svayaM ke adhikAroM ke rakSaNa hetu hiMsA krnaa| (3) udyogajA arthAt udyoga evaM vyavasAya meM hone vAlI hiMsA / (4) ArambhajA arthAt jIvana nirvAha ke nimitta hone vAlI hiNsaa| uparyukta sandarbha meM hama dekhate haiM ki darda se karAhate hue vyakti kI hiMsA meM rAga-dveSa, kaSAya evaM pramAda koI bhI kAraNa vidyamAna nahIM hai 1. vahamANo te niyamA karei vahapunnamaMtarAyaM se tA kahaNu tassaM punnaM tesiM kkhavaNaM va heUo / -zrAvakaprajJapti, gA0 saM0 143 /

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aura na yaha hiMsA ke cAra bhedoM ke antargata hI AtI hai / hiMsA-ahiMsA kA nirdhAraNa meM bhAva hI mukhya hai| yadi zrAvaka kA bhAva zuddha hai to usakA kArya bhI zuddha mAnA jAnA caahie| jaina darzana meM yaha mAnA gayA ki samyak rUpa se samitiyoM ke pAlana meM dattacitta sAdhu dvArA yadi cIMTI Adi jIvoM kI hiMsA ho jAtI hai, to vaha sAdhu pApa kA bhAgI nahIM kyoMki usakA bhAva zuddha hai, usI prakAra yadi koI zrAvaka zuddha bhAva se darda se karAhate hue ko usakI pIr3A se sarvadA ke lie mukti dilA detA hai to vaha zrAvaka bhI pApa kA bhAgI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| Adhunika samAja meM hiMsra pazuoM evaM viSaile jIvoM ke vadha ko ucita mAnA jAtA hai| yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki yadi siMha Adi hiMsra pazuoM kA vadha na kiyA jAye to ve kisI lokopakAraka vyakti (sAdhu) kI hiMsA kara sakate haiN| isa bhAvI hiMsA-doSa kI sambhAvanA se hiMsra evaM viSaile jIvoM ke vadha ko anaitika nahIM mAnA jAtA hai / AcArya haribhadra ne isakA bhI samAdhAna prastuta kiyA hai / AcArya kA kahanA hai ki lokopakAraka vyakti kI sambhAvita hiMsA ke bhaya se 'kisI prANI ke vadha ko ucita mAna lenA yuktisaMgata nhiiN| kyoMki sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki vaha lokopakAraka saMta puruSa bhaviSya meM nikRSTa AcaraNa karane lage athavA kumArga kA upadeza dene lage athavA parastrIgAmI bhI ho jAye / punaH sambhAvanA yaha bhI hai ki mAre jAne vAle siMha Adi hiMsra jIva apanI vRttiyoM ke kAraNa naraka ko jAyeM 'athavA jIvita rahakara kisI sAdhu ke samIpa samyaktva prApta kara AtmakalyANa kara leN| saMkSepa meM, haribhadra kA kahanA hai ki bhAvI hiMsA kI sambhAvanA se kisI prANI kA vadha ucita nhiiN| yadi isa prakAra kI bhAvI hiMsA ke bhaya se hiMsA kI jAne lage to samasta lokajIvana hiMsA se vyApta ho jAyegA / AcArya kA kahanA hai ki isa prakAra kI bhAvI 1. jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR0 204 2. zrAvakaprajJapti, gAthA saM0 168-69 3. vahI, 171-72

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( 61 ) hiMsA ke bhaya se hiMsA kA samarthana karanA anubhava, loka tathA Agama ke viruddha hai' | AcArya haribhadra kI uparyukta dRSTi kA yadi hama mUlyAMkana kareM to unakA tarka kasauTI para pUrI taraha kharA utaratA hai / pratyeka prANI ko jIvita rahane kA adhikAra hai / ahiMsA kA AdhAra hI jIvana ke prati sammAna evaM samatva bhAvanA hai / jisa prakAra hameM jIvana priya hai, usI prakAra dUsare prANiyoM ko bhI apanA jIvana priya hotA hai / isa sambandha meM dazakAlika kA yaha mantavya hai ki sabhI prANI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM, koI maranA nahIM cAhatA / yaha eka manovaijJAnika tathya hai jaisA ki AcArAMga hameM batAtA hai 'sabhI prANI sukhI rahanA cAhate haiM evaM sabhI ko duHkha pratikUla haiM ' / ataH cAhe siMha Adi bhayAnaka pazu hoM athavA keMcue Adi har3aDI rahita jIva- sabhI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM / unake vadha ko kisI bhI tarka se siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / siMha Adi pazuoM ke vadha meM bhaya hI pramukha hai / bhaya ke kAraNa yadi hama eka prANI kI hatyA karate haiM to unhIM paristhitiyoM meM dUsarA prANI bhI hamArI hatyA kara sakatA hai / yadi yaha krama anavarata rUpa se calatA rahA to sRSTi kI prakriyA hI banda ho jAyegI / ahiMsA bhayamukta vAtAvaraNa pradAna karatI hai / ahiMsA ke sambandha meM kucha dArzanika prazna bhI uThAye gaye haiM / yaha prazna upasthita kiyA gayA hai ki jIva nitya hai yA anitya / yadi jIva nitya hai to usakA vadha ho hI nahIM sakatA aura yadi vaha anitya hai to jo svayaM naSTa hone vAlA hai, usakA bhI vadha kaise sambhava hai ? phalasvarUpa jaba donoM pakSoM meM vadha kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM hai to prANi vadha se virata rahanA nirarthaka hI hai / isI prakAra yadi jIva zarIra 1. "iya anubhavalogAgamaviruddha meyaM na nAyasamayANaM maivibhamassa heU vayaNaM bhAvatthanissAraM / " - zrAvaka prajJapti, gAthA saM0 174 2. dazavaikAlika sUtra, 6 / 11 3. AcArAMga sUtra, 1 / 2 / 3 4. zrAvaka prajJapti, gAthA saM0 176-77

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( 62 ) se bhinna hai to usake zarIra kA vadha karane para usase bhinna usa jIva kA vadha sambhava hI nahIM hai ataH zarIra-vadha se jIva kA vadha ho hI nahIM sakatA / punaH yadi jIva zarIra se abhinna hai to zarIra ke naSTa hone para jIva bhI naSTa ho jAyegA-aisI sthiti meM kisI prANI kA vadha karane para na to puNya hogA aura na pApa hI / ataH ahiMsA vrata pAlana karane kA koI artha hI nahIM hogaa| ina praznoM kA uttara dete huye haribhadra ne jaina darzana ke anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa ko apanAyA hai| AcArya kA kahanA hai ki jIva kathaMcit nitya aura kathaMcit anitya hai -- isI prakAra vaha zarIra se kathaMcit bhinna aura kathaMcit abhinna bhI hai--ataH jIva kA vadha sambhava hai aura usase hone vAlA pApa aura puNya bhI sambhava hai / jIva dravyadRSTi se nitya hai, vahIM paryAyadRSTi se anitya hai| jIva sarvadA kisI na kisI zarIra ke Azrita rahatA hai tathA zarIra se kiye jAne vAle zubha-azubha kAryoM se puNya-pApa upAjita karatA hai tathA usake phala ko bhI bhogatA hai| sAtha hI, jIva jahA~ svabhAvataH cetana evaM amUrtika hai, vahIM zarIra jar3a aura mUrtika hai| isa prakAra svarUpa-bheda ke kAraNa vaha zarIra se bhinna hai kintu zarIra meM vyApta hokara rahane ke kAraNa vaha usase abhinna hai aura isI AdhAra para mUrtika bhI hai| mUrtika hone se usakA vadha bhI sambhava hai| __AcArya haribhadra ke uparyukta mata kI yadi hama samIkSA kareM to unakA mata upayukta pratIta hotA hai| yadi jIva ko hama kathaMcit nitya aura kathaMcit anitya nahIM mAneMge to hama saMsAra aura lokavyavahAra kI kAryapraNAlI ko samyaka rUpa se nahIM samajha skte| yadi hama jIva ko sarvathA nitya mAneM to utpatti aura vinAza se rahita saMsAra kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI aura isake viparIta, yadi jIva ko nitAnta kSaNabhaMgura mAneM to saMsAra kA mUlakAraNa hI nahIM sambhava hogA kyoMki isa prakAra kI sthiti meM vaha apane kRtyoM ke phala kA bhoga hI nahIM kara sakatA tathA sAtha hI, punarjanma aura pApa-puNya kI avadhAraNA hI samApta ho jaayegii| yaha eka hAsyAspada bAta hogI ki puNya aura pApa kA 1. zrAvakaprajJapti, gAthA 178-79 2. vahI, gAthA 180-90

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( 63 ) AcaraNa koI aura kare tathA phala koI dUsarA bhoge| ataH jIva kI kathaMcit nityatA aura kathaMcit anityatA evaM isI prakAra jIva aura zarIra kI kathaMcit bhinnatA aura kathaMcit abhinnatA hI saMsAra aura usakI kAryapraNAlI ko samajhane kA samyak siddhAnta ho sakatI hai| kucha vyakti yaha tarka dete haiM ki vyakti kI mRtyu asamaya nahIM hotii| hara vyakti kI mRtyu nizcita hai aura vaha usI samaya aura usI vidhi se hotI hai| inakA tarka hai ki pUrvakRta Ayu karma ke kSINa hue binA koI jIva maratA nahIM aura Ayukarma ke kSaya ho jAne para koI svayaM hI jIvita nahIM rhtaa| isa prakAra jaba prANI ke akAla mRtyu kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM hai taba vadha kI nivRtti karAnA hAsyAspada hI hai kyoMki aisI avasthA meM vadha ho hI nahIM sktaa| ____ AcArya haribhadra ko yaha tarka svIkArya nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki pUrvakRta karmoM kA kSaya kiyA jAtA hai| saMvara aura nirjarA inhIM upAyoM ke nAma haiN| yadi aisA nahIM hogA to mukti kI prApti bhI asambhava ho jaayegii| jisa prakAra Ama Adi ko gaDDhe yA palAla Adi meM rakhakara kRtrima upAya se samaya se pUrva hI pakA liyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra karma ko bhI tapa Adi vibhinna upAyoM se apanI sthiti ke pUrva hI pakA liyA jAtA hai / ataH vyakti ko prANi-vadha se virata hI rahanA caahie| AcArya haribhadra kA uparyukta tarka sahI hai / sAMsArika lokavyavahAra ke udAharaNoM ko dekara AcArya ne apane tarka ko sabala AdhAra pradAna kiyA hai| hama sAMsArika kriyA-kalApoM ko dekhakara hI kisI tathya kA jJAna prApta karate haiN| jaba Ama Adi yA isI prakAra kI anya vastueM samaya se pUrva paka sakatI haiM to karmoM kA kSaya bhI samaya se pUrva ho sakatA hai| ataH kisI prANI kA vadha karake yaha tarka denA ki usakI mRtyu isI vidhi se nizcita thI, ucita nahIM / yadi hama pahale se nahIM jAnate haiM ki usakI mRtyu mere hAthoM nizcita hai to hameM hiMsA karane kA kyA adhikAra hai| yaha to hameM bAda meM hI patA hotA hai ki usakI mRtyu 1. zrAvakaprajJapti, gAthA 192-94 2. vahI, gAthA 200-203

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( 64 ) isa vidhi se huI / punaH vyakti kI sva yA para ke nimitta se akAla mRtyu sambhava hai aura isa prakAra vadhakartA apane pApa ke bandha se baca nahIM sktaa| kucha vyakti isa tarka ko AdhAra mAnakara ki vyakti ko apane karmoM kA phala bhoganA par3atA hai, prANi-vadha ko ucita ThaharAte haiN| unakA mata hai ki jo jIva jisa prakAra kA karma karatA hai, use usa karma ke vipAka ke anusAra phala milatA hai| vadha karane vAlA prANI to kevala nimitta mAtra hotA hai / vadhyamAna prANI apane kiye hue karmoM ke kAraNa hI vadhaka ke hAthoM mArA jAtA hai| na vaha aisA karma karatA aura na vaha kisI ke dvArA mArA jaataa| yaha isalie bhI satya pratIta hotA hai ki vadhaka kisI vizeSa prANI kA hI vadha karatA hai, sabakA nahIM / ataH siddha hotA hai ki jisane amuka prANI ke dvArA mAre jAne kA karmabandha kiyA hai, vahI usake dvArA mArA jAtA hai, anya nahIM' / isalie isameM mArane vAle kA koI aparAdha nhiiN| vidvAn AcArya ne isa mata kA nirAkaraNa atyanta tArkika DhaMga se kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki prANI yadyapi apane kiye gaye karma ke udaya se hI mArA jAtA hai, phira bhI mArane vAle vyakti ke antaHkaraNa meM saMkleza-pariNAma hotA hai, usase usake pApakarma kA bandha hotA hai| isake viparIta, vadha-virati kI pratijJA se yaha sambhava hai ki vadhaka ke hRdaya meM nirmala bhAva utpanna hoM jisake prabhAva se vaha prANI kA ghAta na karake mukti prApti kA prayatna kare / isake atirikta yaha ekAntika niyama nahIM hai ki vadhyamAna prANI ko apane karma ke anusAra kisI vyakti vizeSa ke hAthoM maranA pdd'egaa| haribhadra sUri kA kahanA hai ki prANI jisa prakAra ke vipAka se yukta karma ko bAMdhatA hai, usameM AtmA ke pariNAma-vizeSa se apakarSaNa, utkarSaNa aura saMkramaNa Adi bhI saMbhava haiM / ataeva jo karma jisa rUpa se baMdhA hai, usake vipAka kI sthiti meM hInAdhikatA ho sakatI hai / ataH yaha anivArya nahIM hai ki vyakti kI mRtyu jisa nimitta se honI hai, usI nimitta se ho| 1. zrAvakaprajJapti, gAthA 209-12 2. vahI, 215 3. vahI, 216

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( 65 ) AcArya haribhadra kA yaha dRSTikoNa manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI sahI hai| kisI prANI kA vadha karane para vadhakartA ke antaHkaraNa meM svabhAvataH hI saMkleza hotA hai| isake atirikta, bure karmoM kA burA hI phala mile--yaha to Adima yuga kI barbaratA kA udAharaNa hogaa| phala (vipAka) aisA milanA cAhie jo mAnavIya hone ke sAtha hI upadezAtmaka bhI ho / aitihAsika udAharaNa yaha spaSTa karate haiM ki satsaMga arthAt mahAn vyaktiyoM ke samparka meM Akara krUra se krUra vyakti bhI sAdhu ho gaye aura AtmakalyANa kI sAdhanA meM rata ho gaye / atankRtadazAMga meM varNita arjuna mAlI kA udAharaNa draSTavya hai| vaha apane praNa ke anusAra pratidina chaH vyaktiyoM kI hatyA karatA thA aura usakA yaha krara kArya chaH mAha taka claa| anta meM vaha mahAvIra ke samparka meM Akara sAdhu ho gayA aura apane karmoM kA kSaya kara mukta ho gyaa| mahAtmA buddha aura bhayAnaka DAkU aMgulimAla kA udAharaNa sarvavidita hai / guNavAn vyakti ke samparka meM Akara eka bhayAnaka DAka kaise saccaritra sAdhu bana jAtA hai--yaha udAharaNa darzanIya hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI kA yaha dRSTikoNa ki pApa se ghaNA karo, pApI se nahIM- isI sandarbha meM mahattvapUrNa hai| unhoMne burAI kA jisa ahiMsaka upAyoM se sAmanA kiyAvaha sarvaprasiddha hai| jayaprakAza nArAyaNa ne kara DAkUoM ke hRdaya ko parivartita kara kisa prakAra unako eka saccaritra mAnava ke rUpa meM jIne kA upadeza diyA- uparyukta sandarbho meM ise acchI prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai| ataH AcArya haribhadra kA yaha dRSTikoNa tArkika hone ke sAtha hI upadezAtmaka bhI hai aura Adhunika yuga meM mahAtmA gA~dhI dvArA isa para saphala prayoga bhI kiyA jA cukA hai| kucha vyaktiyoM kA yaha tarka hai ki bAlaka Adi ke vadha meM adhika aura vRddha Adi ke vadha meM alpa hiMsA hotI hai| isa mata kA nirAkaraNa karate hue haribhadrasUri kA kahanA hai ki Agama meM hiMsA kA varNana dravyakSetrAdi ke bheda se bhinna-bhinna hotA hai| cU~ki pApa kA janaka saMkleza hai ataH vaha bAla va kumAra ke vadha meM adhika aura vRddha evaM yuvA ke vadha meM kama ho--aisA niyama nahIM hai| paristhiti ke anusAra vaha isake viparIta bhI ho sakatA hai|' 1. zrAvakaprajJapti, gAthA 221-22

