Sagar Jain Vidya Bharti Part 6

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Parshwanath Shodhpith Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001689/1

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA - 149 sAgara-jainavidyA-bhAratI bhAga - 6 pro0 sAgaramala jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA - 149 sAgara- jainavidyA- bhAratI pro0 bhAga 6 (pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke zodha lekhoM kA saMkalana) pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 0 sAgaramala jaina 0 sAgaramala jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha graMthamAlA kramAMka 149 pustaka : sAgara-jainavidyA-bhAratI - bhAga 6 prakAzaka : pArzvanAtha vidyApITha AI.TI.AI. roDa, karauMdI, vArANasI - 5 : (0542) 2575521, 2575890 dUrabhASa prathama saMskaraNa : 2006 ISBN 81-86-715-84-3 : pArzvanAtha vidyApITha : ru. 100 akSara sajjA : eDa viz2ana, karauMdI, vArANasI - 221005 mudraka : vardhamAna mudraNAlaya, bhelUpura, vArANasI - 221010

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samarpaNa prAkRta vidyA ke labdhapratiSTha vidvAn sva. pro. ke. Ara. candra sAdara samarpita

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prakAzakIya zramaNa saMskRti ke sArasvata sAdhaka prophesara sAgaramala jaina kI sAhityasAdhanA sarvavidita hai| Apane vipula jaina-sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai tathA zodha ke naye AyAma udghATita kiye haiN| Apa dvArA likhita sabhI zodha-nibandhoM ko eka sthAna para denA sambhava nahIM thA isalie pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI prabandha-samiti ne Apake zodha-nibandhoM ko 'sAgara-jainavidyA-bhAratI' kI zrRMkhalA ke rUpa meM prakAzita karane kA nirNaya liyA hai| isa zrRMkhalA meM aba taka pA~ca puSpa prakAzita ho cuke haiN| sAgara-jainavidyA bhAratI kA SaSTha puSpa pAThakoM ke samakSa rakhate hue hameM apAra harSa ho rahA hai| isa aMka meM pro0 jaina dvArA jaina dharmadarzana ke vividha AyAmoM yathA- jaina darzana, sAhitya, AcAra, itihAsa, saMskRti, kalA Adi para likhe gaye mahattvapUrNa nibandhoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai, jinheM par3hakara jainavidyA kA koI bhI adhyetA unake jJAna-gAmbhIrya, unakI samAlocaka dRSTi tathA lekhanakalA kI utkRSTa zailI se sahaja hI paricita ho jAtA hai| unake zodha-nibandhoM ke saMkalanarUpa isa pustaka ko prakAzita karate hue hama garva kA anubhava kara rahe haiN| isa pustaka ke prakAzana meM saMsthAna ke saha-nidezaka DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya evaM prakAzana adhikArI DaoN. vijaya kumAra kA apekSita evaM apUrva sahayoga milA hai, etadartha hama ina adhikArIdvaya ke atyanta AbhArI haiN| AzA hai yaha pustaka jainavidyA ke adhyetAoM evaM zodhArthiyoM ke lie upAdeya siddha hogii| anta meM akSara sajjA hetu 'eDa vijana' evaM sundara tathA satvara mudraNa ke lie 'vardhamAna mudraNAlaya', vArANasI ke prati apanA AbhAra vyakta karate haiN| indrabhUti barar3a saMyuktata saciva pArzvanAtha vidyApITha

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anukramaNikA hindI khaNDa 1. bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha (vaidika evaM zramaNa) 1-17 2. mahAvIra kA zrAvaka varga taba aura aba : eka AtmavizleSaNa 18-24 3. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma sthala: eka punarvicAra 25-36 4. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala: eka punarvicAra 37-40 5. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA - eka punarvicAra 41-47 6. jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM 48-57 7. jaina darzana meM mokSa kI avadhAraNA 58-61 8. jinapratimA kA prAcIna svarUpa : eka samIkSAtmaka cintana 62-68 9. 'aMgavijjA' meM jaina maMtroM kA prAcInatama svarUpa 69-75 10. umAsvAti evaM unakI uccai gara zAkhA kA utpattisthala evaM vicaraNakSetra 76-81 11. umAsvAti kA kAla 82-86 12. umAsvAti aura unakI paramparA 87-92 13. jaina Agama sAhitya meM zrAvastI 93-96 14. prAkRta evaM apabhraMza jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa 97-110 15. mUlAcAra : eka adhyayana 111-123 16. prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 124-131 17. RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAka darzana 132-136 18. rAjapraznIya sUtra meM cArvAka mata kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 137-141 19. bhAgavata ke racanA kAla ke sandarbha meM jaina sAhitya ke kucha pramANa 142-145 20. bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA 146-155 21. dharma nirapekSatA aura bauddhadharma 156-163 22. mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi 164-174 ENGLISH SECTION 23. Human Solidarity and Jainism : The Challenge of our times 176-185 24. The Impact of Nyaya and Vaisesika School on Jaina Philosophy 186-192

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bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha (vaidika evaM zramaNa) bhAratIya saMskRti kI do dhArAe~ bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| usakI saMracanA meM Arya aura dravir3a tathA unase vikasita vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| jahAM vaidika dhArA mUlata: pravRtti pradhAna rahI hai, vahIM zramaNa dhArA nivRtti pradhAna rahI hai| cAhe prArambha meM vaidika dhArA aura zramaNa dhArA svatantra rUpa meM astitva meM AyI ho, kintu kAlAntara meM ina donoM dhArAoM ne paraspara eka dUsare se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| vartamAna yuga meM jahAM vaidika dhArA kA pratinidhitva hindU dharmadarzana karatA hai, vahIM zramaNadhArA kA pratinidhitva jaina aura bauddha dharma karate haiN| kintu yaha samajhanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki vartamAna hindU dharma apane zuddha svarUpa meM mAtra vaidika dhArA kA pratinidhi hai| vartamAna hindU dharma meM zramaNadhArA ke anake tattva samAviSTa ho gaye haiN| Aja yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki zramaNa dhArA ke pratinidhi jaina aura bauddha dharma vaidika dhArA aura usase vikasita hindU dharma se pUrNata: aprabhAvita rahe haiN| yadi hama bhAratIya saMskRti ke samyak itihAsa ko samajhanA cAhate haiM to hameM isa tathya ko dRSTigata rakhanA hogA ki kAlakrama meM usakI vibhinna dhArAeM eka dUsare ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karatI rahI haiN| koI bhI saMskRti aura sabhyatA zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hotI haiN| dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke prabhAva ke sAtha-sAtha vaha sahavartI anya saMskRtiyoM se bhI prabhAvita hotI hai| yaha satya hai ki prAcIna vaidika dharma yajJa-yAga aura karmakANDa pradhAna rahA hai aura usake pratinidhi vartamAna hindU dharma meM Aja bhI ina tattvoM kI pradhAnatA dekhI jAtI hai kintu vartamAna hindu dharma meM saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNA kA bhI abhAva nahIM hai| kAlakrama meM vaidika dharma ne adhyAtma, saMnyAsa, vairAgya evaM tapa-tyAga ke tattvoM ko zramaNa paramparA se lekara AtmasAta kiyA hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha spaSTa hai ki prArambhika vaidika kAla meM ye tattva usameM pUrNata: anupasthita the| prAcIna stara kI vaidika RcAeM isa sambandha meM pUrNata: mauna haiM, kintu AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM ke kAla meM hI zramaNa paramparA ke, ina tattvoM ko vaidika paramparA meM mAnyatA prApta

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ho cukI thI / IzAvAsyopaniSad, jo atharvaveda kA antima pariziSTa bhI hai, meM sarvaprathama vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvaya kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| aupaniSadika cintana nizcita rUpa se tapa-tyAga mUlaka adhyAtma aura vairAgya ko apane meM sthAna detA hai| upaniSad tapa-tyAga mUlaka AdhyAtmika saMskRti para bala dete hue pratIta hote haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM vaidika karmakANDa ke prati praznacihna upasthita karane vAle bhI ve hI prathama grantha haiN| vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kA jo prayatna AraNyakoM evaM upaniSadoM ne kiyA thA, vahI gItA aura mahAbhArata meM puSpita evaM pallavita hotA rahA hai| upaniSad, gItA aura mahAbhArata vaidika tathA zramaNadhArA ke sAMskRtika samanvaya sthala haiN| unameM prAcIna vaidika dharma eka nayA AdhyAtmika svarUpa letA huA pratIta hotA hai, jise Aja hama hindU dharma ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA bhI vaidika dhArA se pUrNata: asampRkta nahIM rahI hai| zramaNadhArA ne bhI cAhe anacAhe rUpa meM vaidika dhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki prArambha meM zramaNa dhArA ke adhyAtma ne vaidika dhArA ko prabhAvita kiyA kintu kAlAntara meM use bhI vaidika dhArA ke aneka tattvoM ko AtmasAta karanA par3A / zramaNadhArA meM jo karmakANDa aura pUjA paddhati kA vikAsa huA hai vaha vaidika dhArA se vikasita hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI hai| aneka hindU devI-devatA aura unakI pUjA-upAsanA kI paddhati zramaNa paramparA meM AtmasAta kara lI gii| kisa paramparA ne kisase kitanA, kaba aura kina paristhitiyoM meM grahaNa kiyA hai isakI carcA Age kreNge| kintu yahAM yaha samajha lenA Avazyaka hai ki ina donoM dhArAoM kA svatantra vikAsa kina manovaijJAnika pAristhitika kAraNoM se huA aura ve kyoM aura kaise eka-dUsare ke tattvoM ko grahaNa karane ke liye vivaza huIM athavA ina donoM dhArAoM meM pArasparika samanvaya kI AvazyakatA kyoM huI ? vaidika aura zramaNa dhArA ke udbhava ke mUla meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM mAnava astitva kA vaividhyatApUrNa honA hai| mAnava astitva dviAyAmI aura virodhAbhAsapUrNa hai| vaha svabhAvataH paraspara do virodhI kendroM ke madhya santulana banAne kA prayatna karatA rahatA hai| manuSya na kevala zarIra hai aura na kevala cetanA / zarIra ke stara para vaha jaivika vAsanAoM aura icchAoM se prabhAvita hai to cetanA ke stara para vaha viveka se anuzAsita bhI hai| vAsanA aura viveka kA yaha antardvandva manuSya kI niyati hai aura ina donoM ke madhya sAMga santulana sthApita karanA usakI anivAryatA

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bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : 3 hai| zArIrika stara para vaha jaivika vAsanAoM se cAlita hai aura isa stara para usa para jaivika yAMtrika niyamoM kA Adhipatya hai| yahI usakI paratantratA bhI hai| kintu caitasika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai| yahAM usameM saMkalpa svAtaMtrya hai| zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, paratantra hai kintu caitasika stara para vaha svatantra hai, mukta hai| daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti aura AdhyAtmika toSa vaha ina donoM meM se kisI bhI eka kI upekSA karane meM samartha nahIM hai| eka ora usakA vAsanAtmaka ahaM usake sammukha apanI mAMgeM prastuta karatA hai to dUsarI ora use viveka cAlita apanI antarAtmA kI bAta bhI sunanI hotI hai| usake liye ina donoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrNa upekSA karanA sambhava nahIM hai| manuSya ke jIvana kI saphalatA isI meM hai ki vaha apane vartamAna astitva meM ina donoM choroM meM eka sAMga-saMtulana banA ske| mAnavIya saMskRti meM zramaNa aura vaidika dhArAoM ke udbhava ke mUla meM vastuta: mAnava astitva kA yaha dviAyAmI yA virodhAbhAsapUrNa svarUpa hI hai| manuSya ko daihika stara para vAsanAtmaka tathA caitasika stara para AdhyAtmika jIvana jInA hotA hai| vaidika evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke mUla meM manuSya kA vAsanAtmaka jaivika pakSa hI pradhAna rahA hai| jabaki zramaNa yA nivartaka dharmoM ke mUla meM viveka buddhi pramukha rahI hai| Age hama yaha vicAra kareMge ki ina pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kI vikAsa yAtrA kA manovaijJAnika krama kyA hai? aura unake sAMskRtika pradeya kisa rUpa meM haiM? vaidika evaM zramaNadhArA ke udbhava kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra ___ mAnava-jIvana meM zArIrika vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitasika vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai| pradIpta-vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke liye 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai to vizuddha-viveka apane astitva ke liye 'saMyama' yA 'virAga' kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya dene meM akSama hotA hai| vastuta: vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga pr| yahIM do alaga-alaga jIvana-dRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka kA AdhAra vAsanA aura bhoga hotA hai to dusarI kA AdhAra viveka aura viraag| zramaNa-paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA-dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyak-dRSTi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM inheM kramazaH preya aura zreya ke mArga kahe gaye haiN| kaThopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiN| unameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yoga-kSema arthAt preya ko aura vivekI puruSa zreya ko cunatA hai| vAsanA kI tuSTi ke liye bhoga aura bhoga ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke liye

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4 karma apekSita hai| isI bhogapradhAna jIvana-dRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA hai| dUsarI ora viveka ke liye virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke liye AdhyAtmika mUlya-bodha (zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha) apekSita hai| isI se AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi yA tyAga mArga kA vikAsa huaa| inameM pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivartaka dharma kA udbhava huaa| pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga rahA, ataH usane apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI bnaayaa| jahA~ aihika jIvana meM usane dhanadhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kI kAmanA kI, vahIM pAralaukika jIvana meM svarga (bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI uccatama avasthA) kI prApti ko hI mAnava-jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyaa| punaH Anubhavika jIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alaukika evaM prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usakI sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko saphala yA viphala banA sakatI haiM, to usane yaha mAnA ki usakI sukhasuvidhAe~ usake apane puruSArtha para nahIM, apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nirbhara hai| taba vaha inheM prasanna karane ke liye eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to dUsarI ora unheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se bhI santuSTa karane lagA / isa prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA- 1. zraddhApradhAna bhaktimArga aura 2. yajJa-yAga pradhAna karma - mArga / dUsarI ora niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM nivartaka dharma ne nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt vAsanAoM evaM laukika eSaNAoM se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura virAga ko pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika evaM pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhava nahIM thA / ataH nivartaka dharma mAnava ko jIvana ke karma-kSetra se kahIM dUra nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri kandarAoM meM le gyaa| usameM jahA~ eka ora daihika mUlyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke niSedha para bala diyA gayA jisase vairAgyamUlaka tapa mArga kA vikAsa huA, vahIM dUsarI ora usa aikAntika jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke dvArA khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA, jisase cintanapradhAna jJAna-mArga kA udbhava huaa| isa prakAra nivartaka dharma bhI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA 1. jJAna - mArga aura 2. tapa - mArga / mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura caitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAraNI ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai -

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(pravartaka) ' deha bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : manuSya vAsanA bhoga I abhyudaya (preya) svarga 1 karma pravRtti I pravartaka dharma 1 alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA samarpaNamUlaka 1 bhaktimArga yajJamUlaka karmamArga (nivartaka) 1 cetanA viveka I virAga (tyAga) dehadaNDanamUlaka 1 tapamArga nivartaka (bhramaNa) evaM pravartaka (vaidika) dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thA, ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoM / pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko nimna sAraNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai - pravartaka dharma 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 2. vidhAyaka jIvana - dRSTi 3. samaSTivAdI niHzreyas mokSa (nirvANa ) I saMnyAsa 2. 3. | nivRtti nivartaka dharma 1 Atmopalabdhi cintana pradhAna 1 jJAnamArga nivartaka dharma 1. upAsanAmUlaka AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA niSedhaka jIvana-dRSTi vyaSTivAdI

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4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira bhI 4. vyavahAra meM naiSkarmaNyatA kA samarthana daivika zaktiyoM kI kRpA para phira AtmakalyANa hetu vaiyaktika vizvAsa puruSArtha para bl| IzvaravAdI 5. anIzvaravAdI 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, karma siddhAnta kA smrthn| |7. sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala | 7. Antarika vizuddhatA para bl| 8. jIvana kA lakSya svarga/Izvara ke 8. jIvana kA lakSya mokSa evaM nirvANa sAnnidhya kI prApti kI praapti| |9. varNa-vyavasthA aura jAtivAda kA | 9. jAtivAda kA virodha, varNa-vyavasthA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para smrthn| 10. gRhastha-jIvana kI pradhAnatA | 10. saMnyAsa jIvana kI prdhaantaa| 11. sAmAjika jIvana zailI / 11. ekAkI jIvana shailii| 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 12. janatantra kA smrthn| 13. zaktizAlI kI pUjA 13. sadAcArI kI pUjA 14. vidhi vidhAnoM evaM karmakANDoM kI | 14. dhyAna aura tapa kI prdhaantaa| pradhAnatA 15. brAhmaNa-saMsthA (purohita varga) kA | 15. zramaNa-saMsthA kA vikaas| vikAsa 16. samAdhimUlaka 16. samAdhimUlaka pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiN| udAharaNArtha-hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTa hoM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM hoM Adi-Adi / isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rukha apanAyA, usane sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA rAga alaapaa| unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA baMdhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA saagr| unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvana-lakSya

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bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atma santoSa hI sarvocca jIvana mUlya hai / 7 eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA jisameM zArIrika mA~goM ko ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha - daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura AdhyAtmikatA ke pratIka bana gae / pravartaka dharma jaivika mUlyoM para bala detA hai ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se vaha samAjagAmI banA, kyoMki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti, jisakA eka aMga kAma bhI hai, kI pUrNa saMtuSTi to samAja-jIvana meM hI sambhava thI, kintu virAga aura tyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma samAja - 1 ja - vimukha aura vaiyaktika bana gaye / yadyapi daihika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu karma Avazyaka the kintu jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi ke liye usake vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda unakI pUrti yA ApUrti kinhIM anya zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha daivavAdI aura IzvaravAdI bana gayA / vizva vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantraka tattvoM ke rUpa meM usane vibhinna devoM aura phira Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura unakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lgaa| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmaNyatA kA samarthaka hote hue bhI karma - siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lagA ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM usake kAraNa hai, ata: nivartaka dharma puruSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM meM AsthA rakhane lgaa| anIzvaravAda, puruSArthavAda aura karma- siddhAnta usake pramukha tattva bana ge| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka dharmoM meM alaukika daivIya zaktiyoM kI prasannatA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhyavidhAnoM (yajJa-yAga) kA vikAsa huA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne citta zuddhi aura sadAcAra para adhika bala diyA tathA kinhIM daivIya zaktiyoM ke nimitta karmakANDa ke sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa| zramaNa aura vaidika dhArAoM kI prAcInatA kA prazna yahAM svabhAvika rUpa se yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki zramaNa dhArA aura vaidika dhArA meM kauna prAcIna hai? isa prazna kA uttara do dRSTiyoM se diyA jA sakatA hai - (1) manovaijJAnika dRSTi se aura ( 2 ) aitihAsika dRSTi se /

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jahAM taka manovaijJAnika evaM samAjazAstrIya dRSTi kA prazna hai hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki mAnavIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA eka kAlakrama meM vikAsa huA hai| manuSya prArambha meM eka vivekazIla vikasita prANI ke rUpa meM hI prakRti para Azrita hokara apanA jIvana jItA thaa| usameM sabhyatA, saMskRti aura AdhyAtmika cetanA kA vikAsa eka paravartI ghaTanA hai| apane prAkRta jIvana se sAmAjika jIvana aura sAmAjika jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora usakA kramika vikAsa huA hai| jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se bhI vicAra kareM to yaugalika paramparA se kulakara paramparA aura usase rAjya vyavasthA, dharma vyavasthA, sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA vikAsa huA hai| vizuddha prAkRtika jIvana se sAmAjika jIvana aura sAmAjika jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora usane eka yAtrA kI hai| isa draSTi se vicAra karane para yaha lagatA hai ki prArambha meM pravartaka dhArA yA vaidika dhArA hI astitva meM aayii| jaise-jaise prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM meM kamI AI aura manuSyoM kI saMkhyA meM bhI vRddhi huI, jaivika AvazyakatAoM ke sAdhanoM para Adhipatya kI bhAvanA jAgRta huii| una jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke sAdhanoM kI adhikatama upalabdhi kaise ho, usI hetu prakRti pUjA aura tajjanya prAkRtika zaktiyoM meM devatva kA AropaNa karane vAle vaidika dharma kA vikAsa huaa| kintu jaba vyakti ina bhautika upalabdhiyoM se AtmatoSa nahIM pA sakA aura unake nimitta se usakA vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana saMgharSoM aura tanAvoM se grasta ho gayA hogA to vaha AdhyAtmika zAnti kI khoja meM nikalA hogA aura usI se AdhyAtmika zramaNa dhArA kA vikAsa huaa| prArambhika avasthA meM usake sAmane mukhya samasyAeM usakI jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hI rahI hogii| kahA bhI hai - "bhUkhe bhajana na hoMhi gopaalaa''| ata: svAbhAvika hai ki pahale pravartaka vaidika dharma kA vikAsa huA hogA kintu jaisA IsAmasIha kA kathana hai ki - "Man can not live by bread alone" arthAt manuSya kevala roTI para jindA nahIM raha sakatA, pariNAmata: usakI AdhyAtmika bhUkha aura jijJAsAvRtti jAgrata huI aura usane AdhyAtmika evaM nivRttimUlaka dharmoM ko janma diyaa| kyoMki mUlya vyavasthA ke krama meM bhI jaivika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM ke bAda hI AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI ora rujhAna hotI hai| jaivika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM kI upekSA karake AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko jInA, cAhe kisI vyakti vizeSa ke lie sambhava ho, kintu vaha sArvabhaumika aura sArvajanika nahIM ho sktaa| jahAM taka aitihAsika sAkSyoM kA prazna hai bhAratIya saMskRti ko samajhane ke liye hamAre sAmane do hI pramANa haiM - 1. sAhityika aura 2. puraataattvik|

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bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha sAhityika pramANoM kI apekSA se hameM jo prAcInatama grantha upalabdha hai, vaha Rgveda hai| Rgveda na kevala bhAratIya sAhitya apitu vizva sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha hai| dUsarI ora purAtAttvika dRSTi se jo sAkSya hameM upalabdha hai unameM mohanajodar3o aura har3appA hI prAcInatama haiN| vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRtiyoM meM kauna prAcIna hai isakA aitihAsika dRSTi se nirNaya inhIM do sAkSyoM para nirbhara kregaa| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM ullekha kara cuke haiM, sAhityika sAkSyoM meM Rgveda prAcInatama hai| Rgveda meM zramaNadhArA ke pramukha zabdoM meM arahanta, vAtarazanAmuni, zramaNa, vrAtya Adi kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| Rgveda Arhat aura bArhat aisI do paramparAoM kA bhI spaSTa rUpa se ullekha karatA hai| Rgveda meM ina donoM paramparAoM ke ullekha isa tathya ko pratipAdita karate haiM ki Rgveda ke racanAkAla meM donoM hI paramparAeM apanA astitva rakhatI thiiN| Rgveda meM na kevala arahanta evaM arhat zabda milate haiM, apitu Arhat paramparA kA aura usake Adya saMsthApaka RSabha ke bhI ullekha haiN| Rgveda meM 112 RcAoM meM 'RSabha' zabda kA ullekha hai| yadyapi sarva sthaloM para 'RSabha' zabda tIrthaMkara RSabha kA vAcaka hai, yaha kahanA to kaThina hai kintu una RcAoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAnanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai ki ve sabhI RcAeM sAmAnyata: vRSabha (baila) kI vAcaka haiN| yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki - aupaniSadika sUktoM aura vaidika RcAoM meM aneka aisI haiM jo pratIkAtmaka haiN| kyoMki unheM pratIkAtmaka mAne binA unakA koI bhI vAstavika artha nahIM nikala sktaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM zvetAzvataropaniSad kA yaha kathana leM, "ajAmekAM lohitazuklakRSNAM bahvIH prajAH sRjAmAnAsarUpA"- sAmAnya zAbdika artha kI dRSTi se isakA artha hogA ki lAla, kAle aura sapheda raMga kI eka bakarI apane hI samAna santAnoM ko janma detI hai, kintu dArzanika dRSTi se isakA artha hai ki satva, rajas aura tamasguNa se yukta prakRti apane hI samAna sRSTi ko janma detI hai / vastuta: yahI sthiti Rgveda kI RRSabhavAcI RcAoM kI haiN| ata: unakA pratIkAtmaka artha kisa prakAra jaina yA zramaNa paramparA se sambaddha pratIta hotA hai, isakI vistRta carcA hamane Rgveda meM RSabha vAcI RcAeM nAmaka eka lekha meM kI hai| vistAra bhaya se yahAM usa carcA meM utaranA to sambhava nahIM hai, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki Rgveda ke kAla meM isa deza meM Arhat aura bArhat donoM hI paramparAeM jIvita thIM arthAt vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM kA saha-astitva thaa| jahAM taka purAtAttvika sAkSyoM kA prazna hai mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana meM aneka aise pramANa upalabdha haiM jo zramaNa yA Arhat paramparA ke astitva ko siddha karate haiN| har3appA ke utkhanana meM hameM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI aneka sIleM

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upalabdha hotI haiM, jinameM khaDgAsana yA padmAsana kI mudrA meM yogI dhyAna meM baiThe dikhAye gaye haiN| yadyapi ina purAtAttvika sAkSyoM meM aneka abhilekha bhI haiM, jo abhI taka nahIM par3he gaye haiN| kintu inase itanA to siddha hotA hai ki usa kAla meM eka susaMskRta sabhyatA astitva meM thI aura usakA bahuta kucha sambandha prAcIna Arhat dhArA kI yoga, zaiva Adi zramaNa dhArA kI paramparAoM se rahA hai| zaiva paramparA avaidika paramparA hai, ise aneka vidvAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| vastuta: sAMkhya yoga, zaiva, AjIvaka, bauddha aura jaina ye sabhI paramparAeM mUla meM prAcIna Arhat zramaNa dhArAoM ke hI vividha rUpa haiN| ina saba sAkSyoM ko cAhe hama spaSTa rUpa se nirgrantha yA jaina udghoSita na bhI kara sakeM to bhI ye sabhI sAkSya Arhat zramaNadhArA ke hI sUcaka haiN| aupaniSadika dhArA ke sAtha-sAtha sAMkhya-yoga Adi paramparAeM bhI mUlataH zramaNa hI haiM aura isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki zramaNa paramparA bhI utanI hI prAcIna hai jitanI vaidika prmpraa| bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ke vibhinna ghaTaka bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA yA Arhat paramparA eka ativyApaka paramparA hai| aupaniSadika, jaina aura bauddha sAhitya ke prAcIna aMzoM meM isake astitva ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiN| isa zramaNa paramparA kA prAcInatama saMketa Rgveda (10/136/ 2) meM vAtarazanA muni ke ullekha ke rUpa meM bhI upalabdha hai| jisakA sAmAnya artha nagna muni yA vAyu kA bhakSaNa kara jIvita rahane vAle muni, aisA hotA hai| Rgveda meM jIrNa aura malayukta arthAt maile vastra dhAraNa karane vAle pizaMgavasanA muniyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| yaha saba ullekha isa tathya ke pramANa haiM ki Rgvaidika kAla meM zramaNa paramparA kA astitva thaa| puna: Rgveda, atharvaveda Adi meM jo vrAtyoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai vaha bhI zramaNadhArA kI prAcInatA kA sUcaka hai| isakA eka pramANa yaha hai ki AraNyakoM meM zramaNoM aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ko eka hI batAyA gayA hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM (bRhadA0 4/3/22) meM tApasoM aura zramaNoM ko eka batAyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI zramaNoM ke pAMca prakAroM kI carcA karate hae unameM nirgrantha, AjIvaka, zAkyapatrIya zramaNa, gairika aura tApasa aise pAMca vibhAga milate haiN| yadi hama aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dhArA ke prAcIna sAhitya kA adhyayana karate haiM to hameM isa prAcIna zramaNa dhArA kI vyApakatA kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| isa sambandha meM ati vizad carcA to yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai kintu yadi hama bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6/5/3-4 pR. 356 tathA 4/6/1-3) ke brahmavettA RSiyoM kI vaMzAvalI, bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA, tathA jaina paramparA ke grantha RSibhASita ke RSiyoM kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM to hameM bhAratIya

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bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : 11 / zramaNa dhArA kI vyApakatA kA patA laga sakatA hai| kyoMki ina tInoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para inameM aneka nAma samAna rUpa se pAye jAte haiM jo isa tathya ke sUcaka haiM ki bhAratIya zramaNadhArA kA mUla srota eka hI hai| ___ aupaniSadika dhArA ko zramaNadhArA ke sAtha saMyojita karane ke pIche mukhya rUpa se nimna AdhAra haiM - aupaniSadika dhArA mUlataH karmakANDa kI virodhI hai| upaniSadoM meM na kevala vaidika karmakANDa kI upekSA kI gaI hai apitu muNDakopaniSad (1/2/7) meM yaha kahakara ki yajJa rUpI ye naukAeM adRr3ha haiM, sachidra haiM, ye saMsAra sAgara meM DubAne vAlI haiM, na kevala vaidika karmakANDa kI AlocanA kI hai apitu yaha kahakara ki jo ise zreya mAnakara isakA abhinandana karatA hai, vaha mUr3ha puruSa jarA aura mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai, karmakANDa kI heyatA ko bhI ujAgara kiyA gayA hai| isake sAtha-sAtha bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6/2/8) meM janaka ke dvArA yAjJavalkya ko spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki yaha adhyAtma vidyA pahale kisI bhI brAhmaNa ke pAsa nahIM rahI hai, tumhArI namratAyukta prArthanA ko dekhakara hI maiM tumheM pradAna karatA huuN| isa paricarcA meM na kevala bhautika upalabdhiyoM ko hIna batAyA gayA hai, apitu yajJa rUpI karmakANDa ko prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke sAtha samanvaya karate hue unakA kisI rUpa meM AdhyAtmIkaraNa bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa upaniSad meM (6/2/16 pR. 345) spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki ve loka jo yajJa, dAna, tapasyA ke dvArA lokoM para vijaya prApta karate haiM ve dhUma mArga ko prApta hote haiM / jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ dhUma mArga ko janma-maraNa kI paramparA ko bar3hAne vAlA kahA gayA hai| yadyapi upaniSadoM meM aneka sthaloM para karmakANDa sambandhI ullekha mila jAte haiM kintu aupaniSadika RSi unakI zreSThatA ko svIkAra nahIM karate the| dUsarA mahattvapUrNa saMketa upaniSadoM meM yaha milatA hai ki unameM yajJIya karmakANDa kA AdhyAtmIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| Atmatattva kI sarvoparitA aupaniSadika cintana ke AdhyAtmika hone kA sabase mahattvapUrNa pramANa haiM (aitareyopaniSad 1/1/1) / yajJa ke AdhyAtmIkaraNa ke kucha ullekha yahA prastuta kiye jAte haiM : bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6/2/12) meM kahA gayA hai ki puruSa hI agni hai| usakA khulA huA mukha hI samidhAeM haiM, prANa hI dhuMA hai, vANI hI jvAlA hai, cakSu hI aMgAre haiM, zrotra hI ciMgArI hai| isa agni meM hI samasta devatA anna kA homa karate haiN| yahAM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki yadyapi bRhadAraNyaka ko upaniSad kI koTi meM ginA jAtA hai, kintu mUla meM vaha AraNyaka varga kA hI hai| AraNyaka usa sthiti ke sUcaka haiM jaba vaidika karmakANDa AdhyAtmika svarUpa grahaNa karane

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kI ora prathamataH prasthita huA thaa| upaniSadoM ke AdhyAtmika pakSa ko samajhane ke lie muNDakopaniSad ke prathama khaNDa ke dasa aura dvitIya khaNDa ke ATha zloka vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya haiN| muNDakopaniSad spaSTa rUpa se aupaniSadika dhArA ke zramaNadhArA hone kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai| isI prakAra kaThopaniSad ke prathama adhyAya kI dvitIya vallI ke prArambha meM jo zreya aura preya mArga kA vivecana kara zreya mArga kI pramukhatA batAI gaI hai vaha bhI aupaniSadika dhArA ke zramaNa dhArA ke nikaTa hone kA pramANa hai| muNDakopaniSad (3/1/5) kA yaha kathana ki "isa zarIra ke bhItara jo Atmatattva upasthita hai use satya, tapa, samyaka jJAna aura brahmacarya ke dvArA doSoM se kSINa yatIgaNa dekha lete haiM" jaina darzana ke samyak jJAna, samyak darzana, samyak cAritra aura samyak tapa rUpa mokSamArga ko hI pratidhvanita karatA hai| isI prakAra "yaha AtmA vANI, medhA (buddhi) athavA zAstra-zravaNa se prApta nahIM hotii| vastuta: jo ise jAnanA cAhatA hai usake sAmane yaha AtmA svayaM hI apane svarUpa ko udghATita kara detA hai|" (muNDakopaniSad 3/2/3) kA yaha kathana hameM jaina Agama AcArAMga meM bhI milatA hai| upaniSadoM meM aise anekoM vacana upalabdha haiM jo zramaNa paramparA kI avadhAraNA se tAdAtmya rakhate haiN| yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM para vaidika paramparA kA bhI prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, kyoMki mUlata: aupaniSadika dhArA vaidika dhArA aura zramaNa dhArA ke samanvaya kA hI pariNAma hai| zvetAzvetara upaniSad (4/5/6) meM bhI sAMkhya darzana kA - vizeSa rUpa se triguNAtmaka prakRti evaM do pakSiyoM ke udAharaNa dvArA Asakta evaM anAsakta jIvoM kA jo citraNa hai vaha spaSTa rUpa se sAMkhya darzana aura aupaniSadika dhArA kI zramaNa paramparA ke sAtha sahadharmitA ko hI sUcita karatA hai| isI krama meM bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad (4/4/12)kA yaha kathana ki, "puruSa ke dvArA AtmasvarUpa kA jJAna ho jAne para use kisI kAmanA yA icchA se du:khI nahIM honA par3atA hai" tathA isI upaniSad (4/4/22) meM Age yaha kathana ki "yaha AtmA mahAna, ajanmA, vijJAnamaya, hRdayAkAzazAyI hai aura ise jAnane ke liye hI manijana patraiSaNA, vittaiSaNA, lokaiSaNA kA parityAga kara bhikSAcaryA se jIvana jIte haiN| isa AtmA kI mahimA nitya hai, vaha karma ke dvArA na to vRddhi ko prApta hotI hai na hrAsa ko| isa AtmA ko jAnakara vyakti karmoM se lipta nahIM hotaa| isa AtmA kA jJAna rakhane vAlA zAMtacitta, tapasvI uparata, sahanazIla aura samAhita citta vAlA AtmA, AtmA meM hI AtmA kA darzana kara sabhI ko apanI AtmA ke samAna dekhatA hai, usase koI pApa nahIM hotA, vaha pApazUnya, malarahita, saMzayahIna brAhmaNa brahmaloka ko prApta ho jAtA hai (bRhadAraNyaka 4/4/23) aupaniSadika dhArA ke zramaNa dhArA se naikaTya ko hI sUcita karatA hai| vastutaH

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bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : 13 bRhAraNyakopaniSad meM yAjJavalkya aura janaka kA saMvAda tathA yAjJavalkya kA apanI patniyoM- maitreyI aura kAtyAyanI kA saMvAda aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke zramaNadhArA se prabhAvita hone kI ghaTanA ko hI abhivyakta karate haiM (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 4/5/ 1 se 7 tk)| yahAM hamane prasaMgavaza kevala prAcIna mAne jAne vAle kucha upaniSadoM ke hI saMketa prastuta kiye haiN| paravartI upaniSadoM meM to zramaNadhArA se prabhAvita yaha AdhyAtmika ciMtana adhika vistAra aura spaSTatA se upalabdha hotA hai| yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki vaidika dhArA brAhmaNoM aura AraNyakoM se gujarate hue aupaniSadika kAla taka zramaNadhArA se milatI hai| yaha zramaNadhArA eka ora vaidikadhArA se samanvita hokara kAlakrama meM sanAtana hindU dharma ke rUpa meM vikasita hotI hai to dUsarI ora vaidika dhArA se apane ko aprabhAvita rakhate hue mUla zramaNadhArA- jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka paramparA ke rUpa meM vibhakta hokara vikasita hotI hai| phira bhI jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka sampradAyoM ke nAmakaraNa evaM vikAsa ke pUrva bhI yaha zramaNadhArA sAmAnya rUpa se pravAhita hotI rahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ina dhArAoM ke aneka pUrva puruSa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka paramparA meM samAna rUpa meM svIkRta hue, kintu aupaniSadika cintana aura usase vikasita paravartI hindU dharma kI vividha zAkhAoM meM bhI samAna rUpa se mAnya kie gaye haiN| yadi hama upaniSadoM meM diye gaye RSivaMza, jaina grantha RSibhASita meM ullekhita RSigaNoM tathA bauddha grantha theragAthA meM ullekhita theroM kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM to hameM aisA lagatA hai ki aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina aura AjIvaka dhArAeM apanI pUrva avasthA meM saMkucitatA ke ghere se pUrNatayA mukta thIM aura eka samanvita mUlasrota kA hI saMketa karatI haiN| 1. devanArada, vajjIputta, asitadevala, aMgirasa, bhAradvAja, puSpazAlaputra, valkalacIri, kummAputra, ketalIputra, mahAkAzyapa, taitalIputra, maMkhalIputra (gozAlaka), yAjJavalkya, metajyabhayAlIbAhuka (metAryabhayAlI), madhurAyana, zoryAyana, vidara, vArisenakRSNa, AryAyana, utkaTa, gAthApatiputra, gardabhAla, rAmaputta, harigirI, ambar3aparivrAjaka, mAtaMga, vArattaka, Adraka, vardhamAna, vAyu, pArzva, piMga, mahAzAlaputra aruNa, RSigirI, uddAlaka, nArAyaNa (vArAyaNa), zrIgirI, sAriputra, saMjaya, dvaipAyana, indranAga, soma, yama, varNa, varuNa, vaizramaNa aadi| (1) bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (bRhadA0 4/5) yAjJavalkyIya paramparA kI sUcI 1. brahma 31. aupajaMdhani 2. parameSThi 32. traivanI

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14 3. sanaka 4. sanAtana 5. sannAru 6. vyaSTi vipracitta 7. 8. ekarSi 9. prAdhvansana 10. mRtyu 11. atharvAvAdeva 12. dadhyaNAtharvaNa 13. dadhici 14. azvinI kumAra 15. vizvarUpAtvASTra 16. AbhUtitvArASTra 17. AGgirasa 18. pathaH saubhara 19. bAbhravadatsanapAdvAbhrava 20. vidarbhI kauNDinya 21. gAlava 22. kumAra hArita 23. kaizoryAtkApya 24. zAMDilya 25. vAtsya 26. gautama 27. mANTi 28. Atreya 29. bhAradvAja 30. Asuri 33. asurAyana-yAska jAtukarNya 34. pArAzara 35. pArAzaryAyaNa 36. ghRtakauzika 37. kauzikAyanI 38. sAyakAyaNa 39. kAzAyaNa 40. saurAyaNa 41. mAdhyandina 42. jAbAla 43. uddAlakA 44. gArgyaputra 45. pArAzaryAyaNa 46. saitava 47. gautama 48. gargavaMzI 49. gArgya 50. agnivaizya 51. gautama 52. kauzika 53. zAMDilya 54. koNDinya 55. kauzika 56. gaupavana 57. pautimASya 58. gaupavana 59. pautimASya

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bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : 15 (2) bRhadAkhyakopaniSad (bRhadA. 6/4) 1. Aditya 26. mANDukIputra 2. aMbhinI 27. mANDukAyanIputra vAk 28. jAyantI 4. naidhruvIkazyapa 29. AlambIputra 5. zilpakazyapa 30. AlambAyanIputra haritakazyapa 31. sAMkRtIputra 7. asitAdvArpagaNa 32. zauGgIputra 8. jIhvAvAnvAdhyayoga 33. ArtabhAgIputra 9. vAjazravA 34. vArkAruNIputra 10. kUzrI 35. pArAzarIyaputra 11. upavezI 36. vAtsIputra 12. aruNa 37. pArAzarIyaputra 13. uddAlaka 38. bhAradvAjIpatra 14. yAjJavalkya 39. gautamI sUta 15. AsurI 40. AtreyI putrI 16. prAznIputra AsurAyana 41. kApIputra 17. prAznIputra asuri 42. kANvIputra 18. sAMjIvIputra 43. vaiyAghrapadIputra 19. prAcInayogIputra 44. AlambIputra 20. kAzakaiyIputra 45. kauzikIputra 21. vaidabhRttiputra 46. kAtyAyanIputra 22. krauJcikIputra 47. pArAzarIputra 23. bhAlukIputra 48. bhAradvAjIyaputra 24. rAthItarI putra 49. gautamI putra 25. zAMNDilIputra 50. kAtyAyanIputra 51. pautimASI putra

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16 (3) theragAthAntargata bauddha paramparA kI sUcI 1. brahma 2. prajApati 3. kAvazaiya 4. yajJavacArAjastambAyana 5. kuzri 6. vAtsya zANDilya 8. vAmakazAyana 9. mAhitthi 10. kautsa 11. mANDaNya 12. mANDukAyanI 13. sAMjIvI 14. Age kI paramparA smaan| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki uparokta sUciyoM ke avalokana se eka bAta bahuta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki ina tInoM hI sUciyoM meM kucha nAma samAna rUpa se pAye jAte haiN| vizeSa rUpa se aupaniSadika sUciyoM ke kucha nAma RSibhASita kI sUcI meM aura kucha nAma theragAthA kI sUcI meM pAye jAte haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM RSibhASita kI sUcI ke kucha nAma theragAthA kI sUcI ke sAtha-sAtha sattanipAta Adi bauddha piTaka sAhitya ke granthoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| sAmAnyatayA yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki eka nAma ke kaI vyakti vibhinna kAloM meM bhI ho sakate haiM aura eka kAla meM bhI ho sakate haiM ? kintu jaba hama ina sUciyoM meM prastuta kucha vyaktitvoM kA gambhIratA se adhyayana karate haiM to hameM aisA lagatA hai ki ina sUciyoM meM jo nAma samAna rUpa se milate haiM ve bhinna vyaktiyoM ke sUcaka nahIM haiM, apitu isase bhinna yahI siddha hotA hai ki ve eka hI vyakti ke nAma haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM - yAjJavalkya kA nAma zatapathabrAhmaNa, sAMkhyAyana AraNyaka, bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, mahAbhArata ke sabhAparva, vanaparva evaM sAMkhyaparva meM milatA hai to dUsarI ora vaha hameM RSibhASita kI sUcI meM bhI milatA hai| jaba hama RSibhASita prastuta yAjJavalkya ke upadeza kI bRhadAraNyakopaniSada meM unake upadeza se tulanA karate haiM to spaSTa rUpa se lagatA hai ki ve donoM hI sthaloM para vittaiSaNA, putraiSaNA aura lokaiSaNA ke tyAga kI bAta karate haiN| donoM paramparAoM meM unake upadeza kI isa samAnatA ke AdhAra para unheM do bhinna vyakti nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isI prakAra jaba hama theragAthA ke gozAla thera, RSibhASita ke maMkhalIputra (gozAlaka) tathA mahAbhArata ke maMkI (maMkhI) RSi ke upadezoM kI tulanA karate haiM to tInoM hI sthAnoM para unakI pramukha mAnyatA niyativAda ke sampoSaka tattva mila jAte haiN| ata: hama ina tInoM ko alaga-alaga vyakti nahIM mAna skte| isI prakAra jaba hama RSibhASita ke vardhamAna aura theragAthA ke vardhamAna thera kI tulanA karate haiM to hama pAte haiM ki theragAthA kI aTThakathA meM vardhamAna thera ko vaizAlI gaNarAjya ke licchavI vaMza kA rAjakumAra batAyA gayA hai, ata: ve vardhamAna mahAvIra hI haiN| |

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bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : 17 isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki na kevala theragathA apitu bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM meM ullikhita nATaputra (jJAtaputra) jaina paramparA ke vardhamAna mahAvIra hI haiN| sUtrakRtAMga kI mahAvIra stuti meM mahAvIra ke liye jo 'savvavArivAritto' kA nirdeza hai vaha tripiTaka ke granthoM meM samAna rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai| ata: theragAthA ke vardhamAna thera aura jaina paramparA ke mahAvIra bhinna vyakti nahIM haiN| isI prakAra piMga RSi kA jo ullekha RSibhASita, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM pAyA jAtA hai ki usake AdhAra para unheM alaga-alaga vyakti nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina paramparA ke RSibhASita, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga aura anuttaraupapAtika tathA bauddha paramparA ke tripiTaka sAhitya ke aneka granthoM meM rAmaputta kA ullekha milatA hai, unheM bhI alaga-alaga vyakti nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ata: tInoM paramparA meM jo kucha nAma samAna rUpa se milate haiM unheM bhinna-bhinna vyakti mAnanA pakSAgraha kA hI sUcaka hogaa| ina samarUpatAoM se yahI sUcita hotA hai ki jisa prakAra caudahavIM-pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM bhArata meM santoM kI sAmanjasyapUrNa paramparA rahI hai vaise hI buddha aura mahAvIra ke pUrva aura unakI samakAlika RSi paramparA rahI hai| kAlAntara meM jaba dharma-sampradAyoM kA gaThana huA, to isI pUrva paramparA meM se mantavya Adi kI apekSA jo adhika samIpa lage unako apanI dhArA meM sthAna de diyA gayA aura zeSa kI upekSA kara dI gii| yaha bhI huA ki kAlAntara meM jaba sAmpradAyika Agraha dRr3hamUla hone lage to pUrva meM svIkRta RSiyoM ko bhI apanI paramparA se abhinna batAne hetu unheM bhinna vyakti batAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA / yaha sthiti jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM ghaTita huii| yahI kAraNa rahA ki kAlAntara meM RSibhASita ko mUlAgama sAhitya se haTA kara prakIrNaka sAhitya meM DAla diyA gayA aura Age calakara use vahAM se bhI haTA diyA gyaa| cAhe hama sahamata hoM yA na hoM kintu yaha satya hai ki prAcIna bhArata kI isI zramaNa dhArA kI RSi paramparA se aupaniSadika bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka aura sAMkhya, yoga Adi kA vikAsa huA hai| jaina dhArA mUlata: zramaNadhArA kA hI eka aMga haiN| sUtrakRtAMga meM AcAra aura vicAragata matabhedoM ke bAvajUda bhI videha, namI, rAmaputta, bAhuka, udaka, nArAyaNa, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi ko apanI paramparA se sammata batAte hue tapodhana, tAttvika mahApuruSa tathA siddhi ko prApta kahA gayA hai| yaha isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki mUla meM bhAratIya zramaNadhArA eka rahI hai aura aupaniSadika, sAMkhya, yoga, bauddha, jaina aura AjIvaka paramparAe~ isI zramaNadhArA se vikasita huI haiM aura kisI na kisI rUpa meM usakI aMgIbhUta bhI haiN|

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mahAvIra kA zrAvaka varga taba aura aba eka AtmavizleSaNa prastuta Alekha meM hamArA pratipAdya bhagavAna mahAvIra kI zrAvaka saMsthA kI vartamAna pariprekSya meM samIkSA karanA hai / jaina dharma nivRttiparaka dharma hai| saMnyAsa kI avadhAraNA nivRttiparaka dharmoM kA hArda hai| isa AdhAra para sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA rahA hai ki nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA meM gRhastha kA vaha sthAna nahIM rahA, jo ki pravRttimArgI hindU paramparA meM use prApta thaa| pravRttimArgI paramparA meM gRhastha Azrama ko sabhI AzramoM kA AdhAra mAnA gayA thaa| yadyapi zramaNa paramparA meM saMnyAsa dharma kI pramukhatA rahI, kintu yaha samajha , nA bhrAMtipUrNa hogA ki usameM gRhastha dharma upekSita rhaa| ve zramaNa paramparAe~, jo saMghIya vyavasthA ko lekara vikasita huIM, unameM gRhastha yA upAsaka varga ko bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA meM jaina, bauddha, Adi aisI paramparAe~ thIM jinhoMne saMghIya sAdhanA ko mahattva diyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apanI tIrtha sthApanA meM zramaNa, zramaNI zrAvaka aura zrAvikArUpa caturvidha tIrtha kI sthApanA kii| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM ye cAroM hI dharma saMgha ke pramukha stambha mAne jAte haiN| unhoMne apanI saMgha vyavasthA meM gRhastha upAsaka evaM upAsikAoM ko sthAna dekara, unake mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| mahAvIra kI saMgha vyavasthA sAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI varga aura gRhastha varga donoM ke mahattva ko svIkAra karatI hai| unhoMne sUtrakRtAMga (2/2/39) meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA thA ki aNuvrata ke rUpa meM ahiMsA kA pAlana karane vAlA gRhastha dharma bhI Arya hai aura samasta duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlA pUrNatayA samyak aura sAdhu hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, ki cAhe sAmAnya rUpa se gRhasthoM kI apekSA zramaNa ko zreSTha mAnA jAe, kintu kucha gRhastha aise bhI hote haiM jo zramaNoM kI apekSA saMyama ke paripAlana meM zreSTha hote haiM / mahAvIra ke zAsana meM mahattva veza kA nahIM hai, AdhyAtmika niSThA kA hai| AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke kSetra meM zreSThatA aura nimnatA kA AdhAra AdhyAtmika jAgarukatA, apramattatA, anAsakti aura nirAkulatA hai| jisakA citta nirAkula aura zAnta hai, jo apane kartavya patha para

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mahAvIra kA zrAvaka varga taba aura aba : eka AtmavizleSaNa : 19 / pUrI ImAnadArI ke sAtha cala rahA hai, jisakI antarAtmA nirmala aura vizuddha hai, vaha mahAvIra ke mukti patha para calane kA adhikArI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane dharma mArga meM sAdhanA evaM saMgha vyavasthA kI dRSTi se gRhastha ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA thaa| yadi madhyavartI yugoM ko dekheM to bhI yaha bAta adhika satya pratIta hotI hai, kyoMki madhyayuga meM bhI jaina dharma aura saMskRti ko surakSita rakhane meM gRhastha varga kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| unhoMne na kevala bhavya jinAlaya banavAye aura granthoM kI pratilipiyA~ karavAkara sAhitya kI surakSA kI, apitu apane tyAga se saMgha aura samAja kI sevA bhI kI / yadi hama vartamAna kAla meM jaina dharma meM gRhastha varga ke sthAna aura mahattva ke sambandha meM vicAra kareM, to Aja bhI aisA lagatA hai ki jaina dharma ke saMrakSaNa aura vikAsa kI apekSA gRhastha varga kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| sampUrNa bhArata meM eka pratizata janasaMkhyA vAlA yaha samAja sevA aura prANI-sevA ke kSetra meM Aja bhI agraNI sthAna rakhatA hai| deza meM janatA ke dvArA saMcAlita janakalyANakArI saMsthAoM arthAt vidyAlaya, mahAvidyAlaya, cikitsAlaya, gauzAlAeM, pAMjarApola, alpamUlya kI bhojanazAlAoM Adi kI parigaNanA kareM to yaha spaSTa hai ki deza meM lagabhaga 30 pratizata lokasevI saMsthAe~ jaina samAja ke dvArA saMcAlita haiM / eka pratizata kI janasaMkhyA vAlA samAja yadi 30 pratizata kI bhAgIdArI detA hai to usake mahattva ko nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| eka draSTi se dekheM to mahAvIra ke yuga se lekara Aja taka jaina dharma, jaina samAja aura jaina saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa kA mahattvapUrNa dAyitva zrAvaka varga ne hI nibhAyA hai, cAhe use preraNA aura dizAbodha zramaNoM se prApta huA ho| isa prakAra sAmAnya dRSTi se dekhane para mahAvIra ke yuga aura Aja ke yuga meM koI vizeSa antara pratIta nahIM hotaa| _kintu jahA~ cAritrika niSThA ke sAtha sadAcArapUrvaka naitika AcAra kA prazna hai, Aja sthiti kucha badalI huI pratIta hotI hai| mahAvIra ke yuga meM gRhastha sAdhakoM ke dhanabala aura sattAbala kI apekSA cAritrabala ko adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA thaa| svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne magadha samrATa zreNika ko puniyAM zrAvaka ke pAsa bhejakara dhanabala aura sattAbala para cAritrabala kI mahattA kA Adarza upasthita kiyA thaa| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM dhanabala aura sattAbala kI apekSA cAritra bala pradhAna hai| apane pradhAna ziSya aura 14,000 nigraMtha bhikSuoM ke agraNI Arya indrabhUti gautama ko samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA meM rata Ananda zrAvaka ke pAsa kSamA yAcanA ke lie bhejakara mahAvIra ne jahAM eka ora gRhastha ke cAritra bala kI mahattA ko pratipAdita kiyA thA, vahIM zrAvaka ke jIvana kI garimA ko bhI sthApita kiyA thaa| vartamAna saMghIya

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vyavasthA meM gRhastha varga kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna to svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, kintu ina badalI huI paristhitiyoM meM cAritra bala kI apekSA gRhastha kA dhana bala aura sattAbala hI pramukha bana gayA hai| samAja meM na to Aja cAritravAna zrAvaka sAdhakoM aura na hI vidvat varga kA hI koI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| Aja jaina dharma kI sabhI zAkhAoM meM samAja para, samAja para hI kyA kaheM, munivarga para bhI dhanabala aura sattAbala kA prAdhAnya hai| mahAvIra ke yuga meM aura madhyakAla meM bhI unhIM zrAvakoM kA samAja para varcasva thA, jo saMghIya hita ke lie tana-mana-dhana se samarpita hote the| phira ve cAhe sampattizAlI hoM yA Arthika apekSA se nirdhana kyoM na hoN| Aja hama yaha dekhate haiM ki samAja ke zIrSa sthAnoM para ve hI loga baiThe hue haiM, jinakI cAritrika niSThA para aneka praznacinha lage hue haiN| sAmAnyatayA Aja yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki munijIvana kI sAdhanA gRhastha jIvana kI sAdhanA kI apekSA adhika duHsAdhya hai kintu merA aisA mAnanA hai ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM zreSThatA kA AdhAra muniveza yA gRhastha veza nahIM hai| jaina dharma kI sampUrNa sAdhanA kA hArda mamatva kA tyAga kara samatA yA vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA hai| vaha indriyoM kI viSaya-vAsanA kI maoNga para saMyama ke vijaya kI sAdhanA hai| saMnyAsa mArga kI sAdhanA kaThora hote hue susAdhya hai, jabaki gRhastha dharma kI sAdhanA susAdhya pratIta hote hue bhI duHsAdhya hai| citta vicalana ke jo aksara gRhastha jIvana meM rahe hue haiM, unakI apekSA muni jIvana meM ve atyaMta alpa haiM / girikaMdarAoM meM rahakara brahmacarya kA pAlana utanA kaThina nahIM hai jitanA nAriyoM ke madhya rahakara usakA pAlana karanA hai| kyA vijaya seTha aura seThAnI ke athavA kozA vaizyA ke ghara meM cAturmAsa meM sthita sthUlibhadra ke kaThora brahmacarya kI sAdhanA kI tulanA kisI anya muni ke brahmacarya kI sAdhanA se kI jA sakatI hai? gRhastha dharma se AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora jAnevAlA mArga phisalana bharA hai, usameM kadama-kadama para sajagatA kI AvazyakatA hai, sAdhaka yadi eka kSaNa ke lie bhI vAsanAoM ke Avega se nahIM saMbhalA to usakA patana ho sakatA hai| vAsanAoM ke bavaMDara ke madhya rahate hue unase aprabhAvita rahanA sarala nahIM hai| gRhastha jIvana meM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kAjala kI koTharI meM rahakara bhI cAritra rUpI cAdara ko bedAga rakhanA hai| mere yaha saba kahane kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki maiM muni jIvana kI mahattA aura garimA ko nakAra rahA huuN| eka muni jina AdhyAtmika ucAIyoM ko chUtA hai, yadi koI gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara bhI una ucAIyoM ko chU le to vaha adhika mahattvapUrNa hotA hai| vaise to hara yuga ke andara isa prakAra ke gRhastha sAdhaka rahe haiM, jinhoMne apanI cAritrika sAdhanA ke uccatama Adarza upasthita kie haiN| vartamAna

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mahAvIra kA zrAvaka varga taba aura aba : eka AtmavizleSaNa 1: 21 yuga meM bhI aise kucha sAdhaka hue haiM jinakA cAritra bala kisI apekSA se sAmAnya muniyoM se bhI zreSTha rahA hai| phira bhI yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to aisA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra ke yuga kI apekSA Aja isa prakAra ke AtmaniSTha gRhastha sAdhakoM kI saMkhyA meM kamI AyI hai| yadi hama mahAvIra ke yuga kI bAta karate haiM to vaha bahuta purAnI ho gaI / yadi nikaTabhUta arthAt unnIsavIM zatI kI bAta ko hI leM to IsTa iNDiyA kampanI ke kAla ke jo samAja - AdhArita AparAdhika AMkar3e hameM upalabdha hote haiM, yadi unakA vizleSaNa kiyA jAe to spaSTa lagatA hai ki usa yuga meM jainoM meM AparAdhika pravRtti kA pratizata lagabhaga zUnya thaa| yadi hama Aja kI sthiti dekheM to choTe-moTe aparAdhoM kI bAta to eka ora rakha deM, deza ke mahAaparAdhoM kI sUcI para dRSTi DAleM to cAhe ghI meM carbI milAne kA kANDa ho, cAhe alakabIra ke katlakhAne meM tathAkathita jaina bhAgIdArI kA prazna ho athavA bar3e-bar3e havAlA jaise Arthika ghoTAle hoM, hamArI sAkha kahIM na kahIM girI hai| eka zatAbdI pUrva taka sAmAnya janadhAraNA yaha thI ki AparAdhika 'pravRttiyoM kA jaina samAja se koI nAtA riztA nahIM hai, lekina Aja kI sthiti yaha hai ki AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ke saraganAoM meM jaina samAja ke logoM ke nAma Ane lage haiN| isase aisA lagatA hai ki vartamAna yuga meM hamArI ImAnadArI aura prAmANikatA para aneka prazna cinha laga cuke haiM? taba kI apekSA aba aNuvratoM ke pAlana kI AvazyakatA adhika hai| eka yuga thA jaba zrAvaka se tAtparya thA vratI zrAvaka / tIrthaMkaroM ke yuga meM jo hameM zrAvakoM kI saMkhyA upalabdha hotI hai vaha saMkhyA zraddhAzIla zrAvakoM kI saMkhyA nahIM, balki vratI zrAvakoM kI hai / kintu Aja sthiti bilkula badalatI huI najara AtI hai, yadi Aja hama zrAvaka kA tAtparya ImAnadArI evaM niSThApUrvaka zrAvaka vratoM ke pAlana karane vAloM se leM, to hama yaha pAe~ge ki unakI saMkhyA hamAre zramaNa aura zramaNI varga kI apekSA kama hI hogii| yadyapi yahA~ koI kaha sakatA hai ki vrata grahaNa karane vAloM ke A~kar3e to kahIM adhika haiM, kintu merA tAtparya mAtra vrata grahaNa karane se nahIM, kintu usakA paripAlana kitanI ImAnadArI aura niSThA se ho rahA hai, isa mukhya vastu se hai| mahAvIra ne gRhastha varga ko zramaNasaMgha ke praharI ke rUpa meM udghoSita kiyA thaa| use zramaNa ke mAtA-pitA ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA gayA thA / yadi hama sudUra atIta meM na jAkara kevala apane nikaTa atIta ko hI dekheM to yaha spaSTa hai ki Aja gRhastha na kevala apane kartavyoM aura dAyitvoM ko bhUla baiThA hai balki vaha apanI asmitA ko bhI kho baiThA hai| Aja yaha samajhA jAne lagA hai ki dharma aura saMskRti kA saMrakSaNa tathA -

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AdhyAtmika sAdhanA saba kucha zramaNa saMsthA kA kArya hai, gRhastha to mAtra upAsaka hai| usake kartavyoM kI iti zrI sAdhu, sAdhviyoM ko dAna dene athavA unake dvArA nirdezita saMsthA ko dAna dene taka sImita hai| Aja hameM isa bAta kA ehasAsa karanA hogA ki jaina dharma kI saMgha vyavasthA meM hamArA kyA aura kitanA garimAmaya sthAna hai / cartuvidha saMgha ke cAra pAyoM meM yadi eka bhI pAyA caramarAtA yA TUTatA hai to dUsare kA astitva bhI nirApada nahIM raha sakatA hai| yadi zrAvaka apane dAyitva aura kartavya ko vismRta karatA hai to saMgha ke anya ghaTakoM kA astitva bhI nirApada nahIM raha sktaa| cAhe yaha bAta kahane meM kaThora ho lekina yaha eka spaSTa satya hai ki Aja kA hamArA zramaNa aura zramaNI varga zithilAcAra meM AkaNTha DUbatA jA rahA hai| yahA~ maiM kisI sampradAya vizeSa kI bAta nahIM kara rahA hU~ aura na merA yaha AkSepa una pUjya munivRndoM ke prati hai jo niSThApUrvaka apane cAritra kA pAlana karate haiM, yahA~ merA izArA eka sAmAnya sthiti se hai| anya vargoM kI apekSA jaina zramaNa saMsthA eka Adarza pratIta hotI hai, phira bhI yadi hama usake aMtasthala meM jhAMkakara dekhate haiM to kahIM na kahIM hameM hamArI Adarza aura niSThA ko Thesa avazya lagatI hai| Aja jinheM hama Adarza aura vandanIya mAna rahe haiM unake jIvana meM chala-chadma, durAgraha aura aham ke poSaNa kI pravRttiyA~ tathA vAsanA-jIvana ke prati lalaka ko dekhakara mana pIr3A se bhara uThatA hai| kintu unake isa patana kA uttaradAyI kauna hai, kyA ve svaMya hI haiM? vAstavikatA yaha hai ki unake isa patana kA uttadAyitva hamAre zrAvaka varga para bhI hai, yA to hamaneM unheM isa patana ke mArga kI ora agrasara kiyA hai yA kama se kama unake sahayogI bane haiN| sAdhu-sAdhviyoM meM zithilAcAra, saMsthAoM ke nirmANa kI pratispardhA aura maThavAsI pravRttiyA~ Aja jisa tejI se bar3ha rahI haiM, vaha madhyakAlIna caityavAsI aura bhaTTAraka paramparA, jisakI hama AlocanA karate nahIM aghAte, unase bhI kahIM Age haiN| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki sAdhu-sAdhviyoM meM jo zithilAcAra bar3hA hai vaha hamAre sahayoga se hI bar3hA hai| Aja zrAvaka, unameM bhI vizeSa rUpa se sampanna zrAvaka, dharma ke nAma para hone vAle bAhya ADambaroM meM adhika ruci le rahA hai| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke sthAna para vaha pradarzanapriya ho rahA hai| dharma prabhAvanA kA nAma lekara Aja ke tathAkathita zrAvaka aura unake tathAkathita gurujana donoM hI apane aham aura svArthoM ke poSaNa meM lage haiM / Aja dharma kI khoja antarAtmA meM nahIM, bhIr3a meM ho rahI hai| hama bhIr3a meM rahakara akele rahanA nahIM jAnate, apitu kahIM apane astitva aura asmitA ko bhI bhIr3a meM hI visarjita kara rahe haiM / Aja vahI sAdhu aura zrAvaka adhika pratiSThita hotA hai jo

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mahAvIra kA zrAvaka varga taba aura aba : eka AtmavizleSaNa : 23 bhIr3a ikaTThA kara sakatA hai, bAta kaThora hai kintu satya hai| Aja majamA jamAne meM jo jitanA kuzala hotA hai vaha utanA hI adhika pratiSThita bhI hotA hai| Aja sevA kI apekSA sevA kA pradarzana adhika mahattvapUrNa banatA jA rahA hai| maiM pazcima ke lAyansa aura roTarI klaboM kI bAta nahIM karatA, kintu Aja ke jaina samAja ke vikasita hone vAle sozala grupa kI bAta karanA cAhatA huuN| hama apane hRdaya para hAtha rakhakara pUche kI kyA vahA~ sevA ke sthAna para sevA kA pradarzana adhika nahIM ho rahA hai? mere isa AkSepa kA yaha Azaya nahIM hai ki sozala grupa jaisI saMsthAoM kA maiM Alocaka hU~, vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki yadi Aja samAja, saMskRti aura dharma ko bacAe~ rakhanA hai to aisI saMsthAoM kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| maiM to yahA~ taka kahatA hU~ ki Aja eka maMdira, upAzraya yA sthAnaka kama bane aura usake sthAna para gaoNva-gaoNva meM jainoM ke sozala klaba khar3e hoM, kintu unameM kahIM hamAre dharma, darzana aura saMskRti kA saMrakSaNa honA caahie| AcAra kI maryAdAoM kA pAlana honA caahie| Aja ke yuvA meM jaina saMskAroM ke bIjoM kA vapana ho aura ve vikasita hoM, isalie aise sAmAjika saMgaThana Avazyaka hai kintu yadi unameM pazcima kI aMdhI nakala se hamAre sAMskRtika mUlya aura sAMskRtika virAsata samApta hote haiM, to unakI upAdeyatA bhI samApta ho jAegI / ____ Aja ke yuga meM saMcAra ke sAdhanoM meM vRddhi huI hai aura yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki hameM ina saMcAra ke sAdhanoM kA upayoga bhI karanA cAhie, kintu ina saMcAra ke sAdhanoM ke mAdhyama se kahIM jIvana-mUlyoM aura AdarzoM kA prasAraNa honA cAhie na ki vaiyaktika aham kA possnn| Aja hamArI ruci una AdarzoM aura mUlyoM kI sthApanA meM utanI nahIM hotI, jitanI apane aham ke sampoSaNa ke lie apanA nAma va phoTo chapA haA dekhane meM hotI hai| isa yuga meM sAdhanApriya sAdhu aura zrAvaka to kahIM ojhala ho gae haiM / yadi unakA jIvana aura cAritrika mUlya Age Ae to unase hamAre jIvana mUlyoM kA saMrakSaNa hogA, anyathA kevala pradarzana aura apane aham kI puSTi meM hamArI asmitA hI samApta ho jaaegii| Aja na kevala netAoM ke bar3e-bar3e horDiMgsa laga rahe haiM, apitu hamAre sAdhuoM ke bhI horDiMgsa laga gae haiM / saMcAra sAdhanoM kI suvidhAoM ke isa yuga meM mahattva mUlya aura AdarzoM ko diyA jAnA cAhie na ki vyaktiyoM ko, kyoMki usake nimitta se Aja sAdhu samAja meM eka pratispardhA kI bhAvanA bhI janmI hai aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa saMgha aura samAja ke dhana kA kitanA apavyaya ho rahA hai yaha kisI se chipA nahIM hai, yaha dhana bhI sAdhuvarga ke pAsa nahIM hai, gRhastha varga ke pAsa se hI AtA hai| Aja pUjA, pratiSThA, dIkSA, cAturmAsa, ArAdhanA aura upAsanA kI

