Sagar Jain Vidya Bharti Part 3

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Parshwanath Shodhpith Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001686/1

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA : 88 sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI [DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke zodha-lekhoM kA saMkalana ] ( bhAga-3 ) DaoN. sAgaramala jaina vArANasI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI Surication Private & Personal Use Only

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA : 88 sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI bhAga - 3 ( DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke zodha-nibandhoM kA saMkalana ) lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina vidyApI pArzvanAtha IPIAN sAviJjA parama maravaNubhagavaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 1997

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prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha AI. TI. AI. roDa, karauMdI, vArANasI - 5 dUrabhASa : 316521 prathama saMskaraNa : 1997 mUlya : ru0 100.00 akSara-sajjA nayA saMsAra presa bI0 2/143 e, bhadainI vArANasI - 1 mudraka varddhamAna mudraNAlaya bhelUpura, vArANasI - 10 Published by Parsvanatha Vidyapitha I.T.I.Road, Karaundi Varanasi-5 Phone: 316521 First Edition : 1997 Price: Rs. 100.00 - Type-setting at Naya Sansar Press B. 2/143 A, Bhadaini Varanasi-5 Printed at Vardhaman Mudranalaya Bhelupura, Varanasi-10

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prakAzakIya vidyApITha ke nidezaka prophesara sAgaramala jaina dvArA likhita zodha- nibandhoM ke sArvakAlika mahattva ko dekhate hue lagabhaga tIna hajAra pRSThoM kI sampUrNa sAmagrI ko saMgRhIta kara sAgara jaina- vidyA bhAratI ke rUpa meM lagabhaga dasa khaNDoM meM prakAzita karane kI hamArI yojanA hai| isa yojanA ke antargata bhAga - 1 evaM bhAga - 2 pahale hI prakAzita ho cuke haiN| isI krama meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA ke 88 veM puSpa ke rUpa meM sAgara jaina- vidyA bhAratI kA tRtIya bhAga vidvAnoM ke samakSa prastuta karate hue hameM apAra harSa ho rahA hai| prastuta saMkalana meM prophesara jaina ke jina prakAzita / aprakAzita lekhoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai ve haiM jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana; adhyAtma aura vijJAna; jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva; AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa; samrATa akabara aura jainadharma; jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna, strImukti, anyatairthika mukti evaM savastra mukti kA prazna; pramANa- lakSaNa nirUpaNa meM pramANa - mImAMsA kA avadAna, paM0 mahendra kumAra 'nyAyAcArya' dvArA sampAdita evaM anUdita SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA; Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva, racanAkAla evaM racayitA; jainadharma aura hindUdharma kA pArasparika sambandha; yugIna pariveza meM mahAvIra svAmI ke siddhAnta; zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha evaM mAthura saMgha : eka vimarza; jaina dharma aura Adhunika vijJAna; SaTjIva nikAya meM trasa aura sthAvara jIva kA vargIkaraNa evaM mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka dRSTi / -- inameM se kucha lekha 'zramaNa', 'sambodhi' Adi zodha-patrikAoM meM prakAzita ho cuke haiM, kucha 'nirgrantha' Adi meM prakAzanAdhIna haiM evaM kucha prathama bAra prakAzita ho rahe haiN| jina patra-patrikAoM se hamane ukta prakAzita sAmagrI lI hai, unake lekhakoM / sampAdakoM ke prati hama AbhAra vyakta karate haiN| AzA hai, prophesara jaina ke ye zodha nibandha jo jaina dharma, darzana, itihAsa, sAhitya, vijJAna Adi viSayoM ke vividha AyAmoM para sazakta prastutiyA~ haiM, zodhArthiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAnya pAThakoM ke lie bhI upayogI siddha hoNge| isa grantha kI prUpha rIDiMga evaM prakAzana sambandhI samasta vyavasthAoM ke

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[ IV ] liye vidyApITha ke pravaktA DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya ke prati hama vizeSa AbhAra prakaTa karate haiN| TAipaseTiMga ke lie 'nayA saMsAra presa' evaM surucipUrNa satvara mudraNa ke lie hama 'varddhamAna mudraNAlaya ke prati dhanyavAda jJApita karate haiN| bhavadIya bhUpendranAtha jaina mAnada saciva pArzvanAtha vidyApITha