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AcArya haribhadra kA uparyukta mata jaina Agama granthoM ke anukUla hai / jaisA ki hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiM-hiMsA-ahiMsA ke nirNaya kA mukhya AdhAra bhAva hai| hiMsaka kI mAnasika vRtti ke AdhAra para hI hiMsAjanita alpa-bahutva pApa kA nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva ke nirNaya meM jIvoM kI saMkhyA tathA unakI yuvAvasthA athavA vRddhAvasthA ko gauNa mAnA gayA hai| isameM mAnasika bhAva ke sAtha-sAtha vyakti kI aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kSamatA ko mukhya AdhAra banAyA gyaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki bhagavatIsUtrakAra ne eka ahiMsaka RSi kI hatyA karane vAle ko ananta jIvoM kI hiMsA karane vAlA batAyA hai| isa sandarbha meM hama dekhate haiM ki hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva ke nirNaya meM saMkhyA athavA avasthA kA utanA sthAna nahIM hai jitanA ki vyakti kI svayaM kI sAmAjika mUlyavattA evaM usakI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kSamatA kA / AcArya haribhadra ne hiMsA ke cAra udAharaNa dekara hiMsA ke cAra rUpoM ko samajhAne kA saphala prayoga kiyA hai : (ka) IryAsamiti ke pAlana meM dattacitta kisI sAdhu ke pairoM tale cIMTI Adi jIvoM kI mRtyu ho jAne para bhI sAdhu hiMsA kA bhAgI nahIM hotA kyoMki sAdhu kA uddezya prANI-pIr3ana nahIM hai, vaha to pramAda rahita hokara sAvadhAnI pUrvaka hI gamana kara rahA hai| (kha) aMdhere meM par3I huI rassI ko sarpa samajhakara use mAra DAlane ke vicAra se usake Upara zastra kA prahAra karane vAlA vyakti sarpaghAta rUpa hiMsA ke pApa kA bhAgI hotA hai / yahA~ vyakti ko sarpavadha ke binA hI kevala sarpaghAta ke pariNAma (manobhAva) se sAmpa rAyika bandha hotA hai / (ga) eka vyAdha mRga ke zikAra ke vicAra se dhanuSa se usake Upara bANa chor3atA hai jisase viddha hokara mRga mRtyu ko prApta ho jAtA hai / vaha vyAdha dravya aura bhAva donoM prakAra se hiMsaka hai| eka guru ziSya ko suyogya vidvAn banAne ke lie usako mArane tAr3ane Adi kA vicAra prakaTa karatA hai| yadyapi aise zabdoM ke 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 9 / 34 / 107 2. zrAvakaprajJapti, gAthA saM0 223-29

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( 67 ) uccAraNa mAtra se hiMsA hotI hai parantu isa prakAra ke AcaraNa meM na to mAraNa-tAr3ana kiyA jAtA hai aura na guru kA vaisA abhiprAya hI rahatA hai, ataH vaha doSa se rahita hai| upayukta udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki hiMsA kI hInAdhikatA hiMsaka ke abhiprAya-vizeSa para nirbhara hai| hiMsA meM saMkalpa hI pramukha hotA hai| hiMsA ke saMkalpa ke abhAva meM yadi hiMsA hotI hai to vaha hiMsA nahIM mAnI jA sktii| gRhastha zrAvaka dvArA bhUmi jotate hue, mandira banAne ke lie patthara tor3ate hue, muni ke dvArA pada-yAtrA karate hue yadi kisI prANI kI hiMsA hotI hai to use pApa ke phala se mukta mAnA jAnA caahie| hiMsA rAga, dveSa, kaSAya aura pramAda ke kAraNa hI hotI hai aura jaba ye bhAva manuSya meM nahIM haiM to use pApa kA bhAgI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaisA ki prathama udAharaNa meM hama dekhate haiM ki pramAdarahita hone ke kAraNa muni trasa-jIva kI hatyA ke bAda bhI pApa kA bhAgI nahIM hai-eka guru mArane-tAr3ane rUpa zAbdika hiMsA karane para bhI pApa se mukta hai| parantu eka vyakti yadi rassI ko sAMpa samajhakara mAratA hai to vaha pApa kA bhAgI hai kyoMki vaha saMkalpapUrvaka aura dveSa tathA krodha se mAratA hai| merI samajha se samAja yA rASTra ke dAyitva kA nirvAha karate hue yadi hiMsA hotI hai to vaha hiMsA ke pApa kA bhAgI nahIM hai kyoMki vaha kucha kI hatyA kara bahuta kI jAna bacAtA hai| gItA meM bhI kRSNa arjuna ko vidveSa bhAvanA se rahita hokara, rAga-dveSa tathA pramAda ke binA yuddha karane ko kahate haiN| aisI sthiti meM vaha hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai| nizItha cUNi' meM eka kathA kA varNana hai jisameM tIna siMhoM kI hatyA ke pazcAt bhI eka muni ko pApa kA bhAgI nahIM mAnA gayA hai apitu Azcaryajanaka rUpa se use vizuddha mAnA gayA hai kyoMki usane tIna siMhoM kI hatyA karake hajAroM sAdhUoM kI jAna bacAyI thii| ataH merI samajha se yadi bRhattara hita ke lie hiMsA hotI hai to use hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| isake uparAnta AcArya haribhadra sthUlaprANivadhavirati ke 5 ati 1. nizIthacUNi

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( 64 ) cAra batAte haiM, jo nimna haiM (1) bandha arthAt rassI Adi se pazuoM tathA manuSyoM ko bA~dhanA (2) vadha arthAt mAranA-tAr3anA (3) viccheda arthAt zarIra kA chedana karanA ( 4 ) ati-AropaNa arthAt AvazyakatA se adhika bojha lAdanA (5) bhaktaphAnavyuccheda arthAt bhojana-pAna kA nirodha krnaa| __ AcArya haribhadra kA zrAvakoM ko yaha upadeza hai ki ve ina aticAroM se yathAsambhava bacane kA prayAsa kreN| Adhunika kAla meM bhI ina aticAroM se AsAnIpUrvaka bacA jA sakatA hai| hameM binA prayojana ke pazuoM Adi ko nahIM bA~dhanA cAhie tathA yadi. bA~dhanA Avazyaka ho to aisA bA~dhanA cAhie jisase ve Akasmika vipatti meM saralatApUrvaka chur3Akara apane prANoM kI rakSA kara skeN| isI prakAra zarIra kA chedana athavA mAranA-tAr3anA bhI prayojanavaza honA cAhie, nirdayatApUrvaka nhiiN| isIprakAra hama dAsoM yA pazuoM para AvazyakatA se adhika bojha na lAdakara aticAra se baca sakate haiN| jahA~ taka bhojana-pAna ke nirodha kA prazna hai, vaha bhI zikSAprada honA caahie| unake bhojana-pAna kA nirodha kucha hI samaya ke lie karanA cAhie tAki unheM vyAkulatA kA anubhava na ho| anta meM AcArya haribhadra ahiMsANuvrata kI rakSA ke lie zrAvaka ko zuddha jala pIne evaM jIva-jantuoM se rahita vizuddha lakar3I evaM khAdya padArtha ke upayoga kI salAha dete haiM / zuddha jala pIne evaM jIva-jantuoM se rahita khAdya padArtha ke upabhoga kI salAha Adhunika vaijJAnika dRSTi se sarvathA samarthita hai| zuddha jala yA to sApha kapar3e se chAnakara athavA ubAlakara prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| donoM dRSTiyoM se yaha svAsthya ke lie lAbhadAyaka hai| jIva-jantu rahita lakar3I ke upayoga kI salAha mukhyataH ahiMsA ko 1 zrAvaka prajJapti, gAthA saM0 258 2. "parisuddhajalaggahaNaM dArUya-dhannAiyANa taha ceva gahiyANa vi paribhogo vihIi tsrkkhnntttthaae|" -vahI, 259

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lekara hai| prAcIna samaya meM lakar3I kA upayoga pramukhataH IMdhana ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| Adhunika kAla meM gaisa evaM koyale kA pracura upayoga ho rahA hai| vaise bhI hameM lakar3iyoM ( vanaspatiyoM) kA nirarthaka upayoga nahIM karanA caahie| zuddha khAdya-padArtha ke upabhoga kA jo nirdeza diyA gayA hai vaha mukhyataH hamAre svAsthya se sambandhita hai| khAdyapadArthoM meM milAvaTa se hamAre zarIra meM aneka roga ho jAte haiN| inase bacane kA sarvottama upAya zuddha khAna-pAna hI hai| isa prakAra AcArya haribhadra ne ahiMsA ke sambandha meM zrAvakoM ko jo nirdeza-upadeza diyA hai, Adhunika samAja meM bhI unakI sArthakatA hai| manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| yadi use samAja meM rahanA hai to use samAja ke sabhI vyaktiyoM ke sukha-suvidhAoM kA dhyAna rakhanA pdd'egaa| ahiMsA samAnatA kA pATha par3hAtI hai| jahA~ taka siMha Adi hiMsra evaM sarpa Adi viSaile jantuoM kA prazna hai, Adhunika sarakAra inake saMrakSaNa-parirakSaNa kA hara sambhava prayAsa kara rahI hai / aneka AraNya-abhayAraNya ghoSita kara diye gaye haiM jahA~ pazuoM kI hatyA yA zikAra niSiddha hai| hama samAja meM "jiyo aura jIne do" ke siddhAnta kA pAlana kara ahiMsA kI mUla bhAvanA ke nikaTa pahu~ca sakate haiN| pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa zrI bajaraMga mahAvidyAlaya dAdara Azrama sikandarapura, baliyA, u0 pra0

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Izvaratva : jaina aura yoga-eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana .-DaoN0 lalitakizora lAla zrIvAstava sAmAnyatayA Izvara ko dharma kA kendra bindu mAnA jAtA hai / apUrNa, sasIma evaM durbala mAnava svabhAvataH eka asIma, sarvazaktizAlI evaM pUrNa alaukika sattA kI kalpanA karatA hai jo usase adhika balavAn ho aura jo usakI mAMgoM para sahAnubhUtipUrvaka vicAra karake usakI madada ke lie sadaiva taiyAra rhe| lekina bhAratIya paramparA meM dharma ke lie Izvara kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA bAdhyatA nahIM hai| jaina aura bauddha dharma binA Izvara kI sattA svIkAra kiye hI pahale darje ke dharma kI koTi meM gine jAte haiN| yadyapi ina dharmoM meM bhI inake saMsthApaka ko kAlAntara meM Izvaratva kA darjA prApta ho jAtA hai| jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkara IzvararUpa mAne jAte haiN| ve anaMtajJAna, anaMta zakti se yukta haiM, unameM rAga-dveSAdi nahIM hai, ve samasta IzvarIya guNoM se yukta haiN| tIrthaMkara jagat kI sRSTi ke kAraNa nahIM haiM aura na unakI kRpA se nirvANa kI prApti hI hotI hai| yogadarzana meM bhI Izvara ko "puruSa vizeSa" mAnA gayA hai| vaha sRSTikartA nahIM hai| sRSTi to prakRti se sambandhita hai / vizva vikAsa kA pariNAma hai| saiddhAntika rUpa se jaina darzana Izvara vicAra kA khaNDana karatA hai| Izvara ke astitva ke lie diye gaye paramparAgata pramANoM kI AlocanA karake Izvara kI sattA kA niSedha karatA hai|' Izvara kI sattA kA khaNDana karane ke lie jaina darzana ke pAsa Thosa AdhAra haiN| 1. draSTavya-prameyakamalamArtaNDa (AcArya prabhAcandra ) dvitIya adhyAya tathA syAdvAdamaMjarI ( mallisena sUri ) zloka 6 aura usa para hemacandra kI TIkA /

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( 72 ) yahA~ para una kAraNoM para prakAza DAlanA aparihArya hai jinake AdhAra para Izvara- sattA kA khaNDana kiyA jAtA hai : a - sRSTi kI racanA dravyoM se huI hai / ba - Izvara ko nirmANa athavA sRSTi kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / sa- manuSya apanA bhAgya-vidhAtA svayaM hai / karma se hI jIvana kA sAdhya prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / sAdhanA dvArA hI vyakti paramAtma-pada ko prApta kara sakatA hai, Izvara kRpA se nahIM / da - jaina dharma brAhmaNa dharma ke prati eka pratikriyA hai ataH IzvaravAda, varNa-vyavasthA, jAtivAda, yajJa Adi bAhya karmakANDa, dAna-dakSiNA Adi ke virodha meM kahanA usakI svAbhAvikatA hai / mAnava aura vizva kI pratyeka vastu kA kAraNa jainadarzana ke anusAra dravya hai / dravya saMkhyA meM cha: haiM - AkAza, kAla, pudgala, jIva, dharma aura adharma / inhIM chaH dravyoM ke pArasparika saMyoga evaM sammizraNa ke kAraNa vizva kI vastuoM evaM mAnava kI utpatti hotI hai / asaMkhya jIvoM evaM padArthoM kI paraspara pratikriyA ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kara jaina darzana isa vizva ke vikAsa ko saMbhava banA detA hai / " jagat ke sRjana athavA saMhAra ke liye Izvara ko mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / isake mata se - vidyamAna padArthoM kA nAza nahIM ho sakatA aura na hI asat se sRSTi kA nirmANa saMbhava hai / janma athavA vinAza vastuoM ke apane guNoM evaM prakAroM ke kAraNa hotA hai / hamAre zarIra aura anya jar3a dravya aNuoM ke saMyoga se hI bane saMghAta haiM / mana, vacana tathA prANa jar3a tattvoM se hI nirmita haiM / isa taraha jagat kA nirmANa eka svAbhAvika pariNati hai / jainamata meM mAnava prakRti kI sarvazreSTha racanA hai / mAnava se pare kisI anya zreSTha sattA kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI / karma se hI rAjapAla 1. bhAratIya darzana - DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ( hindI anuvAda) bhAga - 1 eNDa sansa, dillI 1989, pR0 302 303 2. paJcAstikAya samayasAra, 15 3. tattvArthasUtra- 5/19

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( 73 ) jIvana kA sAdhya prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAdhanA hI vyakti ko paramAtmapada kI prApti karA sakatI hai| jaina dharma meM sAdhya evaM sAdhaka meM abheda mAnA gayA hai| samayasAra TIkA meM AcArya amRtacandasUri likhate haiM : "para dravya kA parihAra evaM zuddha Atmatattva kI upalabdhi hI siddhi hai|"1 vastutaH "jaina sAdhanA kA lakSya athavA Adarza koI bAhya tattva nahIM hai, vaha to sAdhaka kA apanA hI nija rUpa hai| usakI hI apanI pUrNatA kI avasthA hai| sAdhaka kA Adarza usake bAhara nahIM hai varan usake andara hI hai| sAdhaka ko use pAnA bhI nahIM hai kyoMki pAyA vaha jAtA hai jo vyakti meM apane meM nahIM ho athavA apane se bAhya ho / "2 vaha AtmA jo kaSAya aura rAga-dveSa se yukta hai aura unase yukta hone ke kAraNa baddha, sImita aura apUrNa hai, vahI AtmA anaMta jJAna, anaMta darzana, anaMta saukhya evaM ananta zakti ko prakaTa kara mukta evaM pUrNa bana jAtA hai| upAdhyAya amaramuni jI kahate haiM ki AtmA ke bAhara eka kaNa meM bhI sAdhanA kI unmukhatA nahIM hai| isIlie jaina dharma meM AtmA aura paramAtmA ke pArasparika saMbaMdha ko lekara kahA gayA hai -"appA so paramappA" arthAt AtmA hI paramAtmA hai| pharka kevala karmarUpa AvaraNa kA hai / jaina dharma meM isa bAta para jora diyA gayA hai ki manuSya paramAtmapada ko apane hI prayatna se prApta kara sakatA hai, Izvara kRpA se nhiiN| svaprayatna, svasAdhanA aura svakarma hI use usake lakSya taka pahu~cA sakate haiM / "jaina dharma ne kisI vizvaniyaMtA Izvara ko svIkAra karane ke sthAna para manuSya meM Izvaratva kI pratiSThA kI aura yaha batAyA ki vyakti hI apanI sAdhanA ke dvArA paramAtmadazA ko prApta kara sakatA hai|" jainadharma kevala una logoM ke lie hai jo vIra aura dRr3hacitta haiN| 1. samayasAra TIkA 305 2. dharma kA marma-DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha vi0 zo0 saMsthAna, vArANasI 1986, pR0 22 3. vahI, pR0 23 4. vahI 5. "jaina adhyAtmavAda : Adhunika sandarbha meM"-DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina prA0 vi0 zo* saMsthAna ( laghu prakAzana naM0 11) 1983, pR0 15-16