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24 jo patrikAe~ chapa rahI haiM unakI sthiti yaha hai ki eka-eka patrikA kI sampUrNa lAgata lAkhoM meM hotI hai, kyA yaha dhana sat sAhitya yA prAcIna graMthoM, jo bhaNDAroM meM dImakoM ke bhakSya bana rahe haiM, ke prakAzana meM upayogI nahIM bana sakatA hai ? maiM yaha saba jo kaha rahA hai usakA kAraNa sAdhaka varga ke prati mere samAdAra bhAva meM kamI hai aisA nahIM hai, kintu usa yathArthatA ko dekhakara mana meM jo pIr3A aura vyathA hai, yaha usI kA pratiphala hai| bAlyakAla se lekara jIvana kI isa DhalatI umra taka maiMne jo kucha anubhava kiyA hai, maiM usI kI bAta kaha rahA huuN| mere kahane kA yaha bhI tAtparya nahIM hai ki samAja pUrI taraha mUlyavihIna ho gayA hai| Aja bhI kucha mani evaM zrAvaka haiM jinakI cAritrika niSThA aura sAdhanA ko dekhakara unake prati zraddhA aura Adara kA bhAva prakaTa hotA hai, kintu sAmAnya sthiti yahI hai| Aja hamAre jIvana meM aura vizeSa rUpa se hamAre pUjya muni varga ke jIvana meM jo doharApana yathArtha yA vivazatA banatA jA rahA hai, usa sabake lie hama hI adhika uttaradAyI haiM / Aja hameM apane Adarza atIta ko dekhanA hogA, apane pUrvajoM kI cAritra niSThA aura mUlya niSThA ko samajhanA hogaa| mAtra samajhanA hI nahIM, use jInA hogA, tabhI hama apanI asmitA kI aura apane prAcIna gaurava kI rakSA kara skeNge| Aja puniyAM kA Adarza, Ananda kI cAritra niSThA, bhAmAzAha kA tyAga, tejapAla aura vastupAla kI dharmaprabhAvanA sabhI mAtra itihAsa kI vastu bana gaye haiM / tAraNa svAmI, lokAzAha, banArasIdAsa Adi ke dharma krAnti ke zaMkhanAda kI dhvani hameM sunAI nahIM detI hai yaha hamArI vartamAna durdazA kA kAraNa hai, hama kaba sajaga aura sAvadhAna hoMge? yaha cintanIya hai|

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma sthala ___eka punarvicAra jaina dharma meM caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ko eka aitihAsika vyakti ke rUpa meM nirvivAda rUpa se mAnyatA prApta ho cukI hai| phira bhI durbhAgya kA viSaya yaha hai ki na kevala unake janma evaM nirvANa kAla ke sambandha meM apitu unake janmasthAna, kaivalyajJAnasthala aura nirvANasthala ko lekara bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI mAnyatAeM pracalita haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM ina mAnyatAoM ke poSaNa ke nimitta bhI paramparAoM ke ghere meM Abaddha hokara yena-kena-prakAreNa apane pakSoM ko siddha karane ke liye prayatna aura puruSArtha bhI kiyA jA rahA hai| vigata 50 varSoM meM ina saba samasyAoM ko lekara vibhinna pustikAe~ aura lekha Adi bhI likhe gaye haiM / yaha kaisA durbhAgya hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlIna bhagavAna buddha ke janmasthala, nirvANasthala, jJAnaprAptisthala aura dharmacakrapravartanasthala ko lekara sampUrNa bauddha samAja ekamata hai aura una aitihAsika sthaloM ke vikAsa ke lie prANapana se juTA huA hai, jabaki jaina samAja Aja apane kSudra svArthoM athavA ahaMkAroM ke poSaNa ke liye isa sambandha meM mataikya nahIM banA skaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma sthala ko lekara vartamAna meM tIna mAnyatAeM pracalita haiM - (1) adhikAMza vidvajjana evaM itihAsavettA tathA kendrazAsana vaizAlI ke nikaTa kuNDagrAma ko unakA janma sthAna mAnate haiM / (2) digambara paramparA rAjagRha aura nAlandA ke nikaTavartI bar3agAMva yA tathAkathita kuNDalapura ko mahAvIra kA janmasthala mAnatI hai| (3) zvetAmbara paramparA bihAra meM jamuhI ke nikaTa lachavAr3a ko mahAvIra kA janma sthAna mAna rahI hai| isaprakAra mahAvIra ke janmasthala ko lekara zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| durbhAgya yaha hai ki isa sambandha meM aitihAsika aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se vicAra karane kA koI prayatna hI nahIM kiyA gyaa| yadyapi isa sambandha meM vidvat varga evaM itihAsavidoM ne kucha lekha Adi likhe haiM, kintu pAramparika AgrahoM ke calate unakI AvAja sunI nahIM gii|

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zvetAmbara aura digambara pakSoM kI ora se bhI mahAvIra ke janma sthala ko lekara kucha lekha evaM pustikAoM kA prakAzana bhI huA hai aura unameM apane-apane pakSoM ke samarthana meM kucha pramANa bhI prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, kintu sAmAnyatayA jo pramANa prastuta kiye gaye haiM ve sabhI paravartIkAlIna hI haiN| prAcInatama sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika pramANoM ko jAnane kA hI prayatna nahIM kiyA gayA yA apane pakSa ke virodha meM lagane ke kAraNa unakI upekSA kara dI gii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sambandha meM jo prAcInatama pramANa upalabdha haiM unameM AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha lagabhaga (I.pU. 5vIM zatAbdI), AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha lagabhaga (I.pU. prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI), sUtrakRtAMga (I.pU. dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI), kalpasUtra (I.pU. lagabhaga dUsarI zatAbdI) haiN| kalpasUtra meM mahAvIra ke vizeSaNoM kI carcA upalabdha haiN| usameM unheM jJAta, jJAtaputra, jJAtRkulacaMda, videha, videhadinne arthAt videhadinnA ke putra, videhajAtya, videhasukumAra Adi vizeSaNoM se saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki yahI saba vizeSaNa AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha ke pandrahaveM adhyAya meM bhI upalabdha haiM (dekheM - AcArAMgasUtra dvitIya zrutaskandha-muni AtmArAmajI - ludhiyAnA pR. 1373) / ina vizeSaNoM meM bhI videhajAtya vizeSaNa atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| yadi eka bAra isa vizeSaNa kA artha vaidehI yA vaidehI kA putra mAnakara yaha mAna liyA jAya ki ye vizeSaNa unheM unake mAtRpakSa ke kAraNa diye gaye hoMge, taba bhI videhajAtya vizeSaNa to spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko sthApita karatA hai ki mahAvIra kA janma videha kSetra meM hI huA thA, jabaki vartamAna meM mAnya nAlaMdA ke samIpa vAlA kuNDalapura tathA lachavAr3a donoM hI magadha kSetra meM Ate haiN| ve kisI bhI sthiti meM videha ke antargata nahIM mAne jA skte| ata: mahAvIra kA janma sthAna yadi kisI kSetra meM khojA jA sakatA hai to vaha videha kA hI bhAga hogA, magadha kA nahIM ho sktaa| isI prasaMga meM kalpasUtra meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki 'tIsaM vAsAI videhaMsi kaTTa' arthAt 30 varSa videha kSetra meM vyatIta karane ke pazcAt mAtA-pitA ke svargagamana ke bAda guru evaM variSThajanoM kI anujJA prApta karake unhoMne pravrajyA grahaNa kii| mahAvIra kA videhajAtya honA aura phira gRhasthAvasthA ke 30 varSa videha kSetra meM vyatIta karanA ye do aise sabala pramANa haiM jinase unake kuNDalapura (nAlandA) aura lachavAr3a meM janma lene evaM dIkSita hone kI avadhAraNA nirasta ho jAtI hai| zrI sItArAma rAya ne mahAvIra ke janma sthAna ko lachavAr3a siddha karane ke liye aura vahIM se dIkSita hokara kucha grAmoM meM apanI vihAra yAtrA karane kA saMketa

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma sthala : eka punarvicAra : 27 dete hue una grAmoM ke nAmoM kI samarUpatA ko cUrNi ke AdhAra para siddha karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA hai| kintu unake isa prayatna kI apekSA jina vidvAnoM ne unakA janma sthAna vaizAlI ke nikaTa kuNDagrAma batAyA hai aura AvazyakacUrNi ke mAdhyama se unake dIkSita hone ke pazcAt hI vihAra yAtrA ke grAmoM kA samIkaraNa kollAgasanniveza (vartamAna kolhuA) Adi se kiyA hai vaha adhika yuktisaMgata pratIta hotA hai| kollAga ko sanniveza kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki vaha kisI bar3e nagara kA upanagara (kaoNlonI) thA aura yaha bAta vartamAna meM vaizAlI ke nikaTa usakI avasthiti se bahuta spaSTa ho jAtI hai| kalpUsatra meM unake dIkSA sthala kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne jJAtRkhaNDavana meM azoka vRkSa ke nIce dIkSA svIkAra kii| isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki jJAtakhaNDavana jJAtavaMzIya kSatriyoM ke adhikAra kA vana kSetra thA aura jJAtRvaMzIya kSatriya jinakA kula lichavI thA, vaizAlI ke samIpa hI nivAsa karate the| Aja bhI usa kSetra meM jatheriyA kSatriyoM kA nivAsa dekhA jAtA hai| 'jatheriyA' zabda mUlata: jJAtR kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai, ata: yaha siddha hotA hai ki mahAvIra kA janma sthAna vaizAlI ke nikaTa kuNDapura hI ho sakatA haiN| vaizAlI se jo eka muhara prApta huI hai usameM vaizAlIkuNDa kA aisA ullekha hai| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki kSatriya kuNDa, brAhmaNa kuNDa, kollAga Adi vaizAlI ke hI upanagara the| vaizAlI gaNataMtra thA aura ina upanagaroM ke nagara pramukha bhI rAjA hI kahe jAte hoNge| ata: bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pitA siddhArtha ko rAjA mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM aatii| puna: kalpasUtra meM unheM rAjA na kahakara mAtra kSatriya kahA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma sthAna vaizAlI kA nikaTavartI kuNDagrAma hI ho sakatA hai, isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ko sUtrakRtAMga jaise prAcIna Agama meM (1/2/3/22) jJAtRputra ke sAthasAtha vaizAlika bhI kahA gayA haiN| unake vaizAlika kahe jAne kI sArthakatA tabhI ho sakatI hai jabaki unakA janma sthala vaizAlI ke nikaTa huaa| ___ kucha logoM kA yaha tarka ki unake mAmA athavA nAnA ceTaka vaizAlI ke adhipati the athavA mAtA vaizAlika thIM isaliye unheM vaizAlika kahA gayA, samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki mAmA yA nAnA ke gAMva ke nivAsa sthAna ke AdhAra para kisI vyakti ko tad nAma se pukAre jAne kI paramparA nahIM rahI hai| dUsare hama yadi yaha bhI mAna leM ki mahAvIra kA nanihAla vaizAlI thA aura isaliye ve vaizAlika kahe jAte haiM to eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI mAnI jA sakatI hai ki apane nanihAla meM janma hone ke kAraNa unheM vaizAlika kahA gayA ho| mAtA ke pitRgRha athavA santAna ke nanihAla meM janma lene kI paramparA to vartamAna meM bhI dekhI jA sakatI hai| kintu jaisA pUrva

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28 . meM kahA hai ki unhoMne tIsa varSa taka 'videha' meM nivAsa karane ke pazcAt dIkSA grahaNa kI (kalpasUtra 110 prA.bhA.saM.pR. 160) isa AdhAra para yaha bAta pUrNata: nirasta ho jAtI hai ki unheM apane nanihAla ke kAraNa vaizAlika kahA jAtA thaa| eka mahattvapUrNa prazna yaha uThAyA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke pitA rAjA the| kintu prazna yaha hai ki ve kisa prakAra ke rAjA the - svatantra rAjA the yA gaNataMtra ke rAjA the| unheM svatantra rAjA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki kalpasUtra meM aneka sthaloM para to 'siddhatthe khattiye' arthAt siddhArtha kSatriya hI kahA gayA hai| rAjagRha kA magadha rAjavaMza sAmrAjyavAdI thA, jabaki vaizAlI kI paramparA gaNataMtrAtmaka thii| gaNataMtra meM to samIpavartI kSetroM ke choTe-choTe gAMvoM meM svAyatta zAsana vyavasthA sambhava thI, parantu sAmrAjyavAdI rAjataMtroM meM yaha sambhAvanA nahIM ho sktii| ata: hama nAlaMdA ke samIpavartI kuNDalapura ko athavA lachavAr3a ko mahAvIra kA janmasthAna evaM pitRgRha svIkAra nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki magadha kA sAmrAjya itanA bar3A thA ki usake nikaTavartI nAlaMdA yA lachavAr3a meM svataMtra rAjavaMza sambhava nhiiN| vaizAlI gaNataMtra meM usakI mahAsabhA meM 7707 gaNarAjA the|' yaha ullekha bhI tripiTaka sAhitya meM milatA hai| ata: mahAvIra ke pitA siddhArtha ko gaNarAjA mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM aatii| kSatriyakuNDa ke vaizAlI ke samIpa hone se yA usakA aMgIbhUta hone se mahAvIra ko vaizAlika kahA jAnA to sambhava ho sakatA hai| yadi mahAvIra kA janma nAlandA ke samIpa tathAkathita kuNDalapura meM huA hotA to unheM yA to nAlaMdIya yA rAjagRhika aisA vizeSaNa milatA, vaizAlika nhiiN| jahAM taka sAhityika pramANoM kA prazna hai gaNanI jJAnamatI mAtAjI evaM prajJAzramaNI caMdanAmatIjI ne nAlaMdA ke samIpavartI tathAkathita kuNDalapura ko mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi siddha karane ke liye purANoM aura digambaramAnya Agama granthoM se kucha sandarbha diye haiN| rAjamalajI jaina ne isake pratipakSa meM 'mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi kuNDapura' nAma pustikA likhI aura una pramANoM kI samIkSA bhI kI hai| hama usa vivAda meM ulajhanA to nahIM cAhate, kintu eka bAta spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA Avazyaka hai ki digambara paramparA ke Agama tulya grantha kaSAyapAhur3a, SaTakhaNDAgama Adi ke jo pramANa ina vidvAnoM ne diye haiM, unheM yaha jJAta honA cAhiye ki ina donoM granthoM ke mUla meM kahIM bhI mahAvIra ke janmasthAna Adi ke sandarbha meM koI ullekha nahIM hai| jo samasta ullekha prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM ve unakI jayadhavalA aura dhavalA TIkAoM se hai, jo lagabhaga 9vIM-10vIM zatAbdI kI racanAeM haiN| isI prakAra jina purANoM se sandarbha prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM ve bhI lagabhaga 9vIM zatAbdI se lekara 16vIM zatAbdI ke madhya racita haiN| ata: ye sabhI pramANa cUrNi

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma sthala : eka punarvicAra : 29 sAhitya se bhI paravartI hI siddha hote haiN| ata: unheM Thosa pramANoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / ve kevala sahAyaka pramANa hI kahe jA sakate haiN| isa sandarbha meM zrI rAjamalajI jaina ne siddha kiyA hai ki ina pramANoM meM bhI eka do apavAdoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA kuNDapura kA hI ullekha haiM / kuNDalapura ke ullekha to virala hI haiM aura jo haiM ve bhI mukhyatayA paravartI granthoM ke hI haiN| yahAM hameM yaha dhyAna rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai ki jaba kramazaH mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sAtha camatkArika ghaTanAeM jur3atI gaIM, to ahobhAva ke kAraNa kSatriyakuNDa aura brAhmaNakuNDa ko bhI nagara yA pura kahA jAne lgaa| kalpasUtra (pRSTha 44) meM bhI kSatriyakuNDagrAma aura brAhmaNakuNDagrAma kA hI ullekha hai| yahAM inheM jo 'khattIyakuNDagAmenayare' kahA gayA hai usameM 'grAma-nagara' zabda se yahI bhAva abhivyakta hotA hai ki ye donoM mUlataH to grAma hI the kintu vaizAlI nagara ke nikaTavartI hone ke kAraNa inheM grAma-nagara saMjJA prApta ho gaI thii| vartamAna meM bhI kisI bar3e nagara ke vistAra hone para usameM samAhita gAMva nagara nAma ko prApta ho jAte haiN| vastutaH kSatriyakuNDa hI mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi pratIta hotI hai aura yaha vaizAlI kA hI eka upanagara siddha hotA haiN| jJAtavya hai ki vaizAlI kA mUla nAma vizAlA thaa| vizAla nagara hone ke kAraNa hI isakA nAma vaizAlI par3A thaa| purAtAttvika sAkSyoM kI dRSTi se vaizAlI, nAlaMdA aura lachavAr3a (jo jamuI ke nikaTa haiM) kI prAcInatA meM koI saMdeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / kintu prAcIna sAhitya meM nAlaMdA ke samIpa kisI kuNDapura yA kuNDalapura kA koI ullekha prApta nahIM hotaa| vartamAna lachavAr3a, jamuI ke nikaTa hai aura jamuI ke sambandha meM sAhityika aura purAtAttvika donoM hI pramANa upalabdha haiN| kalpasUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIrasvAmI ke kevalajJAna sthAna kA jo ullekha milatA hai usameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki "jaMbhIyagAmassa arthAt jRmbhika grAma ke pAsa RjuvAlikA nadI ke kinAre vaiyyAvRtta caitya ke na adhika dUra na adhika samIpa zAmaka gAthApati ke kASTakaraNa meM zAlavRkSa ke nIce gaudohika AsAna meM ukaDUM baiThe hue AtApanA lete hue SaSTabhakta upavAsa se yukta hastottarA nakSatra kA yoga hone para vaizAkha zuklA dazamI ko aparAhna meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna huA thA / 6 isase vartamAna lachavAr3a kI, vizeSa rUpa se jRmbhika grAma kI prAcInatA to siddha ho jAtI hai kintu yaha mahAvIra kA janmasthala hai yaha bAta siddha nahIM hotI / prAcIna jo bhI ullekha haiM ve mUlataH kSatriyakuNDa se sambandhita haiM / vaizAlI ke samIpa vAsokuNDa ko mahAvIra kA janmasthala mAnane ke sambandha meM kendrIya zAsana aura itihAsajJa varga ne jo nirNaya liyA hai, vaha samucita pratIta hotA hai|

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isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki vaizAlI se prApta eka mudrA para 'vaizAlInAmakaNDe' aisA spaSTa likhA huA hai| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki vaizAlI ke nikaTa koI kuNDagrAma rahA hogA aura yahI kuNDagrAma kSatriyakuNDa aura brAhmaNakuNDa - aise do vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita rahA hogaa| ata: bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma sthAna ko vaizAlI ke nikaTavartI vAsokuNDa ko hI kSatriyakuNDa mAnanA caahiye| isa sambandha meM eka paramparAgata anuzruti yaha bhI hai ki vAsokuNDa ke usa sthala jise mahAvIra kA janma sthAna mAnA gayA hai Aja taka hala nahIM calAyA gayA hai aura vahAM ke nivAsI zAsakIya evaM vidvAnoM ke nirNaya ke pUrva bhI usa sthAna ko mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi ke rUpa meM ullekhita karate rahe haiN| jahAM taka nAlaMdA ke samIpavartI kuNDalapura kA prazna hai use to mahAvIra kA janmasthala nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki mahAvIra jaba-jaba bhI rAjagRhI Ate the taba-taba varSAvAsa ke liye nAlaMdA ko hI pramukhatA dete the| ata: yaha to svabhAvika hai ki nAlaMdA ke sAtha mahAvIra kI smRtiyAM jur3I rahI hoM kintu use unakI janmabhUmi svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kyoMki na to vahA~ jJAtRvaMzIya kSatriyoM kA AvAsa hI thA aura na magadha jaise sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI ke eka upanagara meM kisI anya rAjA kA rAjya hone kI sambhAvanA thii| jamuI ke nikaTavartI lachavAr3a ko lachavAr3a nAma kaba milA yaha gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai| jamuI kI prAcInatA to nirvivAda hai aura usakA sambandha bhI mahAvIra ke kevala jJAna sthala kA nikaTavartI hone se mahAvIra ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| kintu use mahAvIra kA janmasthAna na mAnakara Agamika pramANoM ke AdhAra para kevalajJAna sthala hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA mahAvIra kI kaivalyabhUmi ke prasaMga meM kreNge| zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM ke granthoM meM kSatriyakuNDa yA kuNDapura kI avasthiti videha kSetra meM batAI gaI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi digambara paramparA ke kucha granthoM ke sandarbha zrI rAjamalajI jaina ne prastuta kiye haiN| pUjyapAda devanandI kI nirvANabhakti meM yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki siddhArtharAjA ke putra ne bhArata deza ke videha kuNDapura meM devI priyakAriNI ko sukhada svapna dikhAe aura caitra zuklA trayodazI ko usane unheM janma diyaa| isI prakAra AcArya jinasena ne (navIM zatI) harivaMza purANa meM bhArata deza ke videha kSetra ke kuNDapura meM mahAvIra ke janma kA ullekha kiyA hai| isI krama meM uttaraprANa ke racayitA gaNabhadra ne (vikrama kI dasavIM zatAbdI) mahAvIra ke janma sthAna kuNDapura ko bhArata ke videha kSetra meM avasthita batAyA haiN| isI purANa ke 75veM sarga meM bhI 'videhaviSayekaNDasaMjJAyAM' purI ke rUpa meM ullekhita kiyA gayA hai| AcArya puSpadaMta ne vIrajinaMdacariu

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma sthala : eka punarvicAra : 31 (vikrama kI gyArahavIM zatAbdI) meM 'vaizAlI kuNDapure' aisA ullekha kiyA hai| isase bhI aisA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra kI janmasthalI kuNDapurI vaizAlI ke nikaTa hI rhii| dAmanandI ne (10vIM-11vIM zatAbdI) mahAvIra ke janma sthAna kuNDapura ko videha meM sthita batAyA hai| isI tathya ko asaga (gyArahavIM zatAbdI) ne vardhamAna caritra meM puSTa kiyA hai| ve bhI mahAvIra kI janmasthalI kuNDapura kI avasthiti videha kSetra meM batAte haiN| zrIdhara racita vaDDamAnacariu (lagabhaga bArahavI zatI) meM bhI kuNDapura ko videha kSetra meM mAnA gayA haiN| sakalakIrti ne vardhamAnacaritra meM kuNDapura ko videha kSetra meM avasthita mAnA hai| punaH muni dharmacanda ne gautamacaritra (17vIM zatAbdI) meM kuNDapura ko bharatakSetra meM videha pradeza ke antargata svIkAra kiyA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki lagabhaga IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI se lekara 17vIM zatAbdI taka digambara AcArya evaM bhaTTAraka kuNDapura ko videha kSetra meM avasthita hI mAna rahe haiN| yahAM hamane kevala unhIM sandarbho ko ullekhita kiyA hai, jinameM kuNDapura ko spaSTa rUpa se videhakSetra meM avasthita batAyA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke janmasthala kuNDapura hone ke to anya bhI kaI sandarbha haiM, jinakI carcA zrI rAjamala jaina ne kI hai| vastuta: mahAvIra kA janmasthala videhakSetra meM sthita vaizAlI kA nikaTavartI kuNDapura nAmaka upanagara hI rahA hai| . paravartI sAhitya meM kahIM-kahIM kuNDapura ke kucha ullekha milate haiM jinakI spaSTa samIkSA zrI rAjamalajaina ne kI hai| hama yahAM kuNDapura aura kuNDalapura ke vivAda meM nahIM par3anA cAhate / zvetAmbara sandarbha to mUlata: kuNDagrAma ke hI haiM, aura usameM bhI spaSTa rUpa se kSatriyakaNDa ke haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM 14vIM zatAbdI meM AcArya jinaprabhasUri ne vividhatIrthakalpa kI racanA kI thii| unhoMne bhI mahAvIra kA janmasthala kuNDagrAma hI ullekhita kiyA hai| zrI rAjamalajI jaina ne apanI pustaka 'mahAvIra kI janma bhUmi kuNDapura' meM jo yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki kuNDapura hI 13vIM zatAbdI taka kuNDagrAma ho gayA hogA, eka bhrAnti hai| hama pUrva meM ullekha kara Aye haiM ki kalpasUtra Adi meM spaSTa rUpa se 'kuNDagrAma' kA hI ullekha hai, kuNDapura kA nhiiN| hA~ itanA avazya hai ki AgamoM meM 'kuNDapuragrAmanagara' aisA ullekha bhI milatA hai| merI dRSTi meM grAma - nagara aisA samAsapada grahaNa karane para isakA artha hogA nagara kA samIpavartI gAMva yA vaha gAMva jo kAlAntara meM kisI nagara kA bhAga yA upanagara bana gayA ho| yahA~ eka mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki gaNanI jJAnamatI mAtAjI ne bhI kuNDalapura kA pakSa lete hue use videha meM sthita mAnA hai| aba yaha prazna

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32 uThatA hai ki kyA digambara paramparA ke dvArA mAnya nAlaMdA ke samIpa sthita kuNDalapura athavA zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya jamuI ke nikaTavartI lachavAr3a ko videha kSetra meM sthita mAnA jA sakatA hai ? prAcIna bhArata ke bhUgola kA adhyayana karane para yaha bAta bahuta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki vartamAna kuNDalapura aura lachavAr3a donoM hI magadha kSetra ke antargata Ate haiN| ve kisI bhI sthiti meM videha kSetra meM sthita nahIM mAne jA skte| kyoMki prAcIna bhAratIya bhUgola ke anusAra videha-kSetra kI jo sImA nirdhArita thI usameM usakI pazcimI sImA gaNDakI nadI (vartamAna dhAdharA) aura pUrvI sImA kozikI nadI kI thii| dakSiNa meM videha kSetra kI sImA kA nirdhAraNa gaMgA nadI aura uttara meM himAlaya parvata nirdhArita karatA thaa| yadi mahAvIra ke janma sthAna kI khoja kahIM karanI hogI to isa videha kSetra kI sImA meM hI karanI hogI aura yaha satya hai ki nAlandA samIpastha kuNDalapura jamuI ke samIpa sthita lachavAr3a donoM hI videha kSetra kI sImA ke bAhara haiM aura magadha kSetra kI sImA ke antargata Ate haiN| ataH sAhityika pramANa spaSTa rUpa se vaizAlI ke nikaTa vartamAna vAsukuNDa ke pakSa meM hI jAte haiN| purAtAttvika dRSTi se nAlandA, jamuI aura vaizAlI tInoM hI apanA astitva I. pU. 6vIM zatAbdI meM rakhate haiN| yaha bhI satya hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra jaba bhI rAjagRhI Aye aura vahAM varSAvAsa kA nizcaya kiyA to unhoMne apanA cAturmAsa sthala nAlandA ko hI cunA / purAtAttvika sAkSyoM se yaha bhI siddha hai ki mahAvIra ke kAla meM nAlandA rAjagRhI kA eka upanagara yA sanniveza mAnA jAtA thaa| vartamAna meM jo bar3agAMva kuNDalapura meM digambara aura zvetAmbara maMdira haiM unameM sthita pratimAeM solahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kI nahIM haiN| nAlandA kI prAcInatA ke sambandha meM jo purAtAttvika pramANa upalabdha hote haiM ve adhikAMza bauddha paramparA se hI sambaddha haiN| jaina paramparA se sambaddha abhI taka koI bhI aisA purAtAttvika pramANa upalabdha nahIM huA hai jo mahAvIra ke janmasthala para sthita kisI prAcIna maMdira Adi kI avasthiti ko siddha kare / isI prakAra jamuI ke nikaTa sthita lachavAr3a meM prAcIna avazeSa upalabdha hote haiN| lekhaka svayaM jisa samaya lachavAr3a gayA thA usa samaya vahAM naye maMdira ke nirmANa ke liye prAcIna maMdira ko girA diyA gayA thA / yadyapi jisa maMdira ko girAyA gayA thA, vaha atiprAcIna nahIM thA, kintu usake nIce jo cabUtarA thA usa cabUtare meM tathA usa cabUtare ko khodane para nikalI sAmagrI meM lekhaka ko kucha prAcIna IMToM ke khaNDa upalabdha hue the jo kama se kama maurya kAla ke pazcAt ke aura guptA kAla ke pUrva ke the| maMdira meM jo mUlanAyaka mahAvIra svAmI kI pratimA thI, vaha spaSTa rUpa se pAlakAlIna arthAt 9-10vIM zatAbdI kI thii| isase yaha to nizcita hotA hai ki

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma sthala : eka punarvicAra : 33 lachavAr3a meM mahAvIra kI smRti meM hI prAcInakAla meM koI maMdira avazya banA thA, kintu yaha mahAvIra kA janmasthala thA yaha svIkAra karane meM aneka bAdhAeM haiN| isa sambandha meM DaoN. sItArAma rAya kA eka lekha 'zramaNa' agasta 1989 meM prakAzita huA thaa| unhoMne lachavAr3a ko mahAvIra kA janma sthAna svIkAra kiye jAne ke sandarbha meM eka tarka yaha diyA hai ki kalpasUtra kA kuNDagrAma pahAr3I kSetra meM avasthita thA jabaki vaizAlI ke pAsa vasakaNDa meM pahAr3oM kA nAmo-nizAna nahIM hai| kintu lekhaka ne yaha nirNaya kaise le liyA ki kalpasUtra meM kuNDagrAma ko pahAr3I kSetra meM avasthita batAyA gayA hai, samajha se pare hai| kalpasUtra meM evaM AcArAMga sUtra ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM mahAvIra ke janma sthala kA pahAr3I kSetra meM avasthita honA kahIM bhI ullikhita nahIM haiN| isI prakAra prastuta lekhaka ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki mahAvIra ke gRhastha jIvana ke parityAga ke avasara para kuNDagrAma kA parityAga kara usase uttara-pazcima kI ora pahAr3a kI ora jJAtRkhaNDa vana pahuMcane kA varNana milatA hai, kintu yahAM bhI pahAr3a kI kalpanA lekhaka kI svaira kalpanA hai| AcArAMga, kalpasUtra yahAM taka kI AvazyakacUrNi meM bhI jahAM jJAtaya vanakhaNDa kA ullekha hai, vahAM bhI kahIM pahAr3a Adi hone kA ullekha nahIM hai| sItArAma rAya ne jamuI anumaNDala ke lachavAr3a ko jo mahAvIra kA janma sthala mAnane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura usakI puSTi meM AvazyakacUrNi meM ullikhita unakI vihArayAtrA ke kucha gAMva yathA - kumAra, kollAga, moraka, asthiya grAma kA samIkaraNa vartamAna kumAra, konnAga, morA aura asthAvA se karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, vaha nAma sAmya ko dekhakara to thor3A sA vizvasanIya pratIta hotA hai kintu jaba hama inakI dariyoM kA vicAra karate haiM to vaizAlI ke nikaTavartI kumAra, kolhuvA, atthiya gAMva Adi se hI adhika saMgati milatI hai| vartamAna meM bhI bhinna-bhinna pradezoM aura maNDaloM ke samAna nAma vAle gAMvoM ke nAma upalabdha ho jAte haiN| vastuta: DaoN. sItArAma rAya ne jo samIkaraNa banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai vaha dUriyoM ke hisAba se samucita nahIM hai| unhoMne jamuI se vartamAna pAvA kI AgamoM meM ullikhita 12 yojana kI dUrI ko Adhunika pAvApurI se samIkRta karane kA jo prayatna kiyA hai vaha kisI bhI rUpa meM mAnya nahIM ho sktaa| lekhaka ne svayaM bhI jamuI se pAvApurI taka kI yAtrA kI hai| bAraha yojana kI dUrI kA tAtparya lagabhaga 160 ki.mI. hotA hai, jabaki jamuI se pAvApurI kI dUrI mAtra 60 ki.mI. ke lagabhaga hai| ata: jamuI ko mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna kA sthAna mAna bhI liyA jAya to bhI usase vartamAna pAvA kI dUrI Agamika AdhAroM para samucita siddha nahIM hotii|

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34 vardhamAna mahAvIra ke vaizAlika hone kA eka anya pramANa hameM theragAthA kI aThThakathA (vyAkhyA) meM milatA hai / theragAthA meM vardhamAna thera kA ullekha hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki dAna ke puNya ke pariNAmasvarUpa vardhamAna devaloka se cyuta hokara gautamabuddha ke janma lene para vaizAlI ke lichavI rAjakula meM utpanna hokara pravrajyA grahaNa kii| (imasmi buddhapAde vesAliyaM licchavi rAjakule nibbatti vaDDamAno tissa nAmaM ahosi -- theragAthA aThThakathA nAlandA saMskaraNa pR. 153) / isa prakAra yahAM unheM vaizAlI ke lichavI rAjakula meM janma lene vAlA batAyA gayA / yadyapi paramparAgata vidvAnoM kA yaha vicAra ho sakatA hai ki ye vardhamAna bauddha paramparA meM dIkSita koI anya vyakti hoMge, kintu hamArA yaha spaSTa anubhava hai ki jisa prakAra RSibhASita sabhI arhataRSi nirgrantha paramparA ke nahIM haiM, usI prakAra theragAthA meM varNita sabhI sthavira bauddha nahIM haiN| vaizAlI ke lichavI rAjakula meM utpanna buddha ke samakAlika vardhamAna thera vardhamAna mahAvIra se bhinna nahIM mAne jA sakate / theragAthA kI aTThakathA ke anusAra unhoMne AMtarika aura bAhya saMyogoM ko chor3akara, rUparAga, arUparAga tathA bhavarAga ko samApta karane kA upadeza diyA tathA yaha kahA hai ki anukUla aura pratikUla paristhitiyoM ko sAkSIbhAva se dekhate hue bhavarAga aura saMyojanoM kA prahANa sambhava hai| kyoMki unake ye vicAra AcArAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM bhI milate haiN| isa upadeza se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki theragAthA meM varNita vardhamAna thera anya koI nahIM, apitu vardhamAna mahAvIra hI haiN| isa AdhAra para bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki mahAvIra kA janma vaizAlI ke lichavI kula meM huA thaa| mahAvIra ke pravrajyA grahaNa karane kA ullekha karate samaya yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki saMvega (vairAgya) utpanna hone para unhoMne agnikarma kA tyAga karake saMgha se kSamAyAcanA karake karma paramparA ko dekhakara pravrajyA grahaNa kii| yaha samagra kathana bhI jaina (nirgrantha) paramparA ke anukula hI hai| ataH isase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki theragAthA ke vaizAlI ke lichavI kula meM utpanna vardhamAna thera vardhamAna mahAvIra hI haiN| isa prakAra bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya bhI mahAvIra ke janmasthala ke rUpa meM videha ke antargata vaizAlI ko hI mAnate haiN| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM harmanajaikobI, hArnale, viseNTasmitha, munizrI kalyANavijayajI, DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, jyotiprasAda jaina, paM. sukhalAlajI Adi jainaajaina sabhI vidvAna vaizAlI ke nikaTastha kuNDagrAma ko hI mahAvIra kA janmasthala mAnate haiN| bauddhagrantha mahAvagga (IsvIpUrva 5vIM zatI) meM vaizAlI ke tIna kSetra mAne gaye haiM - 1. vaizAlI, 2. kuNDapura evaM 3. vaannijygraam| mahAvIra kA lichavI rAjakula

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma sthala : eka punarvicAra : 35 meM janma mAnane para bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki mahAvagga ke anusAra vaizAlI meM 7707 rAjA the| ata: mahAvIra ke pitA ko rAjA mAnane meM bauddha sAhitya se bhI koI Apatti nahIM hai kyoMki vahAM 'rAjA' zabda kA artha vaizAlI mahAsaMgha kI saMghIya sabhA kA sadasya honA hI hai| kuNDagrAma kI vasukuNDa se samAnatA ke sambandha meM DaoN. zyAmAnaMda prasAda kI yaha Apatti hai ki vasukuNDa meM kevala kuNDa zabda kI hI samAnatA hai, 'vasu' zabda na to brAhmaNa kA paryAyavAcI ho sakatA hai, na kSatriya kaa| ata: unakA kahanA hai ki vartamAna vasukuNDa ko mahAvIra kA janma sthAna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kintu DaoN. prasAda ne mUlaAgama sAhitya ko zAyada dekhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| AcArAMgasUtra meM vasuM" aura vIra zabda kA prayoga zramaNa ke artha meM huA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM 'vasu' zabda kA eka artha jinadeva yA vItarAga bhI upalabdha hotA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saMyamagrahaNa karane ke bAda isa kSetra ko kSatriyakuNDa ke sthAna para vasukuNDa kahA jAne lagA ho| vartamAna lachavAr3a ke samIpa jo brAhmaNakuNDa aura kSatriyakuNDa kI kalpanA kI gaI hai vahAM isa taraha kI koI basAhaTa nahIM hai| brAhmaNakuNDa aura kSatriyakuNDa nAma to unheM mahAvIra ke janmasthala mAna lene para diye gaye haiN| isa prakAra merI yaha sunizcita dhAraNA hai ki lachavAr3a ke samIpa jamuI maNDala ke isa kSetra kA sambandha mahAvIra ke sAdhanA evaM kevalajJAna sthala se avazya rahA hai| jise vartamAna meM lachavAr3a kahA jAtA hai usakA sambandha licchaviyA se ho sakatA hai, kintu isa nAma kI bhI prAcInatA kitanI hai yaha zodha kA viSaya hai| DaoN. prasAda kA yaha mAnanA samucita nahIM hai ki vaizAlI ko mahAvIra ke janma sthAna ke rUpa meM mAnyatA 1948 meM milii| isake pUrva bhI vidvAnoM ne vaizAlI ke nikaTa aura videha kSetra meM mahAvIra kA janma sthAna hone kI bAta kahI hai| yaha nizcita hai ki lagabhaga 15-16vIM zatI se zvetAmbara paramparA meM lachavAr3a ke samIpavartI kSetra ko mahAvIra ke janma sthAna mAnane kI paramparA vikasita huI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM apanA pravacana diyA thA isaliye ve magadha kSetra ke nivAsI hone cAhie, aisI jo mAnyatA lachavAr3a ke pakSa meM dI jAtI hai vaha bhI samucita nahIM hai| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki mahAvIra kI bhASA mAgadhI na hokara ardhamAgadhI hai| yadi mahAvIra kA janma aura vicaraNa kevala magadha kSetra meM hI huA hotA to ve mAgadhI kA hI upayoga karate, ardhamAgadhI kA nhiiN| ardhamAgadhI svayaM hI isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki unakI bhASA meM mAgadhI ke atirikta anya samIpavartI kSetroM kI bhASAoM evaM boliyoM ke zabda bhI mile hue the| maiM jamuI anumaNDala ko mahAvIra kA sAdhanA sthala evaM kevalajJAnasthala mAnane meM to sahamata hU~, kintu janmasthala mAnane meM sahamata nahIM hU~, ata: mahAvIra kA janma sthala vaizAlI ke samIpa vartamAna

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36 vAsukuNDa hI adhika prAmANika lagatA hai| jaina samAja ko usa sthAna ke samyak vikAsa hetu prayatna karanA caahie| saMdarbha : 1. samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre nAe, nAyaputte, nAyakulacaMde, videhe, videhadinne, videhajacce videha sUmAle tIsaM vAsAI videhaMsi kaTTu - kalpasUtra 110 (prAkRta bhAratI saMskaraNa pR. 160 ). 2. vahI pR. 160. 3. NAyasaMDavaNe ujjAge jeNeva asokavarapAyave kalpasUtra 113 ( prAkRta bhAratI saMskaraNa pR. 170)evaM se udAhu aNuttaraNANI aNuttaradasI aNuttaraNANadaMsaNaghare / arahA - NAyaputte bhagavaM vesAlie viyAhie || sUtrakRtAMga 1/2/3/22. 4. dekheM - kalpasUtra 58, 67, 69 (prA.bhA.saM. pR. 96, 114 Adi). 5. dekheM - buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola - bharata siMha pR. 313. 6. kalpasUtra 119 (prAkRta bhAratI saMskaraNa pR. 184 ). jJAtavya hai AcArAMga sUtra meM bhI dIkSA grahaNa karate samaya mahAvIra yaha nirNaya lete haiN| ki maiM sabake prati kSamAbhAva rakhUMgA (sammaM sahissAmi ivamissAmi). 8. AcArAMga 1 / 174 5/55, 6 / 30. 9. vahI, 1/37, 68. 7. -

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala eka punarvicAra vartamAna meM mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna sthala ke rUpa meM sammedazikhara aura giriDIha ke bIca tathA pAlagaMja ke samIpa 'bArAkara' ko mahAvIra kA kevalajJAnasthala mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi pAlagaMja purAtAttvika dRSTi se eka mahattvapUrNa sthala hai| vahAM pAlakAlIna (lagabhaga 10vIM zatAbdI kA) mandira bhI haiM / usI ko lakSya meM rakhakara sambhavataH vartamAna sammetazikhara ko 20 tIrthaMkaroM ke nirvANa sthala ke rUpa meM tathA bArAkara ko mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna sthala ke rUpa meM lagabhaga 16vIM zatAbdI meM mAnyatA dI gii| merI dRSTi meM vartamAna meM jise zvetAmbara paramparA mahAvIra kA janmasthala mAna rahI hai, vaha vastutaH mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala hI haiN| jaisA maiMne apane Alekha 'bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma sthala : eka punarvicAra' meM iMgita kiyA hai ki usa sthala para I. san kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM bhI koI smAraka rahA thA aura yaha bahuta kucha sambhava hai ki vaha smAraka mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna prApti sthala kI smRti meM hI banAyA gayA ho / vartamAna meM 'bArAkara' ko jo mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala mAnA jAtA hai, vahAM 16-17 zatAbdI se prAcIna koI purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hote| jabaki jamuI kSetra ke antargata lachavAr3a ke samIpavartI kSetra meM kama se kama I. san ke prArambhika zatAbdiyoM ke purAtAttvika pramANa vizeSa rUpa se IMTa Adi svaMya lekhaka ne dekhe haiN| AgamoM meM vizeSa rUpa se AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha evaM kalpasUtra maiM mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna prApti kA jo sandarbha upasthita hai usameM kahA gayA hai ki "jaMbhiyagrAma nagara ke bAhara RjuvAlikA ke uttarI kinAre para zAmakagAthApati ke kASTakaraNa (kASTasaMgraha kSetra) meM 'veyAvatta' nAmaka caitya ke uttara-pUrva dizA bhAga meM na ati dUra aura na ati nikaTa zAlavRkSa ke nIce ukaDU hokara goduhAsana se sUrya kI AtApanA lete hue urdhvajAnu adhosira dharma- dhyAna meM nirata dhyAna koSTaka ko prApta zukla dhyAna ke antargata vartamAna vardhamAna ko nivRtti dilAne vAlA pratipUrNa avyAhata nirAvaraNa ananta, anuttara, zreSTha jJAna darzana utpanna huaa| "" sAmAnyatayA vidvAnoM ne yahAM yaha mAna liyA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ko jaMbhiyagrAma ke nikaTa RjuvAlikA nadI ke uttarI kinAre para zAmakagAthApati ke kheta meM

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38 sAlavRkSa ke nIce kevalajJAna prApta huaa| unhoMne isameM bahiyA aura kaThukaraNaMsI jaise zabdoM kI ora dhyAna nahIM diyA hai| vartamAna meM zvetAmbara paramparA jise mahAvIra kA janma sthala mAna rahI hai vaha kacce mArga se vartamAna jamuI se 7-8 ki.mI. se adhika dUra nahIM hai| isa mArga meM UlAhI nadI ko do-tIna bAra pAra karate hue jAnA par3atA hai| kintu yaha mArga vastuta: moTara, gAr3iyoM Adi ke lie nahIM hai| vaise yadi nadI ke kinAre-kinAre khetoM meM se yAtrA kI jAya to merI dRSTi meM yaha mArga lagabhaga 7 ki.mI. se adhika nahIM haiN| lekhaka ne svayaM kacce mArga se kAra se isa kSetra kI yAtrA kI hai| yadi hama jaMbhiyagAma ko Adhunika jamuI hI mAneM to bhI yaha sthAna vahAM se eka pahAr3a ko pAra karanepara 7-8 ki.mI. se adhika nahIM raha jAtA hai| merI dRSTi meM 'bahiyA' kA artha ati nikaTa na samajha kara jaMbhiyagrAma kA bAhya kSetra samajhanA caahie| Aja bhI sAmAnya rUpa se kisI bhI nagara ke 8-10 ki.mI. ke kSetra ko bhI usI nagara kA bAhya bhAga mAnA jAtA hai| yahAM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki sAmAnyatayA bhagavAna mahAvIra apane sAdhanAkAla meM kisI bhI bar3e nagara ke ati nikaTa nahIM rahate the| 'kaThukaraNa' zabda kA jo kRSi bhUmi yA kheta artha lagAyA jAtA hai vaha merI dRSTi meM ucita nahIM haiN| 'kaThThakaraNa' kA artha jaMgala yA kASTa saMgraha karane kA kSetra aisA hotA hai, kRSi kSetra nahIM hotaa| punaH zAmaka ko sAmAnya gRhastha yA kRSaka na mAnakara gAthApati kahA gayA hai| gAthApati sAmAnyatayA nagara ke pratiSThita vyakti ko hI kahA jAtA hai| vastuta: bhagavAna mahAvIra kevalajJAna prApti ke pUrva zAmaka gAthApati ke vana kSetra meM sAdhanA hetu sthita the| ata: mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala vastuta: RjuvAlikA nadI ke uttarI kinAre kA zAmaka gAthApati kA vana kSetra hI thA na ki koI khet| puna: vahAM sAlavRkSoM ke hone kA tAtparya bhI yahI hai ki vaha sAlavRkSoM kA vana rahA hogaa| ata: mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna sthala ko jaMbhiya (vartamAna jamuI) ke RjuvAlikA nadI ke (ulAI) uttarI kinAre kA vana kSetra samajhanA caahie| lekhaka ne lagabhaga 15 varSa pUrva jaba isa kSetra kI yAtrA kI thI taba bhI yaha kSetra tIna ora se pahAr3iyoM se ghirA huA vana kSetra hI thaa| usake atinikaTa lekhaka ko kisI grAma Adi kI upasthiti nahIM milii| yadi hama 'bahiyA' kA artha nagara kA bAhya bhAga mAneM tathA usa sthala ko RjuvAlikA nadI ke uttara kinAre para sthita vana kSetra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kareM to bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala vahI siddha hotA hai, jise Aja zvetAmbara samAja mahAvIra kA janma sthala mAna rahA hai| Agama meM kevalajJAna sthala ko jambhiya grAma nagara kA bahirbhAga (bAhiyA) kahA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA 'bahiyA' yA bahirbhAga kA artha nikaTastha sthala mAnA

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna sthala : eka punarvicAra : 39 jAtA hai kintu AgamoM ke anusAra usa kAla meM 20-25 kilomITara dUra sthita sthaloM ko bhI usa nagara kA bahirbhAga hI mAnA jAtA thA, udAharaNArtha- nAlandA ko bhI rAjagRha kA bahirbhAga (tassa NaM rAyagihassa nagarassa bahiyA uttara puratthime disIbhAe etthaNaM nAlandA nAma - jJAtAsUtra adhyAya 7 kA prArambhika sUtra) kahA gayA hai jabaki nAlandA aura rAjagRha ke bIca kI dUrI lagabhaga 20 kilomITara hai| ata: vartamAna lachavAr3a kI jamaI (jambhiya) kA bAhya vibhAga mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa sambandha meM koI bhI vipratipatti nahIM hai| vartamAna meM mahAvIra ke janma sthAna ke rUpa meM mAnya 'lachavAr3a' mahAvIra kA kaivalya prApti kA sthAna hai isakI puSTi anya tathyoM se bhI hotI hai| prathamata: isake samIpa bahane vAlI 'UlAI' nAmaka nadI 'ujuvAliyA' kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai| kyoMki prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se ujuvAliyA kA ulAI rUpa sambhava hai| sarvaprathama lopa ke niyamAnusAra 'ja' kA lopa hone para aura va kA u hone para tathA tInoM hrasva u kA U hone para UliyA rUpa hogA, isameM bhI U+la+i+ya+A (UlaiyA) meM i+ya kA dIrgha I hokara A kA sthAna parivartana hokara la ke sAtha saMyoga hone se 'UlAI' rUpa banatA hai| puna: saMskRta ke kucha granthoM meM ujuvAliyA (RjuvAlikA) ke sthAna para RjukUlA rUpa bhI milatA hai| prAkRta ke niyamoM ke anusAra R kA u, madhyavartI ja kA lopa hone para ju kA u aura madhyavartI ka kA lopa hone para kU kA U usa prakAra u+u+U+lA meM donoM hrasva u kA dIrgha U meM samAveza hokara UlA rUpa banatA hai, jisameM mukha suvidhA hetu I kA Agama hokara UlAI rUpa banatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki yahI nadI anya jaladhArAoM se milatI huI Age calakara jamuI ke AsapAsa kyUla ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai, yaha bhI kala kA apabhraMza rUpa lagatA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai - UlAI jo jamuI nagara se Age calakara kyUla ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai RjuvAlikA athavA RjukUlA kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai| ata: nadI ke nAma kI dRSTi se bhI mahAvIra kA kevala jJAna sthala vartamAna lachavAr3a hI hai| lachuvAr3a nAma bhI licchavI vATaka arthAt licchavI kA mArga yA lakSyavATa arthAt lakSya prApti kA mArga aisA siddha karatA hai| cUMki isa prakAra licchavI mahAvIra kA jJAna prApti yA lakSya prApti kA sthala hone se hI yaha sthala lachuvAr3a kahalAyA hogA, isa sambhAvanA ko pUrNata: nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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40 isa sthAna para tIrtha sthApana nahIM hone kA kAraNa bhI spaSTa hai| cUMki Aja bhI yaha sthAna nirjana hai usa kAla meM to yaha isase bhI adhika nirjana rahA hogA, phira sandhyAkAla hote hote vahA~ koI upadeza sunane ko upalabdha ho, yaha bhI sambhava nahIM thaa| sAtha hI isa kSetra meM mahAvIra ke paricitajanoM kA bhI abhAva thA, ata: bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yaha nirNaya kiyA hogA ki jahA~ unake jJAtIjana yA paricitajana rahate hoM aisI madhyamA apApApurI (pAvApurI) meM jAkara prathama upadeza denA ucita hogaa| jJAtavya hai ki Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM lachuvAr3a se madhyadeza meM sthita malloM kI rAjadhAnI pAvA kI dUrI 12 yojana batAI gaI hai, jo lagabhaga sahI pratIta hotI hai| vartamAna meM bhI lachuvAr3a se usamAnapura-vIrabhArI ke nikaTavartI sthala ko pAvA mAnane para Rja yA sIdhe mArga se vaha dUrI lagabhaga 190 kilomITara hotI hai| 15 kilomITara kA eka yojana mAnane para yaha dUrI 180 kilomITara hotI hai| jJAtavya hai jainendrasiddhAnta koza meM eka yojana 9.09 mIla ke barAbara batAyA gayA hai| isa AdhAra para 1 yojana lagabhaga 15 kilomITara kA hotA hai| mAnacitra meM hamane ise skela se mApakara bhI dekhA hai jo lagabhaga sahI hai| isa prakAra hamArI dRSTi meM mahAvIra kA kevalajJAna prApti kA sthala jamaI ke nikaTavartI kSetra lachavAr3a hI hai, vartamAna bArAkara aura jAmU nahIM hai|

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA eka punarvicAra yaha jaina dharmAnyAyioM kA durbhAgya hI kahA jAyegA ki jahA~ bhagavAna buddha ke bauddha dharma kA bhArata se lopa ho jAne ke bAda bhI bhagavAna buddha ke janmasthala, jJAna prApti-sthala, prathama upadeza-sthala aura parinirvANa-sthala kI samyak pahacAna ho cukI hai aura isa sambandha meM koI matavaibhinya nahIM hai, vahAM jaina dharma ke bhArata meM jIvanta rahate hue bhI Aja bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janmasthala, kevalajJAnasthala, prathama upadezasthala aura parinirvANasthala - sabhI vivAda ke ghere meM haiM, unakI samyak pahacAna abhI taka nahIM ho sakI hai, jabaki una sthaloM ke sambandha meM Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM tathA purANa sAhitya meM spaSTa nirdeza hai| pUrva ke do AlekhoM meM hamane unake janmasthala aura kevalajJAnasthala kI pahacAna kA eka prayatna kiyA thaa| isa Alekha meM hama unake tIrthasthApanasthala aura parinirvANasthala kI pahacAna kA prayatna kreNge| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tIrthasthApanAsthala aura parinirvANasthala donoM ko 'majjhimApAvA' arthAt madhyama+apApA ko mAnatI hai, vahA~ digambara paramparA tIrtha sthApanasthala to rAjagRha ke vaibhAragiri ko mAnatI hai, kintu parinirvANasthala to pAvA ko hI mAnatI hai| isa prakAra nirvANasthala ke sambandha meM zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM mataikya hai - donoM hI 'pAvApurI' ko mahAvIra kA parinirvANa sthala mAnatI haiN| kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki yaha pAvA kahA~ sthita hai? vartamAna meM zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAeM rAjagRha aura nAlandA ke samIpavartI pAvApurI ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa sthala mAna rahI haiM aura donoM ke dvArA usa sthala para mandira Adi nirmita haiN| kintu vidvatvarga isa sthala ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa sthala mAnane meM sahamata nahIM hai| usakI ApattiyA~ nimna haiM - 1. bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya nava malla, nava licchavI Adi 18 gaNarAjyoM ke rAjA tathA kAzI aura kozala deza ke rAjA upasthita the (kalpasUtra 127) / rAjagRhI ke samIpavartI pAvA meM unakI upasthiti sambhava nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki rAjagRha rAjyataMtra thA aura malla, licchavI, vajjI, vaizAlI

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42 Adi ke gaNataMtrAtmaka rAjyoM se usakI zatrutA thI, jabaki gaNataMtra ke rAjAoM meM pArasparika saumanasya thaa| dUsare, kAzI aura kosala ke rAjAoM kA vahAM upasthita rahanA bhI sambhava nahIM thaa| kyoMki rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA se unakI dUrI lagabhaga 300 kilAmITara thI jabaki phajilakA yA usamAnapura ke nikaTavartI pAvA samIpa thI aura unake rAjyoM kI sImA se lagI huI thii| 2. yadi mahAvIra kA nirvANa rAjagRha kI samIpavartI pAvA ke pAsa hotA to usa samaya vahAM kuNika ajAtazatru kI upasthiti kA ullekha nizcita huA hotA, kyoMki vaha mahAvIra kA bhakta thaa| kintu prAcIna granthoM meM kahIM bhI usakI upasthiti ke saMketa nahIM haiN| isake viparIta malla, licchavI Adi gaNataMtroM ke rAjAoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa haiN| 3. mahAvIra ke kAla meM rAjagRha ke samIpa kisI pAvA ke hone ke saMketa prAcIna jaina AgamoM aura bauddha tripiTaka meM nahIM milte| jabaki bauddha tripiTaka meM kuzInagara ke samIpavartI malloM kI pAvA ke aneka ullekha milate haiN| tripiTaka meM malloM ke kuzInagara aura pAvA aise do gaNarAjyoM kA ullekha hai, ye mallagaNarAjA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya upasthita bhI the| 4. purAtAttvika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para rAjagRha kI samIpavartI vartamAna meM mAnya pAvA hI mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI hai, yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai| kyoMki vahA~ jo prAcInatama purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha hai, vaha saMvat 1260 meM abhayadevasUri dvArA sthApita caraNa hai| isa AdhAra para bhI vartamAna pAvA kI aitihAsikatA terahavIM zatI se pUrva nahIM jAtI hai| 5. rAjagRha ke ati samIpa vartamAna meM mAnya pAvA meM kalpasUtra meM ullikhita hastipAla jaise kisI svataMtra rAjA kA rAjya honA sambhava nahIM hai| do gaNarAjyoM kI rAjadhAnI aura rAjya 20 - 25 mIla kI dUrI para honA sambhava hai, jaise kuzInagara ke malloM kI aura pAvA ke malloM kI rAjadhAniyAM mAtra 20 kilomITara kI dUrI para sthita thIM / kintu magadha jaise sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI ke ati samIpa mAtra 2025 kilomITara kI dUrI para hastipAla jaise svataMtra rAjA kI rAjadhAnI pAvA kA honA sambhava nahIM thaa| 6. kucha vyaktiyoM kA yaha tarka hai ki vartamAna 'pAvA' ko hI mahAvIra kA nirvANasthala aura lachavAr3a yA nAlandA ke samIpavartI kuNDapura ko mahAvIra kA janmasthAna mAnanA ucita hai| kyoMki ye donoM vartamAna pAvA ke itane nikaTa haiM ki bhagavAna ke pArthiva zarIra kI dAha kriyA ke samaya bhagavAna ke bar3e bhAI nandivardhana

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA - kuzInagara eka punarvicAra usameM sammilita ho sake / kintu yaha tarka samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki prathama to nandivardhana mahAvIra kI dAha kriyA meM sammilita hue the, aisA koI prAcIna ullekha nahIM hai| yadi yaha mAneM ki 18 gaNarAjAoM meM nandivardhana bhI the, to ve to pauSadha ke nimitta pUrva se hI vahA~ upasthita the / punaH vaizAlI ke nikaTavartI kSatriya 'kuNDagrAma se bhI usamAnapura vIrabhArI yA phAjila nagara ke nikaTa saThiyA~va ke samIpa sthita pAvA kI dUrI bhI lagabhaga 100 mIla se adhika nahIM hai, ghor3e para eka dina meM itanI dUrI pAra karanA bhI kaThina nahIM hai| kyoMki acchA ghor3A eka ghaNTe meM 10 mIla kI yAtrA AsAnI se kara letA hai| : 43 puna: eka vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke parinirvANa sthala ko 'majjhimA pAvA' kahA gayA hai| 'majjhimA' zabda kI vyAkhyA vidvAnoM ne aneka dRSTi se kI hai| kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra majjhimA kA artha hai - madhyavartI pAvA arthAt unake anusAra usa kAla meM tIna pAvA rahI hogii| una tIna pAvAoM meM madhyavartI pAvA ko hI majjhimA pAvA kahA gayA hai| vartamAna carcAoM ke AdhAra para yadi hama rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA aura par3araunA samIpa sthita pAvA kI kalpanA ko sahI mAneM to inake madhyavartI phAjila nagara yA vIrabhArI kI pAvA ko madhyavartI pAvA mAnA jA sakatA hai| par3araunA (pAvA) phAjilanagara (saThiyA~va) usamAnapura (vIrabhArI) 15 kilo mITara rAjagRha ke samIpavartI vartamAna pAvA kintu usa kAla meM aisI tIna pAvA thI, isakA koI bhI pramANa jainAgamoM aura tripiTaka meM nahIM miltaa| yadyapi isa kalpanA kI eka phalazruti avazya hai, vaha yaha ki rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA cAhe usa yuga meM rahI bhI ho, kintu vaha madhyavartI pAvA (majjhimA pAvA) nahIM ho sakatI hai ataH use mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha madhyavartI pAvA na hokara dakSiNa yA antya pAva hI siddha hogii| kyoMki usake dakSiNa yA pUrva dizA meM kisI anya pAvA ke koI bhI saMketa nahIM mile haiN| isa tIna pAvA nagaroM kI kalpanA ko svIkAra karane meM sabase bar3I bAdhA yaha bhI hai ki purAtAttvika aura sAhityika sAkSyoM se yaha bAta

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44 siddha nahIM hotI ki mahAvIra yA buddha ke kAla meM pAvA nAmaka nagara tIna the| jo bhI sAhityika ullekha upalabdha haiM ve malloM kI madhyadezIya pAvA ke hI haiM, anya kisI pAvA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| ___ kucha vidvAnoM ne tIna 'pAvA' kI bAta to svIkAra nahIM kI kintu majjhimA pAvA kA artha yaha lagAyA hai ki pAvA nagara ke madhya meM sthita hastipAlarAjA kI rajjuka sabhA meM mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA thA, isI kAraNa use majjhimA pAvA kahA gayA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se majjhimA pAvA kA vizeSaNa hai, usakA artha madhyamA arthAt bIca kI pAvA yA madhyadezIya pAvA aisA hogA, kintu pAvA ke madhya meM aisA nhiiN| kyoMki yadi lekhaka ko yaha bAta kahanI hotI to vaha 'pAvAe majjhe' ina zabdoM kA prayoga karatA na ki 'majjhimApAvA' kA dUsare mahAvIra jaba bhI cAturmAsa karate the to gA~va yA nagara ke madhya meM na karake gA~va yA nagara ke bAhara hI kisI udyAna, caitya Adi para hI karate the - ataH unhoMne yaha cAturmAsa pAvA nagara ke madhya meM kiyA hogA, yaha bAta siddha nahIM hotii| rajjuka sabhA kA artha bhI yaha batAtA hai ki vaha sthAna hastipAla rAjA ke nApa taula vibhAga kA sabhA sthala rahA hogaa| kintu yaha sabhAbhavana ke nagara ke madhya meM ho, yaha sambhAvanA kama hI hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM nApa ke lie rajju zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se rajjUka ve rAjakIya karmacArI the jo rassI lekara bhUmi yA khetoM kA mApa karate the| ye karmacArI vartamAna kAla ke paTavAriyoM ke samAna hI the| rAjya meM pratyeka gAMva kA eka rajjuka hotA hogA aura eka choTe se rAjya meM bhI hajAroM gA~va hote the ata: rAjya karmacAriyoM meM rajjukoM kI saMkhyA sarvAdhika hotI thii| sambhava hai unakI sabhA hetu koI vizAla bhavana rahA ho| mahAvIra ne yaha sthala cAturmAsa ke lie isa kAraNa se cunA hogA ki isameM vizAla sabhAgAra rahA hogaa| aisA sabhAgAra mahAvIra ke vizAla saMgha ke cAturmAsa kA upayukta sthala ho sakatA thA, kintu yaha nagara ke madhya ho, yaha sambhAvanA kama hI hai| isa prakAra majjhimA kA artha na to madhyavartI pAvA hogA aura na pAvA ke madhya meM aisA hogaa| aba hama 'majjhimA' zabda ke tIsare artha madhyadezIya pAvA kI ora Ate haiN| tIsare artha ke anusAra isakA tAtparya yaha hogA ki vaha pAvA nagara madhyadeza meM sthita thaa| jJAtavya hai ki pAli tripiTaka aura buddhakAlIna bhUgola meM madhyadeza kI sImAe~ isa prakAra thIM - madhyadeza ke pUrva meM videha pazcima meM kauzala, uttara meM zAkya/mauriya (nepAla kA tarAI kSetra) tathA dakSiNa meM kAzI deza sthita the| isakA artha hai ki majjhimApAvA madhyadeza meM sthita thI, jabaki vartamAna meM mAnya

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA - eka punarvicAra : 45 rAjagRha kI samIpavartI pAvA magadha deza meM sthita hai ataH majjhimA vizeSaNa se yaha bAta siddha hotI hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa sthala ke rUpa meM mAnya pAvA usa kAla ke madhyadeza arthAt malloM ke gaNataMtra meM sthita thii| isa AdhAra para kuzInagara se lagabhaga 20 kilomITara dakSiNa pUrva meM sthita phAjilanagara saThiyA~va yA usamAnapura vIrabhArI ke samIpavartI kSetra ke pAvA hone kI sambhAvanA adhika samIcIna lagatI hai kyoMki usakI puSTi bauddha sAhityika sAkSyoM se hotI hai| madhyadeza meM sthita isa 'pAvA' kI pahacAna karane meM bhI kaThinAI yaha hai ki isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM abhI mataikya nahIM ho pAyA hai| khetAna jI Adi kucha vidvAna vartamAna par3araunA ke siddhavA ko pAvA mAnate haiM, to kAralAila prabhRti kucha vidvAnoM ne phAjilanagara 'saThiyAvaM' ko 'pAvA' mAnA hai| zrI omaprakAzalAla zrIvAstava ne 'zramaNa' janavarI-jUna 2000 meM prakAzita apane lekha meM eka nayA mata prastuta karate hue, usamAnapura ke nikaTavartI vIrabhArI nAmaka TIle ko pAvA batAyA hai| ata: cAhe rAjagRhI ke samIpavartI pAvA ko mahAvIra nirvANa sthala nahIM bhI mAnA jAye aura madhyadeza sthita malloM kI 'pAvA' ko hI mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi mAnA jAye, to bhI usa sthAna kA samyak nirNaya karanA abhI zeSa hai| madhyadeza sthita malloM kI rAjadhAnI 'pAvA' kI pahacAna kA sabase mahattvapUrNa sAhityika sAkSya yaha hai ki vaha bhagavAna buddha ke parinirvANa-sthala kuzInagara se 3 gavyUti kI dUrI para sthita thii| kintu kuzInagara ko kendra mAnakara yadi tIna gavyUti vyAsa se vRtta khIMcA jAya to usameM cAroM dizAoM ke aneka sthala aayeNge| ata: isa AdhAra para bhI samyak nirNaya para kaise pahu~ceM? isa hetu hameM buddha ke antima yAtrAmArga ke AdhAra para nirNaya lenA hogaa| apane jIvana kI isa sandhyA meM buddha kisa mArga se kuzInagara se Aye the? sambhAvanAe~ tIna ho sakatI haiM - rAjagRha vaizAlI mArga se, zrAvastI ke mArga se yA zAkya pradeza arthAt kapilavastu (nepAla kI tarAI) se| yadi ve zrAvastI se A rahe the to 'pAvA' kI khoja kuzInagara ke pazcima meM karanI hogii| yadi ve zAkya rAjya se A rahe the to pAvA kI khoja kuzInagara ke uttara meM karanA hogI kintu yadi ve rAjagRha yA vaizAlI se A rahe the to hameM 'pAvA' kI khoja kuzInagara ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM karanI hogii| pAli sAhitya se jo sUcanAeM hameM prApta haiM usa AdhAra para unakI yaha yAtrA rAjagRha-vaizAlI kI ora se thI, ata: 'pAvA' kI khoja kazInagara ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM karanA hogii| isa AdhAra para par3araunA ke siddhavA ko 'pAvA' mAnane kI sambhAvanA nirasta ho jAtI hai, kyoMki par3araunA kuzInagara (vartamAna kasAyA) ke ThIka uttara meM hai| yadyapi bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi 'pAvA' nAmaka bhagavatIprasAda

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khetAna kI pustaka kI bhUmikA meM unake mata kA samarthana karate hue merA jhukAva bhI par3araunA ko pAvA mAnane ke pakSa meM thaa| kintu nimna tIna kAraNoM se aba mujhe apane dRSTikoNa meM parivartana karanA par3a rahA hai - 1. par3araunA ke 'pAvA' hone ke pakSa meM Aja taka koI bhI Thosa sAhityika aura purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai| AdaraNIya bhagavatIprasAda khetAna dvArA diye gaye tarkoM aura sAkSyoM se yaha to siddha hotA hai ki rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA vAstavika pAvA nahIM hai, kintu paDaraunA kA siddhavA sthAna hI pAvA hai, yaha pUrNatayA siddha nahIM hotaa| 2. dUsare, paDaraunA rAjagRha-vaizAlI-kuzInArA ke sIdhe yA sarala mArga para sthita nahIM hai, rAjagRha yA vaizAlI se paDaraunA hokara kuzInArA AnA eka cakkaradAra rAstA hai| bhagavAna buddha kI isa yAtrA kA lakSya kuzInArA thA ataH uttara meM jAkara punaH dakSiNa meM Ane vAle mArga kA cayana ucita nahIM thaa| 3. jaina vyAkhyA sAhitya ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane kaivalya sthala se bAraha yojana calakara pAvA meM apane dharma tIrtha kI sthApanA kI thii| merI draSTi meM vartamAna jamaI ke samIpavartI lachavAr3a mahAvIra kA janma sthala na hokara kaivalyajJAna sthala hai| vahA~ se sIdhe mArga se pAvA kI dUrI lagabhaga 190 kilomITara se adhika nahIM honI caahie| paDaraunA ko pAvA mAnane para yaha dUrI lagabhaga 250 se adhika ho jAtI hai| ata: paDaraunA ko pAvA mAnane meM aneka kaThinAIyA~ haiN| kuzInagara se dakSiNa pUrva meM pAvA ko mAnane ke sambandha meM bhI aba hamAre sAmane do vikalpa haiM? prathama phAjilanagara saThiyAMva aura dUsarA usmaanpurviirbhaarii| yadyapi kArlAila Adi vidvAnoM ne phAjilanagara saThiyAMva ko pAvA mAnane ke pakSa meM apanA mata diyA thaa| usake pariNAmasvarUpa gorakhapura, devariyA Adi ke kucha digambara jainoM ne aura kucha prabuddha varga ne use mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi mAnakara mandira dharmazAlA Adi bhI banavAye haiN| kintu zrI omaprakAzalAla kA kahanA hai ki vahA~ se jo mRNamudrA milI hai, usase vaha sthala zreSThigrAma siddha hotA hai, pAvA nhiiN| puna: vaha sthala bhI kuzInArA se 18-20 mIla pUrva meM hI hai, dakSiNa pUrva meM nahIM hai| isa dRSTi se usamAnapura vIrabhArI ko pAvA mAnane kA pakSa adhika sabala pratIta hotA hai| isa sambandha meM sabase mahattvapUrNa sAkSya vahA~ se 'pa(1) vAnArA' ke ullekha yukta mRNamudrA kA prApta honA hai| jisa prakAra prApta mRNamudrAoM ke AdhAra para una-una grAma yA nagaroM kI pahacAna pUrva meM itihAsakAroM