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anukramaNikA krama. saM. 1. jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 2. adhyAtma aura vijJAna 3. jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 4. AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa 5. samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma 6. jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 7. strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savatramukti kA prazna 8. pramANa- lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANa-mImAMsA kA avadAna 9. paM0 mahendra kumAra 'nyAyAcArya' dvArA sampAdita evaM anUdita SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI samIkSA lekha- zIrSaka 10. Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva, racanA-kAla evaM racayitA 11. jainadharma meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa 12. yugIna pariveza meM mahAvIra svAmI ke siddhAnta 13. jainadharma aura Adhunika vijJAna 4. jainadharma aura hindUdharma (sanAtana dharma) kA pArasparika sambandha zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha evaM mAthurasaMgha : eka vimarza 5. 6. SaDjIvanikAya meM trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA 17. RSibhASita : eka adhyayana pRSTha saM. 1-19 20-29 30-59 60-70 71-76 77-112 113-132 133-140 141-146 147-156 157-160 161-166 167-178 179-186 178-195 196-202 203-218

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana jainadharma nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai| sAmAnyatayA ise sAmAjika na mAnakara vyaktivAdI dharma mAnA jAtA hai, kintu jainadharma ko ekAnta rUpa se vyaktivAdI dharma nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha satya hai ki usakA vikAsa nivRttimArgI saMnyAsapradhAna zramaNa paramparA meM hI huA hai kintu mAtra isa AdhAra para use asAmAjika yA vyaktivAdI dharma mAnanA, eka bhrAMti hI hogii| jIvana meM duHkha kI yathArthatA aura duHkhavimukti kA jIvanAdarza, yaha sampUrNa zramaNa paramparA kA atha aura iti hai / kintu duHkha aura duHkhavimukti ke ye sampratyaya mAtra vaiyaktika nahIM haiM, unakA eka sAmAjika pakSa bhI hai| duHkhavimukti kA unakA Adarza mAtra vaiyaktika duHkhoM kI vimukti nahIM hai apitu sampUrNa prANijagat ke duHkhoM kI vimukti hai aura yahI unheM samAja se jor3a detA hai| zramaNadhArA meM dharma aura nIti ko aviyojya mAnA gayA hai aura dharma evaM nIti kI yaha aviyojyatA bhI usameM sAmAjika sandarbha ko spaSTa kara detI hai / bhAratIya cintana meM sAmAjika cetanA 1 sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya cintana ko tIna yugoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai (1) vaidika yuga, (2) aupaniSadika yuga, (3) jaina aura bauddha yuga / sarvaprathama jahA~ vaidika yuga meM 'saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM saMvomanAMsi jAnatAm' arthAt tuma milakara calo, tuma milakara bolo, tumhAre mana sAtha-sAtha vicAra kareM isa rUpa meM sAmAjika cetanA ko vikasita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA, to vahIM aupaniSadika yuga meM usa sAmAjika ekatva kI cetanA ke liye dArzanika AdhAra prastuta kiye gye| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apane meM aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai vaha apanI isa ekatva kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se ghRNA nahIM krtaa| aupaniSadika cintana meM sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra yahI ekatva kI anubhUti rahI hai| jaba ekatva kI dRSTi vikasita hotI hai to ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva svataH samApta ho jAte haiM kyoMki 'para' rahatA hI nahIM, ataH kisase ghRNA yA vidveSa kiyA jaaye| ghRNA, vidveSa Adi parAyepana ke bhAva meM hI sambhava hote haiM, jaba sabhI sva yA AtmIya hoM to ghRNA yA vidveSa kA avasara hI kahA~ raha jAtA hai| isa prakAra aupaniSadika yuga meM sAmAjika cetanA ko eka sudRr3ha dArzanika AdhAra pradAna kiyA gayA hai /