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( 74 ) isakA mUla mantra svAvalambana hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki yahA~ mukta AtmA ko "jina" yA "vIra" kahA jAtA hai| jainiyoM ko karmavAda jaisI alaMghya vyavasthA meM vizvAsa hai| pUrvajanma ke karmoM kA nAza vicAra, vacana aura karmoM ke dvArA hI ho sakatA hai| tIrthaMkara to mArga pradarzana ke lie kevala Adarza kA kAma karate haiN| isa taraha yathArtha svarUpa ko pahacAnane se hI mokSa kA mArga prazasta hotA hai, tIrthaMkaroM kI bhakti se nhiiN| jainadharma vaidika karmakANDoM ke prati eka pratikriyA hai| ataH jainiyoM ke lie yaha svAbhAvika hai ki ve vaidika dharma kI una mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kreN| yahI kAraNa hai ki IzvaravAda, varNa-vyavasthA, jAtivAda, yajJa Adi bAhya karmakAMDa, dAna-dakSiNA Adi kA khaNDana jainadharma meM milatA hai / saiddhAntika rUpa se jainadharma anIzvaravAdI hai kintu vyAvahArika rUpa se ise IzvaravAdI kahanA adhika upayukta jAna par3atA hai| yaha eka aisI sattA yA zakti meM vizvAsa rakhatA hai jo sarvajJa, sarvazaktimAna aura sarvavyApI hai| yahA~ siddhajIva arthAt tIrthaMkara Izvara kA rUpa le lete haiN| "jahA~ taka paramAtmA ke prati zraddhA yA AsthA kA prazna hai, jainadharma meM ise vItarAgadeva ( tIrthaMkara) ke prati zraddhA ke rUpa meM abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi jaina dharma ko anIzvaravAdI kahA jAtA hai aura isI AdhAra para kabhI-kabhI yaha bhI mAna liyA jAtA hai ki usameM zraddhA yA bhakti kA koI sthAna nahIM hai kintu yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hai|'4 ye tIrthaMkara mukta jIva haiN| inameM anaMta jJAna, anaMta darzana, anaMta zakti evaM anaMta sukha vidyamAna haiM / inhoMne rAga-dveSa, janmamaraNa evaM anya sAMsArika vAsanAoM para pUrNa niyaMtraNa kara liyA hai| sabhI vikAroM para vijaya prApta karane ke kAraNa inheM "jina" kahA jAtA hai|5 jina loga svabhAva siddha, janmasiddha, zuddha, buddha, bhagavAn 1. bhAratIya darzana-dattA aura caTarjI, pR0 24 2. draSTavya-paJcAstikAya samayasAra 176 aura Age 3. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 12 / 44, 12 / 46 tathA 9 / 40 4. dharma kA marma, pR0 29 5. draSTavyaH bhadrabAhu kA kalpasUtra aura zrImatI sTIvensana kA di harTa oNpha jainijma, caturtha adhyAya

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nahIM hote varan sAdhAraNa prANiyoM ke samAna hI janma grahaNa kara kAmakrodhAdi vikAroM para vijaya prApta karake paramAtmA bana jAte haiM, arthAt Izvaratva ko prApta hote haiN| aise vItarAga sarvajJa, hitopadezI hI jina haiM tathA unake dvArA kiyA gayA upadeza hI jaina dharma hai|' ina jina athavA tIrthaMkaroM kI zAnadAra pUjA jainadharma meM hotI hai / inakI mUrtiyA~ pratyeka jainI ke lie zraddhA evaM ArAdhanA kI viSaya haiN| jaina dharma meM vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM ke garbha-praveza, janma, dIkSA, kaivalya-prApti evaM nirvANadivasoM ko parva ke rUpa meM manAyA jAtA hai / 2 sampUrNa jainadharma aura darzana aise hI caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI vANI yA upadeza kA saMkalana hai| yahA~ yaha dhyAna dene yogya bAta hai ki jainadharma meM sabhI mukta jIva tIrthakara nahIM hote| tIrthaMkara jina avasthA ko prApta karake tIrtha yA saMgha kI sthApanA karake jaina dharma kA upadeza karate haiN| ina 24 tIrthaMkaroM meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva prathama tIrthaMkara the| varddhamAna yA mahAvIra (I0 pUrva 600) caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara the| varddhamAna ke pUrva 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha the|4 jainadharma meM tIrthaMkaroM ko kevala bhagavAn rUpa meM hI svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai balki unameM tAtvika aura naitika guNoM kA bhI vidhAna kiyA jAtA hai| tIrthaMkara meM sarvajJatA, anaMtatA, sarvazaktimattA Adi guNa pAye jAte haiN| kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaMkara anaMta zakti, ananta jJAna, 1. jainadharma -paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, pR0 65 2. jaina AdhyAtmavAda : Adhunika saMdarbha meM, pR0 13 3. jainadharma --paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI pR0 34 tathA draSTavya-sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI-TATiyA, nathamala (pA0 vi0 zo0 saMsthAna, vArANasI) 1951, pR0 128 4. anya tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma isa prakAra hai :-ajita, sambhava, abhinaMdana, sumati, padmaprabhu, supArzva, candraprabha, puSpadaMta, zItala, zreyAMsa, vAsupUjya, vimala, ananta, dharma, zAnti, kunthu, ara, malli, munisuvrata, nami, nemi,. pArzva / 5. bhAratIya darzana-dattA aura caTarjI pR0 23-24

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( 76 ) samasta anaMta darzana Adi se yukta haiM / " agara hama tIrthaMkara ke jIvana kI ora dRSTipAta kareM to naitika guNoM ke bhI vahA~ darzana hote haiM / " vikAroM para vijaya prApta karane vAle rAgadveSAdi se virata tIrthaMkara zubhatva kI pratimUrti haiM / unameM acchAI hI hai, burAI kA lezamAtra nahIM / manuSya jina acche guNoM kI kalpanA kara sakatA hai ve saba tIrthaGkara meM vidyamAna haiM / dayAlutA ke guNa para prakAza DAlate hue AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai : savve sattA Na haMtavvA esa dhamme suddhe Niie sAsae samicca loyaM kheyaNNehiM paveie / arthAt bhUtakAla meM jo arhat hue haiM, vartamAna kAla meM jo arhat haiM aura bhaviSya meM jo arhata hoMge, ve sabhI eka hI sandeza dete haiM ki kisI prANI kI, kisI sattva kI hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie, unakA ghAta nahIM karanA cAhiye, use pIr3A nahIM pahu~cAnI cAhiye, yahI ekamAtra zuddha, nitya evaM zAzvata dharma hai / isI sandarbha meM praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn ( tIrthaMkara ) kA yaha sukathita pravacana saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie hai / * tIrthaMkara ko udAsIna saMta aura loka kalyANakArI mAnA gayA hai / lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA jaina dharma kA prANa hai / ina tIrthaMkaroM ko AdhyAtmika guru aura preraNAsrota ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai|" hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM isa para spaSTa taura para prakAza DAlA hai / vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki guru hameM satya ke prakAzana eva 1. tattvArthasUtra 7 / 2 2. draSTavya - kalpasUtra 16 tathA tattvArthaM sUtra 6 / 23 3. sTaDIja ina jainijma, pR0 268 4. uddhRta -- dharma kA marma pR0 17 5. praznavyAkaraNasUtra 2 / 1 / 2 6. niyamasAra 77-81 tathA uttarAdhyayana sUtra 32 / 101 7. kalpasUtra 16 8. jJAnArNava ( zubhacandra ) 37|40

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( 77 ) sAdhya kI prApti meM sahAyaka hotA hai|' zubhacandra ne cAra prakAra ke dhyAnoM kA varNana kiyA hai--piMDastha, padastha, rUpastha aura rUpAtIta dhyAna / ' unhoMne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki rUpastha dhyAna meM tIrthaMkara ke vibhUtimaya svarUpa kA dhyAna yogI ko karanA caahie| isase use sAdhanA meM agrasArita hone kI preraNA milatI hai aura yogI siddhAvasthA ko prApta karane lAyaka ho jAtA hai|3 "jisa prakAra samudra meM bhaTakate hue jahAja ke lie svayaM kucha na karake bhI prakAza staMbha eka trANadAtA hotA hai, usI prakAra duHkha ke sAgara meM utarAte hama pAmara prANiyoM ke lie vItarAga prabhu kucha nahIM karatA huA bhI trANadAtA hotA hai| vaha eka prakAza stambha hai, mArgadarzaka hai, Adarza hai jisake Aloka meM hama apanI yAtrA kara sakate haiN|"4 tIrthaMkara kI stuti hamArI prasupta antaHcetanA ko jAgRta karatI hai aura hamAre sAmane sAdhanA ke Adarza kA eka jIvaMta citra upasthita karatI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki stavana se vyakti kI darzana vizuddhi hotI hai, usakA dRSTikoNa samyak banatA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa vaha AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakatA hai|"5 bhagavadbhakti se pUrvasaMcita karmoM kA kSaya hotA hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM jainAcArya bhadrabAhu ne isa bAta ko spaSTarUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhagavAn ke nAma smaraNa mAtra se pApa kSINa ho jAte haiM / upayukta vivaraNa se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki jaina darzana Izvara kI sattA ko svIkAra na karate hue bhI tIrthaMkaroM ko Izvara ke rUpa meM sthApita karate haiM / yahA~ nAstikatA meM AstikatA kA darzana hotA hai / tIrthaMkara Izvara rUpa hai lekina sRSTikartA nhiiN| mAnava jIvana ke sarvocca lakSya (kaivalya-prApti) kI prApti meM sAkSAt kAraNa nahIM bnte| 1. yogazAstra 13-17 2. jJAnArNava 710 3. vahI 37-50 4. dharma kA marma, pR0 31 5. vahI, pR0 32 6. uddhata vahI, pR0 32

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( 74 ) yoga darzana meM bhI Izvara sambandhI avadhAraNA ko eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai / yoga sAMkhya kA vyAvahArika pakSa hai aura sAMkhya yoga kA saiddhAntika pakSa / yoga sAMkhya dvArA pratipAdita tattva-mImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA Adi ko mAnakara calatA hai| gItA meM ina donoM ko eka hI mAnA gayA hai / eka hI mata ke saiddhAntika evaM vyAvahArika pakSa hone ke kAraNa donoM eka hI haiN| yoga Izvara meM vizvAsa karatA hai isIlie ise sezvara sAMkhya bhI kahA gayA hai / 2 sanAtana sAMkhya nirIzvaravAdI hai| yogadarzana ke praNetA maharSi pataMjali kI dRSTi meM Izvara kA utanA saiddhAntika mUlya nahIM hai jitanA vyAvahArika / jagat se saMbaMdhita samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa hetu ve Izvara kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa nahIM karate kyoMki jagat vikAsa kA pariNAma hai|3 avyakta prakRti samasta kAryoM kA kAraNa hai| pataMjali kA kahanA hai ki Izvara praNidhAna bhI samAdhi kA eka sAdhana hai jisake dvArA mukti mila sakatI hai| isakI upayogitA citta kI ekAgratA meM hai aura dhyAna ke sAdhanoM meM eka yaha bhI hai| aSTAMga yoga kA dUsarA aMga niyama yA sadAcAra kA pAlana hai| isake nimnalikhita aMga haiM- (a) zauca, (A) saMtoSa, (i) tapa, (I) svAdhyAya, (u) Izvara praNidhAna / 5 Izvara praNidhAna se tAtparya Izvara kA dhyAna evaM una para apane ko chor3a denA hai| ___ kAlAntara meM (bAda ke) yoga dArzanikoM ne saiddhAntika rUpa se Izvara ke svarUpa kI vivecanA kI aura Izvara ke astitva ke lie pramANa bhI diyaa| isa taraha yoga darzana ke graMthoM meM Izvara saMbaMdhI vicAra bhI milate haiN| 1. e kriTikala sarve oNpha iNDiyana philAsaphI-candradhara zarmA, motIlAla __ banArasI dAsa 1976, pR0 169 2. vahI 3. bhAratIya darzana-dattA aura caTarjI pR0 195-196 4. draSTavya yoga sUtra aura bhASya 2 / 26-55 tathA 3 / 1-4 5. zaucasaMtoSa tapa : svAdhyAyezvara praNidhAnAni niyamAH

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( 79 ) yoga darzana meM Izvara ke astitva ko siddha karane ke jo pramANa die gaye haiM unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai : (a) vedAdi ke AdhAra para - veda, upaniSad Adi sabhI zAstra Izvara ko parama sattA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM / isa prakAra zAstra sammata hone ke kAraNa Izvara kA astitva siddha hotA hai / (ba) anavaratatA ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para - anavaratatA ke anusAra yaha svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai ki jisa vastu kI nyUnAdhika mAtrA hotI hai usakI eka alpatama aura adhikatama sImA bhI hotI hai / alpatama pariNAma aNu hai aura adhikatama AkAza / ThIka isI taraha jJAna evaM bhakti ke saMdarbha meM bhI socanA cAhie uparyukta kI bhinna-bhinna mAtrAe~ dIkha par3atI haiN| unakI bhI eka sImA honI caahie| avazya hI eka aisA puruSa honA cAhie jo sarvAdhika jJAna evaM bhakti rakhane vAlA ho / yaha puruSa Izvara hai / ( sa ) prakRti evaM puruSa ke saMyoga evaM viyoga ( viccheda ) kI kArakatA ke AdhAra para - prakRti evaM puruSa donoM bhinna-bhinna evaM paraspara virodhI svabhAva vAle tattva haiM / prakRti jar3a hai to puruSa cetana / prakRti sakriya hai to puruSa niSkriya / ina donoM ke saMyoga se hI vizva vikAsa hotA hai aura donoM ke viccheda se vizva kA pralaya hotA hai / aba samasyA hai ki agara eka tIsare nimittakAraNa ke astitva ko - svIkAra na kiyA jAya to uparyukta ke sandarbha meM saMyoga evaM viccheda kI prakriyA saMbhava nahIM ho pAyegI / yahI nimitta kAraNa Izvara hai jisakI preraNA ke binA prakRti jagat kA usa rUpa meM vikAsa nahIM kara sakatI hai jo jIvoM ke abhyudaya evaM niHzreyasa ke lie anukUla ho / (da) Izvara kI bhakti ke AdhAra para - Izvara kI bhakti ( Izvara praNidhAna) samAdhi ke liye nizcita evaM sarvotkRSTa sAdhana hai / Izvara kevala dhyAna kA viSaya hI nahIM balki vaha pUrNa mahAprabhu hai jo apanI kRpA se upAsakoM ke pApa evaM doSa dUrakara unake liye samAdhi kA mArga prazasta kara detA hai / Izvara bhakti evaM Izvara kRpA yoga siddhi ke liye anukUla mArga banA detI hai / Izvara kI anukampA se hI kaivalya kI prApti saMbhava hai /

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( 80 ) yoga darzana meM Izvara ke svarUpa para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| maharSi paMtajali ne Izvara kI paribhASA dete hue kahA hai ki 'Izvara avidyAdi kleza pApapUNya karma, una karmoM ke phala evaM vAsanAoM se rahita puruSa vizeSa hai| avidyA, asmitA, rAga, dveSa tathA abhiniveza ye pA~ca kleza mAne gaye haiN| avidyA ko klezoM kI prasava bhUmi yA mUla kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| kuzala aura akuzala, zubha aura azubha, puNya evaM pAparUpa karma kahe jAte haiN| puNya aura pApa ke phala jAti Ayu yoga rUpa vipAka mAne gaye haiN| sukha-duHkha Adi bhogoM se utpanna nAnA prakAra kI vAsanA Asrava kahalAtI hai| isa prakAra ukta kleza, karma vipAka aura Asrava se jo asambaddha ( aparAbhraSTa ) hai vahI puruSa vizeSa Izvara hai| puruSa vizeSa kI eka dUsarI vyAkhyA bhI dI gaI hai| Izvara sabhI prakAra ke aizvarya se yukta hai| aNimAdi sabhI aizvarya Izvara ke samAna athavA Izvara se adhika kisI meM nahIM haiN| isa prakAra baddha, mukta, prakRtilIna Adi sabhI jIvoM kI apekSA Izvara puruSavizeSa hai| puruSa vizeSa Izvara hI jJAna kI parAkASThA hai tathA sarvajJatA kA bIjasvarUpa hai| yoga darzana meM Izvara ko guru yA upadeSTA ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / sRSTi ke prArambha meM utpanna brahmAdi devoM tathA aMgirAdi RSiyoM ke bhI guru yA upadeSTArUpa meM vahI Izvara sthita hai| vaha nityayukta hai / na vaha kabhI bandhana meM thA aura na Age hI sambhAvanA hai| vaha karma siddhAnta se pare hai| sasAra ke sabhI jIva avidyAdi ahaMkAra, vAsanA, rAga-dveSa aura abhiniveza (mRtyubhaya) Adi ke kAraNa duHkha pAte haiN| ve bhinna-bhinna karma ( sukarma, kukarma, vikarma ) karate haiM aura unake vipAka svarUpa sukha-duHkha bhoga karate haiN| ve pUrva janma ke saMskAra (Azaya) se bhI prabhAvita hote haiN| kaivalya kI prApti karane para bhI muktAtmA ko nityamukta nahIM kaha sakate kyoMki kaivalyaprApti ke pUrva vaha baMdhana meM thaa| vaha sarvazaktizAlI evaM sarvavyApI hai| vaha nitya pUrNa hai| oma yA praNava Izvara kA vAcaka hai| Izvara kI kRpA om zabda se hotI hai| ataH yogI ko praNava kA uccAraNa rUpa japa tathA om ke arthasvarUpa Izvara kI bhAvanA karanI caahie| Izvara kA japa tathA Izvara kI bhAvanA karane se yogI kA citta ekAgra ho jAtA hai|