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA - ke dvArA kI gaI, usI prakAra isa mudrA ke AdhAra para ise 'pAvA' svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| punaH mahAvIra ke kaivalyasthala se isa sthala kI dUrI bhI sarala sIdhe mArga se 12 - 13 yojana ke lagabhaga siddha hotI hai| jJAtavya hai ki yojana kI lambAI ko lekara bhI vibhinna mata hai / yaha dUrI eka yojana mAtra 9.09 yA lagabhaga 15 kilomITara mAna kara nizcita kI gaI hai| eka punarvicAra 44 47 maiMne isa pAvA kI avasthiti ko usamAnapura ke samIpa aura kaivalyasthala lachavAr3a ko jamuI ke samIpa mAnakara nakze ke skela ke AdhAra para dUrI nikAlI thI, jo lagabhaga 190 kilomITara AtI hai| ataH usamAnapura vIrabhArI ko pAvA mAnane para Agamika vyAkhyAoM kI 12 yojana kI dUrI kA bhI kucha samAdhAna mila jAtA hai| phira bhI jaba taka phAjilanagara ke DIha aura vIrabhArI ke TIloM kI khudAI na ho aura sabala purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha na hoM isa sambandha meM antima nirNaya denA samucita nahIM hogA, tathApi pAvA kI pahacAna ke sambandha meM jo vibhinna vikalpa haiM, unameM mujhe usamAnapura vIrabhArI kA pakSa sabase adhika sabala pratIta hotA hai aura vartamAna meM rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvApurI ko mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA mAnanA sandehAspada lagatA hai| *

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jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA aitihAsika pariprekSya meM jaina dharma mulata: AcAra pradhAna hai, usameM tattvamImAMsIya avadhArANAoM kA vikAsa bhI AcAramImAMsA ke pariprekSya meM hI huA hai| usake tattvamImAMsIya avadhAraNAoM meM mukhyataH paMcAstikAya, SaTadravya, SaTjIvanikAya aura nava yA sapta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA pramukha hai| paramparA kI dRSTi se to ye sabhI avadhAraNAyeM apane pUrNa rUpa meM sarvajJa praNIta aura sArvakAlika haiM, kintu sAhityika sAkSyoM kI dRSTi se vidvAnoM ne kAlakrama meM inakA vikAsa mAnA hai| prastuta Alekha meM kAlakrama meM nirmita granthoM ke AdhAra para inakI vikAsayAtrA ko citrita kiyA gayA hai| astikAya kI avadhAraNA vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAyoM kI avadhAraNA jainadarzana kI apanI maulika vicAraNA hai| paMcAstikAyoM kA ullekha AcArAMga meM anupalabdha hai, kintu RSibhASita (I.pU. caturtha zatI) ke pArzva adhyayana meM pArzva kI mAnyatAoM ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAya kA varNana hai| isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha avadhAraNA kama se kama pArzvakAlIna (I.pU. AThavIM zatI) to hai hii| mahAvIra kI paramparA meM bhagavatIsUtra meM sarvaprathama hameM isakA ullekha milatA hai| jainadarzana meM astikAya kA tAtparya vistArayukta astitvavAna dravya se hai| jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala ina paMcAstikAyoM meM dharma, adharma aura AkAza ko eka-eka dravya aura jIva tathA pudgala ko aneka dravya mAnA gayA hai| I. san kI tIsarI zatI se dasavIM zatI ke madhya isa avadhAraNA meM koI vizeSa parivartana nahIM dekhA jAtA, mAtra SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha kAla ko anastikAya dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| I. san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI taka arthAt tattvArthasUtra kI racanA ke pUrva yaha vivAda prArambha ho gayA thA ki kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnA jAya yA nhiiN| vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kAla taka arthAta IsA kI sAtavIM zatI taka kAla ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane ke sambandha meM matabheda thaa| kucha jaina dArzanika kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnate the aura kucha use svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate the, kintu bAda meM zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM meM

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jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM : 49 astikAya aura dravya kI avadhAraNAoM kA samanvaya karate hue kAla ko anastikAya dravya ke rUpa meM svatantra dravya svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| __ astikAya kI avadhAraNA jainoM kI maulika avadhAraNA hai| kisI anya darzana meM isakI upasthiti ke saMketa nahIM milte| merI dRSTi meM prAcIna kAla meM astikAya kA tAtparya mAtra astitva rakhane vAlI sattA thA, kintu Age calakara jaba astikAya aura anastikAya aise do prakAra ke dravya mAne gaye to astikAya kA tAtparya AkAza meM vistAra yukta dravya se mAnA gyaa| pAramparika bhASA meM astikAya ko bahu-pradezI dravya bhI kahA gayA hai, jisakA tAtparya yahI haiM ki jo dravya AkAza kSetra meM vistarita hai, vahI 'astikAya' haiN| paMcAstikAya jaina darzana meM vartamAna kAla meM jo Sadravya kI avadhAraNA hai, usakA vikAsa isI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se hI huA haiN| paMcAstikAyoM meM kAla ko jor3akara lagabhaga prathama-dvitIya zatI meM SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA nirmita huI hai| jahA~ taka paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA kA prazna hai vaha nizcita hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki usakA prAcInatama ullekha hameM 'isibhAsiyAI' ke pArzva nAmaka adhyayana meM milatA hai| RSibhASita kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI kA yaha kathana ki "paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA paravartI kAla meM banI hai" - utanA hI satya hai ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI racanAkAla taka isa avadhAraNA kA ullekha nahIM hai, kyoMki mUla meM yaha avadhAraNA pApityoM kI thii| jaba pArzva ke anuyAyiyoM ko mahAvIra ke saMgha meM samAhita kara liyA gayA, to usake sAtha hI pArzva kI aneka mAnyatAe~ bhI mahAvIra kI paramparA meM svIkRta kI gyiiN| isI krama meM yaha avadhAraNA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM spaSTa rUpa se mAnya huii| bhagavatIsUtra meM sarvaprathama yaha kahA gayA ki loka, dharma, adharma, AkAza, ajIva aura pudgala rUpa haiN| RSibhASita meM to mAtra pA~ca astikAya haiM - itanA hI nirdeza hai, unake nAmoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM hai| cAhe RSibhASita ke kAla meM paMcAstikAyoM ke nAma nirdhArita ho bhI cuke hoM, kintu phira bhI unake svarUpa ke viSaya meM vahA~ koI bhI sUcanA nahIM miltii| dharmaadharma Adi paMca astikAyoM kA jo artha Aja hai, vaha kAlakrama meM vikasita huA haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM hI hameM aise do sandarbha milate haiM jinase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAcInakAla meM dharma astikAya aura adharma astikAya kA artha gati aura sthiti meM sahAyaka dravya nahIM thaa| bhagavatIsUtra ke hI bIsaveM zataka meM dharmAstikAya ke jo paryAyavAcI diye gaye haiM, unameM aTThAraha pApa sthAnoM se

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50 virati, pA~ca samiti aura tIna guptiyoM ke pAlana ko hI dharmAstikAya kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra prAcInakAla meM aTThAraha pApasthAnoM ke sevana tathA pA~ca samitiyoM aura tIna guptiyoM kA paripAlana nahIM karane ko hI adharmAstikAya kahA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra bhagavatIsUtra ke solahaveM zataka meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki lokAnta meM khar3A hokara koI deva aloka meM apanA hAtha hilA sakatA hai yA nahIM ? isakA na kevala nakArAtmaka uttara diyA gayA apitu yaha bhI kahA gayA ki gati kI sambhAvanA jIva aura pudgala meM hai aura aloka meM jIva aura pudgala kA abhAva hone se aisA sambhava nahIM hai| yadi usa samaya dharmAstikAya ko gati kA mAdhyama mAnA gayA hotA to, pudgala kA abhAva hone para vaha aisA nahIM kara sakatA, isa prakAra ke uttara ke sthAna para aisA kahA jAtA ki dharmAstikAya ke abhAva ke kAraNa vaha aisA nahIM kara sktaa| kyoMki tattvArthasUtra meM mukta AtmA kA aloka meM gati na hone kA kAraNa aloka meM dharmAstikAya kA abhAva hI batAyA gayA hai| dharmAstikAya gati meM sahAyaka dravya hai aura adharmAstikAya sthiti meM sahAyaka dravya hai - yaha avadhAraNA eka paravartI ghaTanA hai, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki tattvArthasUtra ke racanAkAla taka arthAt tRtIya zatAbdI ke uttarArdha aura caturtha zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM yaha avadhAraNA astitva meM A gaI thii| bhagavatI Adi meM jo pUrva saMdarbha nirdiSTa kie gae haiM unase yaha spaSTa hai ki prAcIna kAla arthAt I.pU. tIsarIcauthI zatI taka dharmAstikAya aura adharmAstikAya kA artha dharma aura adharma kI hI avadhAraNAe~ thiiN| navatattva kI avadhAraNA paMcAstikAya aura SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA ke samAna hI navatattvoM kI avadhAraNA bhI jaina paramparA kI apanI maulika evaM prAcInatama avadhAraNA hai| isa avadhAraNA ke mUla bIja AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama Agama meM bhI milate haiN| usameM sukRta, duSkRta, kalyANa, pApa, sAdhu, asAdhu, siddhi (mokSa), asiddhi (bandhana) Adi ke astitva ko mAnane vAlI aikAntika vicAradhArAoM ke ullekha haiM (1/8/1/2000) / isa ullekha meM Anava-saMvara, puNya-pApa tathA baMdhanamukti ke nirdeza haiM, vaise AcArAMga sUtra meM jIva- ajIva, puNya-pApa, Anava-saMvara, bandha, nirjarA aura mokSa - aise navoM tattvoM ke ullekha prakIrNa rUpa meM milate haiM, kintu eka sAtha ye nau tattva haiM - aisA ullekha nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM asti aura nAsti kI koTiyoM kI carcA huI hai| usameM jinheM asti kahanA cAhie unakA nirdeza bhI hai| usake anusAra jina tattvoM ko asti kahanA cAhie ve nimna haiM- loka, aloka, jIva, ajIva, dharma, adharma, bandha,

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jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM 1: 51 mokSa, puNya, pApa, Anava, saMvara, vedanA, nirjarA, kriyA, akriyA, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, prema, dveSa, caturaMta saMsAra, deva, devI, siddhi, asiddhi, siddhanijasthAna, sAdhu, asAdhu, kalyANa aura pApa / isa vistRta sUcI kA nirdeza sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dvitIya adhyayana meM huA hai| jahA~ jIva- ajIva, puNya-pApa, Astrava-saMvara, vedanA-nirjarA, kriyA - adhikaraNa, baMdha aura mokSa kA ullekha haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kA mAnanA hai ki isameM se vedanA, kriyA aura adhikaraNa ko nikAlakara Age nau tattvoM kI avadhAraNA banI hogI jisakA nirdeza hameM samavAyAMga ( 9 ) aura uttarAdhyayana (28/14) meM milatA hai| unhIM nau tattvoM meM se Age calakara IsA kI tIsarI - cauthI zatAbdI meM umAsvAti ne puNya aura pApa ko Asrava ke antargata vargIkRta karake sAta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI / ina sAta athavA nau tattvoM kI carcA hameM paravartI sabhI zvetAmbara aura digambara AcAryoM ke granthoM meM milatI hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki jainoM meM sAta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA bhI paMca- astikAya kI avadhAraNA se hI eka kAlakrama meM lagabhaga IsA kI tIsarI - caturtha zatI meM astitva meM AyI hai| sAtavIM se dasavIM zatAbdI ke madhya jo mukhya kAma ina avadhAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM huA vaha yaha ki unheM samyak prakAra se vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA aura unake bheda - prabheda kI vistRta carcA kI gayI / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana meM SaTdravya sAta yA nau tattva aura SaTjIva nikAya kI avadhAraNA kA jo vikAsa huA hai usake mUla meM paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA hI mUla hai, kyoMki navatattvoM kI avadhAraNA ke mUla meM bhI jIva aura pudgala mukhya haiM jo jIva ke karma pudgaloM ke sAtha sambandha ko sUcita karate haiN| karma pugaloM kA jIva kI ora AnA Asrava hai, jo puNya yA pApa rUpa hotA hai| jIva ke sAtha karma pugaloM kA saMzliSTa honA bandha hai / karmapudgaloM kA Agamana rukanA saMvara hai aura unakA AtmA yA jIva se alaga honA nirjarA hai / anta meM karma pudgaloM kA AtmA se pUrNataH vilaga honA mokSa hai| jaina AcAryoM ne paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA kA anya darzana paramparAoM meM vikasita dravya kI avadhAraNA se samanvaya karake SaTddravyoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa kiyaa| agrima paMktiyoM meM hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki SaTdravyoM kI avadhAraNA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se dravya kI paribhASA ko lekara jaina darzana meM kaise vikAsa huA hai ? dravya kI avadhAraNA vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTaka ko hI sat yA dravya kahA jAtA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM jise sat kahA jAtA thA vahI Age calakara dravya ke rUpa meM mAnA gyaa|

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52 jinhoMne vizva ke mUla ghaTaka ko eka, advaya aura aparivartanazIla mAnA unhoMne sat zabda kA hI adhika prayoga kiyA, parantu jinhoMne unheM aneka va parivartanazIla mAnA unhoMne sat ke sthAna para dravya kA prayoga kiyaa| bhAratIya cintana vedAnta meM sat zabda kA prayoga huA, jabaki usakI svatantra dhArAoM yathA - nyAya, vaizeSika Adi meM dravya aura padArtha zabda adhika pracalana meM rahA, kyoMki dravya zabda hI parivartanazIlatA kA sUcaka hai| jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai AcArAMga meM davI (dravya) zabda kA prayoga to upalabdha hotA hai kintu apane pAribhASika artha meM nahIM apitu dravita ke artha meM hai / (jainadarzana kA AdikAla pR. 21) 'dravya' zabda kA prayoga prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayana meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke ve adhyayana jinameM dravya kA vivecana hai, apekSAkRta paravartI mAne jAte haiN| vahA~ na kevala 'dravya' zabda kA prayoga huA hai apitu dravya, guNa aura paryAya ke pArasparika sambandha ko bhI spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| usameM dravya ko guNoM kA Azrayasthala mAnA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM uttarAdhyayana kI dravya kI yaha paribhASA nyAya-vaizeSika darzana se prabhAvita lagatI hai| pUjyapAda devanandI ne pA~cavI zatAbdI meM apanI tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka TIkA meM guNoM ke samudAya ko hI dravya kahA hai| isameM dravya aura guNa kI abhinnatA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi meM uddhRta yaha cintana bauddhoM ke paMca skandhavAda se prabhAvita hai| yadyapi yaha avadhAraNA pUjyapAda kI sarvArthasiddhi meM hI sarvaprathama milatI hai, kintu unhoMne "guNAnAM samUho davvo" isa vAkyAMza ko uddhRta kiyA hai| ataH yaha avadhAraNA pA~cavIM zatI se pUrva kI hai| dravya kI paribhASA ke sambandha meM 'dravya guNoM kA AzrayasthAna' hai aura 'dravya guNoM kA samUha hai' - ye donoM hI avadhAraNAe~ merI dRSTi meM tIsarI zatI se pUrva kI haiN| isa sambandha meM jainoM kI anaikAntika dRSTi se kI gayI sarvaprathama paribhASA hameM IsA kI caturtha zatI ke prArambha meM tattvArthasUtra meM milatI hai / jahA~ dravya ko guNa aura paryAyayukta kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra dravya kI paribhASA ke sandarbha meM anaikAntika dRSTi kA prayoga sarvaprathama tattvArthasUtra meM milatA hai| SaTdravya yaha to hama spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki SaTddravyoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se hI huA hai| lagabhaga prathama dvitIya zatAbdI meM hI paMcAstikAyoM ke sAtha kAla ko bhI svatantra dravya mAnakara SaTdravyoM kI avadhAraNA nirmita huI / yadyapi kAla svatantra dravya hai yA nahIM? isa prazna para lagabhaga IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se lekara sAtavIM zatAbdI taka yaha vivAda calatA rahA hai, jisake

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jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM : 53 saMketa hameM tattvArthasUtra ke bhASya mAnya pATha se lekara vizeSAvazyakabhASya taka aneka granthoM meM milate haiN| kintu aisA lagatA hai ki sAtavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt yaha vivAda samApta ho gayA aura zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM SadravyoM kI mAnyatA pUrNata: sthira ho gaI, usake pazcAt usameM kahIM koI parivartana nahIM huaa| ye Sadravya nimna haiM - dharma, adharma, AkAza, jIva, pudgala aura kaal| Age cala kara ina SadravyoM kA vargIkaraNa astikAya - anastikAya, cetana-acetana athavA mUrta-amUrta ke rUpa meM kiyA jAne lgaa| astikAya aura anastikAya dravyoM kI apekSA se dharma-adharma, AkAza, jIva aura padgala ina pA~ca ko astikAya aura kAla ko anastikAya dravya mAnA gyaa| cetana-acetana dravyoM kI apekSA se dharma, adharma, AkAza, padgala aura kAla ko acetana dravya aura jIva ko cetana dravya mAnA gayA hai| mUrta aura amUrta dravyoM kI apekSA se jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ko amUrta dravya aura pudgala ko mUrta dravya mAnA gayA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiM ki vidvAnoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki jaina darzana meM dravya kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa nyAya-vaizeSika darzana se prabhAvita hai| jainAcAryoM ne vaizeSika darzana kI dravya kI avadhAraNA ko apanI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se samanvita kiyA hai| ata: jahA~ vaizeSika darzana meM nau dravya mAne gae the vahA~ jainoM ne paMcAstikAya ke sAtha kAla ko jor3akara mAtra chaH dravya hI svIkAra kie| inameM bhI jIva (AtmA) AkAza aura kAla - ye tIna dravya donoM hI paramparAoM meM svIkRta rhe| paMcamahAbhUtoM, jinheM vaizeSika darzana meM dravya mAnA gayA hai, meM AkAza ko chor3akara zeSa' pRthvI, apa (jala), teja (agni) aura marut (vAyu) ina cAra dravyoM ko jainoM ne svatantra dravya na mAnakara jIva dravya ke hI bheda mAnA hai| dik aura mana - ina do dravyoM ko jainoM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA, inake sthAna para unhoMne pA~ca astikAyoM meM se dharma, adharma aura padgala aise anya tIna dravya nizcita kie| jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ anya paramparAoM meM pRthvI, apa, vAyu aura agni ina cAroM ko jar3a mAnA gayA vahA~ jainoM ne inheM cetana maanaa| isa prakAra jaina darzana kI SaTadravya kI avadhAraNA apane Apa meM maulika hai| anya darzana paramparA se usakA AMzika sAmya hI dekhA jAtA hai| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki unhoMne isa avadhAraNA kA vikAsa apanI maulika paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se kiyA hai| SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA paMcAstikAya ke sAtha-sAtha SaTjIvanikAya kI carcA bhI jaina granthoM meM upalabdha hai| jJAtavya hai ki paMcAstikAya meM jIvAstikAya ke vibhAga ke rUpa meM

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54 - SaTjIvanikAya kI yaha avadhAraNA vikasita huI hai / SaTjIvanikAya nimna haiMpRthvIkAya, apakAya, vAyukAya, tejaskAya, vanaspatikAya aura trasakAya / pRthvI Adi ke lie 'kAya' zabda kA prayoga prAcIna hai / dIghanikAya meM ajitakezakambalina ke mata ko prastuta karate hue pRthvIkAya, apakAya, tejaskAya aura vAyukAya kA ullekha huA hai| usI grantha meM pakudhakaccAyana ke mata ke sandarbha meM pRthvI, apa, tejas, vAyu, sukha, duHkha aura jIva ina sAta kAyoM kI carcA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pRthvI, apa Adi ke liye kAya saMjJA anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM pracalita thii| yadyapi kAya kauna-kauna se aura kitane haiM isa prazna ko lekara unaseM paraspara matabheda the| ajitakezakambalin pRthvI, apa, tejas aura vAyu ina cAra mahAbhUtoM ko kAya kahatA thA to pakudhakaccAyana ina cAra ke sAtha sukha, duHkha aura jIva ina tIna ko sammilita kara sAta kAya mAnate the| jainoM kI sthiti inase bhinna thI - ve jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala ina pA~ca ko kAya mAnate the, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki unameM paMca astikAya aura SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA lagabhaga I. pU. chaThIM - pAMcavIM zatI meM astitva meM thii| kyoMki AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM ina SaTjIvanikAyoM kA aura RSibhASita ke pArzva adhyayana meM paMca astikAyoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai / ina sabhI granthoM ko sabhI vidvAnoM ne I. pU. pAMcavIM - cauthI zatI kA aura pAlitripiTaka ke prAcIna aMzoM kA samakAlika mAnA hai| ho sakatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAyeM kramazaH pArzva aura mahAvIrakAlIna hoN| jJAtavya hai ki paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA mUlataH pArzva kI paramparA kI rahI hai - jise loka kI vyAkhyA ke prasaMga meM mahAvIra kI paramparA meM bhI mAnya kara liyA gayA thaa| loka ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha meM mahAvIra ne pArzva kI avadhAraNAoM ko svIkAra kiyA thA, aisA ullekha bhagavatIsUtra meM hai| ata: isI krama meM unhoMne pArzva kI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA ko bhI mAnyatA dI hogii| - maiM paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke isa kathana se sahamata nahIM hU~ ki paMcAstikAya kI paramparA kA vikAsa bAda meM huaa| hA~, itanA avazya satya hai ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM pahale SaTjIvanikAya kI hI carcA thI / kintu pArzva kI paramparA ke mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita ho jAne para jo dArzanika avadhAraNAyeM bhI mahAvIra kI paramparA meM mAnya huIM unameM paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA bhI thii| ata: cAhe paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI racanA ke bAda bhagavatI meM mAnya huI ho, kintu vaha hai pArzvakAlIna /

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jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM : 55 yahA~ hamArA vivecya SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA hai, jo nizcita rUpa se mahAvIrakAlIna to hai hI aura usake bhI pUrva kI ho sakatI hai| kyoMki isakI carcA AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana meM hai| yaha to nizcita satya hai ki na kevala vanaspati aura anya jIva-jantu sajIva haiM apitu pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu bhI sajIva haiM, yaha avadhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se jainoM kI rahI hai| sAMkhya, nyAya-vaizeSika Adi prAcIna darzana-dhArAoM meM inheM paMcamahAbhUtoM ke rUpa meM jar3a hI mAnA gayA thA jabaki jainoM meM inheM cetana / sajIva mAnane kI paramparA rahI hai| paMcamahAbhUtoM meM mAtra AkAza hI aisA hai jise jaina paramparA bhI anya darzana paramparAoM ke samAna ajIva (jar3a) mAnatI hai / yahI kAraNa thA ki AkAza kI gaNanA paMcAstikAya meM to kI gaI kintu SaTjIvanikAya meM nahIM / jabaki pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu ko SaTjIvanikAya ke antargata mAnA gayA / yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA ne pRthvI, jala Adi ke Azrita jIva rahate haiM- itanA hI na mAnakara yaha bhI mAnA ki ye svayaM jIva haiN| ata: jaina dharma kI sAdhanA meM aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina muni AcAra meM inakI hiMsA se bacane ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| jaina AcAra meM ahiMsA ke paripAlana meM jo sUkSmatA aura ativAditA AyI hai, usakA mUla kAraNa yaha SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA hai| yaha svAbhAvika thA ki jaba pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu Adi ko sajIva mAna liyA gayA to ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke liye inakI hiMsA se bacanA Avazyaka ho gyaa| - yaha spaSTa hai ki SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana kI prAcInatama avadhAraNA hai| prAcIna kAla se lekara yaha Aja taka yathAvata rUpa se mAnya hai / tIsarI zatAbdI se IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI ke madhya isa avadhAraNA meM vargIkaraNa sambandhI kucha mahattvapUrNa muddoM ko chor3akara anya koI maulika parivartana huA ho aisA kahanA kaThina hai| itanA spaSTa hai ki AcArAMga ke bAda sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke jIva sambandhI avadhAraNA meM kucha vikAsa avazya huA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra jIvoM kI utpatti kisa-kisa yoni meM hotI hai, tathA jaba ve eka zarIra ko chor3akara dUsarA zarIra grahaNa karate haiM, to apane janma sthAna meM kisa prakAra AhAra grahaNa karate haiM isakA vivaraNa sUtrakRtAMga AhAra - parijJA nAmaka dvitIya zrutaskandha meM hai| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki usameM jIvoM ke eka prakAra ko 'anusyUta' kahA gayA hai / sambhavata: isI se Age jainoM meM anantakAya aura pratyeka vanaspati kI avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| do, tIna aura cAra indriya vAle jIvoM meM kisa varga meM kauna se jIva haiM yaha bhI paravartI kAla meM hI nizcita huaa| phira bhI bhagavatI, jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA ke kAla taka arthAt I. kI tIsarI

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56 zatAbdI taka yaha avadhAraNA vikasita ho cukI thI kyoMki prajJApanA meM indriya AhAra aura paryApti Adi ke sandarbha meM vistRta vicAra hone lagA thaa| IsavIM san kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke bAda SaTjIvanikAya meM trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa ko lekara eka mahattvapUrNa parivartana aayaa| AcArAMga se lekara tattvArthasUtra ke kAla taka pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ko sthAvara mAnA gayA thA jabaki agni, vAyu aura dvIndriya Adi jIvoM ko trasa kahA jAtA thaa| uttarAdhyayana kA antima adhyAya, kundakunda kA paMcAstikAya aura umAsvAti kA tattvArthasUtra spaSTa rUpa se pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ko sthAvara aura agni, vAyu aura dvIndriya ko trasa mAnatA hai| dvIndriya Adi ko trasa mAnane kI paramparA to thI hI, ata: Age calakara sabhI ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara mAnane kI paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| yadyapi kaThinAI yaha thI ki agni aura vAyu meM spaSTata: gatizIlatA dekhe jAne para unheM sthAvara kaise mAnA jAya ? prAcIna AgamoM meM jahA~ pA~ca ekendriya jIvoM ke sAtha-sAtha trasa kA ullekha hai vahAM use trasa aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa nahIM mAnanA cAhiye, anyathA eka hI Agama meM antarvirodha mAnanA par3egA, jo samucita nahIM hai| isa samasyA kA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki dvIndriya Adi jIvoM ko trasa nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA thA - ata: yaha mAnA gayA ki dvIndriya se bhinna sabhI ekendriya sthAvara haiM / isa carcA ke AdhAra para itanA to mAnanA hogA ki lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI ke pazcAt hI trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI dhAraNA meM parivartana huA tathA Age calakara zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM paMca sthAvara kI avadhAraNA dRr3hIbhUta ho gyii| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaba vAyu aura agni ko trasa mAnA jAtA thA, taba dvIndriyAdi trasoM ke lie udAra (urAla) trasa zabda kA prayoga hotA thaa| pahale gatizIlatA kI apekSA se trasa aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa hotA thA aura usameM vAyu aura agni meM gatizIlatA mAnakara unheM trasa mAnA jAtA thaa| vAya kI gatizIlatA spaSTa thI ata: sarvaprathama use trasa kahA gyaa| bAda meM sUkSma avalokana se jJAta huA ki agni bhI Idhana ke sahAre dhIredhIre gati karatI haI phailatI jAtI hai| ata: use bhI trasa kahA gyaa| jala kI gati kevala bhUmi ke DhalAna ke kAraNa hotI hai svata: nahIM, ata: use pRthvI evaM vanaspati ke samAna sthAvara hI mAnA gyaa| kintu vAyu aura agni meM svata: gati hone se unheM trasa mAnA gyaa| puna: jaba Age calakara dvIndriya Adi ko hI trasa aura sabhI ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara mAna liyA gayA to - pUrva Agamika vacanoM se saMgati baiThAne kA prazna aayaa| ata: zvetAmbara paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA ki labdhi kI apekSA se to vAyu evaM agni sthAvara haiM, kintu gati kI apekSA se unheM

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jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM : 57 trasa kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA meM dhavalA TIkA (10vIM zatI) meM isakA samAdhAna yaha kaha kara kiyA gayA ki vAyu evaM agni ko sthAvara kahe jAne kA AdhAra unakI gatizIlatA na hokara sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya hai| digambara paramparA meM hI kundakunda ke paMcAstikAya ke TIkAkAra jayasenAcArya ne yaha samanvaya nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM- pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ye tIna sthAvara nAmakarma ke udaya se sthAvara kahe jAte haiM; kintu vAyu aura agni paMca sthAvara meM vargIkRta kiye jAte hue bhI calana kriyA dikhAI dene se vyavahAra se trasa kahe jAte haiN| vastuta: yaha saba prAcIna aura paravartI granthoM meM jo mAnyatAbheda A gayA thA usase saMgati baiThAne kA eka prayatna thaa| jahA~ taka jIvoM ke vividha vargIkaraNoM kA prazna hai, nizcaya hI ye saba vargIkaraNa I. san kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka kI kAlAvadhi meM sthira hue haiN| isa kAla meM jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, guNasthAna Adi avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| bhagavatI jaise aMga AgamoM meM jahA~ ina viSayoM kI carcA hai vahA~ prajJApanA Adi aMgabAhya granthoM kA nirdeza huA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki ye vicAraNAe~ IsA kI prathama dvitIya zatI ke bAda hI vikasita huiiN| aisA lagatA hai ki prathama aMga bAhya AgamoM meM unakA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai aura phira mAthurI evaM valabhI vAcanAoM ke samaya unheM aMga AgamoM meM samAviSTa kara inakI vistRta vivecanA ko dekhane ke lie tadtad granthoM kA nirdeza kara diyA gayA / isa prakAra jaina sAhityika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jaina tattvamImAMsA kA kAlakrama meM vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi paramparAgata mAnyatA jaina darzana ko sarvajJa praNIta mAnane ke kAraNa isa aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko asvIkAra karatI hai| *

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jaina darzana meM mokSa kI avadhAraNA bhAratIya dharmoM evaM darzanoM kA mukhya prayojana mokSa kI prApti hai| bhAratIya cintakoM ne mokSa ko hI mAnava jIvana kA parama puruSArtha mAnA hai| samasta sAdhanAe~ mokSa ke nimitta hI kI jAtI haiN| mokSa, mukti, nirvANa, paramapada, zivapada, paramAtmapada, siddhapada, paramadhAma Adi usI ke paryAyavAcI nAma haiN| mokSa yA nirvANa ke sambandha meM sAdhyagata samAnatA hote hue bhI bhAratIya cintakoM meM jo svarUpagata matabhinya dekhA jAtA hai, usakA kAraNa mokSatattva nahIM, apitu hamArI bhASAgata aura jJAnagata sImitatA hI hotI hai| jisa prakAra eka hI bhavana ke vividha koNoM se liye gaye citra bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI usI tathya ko ujAgara karate haiM, vaise hI mokSa sambandhI vibhinna vivaraNa bhI apane vaividhya ke bAvajUda usI satya ko ujAgara karate haiN| satya to yaha hai ki paramatattva hamArI zabda sImA se pare hai, varNanAtIta hai, anirvacanIya hai, avAcya hai| jaba bhI use zabdoM kI sImA meM bA~dhane kA koI prayatna hotA hai, asIma aura ananta ko bhASA ke dvArA vAcya banAne kA koI prayAsa hotA hai taba hamArI bhASA kI sImA ke kAraNa samagra satya to kahIM bAhara hI chUTa jAtA hai| anubhUti ko jaba bhI bhASA ke sahAre abhivyakti dI jAtI hai to vaha mAtra sImita yA sApekSa hI nahIM, varana eka pratibhAsa banakara raha jAtI hai| itanA hI nahIM, ve zabda citra bhI usa anubhUti ko abhivyakti dene meM asamartha hote haiN| vyAvahArika jIvana meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki aneka logoM ne gur3a ke svAda kI anubhUti kI hotI hai, kintu jaba ve zabdoM ke sahAre usake yathArtha svAda ko abhivyakti dene kA prayatna karate haiM to usameM vaividhya hotA hai| cAhe koI gar3a ke svAda para pI-eca.DI. kA zodha-prabandha bhI likha de, kintu yaha satya samajha lenA hai ki use par3hakara bhI koI usa anubhUti ko pAne meM samartha nahIM ho sktaa| mokSa yA mukti bhI eka anubhUti hai| zabdoM ke mAdhyama se usake sambandha meM kucha bhI kahane kA prayatna ThIka vaisA hI hotA hai jaise koI nakze ke mAdhyama se himAlaya kI U~cAI yA gaMgA kI gaharAI ko samajhAne kA prayatna kre| nakze ke tathya ko samajhAne kA sArthaka prayatna to kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu unheM satya samajha lenA bhrAnti ko hI janma detA hai| zabda satya kI ora izArA (saMketa) kara

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jaina darzana meM mokSa kI avadhAraNA sakate haiM, use kaha nahIM sakate (lakSyate na tu uccayate ) | AcArAMgasUtra ke prathama zrutaskandha ke paMcama adhyAya (1/5/6/171) meM isalie kahA gayA hai ki "usa paramAtma pada kA nirvacana karane meM zabda samartha nahIM haiM, sAre svara vahA~ se lauTa Ate haiM, tarka kI bhI vahA~ koI gati nahIM hai, mati (buddhi) use pakar3a pAne meM asamartha hai, usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai arthAt koI bhI zabda use vAcya banAne meM samartha nahIM hai, aisI koI upamA bhI nahIM hai jisake mAdhyama se use batAyA jA sakatA hai|" usake svarUpa ke nirvacana meM vANI kI asamarthatA ko svIkAra karanI hI hotI hai, kyoMki anubhUti mAtra anubhUti hai use abhivyakti denA sambhava nahIM hai| isalie jaba usake varNana kA prazna AyA to prAyaH zAstroM ne niSedha mukha se itanA hI kahA ki mokSAvasthA meM samasta karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se muktAtmA meM samasta karmajanya upAdhiyoM kA bhI abhAva hotA hai; ataH muktAtmA na dIrgha hai, na hrasva hai, na vRttAkAra hai, na trikoNa hai, na catuSkoNa hai, na parimaNDala saMsthAna vAlA hai| vaha kRSNa, nIla, pIta, rakta aura zveta varNa vAlA bhI nahIM hai| vaha sugandha aura durgandha vAlA bhI nahIM hai| na vaha tIkSNa, kaTuka, khaTTA, mIThA evaM amla rasa vAlA hai / usameM gurU, laghu, komala, kaThora, snigdha, rukSa, zIta evaM uSNa Adi sparza guNoM kA bhI abhAva hai / vaha na strI hai, na puruSa hai, na napuMsaka hai (AcArAMga 1 / 5 / 6 / 171 ) | AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM, "mokSadazA meM na sukha hai, na duHkha hai, na pIr3A hai, na bAdhA hai, na janma hai, na maraNa hai, na vahA~ indriyA~ haiM, na upasarga hai, na moha hai, na vyAmoha hai, na nidrA hai, na vahA~ cintA hai, na Arta aura raudra vicAra hI haiN| vahA~ to zubha aura azubha vicAroM kA bhI abhAva hai ( niyamasAra 178 - 179) / " mokSAvasthA to sarva saMkalpoM kA abhAva hai| vaha buddhi aura vicAra kA viSaya nahIM hai, vaha pakSAtikrAnta hai| isa prakAra muktAvasthA kA niSedhAtmaka vivecana bhI usakI anirvacanIyatA ko batAne ke lie hai| upaniSadoM meM isI liye yaha kahA gayA hai ki vaha tarka, buddhi ora mana kA viSaya nahIM hai ( taittirIya 2/9, muNDaka 3/1/8), kyoMki ye sabhI vikalpAtmaka haiM jabaki vaha to nirvikalpa hai, nirvikalpa ko vikalpoM kA viSaya kaise banAyA jA sakatA hai ? bhASA bhI asti aura nAsti ke vikalpoM se sImita hai ataH mokSa kA koI bhI nirvacana sambhava nahIM hai| nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM udAna ( 8/10 ) meM nimna buddhavacana haiM- "lohe ke ghana kI coTa par3ane para jo cinagAriyA~ uThatI haiM ve turanta hI bujha jAtI haiN| kahA~ gaIM kucha patA nahIM cltaa| isI prakAra kAma bandhana se mukta ho nirvANa prApta puruSa kI gati kA koI bhI patA nahIM lagA sktaa|" phira bhI ina niSedhamUlaka vivaraNoM se yaha : 59

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samajha lenA mUrkhatA hI hogI ki mokSa, mukti yA nirvANa koI bhAvAtmaka tathya nahIM hai| vyakti meM jo ananta aura asIma ko pAne kI lalaka hai| vikalpoM aura vicAroM ke saMkula isa saMsAra se nirvicAra aura nirvikalpa meM jAne kI jo abhIpsA hai, pyAsa hai vahI mokSa yA nirvANa kI sArthakatA hai| manuSya meM apanI caitasika kSudratAoM, vAsanAoM aura vikAroM se Upara uThakara Atmika rUpa se svastha hone kI jo eka preraNA hai, vibhAva se svabhAva meM Ane kI jo satata prayatnazIlatA haiye sabhI isa tathya kI sUcaka haiM ki mokSa abhAva rUpa na hokara eka bhAvAtmaka avasthA hai| bImArI kA abhAva svAsthya kI bhAvAtmaka sattA ko siddha karatA hai| mokSa AtmapUrNatA hai, Atma-sAkSAtkAra hai| sImA ko jAnane meM sImApArI kA avabodha Avazyaka hai| jaba cetanA vikalpoM, vicAroM, icchAoM, vAsanAoM aura AkAMkSAoM ke usa pAra calI jAtI hai, jaba cetanA maiM aura mere ke kSadra ghere ko tor3akara asIma aura ananta meM nimajjana kara letI hai to vaha mokSa yA nirvANa ko upalabdha ho jAtI hai, vaha svayaM asIma aura ananta ho jAtI hai| mukti yA nirvANa anya kucha nahIM hai, vaha sImAoM kA, AvaraNoM kA, mamatA ke ghere kA TUTa jAnA hai| ata: mokSa yA nirvANa eka bhAvAtmaka sattA bhI hai| yaha satya hai ki use vAcya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA kintu use anubhUta to kiyA hI jA sakatA hai, vaha cAhe abhilApya na ho lekina anubhati to hai hii| hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hai ki nirvANa yA mokSa koI aisI vastu bhI nahIM hai, jisakI anubhUti isa jIvana se pare kisI anya loka aura anya jIvana meM sambhava hotI ho, usakI anubhUti to isI jIvana meM aura isI loka meM karanI hotI hai| vastuta: sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ke rUpoM meM yA dharmoM meM vaividhya ho sakatA hai, kintu una saba meM mokSa rUpI sAdhyagata samarUpatA bhI hai| jisa prakAra sabhI nadiyA~ samudra kI ora gatizIla hotI haiM usI prakAra sabhI dharma mokSa yA paramAtma-dazA kI ora gatizIla haiN| jisa prakAra bImAriyA~ bhinna hotI haiM aura unake kAraNa unakI cikitsA vidhi, auSadhi aura pathya bhI bhinna-bhinna hote haiM, kintu unake pariNAma svarUpa upalabdha svAsthya eka hI rUpa hotA hai| jisa prakAra bImAriyoM meM taratamatA hotI hai, vibhinnatAe~ hotI haiM, usI prakAra caitasika vikRtiyoM meM bhI unake rAga, dveSa, moha aura kaSAya (kleza) rUpa kArakoM kI apekSA bhinnatA hotI hai| kinta sAdhanA paddhatiyoM meM rahI huI bhinnatA, unake sAdhya kI bhinnatA kA AdhAra nahIM hai, mokSa yA nirvANa to eka rUpa hI hotA hai| vaha to AtmapUrNatA kI sthiti hai, usameM taratamatA yA vaividhya nahI hai| sabhI mukta AtmAe~ samAna haiM, unameM koI taratamatA nahIM hai, choTI-bar3I nahIM haiM, U~ca-nIca nahIM haiM, svAmI-sevaka bhAva nahIM haiN| vaividhya to saMsAra dazA meM hai, mukti meM nahIM hai|

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jaina darzana meM mokSa kI avadhAraNA : 61 caitasika vikRtiyoM ke kAraNagata aura svarUpagata vaividhya ke kAraNa unakI cikitsA rUpa dharma meM vaividhya ho sakatA hai kintu usa cikitsA ke phalasvarUpa punaH upalabdha svAsthya to eka hI rUpa hotA hai / usI prakAra dharma yA sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA vaividhya sAkSya rUpa mukti, mokSa yA nirvANa ke vaividhya kA kAraNa nahIM hai| ata: vividha paramparAoM kI mokSa kI avadhAraNA kahane bhara ko hI bhinnabhinna hotI hai, usameM svarUpagata bheda nahIM hai| ata: jaina, bauddha, hindU yA sikha dharmoM ke mokSa ke vivaraNa meM bheda pratItirUpa bheda hai anubhUtirUpa bheda nahIM hai| jaise dasa vyakti gur3a kA svAda cakheM unakI anubhUti samAna hotI hai, bheda mAtra bhASAgata abhivyakti meM hotA hai| mokSa kA artha hai - jJeyAvaraNa aura klezAvaraNa karmoM kA naSTa ho jAnA, una karmoM kA AvaraNa haTa jAnA / cetanA kA vikSobhoM, vikAroM, vicAroM aura vikalpoM se mukta ho jaanaa| vaha mamatva aura kartA bhAva se Upara uThakara vItarAga, vItatRSNa aura anAsakta avasthA kI prApti hai, ise sabhI dharma aura darzanoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| saMkSepa meM kaheM to vaha Atmopalabdhi hai, sva-svarUpa meM avasthiti hai / jJAtAdraSTA bhAva meM jInA hai / mokSa koI aisI vastu bhI nahIM hai, jo pUrva meM anupalabdha thI aura bAda meM use pAyA gayA ho| jisa prakAra svAsthya koI aisI bAhya vastu nahIM hai jise pAyA jAtA hai, vaha to bImArI yA vikRti ke haTane kA nAma hai, vaise hI mokSa yA nirvANa bhI vAsanA yA vikAroM kA zAnta ho jAnA hai / vaha anupalabdha kI upalabdhi nahIM hai, apitu upalabdha kI hI punaH upalabdhi hai| svAsthya pAyA nahIM jAtA hai, mAtra bimArI yA vikRti ko haTAne para upalabdha hotA hai| jisa prakAra sUrya sadA prakAzita hai, prakAza kI upalabdhi ke lie mAtra bAdaloM ke AvaraNa haTanA jarUrI hai / usI prakAra cetanA ko vikSobhita aura vidrUpita karanevAle tattvoM yA karmarUpI AvaraNa kA haTa jAnA hI hamArI mukti hai| cetanA nirmala aura prazAnta rahe yahI mukti kA artha hai / pAralaukika jIvana to mAtra usa parama vizuddha avasthA kA paricAyaka hai, kintu usa avasthA kI upalabdhi to isI jIvana meM karanI hotI hai / *

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jinapratimA kA prAcIna svarUpa eka samIkSAtmaka cintana 'jinabhASita' maI 2003 ke aMka meM 'digambaroM kI jina pratimA kI pahacAna ke pramANa' nAmaka sampAdakIya Alekha ke sAtha-sAtha DaoN. nIraja jaina kA lekha 'digambara pratimA kA svarUpa : spaSTIkaraNa' tathA 'digambara pratimA kA svarUpa : spaSTIkaraNa kI samIkSA' ke rUpa meM paNDita mUlacaMda jI luhAr3iyA ke lekha dekhane ko mile| ukta tInoM hI AlekhoM ke par3hane se aisA lagatA hai ki aitihAsika satyoM aura unake sAkSyoM ko eka ora rakhakara kevala sAmpradAyika AgrahoM se hI hama tathyoM ko samajhane kA prayatna karate haiN| yaha tathya na kevala ina AlekhoM se siddha hotA hai apitu unameM jina zvetAmbara AcAryoM aura unake granthoM ke sandarbha diye gaye haiM, usase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai / puna: kisI prAcIna sthiti kI puSTi yA khaNDana ke lie jo pramANa diye jAeM unake sambandha meM yaha spaSTa honA cAhie ki samakAlika yA nikaTa pazcAtkAlIna pramANa hI Thosa hote haiN| prAcIna pramANoM kI upekSA kara paravartI kAlIna pramANa denA yA purAtAttvika pramANoM kI upekSA kara paravartI sAhityika pramANoM ko satya mAna lenA samyak pravRtti nahIM haiN| AdaraNIya nIraja jI, luhAr3iyA jI evaM DaoN. ratanacandra jI jaina vidyA ke gambhIra vidvAna haiN| unameM bhI nIraja jI to jaina purAtattva ke bhI talasparzI vidvAna haiN| unake dvArA prAcIna pramANoM kI upekSA ho, aisA vizvAsa bhI nahIM hotaa| ye lekha nizcaya hI sAmpradAyika vivAdoM se upajI unakI ciMtAoM ko hI ujAgara karate haiN| vastutaH vartamAna meM maMdira evaM mUrtiyoM ke svAmitva ke jo vivAda gaharAte jA rahe haiM, vahI ina lekhoM kA kAraNa haiN| kintu hama inake kAraNa satya se mukha nahIM mor3a skte| ina lekhoM meM jo pramANa prastuta kie gae haiM, unheM pUrvakAlIna sthiti meM kitanA prAmANika mAnA jAye, yaha eka vicAraNIya muddA hai| sabase pahale unakI prAmANikatA kI hI samIkSA karanA Avazyaka hai| yahA~ maiM jo bhI carcA karanA cAhU~gA vaha vizuddha rUpa se jaina saMskRti ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se karanA cAhU~gA / yahA~ merA kisI paramparA vizeSa ko puSTa karane yA khaNDita karane kA koI abhiprAya nahIM hai / merA mukhya abhiprAya kevala jina pratimA ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM aitihAsika satyoM ko ujAgara karanA hai|

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jinapratimA kA prAcIna svarUpa : eka samIkSAtmaka cintana apane sampAdakIya meM pro. ratanacandra jaina ne sarvaprathama vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kA nimna sandarbha prastuta kiyA hai : 'jinendrA api na sarvathaivAcelakA : ' : 63 - 'savve vi ega dUseNaniggayA jinavarA cauvvIsaM' ityAdi vacanAt (vizeSAvazyaka bhASya vRtti saha gAthA - 2551) jaba sAkSAt tIrthaMkara devaduSya- vastra yukta hote haiM to unakI pratimA bhI devaduSya yukta honI caahie| prastuta sandarbha vastuta: lagabhaga chaThIM zatAbdI kA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki chaThIM zatAbdI meM digambara evaM zvetAmbara paramparA eka dUsare se pRthaka ho cukI thii| prastuta gAthA aura usakI vRtti hI nahIM, yaha sampUrNa grantha hI zvetAmbara mAnyatAoM kA sampoSaka hai, cAhe AcArAMga kA yaha kathana satya ho ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dIkSita hote samaya eka vastra grahaNa kiyA thA, kintu dUsarI ora yaha bhI satya hai ki unhoMne teraha mAha ke pazcAt usa vastra kA parityAga kara diyA thaa| usake pazcAt ve AjIvana acela hI rahe / kintu pArzva ke sambandha meM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kA yaha kathana svayaM uttarAdhyayana se hI khaNDita ho jAtA hai ki pArzva bhI eka hI vastra kara dIkSita hue the| vastra ke sambandha meM pArzva kI paramparA santarottara thI arthAt pArzva kI paramparA ke muni eka adhovastra ( aMtara - vAsaka) aura eka uttarIya aise do vastra dhAraNa karate the / yahA~ yaha bhI mAnanA buddhigamya nahIM lagatA ki kisI bhI tIrthaMkara kI ziSya paramparA apane guru se bhinna AcAra kA pAlana karatI ho| ataH zvetAmbaroM kA yaha kahanA ki gautama Adi mahAvIra kI paramparA ke gaNadhara savastra the, satya pratIta nahIM hotA, isI prakAra digambara paramparA kI yaha mAnyatA ki sAre tIrthaMkara evaM unake ziSya acela hI the, vizvasanIya nahIM lgtaa| cAhe bhagavAna mahAvIra ne muniyoM kI nimna zreNI ke rUpa meM ailakoM aura kSullakoM kI vyavasthA kI ho aura ailakoM ko eka vastra tathA kSullakoM ko do vastra rakhane kI anumati dI ho tathA isI sambandha meM sAmAyika - cAritra aura chedopasthApanIya cAritra (mahAvratAropaNa) aisI dvividha cAritra kI vyavasthAeM dI hoM, phira bhI yaha sambhava haiM ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne savastra muniyoM ko munisaMgha meM barAbarI kA darjA nahIM diyA ho / yaha bAta svayaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM pracalita sAmAyika - cAritra aura chedopasthApanIya cAritra kI avadhAraNA se bhI siddha hotI hai| zvetAmbaroM meM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kI avadhAraNA tathA digambara paramparA meM kSullaka, ailaka evaM acela muni ke bheda yahI siddha karate haiN| yahA~ hama isa carcA meM na

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64 utarakara kevala yaha spaSTa karane kA prayatna kareMge ki vizeSAvazyakabhASya mUlataH zvetAmbara paramparA ke dRSTikoNa kA sampoSaka hai, usake racanAkAla taka arthAt chaThI-sAtavIM zatI taka tIrthaMkaroM kI zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anurUpa mUrtiyA~ bananA prArambha ho gaI thiiN| akoTA kI RSabhadeva kI pratimA isakA pramANa hai| ata: usake kathanoM ko pUrvakAlIna sthitiyoM ke saMdarbha meM pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| zvetAmbara paramparA kA yaha kathana ki sabhI tIrthakara eka devadUSya vastra lekara dIkSita hote haiM aura digambara paramparA kA yaha kathana ki sabhI tIrthakara acela hokara dIkSita hote haiM- sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM ke sthirIkaraNa ke bAda ke kathana haiN| ye prAcIna sthiti ke paricAyaka nahIM haiN| ni:sandeha mahAvIra acelatA ke hI pakSadhara the, cAhe AcArAMga ke anusAra unhoMne eka vastra liyA bhI ho, kintu nizcaya to yahI kiyA thA ki maiM isakA upayoga nahIM karUMgA - jise zvetAmbara bhI svIkAra karate haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, zvetAmbara mAnyatA yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki unhoMne teraha mAha pazcAt usa vastra kA bhI tyAga kara diyA aura phira acela hI rhe| mahAvIra kI acelatA ke kAraNa hI prAcIna tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ acela banIM / punaH / caMki usa kAla meM buddha kI mUrti sacela hI banatI thI, ata: paramparA kA bheda dikhAne ke lie bhI tIrthakara pratimAe~ acela hI banatI thiiN| pro. ratanacandrajI jaina ne dUsarA pramANa zvetAmbara muni kalyANavijayajI ke "paTTAvalIparAga" se diyA hai| vastuta: mani kalyANavijayajI kA yaha ullekha bhI zvetAmbara pakSa kI puSTi ke sandarbha meM hI hai| unakA yaha kahanA ki vastra bhI itanI sUkSma rekhAoM se dikhAyA jAtA thA ki dhyAna se dekhane se hI usakA patA lagatA thA, yaha bAta kevala apane sampradAya kI mAnyatA ko puSTa karane ke lie kahI gaI hai| prAcIna mUrtiyoM meM hI nahIM, vartamAna zvetAmbara mUrtiyoM meM bhI sUkSma rekhA dvArA uttarIya ko dikhAne kI koI paramparA nahIM hai, mAtra kaTivastra dikhAte haiN| yadi yaha paramparA hotI to vartamAna meM bhI zvetAmbara mUrtiyoM meM vAmaskaMdha se vastra ko dikhAne kI vyavasthA pracalita rhtii| vastutaH pratimA para vAmaskandha se vastra dikhAne kI paramparA bauddhoM kI rahI hai aura dhyAnastha buddha aura jina pratimA meM antara isI AdhAra para dekhA jAtA hai| ata: jina pratimA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM muni kalyANavijayajI kA kathana bhI pramANa rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isI prakAra pro. ratanacandrajI ne "pravacanaparIkSA' kA eka uddharaNa bhI diyA hai| unakA yaha kathana ki jinendra bhagavAna kA guhya pradeza zubha prabhAmaNDala ke dvArA vastra ke samAna hI AcchAdita rahatA hai aura carmacakSuoM ke dvArA dikhAI nahIM detaa| vastuta: tIrthakaroM ke sambandha meM yaha kalpanA atizaya ke rUpa meM hI kI jAtI hai|

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jinapratimA kA prAcIna svarUpa : eka samIkSAtmaka cintana : 65 lekina cAhe zvetAmbara paramparA ho yA digambara paramparA, atizayoM kI yaha kalpanA tIrthaMkaroM ke vaiziSTya ko hI sUcita karane ke lie pracalita huI hai| phira cAhe yaha bAta tIrthaMkara ke sambandha meM satya ho kintu mUrti ke sambandha meM satya nahIM hai| vaijJAnika satya yaha hai ki yadi mUrti nagna hai to vaha nagna hI dikhAI degii| kintu pravacanaparIkSA meM upAdhyAya dharmasAgarajI kA yaha kathana ki "giranAra parvata ke svAmitva ko lekara jo vivAda uThA usake pUrva padmAsana kI jinapratimAoM meM na to nagnatva kA pradarzana hotA thA aura na vastra cinha banAyA jAtA thA, samIcIna lagatA haiN|" ataH prAcIna kAla kI zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM kI pratimAoM meM bheda nahIM hotA thaa| unakA yaha kathana isa satya ko to pramANita karatA hai ki pUrva kAla meM jina pratimAoM meM zvetAmbara aura digambara kA bheda nahIM hotA thA kintu hameM yaha bhI samajhanA hogA ki bheda to tabhI ho sakatA thA, jaba donoM sampradAya pUrvakAla meM astitva meM hote| mathurA kI mUrtiyoM tathA eka halsI ke abhilekha se yaha spaSTa rUpa se siddha hotA hai ki saMghabheda ke pazcAt bhI kucha kAla taka maMdira va mUrtiyA~ alaga-alaga nahIM hote the| abhI taka upalabdha jo bhI sAkSya haiM unase yahI siddha hotA hai ki zvetAmbara aura digambara pratimAoM meM svarUpa bheda lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI se astitva meM aayaa| akoTA kI dhAtu mUrti ke pUrva vastra yukta zvetAmbara mUrtiyoM ke koI pramANa upalabdha nahIM haiN| yadyapi chaThI zatAbdI se zvetAmbara digambara mUrtiyA~ alaga-alaga hone lagI, kintu usa samaya jo bhI prAcIna tIrtha kSetra the unameM jo prAcIna mUrtiyA~ thIM, ve yadi padmAsana kI mudrA meM hotI thIM to unameM liMga banAne kI paramparA nahIM thI aura yadi ve khaDgAsana kI mudrA meM hotI thIM to spaSTa rUpa se unameM liMga banAyA jAtA thaa| hA~, yaha avazya satya hai ki paravartI kAla ke zvetAmbara AcArya bhI una nagna mUrtiyoM kA darzana, vandana Adi karate the| pro. ratanacandrajI ne bIsavIM zatAbdI ke sthAnakavAsI AcArya AtmArAmajI aura hastImalajI ke graMthoM se bhI uddharaNa prastuta kie haiN| lekina ye uddharaNa bhI pramANa rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kie jA sakate, kyoMki AcArya AtmArAmajI evaM AcArya hastImalajI ne jo kucha likhA hai vaha apanI amUrtipUjaka sAmpradAyika mAnyatA kI puSTi hetu hI likhA hai| puna: bIsavIM zatAbdI ke kisI AcArya ke dvArA jo kucha likhA jAye vaha pUrva kAla ke sandarbha meM pUrI taraha pramANita ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hotaa| jahA~ taka AcArya hastImalajI ke uddharaNa kA prazna hai, ve sthAnakavAsI amUrtipUjaka paramparA ke AcArya the / unhoMne jaina dharma ke maulika itihAsa meM jo kucha likhA hai vaha apanI paramparA ko puSTa karane kI dRSTi se hI

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likhA hai ataH niSpakSa itihAsa kI dRSTi se unake kathana bhI pramANa rUpa se grAhya nahIM ho skte| aba hama jina pratimAoM ke sambandha meM vicAra karane jA rahe haiM unakI prAcIna sthiti kyA thI, ise kucha purAtAttvika abhilekhIya sAkSyoM se siddha kreNge| kaMkAlI TIle se prApta purAtAttvika sAmagrI aura zilAlekhoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki IsvI pUrva prathama zatAbdI se hI vahA~ jinamUrtiyA~ nirmita huI haiM aura ve pratimAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha haiM / AcArya hastImalajI kA yaha kathana ki AcArya nAgArjuna Adi yadi mUrtipUjA ke pakSadhara hote to unake dvArA pratisthApita mUrtiyA~ aura mandiroM ke avazeSa kahIM na kahIM avazya upalabdha hote| kintu nAgArjana ke nAma kA yadi koI martilekha upalabdha na ho, to isase yaha nirNaya to nahIM nikAlA jA sakatA ki jaina saMgha meM isake pUrva mUrtipUjA kA pracalana nahIM thaa| zvetAmbara AgamasAhitya meM vizeSa rUpa se kalpasUtra-sthavirAvalI meM ullekhita gaNa, zAkhA aura kaloM ke aneka AcAryoM kI preraNA se sthApita abhilekha yukta aneka mUrtiyA~ mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se hI upalabdha haiN| AcArya zrI hastImalajI kA 'kaliMgajina' ko 'kaliMgajana' pATha mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM haiN| paTanA ke lohAnIpura kSetra se milI jina pratimA isa tathya kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki jaina paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt hI jina pratimAoM kA nirmANa prArambha ho gayA thaa| sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki IsavI pUrva tIsarIcauthI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI taka zvetAmbara aura digambara mAnyatAoM ke anurUpa alaga-alaga pratimAoM kA nirmANa nahIM hotA thaa| zvetAmbara digambara paramparA ke bheda ke bAda bhI lagabhaga cAra sau sAla kA itihAsa yahI sUcita karatA hai ki ve saba eka hI maMdira meM pUjA upAsanA karate the| halsI ke abhilekha se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vahA~ zvetapaTTa mahAzramaNa saMgha, nigrantha mahAzramaNa saMgha aura yApanIya saMgha tInoM hI upasthita the, kintu unake maMdira aura pratimAe~ bhinna-bhinna nahIM the| rAjA ne apane dAna meM yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki isa grAma kI Aya kA eka bhAga jinendradevatA ke lie, eka bhAga zvetapaTTa mahAzramaNa saMgha hetu aura eka bhAga nirgrantha mahAzramaNa saMgha ke hetu upayoga kiyA jaae| yadi unake maMdira va mUrti bhinna-bhinna hote, to aisA ullekha sambhava nahIM hotaa| bhAI ratanacanda jI kA yaha kathana satya hai ki IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI se pahale jitanI bhI jina pratimAyeM upalabdha huI haiM, ve saba sarvathA acela aura nagna haiN| unakA yaha kathana bhI satya hai ki savastra jina pratimAoM kA aMkana lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI se hI prArambha hotA hai| kintu isake pUrva kI sthiti kyA thI, isa sambandha meM ve prAya: cupa haiN| yadi zvetAmbara paramparA kA astitva usake pUrva meM bhI thA to ___

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jinapratimA kA prAcIna svarUpa : eka samIkSAtmaka cintana : 67 ve kina pratimAoM kI pUjA karate the? yA to hama yaha mAne ki chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI taka zvetAmbara paramparA kA astitva hI nahIM thA, kintu isa mAnyatA ke virodha meM bhI aneka purAtAttvika evaM sAhityika sAkSya jAte haiN| yaha to spaSTa hai ki jaina saMgha meM bhadrabAhu aura sthUlibhadra ke kAla se mAnyatA aura AcAra bheda prArambha ho gae the aura mahAvIra ke saMgha meM kramaza: vastra-pAtra Adi kA pracalana bhI bar3ha rahA thaa| isa sambandha meM mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle ke spaSTa pramANa upalabdha haiN| kaMkAlI TIle ke IsavI pUrva prathama sadI se lekara IsA kI prathama dvitIya sadI taka ke jo purAtAttvika sAkSya haiM, unameM tIna bAteM bahuta spaSTa haiM : 1. jahA~ taka jinamUrtiyoM kA sambandha hai jo khaDgAsana kI jina pratimAe~ haiM unameM spaSTa rUpa se liMga kA pradarzana hai, padmAsana kI jo pratimAe~ haiM unameM na to liMga kA aMkana hai na hI vastra aMcala kA aNkn| sAmAnya draSTi se ye pratimAe~ acela haiN| 2. kintu ina pratimAoM ke nIce jo abhilekha upalabdha haiM aura unameM jina AcAryoM ke nAma, kula, zAkhA evaM gaNa Adi ke ullekha haiM ve sabhI prAyaH zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI ke anurUpa haiN| kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM varNita kula, zAkhA evaM gaNa ko evaM usameM varNita AcAra ko zvetAmbara apanI pUrva paramparA hI mAnate haiN| yaha bhI satya hai ki digambara paramparA una kula, zAkhA, gaNa aura AcAyoM ko apane se sambaddha nahIM maantii| 3. isake atirikta jo vizeSa mahattvapUrNa tathya hai vaha yaha ki aneka tIrthakara pratimAoM kI pAdapITha para dharmacakra ke aMkana ke sAtha-sAtha caturvidha saMgha kA aMkana bhI upalabdha hai, usameM sAdhvI martiyAM to savastra pradarzita haiM kintu jahA~ taka muni mUrtiyoM kA prazna hai ve nagna haiM, kintu unake hAthoM meM sampUrNa kambala tathA mukha vastrikA pradarzita hai| kucha muni mUrtiyA~ aisI bhI upalabdha hotI haiM jinake hAthoM meM pAtra pradarzita hai| eka muni mUrti isa rUpa meM bhI upalabdha hai ki vaha nagna hai kintu usake eka hAtha meM pratilekhana aura dUsare hAtha meM zvetAmbara samAja meM Aja bhI pracalita pAtra yukta jholI hai| ina muni mUrtiyoM ko sarvathA acela paramparA kI bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, vastutaH ye zvetAmbara paramparA ke vikAsa kI pUrva sthiti kI sUcaka haiM tathA usake dvArA pratisthApita, vaMdanIya evaM pUjya rahI haiN| ye mUrtiyA~ nizcita rUpa se acela haiN| puna: yadi zvetAmbara unake pratiSThApraka AcAyoM ko apanA mAnate haiM to unheM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki prAcIna kAla meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI acela mUrtiyoM kI hI upAsanA kI paramparA thii| zvetAmbara mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa kI paramparA yadyapi paravartI hai, kintu isakA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki

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68 zvetAmbara dhArA ke pUrva AcArya evaM upAsaka jina * mUrtiyoM ke upAsanA nahIM karate the| vastuta: ve acela mUrtiyoM ko hI pUjate the| / ina aitihAsika sAkSyoM se maiM isa nirNaya para pahuMcA hU~ ki, IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI taka donoM hI paramparAoM ke maMdira aura mUrtiyA~ eka hI hote the / jaise Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM gacchabheda hote hue bhI mandira aura pratimAe~ vizeSa rUpa se tIrtha sthAnoM ke mandira aura pratimAe~ sabhI ke dvArA samAna rUpa se pUjI jAtI hai, phira ve cAhe kisI bhI gaccha ke AcArya dvArA pratiSThita hoN| usa kAla taka donoM hI acela pratimA hI pUjate the| Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM mUrtiyoM ko jisa prakAra savastra rUpa se aMkana karane kI paramparA hai, vaha eka paravartI paramparA hai aura lagabhaga chaThI zatI se astitva meM AI hai| martiyoM ko lekara vivAda na ho, isI kAraNa se yaha antara kiyA gayA hai| dUsare mUrtiyoM ko AbhUSaNa Adi se sajjita karane, kaoNca athavA ratna Adi kI oNkheM lagAne Adi kI jo paramparA AI hai vaha mUlata: sahavartI hindU dharma kI bhaktimArgIya paramparA kA prabhAva hai| AdaraNIya zrI nIrajajI jaina, zrI mUlacaMdajI luhAr3iyA aura pro. ratanacadrajI jaina kI cintA ke do kAraNa haiN| prathama to mUrti aura maMdiroM ko lekara jo vivAda gaharAte jAte haiM, unase kaise bacA jAye aura dUsare prAcIna maMdira aura mUrtiyoM ko digambara paramparA se hI sambaddha kaise siddha kiyA jaaye| unakI cintA yathArtha hai, kintu isa AdhAra para isa aitihAsika satya ko nakAra denA ucita nahIM hogA ki IsA kI pA~cavI-chaThI zatI ke pUrva zvetAmbara paramparA bhI acela mUrtiyoM kI upAsanA karatI thI, kyoMki mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta abhilekha aura caturvidha saMgha ke aMkana se yukta aneka mUrtiyA~ isake prabalatama sAkSya upasthita karatI haiM, unheM nakArA nahIM jA sktaa|

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'aMgavijjA' meM jaina maMtroM kA prAcInatama svarUpa 'aMgavijjA' pUrvAcAryoM dvArA praNIta nimittazAstra kA eka mahattvapUrNa jaina grantha hai| isakA vAstavika racanAkAla kyA hai? yaha nirNaya to abhI nahIM ho sakA, kintu isakI bhASA, viSayavastu Adi kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para aisA lagatA hai ki yaha IsvI san ke pUrva kA eka prAcIna grantha hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se isameM prAcIna ardhamAgadhI evaM zaurasenI ke aneka lakSaNa upalabdha hote haiM aura isa dRSTi se isakI bhASA upalabdha zvetAmbara mAnya AgAmoM kI apekSA bhI prAcIna lagatI hai| namaskAra mantra kA prAcInatama rUpa jo khAravela (I.pU.2rI zatI) ke abhilekha meM pAyA jAtA hai, vaha isameM bhI milatA hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha IsA pUrva dUsarI zatI se IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke madhya kI racanA hai| isakA vAstavika kAla to isake sampUrNa adhyayana ke bAda hI nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha sAMskRtika sAmagrI se bharapUra phalAdeza yA nimitta zAstra kA grantha hai, kintu isameM aneka prasaMgoM meM jaina paramparA meM mAnya mantroM kA ullekha hone se ise jaina tantrazAstra kA bhI prathama grantha kahA jA sakatA hai| isameM kula sATha adhyAya haiN| jaina sAhitya ke bRhada itihAsa bhAga- 5 (pR. 214) meM paM0 ambAlAla zAstrI ne isakA saMkSipta vivaraNa diyA hai, jo isa prakAra hai - "Arambha meM aMgavidyA kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai aura batAyA gayA hai ki usake dvArA sukha-duHkha, lAbha-hAni, jaya-parAjaya, subhikSa-durbhikSa, jIvana-maraNa Adi bAtoM kA jJAna honA sambhava hai| 30 paTaloM meM vibhakta AThaveM adhyAya meM AsanoM ke aneka bheda batAye gaye haiN| nauveM adhyAya meM 1868 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM 270 viSayoM kA nirUpaNa hai| ina viSayoM meM aneka prakAra kI zayyA, Asana, yAna, kuDaya, stambha, vRkSa, vastra, AbhUSaNa, bartana, sikke Adi kA varNana hai| gyArahaveM adhyAya meM sthApatya sambandhI viSayoM kA mahattvapUrNa varNana karate hue tatsambandhI zabdoM kI vistRta sUcI dI gaI haiN| unnIsaveM adhyAya meM rAjopajIvI zilpI aura unake upakaraNoM ke sambandha meM ullekha hai| ikkIsavAM adhyAya vijayadvAra nAmaka hai, jisameM jaya-parAjaya sambandhI kathana haiN| bAIsaveM adhyAya meM uttama phaloM kI sUcI dI gaI hai| paccIsaveM adhyAya meM gotroM kA vistRta ullekha hai| chabbIsaveM adhyAya meM nAmoM kA varNana hai| sattAIsaveM adhyAya meM rAjA, mantrI, nAyaka, bhANDAgArika, Asanastha,