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana sAtha hI sampatti para vaiyaktika adhikAra kA nirasana kara sAmUhika-sampadA kA vicAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM sampUrNa sampatti ko IzvarIya sampadA mAnakara usa para se vaiyaktika adhikAra ko samApta kara diyA gayA aura vyakti ko yaha kahA gayA ki vaha jAgatika sampadA para dUsaroM ke adhikAroM ko mAnya karake hI usa sampatti kA upabhoga kre| isa prakAra 'tena tyaktena bhaMjIthA'3 ke rUpa meM upabhoga ke sAmAjika adhikAra kI cetanA ko vikasita kiyA gyaa| isI tathya kI puSTi zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI kI gaI hai| usameM apanI daihika AvazyakatA se adhika sampatti para apanA adhikAra mAnane vAle ko spaSTata: cora kahA gyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vaidika aura aupaniSadika yuga meM sAmAjikatA ke liye na kevala preraNA dI gaI apitu eka dArzanika AdhAra bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA jahA~ taka jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM kA prazna hai unameM sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra ekatva kI anubhUti na hokara samatva kI anubhUti rahI hai| yadyapi AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jise tU duHkha yA pIr3A denA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| isameM yaha phalita hotA hai ki AcArAMgasUtra bhI ekatva kI anubhUti para sAmAjika yA ahiMsaka cetanA ko vikasita karatA hai, phira bhI jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM sAmAjika cetanA evaM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA AdhAra sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva yA samatA kI bhAvanA rhii| unameM dUsaroM kI jijIviSA aura sukha-duHkhAnubhUti 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' ke AdhAra para samajhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA aura sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi para vizeSa bala diyA gyaa| yadyapi jaina aura bauddhadharma nivRttipradhAna rahe kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki ve samAja se vimukha the| vastuta: bhArata meM yadi dharma ke kSetra meM saMghIya sAdhanA-paddhati kA vikAsa kisI paramparA ne kiyA to vaha zramaNa-paramparA hI thii| jainadharma ke anusAra to tIrthaMkara apane prathama pravacana meM hI caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA karatA hai| usake dharmacakra kA pravartana saMgha-pravartana se hI prArambha hotA hai| yadi mahAvIra meM lokamaMgala yA lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA nahIM hotI to ve apanI vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI pUrNatA ke pazcAt dharmacakra kA pravartana hI kyoM karate ? praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaGkara kA yaha sukathita pravacana sabhI prANiyoM kI rakSA aura karuNA ke liye hai| pA~coM mahAvrata saba prakAra se lokahita ke liye haiN| hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra aura saMgraha (parigraha) ye saba vaiyaktika nahIM, sAmAjika jIvana kI hI duSpravRttiyA~ haiN| jaina sAdhanA-paramparA meM paMcavratoM yA paMcazIloM ke rUpa meM jisa dharma-mArga kA upadeza diyA gayA, vaha mAtra vaiyaktika

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana sAdhanA ke liye nahIM apitu sAmAjika jIvana ke liye thaa| kyoMki hiMsA kA artha hai kisI anya kI hiMsA, asatya kA matalaba hai kisI anya ko galata jAnakArI denA, corI kA artha hai kisI dUsare kI zakti kA apaharaNa karanA, vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke viruddha yauna sambandha sthApita krnaa| isI prakAra saMgraha yA parigraha kA artha hai samAja meM Arthika viSamatA paidA krnaa| kyA samAja jIvana ke abhAva meM inakA koI artha raha jAtA hai ? ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ke jo jIvanamUlya jaina-darzana ne prastuta kiye ve pUrNata: sAmAjika mUlya haiM aura unakA uddezya sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi hai| loka-maMgala aura loka-kalyANa yaha zramaNa-paramparA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se jainaparamparA kA mUlabhUta lakSya rahA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha ko sarvocca tIrtha kahA hai, ve likhate haiM ki "sarvApadA: antakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva",' arthAt he prabho ! ApakA yaha dharmatIrtha sabhI prANiyoM ke duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlA aura sabhI kA kalyANa karane vAlA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA ne nivRttimArga ko pradhAnatA dekara bhI use saMghIya sAdhanA ke rUpa meM loka-kalyANa kA Adarza dekara sAmAjika banAyA hai| jaina AgamoM meM kuladharma, grAmadharma, nagaradharma, rASTradharma aura gaNadharma ke jo ullekha haiM, ve usakI sAmAjika sApekSatA ko spaSTa kara dete haiN| pArivArika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM hamAre pArasparika sambandha kisa prakAra sumadhura aura samAyojanapUrNa bana sakeM aura sAmAjika TakarAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM kisa prakAra se dUra kiyA jA sake, yahI jainadarzana kI sAmAjika dRSTi kA mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| jainadarzana ne AcArazuddhi para bala dekara vyakti-sudhAra ke mAdhyama se samAja-sudhAra kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| vyakti aura samAja : jaina dRSTikoNa sAmAjika darzana ke vibhinna siddhAntoM ke sandarbha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa samanvayavAdI aura udAra rahA hai| Age hama kramaza: una siddhAntoM ke pariprekSya meM jaina dRSTikoNa para vicAra kreNge| samAjadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja meM kise pramukha mAnA jAya, yaha eka mahattvapUrNa prazna hai| vyaktivAdI dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki vyakti hI pramukha hai, samAja vyakti ke liye banAyA gayA hai| vyakti sAdhya hai, samAja sAdhana hai, ata: samAja ko vaiyaktika hitoM para AghAta karane yA unheM sImita karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai| dUsarI ora, samAjavAdI dArzanika samAja ko hI sarvasva mAnate haiN| unake anusAra sAmAjika kalyANa hI pramukha hai, samAja se pRthak vyakti