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( 81 ) Izvara sadA ekarasa aura nirvikAra hai| vaha anaMta evaM advitIya hai| icchAmAtra se vaha samasta jagat kA paricAlana kara sakatA hai| vaha kevala sadicchAoM se pUrNa hai| III jaina evaM yoga darzana meM varNita Izvaratva kI avadhAraNA kA adhyayana karane ke pazcAt hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki donoM meM kAphI samAnatA hai| vaise jaina darzana veda virodhI hone se nAstika darzana kI koTi meM ginA jAtA hai aura yogadarzana Astika darzanoM ( veda meM vizvAsa karane vAle ) kI zreNI meM AtA hai ataH donoM meM vibhinnatA bhI svAbhAvika hai / inake bIca sthita samAnatAoM evaM vibhinnatAoM kA varNana isa prakAra hai :jaina aura yoga darzana meM vaNita Izvara vicAra ko samAnatAeM: 1. donoM matoM meM Izvara ko sraSTA, nahIM mAnA gayA hai| 2. Izvara pUrNa, anaMta, sarvazaktizAlI evaM sarvavyApaka hai, aisA donoM hI mAnate haiN| 3. Izvara jJAna kI parAkASThA hai, vaha sarvajJa hai| 4. vaha Adarza guru hai jo sAdhaka ko sAdhya kI prApti meM sahAyaka hotA hai| 5. vaha vItarAga hai| kleza ba rAga-dveSa se Upara hai, aisA donoM mAnate haiN| 6. vaha na to jIvoM ko baMdhana meM DAlatA hai aura na unheM yukta karatA hai / ajJAna bandhana kA kAraNa hai aura jJAna hI mokSa hai aisA donoM svIkAra karate haiN| 7. donoM saiddhAntika rUpa se nahIM balki vyAvahArika rUpa se Izvara kI AvazyakatA svIkAra karate haiN| 8. donoM matoM meM Izvara ko dhyAna kA viSaya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 9. donoM meM Izvara ke tAttvika evaM naitika guNoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai|

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( 82 ) donoM meM antara1.-jaina darzana meM tIrthaMkaroM ko Izvara rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / Izvara pahale manuSyoM kI taraha baddha hai aura mukta hokara Izvaratva prApta kara letA hai / yoga darzana meM Izvara ko nityamukta kahA gayA hai| vaha kabhI baMdhana meM par3A hI nahIM jisase mukti kA prazna utthe| 2-jainiyoM ke anusAra pUrNatA kI prApti kaivalyAvasthA meM hotI hai jabaki yoga ke anusAra Izvara nityapUrNa hai, vaha nitya zuddha aura buddha hai| 3--sraSTA aura pAlanakartA ke rUpa meM Izvara kI sattA kA khaNDana jaina dharma karatA hai| usake astitva ke lie die gae paramparAgata tarkoM kA bhI khaNDana vahA~ milatA hai| dUsarI tarapha yoga darzana meM hama dekhate haiM ki Izvara ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie pramANa diye gaye haiN| ina pramANoM ke AdhAra para Izvara kI siddhi hotI hai| -jaina dharma meM Izvara kRpA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai| manuSya sAdhanA dvArA apane prayatna se hI paramAtma tattva kI prApti karatA hai, Izvara kRpA se nhiiN| yogadarzana meM samAdhilAbha ko hI paramAtmalAbha tathA samAdhiphala ko kaivalya prApti mAnA gayA hai / parantu sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI batalAyA gayA hai ki Izvara ke anugraha (kRpA) se hI zIghra samAdhilAbha ho sakatA hai tathA Izvara kI anukampA se hI kaivalya kI prApti saMbhava hai| 5-jaina darzana nAstika hone ke kAraNa veda ko pramANa nahIM mAnatA aura na tadanurUpa Izvara vicAra kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, jabaki yogadarzana Astika darzanoM kI koTi meM AtA hai aura veda ko pramANa mAnakara Izvara kI avadhAraNA kI vyAkhyA karatA hai| yaha vedoM ke AdhAra para hI Izvara ke astitva ko siddha karatA hai| upayukta vivaraNa se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki jaina evaM yoga darzana meM varNita Izvara vicAra tatsaMbaMdhita dArzanika mAnyatAoM se prabhAvita hai| vaise donoM hI isa bAta se sahamata haiM ki Izvara jagat kA sraSTA aura pAlanakartA nahIM hai jaisA ki IzvaravAdI vicAradhArA meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana dravyoM se jagat kI sRSTi mAnatA

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( 83 ) hai to yoga darzana jagat ko vikAsa kA pariNAma mAnatA hai| donoM matoM meM paramparAgata tarIke se haTakara Izvara vicAra kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| jainadharma mAnavatAvAdI dharma hai ataH vaha manuSya ko kendra meM sthApita karake mAnava ko hI Izvaratva pradAna karatA hai| lekina eka bAta yahA~ dhyAna dene yogya yaha hai ki sabhI mukta puruSoM ( arhat ) ko vaha tIrthaMkara svIkAra nahIM krtaa| jaina anuzrutiyoM meM eka mahattvapUrNa tathya tIrthaGkaroM ke saMdarbha meM milatA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra isa dRzyamAna jagat meM kAla kA cakra sadA ghUmatA rahatA hai| yadyapi kAla kA cakra anAdi aura anaMta hai tathApi usake cha: vibhAga haiM (ka) atisukharUpa, (kha) sukharUpa, (gha) sukhaduHkharUpa, (Ga) duHkhasukha rUpa (i) duHkharUpa, (ca) atiduHkharUpa / jagat gAr3I ke cakke ke samAna sadA ghUmA karatA hai| duHkha se sukha kI ora tathA sukha se duHkha kI ora le jAne ko avasarpiNI kAla yA avanatikAla kahate haiM aura duHkha se sukha kI ora le jAne ko utsarpiNI kAla yA vikAsa kAla kahate haiN| ina donoM ke bIca kI avadhi lAkhoM karor3oM varSa se bhI adhika hai| pratyeka avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI kAla ke duHkha sukha rUpa bhAga meM caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM kA janma hotA hai jo jina avasthA ko prApta karake tIrtha yA saMgha banAkara jaina dharma kA upadeza karate haiN| yogadarzana vedasammata nitya, zuddha, buddha, mukta svabhAva Izvara kI kalpanA karatA hai| adhyakSa darzana vibhAga mu0 ma0 TA0 snAkottara mahAvidyAlaya baliyA (u0 pra0)

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM varNita dAsa prathA -- DaoN0 indreza candra siMha prAcIna bhArata meM dAsa prathA prAgaitihAsika kAla se hI pracalita mAnI jAtI hai / " yadyapi katipaya videzI itihAsakAroM ne bhArata yAtrA ke daurAna yahA~ jo kucha dekhA, usake AdhAra para bhArata meM dAsa prathA ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA, isakA pramukha kAraNa yaha thA ki bhArata meM dAsa prathA samakAlIna sabhya dezoM jaiseroma, yUnAna aura amerikA Adi kI bhA~ti nahIM thI / ukta sabhya dezoM meM dAsoM ke sAtha krUratama vyavahAra kiyA jAtA thA / isake viparIta bhArata meM dAsa evaM dAsiyA~ parivAra ke sadasyoM ke sAtha rahate the tathA parivAra ke aMga samajhe jAte the / jainAgama AcArAMga - sUtra meM gRhapati, usakI patnI, bahana, putra, putrI evaM putravadhU ke sAtha dAsa-dAsI tathA naukaroM ( sevakoM ) ko bhI pArivArika sadasyoM ke antargata hI varNita kiyA gayA hai / pazcimI sabhya kahe jAne vAle dezoM meM dAsoM kI sthiti se bhAratIya dAsoM kI utkRSTatA ko pramANita karane ke lie bhAratIya rAjAoM dvArA inheM 'devAnupriya' jaise zabda kA sambodhana paryApta hogA / sAmAnyatayA dAsa parivAra meM rahate hue samasta Antarika evaM bAhya kAryoM meM apane svAmI kA sahayoga karate the / 4 dAsoM kI sthiti - jainAcAryoM ne dAsoM kI gaNanA dasa bAhya parigrahoM meM karate hue zramaNoM ke lie inakA prayoga niSiddha batAyA hai / isake viparIta gRhasthoM ke lie inheM sukha kA kAraNa batAyA gayA 1. slevarI ina eNMziyeNTa iNDiyA - DI0 Ara0 canana, dillI pR0 15-18 san 1960 2. AcArAMgasUtra, 2 / 1 / 337, pR0 25 3. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra 1|1| 26; rAjapraznIyasUtra, vivecana pR0 17 4. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, 1 / 3 / 16

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hai tathA inakI gaNanA bhogya vastuoM ke sAtha kI gaI hai| jainAgama kAla meM rAjA evaM kulIna vyakti hI dAsoM ke svAmI nahIM hote the apitu dhanasampanna gAthApati evaM gRhastha bhI apane yahA~ dAsoM ko niyukta kara unase sahayoga prApta karate the / sAmAnyatayA sevAvRtti hI dAsoM kA pradhAna dharma thaa| ataH unakI sthiti ko zocanIya mAnate hue varNita hai ki mahAvIra ke upadeza meM jisa prakAra pApadRSTi vAlA kuziSya hitAnuzAsana se zAsita hone para apane ko hIna samajhatA hai, usI prakAra dAsa ko bhI hIna samajhA jAtA thaa|3 dAsoM ke Upara dAsapatiyoM ko pUrNa Adhipatya prApta thaa| ataH vivAha Adi avasaroM para vividha vastrAbhUSaNoM ke sAtha prItidAna ke antargata inheM bhI sammilita kara liyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra prItidAna athavA bheMTa ke rUpa meM diye jAne para dAsoM ko zvasura pakSa ke anya sadasyoM ke sAtha ginA jAtA thaa| dAsatA ke kAraNa-jaina Agama sAhitya meM dAsa viSayaka ullekhoM ke AdhAra para dAsoM ke prakAra athavA dAsavRtti apanAne ke pIche kAryarata kucha pramukha hetuoM ko vivecita kiyA jA sakatA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM chaH prakAra ke dAsoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isameM janma se hI dAsavRtti svIkAra karane vAle, krIta ( kharIde ) kiye hue dAsa, RNagrastatA se bane hue dAsa, durbhikSagrasta hone para, jurmAne Adi ko cukatA na karane para tathA karja na adA karane ke kAraNa bane dAsa ullekhanIya haiN| janmadAsa-dAsa evaM dAsI ke sAtha usakI santati para bhI dAsapati ke adhikAroM kA pramANa milatA hai| ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 3 / 17; praznavyAkaraNa sUtra a0 2 pR0 160 2. jJAtAdharmakathA sUtra 2 / 1 / 10 3. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 1139 4. jJAtAdharmakathA sUtra, 1 / 16 / 128 5. AcArAMga sUtra, 2 / 1 / 350 6. sthAnAMga sUtra, 4|191-a tathA dekhie-je0 sI0 jaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 157 (caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 1965)

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( 87 ) hai ki dAsiyoM dvArA putra-prasava ke uparAnta usa para svAmI kA svataH adhikAra sthApita ho jAtA thaa| svAmI kI dekha-rekha meM bAlyAvasthA se hI inakA pAlana-poSaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| prArambhika avasthA meM ye svAmI-putroM kA manoraMjana karate tathA unheM krIr3A karAte the| kabhIkabhI apane svAmI ko bhojana Adi bhI pahu~cAte the' tathA bar3e hone para anya gurutara kAryoM ko sampAdita karate the| krItadAsa-jainAgamoM meM kucha aise bhI vivaraNa milate haiM jahA~ rAjapuruSoM dvArA apane kAryoM meM sahayoga hetu vividha dezoM se lAye gaye dAsadAsiyoM ko niyukta kiyA gayA thaa| inameM dAsoM ( puruSoM) kI apekSA dAsiyoM kA ullekha apekSAkRta adhika huA hai| videzI dAsiyoM meM cilAtikA (cilAta-kirAta dezotpanna) varvarI ( varvaradezotpanna ), vakuza deza kI tathA yonaka, palhavika, Isanika, lakusa, draviNa, siMhala, araba, puliMda, pakkar3a, bahala, bhuruMDa, zabara, pArasa Adi kA nAmollekha huA hai| ye dAsiyA~ apane-apane deza ke veza dhAraNa karane vAlIM, iMgita, ciMtita, prArthita Adi meM nipuNa, kuzala evaM prazikSita hotI thiiN| ina taruNa dAsiyoM ko varSadharoM ( napuMsakoM) kaMcukiyoM evaM mahattarakoM ( antaHpura ke kArya kI cintA rakhane vAloM) ke sAtha rAjaputroM ke lAlana-pAlana hetu niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| videza se ma~gavAI gayI dAsiyoM kA vivaraNa usa samaya samAja meM dAsoM ke kraya-vikraya kA saMketa prastuta karatA hai, jisakI puSTi kezavANijya' ke antargata dAsa-dAsiyoM kI kharIda-pharokhta ( pazuoM ke samAna ) kiye jAne se hotI hai / - yuddhadAsa-yuddha meM vijayI pakSa, parAjita rAjya kI vividha dhanasampadA ke sAtha-sAtha manuSyoM ko bhI bandI banA letA thaa| inameM se kucha ativiziSTa striyoM ko to dhana-sampanna vyaktiyoM dvArA patnI ke 1. jJAtAdharmakathA sUtra, 1 / 2 / 43 2. vahI, 1 / 2 / 33 3. antakRddazAMgasUtra 3 / 2; rAjapraznIya sUtra 281 4. vahI 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra 2 / 8 / 5; uttarAdhyayana 8 / 18

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( 88 ) rUpa meM grahaNa kara liyA jAtA thaa| jabaki zeSa puruSoM evaM striyoM ko dAsavRtti svIkAra karane ke lie saMtrasta kiyA jAtA thaa| sambhavataH apane upayoga se adhika saMkhyA hone para inheM upahAra yA pArizramika ke rUpa meM bhI diyA jAtA thaa|' dubhikSadAsa evaM RNadAsa-durbhikSa ke samaya udarapUrti evaM anya AvazyakatA hetu lie gaye RNoM kI samaya para adAyagI na kiye jAne se RNI ko RNadAtA kI alpakAlika athavA jIvanaparyaMta dAsatA svIkAra karanI par3atI thii| usa samaya vaNika athavA gAthApati logoM ko AvazyakatAnurUpa karja vitarita karate the| paristhitavaza yadi nirdhArita avadhi meM RNa lene vAlA vyakti usakA samyak bhugatAna karane meM asamartha rahatA thA to usase kahA jAtA thA ki yA to tuma karja cukAo, anyathA gulAmI kro| dhAtriyA~-dAsa tathA dAsiyoM ke atirikta usa samaya prAyaH sampanna parivAroM meM navajAta zizuoM ke pAlana, saMrakSaNa, saMvarddhana evaM vikAsa hetu dAiyoM kI niyukti kI jAtI thii| jaina sUtroM meM, rAjaparivAra meM vividha dezoM se lAyI gayI dAsiyoM ko unake kAryAnusAra pA~ca koTiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-(1) kSIradhAtrI, (2) maMDanadhAtrI, (3) bhajjanadhAtrI, (4) aMbadhAtrI evaM (5) kriiddaapndhaatrii| ye dAiyA~ bacce ko dUdha pilAne, vastrAlaMkAroM se sajjita karane, snAna karAne, goMda meM lekara bacce ko khilAne tathA krIDA Adi karAne meM saMlagna rahatI thiiN| dAiyoM kI sthiti dAsiyoM kI apekSA zreSTha thii| isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki dAiyoM kA svAmIputroM athavA putriyoM se na kevala taba taka sambandha rahatA thA, jabataka ve nAdAna rahate the balki ve unakA ucita mArgadarzana vayaska ho jAne para bhI karatI thIM / rAjaputroM ke pravrajita hote 1. antakRddazA 3 / 3 2. piNDaniyukti 317-19; vyavahArabhASya, 4 / 2, 206-7 3. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 157-159 4. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra 1 / 1 / 96; antakRddazA 32 5. jJAtAdharmakathA sUtra 1 / 1 / 96 6. vahI 111 / 146