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70 mahAnasika, gajAdhyakSa Adi rAjakIya adhikAriyoM ke padoM kI sUcI hai| aTThAIsaveM adhyAya meM udyogI logoM kI mahattvapUrNa sUcI hai| unatIsavAM adhyAya nagaravijaya nAma kA hai, isameM prAcIna bhAratIya nagaroM ke sambandha meM bahuta sI bAtoM kA varNana hai| tIsaveM adhyAya meM AbhUSaNoM kA varNana hai| battIsaveM adhyAya meM dhAnyoM ke nAma haiN| taiMtIsaveM adhyAya meM vAhanoM ke nAma diye gaye haiN| chattIsaveM adhyAya meM dohada sambandhI vicAra haiN| saitIsaveM adhyAya meM 12 prakAra ke lakSaNoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| cAlIsaveM adhyAya meM bhojana-viSayaka varNana hai| ikatAlIsaveM adhyAya meM mUrtiyAM, unake prakAra, AbhUSaNa aura aneka prakAra kI krIr3AoM kA varNana hai| taitAlIsaveM adhyAya meM yAtrA sambandhI varNana hai| chiyAlisaveM adhyAya meM gRhapraveza sambandhI zubha-azubha phaloM kA varNana hai| saiMtAlIsaveM adhyAya meM rAjAoM kI sainyayAtrA sambandhI zubhAzubha phaloM kA varNana hai| cauvanaveM adhyAya meM sAra aura asAra vastuoM kA vicAra hai| pacapanaveM adhyAya meM jamIna meM gar3I huI dhanarAzi kI khoja karane ke sambandha meM vicAra hai| aTThAvanaveM adhyAya meM jainadharma meM nirdiSTa jIva aura ajIva kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| sAThaveM adhyAya meM pUrvabhava jAnane kI vidhi sujhAI gaI hai|" 'aMgavijjA' kI uparokta viSayavastu usake sAMskRtika sUcanAtmaka pakSa ko sUcita karatI hai kintu lekhaka kA mUla uddezya ina sabake AdhAra para vibhinna prakAra ke phalAdeza karanA hI thaa| lekhaka itane mAtra se saMtuSTa nahIM hotA hai, vaha azubha phaloM ke nirAkaraNa evaM vAMchita phaloM kI prApti ke lie vibhinna mAntrika sAdhanAoM kA ullekha karatA hai| ise hameM dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| yahA~ jaina mantrazAstra ke sAhitya meM isa grantha ke ullekha karane kA mukhya AdhAra yaha hai ki isa grantha ke vibhinna adhyAyoM meM jaina paramparA ke anurUpa mantra sAdhanA sambandhI vidhi-vidhAna bhI upalabdha ho jAte haiN| isake AThaveM bhUmikarma nAmaka adhyAya ke prathama gajabandha nAmaka saMgrahaNI paTala meM jaina paramparAnusAra vividha maMtra tathA una mantroM ke sAdhanA sambandhI vidhi-vidhAna prAkRta mizrita saMskRta bhASA meM diye gaye haiM, jinheM hama nIce avikala rUpa se de rahe haiM - (aTThamo bhUmIkama'jjhAo ) ( tattha paDhamaM gajjabaMgheNaM saMgahaNIpaDalaM) (1) Namo arahatANaM, Namo savvasiddhANaM, Namo AyariyANaM, Namo uvajjhAyANaM, Namo loe savvasAhUNaM, Namo mahApurisassa mahatimahAvIrassa svvnnnnuu-svvdrisiss| imA bhUmIkammassa vijjA-iMdiAlI iMdiAli mAhiMde mArudi svAhA, Namo

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'aMgavijjA' meM jaina maMtroM kA prAcInatama svarUpa : 71 mahApurisadiNNAe bhagavaIe aMgavijjAe sahassavAgaraNAe khIriNiviraNauduMbariNie saha sarvajJAya svAhA "sarvajJAnAdhigamAya svAhA" "sarvakAmAya svAhA sarvakarmasiddhyai svaahaa| kSIravRkSacchAyAyAM aSTamabhaktikena guNayitavyA kSIreNa ca pArayitavyam, siddhirstu| bhUmikarmavidyAyA upacAra: - caturthabhaktikena kRSNacaturdazyAM grahItavyA, SaSThena sAdhayitavyA ahatavattheNa kusasatthare 1 // (2) "Namo arahaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM, Namo AyariyANaM, Namo uvajjhAyANaM, Namo loe savvasAhUNaM, Namo AmosahipattANaM, Namo vipposahipattANaM, Namo savvosahipattANaM, Namo saMbhinnasoyANaM, Namo khIrassavANaM, Namo madhussavANaM, Namo kuThThabuddhINaM, Namo padabuddhINaM, Namo akkhINamahANasANaM, Namo riddhipattANaM, Namo cauddasapuvINaM, Namo bhagavaIya mahApurisadinAe aMgavijjAe siddhe siddhAsevie siddhacAraNANucinne amiyabale mahAsAre mahAbaleaMgaduvAradhare svaahaa|" chaThThaggahaNI, chaThThasAdhaNI, jApo aThThasayaM, siddhA bhavai 2 / / (3) Namo arahaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM, Namo mahApurisadiNNAya aMgavijjAe, NamokkArayittA imaM maMgalaM payojayissAmi, sA me vijjA savvattha pasijjhau, atthassa ya dhammassa ya kAmassa ya isisassa Adicca-caMda-Nakkhatta-gahagaNatArA-gaNANa jogo jogANaM Nabhammi ya jaM saccaM taM saccaM idhaM majjhaM idha paDirUve dissau, puDhavi-udadhi-salila-aggi- mArUesu ya savvabhUesu devesu jaM saccaM taM saccaM idha majjha paDirUve diss| avetu mANusaM soyaM divvaM soyaM pvttu| aveu mANusaM rUvaM divvaM rUvaM pvttu||| aveu mANusaM cakTuM divyaM cakkhU pvttu| aveu mANuse gaMdhe divve gaMdhe pvttu|| aveu mANuso phAso divvo phAso pvttu| aveu mANusA kaMtI divvA kaMtI pvttu|| aveu mANuso buddhI divvA buddhI pvttu| aveu mANusaM jANaM divvaM jANaM pvttu|| eesu jaM saccaM taM saccaM idha majjha paDirUve dissau tti, Namo mahatimahApurisadiNNAe aMgavijjA jaM saccaM taM saccaM idha majjha paDirUve dissau, Namo arahaMtANaM, Namo savvasiddhANaM, sijhaMtu maMtA svaahaa| esA vijjA chaThThaggahaNI, aThThamasAdhaNI, jApo atthsyN| (4) Namo arahaMtANaM, Namo savvasiddhANaM, Namo savvasAhUNaM, Namo bhagavatIya mahApurisadiNNAya aMgavijjAya, ubhayabhaye Natibhaye bhayamAbhaye bhave svaahaa|

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72 svAhA DaMDapaDIhAro aMgavijjAya udakajattAhiM cauhiM siddhiN| Namo arahaMtANaM, Namo savvasiddhANaM, Namo bhagavaIya mahApurisadiNNAya aMgavijjAya bhUmikamma0 / saccaM bhaNaMti arahaMtA Na musA bhAsaMti khttiyaa| sacceNa arahaMtA siddhA saccapaDihAre u devayA // 1 // atthasaccaM kAmasaccaM dhammasaccayaM saccaM taM iha dissau tti, aMgavijjAe imA vijjA uttamA lokamAtA vaMbhAe ThANathiyA payAvaiaMge, esA devassa savvaaMgammi me cakchu / savvalokammi ya saccaM pavvajja isisaccaM ca jaM bhve| eeNa saccavaiNeNa imo aThTho (pa)dissau / / 1 // uMtaM pavajje, bhuvaM pavajje, svaM pavajje, vijayaM pavajje, savve pavajje, utaduMbaramUlIyaM pavvajje, pavavisassiAmi taM pavajje, meghaDaMtIyaM pavajje, vijje svarapitaraM mAtaraM pavajje, svaravijjaM pavvajjeMti svAhA / / AbhAso abhimaMtaNaM ca udakajattAhi cauhiM siddhaM 4 // (5) Namo arahaMtANaM, Namo savvasiddhANaM, Namo kevalaNANINaM savvabhAvadaMsINaM, Namo AdhodhikANaM, Namo AbhiNibodhikANaM, Namo maNapajjavaNANINaM, Namo savvabhAvapavayaNarAgANaM vArasaMgavINaM aThThamahAnimittAyariyANaM suyaNANINaM, Namo paNNANaM, Namo vijjAcAraNasiddhANaM, tavasiddhANaM ceva aNagArasuvihiyANaM NiggaMthANaM, Namo mahAnimittINaM savvesiM, AyariyANaM, Namo bhagavao jasavao mahAparisassa mahAvIravaddhamANassa / adhApuvvaM khalu bho! mahApurisadiNNAya aMgavijjAya bhUmIkamma NAma' jjhAo! taM khalu bho! thamaNuvakkhAissAmi / taM tu bho !mahApurisassa maNissa sayasahassa sahassadArassa aparimiyassa aparimiyasasaMgahiyassa paccodArAgamasaMjuttamsa aparimiyassa aparimiyagaivisayassa bhagavao uvaviThThavihiviseseNaM 1 palhatthigAvihiviseseNaM 2 AmAsavihiviseseNaM 3 apassayavihiviseseNaM 4 ThiyavihiviseseNaM 5 vipikkhiyavihiviseseNaM 6 hasitavidhiviseseNaM 7 pucchiyavihiviseseNaM 8 vaMdiyavihiviseseNaM 9 saMlAviyavihiviseseNaM 10 AgamavidhiviseseNaM 11 rUditavidhiviseseNaM 12 (paridevitavidhiviseseNaM 13) kaMdiyavidhiviseseNaM 14 paDimavidhiviseseNaM 15 abhuThThiya (appuchiya) vidhiviseseNaM 16 NiggayavidhiviseseNaM 17 pailAiyavidhiviseseNaM 18 jaMbhiyavidhiviseseNaM 19 cuMbiyavidhiviseseNaM 20 AliMgayividhiviseseNaM 21 samiddhavihiviseseNaM 22 seviyavihiviseseNaM 23 attabhAvao bAhiraoyao vA aMtaraMga-bAhiraMgehi vA sadda-pharisa-rUva-gaMdhehiM vA

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'aMgavijjA' meM jaina maMtroM kA prAcInatama svarUpa guNehiM paDirUvasamuppAehiM vA uvaladdhIvIhisubhA 'subhANaM saMpatti- vipattisamAyogeNaM ukkarisA 'vakarisA uvaladdhavvA bhavaMti || : 73 / / iti kha0 pu0 saMgahaNIpaDalaM sammattaM / / 1 / / cha / / isI prakAra isa grantha ke sAThaveM adhyAya meM bhI mantrasAdhanA sambandhI nirdeza upalabdha haiM, jisameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki nirdiSTa mantrasAdhanA se vidyA svayaM upasthita ho karake kahatI hai ki maiM kahAM praveza karU~ ? nirdezAnusAra praviSTa hokara vaha praznoM kA uttara detI hai| granthakAra ne yahA~ sabase adhika manoraMjaka bAta yaha likhI hai ki vidyA siddha ho jAne para jina praznoM kA uttara detI hai unameM 16 meM se eka prazna ke uttara meM bhrAnti ho sakatI hai, phira bhI aisA siddha sAdhaka apanI isa zakti ke kAraNa ajina hokara bhI jina ke sadRza AbhAsita hotA hai| isa sandarbha meM grantha kA nimna aMza vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai "siddhaM khIriNi! khIriNi! uduMbari ! svAhA, savvakAmadaye ! svAhA, savvaNANasiddhikari! svAhA 1 ! tiNNi chaThThANi, mAsaM duddhodaNeNaM uduMbarassa heThThA divA vijjAmadhIye, apacchime chaThThe tato vijjAo ya pavattaMte rUveNa ya dissate, bhaNati -kato te pavisAmi ?, taM jahA te pavisAmi taM te aNaMgaM kAhAmIti / pavisittA ya bhaNati - solasa vAkaraNANi vA NAhisi ekkaM cukkihisi / evaM bhaNittu pavisati siddhA bhavati / Namo arahaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM, Namo savvasAdhUNaM, Namo bhagavatI mahApurisadiNNAya aMgavijjAya, AkaraNI vAkaraNI lokaveyAkaraNI dharaNitale suppatiThite Adicca - caMda- Nakkhatta-gahagaNa - tArArUvANaM siddhakateNaM atthakateNaM dhammakateNaM savvalokasubuheNaM je aThThe savve bhUte bhavisse se aThThe idha dissatu pasiNammi svAhA 2 / esA AbhoyaNIvijjA AdhAraNI chaThThaggahaNI, AdharapavisaMteNa appA abhimaMtaitavvo, AkaraNi vAkaraNi pavisittu maMte javati pussayoge, cautthamatteNameva dissati / Namo arahaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM, Namo bhagavato yasavato mahApurisassa, Namo bhagavatIya sahassaparivArAya aMgavijjAe, imaM vijjaM payoyessAmi, sA me vijjA pasijjhatu, khIrriNa ! uMdubari ! svAhA, sarvakAmadaye ! svAhA, sarvajJAnasiddhiriti svAhA 3 / upacAro-mAsaM duddhodaNeNa uduMbarassa heThThA divasaM vijjAmadhIye, apacchime chaThThe kAtavve tato vijjA ovayati tti rUveNa dissati, bhaNati ya-kato te pavisAmi ?, jato ya te pavississaM tIya aNaMNaM kAhAmi / pavisittA ya bhaNatIsolasa vAkaraNANi vAkarehisi, tato puNa ekkaM cukkihisi, vAkaraNANi paNNarasa

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74 acchiDDANi bhAsihisi, tato ajiNo jiNasaMkAso bhavissasi, aMgavijjAsiddhI svAhA / parisaMkhA NetavvA, tacchIsopari puDhavIyaM ThitI vinnnneyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prastuta grantha meM aneka prasaMgoM meM vidyA aura mantra sAdhanA sambandhI nirdeza upasthita haiN| isake AdhAra para ise jaina mAntrika sAdhanA kA prArambhika grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa grantha kI sabase mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM jaina dharma ke prAcIna evaM pramukha paMca parameSThI namaskAra maMtra ke vividha rUpa dekhane ko milate haiM, jisake AdhAra para namaskAra maMtra kI vikAsa yAtrA ko aitihAsika dRSTi se samajhA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM isameM namaskAra maMtra ke dvipadAtmaka, tripadAtmaka aura paMcapadAtmaka aise tIna rUpa milate haiN| dvipadAtmaka maMtra namo aharaMtANaM, namo savva siddhaannN| jJAtavya hai ki prAcInatama jaina abhilekhoM meM khAravela kA hatthIguphA abhilekha, jo lagabhaga IsA pUrva dUsarI zatI kA hai usameM 'namo arahaMtAnaM', 'namo savva siddhAnaM' aisA dvipadAtmaka namaskAra maMtra milatA hai, kintu Aja taka usakA koI sAhityika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM thaa| usake sAhityika sAkSya ke rUpa meM hameM aMgavijjA meM sarvaprathama yaha dvipadAtmaka namaskAra maMtra milA hai| isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM siddha pada ke pUrva 'savva' pATha hai aura isa pATha ko svIkAra karane se pAMcoM padoM meM sAta-sAta akSara ho jAte haiN| kyoMki aMgavijjA meM tripadAtmaka namaskAra maMtra meM 'namo savva sAhUNaM' pATha milatA hai| tripadAtmaka namaskAra maMtra :- namo arahaMtANaM, namo savva siddhANaM, namo savva saahuunnN| yahA~ eka vizeSa bAta yaha dekhane ko milatI hai ki 'namo savvasAhUNaM pATha' meM 'loe' pATha nahIM hai| kintu aMgavijjA meM donoM taraha ke pATha milate haiM yathAnamo loe savva sAhUNaM aura namo savva saahuunnN| isI prakAra paMcapadAtmaka namaskAra maMtra bhI isa grantha ke maMtra bhAga meM upalabdha hai| paMca padAtmaka namaskAra maMtra :- namo arahaMtANaM, namo siddhANaM, namo AyariyANaM, namo uvajjhAyANaM, namo loe savva saahuunnN| jJAtavya hai ki aMgavijjA ke paMcapadAtmaka namaskAra maMtra meM dUsare pada ke donoM rUpa milate haiM- 'namo siddhANaM' aura 'namo savva siddhANaM' kintu hameM isa grantha meM namaskAra maMtra kI cUlikA nahIM milI hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki yaha

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'aMgavijjA' meM jaina maMtroM kA prAcInatama svarUpa grantha aura isakA maMtra vibhAga pracIna hai, kyoMki namaskAra maMtra kI cUlikA sarvaprathama Avazyaka niyukti meM upalabdha hotI hai| ataH isa grantha kA maMtra bhAga I. pU. dUsarI zatI se IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke madhya aura Avazyaka niyukti ke pUrva nirmita hai, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| dUsare aMgavijjA ke maMtra bhAga meM sUrimaMtra aura varddhamAna vidyA kA bhI pUrva rUpa milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki Rddhipada, labdhipada yA sUrimaMtra ke rUpa meM digambara paramparA meM SaTkhaNDAgama ke caturtha khaNDa ke vedanA mahAdhikAra ke kRti anuyogadvAra meM 44 labdhi padoM kA ullekha milatA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, tattvArthabhASya, gaNadharavalaya aura sUrimaMtra meM bhI ina padoM kA ullekha milatA hai| gaNadharavalaya meM inakI saMkhyA 45 hai| sUrimaMtra kI vibhinna pIThoM meM inakI saMkhyA alaga-alaga hai| jahA~ taka aMgavijjA kA prazna hai usameM ve sabhI Rddhipada yA labdhipada to nahIM milate, kintu unameM se bahuta kucha Rddhi yA labdhipada pUrvollekhita aSTam adhyAya ke saMgrahaNI paTala meM milate haiN| isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki aMgavijjA kA maMtra vibhAga jaina mAMtrika sAdhanA kA prAcInatama rUpa prastuta karatA hai| * : 75

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umAsvAti evaM unakI uccai gara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala evaM vicaraNakSetra tattvArthasUtra ke praNetA umAsvAti ne tattvArthabhASya kI antima prazasti meM apane ko uccai gara zAkhA kA kahA hai tathA apanA janma-sthAna nyagrodhikA batAyA hai| ata: uccai gara zAkhA ke utpatti-sthala evaM umAsvAti ke janma-sthala kA abhijJAna (pahacAna) karanA Avazyaka hai| uccai gara zAkhA kA ullekha na kevala tattvArthabhASya meM upalabdha hotA hai, apitu zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM tathA mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra uccai gara zAkhA koTikagaNa kI eka zAkhA thii| mathurA ke 20 abhilekhoM meM koTikagaNa tathA nau abhilekhoM meM uccairnAgara zAkhA kA ullekha milatA hai| koTikagaNa koTivarSa nagara ke nivAsI Arya susthita se nikalA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM koTikagaNa kI utpatti kA kAraNa sUrimaMtra kA eka karor3a bAra japa karanA mAnA jAtA hai kintu yaha bAta mAtra anuzruti rUpa hI hai| koTivarSa kI pahacAna purAtattvavidoM ne uttara baMgAla ke pharIdapura se kI hai| isI koTikagaNa ke Arya zAntizreNika se uccairnAgara zAkhA ke nikalane kA ullekha hai| kalpasUtra ke gaNa, kula aura zAkhAoM kA sambandha vyaktiyoM yA sthAnoM (nagaroM) se rahA hai jaise - vAraNagaNa vAraNAvarta se tathA koTikagaNa koTivarSa se sambandhita thA, yadyapi kucha gaNa vyaktiyoM se bhI sambandhita the| zAkhAoM meM kauzambiyA, koDambAnI, candranAgarI, mAdhyamikA, saurASTrikA, uccai gara Adi zAkhAe~ mukhyatayA nagaroM se sambandhita rahI haiN| umAsvAti kI uccai gara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala U~ceharA (ma.pra.) __yahA~ hama uccai gara zAkhA ke sandarbha meM hI carcA kreNge| vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki vaha uccai gara kahA~ sthita thA, jisase yaha zAkhA nikalI thii| muni zrI kalyANavijaya jI aura hIrAlAla kApar3iyA ne kaniMghama ko AdhAra banAte hue, isa uccai gara zAkhA kA sambandha vartamAna bulanda zahara pUrvanAma varaNa se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai| paM. sukhalAla jI ne bhI tattvArtha kI 'bhUmikA' meM isI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| kaniMghama likhate haiM ki "varaNa yA bAraNa yaha nAma hinda itihAsa meM ajJAta hai| 'baraNa' ke cAra sikke bulandazahara se prApta hue haiN|

Page #86
umAsvAti evaM unakI uccairnAgara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala.... : 77 musalamAna lekhakoM ne ise baraNa kahA hai| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha vahI jagaha hogI aura isakA nAmakaraNa rAjA ahibaraNa ke nAma ke AdhAra para huA hogA jo tomara vaMza se sambandhita thA aura jisane yaha kilA banavAyA thaa| yaha kilA bahuta purAnA hai aura eka U~ce TIle para banA huA hai| isake AdhAra para hI hinduoM dvArA ise U~cA gA~va yA U~cA nagara kahA gayA hai aura musalamAnoM ne bulandazahara kahA hai|" yadyapi kaniMghama ne kahIM bhI isakA sambandha uccairnAgara zAkhA se nahIM batAyA, kintu unake dvArA bulandazahara kA U~cAnagara ke rUpa meM ullekha hone se muni kalyANavijayajI aura kApar3iyAjI tathA bAda meM paM. sukhalAla jI ne uccairnAgara zAkhA ko bulandazahara se jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyaa| pro. kApar3iyA ne yadyapi apanA koI spaSTa abhimata nahIM diyA hai| ve likhate haiM "isa zAkhA kA nAmakaraNa kisI nagara ke AdhAra para hI huA hogA, kintu isakI pahacAna apekSAkRta kaThina hai, kyoMki bahuta sAre aise grAma aura zahara haiM jinake aMta meM 'nagara' nAma pAyA jAtA hai| ve Age bhI likhate haiM ki kaniMghama kA vizvAsa hai ki yaha U~cAnagara se sambandhita hogA / " cUMki kaniMghama ne ArkiyolAjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA ke 14veM khaNDa meM bulandazahara kA samIkaraNa U~cAnagara se kiyA thA, isI AdhAra para muni kalyANavijaya jI ne yaha likha diyA ki " U~cA nagarI zAkhA prAcIna U~cAnagarI se prasiddha huI thii| U~cA nagarI ko Ajakala bulandazahara kahate haiN| " isa sambandha meM paM. sukhalAla jI kA kathana hai- 'uccairnAgara' zAkhA kA prAkRta nAma 'uccAnagara' milatA hai| yaha zAkhA kisI grAma yA zahara ke nAma para prasiddha huI hogI, yaha to pratIta hotA hai; parantu yaha grAma kaunasA thA, yaha nizcita karanA kaThina hai| bhArata ke aneka bhAgoM meM 'nagara' nAma se yA anta meM 'nagara' zabdavAle aneka zahara tathA grAma haiN| 'bar3anagara ' gujarAta kA purAnA tathA prasiddha nagara hai| bar3a kA artha moTA (vizAla) aura moTA kA artha kadAcit U~cA bhI hotA hai| lekina gujarAta meM bar3anagara nAma bhI pUrvadeza ke usa athavA usa jaise nAma ke zahara se liyA gayA hogA, aisI bhI vidvAnoM kI kalpanA hai| isase uccanAgara zAkhA kA bar3anagara ke sAtha hI sambandha hai, yaha jora dekara nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isake atirikta jaba uccanAgara zAkhA utpanna huI, usa kAla meM bar3anagara thA yA nahIM yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| uccanAgara zAkhA ke udbhava ke samaya jainAcAryoM kA mukhya vihAra gaMgA-yamunA kI tarapha hone ke pramANa milate haiM / ataH bar3anagara ke sAtha ucca nAgara zAkhA ke sambandha kI kalpanA sabala nahIM rahatI / isa viSaya meM kaniMghama kA kahanA hai " yaha bhaugolika nAma uttara-pazcima prAnta ke Adhunika bulandazahara ke antargata 'uccanagara' nAma ke kile ke sAtha

Page #87
78 mela khAtA hai|" kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki U~cAnagara zAkhA kA sambandha bulandazahara se tabhI jor3A jA sakatA hai jaba usakA astitva I. pU. prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga rahA ho yA kama se kama usa kAla meM U~cAnagara kahalAtA bhI ho| isa nagara ke prAcIna 'baraNa' nAma kA ullekha to hai, kintu yaha bhI 9 - 10vIM zatAbdI se pUrva kA jJAta nahIM hotaa| bAraNa (baraNa) nAma se kaba isakA nAma bulandazahara huA, isake sambandha meM kisI natIje para pahuMcane meM unhoMne apanI asamarthatA vyakta kI hai| yaha hinduoM dvArA U~cAgaoNva yA U~cAnagara kahA jAtA thA- mujhe to yaha bhI unakI kalpanA sI pratIta hotI hai| isa sambandha meM ve koI bhI pramANa prastuta nahIM kara sake haiN| barana nAma kA ullekha bhI muslima itihAsakAroM ne dasavIM sadI ke bAda hI kiyA hai / itihAsakAroM ne isa U~cAgA~va kile kA sambandha tomara vaMza ke rAjA ahivaraNa se jor3A hai, ataH isakI avasthiti IsA ke pA~cavI chaThIM zatI se pUrva to siddha hI nahIM hotii| yahA~ se mile sikkoM para 'govitasabArANaye' aisA ullekha hai| svayaM kaniMghama ne bhI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki ina sikkoM kA sambandha vAraNAva yA vAraNAvata se rahA hogaa| vAraNAvarta kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM bhI hai jahA~ pANDavoM ne hastinApura se nikalakara vizrAma kiyA thA tathA jahA~ unheM jindA jalAne ke liye kauravoM dvArA lAkSAgRha kA nirmANa karavAyA gayA thaa| bAraNAvA (bAraNAvata) meraTha se 16 mIla aura bulandazahara (prAcIna nAma barana) se 50 mIla kI dUrI para hiMDona aura kRSNA nadI ke saMgama para sthita hai| merI dRSTi meM vaha vAraNAvata vahI hai jahA~ se jainoM kA 'vAraNagaNa' nikalA thaa| 'vAraNagaNa' kA ullekha bhI kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI evaM mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| ata: bAraNAbata (vAraNAvarta) kA sambandha vAraNagaNa se ho sakatA hai na ki uccairnAgarI zAkhA se, jo ki koTikagaNa kI zAkhA thI / ataH aba hameM isa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa kara lenA caahie| uccairnAgara zAkhA kA sambandha kisI bhI sthiti meM bulandazahara se nahIM ho sakatA / yaha satya hai ki uccairnAgara zAkhA kA sambandha kisI U~cAnagara se hI ho sakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM hamane isase milate-julate nAmoM kI khoja prArambha kI hai| hameM U~cAhAra, U~caDIha, U~cIbastI, U~cauliyA, U~cAnA, U~cceharA Adi kucha nAma prApta hue| hameM ina nAmoM meM U~cAhAra (u.pra.) aura U~ceharA (ma.pra.) ye do nAma adhika nikaTa pratIta hue / U~cAhAra kI sambhAvanA bhI isa lie hameM ucita nahIM lagI ki usakI prAcInatA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM haiN| ata: hamane U~ceharA ko hI apanI gaveSaNA kA viSaya banAnA ucita smjhaa| U~ceharA madhyapradeza ke satanA jile meM satanA reDiyo sTezana se 10 ki.mI.

Page #88
umAsvAti evaM unakI uccairnAgara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala... : 79 dakSiNa kI ora sthita hai| U~ceharA se 7 ki.mI. uttara-pUrva kI ora bharahuta kA prasiddha stUpa sthita hai| isase isa sthAna kI prAcInatA kA bhI patA laga jAtA hai| vartamAna U~ceharA se lagabhaga 2 ki.mI. kI dUrI para pahAr3a ke paThAra para yaha prAcIna nagara sthita thA, isI se isakA U~cAnagara nAmakaraNa bhI sArthaka siddha hotA hai| vartamAna meM yaha vIrAna sthala 'khoha' kahA jAtA hai| vahA~ ke nagara nivAsiyoM ne mujhe yaha bhI batAyA ki pahale yaha uccakalpanagarI kahA jAtA thA aura yahA~ se bahuta sI purAtAttvika sAmagrI bhI nikalI thii| yahA~ se gupta kAla arthAt IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke rAjAoM ke kaI dAnapatra prApta hae haiN| ina tAmra-dAnapatroM meM uccakalpa (ucchakalpa) kA spaSTa ullekha hai, ye dAnapatra gupta saM. 156 se gupta saM. 209 ke bIca ke haiN| (vistRta vivaraNa ke liye dekheM- aitihAsika sthAnAvalIvijayendra kumAra mAthura, pR.260-261)| isase isa nagara kI guptakAla meM to avasthiti spaSTa ho jAtI hai| punaH jisa prakAra vidizA ke samIpa sAMcI kA stUpa nirmita huA hai usI prakAra isa uccairnagara (U~caherA) ke samIpa bharahuta kA stUpa nirmita huA thA aura yaha stUpa I.pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI kA hai| itihAsakAroM ne ise zuMga kAla kA mAnA hai| bharahuta ke stUpa ke pUrvI toraNa para 'vAcchiputa dhanabhUti' kA ullekha hai| punaH abhilekhoM meM 'suganaM raje' aisA ullekha hone se zuMga kAla meM isakA honA sunizcita hai| ata: uccai gara zAkhA kA sthApanA kAla (lagabhaga I.pU. prathama zatI) aura isa nagara kA sattAkAla samAna hI hai| ise uccai gara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala mAnane meM kAla dRSTi se koI bAdhA nahIM hai| U~ceharA (uccakalpanagara) eka prAcIna nagara thA, isameM aba koI sandeha nahIM raha jaataa| yaha nagara vaizAlI yA pATalIputra se vArANasI hokara bharukaccha ko jAne vAle athavA zrAvastI se kauzAmbI hokara vidizA, ujjayinI aura bharukaccha jAne vAle mArga meM sthita hai| isI prakAra vaizAlI-pATaliputra se padmAvatI (paeNvAyA), gopAdri (gvAliyara) hote hue mathurA jAne vAle mArga para bhI isakI avasthiti thii| usa samaya pATalIputra se gaMgA aura yamunA ke dakSiNa se hokara jAne vAlA mArga hI adhika pracalita thA, kyoMki isameM bar3I nadiyAM nahIM AtI thIM, mArga pahAr3I hone se kIcar3a Adi bhI adhika nahIM hotA thaa| jaina sAdhu prAya: yahI mArga apanAte the| prAcIna yAtrA mArgoM ke AdhAra para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki U~cAnagara kI avasthiti eka pramukha kendra ke rUpa meM thii| yahA~ se kauzAmbI, prayAga, vArANasI Adi ke liye mArga the| pATalIputra ko gaMgA-yamunA Adi bar3I nadiyoM ko binA pAra kiye jo prAcIna sthala mArga thA, usake kendra nagara ke rUpa meM uccakalpa nagara (U~cAnagara) kI sthiti siddha hotI hai| yaha eka aisA mArga thA, jisameM kahIM bhI

Page #89
80 koI bar3I nadI nahIM AtI thI / ataH sArtha nirApada samajhakara ise hI apanAte the| prAcIna kAla se Aja taka yaha nagara dhAtuoM ke mizraNa ke bartanoM hetu prasiddha rahA hai| Aja bhI vahAM kAMse ke bartana sarvAdhika mAtrA meM banate haiN| U~ceharA kA 'uccaira' zabda se jo dhvani - sAmya hai vaha bhI hameM isI niSkarSa ke lie bAdhya karatA hai ki uccairnAgara zAkhA kI utpatti isI kSetra se huI thii| umAsvAti kA janma sthAna nAgoda (ma.pra.) umAsvAti ne apanA janma sthAnA 'nyagrodhikA' batAyA hai| isa sambandha meM bhI vidvAnoM ne aneka prakAra ke anumAna kiye haiN| cUMki umAsvAti ne tattvArthabhASya kI racanA kusumapura (paTanA) meM kI thI ata: adhikAMza logoM ne umAsvAti ke janmasthala kI pahacAna usI kSetra meM karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / nyagrodha ko vaTa bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa AdhAra para pahAr3apura ke nikaTa baTagohalI, jahA~ se paMcastUpAnvaya kA eka tAmra-lekha milA hai, se bhI isakA samIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM ye dhAraNAe~ samucita nahIM haiN| uccairnAgara zAkhA, U~ceharA se sambandhita thI, usameM umAsvAti ke dIkSita hone kA artha yahI hai ki ve usake utpatti sthala ke nikaTa hI kahIM janmeM hoNge| uccairnAgara yA U~ceharA se mathurA jahA~ uccanAgarI zAkhA ke adhikatama lekha prApta hue haiM tathA paTanA jahA~ unhoMne tattvArthabhASya kI racanA kI, donoM hI lagabhaga samAna dUrI para avasthita rahe haiN| vahA~ se donoM sthAnoM kI dUrI lagabhaga 350 ki.mI. hai aura kisI jaina sAdhu ke dvArA yahA~ se eka mAha kI padayAtrA kara donoM sthaloM para AsAnI se pahu~cA jA sakatA thaa| svayaM umAsvAti ne hI likhA hai ki vihAra (padayAtrA) karate hue ve kusumapura (paTanA) pahueNce the (vihrtaapurvrekusumnaamsti)| isase yahI lagatA hai ki nyagrodha, (nAgoda) kusumapura (paTanA) ke bahuta samIpa nahIM thaa| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne saMgha vibhAjana sthala rahavIrapura kI pahacAna dakSiNa meM mahArASTra ke ahamadanagara jile ke rAhurI grAma se aura umAsvAti ke janmasthala kI pahacAna usI ke samIpa sthita 'nidhoja' se kI, kintu yaha ThIka nahIM hai| prathama to vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se nyagrodha kA prAkRta rUpa nAgoda hotA hai, nidhoja nhiiN| dUsare umAsvAti jisa uccairnAgara zAkhA ke the, vaha zAkhA uttara bhArata kI thI, ataH unakA sambandha uttara bhArata se hI rahA hogA aura isaliye unakA janma sthala bhI uttara bhArata meM hI hogaa| uccanAgarI zAkhA ke utpatti sthala U~ceharA se lagabhaga 30 ki.mI. pazcima kI ora 'nAgoda' nAma kA kasbA Aja bhI haiM / AjAdI ke pUrva yaha eka svataMtra rAjya thA aura U~ceharA isI rAjya ke adhIna AtA thaa| nAgoda ke Asa-pAsa bhI jo prAcIna sAmagrI milI hai usase yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha bhI prAcIna nagara thaa|

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umAsvAti evaM unakI uccai gara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala... : 81 pro. ke.DI. bAjapeyI ne nAgoda se 24 ki.mI. dUra nacanA ke purAtAttvika mahattva para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| nAgoda kI avasthiti pannA (ma.pra.), nacanA aura U~ceharA ke madhya hai| ina kSetroM meM zuMgakAla se lekara 9vIM-10vIM zatI taka kI purAtAttvika sAmagrI milatI hai, ata: isakI prAcInatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| nAgoda nyagrodha kA hI prAkRta rUpa hai, ataH sambhAvanA yahI hai ki umAsvAti kA janma sthala yahI nAgoda thA aura jisa uccanAgarI zAkhA meM ve dIkSita hue the, vaha bhI usI ke samIpa sthita U~ceharA (uccakalpa nagara) se utpanna huI thii| tattvArthabhASya kI prazasti meM umAsvAti kI mAtA ko vAtsI kahA gayA hai| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vartamAna nAgoda aura U~ceharA donoM hI prAcIna vatsa deza ke adhIna hI the| bharahuta aura isa kSetra ke Asa-pAsa jo kalA kA vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai, vaha kauzAmbI arthAt vatsadeza ke rAjAoM ke dvArA hI kiyA gayA thaa| U~ceharA vatsadeza ke dakSiNa kA eka prasiddha nagara thaa| bharahuta ke stUpa ke nirmANa meM bhI vAtsI gotra ke logoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna thA, aisA vahA~ se prApta abhilekhoM se pramANita hotA hai| bharahuta ke stUpa ke pUrvI toraNadvAra para vAcchIpatta dhanabhUti kA ullekha hai| vatsagotra ke logoM kI bahalatA ke kAraNa hI yaha kSetra vatsa deza kahalAtA hogA aura umAsvAti kI mAtA isI gotra kI thiiN| ata: hama isI niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki umAsvAti kA janmasthala nAgoda madhyapradeza (nyagrodha) aura unakI uccai gara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala U~ceharA (ma.pra.) hai| puna: unhoMne vartamAna paTanA (kusumapura) meM apanA tattvArthabhASya likhA thA ata: ve uttara bhArata ke nigraMtha saMgha meM hue haiN| unakA vicaraNa kSetra paTanA se mathurA taka arthAt vartamAna bihAra, uttarapradeza, uttara-pUrvI madhyapradeza aura pazcimI rAjasthAna taka mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra prastuta Alekha meM maiMne umAsvAti ke janmasthala aura vicaraNa kSetra kA vicAra kiyA, jo mukhyata: abhilekhIya aura sAhityika sAkSyoM para AdhArita hai| vidvAnoM se maiM inakI samyak samIkSA kI apekSA rakhatA hU~, tAki isa mahAna jaina dArzanika ke itivRtta ko anuzrutiyoM kI dhuMdha se nikAla kara aitihAsika pariprekSya meM samyakarUpeNa dekhA jA ske|

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umAsvAti kA kAla umAsvAti ke kAla nirNaya ke sandarbha meM jo bhI prayAsa hue haiM ve sabhI unheM prathama se cauthI zatAbdI ke madhya siddha karate haiN| umAsvAti ke granthoM meM hameM saptabhaMgI aura guNasthAna siddhAnta kA sunizcita svarUpa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| yadyapi guNasthAna siddhAnta se sambandhita kucha pAribhASika zabdoM kI upasthiti se itanA saMketa avazya milatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAyeM apane svarUpa ke nirdhAraNa kI dizA meM gatizIla thiiN| isase hama isa niSkarSa para to pahu~ca hI sakate haiM ki umAsvAti ina avadhAraNAoM ke sunirdhArita evaM sunizcita hone ke pUrva hI hue haiN| tattvArthasUtra kI jo prAcIna TIkAeN upalabdha haiM unameM zvetAmbara paramparA meM tattvArtha bhASya ko aura digambara paramparA meM sarvArthasiddhi ko prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| inameM se tattvArtha-bhASya meM guNasthAna aura saptabhaMgI kI spaSTa avadhAraNA upalabdha nahIM hai jabaki sarvArthasiddhi meM guNasthAna kA spaSTa evaM vistRta vivaraNa hai / tattvArthasUtra ke paravartI TIkAkAroM meM sarvaprathama akalaMka apane tattvArtharAjavArtika ke cauthe adhyAya ke anta meM saptabhaMgI kA tathA naveM adhyAya ke prArambha meM guNasthAna siddhAnta kA pUrNa vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke atirikta anya granthoM meM vizeSa rUpa se zvetAmbara AgamoM meM samavAyAMga meM 'jIvaThANa' ke nAma se, yApanIya grantha SaTkhaNDAgama meM 'jIvasamAsa' ke nAma se aura digambara paramparA meM kundakunda ke granthoM meM 'guNaThANa' ke nAma se isa siddhAnta kA ullekha milatA hai / ye sabhI grantha lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatI ke AsapAsa ke haiN| isalie itanA to nizcita hai ki tattvArtha kI racanA cauthI - pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kI hai| yaha sahI hai ki IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se vastra - pAtra ke prazna para vivAda prArambha ho gayA, phira bhI yaha nizcita hai ki pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya jaise sampradAya astitva meM nahIM A pAye the| nirgranthasaMgha (digambara), zvetapaTTamahAzramaNasaMgha aura yApanIya saMgha kA sarvaprathama ullekha halsI ke pAMcavIM zatI ke abhilekhoM meM hI milatA hai| mUlasaMgha kA ullekha usase kucha pahale I. san 370 evaM 421 kA hai| tattvArtha ke mUlapAThoM kI kahIM digambara paramparA se, kahIM zvetAmbara paramparA se aura kahIM yApanIya paramparA se saMgati honA aura kahIM visaMgati honA yahI sUcita karatA

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umAsvAti kA kAla : 83 meM hai ki vaha saMghabheda ke pUrva kI racanA hai| mujhe jo saMketa sUtra mile haiM usase aisA lagatA hai ki tattvArtha usa kAla kI racanA hai jaba zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya saMgha spaSTa rUpa se vibhAjita hokara astitva meM nahIM Aye the| zrI kApar3iyA jI ne tattvArtha ko prathama zatAbdI ke pazcAt cauthI zatAbdI ke pUrva kI racanA mAnA hai / tattvArthasUtra aura usake bhASya meM aise bhI aneka tathya haiM jo na to sarvathA vartamAna zvetAmbara paramparA se aura na hI digambara paramparA se mela khAte haiN| 'hisTrI oNpha miDivala skUla oNpha iNDiyana lAjika' meM tattvArthasUtra kI tithi 185AD svIkAra kI gaI hai| pro. viMTaranitja mAnate haiM ki umAsvAti usa yuga hue jaba uttara bhArata meM zvetAmbara aura digambara sampradAya eka dUsare se pUrNataH pRthak nahIM hue the| unakA grantha tattvArtha spaSTataH sampradAya bheda ke pUrva kA hai / sampradAya bheda ke sambandha meM sarvaprathama hameM jo sAhityika sUcanA upalabdha hotI hai, vaha Avazyaka mUlabhASya kI hai, jo Avazyakaniyukti aura vizeSAvazyaka ke madhya nirmita huA thaa| usameM vIra nirvANa ke 609 varSa pazcAt hI boTikoM kI uttpatti kA arthAt uttara bhArata meM acela aura sacela paramparAoM ke vibhAjana kA ullekha hai| sAtha hI usameM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki muni ke sacela yA acela hone kA vivAda to AryakRSNa aura Arya ziva ke bIca vIra ni. saM. 609 meM huA thA, kintu paramparA bheda unake ziSya kauDiNya yA koTTavIra se huaa| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki spaSTa rUpa se paramparA bheda vIra ni. saM. 609 ke pazcAt huA hai| sAmAnyatayA vIra nirvANa vikrama saMvat se 470 varSa pUrva mAnA jAtA hai kintu isameM 60 varSa kA vivAda hai, jisakI carcA AcArya hemacandra se lekara samakAlIna aneka vidvAna bhI kara rahe haiM / itihAsakAroM ne candragupta, azoka aura samprati Adi kA jo kAla nirdhArita kiyA hai usameM candragupta aura bhadrabAhu kI tathA samprati aura suhasti kI samakAlikatA vIra nirvANa ko vikrama saMvat 410 varSa pUrva mAnane para hI adhika baiThatI hai / yadi vIra nirvANa vikrama saMvat ke 410 varSa pUrva huA hai to yaha mAnanA hogA ki saMghabheda 609-410 arthAt vikrama saMvat 199 meM huaa| yadi isameM bhI hama kauDiNya aura koTTavIra kA kAla 60 varSa jor3eM to yaha saMghabheda lagabhagaM vikrama saMvat 259 arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM huA hogaa| isa saMghabheda ke phalasvarUpa zvetAmbara aura yApanIya paramparA kA spaSTa vikAsa to isake bhI lagabhaga sau varSa pazcAt hI huA hogaa| kyoMki, pAMcavIM zatI ke pUrva ina nAmoM kA kahIM koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI ke samavAyAMga jaise zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura yApanIya paramparA ke kasAyapAhuDa evaM SaTkhaNDAgasa jaise granthoM se tattvArthasUtra kI kucha nikaTatA aura virodha yahI siddha karatA hai ki usakI racanA inake pUrva huI hai|

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84 tattvArthabhASya kI prazasti tattvArthasUtra ke kartA ke kAla kA nirNaya karane kA Aja ekamAtra mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai| usa prazasti ke anusAra tattvArtha ke kartA uccairnAgara zAkhA meM hue / uccairnAgara zAkhA kA uccanAgarI zAkhA ke rUpa meM kalpasUtra meM ullekha hai / usameM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki yaha zAkhA Arya zAntizreNika se prArambha huii| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra zAntizreNika Aryavajra ke guru siMhagiri ke gurubhrAtA the| zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyoM meM Aryavajra kA svargavAsa kAla vIra nirvANa saM. 584 mAnA jAtA hai| ataH Arya zAntizreNika kA jIvana kAla vIra nirvANa 470 se 550 ke bIca mAnanA hogaa| phalataH Arya zAntizreNika se uccanAgarI kI utpatti vikrama kI prathama zatAbdI ke uttarArdha aura dvitIya zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM kisI samaya huii| isakI saMgati mathurA ke abhilekhoM se bhI hotI hai| uccairnAgara zAkhA kA prathama abhilekha zak saM. 5 arthAt vikrama saMvat 140 kA hai, ataH umAsvAti kA kAla vikrama kI dvitIya zatAbdI yA usake pazcAt hI hogaa| umAsvAti ke tattvArthabhASya meM unheM uccairnAgara zAkhA kA batAyA gayA hai| isa zAkhA ke nau abhilekha hameM mathurA se upalabdha hote haiN| jinapara kaniSka, huviSka aura vAsudeva kA ullekha bhI hai| yadi inapara aMkita samvat zak saMvat ho to yaha kAla zak saMvat 5 se 87 ke bIca AtA hai, itihAsakAroM ke anusAra kaniSka, huviSka aura vAsudeva I. san 78 se 176 ke bIca hue haiN| vikrama saMvat kI dRSTi se unakA yaha kAla saM. 135 se 233 ke bIca AtA hai arthAt vikrama saMvat kI dvitIya zatAbdI kA uttarArdha aura tRtIya zatAbdI kA puurvaardh| abhilekhoM ke kAla kI saMgati Arya zAnti zreNika aura unase utpanna ucca nAgarI zAkhA ke kAla se ThIka baiThatI hai / umAsvAti isake pazcAt hI kabhI hue haiN| tattvArthabhASya meM umAsvAti ne apane praguru ghoSanandI zramaNa aura guru zivazrI kA ullekha kiyA hai| mujhe mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM khoja karane para sthAnika kula ke gaNi uggahiNI ke ziSya vAcaka ghoSaka kA ullekha upalabdha huA hai| sthAnikakula bhI usI koTikagaNa kA kula hai, jisakI eka zAkhA uccAnAgarI hai| kucha abhilekhoM meM sthAnika kula ke sAtha vajrI zAkhA kA bhI ullekha huA hai / yadyapi ucca nAgarI aura vajrI donoM hI zAkhAeN koTikagaNa kI haiN| mathurA ke eka anya abhilekha meM 'nivatanAsIvada' aisA ullekha bhI milatA hai| nivartanA sambhavataH samAdhi sthala kA sUcaka hai, yadyapi isase ye AryaghoSaka aura Arya ziva nizcita rUpa se umAsvAti ke guru evaM praguru haiM, isa niSkarSa para pahu~canA kaThina hai, phira bhI sambhAvanA to vyakta kI hI jA sakatI hai| Arya kRSNa aura Arya ziva jinake bIca vastra - pAtra sambandhI vivAda vIra ni. saM. 609 meM huA thA, ke ullekha hameM mathurA ke kuSANakAlIna abhilekhoM

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umAsvAti kA kAla : 85 meM upalabdha hote haiN| yadyapi Arya ziva ke sambandha meM jo abhilekha upalabdha haiM, unake khaNDita hone se saMvat kA nirdeza to spaSTa nahIM hai, kintu 'nivatanAsIvada' aisA ullekha hai jo isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki unake samAdhi sthala para koI nirmANa kArya kiyA gayA thaa| Arya kRSNa kA ullekha karane vAlA anya lekha spaSTa hai aura usameM zaka saMvat 95 nirdiSTa hai| isa abhilekha meM koTIyagaNa, sthAnIyakula aura vairI zAkhA kA ullekha bhI hai| isa AdhAra para Arya ziva aura Arya kRSNa kA kAla vi.saM. 230 ke lagabhaga AtA hai| vastra-pAtra vivAda kA kAla vIra ni. saM. 609 tadanusAra 609- 410 arthAt vi.saM. 199 mAnane para isakI saMgati uparyukta abhilekha se ho jAtI hai kyoMki Arya kRSNa kI yaha pratimA unake svargavAsa ke 30-40 varSa bAda hI kabhI banI hogI / usase yaha bAta bhI pRSTa hotI hai ki Arya ziva Arya kRSNa se jyeSTha the| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM bhI unheM jyeSTha kahA gayA hai| sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki ye donoM gurubhAI hoM aura unameM Arya ziva jyeSTha aura Arya kRSNa kaniSTha hoM yA Arya ziva Arya kRSNa ke guru hoN| yadyapi vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza ke kAraNa yaha krama ulaTa diyA gayA hai| Arya ziva ko umAsvAti kA praguru mAnane para unakA kAla tIsarI zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha mAnanA hogA, kintu tIsarI zatI ke uttarArdha se cauthI zatAbdI pUrvArdha taka ke jo bhI jaina zilAlekha upalabdha haiM, unameM kahIM bhI zvetAmbara, digambara yA yApanIya aisA ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotaa| vastra, pAtra Adi ke upayoga ko lekara vikrama saMvat kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha se vivAda prArambha ho gayA thA, kintu zvetAmbara, digambara yA yApanIya paramparAoM ke bheda sthApita nahIM hue the| vi. saM. kI chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha arthAt I.san 475 se 490 ke abhilekhoM meM sarvaprathama zvetapaTTa mahAzramaNasaMgha (zvetAmbara), nirgranthamahAzramaNasaMgha (digambara) aura yApanIya saMgha ke ullekha milate haiN| pro. madhusUdana DhAkI ne umAsvAti kA kAla caturtha zatI nirdhArita kiyA hai| uparyukta carcA ke AdhAra para maiM ise tIsarI zatAbdI ke uttarArdha se cauthI zatI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca mAnanA caahuuNgaa| cAhe hama umAsvAti kA kAla prathama se caturtha zatI ke bIca kucha bhI mAneM, itanA nizcita hai ki ve saMgha bheda ke pUrva ke haiN| yadi hama umAsvAti ke praguru ziva kA samIkaraNa Arya ziva, jinakA ullekha kalpUsatra sthavirAvalI meM bhI hai aura jo uttara bhArata meM vastra-pAtra sambandhI vivAda ke janaka the, se karate haiM to samasyA kA samAdhAna milane meM suvidhA hotI hai| Arya ziva vIra nirvANa saM. 609 arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM upasthita the| isa AdhAra para umAsvAti tIsarI zatI

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ke uttarArdha aura cauthI zatI ke pUrvArdha meM hue hoMge, aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki ve isa paramparA bheda meM kauDiNya aura koTTavIra ke sAtha saMgha se alaga na hokara mUladhArA se jur3e rahe hoN| phalata: unakI vicAradhArA meM yApanIya aura zvetAmbara donoM hI paramparA kI mAnyatAoM kI upasthiti dekhI jAtI hai| vastra-pAtra ko lekara ve zvetAmbaroM aura anya mAnyatAoM ke sandarbha meM yApanIyoM ke nikaTa rahe haiN| ina samasta carcAoM se hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki umAsvAti kA kAla vikrama saMvat kI tIsarI aura cauthI zatAbdI ke madhya kA hai aura isa kAla taka vastra-pAtra sambandhI vivAdoM ke bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIyoM kA alaga-alaga sAmpradAyika astitva nahIM bana pAyA thaa| spaSTa sampradAya bheda, saiddhAntika mAnyatAoM kA nirdhAraNa aura zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya jaise nAmakaraNa pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM yA usake bAda hI astitva meM Aye haiN| umAsvAti nizcita hI sampradAya bheda aura sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM ke nirdhAraNa ke pUrva ke AcArya haiN| ve usa saMkramaNa kAla meM hue haiM, jaba zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya sampradAya aura unakI sAmpradAyika mAnyatAe~ sthira ho rahI thiiN|

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umAsvAti aura unakI paramparA umAsvAti aura unakA tattvArthasUtra jaina dharma kI zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya paramparAoM meM se mUlata: kisase sambandhita haiM, yaha prazna vidvAnoM ke mastiSka ko jhakajhoratA rahA hai| jahAM zvetAmbara paramparA ke vidvAnoM ne mUlagrantha ke sAtha-sAtha usake bhASya aura prazamarati ko umAsvAti kI hI kRti mAnakara una donoM meM upalabdha zvetAmbara samarthaka tathyoM ke AdhAra para unheM zvetAmbara siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA, vahIM digambara paramparA ke vidvAnoM ne bhASya aura prazamarati ke kartA ko tattvArtha ke kartA se bhinna batAkara tathA mUlagrantha meM zvetAmbara paramparA kI Agamika mAnyatAoM se kucha bhinnatA dikhAkara unheM digambara paramparA kA siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jabaki paM. nAthUrAma premI jaise kucha taTastha vidvAnoM ne grantha meM upalabdha zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM se viruddha tathyoM ko ubhArakara aura yApanIya mAnyatAoM se unakI nikaTatA dikhAkara unheM yApanIya paramparA kA siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| vastutaH ye samasta prayAsa tattvArthasUtra kI paramparA ke sandarbha meM kisI bhI nizcita avadhAraNA ko banAne meM taba taka sahAyaka nahIM ho sakate, jaba taka ki hama umAsvAti ke kAla kA aura ina tInoM dhArAoM ke utpanna hone ke kAla kA nizcaya nahIM kara lete| ata: sabase pahale hameM yahI dekhanA hogA ki umAsvAti kisa kAla ke haiM, kyoMki isI AdhAra para unakI paramparA kA nirdhAraNa sambhava hai| umAsvAti ke kAla nirNaya ke sandarbha meM jo bhI prayAsa hue haiM ve sabhI unheM prathama se cauthI zatAbdI ke madhya siddha karate haiN| umAsvAti ke granthoM meM hame saptabhaMgI aura guNasthAna siddhAnta kA sunizcita svarUpa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| yadyapi guNasthAna siddhAnta se sambandhita kucha pAribhASika zabdoM kI upasthiti se itanA saMketa avazya milatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAyeM apane svarUpa ke nirdhAraNa kI dizA meM gatizIla thiiN| isase hama isa niSkarSa para to pahu~ca hI sakate haiM ki umAsvAti ina avadhAraNAoM ke sunirdhArita evaM sunizcita hone ke pUrva hI hue haiN| tattvArthasUtra kI jo prAcIna TIkAe~ upalabdha haiM unameM zvetAmbara paramparA meM tattvArtha-bhASya ko aura digambara paramparA meM sarvArthasiddhi ko prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| inameM se tattvArtha-bhASya meM guNasthAna aura saptabhaMgI kI spaSTa avadhAraNA upalabdha nahIM hai

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88 jabaki sarvArthasiddhi meM guNasthAna kA spaSTa evaM vistRta vivaraNa hai| tattvArthasUtra kI paravartI TIkAoM meM sarvaprathama akalaMka tattvArtha rAjavArtika meM cauthe adhyAya ke anta meM saptabhaMgI kA tathA 9veM adhyAya ke prArambha meM guNasthAna siddhAnta kA pUrNa vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke atirikta anya granthoM meM vizeSa rUpa se zvetAmbara AgamoM yathA samavAyAMga meM 'jIvaThANa' ke nAma se, yApanIya grantha SaTkhaNDAgama meM 'jIvasamAsa' ke nAma se aura digambara paramparA meM kundakunda ke granthoM meM 'guNaThANa' ke nAma se isa siddhAnta kA ullekha milatA hai| ye sabhI grantha lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatI ke AsapAsa ke haiN| isalie itanA to nizcita hai ki tattvArtha kI racanA cauthI-pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kI hai| yaha saca hai ki IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se vastra-pAtra ke prazna para vivAda prArambha ho gayA thA, kintu yaha bhI nizcita hai ki pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya jaise sampradAya astitva meM nahIM A pAye the| nirgranthasaMgha (digambara), zvetapaTTa mahAzramaNasaMgha aura yApanIya saMgha kA sarvaprathama ullekha halsI ke pAMcavIM zatI ke abhilekhoM meM hI milatA hai| mUlasaMgha kA ullekha usase kucha pahale I.san 370 evaM 421 kA hai| tattvArtha ke mUlapAThoM kI kahIM digambara paramparA se, kahIM zvetAmbara paramparA se aura kahIM yApanIya paramparA se saMgati honA aura kahIM visaMgati honA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki vaha saMghabheda ke pUrva kI racanA hai| mujhe jo saMketa sUtra mile haiM usase aisA lagatA hai ki tattvArtha usa kAla kI racanA hai jaba zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya spaSTa rUpa se vibhAjita hokara astitva meM nahIM Aye the| zrI kApar3iyA jI ne tattvArtha ko prathama zatAbdI ke pazcAt cauthI zatAbdI ke pUrva kI racanA mAnA hai| tattvArthasUtra aura usake bhASya meM aise bhI aneka tathya haiM jo na to sarvathA vartamAna zvetAmbara paramparA se aura na hI digambara paramparA se mela khAte haiN| 'hisTrI oNpha miDivala skUla oNpha iNDiyana lAjika' meM tattvArthasUtra kI tithi 185AD svIkAra kI gaI hai| pro. viMTaranitja mAnate haiM ki umAsvAti usa yuga meM hue jaba uttara bhArata meM zvetAmbara aura digambara sampradAya eka dUsare se pUrNataH pRthak nahIM hue the| unakA grantha tattvArtha spaSTata: sampradAya bheda ke pUrva kA hai| sampradAya bheda ke sambandha meM sarvaprathama hameM jo sAhityika sUcanA upalabdha hotI hai, vaha Avazyaka mUlabhASya kI hai, jo Avazyakaniyukti aura vizeSAvazyaka ke madhya nirmita huA thaa| usameM vIra nirvANa ke 609 varSa pazcAt hI boTikoM kI utpatti kA arthAt uttara bhArata meM acela aura sacela paramparAoM ke vibhAjana kA ullekha hai| sAtha hI usameM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki muni ke sacela yA acela hone kA

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umAsvAti aura unakI paramparA : 89 'vivAda to AryakRSNa aura Arya ziva ke bIca vIra ni. saM. 609 meM huA thA, kintu paramparA bheda unake ziSya kauDiNya yA koTTavIra se huaa| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki spaSTa rUpa se paramparA bheda vIra ni. sa. 609 ke pazcAt huA hai| sAmAnyatayA vIra nirvANa vikrama saMvata se 470 varSa pUrva mAnA jAtA hai, kintu isameM 60 varSa kA vivAda hai, jisakI carcA AcArya hemacandra se lekara samakAlIna aneka vidvAna bhI kara rahe haiN| itihAsakAroM ne candragupta, azoka aura samprati Adi kA jo kAla nirdhArita kiyA hai, usameM candragupta aura bhadrabAhu kI tathA samprati aura suhasti kI samakAlikatA vIra nirvANa ko vikrama saMvat 410 varSa pUrva mAnane para hI adhika baiThatI hai| yadi vIra nirvANa vikrama saMvat ke 410 varSa pUrva huA hai to yaha mAnanA hogA ki saMghabheda 609-410 arthAt vikrama saMvat 199 meM huaa| yadi isameM bhI hama kauDiNya aura koTTavIra kA kAla 60 varSa jor3eM to yaha saMghabheda lagabhaga vikrama saMvat 259 arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI uttarArdha meM huA hogaa| isa saMghabheda ke phalasvarUpa zvetAmbara aura yApanIya paramparA kA spaSTa vikAsa to isake bhI lagabhaga sau varSa pazcAt hI huA hogaa| kyoMki, pAMcavIM zatI ke pUrva ina nAmoM kA kahIM koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI ke samavAyAMga jaise zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura yApanIya paramparA ke kasAyapAhuDa evaM SaTakhaNDAgasa jaise granthoM se tattvArthasUtra kI kucha nikaTatA aura virodha yahI siddha karatA hai ki usakI racanA inake pUrva tattvArthabhASya kI prazasti tattvArthasUtra ke kartA ke kAla kA nirNaya karane kA Aja ekamAtra mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai| usa prazasti ke anusAra tattvArtha ke kartA uccai gara zAkhA meM he| uccai gara zAkhA kA uccanAgarI zAkhA ke rUpa meM kalpasUtra meM ullekha hai| usameM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki yaha zAkhA Arya zAntizreNika se prArambha huii| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra zAntizreNika Aryavajra ke guru siMhagiri ke gurubhrAtA the| zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyoM meM Aryavajra kA svargavAsa kAla vIra nirvANa saM. 584 mAnA jAtA hai| ata: Arya zAntizreNika kA jIvana kAla vIra nirvANa 470 se 550 ke bIca mAnanA hogaa| phalata: Arya zAntizreNika se uccanAgarI kI utpatti vikrama kI prathama zatAbdI ke uttarArdha aura dvitIya zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM kisI samaya huii| isakI saMgati mathurA ke abhilekhoM se bhI hotI hai| uccai gara zAkhA kA prathama abhilekha zak saM. 5 arthAt vikrama saMvat 140 kA hai, ata: umAsvAti kA kAla vikrama kI dvitIya zatAbdI yA usake

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pazcAt hI hogaa| umAsvAti ke tattvArthabhASya meM unheM uccai gara zAkhA kA batAyA gayA hai| isa zAkhA ke nau abhilekha hameM mathurA se upalabdha hote haiM, jina para kaniSka, huviSka aura vAsudeva ke ullekha haiN| yadi inapara aMkita samvat zaka saMvat ho to yaha kAla zak saMvat 5 se 87 ke bIca AtA hai, itihAsakAroM ke anusAra kaniSka, huviSka aura vAsudeva I. san 78 se 176 ke bIca hue haiN| vikrama saMvat kI dRSTi se unakA yaha kAla saM. 135 se 233 ke bIca AtA hai arthAt vikrama saMvat kI dvitIya zatAbdI kA uttarArdha aura tRtIya zatAbdI kA puurvaardh| abhilekhoM ke kAla kI saMgati Arya zAntizreNika aura unase utpanna uccanAgarI zAkhA ke kAla se ThIka baiThatI hai| umAsvAti isake pazcAt hI kabhI hue haiN| tattvArthabhASya meM umAsvAti ne apane praguru ghoSanandI zramaNa aura guru zivazrI kA ullekha kiyA hai| mujhe mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM khoja karane para sthAnika kula ke gaNi uggahiNI ke ziSya vAcaka ghoSaka kA ullekha upalabdha huA hai| sthAnikakula bhI usI koTikagaNa kA kula hai, jisakI eka zAkhA uccAnAgarI hai| kucha abhilekhoM meM sthAnika kula ke sAtha vajrI zAkhA kA bhI ullekha huA hai| yadyapi uccanAgarI aura vajrI donoM hI zAkhAe~ koTikagaNa kI haiN| mathurA ke eka anya abhilekha meM 'nivatanAsIvada' aisA ullekha bhI milatA hai| nivartanA sambhavata: samAdhi sthala kI sUcaka hai, yadyapi isase ye AryaghoSaka aura Arya ziva nizcita rUpa se hI umAsvAti ke guru evaM praguru haiM, isa niSkarSa para pahu~canA kaThina hai, phira bhI sambhAvanA to vyakta kI hI jA sakatI hai| Arya kRSNa aura Arya ziva jinake bIca vastra-pAtra sambandhI vivAda vIra ni.saM. 609 meM huA thaa| una donoM ke ullekha hameM mathurA ke kuSANakAlIna abhilekhoM meM upalabdha hote haiN| yadyapi Arya ziva ke sambandha meM jo abhilekha upalabdha haiM, usake khaNDita hone se saMvat kA nirdeza to spaSTa nahIM hai, kintu 'nivatanAsIvada' aisA ullekha hai jo isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki unake samAdhi sthala para koI nirmANa kArya kiyA gayA thaa| Arya kRSNa kA ullekha karane vAlA anya lekha spaSTa hai aura usameM zaka saMvat 95 nirdiSTa hai| isa abhilekha meM koTIyagaNa, sthAnIyakula aura vairI zAkhA kA ullekha bhI hai| isa AdhAra para Arya ziva aura Arya kRSNa kA kAla vi.saM. 230 ke lagabhaga AtA hai| vastrapAtra vivAda kA kAla vIra ni.saM.609 tadanusAra 609 - 410 arthAt vi.saM. 199 mAnane para isakI saMgati uparyukta abhilekha se ho jAtI hai kyoMki Arya kRSNa kI yaha pratimA unake svargavAsa ke 30-40 varSa bAda hI kabhI banI hogii| usase yaha bAta bhI puSTa hotI hai ki Arya ziva Arya kRSNa se jyeSTha the| kalpasUtra

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umAsvAti aura unakI paramparA : 91 sthavirAvalI meM bhI unheM jyeSTha kahA gayA hai| sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ye dono gurubhAI hoM aura unameM Arya ziva jyeSTha aura Arya kRSNa kaniSTha hoM yA Arya ziva Arya kRSNa ke guru hoN| yadyapi vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza ke kAraNa yaha krama ulaTa diyA gayA hai| ina Arya ziva ko umAsvAti kA praguru mAnane para unakA kAla tIsarI zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha hogA, kintu tIsarI zatI ke uttarArdha se cauthI zatAbdI pUrvArdha taka ke jo bhI jaina zilAlekha upalabdha haiM, unameM kahIM bhI zvetAmbara, digambara yA yApanIya aisA ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotaa| vastra, pAtra Adi ke upayoga ko lekara vikrama saMvat kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha se vivAda prArambha ho gayA thA, kintu spaSTa rUpa se zvetAmbara, digambara yA yApanIya paramparAoM ke bheda sthApita nahIM hae the| vi.saM. kI chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha ke arthAt I.san 475 se 490 ke abhilekhoM meM sarvaprathama zvetapaTTa mahAzramaNasaMgha (zvetAmbara), nimranthamahAzramaNasaMgha (digambara) aura yApanIya saMgha ke ullekha milate haiN| pro. madhusUdana DhAkI ne umAsvAti kA kAla caturtha zatI nirdhArita kiyA hai| uparyukta carcA ke AdhAra para maiM ise tIsarI zatAbdI ke uttarArdha se cauthI zatI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca mAnanA caahuuNgaa| cAhe hama umAsvAti kA kAla prathama se caturtha zatI ke bIca kucha bhI mAneM kintu itanA to nizcita hai ki ve saMgha bheda ke pUrva ke haiN| yadi hama umAsvAti ke praguru ziva kA samIkaraNa Arya ziva, jinakA ullekha kalpUsatra sthavirAvalI meM bhI hai aura jo uttara bhArata meM vastra-pAtra sambandhI vivAda ke janaka the, se karate haiM to samasyA kA samAdhAna milane meM suvidhA hotI hai| Arya ziva vIra nirvANa saM. 609 arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM upasthita the| isa AdhAra para umAsvAti tIsarI ke uttarArdha aura cauthI ke pUrvArdha meM hue hoMge, aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki ve isa paramparA bheda meM bhI kauDiNya aura koTTavIra ke sAtha saMgha se alaga na hokara mUladhArA se jur3e rahe hoN| phalata: unakI vicAradhArA meM yApanIya aura zvetAmbara dono hI paramparA kI mAnyatAoM kI upasthiti dekhI jAtI hai| vastra-pAtra ko lekara ve zvetAmbaroM aura anya mAnyatAoM ke sandarbha meM yApanIyoM ke nikaTa rahe haiN| ina samasta carcAoM se hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki umAsvAti kA kAla vikrama saMvat kI tIsarI aura cauthI zatAbdI ke madhya hai aura isa kAla taka vastra-pAtra sambandhI vivAdoM ke bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIyoM kA alaga-alaga sAmpradAyika astitva nahIM bana pAyA thaa| spaSTa sampradAya bheda,