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana kI sattA kucha hai hI nhiiN| vaha jo kucha bhI hai samAja dvArA nirmita hai| ata: sAmAjika kalyANa ke liye vaiyaktika hitoM kA balidAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina donoM prakAra ke aikAntika dRSTikoNoM ko jainadarzana asvIkAra karatA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti aura samAja eka-dUsare se nirapekSa hokara apanA astitva hI kho dete haiN| usake anusAra dArzanika dRSTi se vyaktirahita sAmAnya (samAja) aura sAmAnyarahita vyakti donoM hI ayathArtha haiN|10 ve sAmAnya ( universal ) aura vizeSa ( individual ) nyAya-vaizeSikoM ke samAna svatantra tattva nahIM mAnate haiN| manuSyatva nAmaka sAmAnya guNa se rahita koI manuSya nahIM ho sakatA aura binA manuSya (vyakti) ke manuSyatva kI koI sattA nahIM hotii| vizeSa rUpa se jaba hama manuSya ke sandarbha meM vicAra karate haiM to pAte haiM ki manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| ata: sAmAjikatA ke binA manuSya kA koI astitva nahIM hai| manuSya ko apane jaivika astitva se lekara bhASA, sabhyatA, saMskRti aura jIvana-mUlya Adi jo kucha mile haiM, ve samAja se mile haiN| yadi manuSya se usake sAmAjika avadAnoM ko pRthak kara diyA jAya to usakA kucha astitva hI nahIM rhegaa| dUsarI ora, yaha bhI sahI hai ki binA manuSya ke manuSyatva kA koI artha nahIM hai| manuSya se pRthaka manuSyatva nahIM hotA, ThIka yahI bAta samAja ke sandarbha meM bhI hai| samAja kA astitva vyaktiyoM para nirbhara hai| vyaktiyoM ke abhAva meM samAja sambhava hI nahIM hai| dUsarI ora yaha bhI satya hai ki vyakti jo kucha hai vaha samAja ke kAraNa hai| isa prakAra jainadarzana meM na to nirapekSa rUpa se vyakti ko mahattva diyA gayA hai aura na hI samAja ko| jainadharma kI anekAntika dRSTi kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki vyakti samAja-sApekSa hai aura samAja vykti-saapekss| jo loga vyakti nirapekSa samAja athavA samAja nirapekSa vyakti kI bAta karate haiM ve donoM hI yathArtha se apanA mukha mor3a lete haiN| sAmAnya rUpa se to sabhI bhAratIya darzana aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti aura samAja meM se kisI eka ko hI saba kucha mAna lenA eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki sAmAjika kalyANa ke liye vyakti ke hitoM kA balidAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu dUsarI ora yaha bhI sahI hai ki sAmahika hita bhI vaiyaktika hita se bhinna nahIM hai| sabake hita meM vyakti kA hita to nihita hI hai| vyakti meM samAja aura samAja meM vyakti anusyUta hai| jaina paramparA meM saMgha hita ko sarvoparitA dI gaI hai| isa sambandha meM eka aitihAsika kathA hai ki bhadrabAhu ne apanI vaiyaktika dhyAna-sAdhanA ke liye saMgha ke kucha sAdhuoM ko pUrva-sAhitya kA adhyayana karavAne kI mA~ga ko ThukarA diyaa| isa para saMgha ne unase pUchA ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA aura saMghahita meM kyA pradhAna hai ? yadi Apa saMghahita