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( 49 ) samaya mAtA ke sAtha dAiyoM ke bhI jAne kA ullekha milatA hai / dAI ( ammAdhAI) rAjaputra ke vAmapArzva meM rathArUDha hotI thI' / dAsoM ke kArya - jainAgama granthoM meM parivAra meM rahate hue ghara ke kAma-kAja meM tatpara dAsoM kA vivaraNa milatA hai / ghara ke Antarika kAryoM meM inase atyadhika sahayoga prApta kiyA jAtA thA / dAsa tathA dAsiyA~ parivAra meM prAyaH rAkha tathA gobara Adi pheMkane, saphAI karane, sApha kiye gaye sthala para pAnI chir3akane, paira dhulAne, snAna karAne, anAja kUTane, pIsane, jhAr3ane aura dalane tathA bhojana banAne meM apane svAmI athavA svAminI kA sahayoga karate the / jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki dAsa evaM dAsiyoM ke atirikta unakI santati para bhI dAsapatiyoM kA prAyaH Adhipatya rahatA thA / dAsa ceTa apane mAlika ke baccoM kA manoraMjana tathA krIDAdi karAte the evaM svAmI ko bhojana Adi pahu~cAte the / dAsaceTiyA~ apane svAminI ke sAtha pUjA sAmagrI lekara mandiroM meM jAtI thIM / dAsoM kI niyukti kabhI-kabhI aMgarakSakoM ke rUpa meM bhI hotI thI tathA sevAzuzrUSA karane ke lie dAsiyoM kI niyukti aMgaparicArikA ke rUpa meM hotI thI / isa prakAra kI dAsI ko Abhyantara dAsI kahA jAtA thA / ye apanI mAlakina ke cintita hone para usakA kAraNa khojatIM, tatpazcAt svAmI se usakA nivedana kara nirAkaraNa hetu prArthanA karatI thIM / dAsa-dAsiyA~ kabhI-kabhI sandeza - vAhaka athavA dUta ke rUpa meM bhI prayukta kiye jAte the aura apane svAmI ke gopanIya kAryoM kA bhI sampAdana karate the / ataH inheM preSya kahA jAtA thA / dAsa-dAsiyoM ke viziSTa kArya-katipaya dAsiyA~ rAjakanyAoM ke sAtha svayaMvara meM bhI jAtI thiiN| unameM se kucha dAsiyA~ likhane kA kArya karatI thIM tathA kucheka darpaNa lekara upasthita janasamUha ke pratibimba ko 5. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra 1 / 7 / 20 2. vahI 1 / 2 / 22 3. vahI 1 / 8 / 45 4. antakRddazA sUtra 3 / 2 - 6; jJAtAdharmakathA 1|1|49 5. jJAtAdharmakathA 1 / 2 / 43 6. vahI 1 / 16 / 122

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dikhalAkara tatsambandhI guNa-doSoM kA bakhAna karatI thIM / isake atirikta usa kAla meM rUpa evaM saundarya-sampanna dAsiyoM (taruNI dAsI) kI upasthiti svAmI putroM ke ati nikaTa rahatI thii| dAsoM kA jIvana-bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ahiMsA mahAvrata ke samarthaka evaM bahusaMkhyaka sahRdaya dAsapati, dAsoM ko apane pArivArika sadasyoM ke sAtha niyukta kara unakA samyak pAlana-poSaNa kara udAratA kA pradarzana karate the tathA unheM 'devAnupriya' jaise zabdoM se sambodhita bhI karate the| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM ahiMsAvata ke aticAroM ke antargata dAsoM ko bA~dhane, jAna se mArane, bahuta adhika bojha lAdane tathA atyadhika zrama lene jaise anAcAroM ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai| lekina kabhI-kabhI dAsoM dvArA vivekahIna karmoM kA niSpAdana karane para svAmI dvArA unheM pratAr3ita bhI kiyA jAtA thA / katipaya krUra dAsapatiyoM dvArA dAsoM ko akAraNa hI pratAr3ita kiyA jAtA thA tathA unako sAmarthya se pare kAryoM meM lagAkara pIr3A pahu~cAI jAtI thii| janasAmAnya apanI AvazyakatAnusAra parivAra meM dAsoM kI niyukti karate the tathA unake bharaNa-poSaNa kA dhyAna bhI rakhate the| ina sabake bAvajUda dAsoM kI gaNanA bhogya vastuoM meM karake unakI svataMtratA ko bAdhita kara diyA jAtA thaa| jainAgamoM ke kAla meM dAsa-dAsiyoM kA krayavikraya, upahAra evaM pArizramika ke rUpa meM diyA jAnA tathA unheM pratA. r3ita karanA evaM jIvanaparyanta parAdhInatA Adi tathya unakI zocanIya sAmAjika-Arthika sthiti kI ora barabasa dhyAna AkRSTa karAte haiN| dAsatA se mukti-jaina granthoM meM kucha aise bhI sandarbha prApta hote haiM, jahA~ dAsoM dvArA diye gaye zubhasandeza se khuza hokara dAsapati unheM 1. jJAtAdharmakathAsatra 1 / 1 / 147-48 tathA dekhie buddhakAlIna samAja aura dharma pR0 31-32 ( bihAra hindI grantha akAdamI, paTanA ) 2. upAsakadazA sUtra a0 1, sU0 45 3. jJAtAdharmakathA sUtra 1 / 1818 4. AvazyakacUNi pR0 332; jainAgama meM bhAratIya samAja; pR0 161 5. antakRddazA sUtra 3 / 2-6 6. vahI 8 / 15

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( 91 ) dAsavRtti se mukti pradAna kara dete the / aisI sthiti meM dAsa-dAsiyoM kA madhura vacanoM se tathA vipula puSpoM, gaMdhoM, mAlAoM aura AbhUSaNoM se satkAra-sammAna karake unakI isa taraha kI AjIvikA-vyavasthA kara dI jAtI thI jo unake putra-pautrAdi taka calatI rahe / dAsoM ko mukta karate samaya unakA mastakadhota (mastaka dhonA) karanA dAsatA se mukti kA prAthamika evaM mahattvapUrNa lakSaNa mAnA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta vaha vyakti jo dubhikSa athavA anya avasara para mahAjanoM se RNa letA thA tathA samaya para RNa na dene para dAsatva svIkAra karatA thA / aisI sthiti meM usa RNI vyakti dvArA sAhUkAra kA karja cukatA kara dene para dAsapana se mukti sambhava thii| sAmAnyatayA dAsoM ko jIvanaparyanta svatantra hone kA adhikAra evaM avasara bahuta kama thaa| sAmAnyataH dAsapati apane yahA~ niyukta dAsoM kA pAlana-poSaNa pArivArika sadasya kI taraha karate the| -zodha sahAyaka pA0 vi0 zodha saMsthAna 1. jJAtAdharmakathA sUtra 1 / 189 2. vyavahArabhASya 4 / 2, 206-7 3. dekhie, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 158-59

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jainAcArya rAjazekhara sUriH vyaktitva evaM kRtitva DA0 azoka kumAra siMha saMskRta vAGmaya meM rAjazekhara nAma ke tIna vidvAn huye haiM--prathama rAjazekhara yAyAvara (9vIM-10vIM zatI) dvitIya rAjazekhara sUri (13vIM14vIM zatI) aura tRtIya rAjazekhara kullUra (18vIM shtii)| rAjazekhara yAyAvara kAnyakubja ke pratIhAravaMzIyanarendra mahendrapAla ke upAdhyAya the| apanI racanA 'bAlarAmAyaNa' kI prastAvanA meM inhoMne svayaM ko 'upAdhyAyo yAyAvarIyarAjazekharaH'' kahA hai| inakI mAtA kA nAma zIlavatI tathA pitA kA nAma duhika yA durduka thA, jo mahAmantrI the| inakA samaya I0 san 880 se 920 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| madhusUdana mizra ne bhI yahI samaya svIkAra kiyA hai| ve inheM vAkpatirAja ke pazcAt aura somadeva ke pUrva utpanna huA mAnate haiM / maiksamUlara ne rAjazekhara yAyAvara aura rAjazekhara sUri ko eka mAnakara karpUramaMjarIkAra yAyAvara kA samaya 14vIM zatAbdI I0 mAnA hai jo tathya se pare hai| rAjazekhara kAvyamImAsA, karpUramaMjarI, viddhazAlabhaMjikA, bAlabhArata, bAlarAmAyaNa, bhuvanakoza, haravilAsa Adi kRtiyoM ke kartA mAne jAte haiN| yadyapi haravilAsa aura bhuvanakoza Aja upalabdha nahIM haiM parantu AcArya hemacandra ne kAvyAnuzAsana meM ina granthoM kA ullekha 1. mizra, madhusUdana-kAvyamImAMsA, pR0 14, caukhambhA saMskRta sirIja vanArasa 1938 / 2. vizvakoza, khaNDa-10, pR0 77 3. mizra, madhusUdana-kAvyamImAMsA, pR0 15 4. ojhA, hIrAcandraH kavi rAjazekhara kA samaya,, nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA bhAga 6 pR0 362

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kiyA hai / 'kaiTalAgasa kaiTalAgaram meM 'bAlabhArata' ko 'pracaNDapANDava' kahA gayA hai| yahA~ rAjazekhara kRta cAra nATakoM, 'karpUramaMjarI, "bAlabhArata', 'bAlarAmAyaNa' aura 'viddhazAlabhaMjikA' kA vivaraNa milatA hai| yadyapi dvitIya rAjazekhara sUri kI pahacAna asaMdigdha hai phira bhI Adhunika vidvAnoM ke kucha ullekhoM se inake sambandha meM bhrAmaka sUcanAyeM milatI haiM / udAharaNasvarUpa thIyoDora AphrecTa ne 'kaiTalAgasa kaiTalA. garam' meM rAjazekhara sUri aura rAjazekhara maladhAri-do kaviyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| rAjazekhara sUri ko AcArya tilaka sUri kA ziSya kahA gayA hai, nyAyakaMdalIpaMjikA inakI racanA ke rUpa meM varNita hai| maladhAri rAjazekhara muni sudhAkalaza ke guru ke rUpa meM varNita hai, inakI kRti prabandhakoza hai / vastutaH rAjazekhara sUri aura rAjazekhara maladhAri eka hI vyakti haiN| rAjazekhara sUri maladhAri gaccha ke the ataH inako maladhAri rAjazekhara kahA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra aMcalagacchIya jayazekhara sUri evaM maladhAri rAjazekhara sUri ko kahIM-kahIM eka samajhakara donoM kI kucha kRtiyoM ko paraspara eka dUsare ke sAtha sambaddha kara diyA gayA hai / isakA vivaraNa rAjazekhara kI kRtiyoM ke vivecana-krama meM Age diyA jaayegaa| rAjazekhara ke vyaktitva evaM kRtitva se sambandhita anya bAtoM kA varNana tIsare rAjazekhara kullUra ke paricaya ke bAda diyA jaayegaa| tIsare rAjazekhara kullUra, gautamagotrIya kullUravaMzIya veMkaTeza ke putra the / ye godAvarI jile ke perUra nAmaka sthAna ke nivAsI the / yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki DA0 pravezabhAradvAja ke apane zodha-prabandha 'prabandhakoza kA aitihAsika vivecana' meM rAjazekhara kullUra kA ullekha nahIM hai| unake zabdoM meM 'rAjazekhara nAma ke do vidvAn hue haiM-eka rAjazekhara kavi aura dUsarA jainaprabandhakAra rAjazekhara suuri| rAjazekhara kavi 'kAvyamImAMsA', 'karpUramaMjarI' Adi kA racayitA gAhar3avAlakAlIna thaa| rAjazekhara sUri prabandhakoza Adi kA kartA tugalakakAlIna iti1. vizvakoza khaNDa-10, pR0 77 2. AphecTa thIyoDora, kaiTalAgasa kaiTalAgarama bhAga-1, pR0 502 3. vahI, pR0 502

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( 95 ) 1 hAsakAra thA " | rAjazekhara kullUra ke pitAmaha nArAyaNa mImAMsA meM pAraMgata the / pezavA mAdhavarAva ne inakA sammAna (1760 - 1772 I0) kiyA thaa| inakI racanAoM meM sAhityakalpadruma, zivazataka, zrIzacampU, aura alaMkAramakaraNDa Adi kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / maladhAri rAjazekhara kA jIvana vRtta 2 apane janma-kAla, janmasthAna, mAtA-pitA Adi ke sambandha meM na to svayaM AcArya ne hI kahIM ullekha kiyA hai aura na hI anya srotoM se isa sambandha meM kucha jJAta hotA hai / DA0 praveza bhAradvAja ne prabandhakoza meM aNahillapattana kA bAraha bAra ullekha Ane evaM isI sthAna se prabandhakoza kI sarvAdhika hastapratiyA~ upalabdha hone ko AdhAra mAnakara aNahillapattana ko hI rAjazekhara kA janmasthala mAnA hai / ' DA0 bhAradvAja kI isa yukti ko svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA thA yadi ukta grantha kI viSaya vastu sarvathA kavikRta hotI; parantu aisA hai nahIM / anya pUrvavartI prabandhoM kI viSayavastu se prabandhakoza kI viSayavastu kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki prabandhakoza kI adhikAMza sAmagrI pUrvavartI granthoM se grahaNa kI gaI hai / udAharaNasvarUpa prabandhakoza kA 'khapuTAcArya prabandha' nemicandrasUri viracita AkhyAnakamaNikoza ( I0 1073- 1083) meM prApta hotA hai / isake pAdaliptaprabandha aura bappabhaTTi prabandha AcArya prabhAcandra kRta prabhAvakacarita kI tadviSayaka sAmagrI ke " to 'mallavAdi prabandha' AcArya merutuMga kRta prabandhacintAmaNi kA anukaraNa mAtra hai / isI prakAra sAtavAhana prabandha va 1. DA0 bhAradvAja, praveza, prabandhakoza kA aitihAsika vivecana ( apra0 ) pR0 23 2. kRSNamAcArI, ema0, hisTrI Ava klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara, pR0 508 787, 788 DA0 bhAradvAja, praveza, prabandhakoza kA aitihAsika vivecana, pR0 23 prabandhakoza (siMghIjaina sirIja), pR0 8-9 va AkhyAnaka maNikoza (prAkRtaTeksTa sosAiTI, vArANasI 1962) pR0 174-75 prabandhakoza, pR0 11 12 va pR0 26, pR0 27 - 29 va 80-111 prabhAvakacarita (siMghIjaina sirIja ) 6. vahI, pR0 2 va prabandhacintAmaNi (siMghI jaina sirIja) pR0 106 - 198 3. 4.

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vaGkacUla prabandha jinaprabhakRta-vividhatIrtha kalpa se grahIta hai' / abhiprAya yaha ki jaba grantha kI adhikAMza sAmagrI dUsare granthoM se yathAvat lI gaI ho to antaHsAkSya ke AdhAra para kartA ke viSaya meM kisI nizcaya para pahu~canA upayukta nahIM hogaa| rAjazekhara kA janma kAla terahavIM zatAbdI I0 kA uttarArddha mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi nizcayAtmaka rUpa se kucha kaha pAnA kaThina hai / 'kharataragaccha bRhadgurvAvali' meM anya logoM ke sAtha saMvat 1313 (1256 I0) meM gaccha-vRddhi dIkSA lene kA ullekha hai / ataH yadi hama kalikAla sarvajJa hemacandra (bAlaka cAMgadeva) kI ATha barSa meM dIkSA kI ghaTanA ko tatkAlIna paramparA mAna leM aura rAjazekhara kI bhI dIkSA 8-10 varSa kI Ayu meM huI ho to unakA janma san 1250 ke Asa-pAsa mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki AcArya kA gRhasthajIvana to pUrNatayA ajJAta hai hI unake AdhyAtmika jIvana kI bhI mAtra kucha chiTa-puTa ghaTanAoM kA hI ullekha yatra-tatra milatA hai| Age hama ina tathyoM para prakAza DAleMgeHzramaNa-dIkSA kharatara gaccha-bRhadguvavili ke anusAra saMvat 1313 (1256 I0) meM jAvAlipura (jAlaura) meM svarNagiri ke Upara mahAprAsAda meM zAntinAtha kI pratimA sthApita kI gaI aura kanakakIrti, bibudharAja, rAjazekhara Adi ne gacchavRddhi kI dIkSA grahaNa kii| yadyapi isameM dIkSA dene vAle AcArya kA ullekha nahIM hai parantu apane guru ke rUpa meM rAjazekhara ne kaI sthaloM para zrI zrItilakasUri kA ullekha kiyA hai| 1. pra0ko0, pR0 va vividhatIrthakalpa (siMghIjanasirIja) pR0 59-64 va 81-83 2. saM jinavijaya-kharataragaccha vRhadgurvAvali, siMghIjainagranthamAlA saM. 42, ___ bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI 1956, pR0 51 3. saMvat 1313 phAlguna sudi 4, zrIyA (jA) vAlipure svarNagiryupari mahA prAsAde bAhitrikoddharaNa pratiSThApita zrI zAntinAthasthApanA / caitrasudi 14, kanakakItti-vibudharAja - rAjazekhara, guNazekhara, jayalakSmI-kalyANanidhi-pramodalakSmI-gacchavRddhi diikssaa| kharataragacchabRhadgurvAvali-saM0 jinavijaya, pR0 51

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rAjazekhara ko guru-paramparA svayaM rAjazekhara bhUri ne prabandhakoza kI prazasti meM kahA hai ki ve prasiddha koTika gaNa kI madhyamAzAkhA ke praznavAhana kula meM harSapurIya nAmaka gaccha meM utpanna hue the / isI gaccha meM maladhAri viruda prApta zrI abhayadevasUri ke santAna zrI zrItilakasUri ke ziSya rAjazekhara hue / ' ( 97 ) paTTAvalI samuccaya meM koTika gaNa kI utpatti kA ullekha milatA hai / isakI utpatti prathama paTTadhara sudharmA svAmI kI paramparA meM 9veM paTTadhara susthitasUri se batAI gaI hai / eka karor3a sUri mantra ke jApa ke kAraNa inheM koTika aura kAkandi meM janma hone ke kAraNa kAkandika viruda prApta huA thA / isI pustaka meM anyatra ullekha hai ki susthitasUri ke pUrva sabhI jaina zramaNa nirgrantha nAma se jAne jAte the / AcArya ke anuyAyI koTika kahe jAne lage / koTikagaNa kI cAra zAkhAoM meM se eka madhyamA zAkhA thI / isake cAra kula bhI the, jinameM cauthA kula praznavAhana kula thA / * praznavAhana kula se kAlAntara meM harSapurIya gaccha utpanna huA / uparyukta vivaraNa ke anusAra susthitasUri se koTika gaNa kI utpatti huI parantu rAjazekhara ne harSapurIya gaccha ko sthUlabhadra ke vaMza 1. zrI praznavAhanakule koTikanAmanigaNe jagadvidite / zrI madhyamazAkhAyAM harSapurIyAbhidhagacche // 1 // maladhAri virudavidita zrI abhayopapadasUrisantAne zrI tilakasUriziSyaH sUri : rAjazekharo jayati // 2 // prabandhakoza - prazasti 2. muni darzanavijaya, paTTAvalI samuccaya bhAga 1, pR0 25-26, cAritrasmAraka granthamAlA vIramagrAma, gujarAta, 1933 // 3. kAkandinagaryA jAtatvAt koTizaH sUrimantra jApAcca eto koTikakAkaMdikatayAkhyAtau / AbhyAM koTikanAmA gaccho'bhUt // vahI, pR0 150 / zrI sudharmasvAmino'STausUrIn yAvat nirgranthAH sAdhavo'nagArA ityAdi sAmAnyArthAbhidhAyinyAkhyA'sAt / vahI, pR0 45 / 5. kalpasUtra - pR0 232, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura 1977 I0 / 6. zrI sthUlabhadravaMze harSapurIye kriyAnidhau gacche / - prazasti ratnAkarAvatArikA paMjikA / 4.