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saiddhAntika mAnyatAoM kA nirdhAraNa aura zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya jaise nAmakaraNa pA~cavI zatAbdI meM yA usake bAda hI astitva meM Aye haiN| umAsvAti nizcita hI spaSTa sampradAya bheda aura sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM ke nirdhAraNa ke pUrva ke AcArya haiN| ve usa saMkramaNa kAla meM hue haiM, jaba zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya sampradAya aura unakI sAmpradAyika mAnyatAe~ aura sthira ho rahI thiiN| ata: ve usa artha meM zvetAmbara yA digambara nahIM haiM, jisa artha meM Aja hama ina zabdoM kA artha lete haiN| ve yApanIya bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki yApanIya sampradAya kA sarvaprathama abhilekhIya pramANa bhI vikraya kI chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha aura IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha (I.san 475) kA milatA hai| ata: ve zvetAmbara aura yApanIyoM kI pUrvaja uttara bhArata kI nirgrantha dhArA kI koTikagaNa kI uccanAgarI zAkhA meM hue haiN| unake sambandha meM itanA mAnanA hI paryApta hai| unheM zvetAmbara, digambara yA yApanIya sampradAya se jor3anA merI dRSTi meM ucita nahIM hai|

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM zrAvastI jaina Agamika sAhitya meM zrAvastI kA ullekha AryakSetra ke janapada kI rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra ke anusAra yaha nagarI kRtAMgalA nAmaka nagara ke nikaTa sthita thii| isake samIpa acirAvatI nadI bahatI thI / zrAvastI nagarI ke tindaka udyAna aura kauSThaka vana kA ullekha hameM jainAgamoM meM bahulatA se upalabdha hotA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM ise bhAratavarSa kI dasa pramukha rAjadhAniyoM yathA sAketa zrAvastI, hastinApura, kAmpilya, mithilA, kauzAmbI, vArANasI aura rAjagRha meM se eka mAnA gayA hai| isa varNana se aisA lagatA hai ki sthAnAMga ke racanA kAla taka jaina paramparA mukhya rUpa se uttara bhArata ke nagaroM se hI paricita thii| zrAvastI kA dUsarA nAma kuNAlA bhI thaa| jaina sAhitya meM zrAvastI kI dUrI sAketa (ayodhyA) se sAta yojana (lagabhaga 90 ki.mI.) batAyI gaI hai| vartamAna meM zrAvastI kI pahacAna baharAica jile ke saheTa-maheTa grAma se kI jAtI hai| Adhunika ullekhoM ke AdhAra para yaha bAta satya bhI lagatI hai, kyoMki sAketa se saheTa-maheTa kI dUrI lagabhaga utanI hI hai| puna: saheTa-maheTa kA rAptI nadI ke kinAre sthita honA bhI Agamika tathyoM kI puSTi karatA hai| rAptI acirAvatI kA hI saMkSipta aura apabhraMza rUpa hai| zrAvastI ke uttara pUrva meM kaikeya janapada kI upasthiti mAnI gayI hai aura kaikeya janapada kI rAjadhAnI seyAviyA (zvetAmbikA) batalAyI gayI hai| kaikeya ke ardhabhAga ko hI Arya kSetra mAnA jAtA thA isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki usa kAla meM isake Age jaMgalI jAtiyAM nivAsa karatI rahI hoNgii| zrAvastI ko cakravartI maghavA, rAjA jitazatru, paseniya (prasenajita) aura rUppi kI rAjadhAnI batAyA gayA hai| isake atirikta isa nagara ko tIrthakara sambhavanAtha kA janmasthAna aura prathama pAraNe kA sthAna bhI mAnA jAtA hai| aitihAsika dRSTa se hameM jaina Agama sAhitya meM jo pramANa milate haiM, usake AdhAra para yaha nagara rAjA prasenajita kI rAjadhAnI thii| rAjapraznIya ke anusAra prasenajita ko pApityIya-zramaNa kezI ne nirgrantha paramparA kA anuyAyI banAyA thaa| rAjapraznIya meM prasenajita ko AtmA ke astitva evaM punarjanma ke sambandha meM aneka zaMkAye thIM, jinheM Arya kezI ne samApta kiyA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathA aura

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24 nirayAvalikA ke ullekha ke anusAra pArzva zrAvastI gaye the aura vahAM para unhoMne kAlI, padmAvatI, zivA, vasuputtA Adi aneka striyoM ko dIkSita kiyA thaa| zrAvastI meM pAvApatyoM kA prabhAva thA isa tathya kI puSTi aneka Agamika ullekhoM se hotI hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM jo ullekha pAye jAte haiM unase aisA lagatA hai ki zrAvastI para nirgranthoM ke atirikta AjIvakoM, bauddhoM aura hindU parivrAjakoM kA bhI paryApta prabhAva thaa| bauddha sAhitya se yaha spaSTata: jJAta hotA hai ki buddha isa nagara meM aneka bAra Aye the aura unhoMne yahA~ apane pratihAryoM kA pradarzana bhI kiyA thaa| isase aisA lagatA hai ki usa yuga kA zrAvastI kA janamAnasa prabuddha aura udAra thA aura vaha vibhinna dharma sampradAya ke logoM ko apane siddhAntoM ko prastuta karane kA avasara detA thaa| jaina paramparA ke lie to zrAvastI aneka dRSTiyoM se eka mahattvapUrNa nagara siddha hotA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM prApta sUcanA ke anusAra jainoM kA prathama saMgha bheda bhI zrAvastI meM hI huA thaa| mahAvIra ke jAmAtR jAmAli ne yahIM para "kriyamANa akRta" kA siddhAnta sthApita kiyA thA aura mahAvIra ke saMgha se apane 500 ziSyoM ke sAtha alaga hue the| jAmAli kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki jo kArya pUrNatayA samApta nahIM huA hai, use kRta nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isake viparIta mahAvIra kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki jo kArya ho rahA hai, use sApekSika rUpa se kRta kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki usa kArya kA kucha aMza to ho hI cukA hai| isa prakAra mahAvIra kI saMgha vyavasthA meM prathama vidroha kA sUtrapAta zrAvastI nagara meM hI huA thaa| puna: mahAvIra aura maMkhaliputragozAlaka ke madhya vivAda kI carama pariNati bhI zrAvastI meM huI thii| bhagavatIsUtra ke 15veM zataka ke anusAra AjIvaka paramparA ke maMkhAliputragozAlaka ne apanA 24vAM cAturmAsa zrAvastI nagarI ke hAlAhalA nAmaka kuMbhakArI kI ApaNa (dukAna) meM kiyA thaa| usa samaya bhagavAna mahAvIra zrAvastI nagarI ke koSThaka caitya meM cAturmAsArtha virAjita the| bhagavatIsUtra meM upalabdha vivaraNa ke anusAra prathama to gozAlaka ne bhikSArtha gaye mahAvIra ke zramaNoM ke samakSa zrAvastI kI sar3akoM para hI mahAvIra kI AlocanA kii| puna: koSThaka vana meM Akara mahAvIra se vivAda kiyA tathA una para tejolezyA pheNkii| usa tejolezyA ke kAraNa mahAvIra ke do ziSya sarvAnubhUti aura sunakSatra maraNa ko prApta hote haiM aura svayaM mahAvIra bhI asvastha ho jAte haiN| bhagavatIsUtra ke 15veM zataka meM isa sampUrNa ghaTanAkrama kA vistArapUrvaka ullekha hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se hama kevala itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki mahAvIra aura gozAlaka ke madhya vivAda kI carama pariNati bhI zrAvastI nagara meM haI thii|

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM zrAvastI : 95 kintu jahAM zrAvastI meM usa yuga ke vibhinna dharma sampradAyoM ke bIca virodha aura saMgharSa ke svara mukhara hue the, vahIM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAoM ke sammilana kA sthala bhI yahI nagara thaa| zrAvastI nagara ke tinduka udyAna meM pApitya paramparA ke Arya kezI virAjita the, vahIM isI nagara ke koSThaka udyAna meM mahAvIra ke pradhAna ziSya indrabhUti gautama virAjita the| donoM AcAryoM ke ziSya nagara meM jaba eka dUsare se milate the to unameM yaha carcA hotI thI ki eka hI lakSya ke lie pravRtta ina donoM paramparAoM meM yaha matabheda kyoM hai? kezI aura gautama apane ziSyoM kI ina zaMkAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie tathA mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAoM ke bIca koI samanvaya-setu banAne ke lie paraspara milane kA nirNaya karate haiM aura gautama jyeSTha kula kA vicAra karake svayaM kezI zramaNa ke pAsa milane hetu jAte haiN| kezI zramaNa gautama ko satkArapUrvaka Asana pradAna karate haiN| zrAvastI ke aneka vyakti bhI donoM AcAryoM kI isa vicAra carcA ko sunane hetu ekatra ho jAte haiN| donoM AcAra sambandhI matabhedoM tathA AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke vibhinna samasyAoM para khulakara vicAra-vimarza karate haiN| donoM kA zrAvastI meM yaha sauhArdapUrNa milana hI pArzva aura mahAvIra kI paramparAoM ke bIca samanvaya setu bnaa| isI prakAra zrAvastI skandaka nAmaka parivrAjaka aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pArasparika milana kA aura loka, jIva, siddhi Adi sambandhI aneka dArzanika praznoM para carcA kA sthala bhI rahA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM prApta ullekha ke anusAra zrAvastI nagara meM AcArya gardabhilla ke ziSya kAtyAyanagotrIya skandaka parivrAjaka nivAsa karate the| usI nagara meM nirgrantha vaizAlika arthAt bhagavAna mahAvIra kA zrAvaka piMgala bhI nivAsa karatA thaa| piMgala aura skandaka ke bIca loka, jIva aura siddhi kI sAntatA aura anantatA para carcA hotI hai| skandaka isa carcA ke samAdhAna ke lie svayaM zrAvastI ke nikaTa hI sthita kRtamaMgalAnagara, jahA~ para bhagavAna mahAvIra aura gautama virAjita the, vahA~ jAtA hai / gautama mahAvIra ke nirdeza para skandaka parivrAjaka kA samAdara pUrvaka svAgata karate haiM, use mahAvIra ke samIpa le jAte haiM aura donoM meM phira inhIM praznoM ko lekara vistAra se carcA hotI hai| anta meM skandaka mahAvIra ke vicAroM ke prati apanI AsthA prakaTa karate haiM / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ eka ora zrAvastI mahAvIra kI apanI paramparA meM hI utpanna vidroha kA nagara hai vahIM dUsarI ora mahAvIra kI paramparA kA anya paramparAoM ke sAtha kitanA sauhArdapUrNa vyavahAra thA, isakA bhI sAkSI sthala hai| vastuta: aisA lagatA hai ki zrAvastI ke pariveza meM vicAra svAtantrya aura pArasparika sauhArda ke tattva upasthita the| isa nagara ke nAgarikoM kI yaha udAratA

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thI, ki ve vibhinna vicAradhArAoM ke pravartakoM ko samAna rUpa se samAdara dete the| mAtra yahI nahIM, unameM hone vAlI vicAra carcAoM meM bhI sahabhAgI hote the| zrAvastI ko hama vibhinna dharma paramparAoM kI samanvayasthalI kaha sakate haiN| Agamika sUcanAoM ke anusAra zrAvastI nagara ke bAhara bahane vAlI usa acirAvatI nadI meM jala atyanta kama hotA thA aura jaina sAdhu isa nadI ko pAra karake bhikSA ke lie A jA sakate the| yadyapi varSAkAla meM isa nadI meM bhayaMkara bAr3ha bhI AtI thii| isa prakAra jaina dharma kI aneka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAyeM zrAvastI ke sAtha jur3I huI haiN| phira bhI yadi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to bauddha sAhitya ke anuzIlana se aisA lagatA hai ki yahA~ para bauddha dharma kA prabhAva adhika thA aura svayaM buddha kA isa nagara ke prati viziSTa AkarSaNa thaa| yaha ThIka vaisA hI thA jaisA ki mahAvIra kA rAjagRhI ke prti| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ne yahA~ aneka cAturmAsa kiye aura prAyaH isI ke samIpavartI kSetra meM vicaraNa karate the| jabaki mahAvIra ne sarvAdhika cAturmAsa rAjagRha aura usake samIpavartI upanagara nAlandA meM kiye| phira bhI jaina Agama sAhitya ke anuzIlana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki zrAvastI kA jaina paramparA ke sAtha bhI nikaTa sambandha rahA hai| use tIsare tIrthakara sambhavanAtha ke cAra kalyANakoM kI pAvana bhUmi mAnA jAtA hai|

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prAkRta evaM apabhraMza jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa rAma aura kRSNa aise vyaktitva haiM, jo yugoM-yugoM se bhAratIya janamAnasa ke zraddhA ke kendra rahe haiN| ina dAnoM vyaktitvoM ke jIvana caritroM ne bhAratIya dharma, sabhyatA aura saMskRti ko bahuta adhika Andolita aura prabhAvita kiyA hai| vaiSNavadharma ke udbhava evaM bhaktimArga ke vikAsa ke sAtha ye donoM vyaktitva adhikAdhika janazraddhA ke kendra banate cale ge| inake jIvana vRttoM para racita rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura bhAgavata bhAratIya paramparA ke aise grantha haiM, jo sabhI bhAratIya loka bhASAoM meM anudita haiM aura bhAratIya janasAdhAraNa ke dvArA atyadhika zraddhA aura bhakti ke sAtha par3he va sune jAte haiN| sAhityika rujhAna kI dRSTi se rAma ke caritra kI apekSA bhI kRSNa kA caritra pUrva madhya kAla meM adhika prabhAvI rahA hai| rAma ke caritra ko adhikAdhika lokavyApI banAne kA zreya gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ke rAmacaritamAnasa ko hai| rAma sadAcAra sampanna, sanmArga saMrakSaka eka vIra puruSa haiM, jabaki kRSNa eka bahuAyAmI vyaktitva ke dhanI haiN| ve eka naTakhaTa bAlaka, rasika yuvA, dharma aura samAja ke saMrakSaka vIra puruSa, kuzala rAjanetA tathA dharma evaM adhyAtma ke upadeSTA prajJA puruSa sabhI kucha haiN| unake jIvana ke isa bahuAyAmI svarUpa ne unheM adhika prabhAvI banA diyA hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM kRSNa jahAM taka jaina paramparA kA prazna hai, usane rAma aura kRSNa donoM ke kathAnakoM ko apane meM AtmasAta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM vimalasUri ke paumacariyaM (prAkRta), jinasena ke padmapurANa (saMskRta), raviSeNa ke padmacarita (saMskRta) evaM svayambhU ke paumacariu (apabhraMza) ke sAtha-sAtha rAjasthAnI aura hindI meM aneka grantha rAmakathA para milate haiM, kintu jaina Agama sAhitya meM jitanA vistRta vivaraNa kRSNakathA kA milatA hai utanA rAmakathA kA nahIM miltaa| jaina AgamoM meM rAma ke nAma nirdeza ke atirikta unake jIvanavRtta kA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| jabaki kRSNa ke jIvanavRtta ke aneka ullekha unameM upalabdha haiN| jaina paramparA meM kRSNa kA jIvana caritra 22veM tIrthakara ariSTanemi ke jIvanacaritra ke sAtha jur3A hAne ke kAraNa hai, use rAma kI apekSA bhI Agama sAhitya meM adhika sthAna milA hai| Agama granthoM meM samavAyAMga, uttarAdhyayana,

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98 jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRtdazA, praznavyAkaraNa Adi AgamoM meM kRSNa sambandhI ullekha haiN| Agama sAhitya meM kRSNa ke caritra ko rAma ke caritra ke apekSA jo pramukha sthAna prApta huA hai, usakA kAraNa kevala yahI nahIM hai ki ve jaina paramparA ke 22veM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke cacere bhAI haiM, apitu unakA vAsudeva ( (arddhacakrI) honA bhI hai| jaina paramparA meM rAma evaM kRSNa donoM kI gaNanA zalAkA puruSoM meM kI gaI hai, kintu jahAM rAma ko baladeva ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai vahIM kRSNa ko vAsudeva ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| baladeva ke apekSA vAsudeva kA pada nizcaya hI adhika mahattvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki vAsudeva zAsanasUtra kA svayaM niyAmaka hotA hai| jabaki baladeva mAtra usakA sahayogI / sAtha hI jaina paramparA meM kRSNa ko bhaviSya meM hone vAle 12veM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura yaha satya hai ki jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara hI sarvocca vyaktitva hai| / isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki rAma ke apekSA kRSNa ne jainoM ko adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai| jahAM taka kRSNa ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM vistRta evaM svataMtra grantha kA prazna hai saMskRta evaM apabhraMza meM harivaMza purANa ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama aise svataMtra grantha likhe gye| kintu Age calakara riTThanemicariu, neminAhacariu, padumnacariu, kaNhacarita Adi aneka grantha likhe gaye jinameM kRSNa kathA ko pramukha sthAna milA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM prAcInatama stara ke arthAt IsvI pUrva ke granthoM yathA- AcArAMga, RSibhASita, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika meM kRSNa ke jIvanavRtta kA hameM koI vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| RSibhASita meM vAriSeNa kRSNa ke upadezoM kA vivaraNa hai, kintu unakA devakI putra kRSNa se sambandha jor3a pAnA kaThina hai| mAtra uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke rathanemi ( rahanemijja) nAmaka adhyayana meM rAjImati aura rathanemi ke kathA prasaMga meM zaurIpura nagara ke vasudeva nAmaka rAjA kI rohiNI aura devakI nAma kI rAniyoM ke putra ke rUpa meM kramazaH rAma aura kezava (kRSNa) kA ullekha hai| isa kathA prasaMga meM kezava ke dvArA rAjImati kA ariSTanemi se vivAha nizcita karane evaM ariSTanemi ke pravrajita hone para unheM zubhakAmanA preSita karane evaM vandana karane kA bhI ullekha hai| sambhavataH yahI eka aisA sAhityika prAcInatama AdhAra hai, jahAM kRSNa jaina paramparA meM sarvaprathama ullikhita hote haiN| yadyapi dvitIya stara ke Agama granthoM meM arthAt IsA kI prathama dvitIya zatAbdI meM nirmita Agama granthoM meM kRSNakathA kA dhIre-dhIre vistAra hotA

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12 prAkRta evaM apabhraMza jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa : 99 gayA hai| ina granthoM meM samavAyAMga pUrvabhAga ke 54veM samavAya meM 24 tIrthaMkara, cakravartI, 9 baladeva evaM 9 vAsudeva ye 54 uttama puruSa hote haiM mAtra yaha ullekha hai| yahAM inake nAmoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM hai / kintu samavAyAMga ke hI aMtima bhAga meM baladevoM evaM vAsudevoM ke vartamAna bhava ke nAma, pUrva bhava ke nAma, nidAna kAraNa aura nidAna nagaroM ke nAma tathA unake mAtA-pitA, pUrva bhava ke dharmAcArya aura vartamAna bhava ke pratizatru (prativAsudeva) ke nAma Adi kA ullekha hai| isI prasaMga meM naveM vAsudeva ke rUpa meM kRSNa kA nAma AtA hai| kRSNa ke pitA ke rUpa meM vasudeva aura mAtA ke rUpa meM devakI kA ullekha yahAM bhI hameM prApta hotA hai| isI prasaMga meM sAmAnya rUpa se vAsudevoM aura baladevoM kI sampadA, zArIrika zakti, vyaktitva Adi kA vistRta ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isa carcA meM jo mahattvapUrNa ullekha hai vaha yaha ki baladeva kaTisUtra vAle nIle kauzeyaka vastra ko aura vAsudeva kaTisUtra vAle pItakauSeyaka vastra ko dhAraNa karate haiN| isI prakAra yahAM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki baladeva hala aura mUsala rUpI astroM ko dhAraNa karate haiM aura vAsudeva zrRMga, dhanuSa, pAJcajanya zaMkha, sudarzana cakra, kaumudakI gadA, nandaka khaDga dhAraNa karate haiM aura unakA mukuTa kaustubhamaNi se yukta hotA hai| vaiSNava paramparA meM kRSNa aura baladeva kI vezabhUSA evaM Ayudha Adi kI jo carcA hai usase isa vivaraNa kI samAnatA hai / yadyapi hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ye sabhI ullekha samavAyAMga- sUtra ke aMtima bhAga meM pAye jAte haiM jo usake pariziSTa ke rUpa meM hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki inheM samavAyAMga meM bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| phira bhI vartamAna samavAyAMga kA jo kucha svarUpa hai, vaha IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI meM nizcita ho gayA thaa| ataH ye sAre vivaraNa unase prAcIna hI haiM, paravartI nahIM / ata: yaha mAnane meM hameM Apatti nahIM honA cAhie ki yaha samagra vivaraNa hindU paramparA se prabhAvita haiM / kRSNa ke vyaktitva ke sambandha meM Agama sAhitya meM samavAyAMga ke pazcAt kRSNa kA jo prAcIna ullekha hameM prApta hotA hai, vaha hameM jJAtAdharmakathA meM milatA hai / vidvAnoM ne jJAtAdharmakathA ko lagabhaga IsA kI dvitIya zatAbdI ke AsapAsa kI racanA mAnA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM kRSNa sambandhI ullekha usake zailaka evaM draupadI nAmaka adhyayanoM meM hai| yadyapi draupadI nAmaka adhyAya kA mukhya pratipAdya viSaya to draupadI ke pUrvabhava evaM vartamAna bhava kA citraNa hai, kintu prasaMgavaza isameM kRSNa sambandhI aneka vivaraNa upalabdha haiN| vizeSa ullekhanIya yaha hai ki yahAM draupadI

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100 ke pA~ca pati hone kI kathA ko svIkArate hue bhI usake vyaktitva kI cAritrika garimA ko banAye rakhane ke lie usake pUrvabhava kI kathA bhI jor3I gaI / kathA kA sArAMza yaha hai ki draupadI pUrvabhava meM apanI guruNI kI AjJA na mAnakara vanakhaNDa meM sthita ho ugra tapasyA karatI hai aura prasaMgavazAt vaha vahAM eka vezyA ko pA~ca premiyoM ke sAtha krIr3A karate hue dekhatI hai / usa samaya vaha yaha nizcaya kara baiThatI hai ki yadi merI tapasyA kA phala ho to mujhe bhI bhaviSya meM pA~ca patiyoM ke sAtha aisI krIr3A karane kA saubhAgya prApta ho| isa nizcaya (nidAna) kA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki use apane vartamAna bhava meM pA~ca pANDavoM kI patnI bananA par3atA hai| isa prakAra yahAM hindU paramparA meM pracalita draupadI kI kathA ko adhika susaMgata aura tArkika banAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, tAki draupadI ke nirmala caritra ko binA kharoMca pahueNcAye hI pA~ca patiyoM vAlI ghaTanA ko tarkasaMgata rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA ske| isa prasaMga meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki yahA~ draupadI aura pA~ca pANDavoM ko jaina dharma kA anuyAyI batAyA gayA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM nArada ko asaMyamI parivrAjaka ke rUpa meM citrita karake jaina dharma kI anugAminI draupadI dvArA samucita Adara na dene kI ghaTanA kA bhI ullekha hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki jJAtAdharmakathA ke isa kathA prasaMga kI racanA ke samaya taka jaina saMgha meM dhArmika kaTTaratA kA praveza ho cukA thA kyoMki jahAM jaina paramparA ke prAcIna stara ke Agama grantha RSibhASita meM devanArada ko arhataRSi kahakara sammAnita DhaMga se ullikhita kiyA gayA hai vahAM isa kathA - prasaMga meM nArada ko asaMyamI, avirata aura kalahapriya tathA padmanAbha ke sAtha milakara draupadI ke apaharaNa kI yojanA banAne vAlA kahA gayA hai| ullekhanIya yaha bhI hai ki isa nArada ko kaDacchupa nArada kahA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha vivAdAspada hI hai ki RSibhASita ke devanArada aura jJAtA ke kaDacchupa nArada eka hI vyakti haiM yA alaga-alaga, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| draupadI ke isa kathA prasaMga meM prasaMgavaza pAMcoM pANDavoM, kuntI aura zrIkRSNa kA ullekha bhI hai| kathA ke anusAra draupadI kA padmanAbha dvArA apaharaNa ho jAne para pANDava cintita hote haiM tathA draupadI ko khojane meM zrIkRSNa ko hI samartha mAnakara apanI mAtA kuntI ko zrIkRSNa ke pAsa bhejakara draupadI kI khoja ke lie unase nivedana karate haiN| isameM kuntI ko kRSNa kI pitRbhaginI kahA gayA hai| kRSNa kuntI ko Azvasta karate haiM ki maiM draupadI kI khoja kruuNgaa| ve nArada se draupadI ke apaharaNa kI ghaTanA kI jAnakArI prApta karate haiM tathA pANDavoM ko yaha saMdeza dete haiM ki ve pUrva dizA meM gaMgA nadI aura samudra ke saMgama sthala para sasainya taiyAra hokara pahu~ceM / kRSNa svayaM bhI sasainya vahAM pahueNcakara lavaNa samudra ke mArga se

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prAkRta evaM apabhraMza jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa : 101 pANDavoM ke sAtha padmanAbha kI rAjadhAnI amarakaMkA pahu~cate haiN| isI prasaMga meM padmanAbha ke pAsa dUta kA bhejanA, padmanAbha se yuddha meM pANDavoM kA parAjita honA, anta meM zrI kRSNa dvArA padmanAbha ko parAjita karanA aura draupadI ko vApasa prApta karane ke ullekha haiN| isa kathA prasaMga meM zrI kRSNa ke puruSArtha aura parAkrama ke carcA ke sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI ullekha huA hai ki draupadI sahita pAMcoM pANDava aura zrIkRSNa jaba vApasa Ate haiM taba pANDava naukA dvArA pahale gaMgA pAra kara lete haiM, kintu gaMgA pAra karane ke lie zrI kRSNa ko vApasa naukA nahIM bhejate haiN| phalata: ve gaMgA nadI ko tairakara pAra karate haiM aura pANDavoM para kupita ho unheM deza nirvAsana kI AjJA dete haiN| pANDava kuntI ke pAsa pahuMcate haiM aura sArI ghaTanA use sunAte haiN| kuntI punaH kRSNa ke pAsa pahu~catI hai aura zrI kRSNa se apane putroM ke deza nirvAsana kI AjJA ko vApasa lene kI prArthanA karatI hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki vAsudeva ke vacana mithyA nahIM hote, ata: deza nirvAsana kI AjJA vApasa lenA sambhava nahIM hai| anta meM ve pANDavoM ko dakSiNa dizA meM jAkara samudra ke kinAre pANDu-madurA nAmaka nagara basAkara vahAM rahane kA Adeza dete haiN| yadyapi yahAM kucha bhaugolika asaMgatiyA~ parilakSita hotI haiM- prathama to yaha ki dakSiNa-madurA (madurAI) dakSiNa meM hokara bhI samudra ke kinAre nahIM hai, dUsare pUrvIya samudra taTa se lauTate hue mArga meM gaMgA kA par3anA Avazyaka nahIM hai| prastuta kathA-prasaMga zrIkRSNa ko pANDavoM kA mitra eka zUravIra yoddhA tathA dakSiNArdha bharatakSetra ke svAmI ke rUpa meM citrita karatA hai| vizeSatA yaha hai ki yahAM para zrIkRSNa aura pANDavoM ke caritra ke prasaMga meM mahAbhArata ke yuddha kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| usake sthAna para amarakaMkA meM padmanAbha se hue yuddha kA citraNa hai, samAnatA mAtra yaha hai ki donoM hI yuddhoM kA kAraNa draupadI hai| jahAM taka merI jAnakArI hai hindU paramparA meM kRSNa caritra ke carcA prasaMga meM kahIM bhI amarakaMkA ke padmanAbha ke sAtha unake yuddha kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| mAtra yahI nahIM zrIkRSNa kA pANDavoM para kupita honA, unheM deza nirvAsana kI AjJA denA Adi prasaMga bhI anyatra kahIM dRSTigocara nahIM hote| isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki jJAtAdharmakathA meM kRSNa ke jIvana prasaMga ke ullekha mahAbhArata evaM zrImadbhAgavata meM kRSNa ke jIvana caritra ke ullekhoM se aneka dRSTi se bhinna aura prAcIna haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA ke hI pAMcaveM zailaka nAmaka adhyayana meM thAvaccAputra ke dIkSita hone ke prasaMga meM zrI kRSNa, unakI rAjadhAnI dvArikA aura unake parivAra kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki dvArikA nagarI pUrva-pazcima meM 12 yojana lambI aura uttara-dakSiNa meM 9 yojana caur3I thii| yaha kubera kI mati

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102 se nirmita huI thI / indra kI nagarI alakApurI ke samAna jAna par3atI thii| isa nagara ke bAhara uttara-pUrva dizA arthAt IzAnakoNa meM raivataka (giranAra) parvata thA tathA raivataka parvata aura dvArikA ke bIca meM nandanavana nAmaka udyAna thaa| isa dvArikA nagarI meM kRSNa nAmaka vAsudeva rAjA rAjya karate the| isa nagara meM samudravijaya Adi dasa dazArha, baladeva, Adi pAMca mahAvIra, ugrasena Adi solaha hajAra rAjA, pradyumna Adi sAr3he tIna karor3a kumAra, zAmba Adi sATha hajAra durdAnta yoddhA, vIrasena Adi ekkIsa hajAra parAkramI, mahAsena Adi chappana hajAra balavAna puruSa, rukmiNI Adi battIsa hajAra rAniyAM, anaMga senA Adi aneka gaNikAeM bahuta se Izvara (dhanADhya seTha), talavara (kotavAla), sArthavAha Adi nivAsa karate the| una kRSNa vAsudeva kA uttara dizA meM vaitADhya parvata paryanta tathA tInoM dizAoM meM lavaNa samudra paryanta zAsana thaa| isa prakAra prastuta adhyayana mAtra kRSNa ke pArivArika evaM rAjakIya vaibhava kA citraNa karatA hai| yadyapi isa adhyayana meM do anya pramukha ghaTanAeM kRSNa ke jIvana se sambandhita haiM - prathama to yaha ki kRSNa ko jaba yaha jJAta hotA hai ki arhat ariSTanemi dvArikA ke bAhara udyAna meM padhAre haiM to ve apane samasta rAjya parivAra ke sAtha unake darzana ko jAte haiM tathA upadeza sunate haiN| ariSTanemi ke upadeza se thAvaccA nAmaka gAthApatnI ke putra ko vairAgya utpanna hotA hai| kRSNa usake vairAgya kI parIkSA karate haiM tathA atyaMta vaibhavazAlI abhiniSkramaNa mahotsava kA Ayojana karate haiN| vaise isa adhyAya meM zrI kRSNa kI rAjya sampadA tathA udAravRtti kA paricaya to milatA hai kintu unake jIvana prasaMgoM kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM eka anya grantha praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM bhI kRSNa ke rAjya aura parivAra kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA ke zailaka adhyayana meM varNita kRSNa ke rAjya aura parivAra ke vivaraNa se praznavyAkaraNa ke vivaraNa kI tulanA karane para hameM kucha navIna sUcanAeM prApta hotI haiN| isameM kRSNa kI solaha hajAra rAniyoM kA ullekha hai| praznavyAkaraNa kA yaha vivaraNa jJAtAdharmakathA ke vivaraNa se isa artha meM vizeSatA rakhatA hai ki yahAM kRSNa ke jIvana ke saMdarbha meM hindU paramparA meM ullikhita anake ghaTanAoM kA ullekha huA hai| isameM kRSNa ke dvArA muSTika aura cANUra nAmaka malloM kA, riSTa nAmaka duSTa baila kA, kAliyA nAmaka nAga kA, yamunArjuna nAmaka rAkSasa kA, mahAzakuni aura pUtanA nAmaka do vidyAdhAriyoM kA tathA kaMsa aura jarAsaMdha nAmaka do zakti sampanna rAjAoM kA saMhAra karane kA ullekha milatA hai| praznavyAkaraNa meM kRSNa kA yaha jIvana-vRtta vistRta rUpa meM upalabdha hai /

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prAkRta evaM apabhraMza jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa : 103 kRSNa ke jIvana prasaMgoM ke sandarbha meM adhika vistRta carcA karane vAle jaina Agama granthoM meM antakRtdazA mahattvapUrNa hai| yahAM smaraNIya hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha antakRtdazA kI viSayavastu paryApta rUpa se parivartita ho gaI hai, kyoMki antakRtdazA kI viSayavastu ke sandarbha meM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra, tattvArtharAjavArtika, samavAyAMgavRtti, nandIcUrNi evaM aMgaprajJapti meM jo ullekha haiM, unameM paraspara bhinnatA hai aura antakRtdazA kI vartamAna viSayavastu se pUrNata: mela nahIM khaate| antakRtdazA meM kRSNa aura unake parijanoM kA ullekhayukta jo vivaraNa upalabdha huA hai vaha IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI se adhika paravartI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kyoMki nandIsUtra meM antakRtdazA ke ATha vargoM ke aura nandIcUrNi meM prathama varga ke dasa adhyayana hone kA ullekha hai jo ki vartamAna antakRtdazA ke viSayavastu se samAnatA rakhatA hai| samavAyAMgavRtti meM bhI isake vartamAna svarUpa kA ullekha prApta ho jAtA hai| ata: nandI, nandIcUrNi aura samavAyAMgavRtti ke pUrva hI isako yaha svarUpa prApta ho gayA thA / aisI sthiti meM ise chaThI yA sAtavIM zatAbdI se adhika paravatI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| antakRtdazA ke ATha vargoM meM prathama pAMca varga aura unake unapacAsa adhyayana zrIkRSNa aura unake parijanoM se sambandhita haiN| prathama varga meM gautama, samudrasAgara, akSobha Adi dasa vyaktiyoM kA varNana hai| ina sabake pitA andhakavRSNi aura mAtA dhAriNI batAye gae haiN| andhakavRSNi kRSNa ke dAdA hote haiN| ata: isa AdhAra para ye sabhI kRSNa ke cAcA kahe jA sakate haiN| dUsare varga meM ATha adhyAya haiN| unameM se sAgara, samudra, acala aura akSobha ye cAra nAma pUrva varga meM bhI Aye haiN| zeSa cAra nAma himavanta, dharaNa, pUrNa aura abhicanda navIna haiN| inheM bhI andhakavRSNi kA putra kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra ye sabhI kRSNa ke cAcA mAne jA sakate haiM / ina donoM vargoM meM kevala ina sabake ariSTanemi ke pAsa dIkSita hokara tapa sAdhanA karane kA ullekha hai| anya koI vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai| tRtIya varga meM teraha adhyayana haiN| ina adhyayanoM meM se prathama chaH adhyayana aniyasena, anantasena, anahita, viddhata, devayaza ora zatrasena se sambandhita haiN| ye sabhI kumAra bhaddilapura nivAsI sulasA nAmaka gAthA patnI ke putra kahe gaye haiN| kintu isI varga ke AThaveM adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ye sabhI sulasA ke pAlita putra the| vastutaH ye sabhI devakI aura vasudeva ke hI putra haiN| isa prakAra zrIkRSNa ke sahodara the| inakA pAlanapoSaNa kyoM aura kisaprakAra sulasA ke dvArA huA yaha carcA hama bAda meM gajasukumAla kI kathA ke prasaMga meM kareMge / ina chahoM ke atirikta kRSNa ke anya sahodara gajasukumAla kA bhI vistRta varNana isa varga meM hai| gajasukumAla ke jIvanavRtta kI carcA hama Age svataMtra rUpa

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104 meM kreNge| isa varga meM anya jina vyaktiyoM kA ullekha hai unameM sArana, dAruka aura anAdhRSTi bhI haiM jo vasudeva aura dhAriNI ke putra the aura isaprakAra ve bhI anya mAtA se utpanna zrIkRSNa ke hI bhAI the| anya vyaktiyoM meM sumukha, durmukha aura kapadAraka ye tIna baladeva ke putra the aura ye tInoM zrIkRSNa ke bhatIje the| isa prakAra tIsare varga meM kRSNa ke dasa bhAiyoM aura tIna bhatIjoM kA ullekha hai| caturtha varga meM jo dasa adhyayana haiM unameM jAli, mayAli, upAli, puruSasena aura vAyusena ye pAMca vasudeva aura dhAriNI ke putra kahe gaye haiN| isa prakAra ye bhI zrIkRSNa ke bhAI the| pradyumna aura zAmba ye do kRSNa ke putra the| yadyapi inameM pradyumna kI mAtA rukmiNI aura zAmba kI mAtA jAmbavaMtI thiiN| aniruddha kumAra ko pradyumna aura vaidarbhI kA putra batAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra aniruddha kRSNa ke pautra haiN| satyanemi aura dRr3hanemi samudravijaya aura zivAdevI ke putra kahe gaye haiN| ata: ye ariSTanemi ke sahodara aura zrI kRSNa ke cacere bhAI kahe jA sakate haiN| isa prakAra cauthe varga meM kRSNa ke do cacere bhAI, pAMca bhAI, do putra aura eka pautra kA ullekha hai| pAMcaveM varga meM 1. padmAvatI 2. gaurI 3. gAndhArI 4. lakSmaNA 5. susImA 6. jAmbavaMtI 7. satyabhAmA aura 8. rukmiNI - ina ATha kRSNa kI paTarAniyoM evaM mUlazrI evaM mUladattA nAmaka do putravadhuoM kA ullekha hai| ye sabhI rAniyoM dvArikA ke vinAza kI bhaviSyavANI sunakara ariSTanemi ke pAsa dIkSita hone kA nirNaya karatI haiM aura zrIkRSNa samAroha pUrvaka unheM pravajyA grahaNa karavAte haiM / inameM mUlazrI aura mUladattA kRSNa aura jAmbavaMtI ke putra zAmbakumAra kI patniyAM arthAt zrIkRSNa kI putravadhue~ thiiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki antakRtdazA ke prathama pA~ca varga aura unake unapacAsa adhyAya zrI kRSNa ke parivAra se hI sambandhita haiN| antakRtdazA meM zrI kRSNa ke jina parijanoM kA ullekha huA hai unameM se aneka to aise haiM jinakA nAma hameM hindU paramparA ke anya granthoM meM mila jAtA hai| kintu unameM kucha aise bhI haiM jinakA ullekha hameM anyatra kahIM nahIM miltaa| cAhe ina sabhI nAmoM kI aitihAsikatA vivAdAspada ho, kintu isase kRSNa aura unake parijanoM kA jaina paramparA meM kyA sthAna hai, yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai| dvArikA ke vinAza evaM zrIkRSNa ke bhAvI tIrthakara hone kI bhaviSyavANI prastuta aSTama aMga Agama zrIkRSNa jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM kucha naI sUcanAeM bhI pradAna karatA hai| isameM dvArikA ke vinAza kI kathA eka bhinna DhaMga se citrita kI gaI hai| yadyapi usa para hindU paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| aMtakRtdazA ke anusAra zrIkRSNa ariSTanemi se dvArikA ke bhaviSya ke

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prAkRta evaM apabhraMza jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa : 105 saMdarbha meM prazna pUchate haiN| apane parijanoM ko ariSTanemi ke pAsa dIkSita hotA dekhakara unake mana meM eka AtmaglAni utpanna hotI hai ki maiM isa rAjya lakSmI kA tyAga karake prabhu ke pAsa pravrajyA grahaNa karane meM apane ko asamartha kyoM anubhava kara rahA hU~ tathA rAjya aura anta:pura meM gRddha banA huA huuN| ariSTanemi zrIkRSNa ke isa manobhAva ko jAnakara kahate haiM ki he kRSNa! sabhI vAsudeva rAjA nidAna karake janma lete haiM ata: unake dvArA pravrajyA grahaNa karanA sambhava nahIM hotaa| yahAM kRSNa ariSTanemi se apanI mRtyu aura bhAvI jIvana ke sambandha meM prazna karate haiM / ariSTanemi unheM batAte haiM ki yAdavakumAra madyapAna karake jaba dvaipAyana RSi ko kruddha kareMge, taba dvaipAyana RSi agnikumAra deva hokara isa dvArikA kA vinAza kreNge| usa samaya tuma apane mAtA-pitA aura svajanoM ke viyoga se du:khI hokara balarAma ke sAtha dakSiNI samudra taTa kI ora pANDu-mathurA kI ora prasthAna kroge| rAste meM kauzAmbavana udyAna meM tama pItAmbara or3hakara sooge| usa samaya jarAkumAra mRga ke bhrama meM tuma para tIra claaegaa| usa tIra se viddha hokara tuma tIsarI pRthvI meM utpanna hooge| vahAM kI Ayu pUrNa kara isI jambUdvIpa ke bharatakSetra meM puNDra janapada kI zatadvArA nAmaka nagarI meM amama nAma ke bArahaveM tIrthakara hoge (draSTavya hai ki samavAyAMga-sUtra meM bhaviSyakAlIna tIthaMkaroM meM amama kA nAma 13vAM batAyA gayA hai)| zrIkRSNa dvArikA ke vinAza aura apanI mRtyu kI bhaviSyavANI sunakara dvArikA ke nivAsioM aura apane parijanoM ko ariSTanemi ke pAsa pravrajyA lene hetu protsAhita karate haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa kRSNa kI aneka rAniyAM aura putra-parijana pravrajyA grahaNa kara lete haiM / kRSNa ke laghubhrAtA gajasukumAla kI kathA antakRtdazA meM kRSNa ke sAta bhAIyoM kA ullekha hameM upalabdha hotA hai| jinameM se aniyasakumAra Adi cha: kA pAlana-poSaNa bhaddilapura nagara ke nAga nAmaka gAthApati kI patnI sulasA dvArA hotA hai| kathA ke anusAra devakI ko kisI bhaviSyavettA ne eka sarIkhe ATha putroM ko janma dene kI bhaviSyavANI kI thii| isa prakAra sulasA ko bhI mRtaputra hone kI bhaviSyavANI kI thii| sulasA ne hariNegameSI nAmaka deva kI ArAdhanA kI aura vaha deva prasanna huaa| kathA prasaMga ke anusAra devakI aura sulasA sAtha-sAtha garbhavatI hotI haiM aura sAtha-sAtha prasava bhI karatI haiN| putra prasava ke samaya vaha deva sulasA ke mRta putroM ko devakI ke pAsa aura devakI ke putroM ko sulasA ke pAsa rakha detA thaa| isa prakAra devakI ke prathama chaH putra sulasA ke dvArA pAlita aura poSita hue| kAlAntara meM sulasA ke ye chaho putra ariSTanemi ke pAsa dIkSita ho gye| saMyoga se kisI samaya ve chaho sahodara bhAI

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106 devakI ke gRha para do-do ke samUha meM bhikSArtha Ate haiN| unake samarUpa aura samavayaska hone ke kAraNa devakI ko yaha bhrama ho jAtA hai ki ve hI muni bArabAra bhikSA ke lie A rahe haiN| nirgrantha zramaNa kisI bhI ghara meM bhikSArtha dUsarIbAra praveza nahIM krtaa| ata: vaha tIsare samUha meM Aye muniyoM se anta meM yaha bAta pUcha hI letI haiM ki kyA dvArikA nagarI meM muniyoM ko AhAra upalabdha hone meM kaThinAI ho rahI hai jisake kAraNa Apako bAra-bAra mere dvAra para AnA par3a rahA hai| muni vastusthiti ko spaSTa karate haiM ki hama chaho bhAI eka sarIkhe haiM aura isI kAraNa Apako aisA bhrama ho gayA hai| devakI ko apanI bhaviSyavANI kA smaraNa hotA hai ki mujhe eka sarIkhe ATha putroM kI bhaviSyavANI kI gaI thI, kintu merI apekSA yaha sulasA hI bhAgyavAna hai| vaha apanI isa manovyathA ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie ariSTanemi ke pAsa jAtI hai aura ariSTanemi use batAte haiM ki ye chaho bhAI vastutaH tumhAre hI putra haiN| sulasA ne to inakA pAlana-poSaNa hI mAtra kiyA hai| devakI vApasa lauTakara atyanta zokAkula hotI hai aura vicAra karatI hai ki maiMne sAta putroM ko janma diyA kintu unameM se kisI kI bhI bAlakrIr3A kA anubhava nahIM kara sakI, kyoMki cha: sulasA ke dvArA aura eka nanda aura yazodA ke dvArA pAlita poSita kiye ge| devakI yaha vicAra kara hI rahI thI ki usI samaya zrIkRSNa mAtA ke caraNa vandana hetu Ate haiM aura mAtA kI cintA kA kAraNa pUchate haiN| devakI sArI vastusthiti ko spaSTa karatI hai| zrIkRSNa apanI mAtA ke duHkha ko dUra karane ke liye tathA apane eka aura sahodara bhAI utpanna hone ke lie pauSadhazAlA meM jAkara tIna dina kA upavAsa kara deva kA ArAdhana karate haiM / deva prasanna hokara kahatA hai ki nizcaya hI tumheM eka choTA bhAI prApta hogA, kintu alpavaya meM hI vaha dIkSita ho jaaegaa| kAlAntara meM devakI ko putra prasava hotA hai| zrIkRSNa apane laghubhrAtA ko yuvAvasthA prApta hote dekhakara somila brAhmaNa kI kanyA somA se usake vivAha kA nirNaya karate haiN| dUsarI ora dvArikA ke bAhara udyAna meM ariSTanemi kA Agamana hotA hai| ariSTanemi ke upadezoM ko sunakara gajasukumAla ko vairAgya ho jAtA hai| mAtA-pitA aura bhAI ke sAMsArika bhoga bhogane ke liye atyanta Agraha ke bAda bhI gajasukumAla dIkSita hone kA nirNaya lete haiN| zrIkRSNa unakA dIkSA mahotsava karate haiN| gajasukumAla dIkSita hone ke dina hI bhikSu-pratimA aMgIkAra kara lete haiM aura mahAkAla zmazAna meM dhyAnamagna khar3e ho jAte haiN| udhara se gajasukumAla kA bhAvI zvasura somila brAhmaNa nikalatA hai, gajasukumAla ko muNDita zramaNa dekhakara kupita hotA hai| unake sira para miTTI kI pAla banAkara dhadhakate aMgAre rakha detA hai| gajasukumAla dhyAna se vicalita na hote hue usa

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prAkRta evaM apabhraMza jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa : 107 vedanA ko sahana karate haiM tathA apane mana meM kisI prakAra kA dveSa yA Akroza nahIM lAte aura usI dina mukti ko prApta karate haiN| zrIkRSNa apane laghubhrAtA ke darzana ke lie ariSTanemi ke pAsa jAte haiM aura unase sAre ghaTanA cakra ko jAnane kI apekSA karate haiN| ariSTanemi unheM kevala itanA hI batAte haiM ki jisa prakAra tumane eka vRddha ko sahayoga dekara duHkha mukta kiyA thA usI prakAra tumhAre bhAI ko bhI eka vyakti ne sahayoga dekara saMsAra cakra se mukta kara diyA hai| isI kathA prasaMga meM avAntara rUpa se zrIkRSNa kI sahayoga bhAvanA kA nimna prasaMga hameM milatA hai - zrIkRSNa apane laghu bhrAtA gajasukumAla ke sAtha jaba ariSTanemi ke vandana ko jAte haiM, to unheM mArga meM IMToM kA eka bahuta bar3A Dhera dikhAI par3atA hai| ve dekhate haiM ki eka vRddha jo atyanta jarjara aura kSINakAya hai usa vizAlakAya Dhera meM se eka-eka IMTa uThAkara ghara ke andara rakha rahA hai| zrIkRSNa usakI usa pIr3A ko dekhakara hAthI para baiThe hue hI eka IMTa uThAte haiM aura usake ghara meM DAla dete haiN| zrIkRSNa ke sAtha AnevAlA samudAya aura sainyabala bhI unakA anusaraNa karatA hai aura isaprakAra alpasamaya meM hI vaha vizAlakAya IMToM kI rAzi vRddha ke ghara pahu~ca jAtI hai| yahAM hama dekhate haiM ki antakRtdazA meM varNita kathA prasaMga meM aniyasa Adi devakI ke chaha putroM kI sulasA ke mRta putroM ke sAtha parivartana kI ghaTanA gajasukumAla ke janma aura dIkSA kI kathA tathA zrIkRSNa ke dvArA usa vRddha ko sahayoga dene kI avAntara kathA, ye sabhI ullekha jaina paramparA ke atirikta anyatra nahIM pAye jaate| hindU paramparA meM devakI zrIkRSNa se pUrva hone vAle putraputriyoM ke jo ullekha haiM ve isa kathA se ekadama bhinna haiN| phira bhI donoM meM itanA sAmya avazya hai ki donoM paramparAoM meM kaMsa ke kopa se bacane ke lie devakI putroM kA sthAnAntaraNa huA hai| zrI kRSNa ke pUrvaja vasudevahiNDI meM zrIkRSNa ke pUrva pUrvajoM kI carcA karate hue yaha batAyA gayA hai ki harivaMza meM sori aura vIra nAmaka do bhAI utpanna hue / sori ne apanI rAjadhAnI sorikula meM sthApita kI aura vIra ne sauvIra meN| ye donoM eka dUsare ke prati atyanta anurAga rakhate the aura koSa, koSThAgAra evaM rAjya Adi kA vibhAjana kiye binA hI rAjyazrI kA upabhoga karate the / sori ke putra andhakavRSNi aura unakI patnI se samudravijaya Adi dasa putra aura kuntI evaM mAdrI nAmaka do kanyAyeM utpanna huiiN| dUsarI ora vIra kA putra bhogavRSNi huA / usakA putra ugrasena aura ugrasena ke

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108 putra bandhu, subandhu, kaMsa Adi hue| andhakavRSNi ke dasa putroM meM vasudeva dasaveM putra the| isI prasaMga meM samudravijaya Adi ke pUrvabhava kI carcA kI gaI hai| vasudeva ke pUrva bhava kI carcA karate hue yaha batAyA gayA hai ki vaha pUrvabhava meM nandisena thaa| tulanAtmaka vivaraNa jahAM taka kRSNa ke mAtA-pitA ke nAma aura janma kA prazna hai, jaina paramparA aura hindU paramparA meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| donoM hI paramparAe~ kRSNa ko vAsudeva evaM devakI kA putra mAnatI haiM tathA janma ke pazcAt yazodA ke dvArA unake lAlanapAlana kI bAta bhI svIkAra karatI hai| donoM paramparAoM ke anusAra kRSNa ke anya sAta bhAiyoM kA ullekha haA hai| kintu donoM paramparAoM meM kRSNa ke anya bhAiyoM ke kathAnaka ke sambandha meM antara pAyA jAtA hai| zrImadbhAgavata ke anusAra balabhadra aura zrIkRSNa ke janma ke pUrva devakI ke cha: putroM ko kaMsa pachAr3akara mAra DAlatA hai| yadyapi jaina grantha vasudevahiNDI meM bhI kaMsa ke dvArA devakI ke chaH putroM ke mAra DAlane kA ullekha hai kintu jinasena ke uttarapurANa tathA hemacandra ke triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM tathA antakRtdazA ke anusAra devakI ke garbha se utpanna ye chaho putra hariNegameSa nAmaka devatA ke dvArA salasA ke yahA~ pahu~cA diye gaye aura sulasA ke mRta putroM ko devakI ke pAsa lAkara rakha diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina paramparA mukhya rUpa se kRSNa ke sahodara ina cha: bhAiyoM ko sulasA ke dvArA pAlita mAnatI hai jo Age calakara tIrthakara nemi ke pAsa dIkSita hokara mokSa prApta kara lete haiN| zrImadbhAgavata ke anusAra balabhadra kA devakI ke garbha se viSNa ke Adeza evaM yogamAyA zakti ke dvArA rohiNI ke garbha meM saMharaNa hai jabaki jaina paramparA ke kisI bhI grantha meM isa saMharaNa kI ghaTanA kA ullekha nahIM hai| balki yaha pAyA jAtA hai ki balabhadra rohiNI ke garbha se sahaja janma lete haiN| yadyapi yahAM yaha smaraNIya tathya avazya hai ki jaina paramparA meM jo mahAvIra ke garbha saMharaNa kI bAta kahI jAtI hai vaha mUla meM kahIM baladeva ke garbha-saMharaNa kI ghaTanA se prabhAvita to nahIM hai, jise jainoM ne apane anurUpa mor3a liyA ho| balabhadra ko kRSNa kA sahodara bhAI na mAnane ke kAraNa jaina paramparA meM kRSNa ke sAta bhAiyoM kI saMkhyApUrti ke lie gajasukumAla kI kathA kA vikAsa huaa| zrIkRSNa ke yazodA ke yahA~ sthAnAntaraNa kI bAta donoM paramparAeM samAna rUpa se svIkAra karatI haiM, kintu jahA~ zrImadbhAgavata meM yazodA ke garbha se janmI putrI ko, jo ki viSNu kI yogamAyA kA hI svarUpa thI, kaMsa paTaka kara mAra DAlane kA prayatna karatA hai, kintu yogamAyA hone ke kAraNa vaha mRta nahIM hotI hai tathA AkAza meM calI jAtI hai aura kAlI, durgA Adi kI zakti ke rUpa meM

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prAkRta evaM apabhraMza jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa : 109 pUjI jAtI hai vahAM jaina paramparA meM vAsudevahiNDI aura jinasena ke uttarapurANa ke kathanAnusAra kaMsa use mAratA nahIM hai apitu nAka kATakara athavA nAka capaTI karake chor3a detA hai| yahI bAlikA Age sAdhvI ke rUpa meM dIkSita ho jAtI hai aura apanI dhyAnasAdhanA ke dvArA deva-gati ko prApta karatI hai| __ kintu harivaMza meM jinasena (dvitIya) ne yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki usakI aMgulI ke rakta se sane hue tIna Tukar3e se vaha trizUladhAriNI kAlI ke rUpa meM vindhyAcala (mirjApura ke samIpa) meM pratiSThita ho jAtI hai| jinasena ne isa devI ke sammukha honevAle bhaiMsoM ke vadha kI bhI carcA kI hai jo vindhyAcala meM Aja taka pracalita hai| isa prakAra jinasena dvitIya ne isa kathAnaka ko hindU paramparA ke sAtha jor3A hai| kRSNa kI bAla lIlAoM ke sambandha meM donoM paramparAe~ lagabhaga samAna mantavya rakhatI haiN| yadyapi zrImadbhAgavata ke anusAra kaMsa ke dvArA bheje gaye sabhI asura Adi kRSNa yA balabhadra ke dvArA mAra DAle jAte haiM, jabaki jinasena prathama to jainoM ke ahiMsA ke dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para inheM rAkSasa na kahakara deva yA deviyA~ kahatA hai| dUsare kRSNa yA baladeva unheM mArate nahIM hai apitu harAkara jIvita hI chor3a dete haiN| yadyapi praznavyAkaraNasUtra ke anusAra kRSNa ke dvArA inheM mAre jAne kA ullekha hai| hemacandra apane trizaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM jinasena ke samAna hI yaha mAnate haiM ki zrIkRSNa inheM harAkara bhagA dete haiN| jahAM jinasena prathama ne inheM devI-devatA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai, vahIM harivaMzapurANa meM jinasena dvitIya inakA kaMsa ke dvArA bheje gaye unmatta prANiyoM ke rUpa meM ullekha karate haiN| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM ullekha kara cuke hai ki jahAM hindU paramparA meM pANDavoM evaM kRSNa ke jIvana ke sAtha mahAbhArata ke yuddha kI ghaTanA jur3I huI hai vahAM jaina Agama granthoM meM mahAbhArata kI ghaTanA kA sarvathA abhAva hai| yadyapi paravartI jaina lekhakoM ne mahAbhArata kI ghaTanA kA ullekha kiyA hai| jahAM hindU paramparA kaMsa ko kRSNa ke mukhya pratidvandvI ke rUpa meM citrita karatI hai vahAM jaina paramparA meM kRSNa kA mukhya pratidvandvI jarAsandha ko mAnA gayA hai| kyoMki vaha prativAsUdeva hai aura usa para vijaya prApta karake hI kRSNa vAsudeva ke pada ko prApta karate haiN| yadyapi yAdavoM aura dvArakA ke vinAza ke mUla meM yaduvaMzI kA madyapAyI honA donoM hI paramparA meM samAnya rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / phira bhI jaina paramparA meM dvArakA aura yAdava vaMza ke vinAza ko kucha bhinna tarIke se citrita

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110 kiyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra dvArakA aura yAdava vaMza ke vinAza kI bhaviSyavANI sunakara zrIkRSNa yaha ghoSaNA karavAte haiM ki jo bhI vyakti ariSTanemi ke pAsa dIkSita hogA usake parivAra ke pAlana-poSaNa kI vyavasthA rAjya kregaa| isI prasaMga meM kRSNa ke dvArA apanI AThoM patniyoM, putravadhuoM Adi ko ariSTanemi ke pAsa dIkSita karavAne ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| jahAM taka zrIkRSNa kI mRtyu (lIlA saMharaNa) kA prazna hai donoM hI paramparAe~ jarAkumAra ke bANa se unakI mRtyu kA honA svIkAra karatI haiN| kintu jahAM vaiSNava paramparA ke anusAra ve nityamukta haiM aura apanI lIlA kA saMharaNa kara goloka meM nivAsa karane lagate haiM vahAM jaina paramparA ke anusAra ve apanI mRtyu ke pazcAt bhaviSya meM AgAmI utsarpiNI meM bharatakSetra meM 12 veM amama nAmaka tIrthaMkara hokara mukti ko prApta kareMge aisA ullekha hai| isa prakAra donoM paramparAeN yadyapi kRSNa ke jIvanavRtta ko apane vivecana kA AdhAra banAtI haiM, phira bhI donoM ne use apane-apane anusAra mor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaisA ki hamane saMketa kiyA hai ki zrIkRSNa ke jIvana meM aisI aneka ghaTanAe~ hai jinakA vivaraNa hameM jaina granthoM meM hI milatA hai, paurANika sAhitya meM nahIM miltaa| zrI kRSNa ke padmottara se hue yuddha ke varNana tathA gajasukumAla ke jIvana kI ghaTanA, unakA neminAtha ke sAtha sambandha Adi aisI ghaTanAe~ haiM jinakA ullekha hindU paramparA meM yA to nahIM hai yA bahuta alpa hai| jabaki jaina paramparA meM inakA vistAra se varNana hai / isa prakAra kRSNa ke sambandha meM jaina kathAnakoM kA apanA vaiziSTya hai| - *

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mUlAcAra : eka adhyayana - mUlAcAra ko Aja digambara jaina paramparA meM AgamasthAnIya grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAtA hai| yaha grantha mukhyata: sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra se sambandhita hai| jaina paramparA meM adhikAMza Agamika sAhitya mukhyataH sAdhu-sAdhvI ke AcAra athavA unake jIvana vRttoM se sambandhita hai| mUlAcAra bhI eka AcAraparaka grantha hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki dhavalA aura jayadhavalA meM isakI gAthAoM ko AcArAMga kI gAthA kahakara uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi AcArAMga bhI muni-AcAra kA grantha hai, phira bhI AcArAMga aura mUlAcAra meM viSayavastu aura prastutIkaraNa kI zailI kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa antara hai| sambhavataH jaba digambara paramparA meM AcArAMga ko lupta mAna liyA gayA, to usake sthAna para mUlAcAra ko hI AcArAMga ke rUpa meM dekhA jAne lgaa| mUlAcAra ke sambandha meM sarvaprathama vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki vaha kisa paramparA kA grantha hai? yaha sunizcita satya hai ki yaha zvetAmbara paramparA kA grantha nahIM hai| isake do kAraNa haiM - prathama to yaha ki yaha muni ke acelakatva para digambara paramparA ke samAna hI bala detA hai| yadyapi AcArAMga Adi kucha prAcIna stara ke zvetAmbara mAnya Agama granthoM meM acelakatva kA ullekha hai, phira bhI ve acelakatva para utanA bala nahIM dete jitanA ki mUlAcAra meM diyA gayA hai| AcArAMga meM acelakatva kA ekAnta rUpa se pratipAdana nahIM huA hai, usake prathama zrutaskandha meM hI muni ke vastragrahaNa sambandhI kucha ullekha bhI pAye jAte haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki digambara paramparA meM use asvIkRta kara usake bhI lupta hone kI ghoSaNA kara dI gyii| mUlAcAra meM muni ke acelakatva para jo bala diyA gayA hai usase spaSTa hai ki yaha grantha zvetAmbara paramparA kA nahIM hai| dUsare mUlAcAra kI bhASA mukhyata: jaina zaurasenI prAkRta hai| yaha bAta bhinna hai ki usa para kahIM-kahIM mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva hai| koI bhI grantha zvetAmbara paramparA meM zaurasenI prAkRta meM nahIM likhA gayA hai, ata: yaha zvetAmbara paramparA kA grantha nahIM ho sktaa| isase svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha prazna uThatA hai ki kyA yaha digambara paramparA kA grantha hai? ise spaSTa rUpa se digambara paramparA kA grantha bhI nahIM kahA jA

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112 sktaa| isameM kucha aise tathya bhI haiM jo digambara paramparA meM mAnya nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha isameM strI-mukti se sambandhita nimna gAthA pAI jAtI hai - evaM vidhANacariyaM caritaM je sAdhavo ya ajjaao| te jagapujjaM kitti suhaM ca ladhdUNa sijhaMti / / isa gAthA meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki 'jo sAdhu-sAdhvI isa prakAra kI caryA kA pAlana karate haiM, ve jagatpUjyatva evaM kIrtisukha ko prApta kara mukti ko prApta karate haiN| yadyapi digambara paramparA ke kucha vidvAnoM ne isa gAthA kI vyAkhyA bhavAntara mukti ke sandarbha meM karake, ise apanI paramparA se sambaddha batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai, jisa para hama Age vistRta carcA kreNge| yahA~ hamArA mantavya itanA hI hai ki yaha gAthA digambara paramparA ke virodha meM avazya jAtI hai| jaina paramparA AcAra pradhAna hai, yadyapi usameM sAdhanApatha meM cAritra ke sAthasAtha jJAna aura darzana (bhakti) ko bhI sthAna prApta hai| kintu ve jaba taka AcaraNa se saMyukta nahIM hote taba taka mokSa kI upalabdhi karAne meM sakSama nahIM mAne gaye haiN| mokSa kI upalabdhi kA antima kAraNa to samyaka cAritra hI mAnA gayA hai| usameM darzana aura jJAna bhI AcaraNa kA aMga hai| svayaM mUlAcAra meM darzana aura jJAna ko bhI pA~ca AcAroM meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jJAna aura darzana mAtra bodha yA AsthA kI vastue~ nahIM haiM, ve bhI jIvana meM jIne ke lie haiN| mUlAcAra meM jJAnAcAra, darzanAcAra, caritrAcAra, tapAcAra aura vIryAcAra ke rUpa meM pA~ca AcAroM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki jaina paramparA AcAra pradhAna hai| puna: jaina AgamoM meM kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI aura vinayavAdI ke rUpa meM cAra prakAra kI dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kA ullekha hai| inameM bhI jaina apane Apa ko kriyAvAdI ke hI nikaTa mAnate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra ke prArambha meM hI mahAvIra ne kahA ki jo AtmA ko aura usake (caturgati meM) saMcaraNa ko arthAt punarjanma ko mAnatA hai, vahI AtmavAdI, lokavAdI, kriyAvAdI aura karmavAdI hai| isa prakAra jaina paramparA AcAra pradhAna siddha hotI hai| isa tathya kA eka anya pramANa yaha bhI hai ki jaina paramparA meM grantha nirmANa kI prakriyA meM sarvaprathama AcArAMga kI racanA huI, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| Aja mahAvIra kI nirgrantha zramaNa paramparA mukhyata: do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara / zvetAmbara paramparA meM Aja bhI jo prAcIna Agamika grantha upalabdha haiM unameM AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, AcAradazA

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mUlAcAra : eka adhyayana : 113 (dazAzrutaskaMdha) vyavahAra kalpa, jItakalpa, nizItha, mahAnizItha, Avazyaka Adi sabhI muni AcAra se sambandhita haiN| kintu durbhAgya se digambara paramparA ke pAsa ina AcAra pradhAna prAcIna granthoM kI kamI hai| paNDita nAthUrAma jI premI ke zabdoM meM digambara paramparA meM muniyoM ke AcAra sambandhI granthoM kI bahuta kamI hai| prAcIna granthoM meM le dekara mUlAcAra hI eka grantha hai jo prAcIna jAna par3atA hai| vIranandi kA AcArazAstra, AzAdhara kA anagAradharmAmRta Adi uttaravartI grantha isIke AdhAra para likhe gaye haiN| mUlAcAra kA digambara paramparA yA acela paramparA meM kitanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai vaha to isase hI siddha ho jAtA hai ki tattvArthasUtra kI digambara TIkAoM tathA SaTakhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM AcArAMga ke nAma se mUlAcAra kI gAthAoM ko hI uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| merI jAnakArI meM sampUrNa digambara jaina sAhitya meM muni AcAra kA pratipAdaka mUlAcAra ko chor3akara anya koI bhI prAcIna grantha nahIM hai| yadyapi yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai ki kyA mUlAcAra vastuta: AcArya kundakunda kI vartamAna digambara jaina paramparA kA grantha ho sakatA hai| isa prazna para hama Age gambhIratA se vicAra kreNge| phira bhI yaha nirvivAda hai ki Aja digambara jaina paramparA ise muni AcAra ke pratipAdaka Agama sthAnIya grantha ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatI hai| isase isa grantha kI mahattA svaMya hI spaSTa ho jAtI hai / yaha bhI prasannatA kA viSaya hai ki pUrva ke tIna saMskaraNoM "muni anantakIrti digambara jaina granthamAlA giragA~va, mumbaI I. san 1919; mANikacanda digambara jaina granthamAlA 1912, zAntisAgara jaina grantha prakAzaka sabhA, phalaTana 1954 I. ke tIna sthAnoM se prakAzita hone ke pazcAt aba yaha mUrtidevI jaina granthamAlA ke antargata bhAratIya jJAnapITha se puna: prakAzita huA hai| jahA~ taka isa grantha ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana kA prazna hai, paM. nAthUrAma premI, paNDita sukhalAla jI saMghavI Adi kucha vidvAnoM ke zodhaparaka lekhoM ke atirikta yaha grantha upekSita hI rhaa| yadyapi ina donoM vidvAnoM ne apane laghu nibandhoM meM isase sambandhita kucha praznoM para atyanta gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai| yaha hamAre lie prasannatA kA viSaya hai ki DaoN. phUlacanda 'premI' ne isa grantha ko apane zodha-prabandha kA viSaya banAyA aura gambhIratA pUrvaka isake vividha pakSoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| isase adhika prasannatA kA viSaya yaha hai ki unakA yaha zodha-prabandha hamAre samakSa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI se prakAzita huA hai| yaha eka bhinna prazna ho sakatA hai ki hama DaoN. phUlacanda 'premI' ke niSkarSoM se kitane aura kitanI sImA taka sahamata haiM,