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana kI upekSA karate haiM to Apako saMgha meM rahane kA adhikAra bhI nahIM hai| Apako bahiSkRta kiyA jAtA hai| anta meM bhadrabAha ko saMghahita ko prAthamikatA denI pdd'ii| yadyapi samAja ke hita ke nAma para AdhyAtmika aura naitika mUlyoM ko samApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina-paramparA meM kahA gayA hai ki Atmahita karanA cAhiye aura yadi zakya ho to lokahita bhI karanA cAhiye aura jahA~ Atmahita aura lokahita meM naitika virodha kA prazna ho vahA~ Atmahita ko hI cunanA pdd'egaa|12 yadyapi hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki yahA~ Atmahita kA tAtparya vaiyaktika svArthoM kI pUrti nahIM apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA saMrakSaNa hai| vastuta: vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM hI mAnavIya astitva ke anivArya aMga haiN| pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale ne kahA thA - manuSya manuSya nahIM hai yadi vaha sAmAjika nahIM hai aura yadi vaha mAtra sAmAjika hai to pazu se adhika nahIM hai| manuSya kI manuSyatA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM kA atikramaNa karane meM hai| 13 kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki jainadarzana apanI anekAntika dRSTi ke kAraNa manuSya ko eka hI sAtha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI mAnatA hai| rAga jor3atA bhI hai aura tor3atA bhI hai yaha ThIka hai ki jaba manuSya meM rAga kA tattva vikasita hotA hai to vaha dUsaroM se jur3atA hai| lekina smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki dUsaroM se jur3ane kA artha hai kahIM se kttnaa| kyoMki jo kisI se jur3atA hai to kahIM se kaTatA avazya hai| rAga kA tattva vyakti ke sva kI sImA kA vistAra to avazya karatA hai kintu use dUsaroM se alaga bhI kara detA hai| jaba hama vaiyaktika svArthoM se yukta hote haiM to hamArA sva saMkucita hotA hai aura jaba hama sAmAjikatA se jur3ate haiM to hamAre sva kA kSetra vikasita hotA hai| kintu jaba taka hama apane aura parAye ke bhAva kA atikramaNa nahIM kara pAte haiM taba taka hamArA 'sva' yA 'AtmA' pUrNa nahIM bana pAtA hai| jainoM ke anusAra hamAre jIvana meM jo bhI TUTana hai, jo bhI sImAe~ haiM aura jo bhI mereparAye ke bhAva haiM, ye sabhI rAga aura dveSa ke tattvoM ke kAraNa haiN| jaba taka hama merA deza, merI jAti, merA dharma Adi ina 'maiM' aura 'mere' ke gheroM se Upara nahIM uThate, dUsare zabdoM meM mere-tere ke gheroM kA atikramaNa jaba taka nahIM kara jAte taba taka sahI arthoM meM sAmAjika bhI nahIM bana pAte haiN|14 mere aura parAye kI mana:sthiti meM hama apane Apako kinhIM zrRMkhalAoM meM jakar3A huA hI pAte haiN| jainadharma kI sAdhanA vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se sva kI saMkucita sImA ko tor3anA hai aura apane aura parAye kI isa saMkucita sImA kA atikramaNa karanA asAmAjika honA nahIM hai| jainadharma mukhyatayA isa bAta para bala detA hai ki hama