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( 98 ) meM batAyA hai| sthUlabhadra, naveM paTTapara virAjamAna susthitasUri se pUrva sAtaveM paTTapara virAjamAna the| yadi rAjazekhara ke isa ullekha se yaha abhiprAya nikalatA hai ki koTikagaNa sthUlabhadra se nikalA to yaha mAnyatA khaNDita ho jAtI hai ki susthitasUri ke nirvANa ke pUrva zramaNa paramparA gaNa Adi meM vibhakta nahIM thii| zrI abhayadevasUri harSapura ke vAsI the ataH unase nikalA gaccha harSapurIya nAma se jAnA jAne lagA / svargIya agaracanda nAhaTA ne harSapura kI pahacAna rAjasthAna ke vartamAna harasaura, makarAne ke nikaTa sthita se kI hai, jabaki darzanadikta jI Adi kaI vidvAnoM ne ise ajamera ke nikaTavartI hA~soTa se samIkRta kiyA hai| abhayadevasUri ko maladhAri viruda prApta thA isa viSaya meM sabhI sAkSya eka mata haiN| para unheM yaha maladhAri upAdhi kisa cAlukya rAjA dvArA prApta huI thI isa viSaya meM matabheda hai| harSapUrIya gacchAcArya maladhAri narendraprabha ne apane grantha alaMkAra mahodadhi kI prazasti meM, evaM rAjazekhara ne prabandhakoza kI prazasti meM cAlukya rAjA karNadvArA zrI abhayadeva ko yaha upAdhi pradAna karane kA ullekha kiyA hai / jabaki inheM duSkara kriyAzIla dekhakara caulukya siddharAja jayasiha ne maladhAri viruda pradAna kiyA thA, yaha jinaprabha kahate haiN| cAlukya rAjAoM kI vaMzAvalI meM karNa, siddharAja jayasiMha ke pUrvavartI the| zrI rAjazekhara ne prabandhakoza' ke atirikta ratnAkarAvatArikA 1. yatIndrasUri abhinandana grantha-saM0 mu0 vidyAvijaya, pR0 159, zrI rAjendra pravacana kAryAlaya bhu: khuDAlA, phAlanA, rAjasthAna 1958 2. gacche harSapurIye guNasevadhirabhayadevasUribhUt / maladhArItyabhidhA'ntaramadhatta: yaH karNabhUpakRtam // 1 // alaMkAra mahodadhi, saM0 bhagavAnadAsa gAndhI, pR0 339, orieNTala iMsTI cyUTa bar3audA, 1942 3. zrI gUrjarendrakarNodvayoSita 'maladhAri vizadavaraviruddhaH / zrI abhayadeva sUri ......prabandhakoza prazasti 4. vividhatIrthakalpa-jinaprabhasUri, siMghI jaina sirIja, pR0 77, 5.. zrI tilakasUri ziSyaH sUriH zrIrAjazekharo jayati / / 2 // prabandhakoza prazasti /

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( 99 ) paMjikA' kI prazasti meM bhI apane guru zrI tilakasUri kA ullekha kiyA hai| maladhArigacchIya AcAryoM kI kRtiyoM evaM anya srotoM se prApta sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para harSapurIyagaccha kI gacchAdhipati aura sUri paramparA isa prakAra dI jA sakatI hai jayasiMhasUri2 abhayadevasUri ( maladhAri) hemacandrasUri vijayaprabha zrIcandrasUriH vibudhacandrasUriH lakSmaNagaNa municandrasUri devabhadra devAnandasUri yazobhadrasUri devaprabhasUri naracandrasUri narendraprabhasUri padmadeva zrItilaka zrIrAjazekhara sudhAkalaza 1. ratnAkarAvatArikA paMjikA maMgalAcaraNa 3 / / ratnA0 paMjikA prazasti 4 / draSTavya-DiskripTiva kaiTalAga Ava da mainuskripTsa, khaNDa 18/1 pR0 71, 73 / 2. kalpasUtra subodhikA-vinayavijayagaNi-pR0 167-169 draSTavya-alaMkAra mahodadhi-narendraprabhasUri prastAvanA gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sirIja 1942

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(900) harSapurIya gacchAcAryoM kA jaina dharma meM viziSTa yogadAna rahA hai / isa viSaya meM rAjazekhara sUri ke ziSya sudhAkalaza ke zabdoM meM itanA hI kahanA paryApta hogA ki - rAjAnaH pratibodhitAH kati kati granthA svayaM nirmitAH / vAdIndrAH kati nirjitAH kati tapAMsyugrANi taptAni ca // zrImadharSapurIyagacchamukuTaiH zrIsUri sUtrAmabhiH sacchiSyaiH munibhizca vetti navaraM vAgIzvarI tanmitam / " adhyayana evaM pANDitya maladhAri rAjazekhara kI kRtiyoM ke zIrSakoM kA avalokana karane mAtra se hI yaha dhAraNA banatI hai ki AcArya kA adhyayana evaM jJAna - kSetra bahuta vyApaka thA / yaha saMyoga hI hai ki AcArya dvArA adhIta kucha granthoM ke nAma sahita ullekha prApta hone ke sAtha-sAtha unako adhyayana karAne vAle AcAryoM kA bhI nAmollekha milatA hai / inhoMne jinacandra sUri se adhyayana kiyA thA / kharataragaccha bRhadgurvAvali meM ullikhita hai ki viveka samudra upAdhyAya ke nirvANa mahotsava ke uparAnta rAjendrAcArya, divAkarAcArya, rAjazekharAcArya, rAjadarzana gaNi, sarvarAja Adi aneka munivRnda ne apane pUjya guru jinacandrasUri ke sAtha baiThakara haimavyAkaraNa, bRhadvRtti, SaTtriMzatsahasrapramANa, nyAya, mahAtarka Adi sabhI zAstroM kI tIna bAra AvRtti kI / rAjazekhara ne svaracita nyAyakandalI paMjikA meM jinaprabhasUri ko 1. saMgItopaniSatsAroddhAra [a0 6, zloka 48 ] draSTaSya -- alaMkAra mahodadhi - narendrasUri prastAvanA, gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sirIja 1942 / svakIyasuguru zrIjinacandrasUrisvasahAdhyAyi zrI rAjendrAcArya zrIrAja - zekharAcArya vAratrayaM bhaNitazrI haimavyAkaraNavRhadvRtti - SaTtriMzat / sahasrapramANa zrI nyAya mahAta rkIdisarvazAstrANAM " kharataragacchabRhadgurvAvali, pR0 71

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( 101 ) apane adhyApaka ke rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA hai / ' 'rAjazekhara sUri jinacandrasUri aura jinaprabhasUri se adhyayana kiye the|' isakA kaI sthAnoM para ullekha prApta hotA hai / rAjazekhara sUri ko kramazaH aura vidhipUrvaka pradatta vAcanAcArya, AcArya kI upAdhiyA~ hI unakI asAdhAraNa pratibhA evaM yogyatA ko vyakta karatI haiM / ina upAdhiyoM ke dhAraka zramaNa bahuzruta evaM atyanta jJAnI hote the / kalpasUtra meM AcArya kI yogyatA batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki AcAryapada kA adhikArI vahI vyakti hai jo jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa aura vIrya ina pA~ca AcAroM kA pAlana kare aura apane ziSyoM se pAlana karAve, jo sAdhusaMgha kA svAmI ho aura saMgha ke anugraha - nigraha, sAraNa-vAraNa aura dhAraNa meM kuzala ho, lokasthitivettA ho, jAtimAn Adi ATha sampadAoM se yukta ho / 2 sthAnAMga - sUtra kI TIkA meM AcAryapada kI yogyatA nirdiSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai - caraNakaraNAnuyoga, dharmakathAnuyoga, dravyAnuyoga aura gaNitAnuyoga ina anuyogacatuSTayoM ke jJAna ko dhAraNa karane vAlA, caturvidhasaMgha ke saMcAlana meM samartha tathA chattIsa guNoM kA dhAraka sAdhu AcArya padavI ke yogya mAnA jAtA hai / 4 isI prakAra sUri pada bhI atyanta vidvAn evaM uccAcAra vAle zramaNa ko pradAna kiyA jAtA thA / yogazAstra ke anusAra jo saMyatoM ko dIkSA diyA karatA hai use sUri kahA jAtA hai / devasena" ke anusAra jo chattIsa guNoM se paripUrNa hokara pA~ca AcAroM kA pAlana karatA huA ziSyoM ke anugraha meM dakSa hotA hai use sUri kahate haiM / 1. DaoN0 bhAradvAja, praveza, prabandhakoza kA aitihAsika vivecana pR0 27, 2. kalpasUtra, u0 3 sUtra 13 3. jaina siddhAntabola saMgraha, saM0 seThiyA, bhairodAna, bhAga - 2, pR0 239-40, jaina pAramArthika saMsthA bIkAnera, rAjasthAna 1945 4. jaina lakSaNAvalI, bhAga 4 5. vahI

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( 102 ) svayaM rAjazekhara ne apane ko grantha-praNayana sAmarthya se yukta batAyA hai|' rAjazekhara ne apanI isa pratibhA kA upayoga vividha-viSaya ke granthoM kI prasUti meM kiyA hai| unhoMne apanI racanAoM meM AgamagranthoM, prAkRta va saMskRta ke aneka granthakAroM va unakI racanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo unake vyApaka jJAna kA paricAyaka hai| maladhAri rAjazekhara ko darzana kA acchA jJAna thaa| apanI kRti SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM inhoMne jaina, sAMkhya, mImAMsA, zaiva, vaizeSika aura bauddhadarzanoM kA svarUpa varNana pUrvAgraharahita ho nirapekSa bhAva se kiyA hai| ratnAkarAvatArikApaJjikA aura nyAyAvatAraTippaNa meM jaina nyAya, nyAyakandalI paJjikA meM bauddha darzana, syAdvAda kalikA meM syAdvAda kA vivecana vividha darzanoM para inake adhikAra ko parilakSita karatA hai| isake atirikta janma-maraNa, rAjyArohaNa Adi se sambaddha bhaviSyavANiyoM va graha, nakSatra aura rAziyoM kA varNana vibhinna saMdarbho meM rAjazekhara ne kiyA hai jisase jyotiSa-zAstra para AcArya ke jJAna evaM vizvAsa kA bodha hotA hai| rAjazekhara sUri ko itihAsa kA bhI acchA jJAna thA parantu aitihAsika tathyoM ke sAtha bahuta sI kiMvadantiyoM va kathAoM kA samAveza hone ke kAraNa aitihAsika satyatA saMdigdha ho gayI hai| DA0 majumadAra ne rAjazekhara sUri kI isa pravRtti kI AlocanA karate hue likhA hai-sambhavataH gujarAta ke itihAsakAroM meM rAjazekhara sabase adhika aprAmANika haiM kyoMki unakA grantha visaMgatiyoM se bharA par3A hai tathA bhayAvaha hai kyoMki vaha itihAsa grantha kI sAdRzyatA kA AbhAsa detA hai| rAjazekhara eka kavi, dArzanika aura vyAkhyAkAra ke rUpa meM hI hamAre samakSa nahIM Ate balki unhoMne granthoM kA saMzodhana bhI kiyA 1. vidvatprasAdato granthagranthana (nA) re (2) bdhapauruSaH // 5 // ratnAkarAvatArikA paMjikA prazasti / / 2. DaoN0 majumadAra, e0 ke0-cAlukyAja Ava gujarAta, pR0 420, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI 1956

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( 103 ) hai / bRhadgacchIya guNabhadrasUri viracita zAntinAthacarita kA saMzodhana ' isakA pramANa hai / rAjazekhara ko pada prApti rAjazekhara ko saMvat 1313 ( I0 san 1256 ) meM gacchavRddhi kI dIkSA diye jAne kA spaSTa ullekha hai / gacchavRddhi kI dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt zramaNa ko muni kahA jAtA hai / muni ke bAda agale krama meM zramaNa ko gaNi pada pradAna kiyA jAtA hai / rAjazekhara ko gaNipada kisa samaya pradAna kiyA gayA yaha to jJAta nahIM hotA parantu yaha ullekha avazya milatA hai ki saMvat 1341 meM ( 1284 I0 ) jAvAlipura ( vartamAna jAlaura ) ke vardhamAna mahAvIra ke mandira meM zrI jina prabodhasUri dvArA jinacandrasUri ko AcArya pada para sthApita kiyA gayA aura usI dina rAjazekhara gaNi ko vAcanAcArya arthAt upAdhyAya pada pradAna kiyA gayA / isase spaSTa hai ki saMvat 1313 aura 1341 ke madhya kisI samaya gaNipada prApta kara cuke the / kharataragaccha bRhadgurvAvali ke AdhAra para hI DaoN0 praveza bhAradvAja ne yaha sUcanA dI hai ki vardhamAnasUri ne saMvat 1341 I0 meM rAjazekharagaNi ko vAcanAcArya pada pradAna kiyA jo tathyapUrNa nahIM hai / sambhavataH DA0 bhAradvAja ne gurvAvali meM ullikhita - sakalalokacamatkAriNi zrI vardhamAna svAmino mahAtIrthe' arthAt 'sampUrNa loka ko camatkRta karane vAle vardhamAna arthAt mahAvIra svAmI ke tIrtha' ke ullekha ko vardhamAnasUri kA ullekha samajhakara yaha bhUla kI hai / 1. DaoN0 velaNakara, eca0 DI0 - jinaratnakoza khaNDa 1, pR0 380, bhaNDArakara oriyaNTala risarca isTIcyUTa, pUnA 1944 2. zrI pUjyAH jAvAlipure samAyAtAH / tatra ca sakalaloka camatkArakAriNI .. zrI jinaprabodhasUribhiH zrIvardhamAnasvAmino mahAtIrthe zrI jinacandrasUrayaH saM 1341 svapade mahAvistareNa sthApitAH / tasminneva dine rAjazekharagaNevArcanAcAryapadaM pradattam / kharataragaccha bRhadgurvAvalI, pR0 58 / 3. DaoN0 bhAradvAja, praveza, prabandhakoza kA aitihAsika vivecana, pR0 30 +1 ...