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114 parantu DaoN. phUlacanda 'premI' kI yaha kRti tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa mAnI jA sakatI hai| jahA~ taka mUlAcAra meM pratipAdita viSayoM ke vivaraNAtmaka vivecana kA prazna hai, maiM koI adhika vistRta vivecana prastuta nahIM karanA cAhatA, yadyapi AcAra ke una sabhI niyamoM ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se paryApta rUpa se vivecana kiyA jAnA apekSita hai, kintu ise bhaviSya ke vivecana ke lie chor3akara maiM kevala grantha svarUpa, granthakAra aura usakI paramparA Adi para hI saMkSepa meM vicAra prastuta karanA caahuuNgaa| yadyapi ina praznoM para DaoN. phUlacanda jaina ne bhI vicAra kiyA hai kintu na to unake vicAroM ko aura na hI mere vicAroM ko aMtima kahA jA sakatA hai| merI apekSA to yahI hai ki isa prakAra ke cintana anucintana se isa grantha ke vividha pakSoM ke adhyayana kI dhArA nirantara pravAhita hotI rhe| vidvAnoM se apekSA hai ki yuktipUrvaka samIkSA ke mAdhyama se isa grantha ke sambandha meM aura adhika prakAza DAlane kA prayatna kreN| mUlAcAra ke kartA sarvaprathama hama isa grantha ke kartA ke sambandha meM vicAra kreNge| mUlAcAra ke kartA ke prazna ko lekara mukhya rUpa se do prakAra kI mAnyatAeM pracalita haiN| kucha loga ise AcArya kundakunda kI kRti mAnate haiM to dUsarI ora kucha loga ise AcArya vaTTakera kI kRti mAnate haiN| jo loga ise AcArya kundakunda kI kRti mAnate haiM unakA eka mAtra AdhAra mUlAcAra kI kucha pratiyoM meM aMtimaprazasti meM "kunkundAcAryapraNItamUlAcArAsya' vivRtti kRtiriyam vasunandInaH zrIzramaNasya" yaha ullekha pAyA jAnA hai| mUlAcAra kI vasunandi ke vRtti ke atirikta muni cintAmaNi kI eka TIkA bhI mUlAcAra para milatI hai| isakI puSpikA meM bhI "kundakundAcAryadeva viracite mUlAcAre" aisA likhA huA hai| ina do ullekhoM ke atirikta mUlAcAra AcArya kundakunda kI kRti hai, aisA kahIM bhI spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai| Azcarya to yaha hai ki mUlAcAra kI vasunandi kI vRtti ke prArambha aura anta meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se isake kartA zrI vaTTakerAcArya kA ullekha milatA hai| jaba svayaM vRttikAra hI ise zrImadAcArya vaTTakera praNIta mUlAcAra ullekha karatA hai to phira isa zaMkA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM rahatA ki yaha vaTTakera kI kRti nahIM hai aura taba paravartI kisI lipikAra ke dvArA grantha ke anta meM kunkunda kA nAma ullekha kara dene mAtra se ise kundakunda kA grantha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| muni cintAmaNI nAyaka kI jo mUlAcAra para TIkA upalabdha hai, vaha vasanandi ke bAda kI hai aura usakI prati bhI prAcIna nahIM hai| ata: usakI puSpikA meM kundakunda kA

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mUlAcAra : eka adhyayana : 115 ullekha mUlAcAra ke kartA ke rUpa meM honA adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha mAtra digambara paramparA meM kundakunda ke prati jo zraddhAtireka hai usakA hI pariNAma kahA jA sakatA hai| hama eka bAta aura yahA~ spaSTa kara denA cAheMge ki yadi " bArassa aNuvekravA" ko chor3akara kundakunda ke anya sabhI granthoM kI kula 21 gAthAeM mUlAcAra meM samasta rUpa se pAyI jAtI haiM to isa AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAla lenA ki yaha AcArya kundakunda kI kRti hai, kisI bhI dRSTi se ucita nahIM hai / punaH kundakunda ke granthoM kI jo gAthAe~ mUlAcAra meM milatI haiM unameM se aneka zvetAmbara granthoM meM bhI milatI haiN| yadi isI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI 65 gAthAeM samAna haiM, kintu kyA isa samAnatA ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUlAcAra zivArya kI racanA hai| isase bhI aura mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke prakIrNakoM aura Avazyaka niryukti kI 300 se adhika gAthAeM mUlAcAra meM upalabdha hotI haiM to kyA isa AdhAra para yaha mAna liyA jAe ki yaha zvetAmbara paramparA ke kisI AcArya kI kRti hai| mAtra 21 gAthAoM kI samAnatA ko lekara ise kundakunda kI kRti batAnA samucita nahIM hai| digambara paramparA ke bahuzruta vidvAna paM. nAthUrAmajI premI ne aneka sabala tarkoM ke AdhAra para yaha spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki yaha grantha kundakunda kA to ho hI nahIM sakatA, apitu unakI paramparA kA bhI grantha nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA to hama grantha kI paramparA para vicAra karate samaya kareMge aura batAyeMge ki yaha grantha kundakunda kI paramparA kA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yahA~ to mAtra premIjI ke zabdoM meM itanA hI kahanA cAheMge ki " ina saba bAtoM se mUlAcAra kundakunda kI paramparA kA grantha nahIM mAlUma hotA hai| vidvAnoM se nivedana hai ki vaTTakera ko kundakunda banAne kA prayatna na karake isa grantha kA jarA aura gaharAI se adhyayana karake yathArtha ko samajhane kI ceSTA kreN| yaha suspaSTa hai ki mUlAcAra ke kartA kundakunda nahIM haiN"| mUlAcAra ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana ke kartA svayaM DaoN. phUlacanda jaina 'premI' bhI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki "uparyukta samAnatAoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUlAcAra aura AcArya kundakunda dvArA racita granthoM meM kucha samAnatAeM avazya haiM phira bhI mUlAcAra aura AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM ke gahana adhyetA vidvAna bhI mUlAcAra ko AcArya kundakunda dvArA racita nahIM kaha skte|" isase phalita to yahI hotA hai ki unakI dRSTi se bhI mUlAcAra ke kartA kundakunda usI mUlasaMgha ke pradhAna AcArya the, jisa paramparA meM unake pazcAt AcArya vaTTakera hue, jinhoMne usI paramparA ke poSaka zramaNoM ke

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116 lie AcAra-vyavahAra kA eka saccA evaM suvyavasthita saMvidhAna mUlAcAra ke rUpa meM lipibaddha kiyA aura mUlasaMgha kI avicchina tathA ucca paramparA kA sAkSAta darzana karAne vAle usa grantha kA nAma mUlAcAra rkhaa| DaoN. phUlacanda 'premI' kI dRSTi se vaTTakera aura AcArya kundakunda donoM hI eka hI paramparA ke poSaka haiN| ataH mUlAcAra meM kundakunda ke granthoM kA prabhAva unakI dRSTi meM Azcarya kA viSaya nahIM hai| ve yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se mAnate haiM ki vaTTakera kundakunda ke pazcAtvartI the| isa sambandha meM merA unase matabheda hai| svayaM mUlAcAra meM hI aise aneka tathya upasthita haiM, jisase mUlAcAra ko kundakunda kI paramparA kA grantha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isapara hama Age carcA kareMge / yahA~ hamArA pratipAdya mAtra yahI hai ki AcArya vaTTakera ko hI mUlAcAra kA praNetA mAnA jA sakatA hai| mUlAcAra kI hastalikhita pratiyoM meM aura usakI vRtti meM vaTTakera aura kundakunda donoM ke hI ullekha milane se digambara paramparA ke kucha vidvAnoM ne yaha anumAna lagA liyA ki vaTTakera aura kundakunda eka hI vyakti hoNge| yahA~ taka ki unhoMne vaTTakera ko kundakunda kA vizeSaNa siddha karane kA bhI prayatna kiyA aura 'vaTTaka' kA artha pravartaka aura 'irA' kA artha vANI batA diyA / kintu ve apanI isa vyAkhyA ke vyAmoha meM yaha bAta bhUla gaye ki 'vaTTakera' zabda saMskRta yA prAkRta kA zabda nahIM hai| zrI AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye spaSTa rUpa se isa prayatna ko anucita batAte hue kahate haiM ki yaha saba tarka - kauzala aura zabdakauzala mAtra hai / 'vaTTakera' zabda saMskRta se niSpanna hai yA nahIM, jaba isI meM saMdeha hai to usakI saMskRta vyutpatti denA kevala Agraha hai / unhoMne isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki 'vaTTakera' zabda kannar3a bhASA kA zabda hai aura yaha sthAnasUcaka zabda hai "vaTTa" zabda kA artha parvata aura 'kerI' zabda kA artha rAstA yA galI hotA hai| ata: 'vaTTakera' zabda parvata ke samIpa tAlAba se yukta kisI sthAna yA gAMva kA nAma ho sakatA hai athavA vaha kisI mohalle kA nAma ho sakatA hai| kArIkala ke padmAvatI devI ke maMdira ke eka abhilekha meM "vaTTakerI" gAMva kA do bAra ullekha AyA hai / yaha abhilekha zaka saMvat 1397 kA hai| isase yaha nizcita ho jAtA hai ki vaTTakerI nAma kA koI gAMva 15vIM zatAbdI meM astitvavAna thA, sambhavata: mUlAcAra ke kartA isI gAMva ke nivAsI rahe hoNge| dakSiNa meM vyakti ke nAma ke prArambha meM gAMva ke nAma kA ullekha karane kI paramparA Aja bhI hai| ata: paM. nAthUrAma premI kA yaha anumAna ucita hI hai ki mUlAcAra ke kartA vaTTakera apane gAMva ke nAma se hI prasiddha haiN| unakA mUla nAma kyA thA aba vismRti ke garbha meM calA gayA hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM maiM nAthUrAma premI aura mUlAcAra ke samIkSAtmaka

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mUlAcAra : eka adhyayana : 117 adhyayana ke lekhaka DaoN. phUlacanda jaina se isa sambandha meM pUrNatayA sahamata hU~ ki mUlAcAra ke kartA AcArya kundakunda aura vaTTakera eka hI vyakti nahIM haiM aura AcArya vaTTakera hI isa grantha ke praNetA haiN| kyA mUlAcAra saMgraha grantha hai ? kyA mulAcAra saMgraha grantha hai? yadyapi paramparAgata rUpa se yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki AcArya vaTTakera mUlAcAra ke racayitA haiM, kintu vRttikAra vasunandi ko chor3akara anyatra kahIM bhI isa grantha ke kartA ke rUpa meM vaTTakera kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| grantha ke Adi aura anta meM bhI lekhaka ne kahIM bhI apane nAma kA saMketa nahIM diyA hai| ata: kucha vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM yaha vicAra AyA ki vastutaH mUlAcAra kA lekhaka koI nahIM hai| ise saMgraha grantha mAnane vAloM kI paramparA meM paM. paramAnandajI, paM. narottama zAstrI aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke muni darzanavijayajI aura paM. sukhalAlajI kA ullekha huA hai| inameM paM. paramAnanda jI apanI pUrva mAnyatA kA khaNDana karake ise AcArya vaTTakera kI maulika kRti mAnate haiN| isa sambandha meM unhoMne apanA eka vistRta lekha "anekAnta" varSa 12, kiraNa 11 meM prakAzita kiyA hai| yadyapi paM. sukhalAlajI aura muni darzanavijayajI ise saMgraha grantha mAnate haiM kintu saMgraha grantha mAnane kA AdhAra yaha hai ki isameM AgamoM, niyuktiyoM, prakIrNakoM se adhikAMza gAthAeM lI gaI haiN| isakI 300 se adhika gAthAeM uttarAdhyayana, Avazyakaniyukti, piMDaniyukti, jIvasamAsa, mahApaccakkhANa, AurapaccakhAna aura yApanIya paramparA ke grantha bhagavatIArAdhanA se yathAvata rUpa se milatI haiN| isa prazna para hama alaga se carcA kareMge ki ye gAthAeM mUlAcAra ke kartA ne ina granthoM se lI hai athavA mUlAcAra se ye gAthAeM una granthoM meM gaI haiN| vastuta: mUlAcAra se ina gAthAoM kA niyukti Adi meM jAne kA prazna isalie nahIM uThatA hai ki mUlAcArakAra svayaM hI "Avasaya nijjuttiM vocchAmi" kahakara hI ina gAthAoM kA ullekha karatA hai| ata: yaha mAnanA ki niyukti Adi ke racanAkAroM ne mUlAcAra se ye gAthAeM lI hoMgI, kadApi sambhava nahIM hai| mAtra yahI nahIM mUlAcAra ke pUre ke pUre adhyAya isa bAta ke sUcaka haiM ki ve kisI eka grantha vizeSa se saMkalita haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM "Atura pratyAkhyAna" kI 70 gAthAoM meM 60 gAthAeM mUlAcAra ke vratapratyAkhyAna meM samAna yA alpAdhika antara se milatI haiN| SaDAvazyaka meM Avazyakaniryakti kI gAthAeM haiN| paMcAcAra adhikAra meM uttarAdhyayana aura bhagavatIArAdhanA kI gAthAeM adhika haiN| piNDavizuddhi adhikAra meM piNDavizuddhi nAmaka zvetAmbara grantha kI aneka gAthAeM milatI haiN| uttarAdhyayana ke samAcArI

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118 adhyayana se bhI kacha gAthAeM milatI haiN| ata: ina AdhAroM para yahI mAnanA hogA ki ye gAthAeM mUlAcArakAra ne anya granthoM se hI lI haiN| jaba vaha Avazyakaniyukti ko kahane kI pratijJA karake Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthAeM prastuta karatA hai, to isase phalita yahI hotA hai ki vaha na kevala usa grantha se paricita hai, apita use hI prastuta bhI kara rahA hai| isI prakAra mUlAcAra meM "jadaM care jadaM ciThe" ke rUpa meM dazavaikAlika kI gAthAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM to hama yaha to nahIM kaha sakate ki dazavaikAlika meM ye gAthAe~ mUlAcAra se lI gaI haiM, kyoMki bhASA, bhAva, racayitA Adi kI dRSTi se vidvAnoM ko isa sambandha meM koI Apatti nahIM honI cAhie ki dazavaikAlika mUlAcAra se prAcIna hai| ata: itanA to nizcita hai ki isa grantha meM anya granthoM kI gAthAoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| mUlAcAra meM aneka gAthAeM aisI haiM jo do-do bAra AI haiN| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki mUlAcAra eka saMgraha grantha hai| puna: mUlAcAra meM aneka gAthAoM meM spaSTa antarvirodha hai, isase bhI yaha phalita hotA hai ki vaha saMgraha grantha hai| kintu isase yaha nahIM mAna lenA cAhie ki grantha kartA ne apanI maulikatA kA koI paricaya hI nahIM diyA hai| spaSTata: mUlAcAra eka uddezyapUrNa racanA hai| usameM muni AcAra ke pratipAdana ke uddezya ko lekara hI gAthAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, mujhe yaha mAnane meM bhI koI Apatti nahIM hai ki usakI aneka gAthAeM svayaM kartA kI racanA ho sakatI haiN| vastuta: jisa prakAra eka mAlI vibhinna kusumoM kA saMcaya karake eka suniyojita uddezya se kisI viziSTa mAlA kA nirmANa karatA hai usI prakAra AcArya vaTTakera ne isa grantha kI racanA kii| ata: nirNaya rUpa meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya vaTTakera ne vibhinna granthoM se sAmagrI kA saMkalana karake eka suniyojita DhaMga se apanI paramparA ke muniyoM ke AcAra ke lie isa grantha kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| jina vidvAnoM ko ise saMgraha grantha mAnane meM Apatti hotI hai ve kabhI-kabhI aisA vicitra tarka dete haiM ki bhadrabAhu zrutakevalI taka digambara-zvetAmbara jaise bhedoM kI sRSTi nahIM huI thI, usa samaya taka bhagavAna mahAvIra kA zAsana yathAjAtamudrA rUpa meM hI cala rahA thA, unake dvArA racita niyuktiyAM usa samaya sAdhu samAja meM pracalita thIM, khAsakara unake ziSyoM-praziSyoM meM unakA paThana-pAThana barAbara cala rahA thaa| aisI sthiti meM mUlAcAra meM kucha gAthAoM kI samAnatA para se AdAnapradAna kI kalpanA karanA saMgata nahIM jAna par3atA / Azcarya isa bAta ko lekara hotA hai ki yadi digambara paramparA meM niyuktiyoM kA paThana-pAThana barAbara cala rahA thA to phira ve acAnaka lupta kaise ho gaIM aura digambara paramparA meM pracalita tattvArthasUtra

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mUlAcAra : eka adhyayana : 119 kI vyAkhyAoM meM athavA anya TIkAoM meM unake uddharaNa kyoM nahIM Aye? punaH jo bhadrabAhu digambara zvetAmbara ke vibhAjana ke pUrva hue haiM, ve bhadrabAhu niyuktiyoM ke racanAkAra nahIM haiM, ve anya bhadrabAhu kI racanAe~ haiM, kyoMki svayaM niyuktiyoM meM hI unhoMne bhadrabAhu kI vandanA kI hai| yaha to sambhava nahIM thA ki lekhaka svaMya hI apane ko praNAma kre| ata: yaha nizcita hai ki na kevala mUlAcAra meM niyuktiyoM aura prakIrNakoM kI gAthAeM sammilita kI gaI haiM, apitu usakI racanA bhI inake bAda kI hI hai| yadi niyuktiyAM digambara paramparA meM mAnya aura pracalita thIM, to aisA kauna sA kAraNa upasthita ho gayA ki usa paramparA ne una niyuktiyoM kA tyAga kara diyaa| yadi yaha kahA jAe ki jina granthoM para ye niryaktiyAM thIM una granthoM ke lupta ho jAne se ye niyuktiyAM bhI lupta ho gaI hoM to yaha yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| kyoMki aneka grantha lupta ho gaye aura unakI vyAkhyAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha haiM, puna: yadi yaha mAnA jAe ki jina granthoM para niyuktiyAM likhI gaIM unheM asvIkAra kara dene ke kAraNa unakI niyuktiyoM ko bhI asvIkAra kara diyA, to isakA phalita yaha hogA ki ve niyuktiyAM unakI apanI paramparA kI nahIM thiiN| mUlAcAra aura usakI paramparA mUlAcAra ko vartamAna digambara jaina paramparA meM Agama sthAnIya grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAtA hai| yaha grantha mukhyata: acela paramparA ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra se sambandhita hai| yaha bhI nirvivAda satya hai ki digambara paramparA meM isa grantha kA utanA hI mahattva hai jitanA ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM AcArAMga kaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki dhavalA aura jayadhavalA (dasavIM zatAbdI) meM isakI gAthAoM ko AcArAMga kI gAthA kahakara uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara paramparA meM jaba AcArAMga ko lupta mAna liyA gayA hai to usake sthAna para mUlAcAra ko hI AcArAMga ke rUpa meM dekhA jAne lgaa| vastuta: AcArAMga ke prAcInatama aMza prathama zrutaskaMdha meM acelatA kA pratipAdana hote hue bhI muni ke vastra grahaNa sambandhI kucha ullekha, phira cAhe ve ApavAdika sthiti ke kyoM na hoM, pAye hI jAte haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki acelakatva para atyadhika bala dene vAlI digambara paramparA apane sampradAya meM ise mAnya na kara sakI aura usake sthAna para mUlAcAra ko hI apanI paramparA kA muni AcAra sambandhI grantha mAna liyaa| AryikA jJAnamatI jI ne bhAratIya jJAnapITha se prakAzita mUlAcAra kI bhUmikA meM yaha likhA hai ki AcArAMga ke AdhAra para caudaha sau gAthAoM meM granthakartA ne isa grantha kI racanA kI; kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yaha grantha AcArAMga aura vizeSa rUpa se usake prAcInatama aMza prathama zrutaskaMdha ke AdhAra para to bilakula

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120 hI nahIM likhA gayA hai| jina granthoM ke AdhAra para mUlAcAra kI racanA haI hai ve zvetAmbara paramparA ke mAnya bRhatpratyAkhyAna, AturapratyAkhyAna, Avazyakaniyukti, jIvasamAsa Adi haiM jinakI saikar3oM gAthAe~ zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa ke sAtha isameM gRhIta haiN| vastuta: mUlAcAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya niyuktiyoM, prakIrNakoM kI viSayavastu evaM sAmagrI se nirmita hai| digambara paramparA ise apanI paramparA kA grantha mAnatI hai, kintu digambara paramparA ke bahuzruta vidvAna paM. nAthUrAmajI premI ne nimna ATha AdhAroM para ise kundakunda kI digambara jaina paramparA se bhinna paramparA kA grantha sthApita kiyA hai 1. mUlAcAra aura bhagavatIArAdhanA kI pacAsoM gAthAeM eka sI aura samAna abhiprAya ko prakaTa karane vAlI haiN| ata: yaha grantha bhagavatIArAdhAnA kI paramparA kA hai| 2. mUlAcAra kI "acelakuddesIya" Adi dasa kalpoM kI jo gAthAeM haiM, ve gAthAeM mUlAcAra aura bhagavatIArAdhanA meM samAna rUpa se pAyI jAtI haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA ke "jItakalpabhASya", niyuktiyoM aura TIkAgranthoM meM bhI ye upalabdha haiN| "prameyakamala mArtaNDa" ke strImuktivicAra meM prabhAcandra ne inakA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA kI gAthA ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| 3. mUlAcAra kI "sejjAgAsaNIsejjA" (391) nAmaka gAthA bhI mUla ArAdhanA (307) se milatI hai| isameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki vaiyAvRtti karane vAlA muni rugNa muni kA AhAra auSadhi se upakAra kare (AhAra lAkara dene kI paramparA digambara munivarga meM pracalita nahIM hai, vaha zvetAmbara yA yApanIyoM kI hI paramparA hai)| 4. bhagavatIArAdhanA kI 144 vIM gAthA ke samAna isakI 387 vI gAthA meM AcAradazA, jItakalpa Adi kA ullekha hai, jo yApanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke mAnya grantha haiM aura Aja bhI upalabdha haiN| 5. mUlAcAra kI gAthA 277, 278, 279 meM saMyamI muni aura AryikAoM ko cAra prakAra ke sUtra kAla zuddhi Adi ke binA nahIM par3hanA caahiye| inase anya ArAdhanA, niyukti, maraNa-vibhakti, saMgraha, stuti, pratyAkhyAna, Avazyaka aura dharmakathA Adi par3hanA caahiye| ye saba grantha mUlAcAra ke kartA ke samakSa the, parantu kundakunda kI paramparA ke sAhitya meM ina granthoM ke nAma upalabdha nahIM hai, mAtra yahI nahIM usa paramparA meM ina granthoM ke par3hane kI koI paramparA rahI

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mUlAcAra : eka adhyayana : 121 ho, aisA bhI kahIM saMketa upalabdha nahIM hotA (isa sambandha meM maiMne alaga se vicAra kiyA hai jise Age dekhA jA sakatA hai)| 6. mUlAcAra meM 22 tIrthakara sAmAyika saMyama kA upadeza dete haiM kintu RSabha, mahAvIra chedopasthApanIya kA upadeza dete haiN| isI prakAra prathama aura aMtima tIrthaMkara sapratikramaNa dharma kA pratipAdana karate haiM jabaki madhyama ke 22 tIrthakara aparAdha hone para pratikramaNa kA vidhAna karate haiN| ye donoM gAthAeM bhadrabAhu kRta Avazyaka niyukti meM bhI haiM aura vaha zvetAmbara grantha hai| digambara paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM kI AcAra paramparA meM bheda hotA hai, aisI mAnyatA hI nahIM hai, ata: yaha grantha unakI paramparA se bhinna hai| 7. Avazyakaniyukti kI 80 gAthAeM mUlAcAra meM bhI haiN| mUlAcAra meM pratyeka Avazyaka kA kathana karate samaya yaha kahA gayA hai ki prastuta Avazyaka para samAsa se arthAt saMkSepa meM niyukti kahU~gA, avazya hI artha sUcaka hai, kyoMki sampUrNa mUlAcAra meM Avazyaka adhikAra ko chor3akara anya prakaraNoM meM niyukti' zabda zAyada hI AyA ho| SaDAvazyaka ke anta meM bhI isa adhyAya ko niyukti ke nAma se hI nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai| vaise to premIjI ne mAtra bhagavatIArAdhanA se isakI gAthAoM kI samarUpatA kI carcA kI hai, parantu bAta yahIM samApta nahIM hotii| mUlAcAra meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya aneka granthoM kI gAthAyeM samAna rUpa se upalabdha hotI haiN| unameM zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI athavA mahArASTrI ke antara ke atirikta kahIM kisI prakAra kA antara bhI nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke bRhatpratyAkhyAna nAmaka dvitIya adhikAra meM adhikAMza gAthAyeM mahApaccakkhANa aura AurapaccakkhANa se milatI haiN| mUlAcAra ke bRhat pratyAkhyAna aura saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna ina donoM adhikAroM meM kramazaH 71 aura 14 gAthAyeM arthAt kula 85 gAthAe~ haiN| inameM se 70 gAthAyeM to AturapratyAkhyAna nAmaka zvetAmbara paramparA ke prakIrNaka se milatI haiN| zeSa 15 gAthAoM meM bhI kucha mahApaccakkhANa evaM candrAvedhyaka meM mila jAtI haiN| ye grantha zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakIrNakoM ke rUpa meM Aja bhI svIkArya haiN| punaH adhyAya kA nAmakaraNa bhI unhIM granthoM ke AdhAra para hai| isI prakAra mUlAcAra ke SaDAvazyaka adhikAra kI 192 gAthAoM meM se 80 gAthAyeM Avazyakaniyukti meM samAna rUpa se upalabdha haiN| isake atirikta isI adhikAra meM pAThabheda ke sAtha uttarAdhyayana, anuyogadvAra aura dazavaikAlika se aneka gAthAyeM milatI haiN| paMcAcAraadhikAra meM sabase adhika 222 gAthAyeM haiN| isakI 50 se adhika gAthAyeM uttarAdhyayana aura jIvasamAsa nAmaka zvetAmbara grantha meM samAna rUpa se pAyI jAtI

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122 haiN| isameM jo SaDjIva nikAya kA vivecana hai usakI adhikAMza gAthAyeM uttarAdhyayana ke 36 veM adhyAya, prajJApanA, Avazyakaniyukti aura jIvasamAsa meM haiN| isI prakAra pAMca samiti, gupti Adi kA jo vivecana upalabdha hotA hai vaha bhI uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika meM kiMcit bheda ke sAtha upalabdha hotA hai| mUlAcAra ke piNDazuddhi adhikAra kI 83 gAthAoM meM se kucha gAthAyeM zvetAmbara paramparA kI piNDaniryukti nAmaka grantha meM yathAvat upalabdha hotI haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mUlAcAra kI adhikAMza sAmagrI zvetAmbara paramparA ke uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, piNDaniryukti, AurapaccakkhANa, mahApaccakkhANa, Avazyakaniryukti, candrAvedhyaka Adi zvetAmbara paramparA ke mAnya granthoM se saMkalita haiN| Azcarya to yaha lagatA hai ki hamArI digambara paramparA ke vidvAna mUlAcAra meM kundakunda ke granthoM se mAtra 21 gAthAyeM samAna rUpa se upalabdha hone para ise kundakunda kI kRti siddha karane kA sAhasa karate haiM aura jisa paramparA ke granthoM se isakI AdhI se adhika gAthAyeM samAna rUpa se milatI haiM usake sAtha isakI nikaTatA ko bhI dRSTi se ojhala kara dete haiN| mUlAcAra kI racanA usI paramparA meM sambhava ho sakatI hai jisa paramparA meM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniryukti, piNDaniryukti, mahApaccakkhANa, AurapaccakkhANa Adi granthoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA rahI hai| navIna khojoM se yaha spaSTa ho cukA hai ki yApanIya paramparA meM ina granthoM kA adhyayana hotA thA / mUlAcAra kI bhASA yaha spaSTa hai ki mUlAcAra kI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta hai phira bhI kundakunda ke granthoM kI zaurasenI prAkRta aura mUlAcAra kI zaurasenI prAkRta meM thor3A antara parilakSita hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa me mUlAcAra ke paMcAcAra adhikAra kI 50 vIM gAthA ke tIna caraNa lagabhaga samAna haiM kintu cauthA bhinna hai| ve gAthAeM isa prakAra haiM - rAgI baMdhai kammaM muccaI jIvo virAga saMpaNNo / eso jiNovaeso samAsado, baMdhamokravANaM // 50 // (mUlAcAra- paMcAcArAdhikAra) ratto baMdhadi kammaM muMcadijIvo virAgasaMpaNNo / eso jiNovadeso, tamhA kammesu, mA rajja / / 150 / / ( samayasAra ) yadi hama ina donoM gAthAoM para vicAra karate haiM to dekhate haiM ki mUlAcAra kI zaurasenI para ardhamAgadhI evaM mahArASTrI kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| mUlAcAra kI gAthA meM rAgI, baMdhaI, muccaI, jiNovaeso ye cAro zabda mahArASTrI prAkRta ke anusAra

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mUlAcAra : eka adhyayana : 123 hai| jabaki samayasAra meM ratto, baMdhadi, muMcadi, jiNovadeso - ye cAro zabda vizuddha rUpa se zaurasenI prAkRta ke rUpa haiN| mUlAcAra meM madhyavartI 'ta' ke sthAna para 'da' na hokara 'ya zruti' kA pAyA jAnA yaha sUcita karatA hai ki usake lekhaka para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva hai| isI prakAra mUlAcAra ke mUla guNa adhikAra kI 12vIM gAthA aura 'niyamasAra' kI 62vIM gAthA bhI lagabhaga samAna hai| yadyapi inameM kucha bhinnatA bhI hai, isa gAthA meM jahA~ mUlAcAra meM 'saparihariM' zabda kA prayoga hai vahA~ niyamasAra meM 'saparahidaM' kA prayoga hai| yahA~ bhI mUlAcAra meM mahArASTrI kA prabhAva spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| mUlAcAra paMcAcArAdhikAra kI 28vIM evaM 131vIM gAthA meM jahA~ 'lippai' zabda hai, vahIM 'lippadi' zabda bhI hai| eka hI grantha meM yaha bhASA ke svarUpa kA bheda vicAraNIya hai| yadyapi isI prakAra kA bhASA-bheda kandakanda ke granthoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| jahA~ kundakunda ke granthoM meM kucha sthaloM para mahArASTrI prabhAvita rUpa milA hai, vahA~ mUlAcAra meM zuddha zaurasenI rUpa bhI milA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM caritrapAhur3a kI 34vIM gAthA meM 'vIrao' rUpa hai vahIM mUlAcAra ke paMcAcArAdhikAra meM 'vIradi' rUpa hai| svayaM mUlAcAra meM bhI ardhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI ke sAtha zaurasenI ke rUpa bhI milate haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM samAcArAdhikAra kI 162vI gAthA meM 'Aesassa' pATha hai, jisakA saMskRta rUpa 'Agatasya' hai vahIM 163vIM gAthA meM 'Agantya hai| isI prakAra 'vratapratyAkhyAna saMstarastavAdhikAra' kI gAthA 56 meM 'bhaNadi' rUpa hai| vahIM usI kI gAthA 59vIM gAthA meM mahArASTrI kA 'bhaNati' rUpa hai| isI adhikAra kI gAthA 76 meM 'paMDiyamaraNa' rUpa hai, jabaki gAthA 77 meM 'paMDidamaraNaM' rUpa milatA hai| Azcarya yaha bhI hai ki usake pUrva 76vIM gAthA ke prathama caraNa meM 'jAti' kA 'jAdi' rUpa prayukta hai| 57vIM gAthA meM 'lahai' rUpa AyA hai, jabaki 118vIM gAthA meM 'lahadi' rUpa hai| 'lahaI' zuddha rUpa se mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prayoga hai| gAthA 101 ke prathama, dvitIya caraNa meM 'maridatvaM' pATha hai, Azcarya yaha bhI hai ki isI gAthA ke anta meM (101 vI gAthA meM) 'mariyavvaM' rUpa bhI hai| gAthA 103 meM 'hoi' rUpa kA prayoga hai, jabaki anyatra aneka gAthAoM meM 'hodi' rUpa hai| gAthA 117 meM 'chindai' rUpa milatA hai jabaki anyatra 'chindadi' rUpa kA bhI prayoga huA hai| kevala prArambhika tIna adhyayanoM se hI ye udAharaNa diye haiN| sampUrNa grantha meM isa prakAra ke aneka rUpa jo mahArASTrI ardhamAgadhI se prabhAvita haiM, dekhe jA sakate haiN| isa AdhAra para hamArA pratipAdya mAtra itanA hI hai ki isa grantha ke nirmANa meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM, prakIrNakoM, niyuktiyoM Adi kA pUrA upayoga huA hai|

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA cArvAka yA lokAyata darzana kA bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM bhautikavAdI darzana ke rUpa meM viziSTa sthAna hai| bhAratIya cintana meM bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kI upasthiti ke sAhityika pramANa ati prAcIna kAla se hI upalabdha hone lagate haiN| bhArata kI pratyeka dhArmika evaM dArzanika cintanadhArA ne usakI samAlocanA bhI kI hai| jaina dharma evaM darzana ke granthoM meM bhI isa bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kA pratipAdana evaM usakI samIkSA ati prAcIna kAla se hI milane lagatI hai| jaina dhArmika evaM dArzanika sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke yuga se lekara Aja taka lagabhaga 2500 varSa kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM isa vicAradhArA kI prastuti evaM samAlocanA hotI rahI hai| isa samagra vistRta carcA ko prastuta nibandha meM sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH hama prAcIna prAkRta Agama sAhitya taka hI apanI isa carcA ko sImiti rkheNge| prAcIna prAkRta jaina Agama sAhitya meM RSibhASita eka aisA grantha hai, jo cArvAka darzana ko bhautikavAdI aura svArthaparaka anaitika jIvana draSTi kA samarthaka na mAnakara use eka mUlyaparaka sadAcArI jIvana-dRSTi kA sampoSaka aura bhAratIya zramaNa saMskRti kA aMga mAnatA hai| prAcInatama prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM mukhyatayA AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana aura RSibhASita ko samAhita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha I.pU. pA~cavIM zatI se lekara I.pU. tIsarI ke bIca nirmita hue haiM, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| isake atirikti upAMga sAhitya ke eka grantha rAjapraznIya ko bhI hamane isa carcA meM samAhita kiyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki rAjapraznIya kA vaha bhAga jo cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa aura samIkSA karatA hai, eka to cArvAka darzana ke pUrvapakSa kI sthApanA evaM usakI samIkSA donoM hI dRSTi se ati samRddha hai, dUsare ati prAcIna bhI mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki ThIka yahI carcA hameM bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM bhagavAna buddha aura rAjA payAsI ke madhya hone kA ullekha milatA hai| jaina paramparA meM isa carcA ko pApitya paramparA ke bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AcArya kezIkumAra zramaNa aura rAjA payAsI ke madhya tathA bauddha tripiTaka meM

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 125 bhagavAna buddha aura rAjA payAsI ke bIca sampanna huA batAyA gayA haiN| yadyapi kucha jaina AcAryoM ne payesI kA saMskRta rUpa pradezI mAna liyA hai kintu devavAcaka, siddhasenagaNi, malayagiri aura municandrasUri' ne payAsI kA saMskRta rUpa prasenajita hI mAnA hai, jo aitihAsika dRSTi se adhika prAmANika lagatA hai| prasenajita ko zvetAmbikA (seyaMviyA) nagarI kA rAjA batAyA gayA hai jo itihAsasiddha hai| unakA sArathI citta kezIkumAra ko zrAvastI se yahAM kevala isIliye lekara AyA thA ki rAjA kI bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi ko parivartita kiyA jA ske| kathAvastu kI prAcInatA, prAmANikatA tathA tArkikatA kI dRSTi se hI ise bhI prastuta vivecana meM samAhita kiyA gayA hai| 3 prastuta vivecanA meM mukhyarUpa se cArvAka darzana ke tajjIvataccharIravAda evaM usakI paraloka tathA puNya-pApa kI avadhAraNAoM kI pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha samIkSAeM bhI prastuta kI gaI haiN| inameM bhI RSibhASita (I.pU. cauthI zatI) meM cArvAkoM kI jIvana-dRSTi kA jo prastutIkaraNa hai, vaha uparyukta vivaraNa se kucha viziSTa prakAra kA hai / usameM daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenokkala, desokkala, savvokkala ke nAma se inake jina pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha hai, vaha bhI anyatra kisI bhI bhAratIya dArzanika sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM haiN| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha evaM rAjapraznIya meM cArvAka darzana kI sthApanA aura khaNDana, donoM ke lie jo tarka prastuta kiye gaye haiM ve bhI mahattvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiM / prAkRta Agamika - vyAkhyA sAhitya meM mukhyataH vizeSAvazyakabhASya (chaThI zatI) ke gaNadharavAda meM cArvAka darzana kI vibhinna mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA - mahAvIra aura gautama Adi 11 gaNadharoM ke madhya hue vAda-vivAda ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai, vaha bhI dArzanika dRSTi se ati mahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai| anya Agamika saMskRta TIkAoM (10vIM - 11vIM zatI) meM bhI cArvAka darzana kI jaina dArzanikoM dvArA kI gaI samIkSAoM meM dArzanika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI upalabdha hai| cUrNi, vRtti, TIkA Adi ke atirikta jaina dArzanika granthoM meM bhI bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi kI samIkSAeM upalabdha haiN| kintu ina sabako to kisI eka svatantra grantha meM hI sameTA jA sakatA hai| ata: isa nibandha kI sImA maryAdAoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue hama apanI vivecanA ko pUrva nirdezita prAcIna stara ke prAkRta AgamoM taka hI sImita rkheNge| AcArAMga meM lokasaMjJA ke rUpa meM lokAyata darzana kA nirdeza jaina AgamoM meM AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha atiprAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM kI aisI mAnyatA hai ki isa grantha meM svayaM mahAvIra ke vacanoM kA saMkalana

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126 huA hai| isakA racanAkAla cauthI - pA~cavIM zatAbdI I.pU. mAnA jAtA hai / AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se lokAyata darzana kA ullekha to nahIM hai, kintu isa grantha ke prArambha meM hI lokAyata darzana kI punarjanma kA niSedha karane vAlI avadhAraNA kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| sUtra ke prArambha meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha logoM ko yaha jJAta nahIM hotA ki merI AtmA aupapAtika ( punarjanma karane vAlI ) hai, maiM kahA~ se AyA hU~ aura yahA~ se apanA jIvana samApta karake kahA~ janma grahaNa karUMgA ? sUtrakAra kahatA hai ki vyakti ko yaha jAnanA cAhie ki merI AtmA aupapAtika (punarjanma grahaNa karane vAlI) hai, jo ina dizAoM aura vidizAoM meM saMcaraNa karatI hai aura maiM bhI aisA hI haeNU, vastutaH jo yaha jAnatA hai - vahI AtmavAdI, lokavAdI, karmavAdI aura kriyAvAdI haiM / " isa prakAra isa grantha ke prArambha meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke viruddha cAra bAtoM kI sthApanA kI gaI hai - AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyAvAda / AtmA kI svatantra aura nitya sattA ko svIkAra karanA AtmavAda hai| saMsAra ko yathArtha mAnakara AtmA ko loka meM janma-maraNa karane vAlA samajhanA lokavAda hai| zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phaloM meM vizvAsa karanA karmavAda hai| AtmA ko zubhAzubha karmoM kA kartA bhoktA evaM pariNAmI (parivartanazIla) mAnanA kriyAvAda hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga meM lokasaMjJA kA parityAga karake ina siddhAntoM meM vizvAsa karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki AcArAMga meM lokAyata yA cArvAka darzana kA nirdeza loka saMjJA ke rUpa meM huA haiN| ' lokasaMjJA se hI lokAyata nAmakaraNa huA hogaa| yadyapi isa grantha meM ina mAnyatAoM kI samAlocanA to kI gaI hai kintu usakI koI tArkika bhUmikA prastuta nahIM kI gaI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM lokAyata darzana 6 AcArAMga ke pazcAt sUtrakRtAMga kA krama AtA hai / isake prathama zrutaskandha ko bhI vidvAnoM ne atiprAcIna (lagabhaga I.pU. cauthI zatI) mAnA hai / sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama adhyAya meM hameM cArvAka darzana ke paMcamahAbhUtavAda aura tajjIvataccharIvAda ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAda ko prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki pRthvI, apa, tejas, vAyu aura AkAza aise pA~ca mahAbhUta mAne gaye haiN| una pA~ca mahAbhUtoM se hI prANI kI utpatti hotI hai aura deha kA vinAza hone para dehI kA bhI vinAza ho jAtA haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki vyakti cAhe mUrkha ho yA paNDita pratyeka kI apanI AtmA hotI hai jo mRtyu ke bAda nahIM rahatI / prANI aupapAtika arthAt punarjanma grahaNa karane vAle nahIM haiN| zarIra kA nAza hone para dehI arthAt AtmA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| isa loka se pare na to koI loka

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 127 hai aura na puNya aura pApa hI hai| isa prakAra sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM kA ullekha to milatA hai kintu yahA~ bhI unakI koI spaSTa tArkika samAlocanA parilakSita nahIM hotii| yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM cArvAka darzana kI samIkSA prastuta kI gaI hai, kintu vidvAnoM ne use kiMcit paravartI mAnA hai| ata: usake pUrva hama uttarAdhyayana kA vivaraNa prastuta kreNge| uttarAdhyayana meM lokAyatadarzana uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAka darzana ko jana-zraddhA (jana-saddhi) kahA gayA hai| sambhavata: lokasaMjJA aura janazraddhA ye lokAyata darzana ke hI pUrva nAma haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki ye sAMsArika viSaya hI hamAre pratyakSa ke viSaya haiN| paraloka ko to hamane dekhA hI nhiiN| vartamAna ke kAma bhoga hastagata haiM jabaki bhaviSya meM milane vAle (svarga-sukha) anAgata arthAt saMdigdha haiN| kauna jAnatA hai ki paraloka hai bhI yA nahIM ? isalie maiM to janazraddhA ke sAtha hokara rhuuNgaa| isa prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke paMcama adhyAya meM cArvAkoM kI punarjanma ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA kA ullekha evaM khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke caudahaveM adhyAya meM bhI cArvAkoM ke asat se sat kI utpatti kA evaM paMcamahAbhUta se cetanA kI utpatti kA siddhAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jo vastuta: asat se sat kI utpatti kA siddhAnta hai| yadyapi uttarAdhyayana meM asatkAryavAda kA jo udAharaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha asatkAryavAda ke pakSa meM na jAkara satkAryavAda ke pakSa meM hI jAtA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaise - araNi meM agni, dUdha meM ghRta aura tila meM tela asat hokara bhI utpanna hotA hai, usI prakAra zarIra meM jIva bhI asat hokara hI utpanna hotA hai aura usa zarIra kA nAza ho jAne para vaha bhI naSTa ho jAtA haiN| sambhavata: uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAkoM ke asatkAryavAda kI sthApanA ke pakSa meM ye satkAryavAda kI siddhi karane vAle udAharaNa isIliye diye gaye hoMge, tAki inakI samAlocanA saralatA pUrvaka kI jA ske| uttarAdhyayana meM AtmA ko amUrta hone ke kAraNa indriya grAhya nahIM mAnA gayA hai aura amUrta hone se nitya kahA gayA hai|12 uparokta vivaraNa se cArvAkoM ke sandarbha meM nimna jAnakArI milatI hai - 1. cArvAka darzana ko "lokasaMjJA" aura "janazraddhA' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA thaa| 2. cArvAka darzana AtmA ko svatantra tattva nahIM mAnatA thA apitu paMcamahAbhUtoM se cetanA kI utpatti batAtA thaa|

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128 3. kAraNatAvAda meM vaha asatkAryavAda arthAt asat se sat kI utpatti ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatA thaa| 4. zarIra ke nAza ke sAtha AtmA ke vinAza ko svIkAra karatA thA tathA punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko asvIkAra karatA thaa| punarjanma kI asvIkRti ke sAthasAtha vaha paraloka arthAt svarga-naraka kI sattA ko bhI asvIkAra karatA thaa| 5. vaha puNya pApa arthAt zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phaloM ko bhI asvIkAra karatA thA, ata: karma siddhAnta kA virodhI thaa| 6. usa yuga meM dArzanikoM kA eka varga akriyAvAda kA samarthaka thaa| jainoM ke anusAra akriyAvAdI ve dArzanika the, jo AtmA ko akartA aura kUTasthanitya mAnate the| AtmavAdI hokara bhI zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phala (karmasiddhAnta) ke niSedhaka hone se ye pracchanna cArvAkI hI the| isa prakAra AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAka darzana ke jo ullekha hameM upalabdha hote haiM, ve mAtra usakI avadhAraNAoM ko saMkSepa meM prastuta karate haiN| unameM isa darzana kI mAnyatAoM se sAdhaka ko vimukha karane ke lie itanA to avazya kahA gayA hai ki yaha vicAradhArA samIcIna nahIM hai, kintu ina granthoM meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM kA prastutIkaraNa aura nirasana donoM hI na to tArkika hai aura na vistRta hii| sUtrakRtAMga (dvitIya zrutaskanya) meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA __cArvAkoM athavA tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa kA tArkika dRSTi se prastutIkaraNa aura usakI tArkika samIkSA kA prayatna jaina Agama sAhitya meM sarva prathama sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya pauNDarika nAmaka adhyayana meM aura unake pazcAt rAjapraznIya sUtra meM upalabdha hotA hai| aba hama sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha ke AdhAra para tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa kA prastutIkaraNa kareMge aura usakI samIkSA prastuta kreNge| tajjIvataccharIravAdI yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki "pAdatala se Upara mastaka ke kezoM ke agra bhAga se nIce taka tathA samasta tvakparyanta jo zarIra hai, vahI jIva hai| isa zarIra ke jIvita rahane taka hI yaha jIva jIvita rahatA hai aura zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne para naSTa ho jAtA hai| isalie zarIra ke astitva paryanta hI jIvana kA astitva hai| isa siddhAnta ko yuktiyukta samajhanA caahie| kyoMki jo loga yuktipUrvaka yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki zarIra anya hai aura jIva anya hai,

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 129 ve jIva aura zarIra ko pRthak-pRthak karake nahIM dikhA skte| ve yaha bhI nahIM batA sakate ki AtmA dIrgha hai yA hrasva hai yA vaha parimaNDalAkAra athavA gola hai| vaha kisa varNa aura kisa gandha se yukta hai athavA vaha bhArI hai, halkA hai, snigdha hai yA rukSa hai, ata: jo loga jIva aura zarIra ko bhinna nahIM mAnate unakA hI mata yaktisaMgata hai|" kyoMki jIva aura zarIra ko nimnokta padArthoM kI taraha pRthakpRthak karake nahIM dikhAyA jA sakatA, yathA -- 1. talavAra aura myAna kI taraha 2. muMja aura iSikA kI taraha 3. mAMsa aura haDDI kI taraha 4. hathelI aura AMvale kI taraha 5. dahI aura makkhana kI taraha 6. tila kI khalI aura tela kI taraha 7. Ikha aura usake chilake kI taraha 8. araNi aura Aga kI taraha isa prakAra jainAgamoM meM prastuta grantha meM hI sarvaprathama dehAtmavAdiyoM ke dRSTikoNa ko tArkika rUpa se prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| puna: unakI dehAtmavAdI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para unakI nIti sambandhI avadhAraNAoM ko nimna zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai - yadi zarIra mAtra hI jIva hai to paraloka nahIM hai| isI prakAra kriyA-akriyA, sukRta-duSkRta, kalyANa-pApa, bhalA-burA, siddhi-asiddhi, svarga-naraka Adi bhI nahIM haiN| ata: prANiyoM ke vadha karane, bhUmi ko khodaneM, vanaspatiyoM ko kATane, agni ko jalAne, bhojana pakAne Adi kriyAoM meM bhI koI pApa nahIM hai| prastuta grantha meM dehAtmavAda kI yuktiyukta samIkSA na karake mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki aise loga hamArA hI dharma satya hai, aisA pratipAdana karate haiM aura zramaNa hokara bhI sAMsArika bhoga vilAsoM meM phaMsa jAte haiN| isI adhyAya meM puna: paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM tathA paMcamahAbhUta aura AtmA mAnane vAle sAMkhyoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| prastuta grantha kI sUcanA ke anusAra paMcamahAbhUtavAdI spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate the ki isa jagat meM paMcamahAbhUta hI saba kucha hai jinase hamArI kriyA-akriyA, sukRta-duSkRta, kalyANa-pApa, acchA-burA, siddhi-asiddhi, naraka-gati yA naraka ke atirikta anyagati; yahAM taka ki tinake ke hilane jaisI kriyA bhI hotI hai, kyoMki AtmA to akartA hai| usa bhUta samavAya (samUha) ko pRthak-pRthak nAma se jAnanA cAhie jaise ki- pRthvI eka mahAbhUta hai, jala dUsarA mahAbhUta hai, teja tIsarA mahAbhUta hai, vAyu cauthA mahAbhUta hai aura AkAza pA~cavA mahAbhUta hai| ye pA~ca mahAbhUta kisI kartA ke

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130 dvArA nirmita nahIM haiM, na hI ye kisI kartA dvArA banAye hue haiM, ye kiye huye bhI nahIM haiM, na hI ye kRtrima haiM aura na ye apanI utpatti ke lie kisI kI apekSA rakhate haiN| ye pA~co mahAbhUta Adi evaM anta rahita haiM tathA avadhya aura Avazyaka kArya karane vAle haiN| inheM kArya meM pravRtta karane vAlA koI dUsarA padArtha nahIM hai, ye svatantra evaM zAzvata nitya haiN| yaha jJAtavya hai ki jainAgamoM meM aisA koI bhI sandarbha upalabdha nahIM hotA jisameM mAtra cAra mahAbhUta (AkAza ko chor3akara) mAnane vAle cArvAkoM kA ullekha huA ho / prastuta grantha meM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM ke uparokta vicAroM ke sAtha-sAtha paMcamahAbhUta aura chaThA AtmA aise chaH tattvoM ko mAnane vAle vicArakoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| inakI mAnyatA ko prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki sat kA vinAza nahIM hotA aura asat kI utpatti nahIM hotii| itanA hI jIvakAya hai, itanA hI astikAya hai aura itanA hI samagra loka hai| paMcamahAbhUta hI loka kA kAraNa hai| saMsAra meM tRNa - kampana se lekara jo kucha hotA hai vaha saba ina pA~ca mahAbhUtoM se hI hotA hai| AtmA ke asat athavA akartA hone se hiMsA Adi kAryoM meM puruSa doSa kA bhAgI nahIM hotA, kyoMki sabhI kArya bhUtoM ke haiM sambhavataH yaha vicAradhArA sAMkhya darzana kA pUrvavartI rUpa hai| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM kI dRSTi se AtmA ko asat mAnA gayA hai tathA paMcamahAbhUta evaM SaSTha AtmA ko mAnane vAloM kI dRSTi se AtmA ko akartA kahA gayA hai / sUtrakRtAMga inake atirikta Izvara kAraNavAdI aura niyativAdI jIvana dRSTiyoM ko bhI karma siddhAnta kA virodhI hone ke kAraNa mithyAtva kA pratipAdaka hI mAnatA hai / isa prakAra RSibhASita ke dezotkala aura sUtrakRtAMga ke paMcamahAbhUta evaM SaSTha AtmavAdiyoM ke uparokta vivaraNa meM paryApta rUpa se nikaTatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| jainoM kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki ve sabhI vicAraka mithyAdRSTi haiM, jinakI dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM dharmAdharma vyavasthA yA karma siddhAnta kI avadhAraNA spaSTa nahIM hotI hai| hama yahA~ yaha dekhate haiM ki yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga meM zarIra - AtmavAda kI sthApanA karate hue deha aura AtmA bhinna-bhinna haiM, isa mAnyatA kA tArkika rUpa se nirasana kiyA gayA hai, kintu yaha mAnyatA kyoM samucita nahIM hai ? isa sambandha meM spaSTatayA koI bhI tarka nahIM diye gye| sUtrakRtAMga dehAtmavAda ke samarthana meM to tarka detA hai kintu usake nirasana meM koI tarka nahIM detaa| yahA~ hamane AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana kI apekSA se cArvAka darzana kI carcA kI hai, RSibhASita aura rAjapraznIya kI apekSA se cArvAka darzana kI samIkSA agrima lekhoM meM kreNge|

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 131 sandarbha: 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga-1, bhUmikA pR. 39 2. rAjapraznIyasUtra (madhukara muni), bhUmikA pR. 18 3. RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) adhyAya 20 4. vizeSAvazyakabhASya gAthA 1549 - 2024 5. AcArAMga (sampA0 madhukara muni) 1/1/1/1-3 "evamegesiM No NAtaM bhavati-asthi me AyA uvavAie... ... se AyAvAdI logAvAdI kammAvAdI kiriyaavaadii|" 6. 'pariNNAya loga saNNaM savvaso 'AcArAMga 1/2/6/104. 7. sUtrakRtAMga (madhukara muni) 1/1/1/7-8 8. vahI 11-12 9. jaNeNasaddhiM hokkhAmi, uttarAdhyayanasUtra 5/7 10. vahIM 5/5-7 11. jahA ya aggI araNI u santo khIre ghaTAM tella mahAtiles / emeva jAyA ! sarIraMsi sattA saMmucchaI nAsai nAvaciDhe / . . . . . . uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 14/18 12. no indiyaggejjhaM amuttabhAvA amuttabhAvA vi ya hoI nicco| .... vahI, 14/19 13. sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha adhyAya 1, sUtra 648-656

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RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAka darzana prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM cArvAkadarzana kI tArkika pratisthApanA aura tArkika samIkSA hameM sarvaprathama RSibhASita (I.pU. cauthI zatI) meM hI milatI hai usake pazcAt sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha (I.pU. prathama zatI) meM tathA rAjapraznIya (I.pU. prathama zatI) meM milatI hai| RSibhASita kA bIsavA~ "ukkala" nAmaka sampUrNa adhyayana hI cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke tArkika prastutIkaraNa se yukta hai| cArvAkadarzana ke tajjIvataccharIravAda kA prastutIkaraNa isa grantha meM nimna prakAra se huA hai - "pAdatala se Upara aura mastaka ke kezAgra se nIce taka ke sampUrNa zarIra kI tvacAparyanta jIva AtmaparyAya ko prApta ho jIvana jItA hai aura itanA hI mAtra jIvana hai| jisa prakAra bIja ke bhuna jAne para usase puna: aMkura kI utpatti nahIM hotI, usI prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para usase punaH zarIra (jIvana) kI utpatti nahIM hotii| isIlie jIvana itanA hI hai (arthAt zarIra kI utpatti se vinAza taka kI kAlAvadhi paryanta hI jIvana hai) na to paraloka hai, na sakata aura duSkRta karmoM kA phala vipAka hai| jIva kA punarjanma bhI nahIM hotaa| puNya aura pApa jIva kA saMsparza nahIM karate aura isa taraha kalyANa aura pApa niSphala hai|" RSibhASita meM cArvAkoM kI isa mAnyatA kI samIkSA karate hue puna: kahA gayA hai ki "pAdatala se Upara tathA mastaka ke kezAgra se nIce taka ke zarIra kI sampUrNa tvacAparyanta AtmaparyAya ko prApta hI jIva hai, yaha maraNazIla hai, kintu jIvana itanA hI nahIM hai| jisa prakAra bIja ke jala jAne para usase puna: utpatti nahIM hotI, usI prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para usase puna: utpatti nahIM hotii| isalie puNya-pApa kA agrahaNa hone se sukha-duHkha kI sambhAvanA kA abhAva ho jAtA hai aura pApa karma ke abhAva meM zarIra ke dahana se yA zarIra ke dagdha hone para punaH zarIra kI utpatti nahIM hotI arthAt punarjanma nahIM hotaa|" isa prakAra vyakti mukti prApta kara letA hai| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM, ki granthakAra cArvAkoM ke apane hI tarka kA upayoga karake yaha siddha kara detA hai ki puNya-pApa se Upara uThakara vyakti punarjanma ke cakra se mukti pA letA hai| . isa grantha meM cArvAka darzana ke sandarbha meM sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki isameM karma siddhAnta kA utthApana karane vAlo cArvAkoM ke pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha

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RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAka darzana : 133 huA hai aura ye prakAra anya dArzanika granthoM meM milane vAle dehAtmavAda, indriyAtmavAda, mana:AtmavAda Adi prakAroM se bhinna haiM aura sambhavataH anyatra kahIM upalabdha nahIM hote| isameM nimna pA~ca prakAra ke ukkaloM ke ullekha haiM - daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenokkala, dezokkala aura svvkkl| isa prasaMga meM sabase pahale to yahI vicAraNIya hai ki 'ukkala' zabda kA vAstavika artha kyA haiM? prAkRta ke 'ukkala' zabda ko saMskRta meM nimna cAra zabdoM se niSpanna mAnA jA sakatA hai- utkaTa, utkala, utkula aura utkuul| saMskRta kozoM meM 'utkaTa' zabda kA artha unmatta diyA gayA haiN| cUMki cArvAka darzana adhyAtmavAdiyoM kI dRSTi meM unmattoM kA pralApa thA ata: use utkaTa (unmatta) kahA gayA haiN| merI dRSTi meM ukkala kA saMskRta rUpa utkaTa mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| usake sthAna para utkala, utkula yA utkUla mAnanA adhika samIcIna hai| utkala kA artha hai jo nikAlA gayA ho, isI prakAra 'utkula' zabda kA tAtparya hai jo kula se nikAlA gayA hai yA jo kula se bahiSkRta hai| cArvAka AdhyAtmika paramparAoM se bahiSkRta mAne jAte the, isI dRSTi se unheM utkala yA utkula kahA gayA hogaa| yadi hama ise utkUla se niSpanna mAneM to isakA artha hogA kinAre se alaga haTA huaa| "kUla" zabda kinAre artha meM prayukta hotA hai, arthAt jo kinAre se alaga hokara arthAt maryAdAoM ko tor3akara apanA pratipAdana karatA hai vaha ukkUla hai| cUMki cArvAka maryAdAoM ko asvIkAra karate the ata: unheM utkUla kahA gayA hogaa| aba hama ina ukkaloM ke pA~ca. prakAroM kI carcA kareMge - daNDokkala ye vicAraka daNDa ke dRSTAnta dvArA yaha pratipAdita karate the ki jisa prakAra daNDa apane Adi, madhya aura antima bhAga se pRthaka hokara daNDa saMjJA ko prApta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra zarIra se bhinna hokara jIva, jIva nahIM hotA hai| ata: zarIra ke nAza ho jAne para bhava arthAt janma-paramparA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| unake anusAra sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hokara jIva jIvana ko prApta hotA hai| vastutaH zarIra aura jIvana kI apRthakatA yA sAmudAyikatA hI ina vicArakoM kI mUlabhUta dArzanika mAnyatA thii| daNDokkala dehAtmavAdI the| rajjUkkala rajjUkkalavAdI yaha mAnate haiM ki jisa prakAra rajju tantuoM kA skandha mAtra hai usI prakAra jIvana bhI paMcamahAbhUtoM kA skandha mAtra hai| una skandhoM ke vicchinna hone para bhava-santati kA bhI viccheda ho jAtA hai| vastutaH ye vicAraka paMcamahAbhUtoM

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134 ke samUha ko hI jagat kA mUla tattva mAnate the aura jIva ko svataMtra tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate the| rajjUkkala skandhavAdI the| stenokkala RSibhASita ke anusAra stenokkala bhautikavAdI anya zAstroM ke dRSTAntoM ko lekara unakI svapakSa meM udbhAvanA karake yaha mAnate the ki hamArA bhI yahI kathana hai| isa prakAra ye dUsaroM ke siddhAntoM kA uccheda karate haiN| parapakSa ke dRSTAntoM kA svapakSa meM prayoga kA tAtparya sambhavata: vAda-vivAda meM 'chala' kA prayoga ho| sambhavata: stenokkala yA to naiyAyikoM kA koI pUrva rUpa rahA ho yA saMjayavelaTThIputra ke siddhAnta kA yaha prAcIna koI vidhAyaka rUpa thA, jo sambhavata: Age calakara anekAntavAda kA AdhAra banA ho| jJAtavya hai ki RSibhASita meM dehAtmavAdiyoM ke tarkoM se mukti kI prakriyA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| dezoskala RSibhASita meM jo AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karake bhI jIva ko akartA mAnate the, unheM dezokkala kahA gayA hai| AtmA ko akartA mAnane para puNya-pApa, bandhana-mokSa kI vyavasthA nahIM bana paatii| isalie isa prakAra ke vicArakoM ko bhI AMzika rUpa se ucchedavAdI hI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki puNya-pApa, bandhana-mokSa Adi kA nirasana karane ke kAraNa ye bhI karmasiddhAnta, naitikatA evaM dharma ke apalApaka hI the| ata: inheM bhI isI varga meM samAhita kiyA gayA thaa| sambhavata: RSibhASita hI eka aisA grantha hai jo Atma-akartAvAdiyoM ko ucchedavAdI kahatA hai| vastutaH ye sAMkhya aura aupaniSadika vedAnta ke hI pUrva rUpa the| jaina unheM utkUla yA ucchedavAdI isalie mAnate the ki ina mAnyatAoM se lokavAda (loka kI yathArthatA) karmavAda (karma siddhAnta) aura AtmakartAvAda (kriyAvAda) kA khaNDana hotA thaa| sabukkala sarvotkUla sarvadA abhAva se hI sabakI utpatti batAte the| aisA koI bhI tattva nahIM hai jo sarvathA sarva prakAra se sarvakAla meM rahatA ho, isa prakAra ye sarvocchedavAda kI saMsthApanA karate the| dUsare zabdoM meM jo loga samasta sRSTi ke pIche kisI nitya tattva ko svIkAra nahIM karate the aura abhAva se hI sRSTi kI utpatti mAnate the, ve kahate the ki koI bhI tattva aisA nahIM hai jo sarvathA aura sarvakAloM meM astitva rakhatA ho| saMsAra ke mUla meM kisI bhI sattA ko asvIkAra

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RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAka darzana : 135 karane ke kAraNa ye sarvocchedavAdI kahalAte the| sambhavata: yaha bauddha granthoM meM sUcita ucchedavAdI dRSTi kA koI prAcInatama rUpa thA jo tArkikatA se yukta hokara bauddhoM ke zUnyavAda ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hogaa| isa prakAra RSibhASita meM AtmA, punarjanma, dharma-vyavasthA evaM karma siddhAnta ke apalApaka vicArakoM kA jo citraNa upalabdha hotA hai use saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai 1. granthakAra uparokta vicArakoM ko "ukkala' nAma se abhihita karatA hai jisake saMskRta rUpa utkala, utkala athavA utkUla hote haiN| jinake artha hote haiM bahiSkRta yA maryAdA kA ullaMghana karane vaalaa| ina vicArakoM ke sambandha meM isa nAma kA anyatra kahIM prayoga huA hai, aisA hameM jJAta nahIM hotaa| 2. isameM ina vicArakoM ke pAMca varga batAye gaye haiM - daNDotkala, rajjUtkala, stenotkala, dezotkala aura sarvotkala / vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM skandhavAdiyoM (bauddha skandhavAda kA pUrva rUpa) sarvocchedavAdiyoM (bauddha zUnyavAda kA pUrva rUpa) aura Atma-akartAvAdiyoM (akriyAvAdiyoM-sAMkhya aura vedAnta kA pUrva rUpa) ko bhI isI varga meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki ye sabhI tArkika rUpa se karma siddhAnta evaM dharma vyavasthA ke apalApaka siddha hote haiN| yadyapi Atma-akartAvAdiyoM ko dezotkala kahA gayA hai arthAt AMzika rUpa se apalApaka kahA gayA hai| 3. isameM zarIra paryanta Atma-paryAya mAnane kA jo siddhAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vahI jainoM dvArA AtmA ko dehaparimANa mAnane ke siddhAnta kA pUrva rUpa pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki isa grantha meM zarIrAtmavAda kA nirAkaraNa karate samaya isa kathana ko svapakSa meM bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra isameM jaina, bauddha aura sAMkhya tathA aupaniSadika vedAnta kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke pUrva rUpa yA bIja parilakSita hote haiN| kahIM aisA to nahIM hai ki ina mAnyatAoM ke susaMgata banAne ke prayAsa meM hI ina darzanoM kA udaya huA hai| 4. isameM jo dehAtmavAda kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha Thosa tArkika AdhAroM para sthita nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kaha diyA gayA hai ki jIva kA jIvana zarIra kI utpatti aura vinAza kI kAla sImA taka sImita nahIM hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki kucha vicAraka jIvana ko dehAzrita mAnakara bhI dehAntara kI sambhAvanA arthAt punarjanma kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate the|

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136 RSibhASita meM utkaTavAdiyoM (cArvAkoM) se sambandhita adhyayana ke anta meM kahA gayA hai evaM se siddha buddhe virate vipAve dante davie alaM tAi No puNaravi iccatthaM havvamAgacchati tibemi| isa prakAra vaha siddha, buddha, virata, niSpApa, jitendriya, karuNA se dravita evaM pUrNa tyAgI banatA hai aura puna: isa saMsAra meM nahIM AtA hai, Adi kahA gayA hai| ata: dehAtmavAdI hokara lokAyata dArzanika bhautikavAdI yA bhogavAdI nahIM the ve bhAratIya RSi paramparA ke hI aMga the, jo nivRttimArgI, naitika darzana ke samarthaka the| ve anaitika jIvana ke samarthaka nahIM the - unheM virata yA dAnta kahanA unako tyAgamArga evaM naitika jIvana kA sampoSaka hI siddha karanA hai| vastuta: lokAyata darzana ko jo bhogavAdI jIvana kA samarthaka kahA jAtA hai, vaha unakI tattvamImAMsA ke AdhAra para virodhiyoM dvArA prastuta niSkarSa hai| yadi sAMkhya kA Atma-akartAvAda, vedAnta kA brahmavAda, bauddhadarzana kA zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda tapa, tyAga aura sampoSaka mAne jA sakate haiM to dehAtmavAdI lokAyata darzana ko usI mArga kA sampoSaka mAnane meM kauna sI bAdhA hai| cArvAka yA lokAyata darzana dehAtmavAdI yA tajjIvataccharIravAdI hokara naitika mUlyoM aura sadAcAra kA sampoSaka rahA hai| vaha isa sImita jIvana ko sanmArga meM bitAne kA saMdeza detA hai, usakA virodha karmakANDa se rahA hai na ki sAtvika naitika jIvana se| yaha bAta RSibhASita ke uparokta vivaraNa se siddha ho jAtI hai|

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rAjapraznIya sUtra meM cArvAka mata kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA jaina AgamoM meM cArvAka darzana ke dehAtmavAdI dRSTikoNa ke samarthana meM aura usake khaNDana ke lie tarka prastuta karane vAlA sarvaprathama rAjapraznIyasUtra hai / yahI eka mAtra aisA prAkRta Agama grantha hai jo cArvAka darzana ke ucchedavAda aura tajjIvataccharIravAda ke pakSa aura pratipakSa donoM ke sandarbha meM apane tarka prastuta karatA hai| rAjapraznIya meM cArvAkoM kI ina mAnyatAoM ke pUrva pakSa ko aura unakA khaNDana karane vAle uttara pakSa ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai - rAjA payesI kahatA hai, he kezIkumAra zramaNa ! mere dAdA atyanta adhArmika the| Apake kathanAnusAra ve avazya hI naraka meM utpanna hue hoNge| maiM apane pitAmaha ko atyanta priya thA, ataH mere pitAmaha ko Akara mujhase yaha kahanA cAhie ki he pautra ! maiM tumhArA pitAmaha thA aura isI seyaMviyA (zvetAmbikA) nagarI meM adhArmika kRtya karatA thA yAvat prajAjanoM se rAja- kara lekara bhI yathocita rUpa meM unakA pAlana-rakSaNa nahIM karatA thaa| isa kAraNa atIva kaluSita pApakarmoM kA saMcaya karake maiM naraka meM utpanna huA huuN| kintu he pautra ! tuma adhArmika mata honA, prajAjanoM se kara lekara unake pAlana-rakSaNa meM pramAda mata karanA aura na bahuta se malina pApa karmoM kA upArjana-saMcaya hI karanA / - dehAtmavAdiyoM ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne nimna samAdhAna prastuta kiyA he rAjana! jisa prakAra tuma apane aparAdhI ko isalie nahIM chor3a dete ki vaha jAkara apane putra - mitra aura jJAtijanoM ko yaha batAye ki maiM apane pApa ke kAraNa daNDa bhoga rahA hU~, tuma aisA mata karanA, usI prakAra naraka meM utpanna tumhAre pitAmaha tumheM pratibodha dene ke lie AnA cAhakara bhI yahA~ Ane meM samartha nahIM haiN| nArakIya jIva nimna cAra kAraNoM se manuSya loka meM nahIM A skte| sarvaprathama to unameM naraka se nikala kara manuSya loka meM Ane kI sAmarthya hI nahIM hotii| dUsare narakapAla unheM naraka se bAhara nikalane kI anumati bhI nahIM dete| tIsare naraka sambandhI asAtAvedanIya karma ke kSaya na hone se ve vahAM se nahIM nikala paate| cauthe unakA naraka sambandhI AyuSya karma jaba taka kSINa nahIM hotA