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana eka svastha sAmAjikatA kA vikAsa kareM aura yaha svastha sAmAjikatA rAga ke AdhAra para nahIM varan rAga kA atikramaNa karake hI kI jA sakatI hai| sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra : rAgAtmakatA yA viveka ? sambhavata: yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jainadarzana rAga ko samApta karane kI bAta karatA hai kintu rAga ke abhAva meM sAmAjika jIvana se jor3ane vAlA tattva kyA hogA ? yadi apanepana aura merepana kA bhAva na ho to sAre sAmAjika bandhana caramarA kara TUTa jaayeNge| yaha rAgAtmakatA hI hai jo hameM ekadUsare se jor3atI hai aura samAja kA nirmANa karatI hai| kintu kyA vastutaH rAgAtmakatA hamAre sAmAjika sambandhoM kA yathArtha kAraNa ho sakatI hai, jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai - rAga yadi hameM kahIM jor3atA hai to vaha hameM kahIM se tor3atA bhI hai, merI vinamra mAnyatA hai ki yadi hama rAga ke AdhAra para samAja ko khar3A kareMge to vaha eka svArthI vyaktiyoM kA samAja hI hogaa| vastuta: samAja kI saMracanA rAga ke AdhAra para nahIM viveka ke AdhAra para hI sambhava hai| yadi maiM dUsaroM kA maMgala yA hitasAdhana isaliye karatA hU~ ki ve mere apane haiM, aura aisA karane se mere apanepana kA gherA kitanA hI bar3A kyoM na ho, mujhe eka svArthI vyakti se adhika kucha bhI nahIM rahane degaa| hameM dUsaroM kA hita-sAdhana kevala isaliye nahIM karanA hai ki ve hamAre apane haiM apitu isaliye karanA hai ki dUsaroM kA hita-sAdhana karanA merA svabhAva hai, svadharma hai, kartavya hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra samAja jisa AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai vaha rAga nahIM viveka kA tattva hai, kartavyatA kA bodha hai| tattvArthasUtra meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki jIvadravya kA svabhAva paraspara ekadUsare kA upakAraka honA hai|5 vyakti ke jIvana kI sArthakatA svahitoM/svArthoM kA balidAna karake dUsaroM kA maMgala karane meM hI hai| pArasparika hita-sAdhana hI jIva kA svabhAva hai aura isI se usakI kartavyatA hai| isI ke AdhAra para hamArA mAnava-samAja khar3A huA hai| rAgAtmakatA hameM kisI se jor3atI hai to kahIM se tor3atI bhI hai, kyoMki rAga sadaiva dveSa ke sAtha-sAtha jItA hai| rAga aura dveSa aise jur3avA~ zizu haiM jo eka-dUsare ke sAtha jIte aura marate haiN| rAga ke abhAva meM dveSa aura dveSa ke abhAva meM rAga nahIM jI pAtA hai| ata: rAga ke AdhAra para jo samAja khar3A hogA usameM anivArya rUpa se vargabheda aura varNabheda hogA hI, kintu kartavyabodha ke AdhAra para jo samAja khar3A hogA vaha varNabheda aura vargabheda se Upara hogaa| vastuta: mAnavIya viveka ke AdhAra para hI kartavyabodha kI jo cetanA jAgRta hotI hai, vahI hamArI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| rAga kI bhASA adhikAra kI bhASA hai, jabaki viveka kI bhASA dAyitvabodha yA kartavya kI bhASA hai| jisa