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( 104 ) kharataragacchabRhadgurvAvali ke hI anusAra saMvat 1364 ( 1307 I0 ) meM jAvAlipura meM rAjazekhara ko AcArya pada pradAna kiyA gyaa|' DA0 praveza bhAradvAja ne maladhAri rAjazekhara AcArya ko sUri pada diye jAne kA samaya bhI anumAna ke AdhAra para ( 1310 I0-1328 I0 ) nizcita kiyA hai| parantu AcArya pada aura sUri pada bhinnabhinna the yA AcArya pada se sUripada zreSTha thA aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai| vastutaH vyavahAra meM bhI AcArya aura sUri upAdhiyA~ eka hI haiM / AcArya ko hI sUri kahA jAtA hai| ataH isa prakAra kI avadhAraNA ki AcArya pada prApta karane ke pazcAt kisI samaya maladhAri rAjazekhara ko sUripada pradAna kiyA gayA, ucita nahIM hai| vihAra aura cAturmAsa___ kharataragacchabRhadgurvAvali se jJAta hotA hai ki saMvat 1352 meM jinacandrasUri ke upadeza se vAcanAcArya rAjazekhara gaNi, subuddhirAjagaNi, hematilakagaNi, puNyakIrtigaNi, ratnasundaramuni sahita bRhadgrAma aaye| taduparAnta Thakkura ratnapAla Adi zrAvakoM ne kauzAmbI, vArANasI, kAkindI, rAjagRha, pAvApurI, nArindA, kSatriyakuNDagrAma, ayodhyA, ratnapura Adi nagaroM kI tIrthayAtrA kii| una muniyoM aura zrAvakoM ke sAtha saMgha sahita vAcanAcArya rAjazekharagaNi ne una tIrthoM kI vandanA kii|4 rAjagaha ke samIpa uddaNDa vihAra meM cAtumasi kiyaa| 1. vAcanAcArya rAjazekharagaNe rAcAryapadaM pradattam / --kharataragacchabRhadgurvAvali, pR0 61 2. DaoN0 bhAradvAja, praveza, prabandhakoza kA aitihAsika vivecana, pR0 34 3. saM0 1352 jinacandrasUrigurUpadezena vA0 rAjazekharagaNi: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 'munisahitaH zrIvRhadgrAme vihRtavAn / kharataragaccha bRhadgurvAvali, pR0 60 4. vahI, pR0 60 5. prabandhakoza kA aitihAsika vivecana, pR0 30

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( 105 ) mUrti pratiSThA 1 jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha ' se sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki saMvat -1418 meM maladhAri rAjazekhara ne zrImAla meM zrIpArzvanAtha kI pratimA kI pratiSThA karavAyI thI / AcArya rAjazekhara aura tugalaka zAsaka kharataragaccha bRhadgurvAvali ke anusAra san 1328 I0 meM muhammada tugalaka ( 1325-1351 I0 ) ne rAjazekhara ke zikSA guru jinaprabhasUri ko dillI Amantrita kiyA thA / jinaprabha ke sAtha rAjadarabAra meM unake ziSya jinadeva, rAjazekhara Adi bhI gaye the / rAjazekhara kA dIrghakAlIna dillI pravAsa aura dillI meM hI prabandhakoza kI racanA bhI yahI iMgita karatI hai ki rAjazekhara kA tugalaka zAsaka muhammada tugalaka para prabhAva thA aura sultAna ke caritra meM dhArmika sahiSNutA ke viziSTa guNa kA samAveza thaa| ema0 e0 iliyaTa evaM epha0 I0 merila ne bhI likhA hai ki jinaprabhasUri ke sAtha tugalaka darabAra meM pratiSThA arjita kara lene se rAjazekhara kI prasthiti meM bhI vRddhi huI / * aisI sthiti ke anurUpa unhoMne jo bhUmikA nibhAI vaha jaina itihAsa meM sadA smaraNIya rahegI / prasthiti janma jAta bhI hotI hai aura arjita bhI / bhUmikA kA Azaya padoM se jur3e karttavyoM aura kAryoM se hai / 3 ziSyaparamparA akele munisudhAkalaza ' racayitA ( 1349 I0 ) kA maladhAri rAjazekhara ke milatA hai / spaSTa rUpa se sudhAkalaza ne mAnA hai / saMgItopaniSat sAroddhAra' ziSya ke rUpa meM ullekha rAjazekhara ko apanA guru 1. buddhisAgara sUri -- jainadhAtu pratimAlekhasaMgraha bhAga 1, adhyAtma jJAna prasAraka maNDala, campAgalI, bambaI 1935 2. prabandhakoza kA aitihAsika vivecana, pR0 35 3. iliyaTa, ema0 e0 evaM merila, epha0 I0 : sosala DisaArgenAijezana pR0 9, nyUyArka, 1961 4. alaMkAra mahodadhi - prastAvanA

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( 106 ) anta samaya jisa prakAra rAjazekhara ke janma kAla kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai / usI prakAra unake dehAvasAna kA kAla bhI ajJAta hai / unakA dIkSA - kAla saMvat 1313 ullikhita hai aura saMvat 1410 ( I0 san 1352-53 ) meM zAntinAthacarita kA saMzodhana karane aura saMvat 1418 ( 1361 I0 ) meM pArzvanAtha kI pratimA kI pratiSThA karavAne kA vivaraNa milatA hai / yadi ina sAkSyoM ko pramANa mAneM to itanA nizcita hai ki rAjazekhara kI Ayu sau se Upara rahI hogI / saMvat 1418 ke Asa-pAsa hI inakI mRtyu huI hogI / isa prakAra terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM janmeM rAjazekhara zramaNa dharma meM dIkSA lekara muni se AcArya paryanta pada prApta kiye / muhammada tugalaka ke darabAra meM pratiSThita hue evaM vibhinna granthoM kI racanA kara caudahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM mahAprayANa kiye / rAjazekhara kI kRtiyA~ prabandhakoza : rAjazekhara kI kRtiyoM meM sarvAdhika prasiddha prabandhakoza hai / isake caturviMzatiprabandha aura prabandhAmRtadIrghikA nAma bhI milate haiM / sAmAnyataH prabandhakoza aura caturviMzati prabandha hI adhika pracalita haiM / isakI racanA AcArya ne vi0 saM0 1405 ( 1348 I0 ) meM dillI meM mahaNa siMha dvArA pradatta AvAsa meM kiyA thA / isameM kula caubIsa prabandha haiM, jo dasa prabhAvaka AcAryoM, cAra kaviyoM, sAta narezoM aura tIna zrAvakoM ke AkhyAna para AdhArita haiM / ye AcArya haiM- bhadrabAhu, Aryanandila, jIvadevasUri, AryakhapuTa, pAdalipta, vRddhavAdisiddhasena, mallavAdi, haribhadra, bappabhaTTi aura hemacandrasUri, cAra kavi haiM - harSa, harihara, amaracandra, aura madanakIrti / sAta narezoM meM -- sAtavAhana, vaGkacUla, vikramAditya, nAgArjuna, vatsarAjaudayana, lakSmaNasenakumAradeva aura madanavarma sammilita haiM / anta meM tIna jainazrAvakoM-ratna, AbhaDa aura vastupAla - tejapAla kA vivaraNa prAptaH hotA hai /

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( 107 ) saMskaraNa : ___ adyAvadhi pATana', jAmanagara aura zAntiniketana se prabandhakoza ke tIna saMskaraNa prakAzita ho cuke haiN| prabandhakoza ke do prabandha bappabhaTTisUri prabandha aura vastupAla prabandha alaga se bhI prakAzita haiN| aba taka isake do gujarAtI rUpAntara bhI prakAzita ho cuke haiN| san 1895 I0 meM nanubhAI dvivedI kRta gujarAtI anuvAda caturviMzati prabandha zIrSaka se bar3audA se prakAzita hai / san 1934 I0 meM hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA kRta gujarAtI anuvAda phorbasa gujarAtI sabhA bambaI ke tattvAvadhAna meM prakAzita hai| 2. SaDdarzana samuccaya :6 180 zlokoM meM viracita isameM jaina, sAMkhya, jaiminIya, yoga, vaizeSika aura bauddha darzanoM ke sandarbha meM pratyeka ke anusAra pratIka (liGga), veza, AcAra, pramukha deva, guru, pramANa, tattva, mukti, sampradAya-bheda kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| isameM yoga zIrSaka ke antargata nyAya darzana 1. hemacandrAcArya sabhA, pATana, pANDulipi AkAra, pR0 138, san 1921 2. saMzodhaka vIracandra aura prabhudAsa, hIrAlAla haMsarAja, jAmanagara, san 1931 3. saM0 muni pUNyavijaya, siMghI jaina jJAnapITha zAntiniketana 4. Agamodaya samiti bambaI ( 1925 I0 ) se bappabhaTricarita ke rUpa meM prakAzita hai| 5. bAlacandra sari kRta 'vasantavilAsa, gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sirIja bar3audA se prakAzita' ke pariziSTa ke rUpa meM 6. (a) mUla-yazovijaya jaina granthamAlA vArANasI san 1912 I0 / (ba) mUla --Agamodaya samiti sUrata san 1918 I0 haribhadra ke SaDdarzana samuccaya ke sAtha (sa) mUla RSabhadeva jI kezarImala jI zvetAmbara saMsthA ratalAma 1937 I0 saMskRta prAcIna prakaraNAdi samuccaya ke antargata bra yUdarzanAni SaT / teSAM liMge ca veSaM ca AcAre daivate gurau // 2 // pramANatattvayormuktau tarke bhedo niriikssyte| SaDadarzana samuccaya /

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( 108 ) kA nirUpaNa hai / AcArya ne chaH darzanoM ke kucha pramukha granthoM kA ullekha 'kiyA hai / kahIM kevala grantha - nAma to kahIM grantha ke kartA aura usa para racita mukhya TIkA granthoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / 3. syAdvAda - kalikA : 41 zlokoM meM nibaddha yaha kRti hIrAlAla haMsarAja, jAmanagara dvArA prakAzita hai / grantha ke zIrSaka se jJAta hotA hai ki isameM syAdvAda kI prArambhika bAteM nihita hogIM / 4. ratnAkarAvatArikA paJjikA : yaha vAdidevasUri (1085- 1169 I0) dvArA 656 kArikAoM meM viracita pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra nAmaka grantha, jisameM jaina nyAya pratipAdita hai, para AcArya dvArA likhita vyAkhyA grantha hai / " isakA AcArya rAjazekhara ne vivRti aura paMjikA donoM nAmoM se ullekha kiyA hai / isakA sampAdana paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne kiyA hai / 5. nyAyakandalI-paMjikA C vaizeSika darzana ke prasiddha grantha prazastapAda para zrIdhara ne nyAyakandalI nAmaka bhASya likhA thA / yaha paMjikA nyAyakandalI para AcArya kI TIkA hai / isakA racanA kAla saMvat 1385 aura granthAgra 4000 zloka pramANa hai / 6. nyAyAvatAra- -TippaNaka : jaina pustaka prazasti saMgraha ' * ke anusAra siddhasena racita nyAyAvatAra para maladhAri rAjazekhara ne TippaNaka likhA hai / jina ratnakoza 1. ela0 DI0 sirIja, ahamadAbAda 1965, tIna khaNDoM meM mUla aura anya TIkAoM ke sAtha prakAzita 2. velaNakara, eca0 DI0, jinaratnakoza pR0 219 13. ( zrIrAjazekharasUri viracitaM ) nyAyAvatAraTippanakaM samAptaM / saMvat 1489 varSe zrAvaNasudi budhe trayodazyAM tithau likhitaM / jaina pustaka prazasti saMgraha - saM0 munijinavijaya bhAga 1, pR0 146, siMghI jaina granthamAlA 18, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana bambaI 1942 I0 4. jinaratnakoza pR0 24 velaNakara, eca0 DI0,

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( 109 ) meM bhI yahI ullekha milatA hai parantu jaisalamera kI sUcI meM isa vyAkhyA grantha ke kartA maladhArigacchIya devabhadrasUri ullikhita haiN| 7. kautuka kathA : yaha naitika kahAniyoM kA saMgraha hai| ise vinodakathA saMgraha va antarakathA saMgraha bhI kahate haiM / isameM 81 kathAyeM haiM / 2 bRhaTippaNikA ke anusAra isameM 84 kathAyeM haiM / zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma (1937 I0) se prakAzita AcArya rAjazekharasUri kRta eka 'kathAkoza' bhI upalabdha hai| isameM 86 kahAniyA~ saMgrahIta haiN| yaha sambhavataH antarakathA saMgraha kA hI anya nAma hai / 8. dAnanizikA 36 zloka meM nibaddha isa vRtti meM dAtA kI prazaMsA, dAtA ke guNa, lakSmI kA mAhAtmya, va sarvamanoratha prApti ke upakaraNa ke rUpa meM dAna vaNita hai| jinaratnakoza tathA jainagrantha aura granthakAra meM AcArya rAjazekhara kI kRtiyoM ke antargata isakA ullekha nahIM hai| dAnaSaTtriMzikA cUNi sahita, zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma ( san 1927 I0 ) se yazodeva sUri kRta pratyAkhyAna svarUpa Adi anya cAra kRtiyoM ke sAtha prakAzita haiM / 6. sUrimantra nityakarma yaha dasa vaktavyoM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama vaktavya meM ArAdhanA kI satraha mudrAyeM, dvitIya vaktavya meM matijJAna, tRtIya vaktavya meM zrutajJAna,. caturtha vaktavya meM avadhijJAna, paJcama vaktavya meM manaHparyavajJAna aura SaSTha vaktavya meM kevala jJAna se sambandhita mantra varNita haiN| sAtaveM vaktavya meM sampUrNa sUri mantra, AThaveM vaktavya meM vistAra pUrvaka devatAoM kI stuti vidhi, nauveM vaktavya meM devatAoM kI saMkSipta stuti vidhi tathA antima vaktavya 'mahimA' zIrSaka se upalabdha hai| 4. jaisalamera kalekzana, saM0 mAlavaNiyA, paM0 dalasukha, pR0 161, ela* DI0. __iMsTIcyUTa oNva iNDolaoNjI, ahamadAbAda-9, 1972 1. jinaratnakoza, DaoN0 velaNakara khaNDa 1, pR0 11 va 96 2. jaina granthAvali, pR0 214 TippaNI

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( . 110 ) "sUrimantra nityakarma' zAhaGAdhyAbhAI mahokamalAla ahamadAbAda ne san 1931 I0 meM prakAzita hai| 10. neminAthaphAgu : mo0 dalIcanda desAI ke anusAra 27 padyoM meM vi0 saMvat 1405 meM 22 veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha aura rAhula kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai|' 11. zAntinAtha carita kA saMzodhana saMskRta meM bRhadgaccha ke guNabhadrasUri ke ziSya munibhadra dvArA likhA gayA thaa| yaha 19 kANDoM meM hai jinameM lagabhaga 5000 zloka haiM / yaha banArasa se prakAzita hai| rAjazekhara ne 1352-53 meM zAntinAtha carita kA saMzodhana kiyA thA / 12. dvayAzraya kAvya para vRtti-1330 I0 meM rAjazekhara sUri ne hemacandrakRta 'prAkRta dvayAzraya kAvya' para eka vRtti likhA hai / 13. vRttitraya para nibandha-kAtyAyana ke 'kAtantra vyAkaraNa' ke AdhAra para AcArya rAjazekhara sUri ne 'vRttitraya nibandha' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai, aisA ullekha 'bRhaTTippaNikA' meM hai| DA0 praveza bhAradvAja ne apane zodhaprabandha meM upadeza cintAmaNi' ko maladhArirAjazekhara kI kRti batAyA hai / isakA AdhAra jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 5 meM upalabdha ullekha hai| parantu yaha tathya se pare hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki rAjazekhara bahuzruta lekhaka the aura unakI sAhitya racanA kA kSetra atyanta vyApaka hai| 1. desAI, mo0 da0, jainagurjaraka vio, bhAga 1, bambaI 1925, pR0 13 pAda TippaNI / 2. jinaratnakoza pR0 38. 3. saNDesarA eNDa ThAkare, leksikogrAphikala sTaDIz2a ina jaina saMskRta pR0 41 orieNTala iMsTITyUTa, bar3audA 1962 draSTavya-DaoN0 bhAradvAja, praveza vahI pR0 43 4. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 5, pR0 53, pA0 vi0 prakAzana 5. DaoN0 bhAradvAja vahI pR. 43

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zAjApura kA purAtAtvika mahatva pro0 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI vartamAna madhya pradeza meM sthita zAjApura kA kSetra prAcIna kAla meM avaMti (mAlava) mahAjanapada ke aMtargata thA, jisakI rAjadhAnI ujjayinI (vartamAna ujjaina) thii| vizAla avaMti janapada ke aMtargata mAhiSmatI, ujjayinI, dazapura, vidizA Adi nagara the, jo dIrghakAla taka bhAratIya itihAsa aura saMskRti ke vikAsa ke kendra the| kAlAMtara meM avaMti ke do rAjanItika bhAga hue-eka, pazcimI mAlavA, jisakA avaMti nAma pracalita rhaa| dUsarA, pUrvI mAlavA yA dazArNa jisakI rAjadhAnI vidizA huii| gupta kAla ke lekhaka mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne apane graMtha meghadUta meM vidizA ko dazArNa pradeza kI rAjadhAnI likhA hai : "teSAM dikSu prathitavidizA--lakSaNAM rAjadhAnIm / " (megha, pUrvabhAga, 25) zAjApura jilA kI bhUmi meM mAlavA paThAra kI vizeSatAeM draSTavya haiN| yahA~ kI parvata zrRMkhalA tathA vanAvalI ne isa bhUbhAga ko suSamA pradAna kI hai| jo nadiyA~ isa bhUmi ko siMcita aura AveSTita karatI haiM ve haiM-cIlara (candrabhAgA), kAlI siMdha (prAcIna siMdhu) tathA nevaja (nivindhyaa)| "nirvindhyA" zabda isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki yaha nadI vistRta viMdhya parvata-mAlA kI pazcimI sImA thii| nevaja nadI zujAlapura-pachora se hotI huI Upara kAlI siMdha meM milatI hai| prAcIna kAla meM mAlavA hokara aneka bar3e mArga jAte the / dhArmika tathA vyApArika kAryoM ke lie ye mArga bar3e upayogI the| araba sAgara taTa para bharukaccha (bhaDaugha) se pratiSThAna (paiThaNa), mAhiSmatI (mahezvara) hotA huA eka bar3A mArga ujjayinI AtA thA / vahA~ se vidizA taka kA mArga bahuta pracalita thaa| "vidizA" nAma isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki isa nagara se hokara aneka dizAoM ko mArga jAte the / vidizA se tuMbavana hokara eka mArga kAnyakubja (kanauja) aura mathurA ko jor3atA