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138 taba taka ve vahAM se nahIM A skte| ataH tumhAre pitAmaha ke dvArA tumheM Akara pratibodha na de pAne ke kAraNa yaha mAnyatA mata rakho ki jIva aura zarIra eka hI haiM, apitu yaha mAnyatA rakho kI jIva anya hai aura zarIra anya hai| smaraNa rahe ki dIghanikAya meM bhI naraka se manuSya loka meM na A pAne ke inhIM cAra kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| kezIkumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne dUsarA tarka prastuta kiyA / he zramaNa ! merI dAdI atyanta dhArmika thiiN| Apa logoM ke matAnusAra vaha nizcita hI svarga meM utpanna huI hoNgii| maiM apanI dAdI kA atyanta priya thA ataH use mujhe Akara yaha batAnA cAhie ki, he pautra ! apane puNya karmoM ke kAraNa maiM svarga meM utpanna huI huuN| tuma bhI mere samAna dhArmika jIvana bitAo, jisase tuma bhI vipula puNya kA upArjana kara svarga meM utpanna ho / kyoMki merI dAdI ne svarga se Akara mujhe aisA pratibodha nahIM diyA ataH maiM yahI mAnatA haeNU ki jIvana aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| rAjA ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne nimna tarka prastuta kiyA - he rAjana ! yadi tuma snAna, bali karma aura kautukamaMgala karake devakula meM praviSTa ho rahe ho, usa samaya koI puruSa zaucAlaya meM khar3A hokara yaha kahe ki, he svAmin ! yahAeN Ao ! kucha samaya ke lie yahA~ baiTho, khar3e hoo| to kyA tuma usa puruSa kI bAta ko svIkAra karoge? nizcaya hI tuma usa apavitra sthAna para jAnA nahIM caahoge| isI prakAra he rAjana ! devaloka meM utpanna deva vahA~ ke divya kAma bhogoM meM itane mUrcchita, gRddha aura tallIna ho jAte haiM ki ve manuSya loka meM Ane kI icchA nahIM krte| dUsare devaloka sambandhI divya bhogoM meM tallIna ho jAne ke kAraNa unakA manuSya sambandhI prema vyucchinna ho jAtA hai ata: ve manuSya loka meM nahIM A paate| tIsare devaloka meM utpanna ve deva vahAM ke divya kAma bhogoM meM mUrcchita yA tallIna hone ke kAraNa abhI jAtA hU~ - abhI jAtA hU~, aisA socate rahate haiM kintu utane samaya meM alpAyuSya vAle manuSya kAladharma ko prApta ho jAte haiN| (kyoMki devoM kA eka dina-rAta manuSya loka ke sau varSa ke barAbara hotA hai, ata: eka dina kA bhI vilamba hone para yahA~ manuSya kAladharma ko prApta ho jAtA hai ) | puna: manuSya loka itanA durgandhita aura aniSTakara hai ki usakI durgandha ke kAraNa deva manuSya loka meM AnA nahIM caahte| ata: tumhArI dAdI ke svarga se nahIM Ane para yaha zraddhA rakhanA ucita nahIM hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinnabhinna nahIM haiN|

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rAjapraznIya sUtra meM cArvAka mata kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 139 kezIkumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka anya tarka prastuta kiyaa| rAjA ne kahA ki maiMne eka cora ko jIvita hI eka lohe kI kumbhI meM banda karavA kara acchI taraha se lohe se usakA mukha Dhaka diyA phira usa para garama lohe aura rAMge se lepa karA diyA tathA usakI dekha-rekha ke lie apane vizvAsa pAtra puruSoM ko rakha diyaa| kucha dina pazcAt maiMne usa kumbhI ko khulavAyA to dekhA ki vaha manuSya mara cukA thA kintu use kumbhI meM koI bhI chidra, vivara yA darAra nahIM thI jisase usameM banda puruSa kA jIva bAhara nikalA ho, ataH jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| isake pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne nimna tarka prastuta kiyA eka aisI kUTAgArazAlA jo acchI taraha se AcchAdita ho, usakA dvAra gupta ho, yahA~ taka ki usameM kucha bhI praveza nahIM kara sake, aura usa kUTAgArazAlA meM koI vyakti jora se bherI bajAye to tuma batAo ki vaha AvAja bAhara sunAyI degI ki nahIM? nizcaya hI vaha AvAja sunAyI degii| ataH jisa prakAra zabda apratihata gativAlA hai usI prakAra AtmA bhI apratihata gativAlA hai / ata: tuma yahA zraddhA karo ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna haiN| (jJAtavya hai ki aba yaha tarka vijJAna sammata nahIM raha gayA hai, yadyapi AtmA kI amUrtatA ke AdhAra para bhI rAjA ke uparokta tarka kA pratyuttara diyA jA sakatA hai)| kezIkumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka anya tarka prastuta kiyA jo isa prakAra hai - maiMne eka puruSa ko prANa rahita karake eka lauhakumbhI meM sulavA diyA tathA Dhakkana se use banda karake usa para rAMge kA lepa karavA diyA; kucha samaya pazcAt jaba usa kumbhI ko kholA gayA to use kRmikula se vyApta dekhA, kintu usameM koI darAra yA chidra nahIM thA jisase usameM jIva praveza karake utpanna hue hoN| ata: jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| rAjA ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne agni se tapAye lohe ke gole kA udAharaNa diyaa| jisa prakAra lohe ke gole meM cheda nahIM hone para bhI agni usameM praveza kara jAtI hai, usI prakAra jIva bhI apratihata gati vAlA hone se kahIM bhI praveza kara jAtA hai| kezIkumAra zramaNa kA yaha pratyuttara sunakara rAjA ne punaH eka nayA tarka prastuta kiyaa| usane kahA ki, maiMne eka vyakti ko jIvita rahate hue aura marane ke bAda donoM hI dazAoM meM taulA kintu donoM ke taula meM koI antara nahIM thA / yadi mRtyu ke bAda AtmA usameM se nikalI hotI to usakA vajana kucha kama

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140 avazya honA cAhie thaa| isake pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne vAyu se bharI huI aura vAyu se rahita mazaka ke taula ke barAbara hone kA udAharaNa diyA aura yaha batAyA ki jisa prakAra vAyu agurUlaghu hai usI prakAra jIva bhI agurulaghu hai| ata: tumhArA yaha tarka yuktisaMgata nahIM hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| (aba yaha tarka bhI vaijJAnika dRSTi se yuktisaMgata nahIM raha gayA hai kyoMki vaijJAnika yaha mAnate haiM ki vAyu meM vajana hotA hai| dUsare yaha bhI prayoga karake dekhA gayA hai ki jIvita aura mRta zarIra ke vajana meM antara pAyA jAtA hai (usa yuga meM sUkSmatulA ke abhAva ke kAraNa yaha antara jJAta nahIM hotA rahA hogA ) / rAjA ne phira eka anya tarka prastuta kiyA aura kahA ki maiMne eka cora ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM ko kATakara, cIrakara dekhA lekina mujhe kahIM bhI jIva nahIM dikhAI diyaa| ataH zarIra se pRthak jIva kI sattA siddha nahIM hotii| isake pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne use nimna udAharaNa dekara samajhAyA - - "he rAjana ! tU bar3A mUr3ha mAlUma hotA hai, maiM tujhe eka udAharaNa dekara samajhAtA huuN| eka bAra kucha vanajIvI sAtha meM agni lekara eka bar3e jaMgala meM phuNce| unhoMne apane eka sAthI se kahA, he devAnupriya ! hama jaMgala meM lakar3I lene jAte haiM tU isa agni se Aga jalAkara hamAre lie bhojana banAkara taiyAra rkhnaa| yadi agni bujha jAya to lakar3iyoM ko ghisa kara agni jalA lenA / saMyogavaza usake sAthiyoM ke cale jAne para thor3I hI dera bAda Aga bujha gii| apane sAthiyoM ke AdezAnusAra vaha lakar3iyoM ko cAro ora se ulaTa-palaTa kara dekhane lagA lekina Aga kahIM najara nahIM aaii| usane apanI kulhAr3I se lakar3iyoM ko cIrA, unake choTe-choTe Tukar3e kiye kintu phira bhI Aga dikhAI nahIM dii| vaha nirAza hokara baiTha gayA aura socane lagA ki dekho, maiM abhI taka bhojana taiyAra nahIM kara skaa| itane meM jaMgala meM se usake sAthI lauTakara A gaye, usane una logoM se sArI bAte khii| isa para unameM se eka sAthI ne zara banAyA aura zara ko araNi ke sAtha ghisa kara agni jalAkara dikhAyI aura phira sabane bhojana banA kara khAyA / he payesI ! jaise lakar3I ko cIrakara Aga pAne kI icchA rakhane vAlA ukta manuSya mUrkha thA, vaise hI zarIra ko cIrakara jIva dekhane kI icchA vAle tuma bhI kucha kama mUrkha nahIM ho| jisa prakAra araNi ke mAdhyama se agni abhivyakta hotI hai usI prakAra AtmA bhI zarIra ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta hotI hai kintu zarIra ko cIrakara use dekhane kI prakriyA usI prakAra mUrkhatApUrNa hai jaise araNi ko cIra phAr3a kara agni ko dekhane kI prakriyA / ataH he rAjA yaha zraddhA karo ki AtmA anya hai aura zarIra anya hai|

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rAjapraznIya sUtra meM cArvAka mata kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 141 yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye sabhI tarka vaijJAnika yuga meM itane sabala nahIM raha gaye haiM, kintu I. pU. sAmAnyatayA cArvAkoM ke pakSa ke samarthana meM aura unakA khaNDana karane ke liye ye hI tarka prastuta kiye jAte the| ataH cArvAka darzana ke aitihAsika vikAsakrama kI dRSTi se inakA apanA mahattva hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM inameM adhikAMza tarka samAna hone se inakI aitihAsikatA, prAmANikatA aura prAcInatA bhI svata: siddha hai| jaina sAhitya meM dArzanika dRSTi se jahA~ taka cArvAka darzana ke tarkapurassara prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA kA prazna hai sarvaprathama use Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke eka mahattvapUrNa grantha vizeSAvazyakabhASya ( IsvI san kI sAtavIM zatI) meM dekhA jA sakatA haiN| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa dvArA IsvI san kI chaThI zatI meM prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha isa grantha kI lagabhaga 500 gAthAyeM to AtmA, karma, puNya-pApa, svarga-naraka, bandhana- mukti Adi avadhAraNAoM kI tArkika samIkSA se sambandhita haiN| isa grantha kA yaha aMza gaNadharavAda ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai aura aba svatantra rupa se prakAzita bhI ho cukA hai| prastuta nibandha meM isa samagra carcA ko sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM thA ataH isa nibandha ko yahIM virAma de rahe haiN| *

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bhAgavata ke racanA kAla ke sandarbha meM jaina - sAhitya ke kucha pramANa bhAgavata hindU paramparA kA eka ati mahattvapUrNa aura zraddhAspada grantha hai| isa grantha meM mukhya rUpa se zrIkRSNa aura unake parijanoM ke jIvanavRtta kA ullekha huA hai| isI grantha meM sarvaprathama gopiyoM ke sAtha unakI rAsalIlA kA bhI ullekha hai| isI AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne ise mahAbhArata se paravartI mAnA hai| isake racanAkAla ko lekara vidvAnoM meM paryApta matabheda hai| jahA~ paramparAgata vidvAna ise veda vyAsa kI kRti mAnakara isakA racanAkAla IsA se bhI tIna hajAra varSa pUrva mAnate haiM vahIM kucha pAzcAtya paramparA se prabhAvita vidvAna isako bopadeva kI racanA mAnakara isakA racanAkAla IsA kI terahavIM zatI mAnate haiN| isase bhI Age bar3hakara kucha vidvAnoM ne isake rAsalIlA vAle aMza ko solahavIM zatI kA siddha kiyA hai| prastuta Alekha meM hama jaina sAhitya meM bhAgavata ke ullekhoM ke AdhAra para isake racanAkAla ke sambandha meM vicAra kreNge| jaina grantha nandIsUtra (I. kI pA~cavI zatI) meM zruta ke do bhedoM - samyakazruta aura mithyAzrata kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| isa carcA ke prasaMga meM graMthakAra ne mithyAzruta se sambandhita granthoM ke nAmoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| isa ullekha meM bhAgavata kA bhI ullekha huA hai| bhAgavata ke racanAkAla ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda rahA hai ve use IsA pUrva se lekara IsA kI navIM zatI ke madhya racita mAnate haiN| phira bhI sAmAnya avadhAraNA use pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt kA grantha mAnatI hai| aisI sthiti meM yaha prazna ubharakara sAmane AtA hai ki yA to hama bhAgavata kA racanAkAla lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatI se pUrva mAneM yA phira nandIsUtra ko pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha ke bAda kA grantha maaneN| kintu dUsarA vikalpa isalie sambhava nahIM hai ki nandIsUtra kA racanAkAla lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha sunizcita hI hai| usake racayitA devavAcaka ko devardhigaNi kA guru mAnA gayA hai| devardhigaNi kA astitva vIra nirvANa saMvat 980 arthAt I.san 453 meM vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya thA, yaha eka sunizcita satya hai| ata: nandIsUtra ke racanAkAla ko IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha se nIce nahIM lAyA jA sktaa| prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA bhAgavata kI racanA nandIsUtra kI racanA ke pUrva ho cukI thii| nizcaya hI

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bhAgavata ke racanA kAla ke sandarbha meM jaina sAhitya ke kucha pramANa : 143 adhikAMza vidvat varga isI mata kA hai ki bhAgavata kI racanA pA~cavIM zatAbdI se bahuta paravartI hai| isa prakAra yadi hama nandIsUtra meM bhAgavata ke ullekha ko svIkAra karate haiM to hameM do vikalpoM meM se kisI eka ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| yA to hama yaha mAne ki nandIsUtra ke kAla meM bhAgavata kA astitva thA yA yaha mAneM ki nandIsUtra kI racanA pA~cavIM zatI ke bAda hii| isa samasyA ke sandarbha meM hamane gaharAI se vicAra kiyaa| prastuta prasaMga meM hameM nandIsUtra ke mUla-pATha meM hI do pAThAntara dekhane ko mile haiN| AcArya malayagiri ne nandIsUtra kI vRtti (IsA kI terahavIM zatI) meM jo mUla pATha diyA hai usameM spaSTa rUpa se bhAgavata kA ullekha hai kintu jaba hama nandIcUrNi (IsA kI sAtavIM zatI) kA mUlapATha lete haiM to usa pATha meM spaSTa rUpa se bhAgavata kA ullekha nahIM hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki nandIsUtra ke mUla pATha meM bhAgavata kA ullekha eka paravartI ghaTanA hai jo usameM nandIcUrNi ke bhI pazcAt praviSTa kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH bhAgavata kA ullekha usameM AThavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt evaM terahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva hI kabhI prakSipta kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki AThavIM zatI meM haribhadra bhI nandIvRtti ke mUla pATha meM bhAgavata kA ullekha nahIM karate haiN| isa carcA se yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki AgamoM ke pATha nirdhAraNa meM jaba bhI vRttiyoM, TIkAoM aura cUrNiyoM ke pATha meM antara ho to hameM cUrNigata pAThoM ko hI prAcIna evaM pramANa mAnakara nirNaya lenA hogaa| yahA~ hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki malayagiri kI vRtti (I. terahavIM zatI) meM mUla pATha meM jo bhAgavata Adi kA ullekha huA hai vaha nizcaya hI eka paravartI kAla meM kiyA gayA prakSepa hai aura mUla grantha kA aMga nahIM hai| isI krama meM hamane haribhadra sUri (IsA kI AThavIM zatI kA pUrvArdha) kI nandIsUtra kI vRtti ke mUlapATha ko bhI dekhA, vaha pATha bhI cUrNi ke pATha ke anurUpa hI hai, usameM bhI bhAgavata kA ullekha nahIM hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki jaina srotoM ke AdhAra para bhAgavata kI racanA I.san kI AThavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt aura I.san kI terahavIM zatI ke pUrva arthAt donoM ke madhya kabhI bhI huI hogii| yAkinIsUnu haribhadra ke kAla taka arthAt IsA kI AThavIM zatI ke pUrvArddha taka bhAgavata kI racanA nahIM huI thI anyathA cUrNikAra jinadAsa (7vIM zatI) aura AcArya haribhadra (8vIM zatI) apanI sUciyoM meM kahIM to usakA ullekha karate hii| zrI zAntanuvihArI dvivedI ne kalyANa ke bhAgavata aMka meM bhAgavata kI racanA ko vyAsakRta siddha karate hae usakA racanAkAla Aja se pA~ca hajAra varSa pUrva siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| kintu unhoMne apane pakSa meM jo bhI pramANa

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144 prastuta kiye haiM ve IsA kI AThavIM zatI ke pUrva nahIM jaate| unhoMne madhvAcArya, rAmAnuja, hemAdri, zaMkarAcArya, citsukhAcArya Adi ke granthoM se jo pramANa prastuta kiye haiM ve bhI use IsA kI AThavIM zatI ke pUrva siddha nahIM krte| unhoMne apane pakSa ke samarthana meM sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke sarasvatI bhavana kI eka prAcIna hastaprata kA chAyAcitra bhI prastuta kiyA hai usakI zAradA lipi prAcIna hai, vaha par3I mAtrA kI pandrahavIM-solahavIM zatI ke jaina hastapratoM kI devanAgarI lipi ke lagabhaga samarUpa hai| adhika se adhika unase sau varSa pUrva kI ho sakatI hai| AcArya zaMkara ko jo ve I.pU. pA~cavI zatI meM sthApita karate haiM, vaha mata bhI pramANoM ke AdhAra para vicAra karane vAle vidvAnoM ko mAnya nahIM hai| unhoMne rAjazAhI jile ke jamAlagaMja sTezana se pA~ca kilomITara dUra sthita pahAr3apura se upalabdha rAdhAkRSNa kI mUrti kA ullekha karake yaha batAnA cAhA hai ki rAdhAkRSNa kI upAsanA prAcIna hai| yaha satya hai ki pahAr3apura ( vaTagohalI) se IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke kucha purAtAttvika avazeSa prApta hue haiM, usameM isI kAla kA paMcastUpAnvaya kA jaina abhilekha bhI hai| kintu vahAM se prApta sabhI sAmagrI pA~cavI zatI kI hai, yaha mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai| mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle kI khudAI se jo jaina avazeSa prApta hue the ve I. pU. dUsarI zatI se IsA kI gyArahavIM zatI taka ke haiN| ataH yaha sambhava hai ki vaha rAdhAkRSNa kI mUrti paravartI kAla kI ho| jahAM taka rAdhAkRSNa kI upAsanA kI prAcInatA kA prazna hai, zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI mAtra gopiyoM kA ullekha hai, rAdhA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| ataH rAdhA kI saMkalpanA to bhAgavata ke bhI bAda kI hai| jaina granthoM meM kRSNa aura pradyumna ke ullekha lagabhaga IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI se vartamAna yuga taka hue haiM, yahIM nahIM isa sambandha meM solahavIM satrahavIM zatI taka jo svataMtra grantha bhI likhe gaye unameM bhI rAdhA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| jaina srotoM se rAdhA kI upAsanA kI prAcInatA siddha nahIM hotI hai / merA Alekha mAtra jaina srotoM para AdhArita hai, vidvAnoM se apekSA hai ki ve anya sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika srotoM ke AdhAra para isakA kAla nirNaya kreN| jahA~ taka bhAgavata ke racanA kAla kA prazna hai jaina srotoM ke AdhAra para vaha AThavIM zatI ke bAda kA hI grantha siddha hotA hai| sandarbha : 1. "se kiM taM micchAsuaM? jaM imaM annANiehiM micchAdiDiehiM sacchaMdabuddhimaivigappiaM, taM jahA - bhArahaM rAmAyaNaM bhImAsurUkkhaM, koDillayaM sagaDabhadviAo khoDa (ghoDaga) muhaM kappasiaM nAgasuhumaM kanagasattarI vaisesiaM buddhavayaNaM terAsiyaM kAviliaM

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bhAgavata ke racanA kAla ke sandarbha meM jaina sAhitya ke kucha pramANa : 145 logAyayaM sadvitaMtaM mADharaM purANaM vAgaraNaM bhAgavaM pAyaMjalI pussadevayaM lehaM gaNiaM saugarUaM nADayAI ahavA bAvattarikalAo cattAri a veA sNgovNgaa|" nandIsUtra malayagiri kI TIkA kA mUlapATha, Agama suttANi saTIkaM bhAga 30, saM. munidIparatnasAgara - Agama zruta prakAzana, ahamadAbAda pR.187 "se kiM taM micchasuttaM? micchasuttaM jaM imaM aNNaNiehiM micchaddiTThiehiM sacchaMdabuddhi - mativiyappiyaM, taM jahA-bhArahaM, rAmAyaNaM, bhImAsurakkhaM koDallayaM sagabhaddiyAoM khoDamahaM kapyAsiyaM nAmasuhumaM kaNagasattarI vaisesiyaM buddhavayaNaM vesitaM kavilaM logAyataM saddhitaMtaM mADharaM purANaM vAgaraNaM NADagAdI ahavA bAvattarikalAo cattAri ya vedA sNgovNgaa|" nandIsUtra cUrNi kA mUlapATha pR. 49- prAkRta TeksTa sosAITI, ahamadAbAda 1966 3. "se kiM taM micchasutaM ? micchasutaM jaM imaM aNNaNiehiM micchaddiTThiehiM sacchaMdabuddhi - mativiyappiyaM, taM jahA-bhArahaM, rAmAyaNaM, haMbhImAsurakkhaM koDAllayaM sagabhaddiyAo khoDamuhaM kappAsiyaM nAmasuhumaM kaNagasattarI vaisesiyaM buddhavayaNaM vesitaM kavilaM logAyataM sadvitaMtaM mADharaM purANaM vAgaraNaM NADagAdI ahavA bAvattarikalAo cattAri ya vedA sNgovNgaa|" nandIsUtra kI haribhadrIya TIkA kA mUlapATha - pR. 64, prAkRta TeksTa sosAITI, ahamadAbAda 1966 4. kalyANa - bhAgavata aMka - gItApresa gorakhapura pR. 56-59

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bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA bauddhadharma bhArata kI zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai| sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA ko nivRttimArgI mAnA jAtA hai aura isa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA kI jAtI hai ki nivartaka dhArA kA samarthaka aura saMnyAsamArgI paramparA kA hone ke kAraNa bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA kA abhAva hai / yadyapi bauddhadharma saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA kA citraNa karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki sAMsArika tRSNAoM aura vAsanAoM ke tyAga se hI jIvana ke paramalakSya nirvANa kI upalabdhi sambhava hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki zramaNadhArA ke anya dharmoM kI taraha prArambhika bauddhadharma meM bhI zrAmaNya yA bhikSu jIvana para adhika bala diyA gyaa| usameM gRhastha dharma aura gRhastha jIvanazailI ko varIyatA pradAna nahIM kI gayI, kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki bauddha dharma sAmAjika cetanA arthAt samAja kalyANa kI bhAvanA se parAGmukha rahA hai, bhrAMtipUrNa hI hogaa| phira bhI yahA~ hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki zramaNa paramparA meM jo sAmAjika sandarbha upasthita haiM, ve avazya hI pravartaka dharmoM kI apekSA thor3e bhinna prakAra ke haiN| 1 sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya cintana ko hama tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiN| jahAM vaidika yuga meM 'saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM' ke udghoSa ke dvArA sAmAjika cetanA ko vikasita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA, vahIM aupaniSadika yuga meM isa sAmAjika cetanA ke liye dArzanika AdhAra kA prastutIkaraNa kiyA gyaa| samAja ke sadasyoM ke bIca abheda niSThA jAgRta karake ekAtmakatA kI anubhUti karAne kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| IzAvAsyopaniSad kA RSi kahatA hai : yastu sarvANi bhUtAnyAtmanyevAnupazyati / sarvabhUteSu cAtmAnaM tato na vijugupsate // sUtra - arthAt jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apane se aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai, vaha isa ekAtmakatA kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se bhI ghRNA nahIM karatA hai / aupaniSadika yuga meM yaha ekAtmakatA kI anubhUti hI sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra bnii| kintu sAmAnyarUpa se zramaNa paramparA meM jo sAmAjika cetanA ke sandarbha upasthita haiM ve vastutaH sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi ke lie haiN| bauddhadharma

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bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA : 147 meM mukhyata: sAmAjika jIvana ko dUSita banAne vAle tattvoM ke nirasana para bala diyA gayA hai| bauddhadharma kI paMcazIla kI avadhAraNA meM vastuta: una duSpravRttiyoM para aMkuza lagAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai jo hamAre sAmAjika sambandhoM ko vikRta karatI thiiN| paMcazIloM ke mAdhyama se usameM jo hiMsA, asatyabhASaNa, cauryakarma, vyabhicAra aura mAdaka dravyoM ke sevana se dUra rahane kI bAta kahI gayI hai usakA mukhya AdhAra hamArI sAmAjika cetanA hI hai| hiMsA kA artha hai dUsare prANiyoM ko kaSTa denA, unake hitoM kI upekSA karanA, isI prakAra asatya bhASaNa kA tAtparya dUsaroM ko galata jAnakArI denA yA unake sAtha kapaTapUrNa vyavahAra krnaa| corI kA artha hai, dUsaroM kI sampatti kA apaharaNa yA zoSaNa krnaa| isI prakAra vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke viruddha yauna sambandha sthApita karanA aura sadAcAra ke mUlyoM kI avahelanA kara sAmAjika sambandhoM ko viSAkta evaM asthira bnaanaa| isI prakAra mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana bhI sAmAjika cetanA aura dAyitvabodha kI upekSA kA hI kAraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi hama gaharAI se vicAra kareM to sAmAjika jIvana ke abhAva meM ina paMcazIloM kA koI artha aura saMdarbha hI nahIM raha jaataa| paMcazIla ke rUpa meM jo maryAdAe~ bauddha dharma ke dvArA prastuta kI gayI haiM, unakA mukhya sambandha hamAre sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi se hI hai| bauddha sAhitya meM aise aneka sandarbha haiM, jo vyakti ko usake sAmAjika sambandhoM aura dAyitvoM kA bodha karAte haiM, jinakI carcA hama isI Alekha ke anta meM kara rahe haiN| saMgha kI sarvoparitA zramaNa paramparA meM aura vizeSa rUpa se bauddhadharma meM dharmasaMgha kI sthApanA kA jo prayatna huA vaha vastuta: isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki bauddha dharma meM usake prArambhika kAla se hI sAmAjika cetanA upasthita thii| sAmUhika-sAdhanA yA saMghIya jIvanazailI bauddha dharma kI viziSTa dena hai| buddha ne apane jIvana ke aMtima kSaNa taka saMghIya-jIvana aura saMgha kI mahattA ko svIkAra kiyaa| apane parinirvANa ke avasara para bhI unhoMne apane sthAna para kisI bhikSu ko sthApita na karake yahI kahA ki mere pazcAt saMgha hI bhikSu-bhikSuNI varga kA anuzAstA hogaa| jo loga bauddhadharma ko zramaNa yA saMnyAsamArgIya paramparA kA dharma hone ke kAraNa yaha kahate haiM ki usameM sAmAjika cetanA kA abhAva hai ve vastuta: bauddhadharma kI isa sAmAjika prakRti se sarvathA anabhijJa haiN| bauddhadharma meM sadaiva hI saMgha kI mahattA aura garimA kA guNa-gAna kiyA gayA aura sAdhanAmaya jIvana meM sahavargIya bhikSu aura prANiyoM kI sevA ko sAdhanA kA ucca Adarza mAnA gyaa| samasta AcAra niyamoM kA mUla srota www.

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148 buddha ke pazcAt saMgha hI rahA hai| saMgha kI dUsare zabdoM meM samAja kI sarvoparitA ko bauddhadharma ne sadaiva hI svIkAra kiyA hai| trizaraNoM meM "saMghazaraNa' kA vidhAna isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA ko sadaiva hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| rAga kA prahANa aura sAmAjika cetanA bauddhadharma rAga ke prahANa para bala detA hai aura isIlie vaha zrAmaNya (saMnyAsa) aura nirvANa kI bAta kahatA hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki rAga kA prahANa hI aisA tattva hai, jo vyakti kI sAmAjika cetanA ko avaruddha karatA hai, kintu yaha mAnyatA bhrAnta hI hai| rAga yA mamatva se Upara uThane kA artha sAmAjikatA kI cetanA se vilaga honA nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki rAga ke prahANa ke liye vyakti zrAmaNya ko svIkAra karatA hai aura apane pArivArika sambandhoM ko bhI tor3a letA hai kintu yaha pArivArika jIvana se virakta honA sAmAjika jIvana se vimukha honA nahIM hai, apitu yaha hamArI sAmAjika cetanA aura sAmAjika sambandhoM ko vyApaka banAne kA hI eka prayatna hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki rAgAtmakatA kI upasthiti meM hamAre yathArtha sAmAjika sambandha bana hI nahIM paate| rAga hameM vyApaka banAne kI apekSA sImita hI karatA hai| vaha apane aura parAye kA gherA khar3A karatA hai| yadi hama ImAnadArIpUrvaka vizleSaNa kareM to hama pAyeMge ki sAmAjika jIvana aura sAmAjika sambandhoM kI viSamatA ke mUla meM kahIM na kahIM vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA hI kArya karatI hai| maiM aura merA aise pratyaya haiM jo hameM cAhe kucha logoM ke sAtha jor3ate hoM, lekina ve hameM bahujana samAja se to alaga hI karate haiN| mamatva kI upasthiti hamArI sAmAjika cetanA kI saMkIrNatA kI hI sUcaka hai| rAgabhAvanA jor3ane kA kAma kama aura tor3ane kA kAma adhika karatI hai| mamatva kI upasthiti meM samatva sambhava nahIM hai aura samatA ke abhAva meM sAmAjikatA nahIM hotI hai| sAmAnyatayA rAga-dveSa kA sahagAmI hotA hai aura jaba sambandha rAga aura dveSa ke AdhAra para banate haiM to ve viSamatA aura saMgharSa ko janma dete haiN| bodhicaryAvatAra meM AcArya zAntideva likhate haiM - upadravA ye ca bhavanti loke yAvanti duHkhAni bhayAni ca / sarvANi tAnyAtmaparigraheNa tat kiM mamAnena parigraheNa / / AtmAnamaparityajya duHkhaM tyaktuM na zakyate / yathAgnimaparityajya dAhaM tyaktuM na zakyate /

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bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA : 149 arthAt saMsAra ke sabhI du:kha aura bhaya tathA tajjanya upadrava mamatva ke kAraNa hI hote haiM, jaba taka mamatva buddhi kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka una duHkhoM kI samApti sambhava nahIM hai| jaise agni kA parityAga kiye binA tajjanya dAha se bacanA sambhava nahIM hai, vaise hI mamatva kA parityAga kiye binA duHkha se bacanA sambhava nahIM hai| para meM Atmabuddhi yA rAga bhAva ke kAraNa hI "maiM" aura "mere" pana kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| yahI mamatva bhAva hai| isI AdhAra para vyakti merA parivAra, merI jAti, merA dharma, merA rASTra aise kSudra ghere banAtA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAmpradAyikatA aura saMkucita rASTravAda kA janma hotA hai| Aja yadi mAnava jAti ke sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM meM koI bhI tattva sabase adhika bAdhaka hai to vaha mamatva yA rAgAtmakatA kA bhAva hI hai| mamatva yA rAgAtmakatA vyakti ko pArivArika, jAtIya, sAmpradAyika aura rASTrIya kSudra svArthoM se Upara nahIM uThane detii| bauddha darzana isI lie rAga ke prahANapara bala dekara sAmAjika cetanA ko eka yathArtha dRSTi pradAna karatA hai| kyoMki rAga sadaiva hI kucha para hotA hai aura jo kucha para hotA hai vaha saba para nahIM ho sakatA hai| rAga ke kAraNa hamAre sva kI sImA saMkucita hotI hai| yaha apane aura parAye ke bIca dIvAra khar3I karatA hai| vyakti jise apanA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI kAmanA karatA hai, aura jise parAyA mAnatA hai usake hitoM kA hanana karatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM zoSaNa, krUra vyavahAra, ghRNA Adi unhIM ke prati kiye jAte haiM jinheM hama apanA nahIM mAnate haiN| ata: rAgAtmaka sambandhoM ke AdhAra para sAmAjikatA kI saccI cetanA jAgRta nahIM hotii| yadyapi rAgAtmakatA yA mamatva ke ghere ko pUrI taraha tor3a pAnA sAmAnya vyakti ke lie sambhava nahIM hai, kintu yaha bhI utanA hI satya hai ki usakA eka sImA taka visarjana kiye binA apekSita sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM ho sakatA / parivAra kI sevA ke liye hameM apane vaiyaktika kSudra svArthoM ko, samAja kI sevA ke liye pArivArika svArthoM ko aura rASTra kI sevA ke liye jAti, dharma aura varga ke kSudra svArthoM ko chor3anA hogaa| ina kSudra svArthoM kA eka sImA taka visarjana kiye binA sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa sambhava nahIM hai| mamatva evaM svahita kI vRtti cAhe vaha parivAra ke prati ho yA rASTra ke prati, samAna rUpa se sAmAjikatA kI virodhI siddha hotI hai| usake hote hue eka vyApaka sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa sambhava nahIM hotA hai| puna: samAja tyAga aura samarpaNa ke mUlyoM ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai| yadi mujhe patnI, baccoM evaM parivAra kI sevA karanA hai to kahIM na kahIM apane

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150 vaiyaktika svArthoM ko tyAganA hI hogaa| isI prakAra rASTra kI sevA ke lie pArivArika aura jAtIya svArthoM ko chor3anA hI hogaa| yahI nahIM, yadi hama samagra mAnava jAti yA prANimAtra kA kalyANa cAhate haiM to rASTrIyatA ke kSudra ghere se bhI Upara uThanA hogaa| isa vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddha paramparA meM jo rAga aura tRSNA ke prahANa kI bAta kI gayI hai vaha sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka nahIM apitu sAdhaka hai / hamAre sAmAjika sambandhoM kA AdhAra rAga nahIM, apitu viveka kA tattva honA caahie| kartavyabodha kI bhAvanA hI eka aisA tattva hai jo hamArI sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra bana sakatA hai| rAga kI bhASA merepana kI bhASA hai, adhikAra kI bhASA hai, jabaki viveka kI bhASA kartavyabodha kI bhASA hai| jahAM kevala adhikAroM kI bAta hotI hai vahAM kevala vikRta sAmAjikatA panapatI hai| rAga ke AdhAra para jo bhI sAmAjika cetanA nirmita hogI vaha anivArya rUpa se varga bheda aura varNa bheda ko janma degii| bauddhadharma meM jisa sAmAjika cetanA ke nirmANa kI bAta kahI gayI hai vaha sAmAjika cetanA prajJA aura sArvabhauma karuNA ke AdhAra para phalita hotI hai| usameM mere aura tere yA apane yA parAye kI cetanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai| parama prajJA se jo karuNA niHsRta hotI hai, vaha sImita nahIM hotI hai, vaha ananta hotI hai, vaha kisI eka para nahIM, apitu sabhI para hotI hai| saMnyAsa aura samAja - sevA sAmAnyatayA saMnyAsa kI avadhAraNA ko bhI sAmAjikatA kA virodhI mAnA jAtA hai| bauddhadharma nizcaya hI eka saMnyAsamArgI paramparA kA dharma hai| yaha bhI sahI hai ki saMnyAsI ghara, parivAra aura samAja se apanA sambandha tor3a letA hai tathA dhana, sampatti kA bhI parityAga kara detA hai / mAtra yahI nahIM, eka saccA saMnyAsI to lokeSaNA kA bhI tyAga kara detA hai, kintu dhana, sampadA, parivAra aura lokeSaNA kA tyAga, samAja kA parityAga nahIM hai, vastutaH yaha tyAga svArthavRtti kA tyAga hai, vAsanAmaya jIvana kA tyAga hai| saMnyAsI kA yaha saMkalpa use samAja vimukha nahIM banAtA hai apitu samAja kalyANa kI uccatara bhUmikA meM adhiSThita karatA hai| kyoMki saccA samAja kalyANa niHsvArthatA aura virAga kI bhUmi para adhiSThita hokara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| apane kSudra svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie ekatrita vyaktiyoM kA samUha samAja nahIM hotA aura aise svArthI aura vAsanAlolupa vyaktiyoM tathAkathita sevA kA kArya samAja sevA kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai / samAja una logoM kA samUha hotA hai jo apane vaiyaktika aura pArivArika hitoM

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bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA : 151 kA parityAga karate haiN| niHsvArthabhAva se lokamaMgala ke lie uTha khar3e hote haiN| coroM aura luTeroM kA bhI samUha hotA hai kintu vaha samAja nahIM khlaataa| samAja kI bhAvanA hI vahIM panapatI hai, jahA~ tyAga aura svahita ke visarjana kA saMkalpa hotA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne jo bhikSu saMgha kI vyavasthA dI, vaha sAmAjika cetanA kI virodhI nahIM hai| bauddha bhikSu lokamaMgala aura sAmAjika dAyitvoM se vimukha hokara bhikSu nahIM banatA, apitu vaha lokakalyANa ke lie hI bhikSu jIvana aMgIkAra karatA hai / buddha kA yaha Adeza - " caratyabhikkhave cArikkaM bahujanahitAya bahujanasukhAya, lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya sukhAya devamunassAnaM" isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki unakA bhikSu saMgha lokamaMgala ke lie hI hai| saMnyAsa kI bhUmikA meM nizcita hI svArtha aura mamatva ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai| phira bhI saMnyAsa loka kalyANa aura sAmAjika dAyitvoM se palAyana nahIM hai, apitu bahujana samAja ke prati samarpaNa hai| saccA zramaNa usa bhUmikA para khar3A hotA hai jahAM vaha apane ko samaSTi meM aura samaSTi ko apane meM dekhatA hai| vastutaH nirmamatva aura niHsvArthabhAva se tathA apane aura parAye ke saMkIrNa ghere se Upara uThakara lokakalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahanA, zramaNa jIvana kI saccI bhUmikA hai| saccA zramaNa vaha vyakti hai jo lokamaMgala ke lie apane ko aura apane zarIra ko bhI samarpita kara detA hai| saMnyAsa kA tAtparya hai vyakti apane aura parAye ke ghere se Upara uThe aura prANimAtra ke prati usakA hRdaya karuNAzIla bane / AcArya zAntideva bodhicaryAvatAra meM likhate haiM kAyasyAvayavatvena yathAbhISTA karAdayaH / jagato'vayavatvena tathA kasmAnnadehinaH // bodhi 8/114 jisa prakAra hAtha Adi sva zarIra ke avayava hone se priya ho jAte haiM to phira jagat ke avayava hone se sabhI prANI priya kyoM nahIM hoMge ? vastuta: saccA zramaNa aura saccA saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hotA hai jisakI cetanA apane aura parAye ke bheda se Upara uTha jAtI hai| zrAmaNya kI bhUmikA na to Asakti kI bhUmikA hai aura na upekSA kI, apitu vaha eka aisI bhUmikA hai jahAM mAtra kartavya bhAva se loka kalyANa ke bhAva se jIvana ke vyavahAra phalita hote haiN| samAja meM naitika cetanA ko jAgRta karanA tathA samAja meM AnevAlI duSpravRttiyoM se vyaktiyoM evaM samAja ko bacAkara loka maMgala ke lie prerita karanA hI saMnyAsI kA sarvopari kartavya mAnA gayA hai|

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152 nirvANa kA pratyaya aura samAja yadyapi bauddha darzana meM nirvANa ko sAdhanA kA sarvopari lakSya mAnA gayA hai, kintu nirvANa kA yaha pratyaya bhI sAmAjika cetanA se vimukha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| nirvANa kA artha hai tRSNA aura Asakti kA prhaann| Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM yaha mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti kA prayAsa hI hai| vastuta: nirvANa prApta citta eka aisA zAMta citta hotA hai, jo tanAvoM evaM vikSobhoM se mukta rahatA hai| yadi hama nirvANa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika sArthakatA ke sandarbha meM vicAra kareM to hameM inhIM mAnasika vikSobhoM ke nirAkaraNa ke sandarbha meM hI usa para vicAra karanA hogaa| sambhavata: isa sambandha meM koI bhI do mata nahIM hogA ki rAga, dveSa, tRSNA, Asakti, mamatva, IrSyA, vaimanasya Adi manovRttiyA~ hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke lie adhika ghAtaka haiN| yadi ina manovRttiyoM se mukta honA hI mukti kA artha hai to mukti kA sambandha hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke sAtha jur3a jAtA hai| nirvANa mAtra eka maraNottara avasthA nahIM hai apitu vaha hamAre jIvana se sambandhita hai| bhAratIya cintakoM ne mokSa ko puruSArtha mAnA hai| usakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha isI jIvana se prAptavya hai| jo loga nirvANa ko eka maraNottara avasthA mAnate haiM, ve nirvANa ke vAstavika svarUpa se anabhijJa haiN| isa jIvanamukti ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika sArthakatA ko hama asvIkAra bhI nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki jIvanamukta eka aisA vyakti hai jo sadaiva lokakalyANakArI hotA hai| bauddha darzana meM buddha, arhat evaM bodhisatva kI jo avadhAraNAe~ prastuta kI gayI haiM aura unake vyaktitva ko jisa rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, usase hama nizcaya hI isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki nirvANa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika upAdeyatA bhI hai| vaha loka maMgala aura mAnava-kalyANa kA eka mahAna Adarza mAnA jA sakatA hai| jana-jana ko du:khoM se mukta karanA hI vAstavika mukti hai| bauddha dArzanikoM ne vaiyaktika mukti kI apekSA loka-kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane ko adhika mahattva diyA hai| bauddha-darzana meM bodhisatva kA jo Adarza prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha hameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAtA hai ki kevala vaiyaktika mukti ko prApta kara lenA hI jIvana kA antima lakSya nahIM hai| bodhisatva to lokamaMgala ke lie apane bandhana aura duHkha kI koI paravAha nahIM karatA, vaha kahatA hai - bahunAmekaduHkhena yadi duHkhaM vigacchati / utpAdyameva tad duHkhaM sadayena parAtmanoH / / bodhi0 8/105

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bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA : 153 mucyamAneSu sattveSu ye te pramodyasAgarAH / taireva nanu paryAptaM, mokSeNArasikena kim / / bodhi0 8/108 yadi eka ke kaSTa uThAne se bahutoM kA duHkha dUra hotA ho, to karuNApUrvaka unake duHkhoM ko dUra karanA hI acchA hai| prANiyoM ko duHkhoM se mukta hotA huA dekhakara jo Ananda prApta hotA hai, vaha kyA kama hai, phira nIrasa nirvANa prApta karane kI icchA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki nirvANa kI avadhAraNA bhI sAmAjikatA kI virodhI nahIM hai| bauddha darzana meM nirvANa kA artha hai AtmabhAva kA pUrNatayA vigln| vastuta: maiM, ahaM aura merepana ke bhAva se mukta ho jAnA hI nirvANa prApta karanA hai| isa dRSTi se nirvANa kA artha hai, apane Apako miTAkara samaSTi yA samAja meM lIna kara lenaa| bauddha darzana meM vahI vyakti nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai jo apane vyaktitva ko samaSTi meM lIna kara de| AcArya zAntideva 'bodhicaryAvatAra' meM likhate haiM sarvatyAgazca nirvANaM, nirvANArthi ca me manaH / tyaktvaM cenmayA sarva varaM satveSu dIyatAm / / bodhi0 3/11 athAt yadi sarva kA tyAga hI nirvANa hai aura merA mana nirvANa ko cAhatA hai, to saba kucha jo tyAga karanA hai, use anya prANiyoM ko kyoM na de diyA jaaye| isa prakAra zAMtideva kI dRSTi meM vyakti kA pUrNata: samaSTi meM lIna ho jAnA arthAt apane ko prANimAtra kI sevA meM samarpita kara denA hI sAdhanA kA ekamAtra Adarza hai| ata: nirvANa kA pratyaya sAmAjikatA kA virodhI hai, yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta hai| anta meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddha darzana meM, cAhe zrAmaNya yA saMnyAsa kA pratyaya ho, cAhe nirvANa kA, vaha kisI bhI artha meM sAmAjikatA kA virodhI nahIM hai| bauddha AcAryoM kI dRSTi aura vizeSakara mahAyAna AcAryoM kI dRSTi sadaiva hI sAmAjika cetanA se paripUrNa rahI hai aura unhoMne sadaiva hI loka maMgalakArI dRSTi ko jIvana kA Adarza mAnA hai / AcArya zAntideva bodhicaryAvatAra (8/125-129) meM bauddha dharma aura darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA kitanI udAtta hai, isakA spaSTa citraNa karate haiN| hama yahAM unake vacanoM ko yathAvata prastuta kara rahe haiM - yadi dAsyAmi kiM bhokSye ityAtmArthe pizAcatA / yadi bhokSye kiM dadAmIti parArtha devarAjatA / / bodhi0 8/125

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154 'yadi dUMgA to maiM kyA khAUMgA' yaha vicAra pizAcavRtti hai| apane khAne ko dUsare kI apekSA parAye ke lie dene kI bhAvanA rakhanA hI devarAjatA hai / AtmArthaM pIDayitvAnyaM narakAdiSu pacyate / AtmAnaM pIDayitvA tu parArthaM sarvasaMpadaH || bodhi0 8 / 126 apane lie dUsare ko pIr3A dekara (manuSya ko ) naraka Adi meM pakanA par3atA hai| para dUsare ke lie svayaM kleza uThAne se ( manuSya ko ) saba sampattiyAM milatI haiN| durgatirnIcatA moryyaM yayaivAtmonnatIcchayA / tAmevAnyatra saMkrAmya sugatiH satkRtirmatiH / / bodhi0 8 / 127 apane prakarSa kI jisa icchA se durgati, paravazatA aura mUrkhatA milatI hai, usI (icchA) kA dUsaroM ke hita meM saMkramaNa karane se sugati, satkAra aura prajJA milatI hai| AtmArthaM paramAjJApya dAsatvAdyanubhUyate / parArthaM tvenamAjJApya svAmitvAdyanubhUyate / bodhi0 8 / 128 apane svArtha ke lie dUsare ko AjJA dekara, usa karma ke pariNAma svarUpa dAsatA Adi kA anubhava karanA par3atA hai / kintu dUsare ke hita ke lie apane ko AjJA dekara usa karma ke phalasvarUpa prabhutA Adi kA anubhava karane ko milatA hai| ye kecid duHkhitA loke sarve te svasukhecchayA / ye kecit sukhitA loke sarve te'nyasukhecchayA / / bodhi0 8 / 129 saMsAra meM jo koI duHkhI haiM, ve saba apanI sukhecchA ke kaarnn| saMsAra meM jo koI sukhI haiM, ve parakIya sukhecchA ke kAraNa haiN| isa samagra cintana meM yaha phalita hotA hai ki bauddhadharma meM lokamaMgala kI udAtta bhAvanA bhagavAna buddha se lekara paravartI AcAryoM meM bhI yathAvata kAyama rahI hai| bhagavAna buddha ne jo 'bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya' kA udghoSa kiyA thA vaha bauddha dharma darzana kA mukhya adhiSThAna hai| aisI lokamaMgala kI sarvocca bhAvanA kA pratibimba hameM AcArya zAntideva ke 'zikSAsamuccaya' nAmaka grantha meM milatA hai / hindI meM anUdita unakI nimna paMktiyAM mananIya haiM

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bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA : 155 isa duHkhamaya naraloka meM, jitane dalita, bandhagrasita, pIr3ita vipatti vilIna haiM, jitane bahudhandhI viveka vihIna haiM / jo kaThina bhaya se aura dAruNa zoka se atidIna haiM, ve mukta hoM nijabandha se, svacchanda hoM saba dvandva se, chUTe dalana ke phanda se, ho aisA jaga meM, duHkha se vilakhe na koI, vedanArtha hile na koI, pApa karma kare na koI, asanmArga dhare na koI, ho sabhI sukhazIla, puNyAcAra dharmavratI, sabakA ho parama kalyANa, sabakA ho parama kalyANa / /

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dharma nirapekSatA aura bauddhadharma vaijJAnika pragati ke pariNAma svarUpa Aja hamArA vizva simaTa gayA hai| vibhinna saMskRtiyoM aura vibhinna dharmoM ke loga Aja eka dUsare ke nikaTa samparka meM haiN| sAtha hI vaijJAnika evaM audyogika pragati ke kAraNa aura viziSTIkaraNa se hama parasparAzrita ho gaye haiN| Aja kisI bhI dharma aura saMskRti ke loga dUsare dharmoM aura saMskRtiyoM se nirapekSa hokara jIvana nahIM jI skte| hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki isa parivezajanya nikaTatA aura pArasparika nirbharatA ke bAvajUda Aja manuSya manuSya ke bIca hRdaya kI dUriyAM bar3hatI jA rahI haiN| vaiyaktika yA rASTrIya svArthalipsA evaM mahattvAkAMkSA ke kAraNa hama eka-dUsare se kaTate cale jA rahe haiN| dharmoM aura dhArmika sampradAyoM ke saMgharSa bar3hate jA rahe haiM aura manuSya Aja bhI dharma ke nAma para damana, atyAcAra, nRzaMsatA aura raktaplAvana kA zikAra ho rahA hai| eka dharma aura eka sampradAya ke loga dUsare dharma aura sampradAya ko maTiyAmeTa karane para tule hue haiN| ina saba paristhitiyoM meM Aja rASTrIya aura antarrASTrIya stara para dharmanirapekSatA kA prazna atyanta prAsaGgika ho gayA hai| dharmanirapekSatA se hI dharmoM ke nAma para hone vAlI ina saba durghaTanAoM se mAnavatA ko bacAyA jA sakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM sarvaprathama hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki dharmanirapekSatA se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai? vastutaH dharmanirapekSatA ko aMgrejI zabda 'sekyularijma' kA hindI paryAyAvAcI mAna liyA gayA hai| hama aksara 'sekyulara sTeTa' kI bAta karate haiN| yahA~ hamArA tAtparya aise rAjya / rASTra se hotA hai jo kisI dharma vizeSa ko rASTrIya dharma ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karake apane rASTra meM pracalita sabhI dharmoM ko apanI-apanI sAdhanA paddhati ko apanAne kI svatantratA, apane vikAsa ke samAna avasara aura sabhI ke prati samAna Adara bhAva pradAna karatA hai / ataH rASTrIya nIti ke sandarbha meM 'sekyularijma' kA artha dharmavihInatA nahIM apitu kisI dharma vizeSa ko pramukhatA na dekara, sabhI dharmo ke prati samavyavahAra hai| jo loga dharmanirapekSatA kA artha dharma athavA nIti vihInatA karate haiM, ve bhI eka bhrAnta dhAraNA ko prastuta karate haiN| koI bhI vyakti athavA rASTra dharmavihIna nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki dharma eka jIvanazailI hai| sekyularijma yA dharmanirapekSatA ke lie mahAtmA gAMdhI ne hameM 'sarvadharma samabhAva' zabda diyA thA, jo adhika mahattvapUrNa aura sArthaka hai| sabhI

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dharma nirapekSatA aura bauddhadharma : 157 dharmoM kI sApekSika mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karate hue unake vikAsa ke samAna avasara pradAna karanA hI dharmanirapekSatA hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki dhArmika durbhiniveza evaM matAgraha se mukta honA hI dRSTi kI parivAsanA se mukta honA hai| vaha kisI dRSTi / karmakANDa / upAsanA paddhati se baMdhanA nahIM hai| isI prakAra 'dharma' zabda bhI aneka artha meM prayukta hotA hai| vaha eka ora vastusvarUpa kA sUcaka hai to dUsarI ora kartavya aura kisI sAdhanA yA upAsanA kI paddhati vizeSa kA bhI sUcaka hai| ataH jaba hama dharmanirapekSatA kI avadhAraNA ke sandarbha meM 'dharma' zabda kA prayoga kareM, to hameM usake artha ke sambandha meM spaSTatA rakhanI hogii| prastuta sandarbha meM dharma kA artha na svabhAva hai, na kartavya aura na sadAcaraNa hai| dharma nirapekSatA ke sandarbha meM 'dharma' zabda AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura upAsanA kI paddhati vizeSa kA paricAyaka hai, jo kisI sImA taka nIti aura AcAra ke vizeSa niyamoM se bhI jur3A hai| ataH dharmanirapekSatA kA tAtparya upAsanA yA sAdhanA kI vibhinna paddhatiyoM kI sApekSika satyatA aura mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karanA hai| saMkSepa meM kisI eka dharma/sampradAya / karmakANDa yA upAsanA kI paddhati ke prati pratibaddha na hokara sAdhanA aura upAsanA kI sabhI paddhatiyoM ko vikasita hone evaM jIvita rahane kA samAna adhikAra pradAna karanA hI dharmanirapekSatA hai| jaba hama bauddhadharma ke sandarbha meM isa dharmanirapekSatA kI avadhAraNA para vicAra karate haiM to hameM isa tathya ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kara lenA cAhie ki bauddhadharma bhI eka dharmavizeSa hI hai, ataH usameM dharmanirapekSatA kA vaha artha nahIM hai jise sAmAnyatayA hama svIkAra karate haiM / usameM dharmanirapekSatA kA tAtparya dUsare dharmoM ke prati samAdara bhAva se adhika nahIM hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki bauddhadharma meM anya dhArmika evaM dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI usI prakAra samIkSA kI gaI hai jisa prakAra anya dharmoM evaM darzanoM meM bauddhadharma kI gaI thii| phira bhI bauddhadharma meM sarvadharmasamabhAva evaM dhArmika sahiSNutA ke paryApta AdhAra haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti aura bhAratIya cintana prArambha se hI udAravAdI aura samanvayavAdI rahA hai| bhAratIya cintana kI isI udAratA evaM samanvayavAditA ke pariNAmasvarUpa hindUdharma vibhinna sAdhanA aura upAsanA kI paddhatiyoM kA eka aisA saMgrahAlaya bana gayA ki Aja koI bhI vidvAna hindU dharma kI sunizcita paribhASA dene meM asaphala ho jAtA hai / upAsanA evaM karmakANDa kI Adima pravRttiyoM se lekara advaita vedAnta kA zreSThatama dArzanika siddhAnta usameM samAhita hai| prakRti pUjA ke vividha rUpoM se lekara nirguNa-sAdhanA kA vikasita rUpa usameM parilakSita hotA hai| usakI dhArmika samanvayazIlatA hamAre sAmane eka advitIya Adarza upasthita karatI hai|

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158 bhAratIya cintanadhArA kA hI aMga hone ke kAraNa bauddhadharma bhI apane prArambhika kAla se lekara Aja taka dhArmika samanvayazIlatA aura sarvadharmasamabhAva kA Adarza prastuta karatA rahA hai| kyoMki usane pratidvandI dharmoM ko zakti ke bala para samApta karane kA kabhI prayatna nahIM kiyaa| eka ora usakI isa samanvayavAditA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki vaha vyApaka hindU dharma meM AtmasAt hokara bhArata meM apanA svatantra astitva hI nahIM rakha sakA, kintu dUsarI ora usane apanI isa samanvayavAditA ke pariNAmasvarUpa vizva ke dharmoM meM zIrSastha sthAna prApta kara liyA aura bhArata ke bAhara bhUTAna, tibbata, cIna, viyatanAma, jApAna, kamboDiyA, thAIlaiNDa, barmA, laMkA Adi dezoM meM unakI saMskRtiyoM se samanvaya sAdhate hue apane astitva kA vistAra kara liyA hai| yahAM hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA kiM bauddhadharma neM apanA vistAra sattA aura zakti ke bala para nahIM kiyA hai| bauddhadharma kI udAra aura samanvayazIla dRSTi kA hI yaha pariNAma thA ki vaha jisa deza meM gayA vahAM ke AcAra-vicAra aura nIti vyavahAra ko, vahAM ke devIdevatAoM ko isa prakAra se samanvita kara liyA ki una dezoM ke lie vaha eka bAharI dharma na rahakara unakA apanA hI aMga bana gayA / isa prakAra vaha videza kI bhUmi meM bhI videzI nahIM rahA / yaha usakI samanvayavAditA hI thI, jisake kAraNa vaha videzI bhUmi meM apane ko khar3A rakha sakA / bauddhadharma meM dharmanirapekSatA kA AdhAra- dRSTirAga kA prahANa dharmanirapekSatA yA sarvadharmasamabhAva kI avadhAraNA tabhI balavatI hotI hai jaba vyakti apane ko Agraha aura matAndhatA ke ghere se Upara uThA ske| Agraha aura matAndhatA se Upara uThane ke lie bauddhadharma meM dRSTirAga (diTThI parivAsanA ) kA spaSTarUpa se niSedha kiyA gayA hai| bauddhadharma aura sAdhanA paddhati kI anivArya zarta yaha hai ki vyakti apane ko dRSTirAga se Upara uThAye, kyoMki bauddha paramparA meM dRSTirAga ko hI mithyAdRSTi aura dRSTirAga ke prahANa ko samyakadRSTi kahA gayA hai| yadyapi kucha vicAraka yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddhadharma yA darzana svayaM meM bhI to eka dRSTi hai| lekina yadi hama bauddhadharma kA gambhIratA se adhyayana kareM to hameM yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki buddha kA sandeza kisI dRSTi ko apanAnA nahIM thA, kyoMki sabhI dRSTiyA~ tRSNA ke hI, rAga ke hI rUpa haiM aura satya ke ekAMza kA grahaNa karatI haiN| ina dRSTiyoM se Upara uThanA hI buddha kI dharmadezanA kA sAra hai / dRSTirAga se Upara uThanA hI dRSTinirapekSatA hai aura ise hI hama dharmanirapekSatA kaha sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha eka niSedhAtmaka prayAsa hI adhika hai, jainoM ke anekAnta ke samAna vidhAyaka prayAsa nahIM hai| phira bhI bauddhadharma meM samyakadRSTi aura mithyAdRSTi

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dharma nirapekSatA aura bauddhadharma : 159 kI carcA huI hai kintu usakI samyakdRSTi dRSTinirapekSatA yA dRSTizUnyatA ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai| bauddhadharma kI dRSTi meM sabhI dRSTiyAM aikAntika hotI haiN| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki Agraha yA ekAMgIdraSTi rAga ke hI rUpa haiM aura jo isa prakAra ke dRSTirAga meM rata rahatA hai vaha samyakdRSTi ko upalabdha nahIM hotaa| apitu jahAM eka ora svaMya dRSTirAga ke kAraNa bandhana meM par3A rahatA hai vahIM dUsarI ora isI dRSTirAga ke pariNAmasvarUpa kalaha aura vivAda kA kAraNa banatA hai| isake viparIta jo manuSya dRSTipakSa yA Agraha se Upara uTha jAtA hai, vaha na to vivAda meM par3atA hai na bandhana meN| vaha vizvazAnti kA sAdhaka hotA hai| suttanipAta meM buddha bahuta hI mArmika zabdoM meM kahate hai ki "jo apanI dRSTi kA dRr3hAgrahI ho dUsaro ko mUrkha mAnatA hai, vaha dUsare dharma ko mUrkha aura azuddha batalAne vAlA svayaM hI kalaha kA AhvAna karatA hai| vaha kisI dhAraNA yA dRSTi para avasthita ho, usake dvArA saMsAra meM vivAda yA kalaha utpanna karatA hai| kintu jo sabhI dhAraNAoM ko tyAga detA hai vaha manuSya saMsAra meM kalaha nahIM karatA hai| kyoMki dRSTi rAga bAMdhatA hai, jo bAMdhatA hai vaha anyatra se tor3atA bhI hai aura jo tor3egA vaha kalaha aura vinAza ko Amantrita kregaa| buddha punaH spaSTa zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki sAdhAraNa manuSyoM kI jo kucha dRSTiyA~ haiM, paNDita una sabameM nahIM par3atA hai| dRSTi ko na grahaNa karane vAlA Asaktirahita paNDita kyA grahaNa karegA? buddha ke zabdoM meM jo loga apane dharma ko paripUrNa aura dUsare ke dharma ko hIna batAte haiM ve dUsaroM kI avajJA (nindA) se hIna hokara dharma meM zreSTha nahIM ho skte| jo kisI dRSTi vizeSa ko mAnatA hai, jo kisI vAdavizeSa meM Asakta hai vaha manuSya zuddhi ko prApta nahIM ho sktaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ke zabdoM meM vivekI brAhmaNa dRSTi kI tRSNA meM nahIM par3atA, vaha jo kucha bhI dRSTi, zruti yA vicAra hai, una saba para vijayI hotA hai aura dRSTiyoM se pUrNarUpa se mukta ho saMsAra meM lipta nahIM hotaa| ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddhadharma dRSTirAga kA niSedha karake isa bAta kA saMdeza detA hai ki vyakti ko sAdhanA aura AdhyAtma ke kSetra meM kisI prakAra ke durAgraha se grasita nahIM honA cAhie / bauddhadharma kI yaha spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki binA dRSTirAga ko chor3e koI bhI vyakti na to samyagdRSTi ko prApta ho sakatA hai aura na nirvANa ke patha kA anugAmI ho sakatA hai| isIlie bauddhadharma ke sazakta vyAkhyAtA vidvAna dArzanika nAgArjuna spaSTa zabdoM meM kahate haiM - tattva kA sAkSAtkAra dRSTiyoM ke ghere se Upara uThakara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki samagra dRSTiyA~ (darzana) use dUSita hI karatI haiN| isa prakAra bauddha darzana kA dRSTirAga ke

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160 prahANa kA siddhAnta dharmanirapekSatA ke siddhAnta kA eka mahattvapUrNa AdhAra hai| buddha kA sandeza sadaiva hI Agraha aura matAndhatA ke ghere se Upara uThane kA rahA hai kyoMki ve yaha mAnate haiM ki satya kA darzana Agraha aura matAndhatA se Upara uThakara hI ho sakatA hai| bauddha darzana kA vibhajyavAda kA siddhAnta bhI hameM yahI sandeza detA hai ki satya kA samagrarUpa se darzana karane ke icchuka vyakti ko satya ko aikAntika dRSTi se nahIM, apitu anaikAntika dRSTi se dekhanA hogaa| bauddha paramparA meM satya ko aneka pahaluoM ke sAtha dekhanA hI vidvatA hai| theragAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo satya ko eka hI pahala se dekhatA hai vaha mUrkha hai, paMDita to satya ko aneka pahaluoM se dekhatA hai| vivAda kA janma ekAMgI dRSTi se hotA hai kyoMki ekAMgadarzI hI Apasa meM jhagar3ate haiN| jaba hama satya ko aneka pahaluoM se dekhate haiM to nizcaya hI hamAre sAmane vibhinna pahaluoM ke AdhAra para vibhinna rUpa hote haiM aura aisI sthiti meM hama kisI eka vicArasaraNI meM Abaddha na hokara satya kA vyApaka rUpa meM darzana karate haiN| isIlie suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM ki maiM vivAda (Agraha) ke do phala batAtA hU~ - eka to vaha apUrNa aura ekAMgI hotA hai aura dUsare vaha vigraha aura azAnti kA kAraNa hotA hai| nirvANa jo ki hamAre jIvana kA parama sAdhya hai vaha to nirvivAdatA kI bhUmi para sthita hai| isalie buddha kahate haiM ki nirvANa ko nirvivAda bhUmi samajhanevAlA sAdhaka vivAda meM na pdd'e| bhagavAna buddha kI dRSTi meM pakSAgraha yA vAda-vivAda nirvANamArga ke pathika ke kArya nahIM haiN| ve spaSTa kahate haiM ki yaha to mallavidyA hai| rAjabhojana se pRSTa pahalavAna kI taraha apane prativAdI ko lalakArane vAle vAdI ko usa jaise prativAdI ke pAsa bhejanA cAhie, kyoMki mukta puruSoM ke pAsa vivAdarUpI yuddha kA koI kAraNa hI zeSa nahIM hai aura jo apane mata yA draSTi ko satya batAte haiM unase kahanA cAhie ki vivAda utpanna hone para tumhAre sAtha bahasa karane ko yahAM koI nahIM hai| isa prakAra bauddhadarzana isa bAta ko bhI anucita mAnatA hai ki hama kevala apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare ke mata kI nindA karate rheN| buddha svaMya kahate haiM ki zuddhi yahIM hai dUsare vargoM meM nahIM hai, aisA apanI dRSTi meM atidRr3hAgrahI vyakti tairthika (mithyAdRSTi) hai| isa prakAra dRSTirAga hI mithyAdRSTi hai aura dRSTirAga kA prahANa hI samyagdRSTi hai| dhArmika saMgharSa kI niyantraka tattva prajJA samagra dhArmika matAndhatA aura saMgharSa isIlie hote haiM ki vyakti dhArmika sandarbho meM vicAra aura tarka kI apekSA zraddhA ke adhika mahattva dete haiN| tarka aura

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dharma nirapekSatA aura bauddhadharma : 161 cintana se rahita zraddhA aMdhazraddhA hotI hai aura aisI aMdhazraddhA se yukta vyaktiyoM kA upayoga tathAkathita dhArmika netA apane svArthoM kI pUrti ke liye kara lete haiN| ataH dharma ke kSetra meM zraddhA kA sthAna svIkRta karate hue bhI use viveka yA cintana se rahita kara denA nahIM hai| bauddhadharma ne sadaiva hI zraddhA kI apekSA tarka aura prajJA ko adhika mahattva diyA hai| AlArakalAmasutta meM buddha spaSTarUpa meM kahate haiM ki he kalAma ! tuma merI bAta ko kevala isalie satya svIkAra mata karo ki inako kahane vAlA vyakti tumhArI AsthA yA zraddhA kA kendra hai| adhyAtma aura sAdhanA ke kSetra meM pratyeka bAta ko tarka kI tarAjU para taula kara aura anubhava kI kasauTI para kasa kara hI svIkAra karanA caahie| buddha anya vicArakoM kI vaicArika svataMtratA kA kabhI hanana nahIM karanA caahte| isake viparIta ve hamezA kahate haiM ki jo kucha hamane kahA hai use anubhava kI kasauTI para kaso aura satya kI tarAjU para taulo, yadi vaha satya lagatA hai to use svIkAra karo / buddha ke zabdoM meM he kalAma ! jaba tuma Atma anubhava se jAnalo ki ye bAteM kuzala haiM, nirdoSa haiM, inake AdhAra para calane se sukha hotA hai tabhI inheM svIkAra karo anyathA nahIM / buddha AsthA pradhAna dharma ke sthAna para tarka pradhAna dharma kA vyAkhyAna karate haiM aura isa prakAra ke dhArmika matAndhatA aura vaicArika durAgrahoM se vyakti ko Upara uThAte haiN| use kevala zAstA ke prati Adara ke kAraNa svIkAra nahIM karanA caahie| vastutaH dhArmika jIvana meM jaba taka viveka yA prajJA ko vizvAsa yA AsthA kA niyantraka nahIM mAnA jAegA taba taka hama dhArmika saMgharSoM aura dharma ke nAma para khelI jAnI vAlI holiyoM se mAnavajAti ko nahIM bacA skeNge| dharma ke lie zraddhA Avazyaka hai kintu use viveka kA anugAmI honA caahie| yaha Avazyaka hai ki zAstra kI sArI bAtoM aura vyAkhyAoM ko viveka kI tarAjU para taulA jAye aura yugIna sandarbha meM unakA mUlyAMkana kiyA jaaye| jaba taka yaha nahIM hotA taba taka dhArmika jIvana meM AI saMkIrNatA kA miTa pAnA sambhava nhiiN| viveka hI aisA tattva hai jo hamArI dRSTi ko udAra aura vyApaka banA sakatA hai| zraddhA Avazyaka hai, kintu use viveka kA anugAmI honA caahie| Aja AvazyakatA bauddhika dharma kI hai aura buddha ne bauddhika dharma kA sandeza dekara hameM dhArmika matAndhatAoM aura dhArmika AgrahoM se Upara uThane kA sandeza diyA hai| buddha kA madhyamamArga dharmanirapekSatA kA AdhAra buddha ne apane darzana ko madhyamamArga kI saMjJA dI hai| jisa prakAra nadI kI dhArA kUloM meM na ulajhakara unake madhya se baha letI hai, usI prakAra bauddhadharma bhI aikAntika dRSTiyoM se bacakara apanI yAtrA karatA hai / madhyamamArga kA eka Azaya yaha bhI hai ki vaha kisI bhI dRSTi ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| sAMsArika sukhabhoga