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( 112 ) thaa| dUsarA bar3A mArga bhArabhukti (bharahuta) hotA huA kauzAMbI (kosama) jAtA thaa| vahA~ se kAzI, pATaliputra (paTanA) hote hue yaha rAjapatha rAjagaha (rAjagiri) pahu~catA thaa| isa mArga para rAjagar3ha aura zAjApura jiloM ke kSetra the| bauddha sAhitya se patA calatA hai ki pratiSThAna se rAjagaha jAne vAle isI mArga dvArA bauddha paryaTaka bAvarI apane bahusaMkhyaka ziSyoM ke sAtha gautama buddha se milane ke lie rAjagRha gaye the| I0pU0 500 ke lagabhaga pANini ne apane graMtha "aSTAdhyAyI" kI racanA kI / isa graMtha meM vyApArika mArgoM evaM yAtrAoM ke sandarbha milate haiM / uttarApatha-mArga kA ullekha pANini ne kiyA hai| yaha bar3A vyApArika-mArga uttarI bhArata se calakara uttara-pazcima meM kaispiyana sAgara taTa se hotA huA Age ko jAtA thaa| isakA varNana sTrAbo tathA plinI nAmaka yUnAnI aitihAsikoM ne bhI kiyA hai| bhArata meM yaha mArga puruSapura (pezAvara) se pUrva meM pATaliputra (paTanA) taka jAtA thaa| isa para bAha lIka, kapizA, puSkalAvatI, mazakAvatI, udbhAMDapura, takSazilA, zAkala, hastinApura, mathurA, kanauja, prayAga pATaliputra tathA tAmralipti nagara base hue the| ___ kAtyAyana ne apane vyAkaraNa-bhASya meM "kAMtArapatha", "jaMgalapatha", "sthalapatha" aura "vAripatha" nAmaka vyApArika mArgoM kI carcA kI hai| ye mArga kramazaH ghane jaMgaloM, sAdhAraNa vanoM, maidAnoM tathA nadI-samudra Adi jalAzayoM se hokara gujarate the| pANini dvArA prayukta "paMcanauH", "dazanauH" Adi zabdoM se prakaTa hai ki vyApArI jala-mArga dvArA apanI naukAe~ le jAte the| "paMcanauH" se abhiprAya mAla se ladI huI pA~ca naukAoM se tathA "dazanauH" se tAtparya aisI dasa nAvoM se hai| bauddha graMtha "mahAniddesa' kI TIkA tathA anya graMthoM meM vividha prakAra ke vyApArika mArgoM ke ullekha milate haiM / __jhAlAvAr3a, maMdasaura, ratalAma tathA rAjagar3ha jiloM kI sImAeM zAjApura jile se milatI haiN| inameM bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se jhAlAvAr3a aura rAjagar3ha kSetra vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| rAjagar3ha se kucha samaya pUrva kuSANa samrATa kaniSka prathama kI eka durlabha svarNa

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( 113 ) mudrA milI thii| usa para eka ora upAdhiyoM sahita kaniSka kA nAma aMkita hai| vaha bAe~ hAtha meM ziva kA pratIka trizUla dhAraNa kiye hai; dAe~ hAtha se vedI meM havana kara rahA hai| sikke ke pRSTha bhAga para bhagavAn buddha abhayamudrA meM khar3e haiM aura unakA nAma prAcIna yUnAnI lipi meM 'boDDo' aMkita hai| rAjagar3ha jilA ke narasiMhagar3ha nAmaka sthAna para maukhari-vaMza kA eka atyaMta mahattvapUrNa brAhmI lekha aMkita hai, jisakA samaya lagabhaga 500 I0 hai| lekha ke anusAra usa sthala para maurya samrATa azoka ne bauddha-stapa tathA maTha kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| lekha ke anusAra ye imArateM kSatigrasta ho gyiiN| unake punarnirmANa tathA vahA~ ke nivAsI bauddha bhikSuoM ko suvidhAe~ pradAna karane ke lie maukhari rAjA ne Adeza nikaalaa| yahA~ yaha smaraNIya hai ki maukhari zAsaka vaidika dharmAvalaMbI the| para unhoMne bauddha dharma ke prati Adara bhAva vyakta karate hue ukta Adeza prasArita kiyA thaa| hAla meM zAjApura se lagabhaga 16 kilomITara dUra sthita setakher3I nAmaka sthAna meM eka bAvar3I (vApI) kI saphAI karate samaya eka durlabha brAhmI zilAlekha milA hai| zAjApura kI purAtattva-premI jilAdhyakSA zrImatI aruNA zarmA ne isa zilAlekha ko zAjApUra nagara meM sthApita saMgrahAlaya ke lie prApta kara liyA hai|| yaha zilAlekha pazcimI bhArata ke kSatrapa zAsaka rudrasiMha kA hai| isa para zaka saMvat 107 (185 I0) aMkita hai| eka vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki lekha meM rudrasiMha ke tIna pUrvajoM --kramazaH caSTana, rudradAmA tathA jayadAmA ke nAma likhe haiN| pahalI bAra itanA prAcIna kSatrapa zilAlekha madhya pradeza meM milA hai| isakA gaurava nissaMdeha zAjApura janapada ko prApta haA hai| eraNa tathA sAMcI se kSatrapoM ke lekha, sikke, sA~ce tathA anya avazeSa mile haiN| setakher3I kI yaha naI upalabdhi unake itihAsa para nayA prakAza DAlatI hai| jJAta huA hai ki kucha samaya pUrva setakher3I se kucha sone ke sikke mile the, jo galA diye gaye / prAcIna zAjApura kSetra meM samIpavartI bhUbhAgoM kI taraha vibhinna dharma sAtha-sAtha saMbadhita ho rahe the| vaidika-paurANika, bauddha, jaina tathA lokadharma yahA~ sahiSNutA ke vAtAvaraNa meM zatAbdiyoM taka vikasita

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( 114 ) hote rahe / kholavI tathA dhamanAra sthaloM ke zailakRtta bauddha maMdira, guhAe~ aura pratimAe~ ullekhanIya haiN| unakA nirmANa --- kAla I0 500 se 900 taka hai| dhamanAra (dharmanAthezvara) meM kula 14 zailakRtta guhAe~ milI haiN| kAlI siMdha para sthita sAraMgapura se prAcIna Ahata tathA sA~ce ke bane sikke aura ujjayinI ke sikke mile haiM / rUpamatI kA janmasthala hone ke kAraNa madhyakAla meM isa sthAna ko vizeSa khyAti milii| dhAra jile ke bAgha nAmaka sthAna meM gupta kAla meM bauddha mUrtikalA tathA citrakalA kA prabhUta vikAsa huaa| zAjApura-kSetra apanI urvara bhUmi tathA prAkRtika sauMdarya ke kAraNa prakhyAta thaa| prAcIna kAla meM paramAroM ke pahale isa kSetra para mAlavoM aura maukhariyoM kA kramazaH zAsana rhaa| saMbhavataH kacha samaya ke lie yaha kSetra caSTana vaMzI kSatrapoM ke adhikAra meM rahA / paramAroM ke zAsanakAla meM zAjApura-kSetra meM bahusaMkhyaka maMdiroM tathA pratimAoM kA nirmANa huA, jinake avazeSa Aja bhI dekhe jA sakate haiM / isa janapada kI prAcIna dharohara ko surakSita rakhane ke lie zAjApura meM saMgrahAlaya kI sthApanA prazaMsanIya kArya hai|

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jaina jagat bhAratIya sAhitya evaM saMskRti meM RSabhadeva maiM vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga ke sahayoga se isa viSaya para eka sarvAMga pustaka taiyAra kara rahA huuN| jisameM prAcIna sabhyatAe~ evaM RSabhadeva; RSabhadeva kA sArvabhaumika svarUpa; RSabhadeva evaM mAnava saMskRti RSabhadeva evaM ziva sambandhI prAcya mAnyatAyeM, jaina/bauddha vaidika anya sAhitya meM RSabhadeva; mUrti sthApatya aura citrakalA ke vizeSa sandarbha meM RSabhadeva; RSabhadeva sambandhI prAcIna aura arvAcIna sAhitya, lekha Adi kI anukramaNikA Adi adhyAya hoNge| Apa sabhI vidvAnoM se vinamra anurodha hai ki ukta sandarbho meM Apake pAsa jo bhI sAmagrI ho kRpAkara bhejane kA kaSTa kareM, isameM ApakA jo bhI vyaya hogA, use hama vahana kreNge| pustaka ko sarvAMga pUrNa vanAne hetu apane vicAra va sujhAva bhejeM to hama anugrahIta hoNge| DaoN0 kapUracanda jaina, __ adhyakSa saMskRta vibhAga, zrI kunda kunda jaina mahAvidyAlaya, khataulI 25/201 mujaphpharanagara, u0 pra0 / prAkRta evaM jaina vidyA : zodha sandarbha kA prakAzana lagabhaga 3 varSa pUrva hamane 'prAkRta evaM jaina vidyA : zodha sandarbha' pustaka meM etadviSayaka 452 zodha-prabandhoM kI sUcI prakAzita kI thii| nirantara parivartana parivardhana/saMzodhana ke phalasvarUpa yaha saMkhyA 600650 ke lagabhaga pahu~ca gayI hai| zodha sandarbha ke navIna saMskaraNa meM ukta prabandhoM tathA prakAzita 100 zodha-prabandhoM kI vistRta jAnakArI dI jA rahI hai sAtha hI isa kSetra meM kAryarata saMsthAnoM/vibhAgoM/patra-patrikAoM/ nidezakoM prakAzakoM ke paricaya/pate evaM zodha-yogya viSayoM kI sUcI dI jA rahI hai| saMsthAoM ko alaga se patra bheje gaye haiM / pustaka zrI yogeza

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( 116 ) kumAra jaina, khataulI, zrI dhanapAla jaina trinagara, dillI evaM ku0 razmi jaina, khataulI kI ora se sabhI saMsthAnoM vizvavidyAlayoM videzI saMsthAnoM/viziSTa vidvAnoM/zodha chAtroM ko mArca apraila meM niHzulka preSita kI jaayegii| Apase vinamra anurodha hai ki isa viSaya meM apane sujhAva tathA zodha yogya viSayoM kI sUcI (100 kI sUcI hamAre pAsa hai) evaM apanA navIna patA zIghra bhejakara anugrahIta kreN| DaoN0 kapUracanda jaina, zrI kunda kunda jaina mahAvidyAlaya, khataulI, 25/201, mujaphpharanagara (u0 pra0) prathama rASTrIya prAkRtta sammelana sampanna baiMgalora, 8-9 disambara, 1990 / svAmI bhaTTAraka cArukIti jI, zravaNabelagolA kI adhyakSatA meM sthApita prAkRta jJAnabhAratI ejukezana TrasTa, baiMgalora dvArA Ayojita prathama rASTrIya prAkRta sammelana 8 evaM 9 disambara 1990 ko baiMgalora meM sampanna huaa| sammelana kA udghATana karate hue nyAyamUrti i0 esa0 veMkaTAramayyA ne kahA ki prAkRta ko vahI sthAna aura sammAna milanA cAhie jo deza kI anya bhASAoM ko prApta hai| sammelana ke adhyakSa prasiddha bhASAvid DA0 e0 ema0 ghATage (pUnA) ne bhASAtmaka, sAhityika evaM dArzanika pakSa kI dRSTi se prAkRta-adhyayana ko gati dene kI preraNA apane adhyakSIya bhASaNa meM dii| isa sammelana meM deza-videza ke lagabhaga 70 prAkRta vidvAna, zikSaka evaM zodha-chAtra sammilita hue| hindI, aMgrejI evaM kannar3a meM zodha-patra par3he gaye evaM sammelana ke kAryakArI nidezaka DA0 prema sumana jaina (udayapura) ne prAkRta bhASA meM bhI apanA prArambhika vaktavya diyaa| isa sammelana meM TrasTa dvArA sthApita "prAkRta jJAnabhAratI puraskAra 1960" prAkRta ke ina 10 vayovRddha vidvAnoM ko dharmasthala ke dharmAdhikArI zrI vIrendra hegar3e dvArA pradAna kiye gaye-DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jaina, paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA, paM0 phUlacanda siddhAntazAstrI, DaoN0 nathamala TATiyA, DA0 rAjArAma jaina, DA0 ke0 Ara0 candra, DA0 bI0 ke0 khaDabaDI, DA0 ema0 DI0 basantarAja, DA0 je0 sI0 sikadara evaM

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DaoN0 eca0 sI bhAyANI / svAmI bhaTTAraka cArukIti jI ne prativarSa 'prAkRtajJAnabhAratI puraskAra' pradAna karane kI ghoSaNA kI tathA sammelana ke saMyojaka evaM TrasTa ke mainejiMga TrasTI DA0 hampA nAgarAjayyA ne batAyA ki yaha prAkRta sammelana prati do varSa meM Ayojita hotA rhegaa| sammelana ke avasara para prAkRta kI prakAzita lagabhaga 1500 pustakoM kI pradarzanI bhI Ayojita kI gyii| TrasTa dvArA prakAzita (1) prAkRta sAhitya kI bhUmikA (DA0 prema sumana jaina); (2) prAkRta sAhitya kaipiDi (zubhacandra); (3) prAkRta pravezikA (kannar3a); (4) kundakunda prazasti (DA0 jayacandra, kannar3a); (5) prAkRta bhAratI (sammelana smArikA) evaM prAkRta adhyayana prasAra saMsthAna udayapura dvArA prakAzitaH (6) 'prAkRtavidyA' traimAsika patrikA ke sammelana-vizeSAMka ina chaha prakAzanoM kA vimocana bhI isa avasara para kiyA gyaa| samApana samAroha ke pramukha atithi karnATaka sarakAra ke zikSAmantrI zrI ema. vIrappA moile ne apane vidvattApUrNa bhASaNa meM prAkRta ko samucita sammAna aura vidvAnoM ko puraskAra pradAna karane kA AzvAsana pradAna kiyaa| sammelana kI saMstutiyoM meM "nezanala prAkRta akAdamo' kI sthApanA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| kurukSetra vizvavidyAlaya meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ceyara kI sthApanA hariyANA ke pUrva mukhyamantrI zrI omaprakAza cauTAlA, vartamAna mukhyamantrI mAsTara hukumasiMha tathA zikSA maMtrI Adi ke sadprayatnoM se disambara 1990 meM kurukSetra vizvavidyAlaya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ceyara kI sthApanA kI gii| hariyANA sarakAra ne isa hetu 2 lAkha 15 hajAra rupaye kI rAzi satra 1990-91 ke lie anudAna ke rUpa meM svIkRta kI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ceyara kI sthApanA karake hariyANA sarakAra ne jaina samudAya kI bhAvanAoM kA Adara kiyA hai| hama usake kRtajJa haiN| koti prasAda jaina saMyojaka bhagavAn mahAvIra ceyara jaina sTaDI upasamiti

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. | | / / zoka samAcAra pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ke bhUtapUrva koSAdhyakSa svargIya zrI munilAla jI ke dvitIya putra zrI rozana lAla jaina kA 9 disambara 90 ko nidhana ho gyaa| Apa zrI manohara lAla jaina bambaI ke anuja haiN| - - saMsthAna kI samiti ke upAdhyakSa zrI madana lAla jaina ke samadhI zrI satyapAla jaina kA kocIna meM dehAnta ho gyaa| vidyAzrama parivAra ina mRtAtmAoM kI zAnti ke lie prArthanA karatA hai| -

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zramaNa akTUbara-disambara1990 raji0 naM0 ela0 39 phona : 311462 transform plastic ideas into beautiful shape NUCHEM MOULDS & DIES Our high-precision moulds and dies are Get in touch with us for information on designed to give your moulded product compression, injection or transfer clean flawless tines. Fully tested to give moulds Send a drawing on a sampis of instant production the moulds are made your design required we can of special alloy steel hard chrome-plated undertake jobs right from the designing for a better finish. stage, Write to EM PLASTICS LTD. Engineering Division 2016. Mathura Road. Fandabad (Haryana) Nuchem Edited by Dr. Sagar Mal Jain and Published by the Director, P. V. Research Institute, Varanasi-221005 Printed at Divine Printers, Sonarpura, Varanasi