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162 aura dehadaNDana kI prakriyA donoM hI usake lie aikAntika hai| ekAntoM ke tyAga meM hI madhyama mArga kI viziSTatA hai| madhyamamArga kA artha hai - paraspara virodhI matavAdoM meM kisI eka hI pakSa ko svIkAra na karanA / buddha kA madhyamamArga anaikAntika dRSTi kA udAharaNa hai| yadyapi ve kevala niSedhamukha se itanA hI kahate hai ki hameM aikAntika dRSTiyoM meM nahIM ulajhanA caahie| dhArmika nirapekSatA kA bhI kisI sImA taka yahI Adarza hai ki hameM kisI eka dharma vizeSa yA matavAda vizeSa meM na ulajhakara eka vyApaka dRSTikoNa apanAnA caahie| buddha ke zabdoM meM ekAMzadarzI hI Apasa meM jhagar3ate aura ulajhate haiN| madhyamamArga kA tAtparya hai - vivAdoM se Upara uThanA aura isa artha meM vaha kisI sImA taka dharmanirapekSatA kA hAmI hai| bauddhadharma yaha mAnatA hai ki jIvana kA mukhya lakSya tRSNA kI samApti hai| Asakti aura ahaM se Upara uThanA hI sarvocca Adarza hai| dRSTirAga vaicArika tRSNA athavA vaicArika ahaM kA hI eka rUpa hai aura jaba taka vaha upasthita hai taba taka madhyamamArga kI sAdhanA sambhava nahIM hai| ataH madhyamamArga kA sAdhaka ina draSTirAgoM se Upara uThakara kArya karatA hai| jaisA ki bauddha darzana meM kahA gayA hai ki paNDita vahI hai jo ubhaya antoM kA vivarjana kara madhya meM sthita rahatA hai| vastuta: mAdhyastha dRSTi hI dharmanirapekSatA hai| buddha kA jIvana aura dhArmika sahiSNutA yadi hama buddha ke jIvana ko dekheM to yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki ve svayaM kisI dharma yA sAdhanA-paddhati vizeSa ke AgrahI nahIM rahe haiN| unhoMne apanI sAdhanA ke prArambha meM aneka dharmanAyakoM, vicArakoM aura sAdhakoM se jIvanta samparka sthApita kiyA thA aura unakI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ko apnaayaa| udakarAmaputta Adi aneka sAdhakoM ke samparka meM ve Aye aura unakI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ko siikhaa| yaha samasta carcA pAli tripiTaka meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| cAhe AtmatoSa na hone para unhoMne unakA bAda meM tyAga kiyA ho phira bhI unake mana meM sabhI sAdhakoM ke prati sadA AdarabhAva rahA aura jJAna prApti ke pazcAt bhI unake mana meM yaha abhilASA rahI ki apane dvArA udghATita satya kA bodha unheM kraayeN| yaha durbhAgya hI thA ki paMcavargI bhikSuoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI AcArya usa kAla taka kAlakavalita ho cuke the, phira bhI buddha ke dvArA unake prati pradarzita AdarabhAva unakI udAra aura vyApaka draSTi kA paricAyaka hai| yadyapi bauddhadharma meM anya tIrthakoM ke rUpa meM pUrNakazyapa, nigaMThanATaputta, ajitakezakaMbali, maMkhaligozAla Adi kI samAlocanA hameM upalabdha hotI hai kintu aisA lagatA hai ki yaha saba paravartI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kA hI pariNAma hai| buddha jaisA mahAmanasvI ina vaicArika durAgrahoM aura abhinivezoM se yukta rahA ho aisA socanA sambhava nahIM hai|

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dharma nirapekSatA aura bauddhadharma : 163 puna: bauddhadharma mUlataH eka karmakANDI dharma na hokara eka naitika AcAra paddhati hai| eka naitika AcAra paddhati ke rUpa meM vaha dhArmika durAgrahoM aura abhinivezoM se mukta raha sakatA hai| usake anusAra tRSNA kI samApti hI jIvana kA parama zreya hai aura tRSNA kI parisamApti ke samagra prayatna kisI eka dharma paramparA se sambaddha nahIM kiye jo skte| ve sabhI upAya jo tRSNA ke bhedana meM upayogI hoM bauddhadharma ko svIkAra haiM / zIlavAna, samAdhivAna aura prajJAvAna honA bauddha vicAraNA kA mantavya hai kintu ise hama kevala bauddhoM kA dharma nahIM kaha skte| yaha dharma kA sArvajanIna aura sArvakAlika svarUpa hai aura bauddhadharma ise apanAkara vyApaka aura udAra dRSTi kA hI paricAyaka banatA hai| bauddhadharma meM dharma (sAdhanA-paddhati) eka sAdhana hai vaha pakar3akara rakhane ke lie nahIM hai aura use bhI chor3anA hI hai, ataH vaha sAdhanA ke kisI viziSTa mArga kA AgrahI nahIM hai| upasaMhAra vastutaH vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM ke AdhAra para sAdhanAgata aura AcAragata bhinnatAeM svAbhAvika haiN| ataH mAnavIya ekatA aura mAnavIya saMgharSoM kI samApti ke lie eka dharma kA nArA na kevala azakya hai apitu asvAbhAvika bhI hai| jaba taka vyaktiyoM meM rucigata aura svabhAvagata bheda hai taba taka sAdhanAgata bheda bhI aparihArya rUpa se bane raheMge / isIlie to buddha ne kisI eka yAna kA upadeza na dekara vividha yAnoM (dharma mArgoM) kA upadeza diyA thaa| Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama ina sAdhanAgata bhedoM ko eka vyApaka pariprekSya meM samanvita kara tathA unakI upAdeyatA ko svIkAra kara eka aisI jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa kareM jo sabhI kI sApekSika mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karate hue mAnava kalyANa meM sahAyaka bana ske| sandarbhaH 1. suttanipAta 50/16-17 3. theragAthA 1 / 106 5. suttanipAta 51/2 2. suttanipAta 52 / 3, 10-11, 16-20 4. udAna 6/4 6. suttanipAta 46/8-9 *

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mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi bauddhadharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA kI madhyama pratipadA kA vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kina prabhAvoM ke pariNAma svarUpa huA, yahI isa nibandha kA vivecya viSaya hai| bauddhadharma zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai, kintu isI sandarbha meM hameM yaha nahIM bhUla jAnA cAhie ki buddha ne jisa madhyama mArga kA pratipAdana kiyA vaha nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA kA pravRttimArgI vaidika paramparA ke sAtha samanvaya kA prAthamika prayAsa thaa| zramaNadhArA aura vaidikadhArA mUlataH do bhinna jIvanadRSTiyoM para khar3I huI thiiN| sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA se nivRttimArgI dharmoM kA hI grahaNa hotA hai / nivRttimArgI dharma mUlataH nirvANalakSI, jJAnamArgI evaM tapasyApradhAna the, unakA mUlabhUta lakSya tapasyA aura jJAna ke mAdhyama se janma-maraNa ke cakra se mukti pAnA thaa| unakI dRSTi meM sAMsArika astitva duHkhamaya hai aura usase chuTakArA pAnA hI jIvana kA Adarza haiN| isake viparIta vaidika paramparA jIvana ko aura sAMsArika astitva ko AzA bharI dRSTi se dekhatI thii| vartamAna jIvana ko sukhI evaM sampanna banAnA hI usakA eka mAtra lakSya thA / yaha kahanA bhI atizyoktipUrNa nahIM hogA ki jahA~ vaidika paramparA meM bhautika sukha-samRddhi kI upalabdhi hI jIvana kA lakSya banI, vahA~ zramaNadhArA ke prArambhika rUpoM meM jIvana ke niSedha kA svara hI adhika ubhraa| vastuta: vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA mAnava jIvana ke do AdhAra deha aura cetanA athavA bhoga aura tyAga kI do bhinna jIvana dRSTiyoM para khar3I huI thiiN| prArambhika vaidika dharma kA lakSya bhoga aura prArambhika zramaNa dharmoM kA lakSya tyAga rahA, dUsare zabdoM meM vaidika dharma pravRtti pradhAna aura zramaNadharma nivRtti pradhAna bnaa| kintu mAnava astitva isa prakAra kA hai ki vaha na kevala bhoga para aura na kevala tyAga para khar3A rahA sakatA hai, use jIvana ke lie bhoga aura tyAga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, vAsanA kI santuSTi evaM viveka kA vikAsa sabhI Avazyaka hai| daihika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM ke sAtha hI usake lie naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlya bhI Avazyaka haiN| - ataH pariNAma yaha huA ki bhoga evaM tyAga ke aikAntika AdhAroM para khar3I huI dharma-paramparAeN use apane jIvana kA samyak samAdhAna nahIM de skiiN|

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mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi : 165 pariNAmasvarUpa bhoga aura tyAga tathA pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke madhya eka samanvaya athavA samyak santulana banAne kA prayatna huaa| isa samanvaya kI dhArA ko hama sarvaprathama IzAvAsyopaniSad meM dekhate haiM jahA~ "tena tyaktena bhuJjIthA' meM tyAga aura bhoga kA samanvaya kiyA gayA hai| vaidika dhArA meM vikasita aupaniSadika cintana isa samanvaya kA pratinidhi kahA jA sakatA hai| yahI samanvaya kI dhArA Age calakara gItA meM adhika puSpita evaM pallavita hotI hai| gItA kI jIvana dRSTi IzAvAsyopaniSad kI jIvana dRSTi kA hI eka vikasita rUpa hai| jisa prakAra vaidika dhArA meM upaniSad evaM gItA samanvaya kI dRSTi ko lekara Age Ate haiM usI prakAra zramaNa paramparA meM bauddhadharma samanvaya kA sUtra lekara Age AtA hai| yadyapi prArambhika bauddhadharma ne pravRtti tathA nivRtti ke madhya yA vyakti aura samAja ke madhya eka samanvaya kA prayatna to kiyA thA, kintu use vikasita kiyA usakI mahAyAna paramparA ne| vaidika paramparA meM yadi gItA pravRtti aura nivRtti ke madhya eka ucita samanvaya kA prayAsa karatI hai, to zramaNa paramparA meM mahAyAna sampradAya pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke madhya eka sAMga-saMtulana ko prastuta karatA hai| . isI dRSTi se hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhagavadgItA aura mahAyAna paramparA eka dUsare ke adhika nikaTa haiN| donoM meM koI antara hai to vaha antara unake udgama sthala yA unakI mUladhArA kA hai| apane udgama ke do bhinna kendroM para hone ke kAraNa hI unameM bhinnatA rahI huI hai| ve apanI mUladhArA se TUTanA nahIM cAhate anyathA donoM kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi lagabhaga samAna hai| aneka tathyoM ke sandarbho meM hama unakI isa samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi ko dekha sakate haiN| gRhastha dharma banAma saMnyAsa prArambhika vaidika dharma meM saMnyAsa kA tattva anupasthita thA, gRhastha jIvana ko hI eka mAtra jIvana kA karmakSetra mAnA jAtA thaa| prArambhika vaidika RSi patniyoM se yukta the, jabaki zramaNa paramparA prArambha se hI saMnyAsa ko prAthamikatA detI thI tathA pArivArika jIvana ko bandhana mAnatI thii| vaidika dharma meM yadyapi Age calakara nivRttimArgI zramaNadharma ke prabhAva ke kAraNa vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa AzramoM kA praveza huA, kintu phira bhI usameM gRhI jIvana ko hI jIvana kA uccatama Adarza tathA sabhI AzramoM kA AdhAra samajhA gayA aura "aputrasya gatirnAsti' kahakara gRhI jIvana ke dAyitvoM ko nirvAha karane

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166 hetu bala diyA gyaa| jabaki prArambhika zramaNa paramparAoM meM gRhastha jIvana kI nindA kI gayI aura saMnyAsa ko hI nirvANa yA mukti kA eka mAtra upAya mAnA gayA / prArambhika jaina evaM bauddhadharma gRhastha jIvana kI nindA karate haiN| jaina Agama dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha jIvana kleza yukta hai aura saMnyAsa kleza mukta; gRhastha jIvana pApakArI hai aura saMnyAsa niSpApa hai| isI prakAra suttanipAta' meM bhI saMnyAsa jIvana kI prazaMsA tathA gRhastha kI nindA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha jIvana kaNTakoM se pUrNa vAsanAoM kA ghara hai jabaki pravrajyA khule AsamAna ke samAna nirmala hai| jaina evaM bauddha-donoM hI dharmoM ke prAcIna granthoM meM hameM aisA koI ullekha dekhane ko nahIM milA, jisameM gRhastha jIvana kI prazaMsA kI gayI ho| jaina Agama upAsakadazAMga meM daza gRhastha upAsakoM kA jIvana vRttAnta varNita hai, kintu unako kevala svargavAsI batAyA gayA hai, mokSagAmI nhiiN| isI prakAra piTaka sAhitya meM buddha spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta kA pratipAdana karate haiM ki gRhastha jIvana ko chor3e binA nirvANa sambhava nhiiN| kintu isake viparIta hama yaha dekhate haiM ki mahAyAna paramparA aura jainoM kI zvetAmbara paramparA tathA bhagavadgItA spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko svIkAra kara lete haiM ki nirvANa yA mukti ke lie gRhI jIvana kA tyAga anivArya nahIM hai| mahAyAna sAhitya meM aise aneka udAharaNa milate haiM jahA~ sAdhaka gRhastha jIvana se sIdhA hI makti lAbha prApta karatA hai| isI prakAra gItA mukti ke lie saMnyAsa ko Avazyaka nahIM maantii| usake anusAra gRhastha bhI mukti kA adhikArI hai| mahAyAna, zvetAmbara jaina paramparA aura bhagavadgItA meM kisake prabhAva se yaha avadhAraNA vikasita huI yaha batA pAnA to kaThina hai lekina itanA spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya cintana meM IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM jo pravRtti aura nivRtti ke bIca athavA saMnyAsa evaM gRhI jIvana ke bIca jo samanvayAtmaka pravRtti vikasita huI thI, yaha usI kA pariNAma thaa| ina tInoM hI paramparAoM meM yaha svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki nirvANa ke lie saMnyAsa anivArya tattva nahIM hai| mukti kA anivArya tattva hai - anAsakta, niSkAma, vItatRSNa aura vItarAga jIvana dRSTi kA vikaas| phira bhI itanA avazya mAnanA hogA ki yaha zramaNa paramparA para vaidika dhArA kA prabhAva hI thA, jisake kAraNa usameM gRhastha jIvana ko bhI kucha sImAoM ke sAtha apanA mahattva evaM sthAna prApta huaa| phira bhI jahA~ mahAyAna aura jaina paramparA meM bhikSu saMgha kI zreSThatA mAnya rahI, vahA~ gItA meM "karmasaMnyAsAt karmayogo viziSyate" kahakara gRhI jIvana kI zreSThatA ko mAnya kiyA gyaa|

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mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi : 167 vaiyaktikatA banAma sAmAjikatA ___ yaha spaSTa hai ki prArambhika zramaNa paramparAe~ nivRttimArgI hone ke kAraNa vyaktiniSTha thiiN| vyakti kI mukti aura vyakti kA AdhyAtmika kalyANa hI unakA Adarza thaa| prArambhika bauddhadharma evaM jainadharma bhI hameM vyaktiniSTha hI parilakSita hote haiN| jabaki prArambhika vaidika dharma meM pArivArika jIvana kI svIkRti ke sAtha hI sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| vedoM meM "saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM saM vo manAMsi jAnatAm" athavA "samAno mantra: samiti: samAnI, samAnaM mana: sahacittameSAm" ke rUpa meM sAmAjika cetanA kA spaSTa udghoSa hai| yadyapi prArambhika zramaNa paramparAe~ ghara-parivAra aura sAmAjika jIvana se vimukha hI rahI haiM, phira bhI prArambhika bauddhadharma aura jainadharma meM zramaNa saMghoM ke astitva ke sAtha eka dUsare prakAra kI sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa avazya huA hai| inhoMne kramaza: "carattha bhikkhave cArika bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya' athavA "sameccaloyaM............ kheyanne hi pavaie" ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala aura lokakalyANa kI bAta kahI hai| phira bhI inake lie lokamaMgala aura loka-kalyANa kA artha itanA hI thA ki saMsAra ke prANiyoM ko janma maraNa ke duHkha se mukta kiyA jaae| samAja kA bhautika kalyANa aura samAja ke dIna-duHkhiyoM ko vAstavika sevA kA vyavahArya pakSa unameM parilakSita nahIM hotaa| bhikSu-jIvana meM saMghIya cetanA kA vikAsa to huA phira bhI vaha samAja ke sAmAnya sadasyoM ke bhautika kalyANa ke sAtha jur3a nahIM paayaa| jainadharma kA bhikSu saMgha to Aja taka bhI samAja ke vAstavika bhautika kalyANa tathA rogI aura du:khiyoM kI sevA ko apanI jIvana caryA kA Avazyaka aMga nahIM maantaa| mAtra sevA kA upadeza detA hai, karatA nahIM hai| zramaNa paramparAoM ne sAmAjika jIvana meM sambandhoM kI zuddhi kA prayatna to avazya kiyA aura una tathyoM kA nirAkaraNa bhI kiyA jo sAmAjika jIvana ko dUSita karate the| phira bhI ve apanI nivRttimArgI dRSTi ke kAraNa vidhAyaka sAmAjikatA kA sRjana nahIM kara ske| nivRttimArgI paramparA meM sAmAjika-cetanA kA sarvAdhika vikAsa yadi kahIM huA hai to vaha mahAyAna paramparA meN| mahAyAna paramparA meM sAmAjika cetanA kA jo vikAsa huA hai, use usake grantha bodhicaryAvatAra meM bahuta spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| samAja kI AMgikatA kA siddhAnta, jo Aja bahuta carcA kA viSaya hai, kA spaSTa ullekha bhI isa grantha meM prApta hotA hai| bauddhadharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA ne to lokamaMgala ke Adarza ko hI apanI naitikatA kA prANa maanaa| vahA~ to sAdhaka lokamaMgala ke Adarza kI sAdhanA meM paramamUlya nirvANa kI bhI upekSA kara detA hai, use apane vaiyaktika nirvANa meM koI

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168 ruci nahIM rhtii| mahAyAnI sAdhaka kahatA hai - dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha se chur3Ane meM jo Ananda milatA hai, vahI bahuta kAphI hai| apane lie mokSa prApta karanA nIrasa hai, usase hameM kyA lenA denA' / sAdhanA ke sAtha sevA kI bhAvanA kA kitanA sundara samanvaya hai| lokasevA, loka-kalyANa-kAmanA ke isa mahAn Adarza ko dekhakara hameM barabasa hI zrI bharatasiMha jI upAdhyAya ke svara meM svara milAkara kahanA par3atA hai, kitanI udAtta bhAvanA hai| vizva - cetanA ke sAtha apane ko AtmasAta karane kI kitanI vihvalatA hai| parArtha meM AtmArtha ko milA dene kA kitanA apArthiva udyoga hai| AcArya zAntideva bhI kevala parApekAra yA loka-kalyANa kA sandeza nahIM dete, varan usa loka-kalyANa ke sampAdana meM bhI pUrNa niSkAmabhAva para bala dete haiN| niSkAmabhAva se loka-kalyANa kaise kiyA jAye, isake lie zAntideva ne jo vicAra prastuta kiye haiM, ve unake maulika cintana kA pariNAma hai| gItA ke anusAra vyakti IzvarIya preraNA ko mAnakara niSkAmabhAva se karma karatA rahe athavA svayaM ko aura sabhI sAthI prANiyoM ko usI parabrahma kA hI aMza mAnakara sabhI meM AtmabhAva jAgRta kara binA AkAMkSA ke karma karatA rhe| lekina nirIzvaravAdI aura anAtmavAdI bauddha darzana meM to yaha sambhava nahIM thaa| yaha to AcArya kI bauddhika pratibhA hI hai, jisane manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para niSkAmabhAva se lokahita kI avadhAraNA ko sambhava bnaayaa| samAja ke sAvayavatA ke jisa siddhAnta para breDale prabhRti pAzcAtya vicAraka lokahita aura svahita meM samanvaya sAdhate haiM aura una vicAroM kI maulikatA kA dAvA karate haiM, ve vicAra AcArya zAntideva ke granthoM meM bar3e spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa hue haiM aura unake AdhAra para unhoMne niHsvArtha karmayoga kI avadhAraNA ko bhI saphala banAyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki "jisa prakAra nirAtmaka (apanepana ke bhAva rahita ) nija zarIra meM abhyAsavaza apanepana kA bodha hotA hai, vaise hI dUsare prANiyoM ke zarIroM meM abhyAsa se apanepana kA bhAva avazya hI utpanna hogA, kyoMki jaise hAtha Adi aMga apane zarIra ke avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hote haiM, vaise hI sabhI prANI usI jagat ke, jisakA maiM avayava hU~, avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hoMge, unameM bhI AtmabhAva hogA aura yadi saba meM priyatA evaM AtmabhAva utpanna ho gayA to phira dUsaroM ke duHkha dUra kiye binA nahIM rahA jA sakegA, kyoMki jisakA jo duHkha ho vaha usase apane ko bacAne kA prayatna to karatA hai| yadi dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha hotA hai, to hamako usase kyA ? aisA mAno to hAtha ko paira kA duHkha nahIM hotA, phira kyoM hAtha se paira kA kaMTaka nikAlakara duHkha se usakI rakSA karate ho ? jaise hAtha paira kA duHkha dUra kiye

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mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi : 169 binA nahIM raha sakatA, vaise hI samAja kA koI bhI prajJAyukta sadasya dUsare prANI kA duHkha dUra kiye binA nahIM raha sktaa|' isa prakAra AcArya samAja kI sAvayavatA ko siddha kara isa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM lokamaMgala kA sandeza dete hue Age yaha bhI spaSTa kara dete haiM ki isa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM niSkAmatA honI caahie| ve likhate haiM - "jisa prakAra apane Apako bhojana karAkara phala kI AzA nahIM hotI, usI prakAra parArtha karake bhI phala kI AzA, garva yA vismaya nahIM hotA hai| kyoMki parArtha dvArA hameM apane hI samAjarUpI zarIra ko yA usake avayavoM kI santuSTi karate haiM isalie mAtra paropakAra ke lie hI paropakAra karake, na garva karanA aura na vismaya aura na vipAkaphala kI icchA hii|" mahAyAna meM bodhisattva aura gItA meM sthitaprajJa ke jo Adarza haiM ve vyakti ke sthAna para samAja ko mahattva dete haiN| unhoMne vaiyaktika kalyANa yA svahita ke sthAna para sAmAjika kalyANa ko mahattva diyA hai aura isa prakAra vyakti ke Upara samAja ko pratiSThita kiyA hai| mahAyAna ke bodhisattva kA lakSya mAtra vaiyaktika mukti ko prApta kara lenA nhiiN| vaha to lokamaMgala ke lie apane bandhana aura duHkha kI bhI koI paravAha nahIM krtaa| vaha kahatA hai - "bahUnAmekaduHkhena yadi duHkhaM vigacchati, utpAdyameva tad duHkhaM sadayena praatmnoH| mucyamAneSu sattveSu ye te pramodyasAgarA:, taireva nanu paryAptaM mokSaNArasikena kim||" yadi eka ke kaSTa uThAne se bahutoM kA duHkha dUra hotA ho, to karuNApUrvaka unake du:kha dUra karanA hI acchA hai| prANiyoM ko du:khoM se mukta hotA haA dekhakara jo Ananda prApta hotA hai vahI kyA kama hai, phira nIrasa mokSa prApta karane kI icchA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai| vaiyaktika mukti kI dhAraNA kI AlocanA karate hue aura jana-jana kI mukti ke lie apane saMkalpa ko vyakta karate hue bhAgavata, jisameM gItA ke cintana kA hI vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai, ke saptam skandha meM prahlAda ne bhI spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki - "prAyeNa deva munayaH svvimuktikaamaaH| maunaM caranti vijane na parArthaniSThAH / / netAnvihAya kRpaNAnvimumukSu eko / nAnyaM tvadasya zaraNaM bhramato'nRpazye / /

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170 he prabhu ! apanI mukti kI kAmanA karane vAle deva aura muni to aba taka kAphI ho cuke haiM, jo jaMgala meM jAkara mauna sAdhanA kiyA karate the| kintu unameM parArtha-niSThA nahIM thI / maiM to akelA ina saba duHkhIjanoM ko chor3akara mukta honA bhI nahIM caahtaa| svahita banAma lokahita kA prazna jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA -- prArambhika zramaNadharma ekAnta sAdhanA aura vaiyakti mukti para hI bala dete the| yadyapi hameM unakI yaha ekAnta sAdhanA aura vaiyaktika mukti kI avadhAraNA jana kalyANa ke viparIta nahIM thI, phira bhI usameM lokahita kA eka vidhAyaka pakSa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| sambhavataH bhagavAna buddha prathama zramaNa the, jinhoMne lokamaMgala kI cetanA ko vikasita kiyaa| pAli aMguttaranikAya meM buddha kA kathana hai ki bhikSuoM, jaise pAnI kA tAlAba gandA ho, caMcala ho aura kIcar3ayukta ho, to vahA~ kinAre para khar3e AMkha vAle AdamI ko bhI na sIpa dikhAI de, na zaMkha, na kaMkaDa, na patthara, na calatI huI yA sthita machaliyAM / yaha aisA kyoM? bhikSuoM, pAnI ke gaMdalA hone ke kaarnn| isI prakAra bhikSuoM, isakI sambhAvanA nahIM hai ki vaha bhikSu maile (rAga-dveSAdi se yukta) citta se Atmahita jAna sakegA, parahita jAna sakegA, ubhayahita jAna sakegA aura sAmAnya manuSya dharma se bar3hakara viziSTa AryajJAna-darzana ko jAna skegaa| isakI sambhAvanA hai ki bhikSu nirmala citta se Atmahita ko jAna sakegA, parihata ko jAna sakegA, ubhayahita ko jAna sakegA, sAmAnya manuSya dharma se bar3hakara viziSTa AryajJAna-darzana ko jAna skegaa| buddha ke isa kathana kA sAra yahI hai ki jIvana meM jaba taka rAga-dveSa aura moha kI vRttiyA~ sakriya haiM, taba taka Atmahita aura lokahita kI yathArthadRSTi utpanna nahIM hotii| rAga aura dveSa kA prahANa hone para hI saccI loka maMgala kI dRSTi kA udaya hotA hai aura jaba yaha yathArtha dRSTi utpanna ho jAtI hai taba svArtha, parArtha aura ubhayArtha meM koI virodha hI nahIM rhtaa| hInayAna yA sthaviravAda meM jo svahitavAda arthAt AtmakalyANa ke dRSTikoNa kA prAdhAnya hai, usakA mUla kAraNa tatkAlIna paristhitiyAM mAnI jA sakatI haiM, phira bhI hInayAna kA usa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA se mUlata: koI virodha nahIM hai, jo vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa meM bAdhaka na ho| jisa avasthA taka vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa aura lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM avirodha hai, usa avasthA taka lokamaMgala use bhI svIkAra hai| vaha mAtra lokamaMgala ke lie Antarika aura naitika vizuddhi ko adhika mahattva detA hai| Antarika pavitratA evaM naitika vizuddhi se zUnya hokara phalAkAMkSA se yukta lokasevA ke Adarza ko vaha svIkAra nahIM krtaa| usakI samagra alocanAe~ aise

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mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi : 171 hI lokahita ke prati haiM / bhikSu pArApariya ne, buddha ke paravartI bhikSuoM meM lokasevA kA jo thothA Adarza jora pakar3a liyA thA, usakI samAlocanA meM nimna vicAra prastuta kiye haiM - logoM kI sevA kAya se karate haiM, dharma se nahIM / dUsaroM ko dharma kA upadeza dete haiM, 10 (apane) lAbha ke lie, na ki (unake) artha ke lie | " 11 sthaviravAdI bhikSuoM kA virodha lokasevA ke usa rUpa se hai jisakA sevArUpI zarIra to hai, lekina jisakI naitika cetanArUpI AtmA mara cukI hai| vaha lokasevA sevA nahIM, sevA kA pradarzana hai, dikhAvA hai, DhoMga hai, chalanA hai, AtmapravaMcanA hai| DaoN. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke anusAra ekAntatA kI sAdhanA kI prArambhika bauddhadharma meM pramukhatA avazya thI, parantu sArthaka tathya yaha hai ki use lokasevA ke yA janakalyANa ke viparIta kabhI nahIM mAnA gyaa| balki yaha to usake lie eka taiyArI thii| dUsarI ora yadi hama mahAyAnI sAhitya kA gaharAI se adhyayana kareM to hameM bodhicaryAvatAra, zikSAsamuccaya, laMkAvatArasUtra jaise granthoM meM bhI kahIM aisI sevAbhAvanA kA samarthana nahIM milatA jo naitika jIvana ke vyaktigata mUlyoM ke virodha meM khar3I ho| lokamaMgala kA jo Adarza mahAyAna paramparA ne prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bhI aise kisI lokahita kA samarthana nahIM karatA, jisake lie vaiyaktika naitikatA ko samApta kara diyA jaaye| isa prakAra saiddhAntika dRSTi se lokahita aura Atmahita kI avadhAraNA meM hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM koI maulika virodha nahIM rahA jAtA / yadyapi vyAvahArika rUpa meM yaha tathya sahI hai ki jahA~ eka ora hInayAna ne ekala sAdhanA aura vyaktiniSTha AcAra-paramparA kA vikAsa kiyA aura sAdhanA ko adhikAMzarUpeNa Antarika evaM vaiyaktika banA diyA, vahA~ dUsarI ora mahAyAna ne usI kI pratikriyA meM sAdhanA ke vaiyaktika pakSa kI upekSA kara use sAmAjika aura bahirmukhI banA diyaa| isa taraha lokasevA aura lokAnukampA ko adhika mahattva diyaa| yahAM hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki hInayAna aura mahAyAna ne jisa sImA taka apane meM isa eka pakSIyatA ko prazraya diyA hai, ve usI sImA taka buddha kI madhyamArgIya dezanA se pIche bhI haTe haiN| hindU paramparA meM gItA meM svahita ke Upara lokahita kI pratiSThA huI hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM jo apane lie hI pakAtA aura khAtA hai vaha pApa hI khAtA hai / svahita ke lie jIne vAlA vyakti gItA kI dRSTi meM adhArmika aura nIca hai| gItAkAra ke anusAra jo vyakti prApta bhogoM ko dene vAle ko die binA 12

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172 arthAt unakA RNa cukAye binA khAtA hai vaha cora hai|13 sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha na karanA gItA kI dRSTi meM bhArI aparAdha hai| gItA ke anusAra lokahita karanA manuSya kA kartavya hai| prANiyoM ke hita sampAdana meM lagA huA puruSa hI paramAtmA ko prApta karatA hai| vaha brahma-nirvANa kA adhikArI hotA hai| jise karma karane se koI prayojana nahIM raha gayA hai, jo jIvana mukta ho gayA hai, jise saMsAra ke prANiyoM se koI matalaba nahIM, use bhI loka-hitArtha karma karate rahanA caahie|" zrIkRSNa arjuna se hI kahate haiM ki lokasaMgraha (lokahita) ke lie tujhe kartavya karanA ucita hai|16 gItA meM bhagavAna ke avatAra dhAraNa karane kA uddezya sAdhujanoM kI rakSA, duSToM kA nAza aura dharma kI saMsthApanA hai| aisI lokamaMgala kI sarvocca bhAvanA kA pratibimba hameM bauddha AcArya zAntideva ke zikSA samuccaya, nAmaka grantha meM milatA hai| hindI meM anUdita unakI nimna paMktiyAM mananIya haiM isa duHkhamaya naraloka meM, jitane dalita, bandhagrasita, pIr3ita vipatti vilIna haiM, jitane bahudhandhI viveka vihIna haiN| jo kaThina bhaya se aura dAruNa zoka se atidIna haiM, ve mukta ho nijabandha se, svacchanda ho saba dvandva se, chUTe dalana ke phanda se, ho aisA jaga meM, duHkha se vilakhe na koI, vedanArtha hile na koI, pApa karma kare na koI, asanmArga dhare na koI, ho sabhI sukhazIla, puNyAcAra dharmavratI, sabakA ho parama kalyANa, sabakA ho parama kalyANa / / 14 bhogavAda banAma vairAgyavAda bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda bhAratIya cintana kI AdhArabhUta dhAraNAyeM haiN| vairAgyavAda nivartaka dharmoM kA mUla hai to bhogavAda pravartaka dharmoM kaa| vairAgyavAda zarIra aura AtmA tathA vAsanA aura viveka ke dvaita para AdhArita dhAraNA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki zarIra bandhana kA kAraNa hai aura samasta adharmoM kA mUla hai, ata: zarIra aura indriyoM kI mAMgoM ko ThukarAnA hI zreyaskara hai| isake viparIta bhogavAda yaha mAnatA

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mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi : 173 hai ki zarIra kI mAMgoM kI pUrti karanA ucita evaM naitika hai bhAratIya paramparA meM jainadharma vizuddha rUpa se vairAgyavAdI paramparA kA samarthaka rahA hai aura isI draSTi se usane kisI sImA taka deha daNDana aura Atma-pIr3ana ke tathyoM ko apanI sAdhanA paddhati kA aMga bhI mAnA / jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA hai zramaNa paramparA ke bhagavAna buddha prathama vyakti haiM, jinhoMne ina donoM ke madhya evaM saMtulana banAte hue madhyama mArga kA upadeza diyA hai| buddha kaThora mArga (deha daNDana) aura zithila mArga (bhogavAda) donoM ko hI asvIkAra karate haiN| buddha ke anusAra yathArtha naitika jIvana kA mArga madhyama mArga hai| udAna meM bhI buddha apane isI dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue kahate haiM -- "brahmacarya (saMnyAsa) ke sAtha vratoM kA pAlana karanA hI sAra hai -- yaha eka anta hai| kAma-bhAgoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM yaha dUsarA anta hai| ina donoM prakAra ke antoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai aura mithyA dhAraNA bar3hatI hai|" isa prakAra buddha apane madhyamamArgIya dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para vairAgyavAda aura bhogavAda meM yathArtha samanvaya sthApita karate haiN| bhagavAna buddha ne jisa madhyama mArga ke vikAsa kA upadeza diyA thA, usI kA vikAsa mahAyAna paramparA meM huA, yadyapi yaha satya hai ki madhyama mArga kA upadeza dete hue bhI buddha ne bhoga kI apekSA vairAgya para kucha adhika bala diyA thA, jabaki mahAyAna sAdhanA kisI sImA taka bhogavAda kI ora adhika jhuka gyii| mahAyAnI bauddha AcArya anaMgavajra kahate haiM ki citta kSubdha hone se kabhI bhI mukti nahIM hotI, ata: isa prakAra baratanA cAhiye ki jisase mAnasika kSobha utpanna na ho| vAsanAoM ke damana kI prakriyA citta zAnti kI prakriyA nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Age calakara mahAyAna meM daihika icchAoM ke damana ko anucita mAnA gayA, yadyapi yaha durbhAgya hI kahA jAyegA ki bhogamArga kI ora mahAyAna kA yaha jhukAva use tantrayAna aura vAmamArga kI dizA meM pravRtta kara detA hai| daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti aura Atma-pIr3ana kI AlocanA ke sambandha meM mahAyAna kA dRSTikoNa gItA ke atyanta nikaTa hai| gItA kA anAsakti yoga bhI bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda kI samasyA kA yathArtha samAdhAna prastuta karatA hai| yadyapi gItA meM aneka sthAnoM para vairAgya bhAva kA upadeza hai, kintu yaha spaSTa hai ki gItA vairAgya ke nAma para deha-daNDana kI prakriyA kI samarthaka nahIM hai| niSkarSa yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAte haiM ki mahAyAna sampradAya ne pravartaka dharma kI aneka avadhAraNAoM ko zramaNa paramparA ke anurUpa rUpAntarita kiyA hai, vaha usakI apanI maulika vizeSatA hai| gRhasthajIvana

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174 se sIdhe nirvANa kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kara usane saMnyAsa aura gRhI jIvana ke madhya eka sArthaka santulana banAyA hai jisameM saMnyAsa kA mahattva bhI yathAvat surakSita raha sakA hai| isake sAtha hI zramaNa saMsthA ko samAja sevA aura lokamaMgala kA bhAgIdAra banAkara zramaNa paramparA para hone vAle svArthavAditA ke AkSepa kA parihAra kara diyA hai aura bhikSu saMgha ko samAja jIvana kA eka upayogI aMga banA diyA hai| vaidika dharma yA gItA kI avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ko parimArjita kara zramaNa paramparA ke anurUpa bodhisatvoM kI avadhAraNA prastuta kii| yahAM hama spaSTa rUpa se yaha dekhate haiM ki avatAra ke samAna bodhisatva bhI lokamaMgala ke lie apane jIvana ko utsarga kara detA hai, prANiyoM kA kalyANa hI usake jIvana kA Adarza hai| bodhisatva aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA meM tAttvika antara hote hue lokamaMgala ke sampAdana meM donoM samAna rUpa se pravRtta hote haiN| jainoM ke tIrthaMkara aura hInayAna ke buddha ke Adarza aise Adarza haiM, jo nirvANa ke uparAnta apane bhaktoM kI pIr3A ke nivAraNa meM sakriya rUpa se sAjhIdAra nahIM bana skte| ataH bhakta hRdaya aura mAnava ko santoSa dene ke lie jainoM ne zAsanadeva aura deviyoM ( yakSa-yakSiyoM) kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI, to mahAyAna sampradAya ne tArA Adi devI - devatAoM ko apanI sAdhanA meM sthAna pradAna kiyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAyAna sampradAya vaidika paramparA meM vikasita gItA kI aneka avadhAraNAoM se vaicArika sAmya rakhatA hai / pravRttimArgI dharma ke aneka tattva mahAyAna paramparA meM isa prakAra AtmasAta ho gaye ki Age calakara use bhArata meM hindU dharma ke sAmane apanI alaga pahacAna banAye rakhanA kaThina ho gayA aura use hindU dharma ne AtmasAta kara liyaa| jabaki usI zramaNa dhArA kA jainadharma nivRttyAtmaka pakSa para barAbara bala detA rahA hai aura apanA svatantra astitva banAye rkhaa| sandarbha : 1. dazacUlikA 1/11-13 3. bodhicaryAvatAra, 8/99 5. vahI, 8/109 7. vahI - 8/108 9. aMguttaranikAya 11. bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 609 13. vahI, 3/12 15. vahI, 3/18 17. vahI, 4/8 2. suttanipAta 2/72 4. vahI, 8/116 6. bodhicaryAvatAra - 8/105 8. zrImadbhAgavat 9/44 10. theragAthA, 941-942 12. gItA, 3 / 13 14. vahI, 5 / 25, 12/4 16. vahI, 3/20 18. zikSAsamuccaya, anUdita dharmadUta, maI 1941 *

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English Section Human Solidarity and Jainism The Impact of Nyaya and Vaisesika School on Jaina Philosophy

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Human Solidarity and Jainism (The challenge of our Times) The challenge of our Times Ours is the age of reason, science and technology. They have done great service to mankind by removing superstitions and false dogmas, by understanding the real nature of world as well as by providing the amenities of pleasant living respectively. Now-a-days, we, due to the tremendous advancement of science and technology have light-legged means of transportation; physical distances have no bars to meet the people of different nationalities, cultures and religions. Our world is shrinking and consequently we have been more interdependent in every sphere of our life as we were never before. But, unluckily and disdainfully, distances of our hearts are increasing day by day. Human race was divided in the past and is being divided at present also in the name of caste, colour and creed by so called those political, religious and social leaders, who want to serve their vested interest. We are becoming more and more selfish and neglecting the claims of greater goodness of mankind as a whole. The growth of scientific knowledge and outlook has destroyed our superstitions and false dogmas, but unfortunately and surprisingly it has shaken our faith in religious morality and spiritual values. Today we know more about the atom and atomic forces than the values needed for meaningful and peaceful life. This advancement of our knowledge could not sublimate our animal and selfish nature. Animal nature within us is still dominating our individual as well as social behaviour. Our life, so to say, is full of excitements, emotional disorders and mental tensions. Though, we are wordly pleading for peace, non-violence and co-existence, by heart we still believe in the law of jungle i.e. the dictum 'might is right'. The race of nuclear

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Human Solidarity and Jainism : 177 weapons of the powerful nations is a strong evidence of our belief in aforesaid dictum, which also alarms us that we are proceeding to formidable funeral procession of mankind. Racialism, castism, regionalism and sectarianism are a great curse to the present day human society. At present, religion as such is largely shown in the background and the political parties are claiming themselves as a true well-wisher of mankind. But, contrary to their promises, they are also sailing in the same boat of racialism, castism, regionalism and sectarianism. Actually narrow and selfish outlook of man gives birth 10 fanaticism and intolerance and leads to disintegration of human society. The immediacy, therefore, is to develop a friendly and harmonious outlook towards the members of other nations, cast and creeds. It is the only way to approach by which we can generate peace and harmony inside the human society. Today, what is needed for man is nothing but a complete integration with his own personality and with his social environment. Can Jainism meet this challenge of our times and save the human race from this sordid situation ? Before this question is answered, we must inquire into the root cause of disintegration and communal, racial and religious rivalries. Attachment and aversion: the causes of disintegration Among the causes, which are responsible for disintegration and sectionalism, the attachment is the principal one. Attachment in Jainism is considered as a binding principle. It is the cause of union. At the same time it is also responsible for separation or disintegration. Attachment and aversion are the twins; though they seem opposite but they are one and the same, like the two facets of a coin. Attachment emanates aversion and they, due to its disposition, cannot be separated from each other. Attachment unites us with some one, but simultaneously separates us from others. It is the attachment, which emerges from the concept of mineness and we cling to the notions

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178 such as my nation, my province, my region, my caste, my race, my religion etc. Nationalism, regionalism, castism, racialism and the sectarianism are the born-childs of the joint-principle of attachment and aversion. From attachment follows "mine" and from aversion follows "alien" and this single concept of "mine and alien" is solely responsible for national communal, racial and religious rivalries. Jainism denies this established notion that the integration and harmony can be achieved on the emotional basis i.e. on the basis of attachment, love and affection (here the term love is used as a passionate love, which is an outer expression of attachment).' Jainism holds that the slightest, even pious, attachment towards the prophet, is also a hindrance to a seeker of truth and aspirant of perfection. It generates uncritical and biased outlook. Thus attachment and aversion (hatred) are the two great enemies of impartial thinking and behaviour. Intense attachment unfailingly generates blind faith in religious leaders, dogmas, doctrines and rituals and consequently religious intolerance and fanaticism come into existence. Attachment is also responsible for our narrow and selfish outlook. It results in nationalism, castism, racialism and sectarianism and divides human race into the smaller groups, while aversion turns itself into the hatred and rivalries among these smaller groups and thus both of them disturb integrity and solidarity of mankind. The Jainas therefore, laid stress on the elimination of attachment and aversion"; the root causes of selfishness and intolerance respectively. They firmly believe that the stable integration and solidarity of mankind can only be established on the rational grounds of equality and benevolent and co-operative nature of all sentient beings. The grounds for Human solidarity (a) Equality of Human beings Jainas strongly hold the equality of all human beings and profound the rational maxim "that which thou desire for thyself

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Human Solidarity and Jainism : 179 desire for others that which thou desire not for thyself, thou shall not desire for others also. This is the essence of teachings of the Jina." They further say just as suffering is not agreeable to you, it is so with other beings; endowed with regard and equanimity, be compassionate and co-operative to all beings as you are towards yourself. This Jaina concept of potential equality of all sentient beings is the core of Jaina-theory of non-violence and can serve as the basis for human solidarity and integration. Non-violence is nothing but to give an equal treatment to all sentient beings, of course, prominently to human beings. Non-violence is a regard for life, which is an essential condition for co-existence. (b) Human race is one Jainism does not discriminate between man and man on the basis of their caste, creed and colour. According to it, all barriers of caste, creed and colour are superficial. They vehemently declare the human race is one. In later period indeed the concepts of caste and varna are also crept into Jainism, but it was obviously the influence of Hinduism. Jainism, what we may say, neither proposes nor supports the concept of superiority or inferiority on the basis of caste and colour. In Uttaradhyayana it is clearly mentioned that a man is neither high nor low, because he is born some particular caste or lineage or due to his social, political or economic status, but it is the moral conduct that makes a man high or low. In its 12th and 25' chapters there are contemptuous criticism of varna system hierarchy and assumed superiority of Brahmins. It is clearly asserted that a real Brahmin is not one who is born in a particular lineage, but one who is completely unattached, talented and of good-conduct. It is not the lineage but the character, which is the determining factor of one's superiority." (c) The natural law of co-operation: The second but not the least motto of Jainism is the law of co-operation. For Jaina thinkers co-operation is the essential nature

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180 of living beings." They strongly condemn the doctrine of 'struggle for the existence'i.e. 'living by killing'. They aver that the directive principle of our living is not the struggle but the co-operation. The dictum 'Live on others or living by killing' is not agreeable to them, simply because it goes against the judgment of our faculty of reasoning and commonsense. For them, the directive principle of living is not merely "live and let live", but "Live with others" or "Live for others". They argue if nobody has any right to take my life then on the same rational ground I have also no right to take other's life. Just I need other's co-operation for my existence, so I should also co-operate in other's living. For Jainas, not the struggle, but the co-operation is the law of life and only through the firm belief in and practice of this natural law we can integrate the nation and as well as mankind. It is the law of mutual co-operation on which the institutions of family and society stands. This concept of co-operation is a positive aspect of Jaina theory of non-violence. At present it is only the firm faith in the observance of non-violence, which can save the human race from disintegration. It is mutual credibility and belief in the equality of human being, which can restore the peace, and harmony in human society. Religious tolerance in Jainism Religious intolerance and sectarianism are also responsible for disintegration of mankind as well as nation. If we are inclined to human solidarity and national integration then, we should develop the concept of religious tolerance and religious co-existence and should give-up the idea that my religion is the only way to approach the ultimate. Jaina religion since its inception till modern age has been tolerant and respectful towards other faiths and religions. The Jaina Acaryas while opposing the different ideologies and religious standpoints, paid full regard to them and accepted that the opponent convictions may also be valid from a certain standpoint. Their well

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Human Solidarity and Jainism : 181 known theory of Anekantavada or Non-absolutism is the base of religious tolerance. If viewed from two different angles, according to this theory, both contrary views may be relatively true. Jaina thinkers accept that reality is a complex one. "2 The reality, which has many facets, various attributes and modes, in its completeness it cannot be grasped by us. It can only be viewed and understood from different angles. While every angle or viewpoint can claim that it gives a true picture of reality, each one only gives a partial and relative picture. On the basis of this partial and relative knowledge of reality, one has no right to discard the views of one's opponents as totally false. So the Truth-value of opponents, according to Jaina thinkers, must be accepted and respected. This pragmatic view of the Jains made them open-minded and consequently tolerant. Upadhyaya Yasovijaya, a famous Jaina Acarya of 17th cent. AD mentions. "A true non-absolutist does not disdain any faith and he treats all the faiths equally, like a father to his sons, for a nonabsolutist does not have any prejudice and biased outlook in his mind." 13 For Jainas, the door of liberation is open to all. One who can attain equanimity of mind, according to Haribhadra, will for certain get the emancipation whether he may be a svetambara ora Digambara or a Buddhist or any one else." About the means of liberation also they had broad-minded outlook. They were not of this opinion that their mode of worship is the only way of emancipation. For them, it is not the external mode of worship, but the right attitude and mental purity, which makes religious practices fruitful. From the earliest Jaina literature to the age of 20' cent. A.D., we come across many references of their religious tolerance. Sutrakstangamentions 'those who praise their own faith and possess malice against their opponents will remain confined to the cycle of birth and death'." In Isibhasiyaim, a Jaina text of third century BC

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182 the Brahmanical and Sramanical saints are remembered as Arhat Rsi and their teachings are regarded as an Agama." Haribhadra - Jaina saint of eighth century AD was a staunch preacher of religious tolerance. In his works Sastra vartasamuccaya and Yogadrstisamuccaya, he has elaborately illustrated this liberal outlook. In the Yogadrstisamuccaya, he remarks that the ultimate truth transcends all states of worldly existence, called nirvana and is essentially and necessarily "single" even ifit be designated by different names, like Sadasiva, Parabrahman, Siddhatma, Tathagata etc." Not only in the general sense but etymologically also they convey the same meaning. In Lokatattvanirnayahe says "I venerate all those who are free from all vices and adorned with all virtues, be they Brahma, Visnu, Siva or Jina.'18 Haribhadra's crusade against sectarianism is unique and admirable in the history of world-religions. This view is further supported by various Jaina thinkers of medieval period such as Akalarka, Yogindu, Manatunga, Hemacandra and many others. While worshipping Lord Siva, the Jaina pontiff Hemacandra says: "I worship those who have destroyed attachment and aversion which are the seed or birth and death, be they Brahma, Visnu, Siva or Jina." "It is important that though Hemacandra was a Jain-saint, he composed a hymn in praise of Siva. This liberalism is also maintained by later Hindi or Gujarati Jaina writers like Anandaghana and many others. Anandaghana, a mystic Jaina saint of the 17th century A.D. remarks that just as ocean includes all the rivers so does Jainism all other faiths. Further, he beautifully expounds that all the six heretic schools are the organs of Jinaand one who worships Jinaalso worship them. 20 A Hindi couplet (20 cent.) reads: buddha vira jina hari hara brahma ya usako svadhina kaho/ bhakti bhava se prerita ho, yeha citta usi me lina raho// Along with these literary evidences there are some epigraphical evidences of religious tolerance of the Jainas. Some Jaina Acaryas such as Ramakirti and Jayamangalasuri wrote the hymns in the praise

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Human Solidarity and Jainism : 183 of goddess Camunda. Jaina kings such as Kumarapala, Visnuvardhana and others constructed the temples of Siva and Visnu along with the temples of Jina. 21 Historically, we also find that various deities of other sects are adopted in Jainism and worshipped by the Jainas. Acarya Somadeva in his work Yasastilakcampu remarks that where there is no distortion from right faith and accepted vows, one should follow the traditions prevailing in the country. Thus Jaina thinkers advocated religious tolerance, which is a necessary condition for national integration and human solidarity. 22 Meaning of Unity in Jainism Jaina philosophers firmly believe the concept of integration of unity, but for them unity does not mean an omnivores unity in which all its constituents lose their entity and identity. They believe in that type of unity in which all its integral parts conjoin each other and form an organic whole without loosing their independent existence and peculiarities. In other words integration or unity, as Jainas believe, means a harmonious co-existence of different nations, faiths and cultures in an organic whole. 23 Jaina thinkers assert that unity implies diversity. Unity and diversity are the two phases of the same reality. They find reality as unity in diversity. In Bhagavati-sutra Lord Mahavira mentions that 'I am one as well as many'." There is no class without individuals and every individual belongs to a certain class. We cannot imagine a cow without cow-hood and without cowhood a cow. The terms unity and diversity are relative, such as husband and wife. The term husband implies wife and the term wife implies husband, similarly unity implies diversity and diversity implies unity. So, whenever we talk about human solidarity it does mean the unity in diversity, for diversity is also an essential characteristic of mankind. Radial, cultural, linguistic, regional and religious differences are inevitable and essential. In Niyamasara Acarya

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184 Kundakunda, a well known Jaina philosopher of Tamilnadu, says that there are different persons with their different activities or karmas and different levels or capacities, so one should not indulge in rivalries neither with other sects nor one's own sect. 24 Haribhadra also remarks that the diversity in the teachings of the sages is due to the diversity in the levels of their disciples or the diversity in standpoints adopted by the sages or the diversity in the period of time when they were preached or it is only an apparent diversity. Just as a physician prescribes medicine according to the nature of a patient, his illness and the climate, so is the case with diversity of religious teachings." So far as diversity in time, place, levels and understanding of disciples is inevitable, variety in religious ideologies and practices is essential. The only way to remove the religious as well as other conflicts is to develop a tolerant outlook and to establish harmony among different faiths, ideologies and cultures. Nationalism v/s Human Solidarity 26 Thus, in Jainism, unity means a co-operative co-existence of the constituents in an organic whole. So far as the problem of national integration is concerned Jainas support it theoretically as well as practically. In Sthanamgawe have a mention of Kuladharma, Gramadharma and Rastra-dharma. i.e. the duties pertaining to the family, the township and the nation. They also favour that if necessary the interests of the individual, the family and the township should be sacrificed for the common and greater good of the nation. For them, the concept of human solidarity has more importance than the concept of nationality. They are determined that for the solidarity and the greater good of mankind as a whole, we must get rid of the narrower concepts such as regionalism and even nationalism. If viewed from the whole mankind, nationalism is also a narrower outlook and a hindrance to human solidarity, so the mankind should get rid of the narrower concepts and should think of the greater good of mankind as a whole.

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Human Solidarity and Jainism References: 1. (a) Sthananga 2/4 (b) Samanasuttam, 596 2. Uttaradhyayana- sutra, 32/38 3. Ibid - 32/89 4. Ibid - 32/92-92 5. Kalpasutra Tika by Muni Vinaya-Vijay, Page 120 6. Studies in Jaina Philosophy - Tatia, Page 22 7. Uttaradhyayana - 32/19 8. Brahadkalpa Bhasya, 4584 9. Samanasuttam, 150 10. (a) Uttaradhyayana- sutra 12/37 (b) Acaranga 1/2/3/1 (c) Sutrakrtanga 1/13/16 11. Tattvarthasutra, 5/21 12. Anyayogavyavacchedika, Hemcandra- 22 13. Adhyatmopanisad, 70 14. Sambodhasattari, 2 15. Sutrakrtanga 1/1/2/23 16. Isibhasiyaim 1/1 17. Yogadrstisamuccaya-Haribhadra- 129 18. Lokatattvanirnaya, Haribhadra- 40 19. Mahadeva-stotra - 44 20. Namijinastavana -1, Anandaghana 21. Jainasilalekhasamgraha Vol.-III Introduction - by G. C. Chaudhary. 22. Yasastilaka- campu, Somadeva Page 373 (Bombay Edition) 23. Bhagavatisutra 1/8/10 24. Niyamasara, 155 25. Yogadrstisamuccaya, 133 x 137 26. Sthanangasutra 10/760 : 185 *

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The Impact of Nyaya and Vaisesika School on Jaina Philosophy The history of Jaina philosophy extends over a long period of 2600 years. The concepts of Jaina metaphysics and epistemology can be traced as early as the history of Jainism begins. Not only Mahavira (6th cent. BC) but the tradition of his predecessor Lord Pars vanatha (8th cent. BC) also bears clear marks of the fundamental concepts of Jaina philosophy. Tradition reckons twenty-three prophets as having preceded to Mahavira, which takes us back to fabulous antiquity of the tradition. Parsvanatha, born at Varanasi was the 23rd Tirthankara. Thus, historically Jaina philosophy existed long before the emergence of Nyaya-Vaisesika schools of Indian Philosophy. Due to the earlier emergence of Jaina philosophy, we do not find any impact of Nyaya-Vaisesika school on the fundamental concepts of Jaina metaphysics and epistemology, such as Pancastikayavada, nine categories (Nava-tattva), six kinds of living beings (Sadjivanikaya) including five kinds of knowledge (Pancajnana). On these earlier concepts we can trace some impacts of earlier Upanisads, early Buddhism as well as other contemporary Sramanic traditions. Generally, Jainism and Buddhism are regarded as the schools emerged against the sanctity of Vedic lore and oppressive priest craft. But this is not true as both of the traditions have their independent origin. Though, independent of Buddhism, Jainism resembles it in several respects, e.g. in its repudiation of the authority of Veda, its pessimistic outlook on life and its refusal to believe in Supreme God. Being sister religions of the same Sramanic tradition, both have various philosophical, religious and ethical concepts as common. Both of the philosophical schools, being based more or less on the same theory of Vibhajyavada,

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The Impact of Nyaya and Vaisesika School on Jaina ... : 187 discord the one-sided views of their contemporary thinkers. Buddha's approach being negative one, culminated in Sunyavada but his penetrating vision led him to proclaim that the truth lies in the middle path. He opined that any kind of extreme view was likely to give rise to one-sided opinion, which by creating obsession may obscure our vision. Mahavira's approach being positive culminated in Anekantavada i.e. theory of Non-absolutism. This nonabsolutistic approach of both the schools are totally absent in NyayaVaisesika schools. By the emergence of Nyaya-Vaisesika schools, the earlier phase of Jaina and Buddhist philosophy were well established. But this does not mean that Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy has no impact on Jaina philosophy. It has certain influence on later established concepts of Jaina philosophy, which we shall discuss in this article. The history of the development of Jaina philosophy can be shown in following four phases: I. The Agamic philosophy - 5th cent. BC to 3rd cent. AD II. III. IV. The period of Logical presentation of Jaina philosophy and its theory of Anekantavada -4" cent. A.D. to 7th cent. AD The period of critical evaluation of other schools of Indian philosophy and - 8th cent. AD to 15th cent. AD The period of applying of Navya-Nyaya technique in Jaina philosophy - 17th to 18th cent. AD. Out of these five phases of the development of Jaina philosophy, the first phase may be called purely Agamic. One cannot trace any impact of Nyaya-Vaisesika schools on it. It was the second phase where some impacts of Nyaya-Vaisesika school can be traced on Jaina metaphysical and epistemological concepts. In the third phase, Jaina thinkers, while making a critical estimate of Nyaya and Vaisesika schools, adopted the Nyaya-Vaisesika concepts and also of their opponents. Jainas by synthesizing these opposite views

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188 with their theory of Anekantavada evolved some new theories such as Sadasadkaryavada, Paratah-svatah-pramanyavada etc in support of their philosophy. In this phase, Jainas have vehemently criticized the philosophical doctrines of Nyaya-Vaisesika and pointed out their logical as well as practical weaknesses of their doctrines based on one-sidedness views. In the fourth and last phase, Jaina philosophers adopted the Navya-nyaya (Neo-logic) technique of Gangesa Upadhyaya (12-13th cent. AD) for sound and logical presentation of their philosophical doctrines. It was a new turn to the development of Indian logic. The Jaina scholars also could not escape from the powerful trend of this thought. This technique made a profound influence on Jaina Acaryas. It is established fact that no philosophy emerges in vacuum. It has some impacts of its earlier as well as contemporary philosophies either in a positive or negative form. In other words, either they accept the philosophical concepts of their earlier or contemporary philosophical schools with certain logical modifications, or reject them by showing their logical inconsistencies. Jaina thinkers had used both the techniques, but instead of total rejection, they synthesized them with their opponent's view. Thus, the Jaina doctrine is nothing but a synthesization of two conflicting opposite views. Jaina philosophers used this technique regarding Nyaya-Vaisesika school also. Some metaphysical concepts of Jaina philosophy which were established in the first phase of its development such as (1) the doctrine of Pancastikaya, (2) the nine categories (Nava-tattva), (3) the six types of living beings (Sadjivanikaya), (4) the eight fold karmas (Astakarma-prakrti) etc. have no impact of Nyaya-Vaisesika school. Similarly, on some ethico-religious concepts such as Caturyama dharma, Panca-mahavratas, four-fold or three-fold path of liberation (Triratna) and the concept of five types of knowledge (Pancajnana) etc. we do not find any impact of Nyaya-Vaisesika school. Though, in the 6th century BC of this first phase, Jaina

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The Impact of Nyaya and Vaisesika School on Jaina ... : 189 philosophers logically presented these doctrines without assimilating the views of other contemporary schools on their own footings. The impact of other philosophical traditions on Jaina philosophy starts from the second phase i.e. after 2" century BC. In this period Jaina thinkers propounded the doctrine of six substances ($at-dravya) and explained the relationship between substance (Dravya), attribute (Guna) and modes (Paryaya). Though, the words such as sat, dravya and astikaya were already used in Indian philosophy for Reality, but originally they belonged to different traditions. The word 'sat' belongs to Vedic tradition, while the word dravya was used by Nyaya-Vaisesika. Similarly, the word astikaya originally belongs to the Jaina tradition but later on Jaina thinkers used all these three words for Reality. Etymologically, these three words connote three different meanings. The word 'sat' means that which exists without changing, while the word 'dravya' means that which exists with changes. The word astikaya means that which exists with extension in space. The Jaina doctrine of Sad-dravya was a new development but really there was nothing new in this doctrine of six substances except the addition of kala (time) as a substance along with the five astikayas. It was a later development of the doctrine of pancastikaya. The acceptance of the word "dravya" in Jaina tradition seems to be an influence of Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy. According to Jaina philosophy the number of the substances is six while Vaisesika school accepts nine substances. In the list of both these schools akasa, kala and atman (jiva) are common. Akasa and atman are also included in the list of pancastikaya. Here, only inclusion of kala (Time) may be considered as an impact of Vaisesika school. It is worth to note that in the Svetambara tradition even up to the seventh century AD, kala was not accepted as an independent substance by some of the scholars. According to them kala is only a mode (4484) of jiva and pudgala (matter). The debate whether time can be regarded as an independent substance or not, begins from 3 century AD, before the formulation

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190 of Tattvarthasutra and differences in this regard continued up to the period of Visesavasyaka-bhasyai.e. 7 century AD. Regarding definitions of dravya, guna and kala, we find some similarities in Uttaradhyayana-sutra, Vaisesika-sutra as well as Tattvarthasutra. Scholars are of the opinion that the Tattvarthasutra and its autocommentary have some influence of Vaisesika-sutra and Yoga-sutra. When we talk of the impact of Nyaya-Vaisesika school on the metaphysical doctrine of Jainism, we should not forget that Jainas have of course borrowed some of the terminologies/ideas of NyayaVaisesika school but they incorporated them in their own way with required modifications and not as it is. For example, regarding substance, which possessed of guna(attributes) and paryaya(modes) Jainas are very clear in their concept that guna and paryaya are not two different entities as the Nyaya holds but they are two aspects of the same Reality and they are interchangeable in different relations. Similarly, Jaina also not admit the destruction of all gunas with the destruction of a dravya and the emergence of all the gunas a new with every new dravya, as the Nyaya holds. So far as the impact of Nyaya school on Jaina epistemology is concerned, Jaina philosophers have adopted some ideas of Nyaya school in Toto and some ideas in their modified form. As I have already discussed, the doctrine of five-fold knowledge (pancajnana) has its origin in the philosophy of Lord Parsva (8" cent. BC) that is why we do not find any impact of Nyaya School on this doctrine. Even in Tattvarthasutra (3"cent. AD), while establishing these five types of knowledge as pramana, we do not trace any conceptual impact of these schools on it. In the beginning of Christian era, when the discussions regarding the nature and types of pramanas took place in different schools of Indian philosophy; the Jaina thinker Umasvati defined those five types of knowledge or knowledge itself as pramana. Tattvartha-sutra accepts only two types of pramanai.e. pratyaksa (direct) and paroksa (indirect) and satisfy himself by dividing these five types of knowledge into two. At the

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The Impact of Nyaya and Vaisesika School on Jaina : 191 prima-facie it shows an impact of Vaisesika School on Jaina epistemology but in my humble opinion it would be a wrong supposition. Here the similarity is only regarding two broad categories or the numbers of Pramanas and not in the concepts itself. For Jainas the knowledge itself is pramana but for Nyaya-Vaisesika pramana is the means of knowledge (a fa o). Secondly, for Umasvati, the meaning of pratyaksa (direct knowledge) and paroksa (indirect knowledge) are totally different from that of Nyaya's definition of pratyaksa and paroksa. Umas vati maintains that the knowledge acquired through sense organs and mind is not a direct knowledge, but it is an indirect knowledge (paroksa). On going through Tattvarthasutra, one can observe that though Umasvati also adopted some concept of epistemology prevalent that time, but he explained it according to his own Agamic tradition. The first impact of Nyaya School on Jaina epistemology can be traced in the canonical works of later period (3rd - 4th century A.D.) or in the late incorporated works of early canonical works. The Jaina theory of pramanas takes it birth from the scattered ideas found in the canonical works. In the Agamic period or the first phase, the five-fold division of knowledge, which later on considered as pramana, remained pure and unalloyed. In the second stage when the idea of two-fold classification came into existence, particularly in Niryukti literature and Tattvarthasutra, it was certainly due to external influence, yet the spirit of Agamas remained dominating. For the first time, in Anuyogadvara-sutra five-fold division of Agamic tradition goes into background and the four-told division of the Nyaya School came into prominence. Here, the Jaina thinkers adopted the view of Nyaya School in Toto. The four-fold pramanas -Pratyaksa, Anumana, Agama and Upamana, are mentioned in various canonical works such as Samavayanga, Bhagavati, Anuyogadvara, etc. in the name of hetu (), vyavasaya or pramana. In the canonical works, we find mention of four-fold as well as three-fold divisions of pramanas as of Nyaya and Samkhya School respectively. Siddhasena Divakara also followed this three-fold

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192 division of pramana in his Nyayavatara (4" - 5' cent. AD). Another impact of Nyaya School on Jaina epistemology is seen in Nandisutra (5" Century) where the sense-cognition is included into pratyaksa (Nandisatra-4) following the Nyaya tradition. Later on Jaina scholars such as Jinabhadragani Ksamasramana and Akalanka designated it as `perception according to the common usage' (samvyavaharika pratyaksa). Regarding the five organs (panca-avayavas) of inference (anumana) Jaina thinkers are also agreed with Nyaya school. But in Niryukti literature we come a cross with ten organs of inference along with above-mentioned five organs. Though the concept of five organs is common to both the traditions, but the idea of ten organs is a peculiarity of Jaina tradition only. Similarly, due to the influence of Nyaya School, Jaina thinkers also adopted the threefold division of inference (319419) such as purvavat (949), sesavat (97990) and samanyato-drsta (31144g). In the Jaina canonical works of later period, we find mention of this classification, which shows the impacts of Nyaya School on Jaina epistemology. The last, but no least, major influence of Nyaya School on Jaina epistemology is the adoption of Navya-nyaya technique of Gangesa by the two most versatile Jaina scholars- Upadhyaya Yasovijaya (171" century AD) and Vimaladasa. Yasovijaya's Anekantavyavastha written in the neo-nyaya style helped the reestablishment of Anekantavada. Similarly, the Jaina-tarkabhasa and Jnanabindu were two important contributions to the Jaina Pramanasastra. Vimaldas's Saptabhargitarangini a treatment of Saptabhangi (doctrine of seven fold predications) is the most celebrated work of Jaina logic written in the same style. Some traditional Jaina scholars may be reluctant in accepting the Nyaya impact on Jaina philosophy but in my humble opinion, it would be against the intellectual honesty. First of all we should decide the chronology of the development of different philosophical schools as well as philosophical thoughts honestly and then the mutual influence be traced on the basis of chronology.

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