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana samAja meM kevala adhikAroM kI bAta hotI hai vahA~ kevala vikRta sAmAjikatA hI phalita hotI hai| svastha sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra adhikAra nahIM karttavyabodha hai| jainadharma jisa sAmAjika cetanA kI bAta karatA hai vaha mAnavIya viveka kA anivArya pariNAma hai| viveka se karttavyatA aura sama-buddhi/samatA jAgRta hotI hai| jaba viveka hamArI sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra banatA hai, taba mere aura tere kI cetanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai| sama-buddhi se sabhI Atmavat haiM, aisI dRSTi vikasita hotI hai| yahI Atmavat dRSTi hamArI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| jaba taka AtmatulyatA kA bodha nahIM AtA hai, taba taka na to hiMsA, ghRNA Adi kI asAmAjika vRttiyoM se Upara uThA jA sakatA hai aura na hama sahI artha meM sAmAjika hI bana pAte haiN| jainadarzana meM sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra yahI AtmatulyatA kA bodha hai| sAmAjika jIvana kA bAdhaka tattva : ahaMkAra sAmAjika sambandhoM meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI mahattvapUrNa kArya karatA hai| ahaMkAra ke kAraNa zAsana kI icchA athavA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai aura sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA paidA hotI hai| zAsaka-zAsita kA bheda ahaMkAra ke kAraNa hI khar3A hotA hai| vartamAna yuga meM bar3e rASTroM meM jo apanA prabhAva kSetra bar3hAne kI pravRtti hai, usake mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaM kI puSTi hI hai| jaba vyakti meM Adhipatya kI pravRtti dRr3ha hotI hai to vaha dUsaroM ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai, pariNAmata: dUsaroM kI svatantratA khaNDita hotI hai| na kevala zAsita aura zAsaka kA bheda apitu jAtibheda aura vargabheda ke pIche bhI yahI ahaMkAra kA tattva kAma karatA hai| jaba hama apane kula yA jAti ke ahaMkAra se yukta hote haiM to dUsaroM ko hIna samajhane kI pravRtti utpanna hotI hai, jisakA pariNAma jAti-saMgharSa yA varga-saMgharSa hotA hai| jAtivAda kA virodha aura sAmAjika samatA jainadharma ahaMkAra ke upazamana ke sAtha-sAtha jAtivAda aura varNavAda kA spaSTarUpa se virodha karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki kisI jAti meM janma lene mAtra se nahIM, apitu vyakti kA sadAcAra aura usakI naitikatA hI usako zreSTha banAtI hai| isa prakAra jainadharma jAtigata zreSThatA ke sampratyaya kA virodha karatA hai| vaha spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki koI vyakti isa AdhAra para brAhmaNa nahIM hotA ki vaha kisI brAhmaNI ke garbha se utpanna huA hai, apitu vaha brAhmaNa isa AdhAra para hotA hai ki usakA AcAra aura vyavahAra zreSTha hai|" jainadarzana jAtigata zreSThatA ke sthAna para AcAragata zreSThatA ko hI mahattva detA hai| AcArAMga meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki na to koI hIna hai aura na koI shresstth| Aja hama dekhate haiM ki jAtigata AdhAroM

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana para aneka sAmAjika saMgaThana banate haiM lekina aise sAmAjika saMgaThanoM ko jainadharma koI mAnyatA nahIM detA hai| Aja bhI jainasaMgha meM aneka jAtiyoM ke loga samAna rUpa se apanI sAdhanA karate haiM / mathurA Adi ke prAcIna abhilekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki aneka jina - mandira aura mUrtiyA~ gaMdhI, telI, svarNakAra, lohakAra, mallAha, nartaka aura gaNikAoM dvArA nirmita haiN| ve sabhI jAtiyA~ aura varga jo hindU dharma meM varNavyavasthA kI kaThora rUr3hivAditA ke kAraNa nimna mAnI gaI thIM, jainadharma meM samAdRta the / " harikezIbala ( cANDAla), mAtaMga, arjuna (mAlAkAra) Adi aneka nimna jAtiyoM meM utpanna hue mahAna sAdhakoM kI jIvana gAthAoM ke ullekha jainAgamoM meM milate haiM, jo isa tathya ke sUcaka haiM ki jainadharma meM jAtivAda yA U~ca-nIca ke bheda-bhAva mAnya nahIM the / 19 isa prakAra jainadharma samAja meM vargabheda aura varNabheda kA virodhI thA / usakA udghoSa thA ki sampUrNa mAnava-jAti eka hai / 20 8 sAmAjika jIvana kI pavitratA kA AdhAra vivAha saMsthA sAmAjika jIvana kA prArambha parivAra se hI hotA hai aura parivAra kA nirmANa vivAha ke bandhana se hotA hai| ataH vivAha saMsthA sAmAjika darzana kI eka pramukha samasyA hai| vivAha saMsthA ke udbhava ke pUrva yadi koI samAja rahA hogA to vaha bhayabhIta prANiyoM kA eka samUha rahA hogA, jo pArasparika surakSA hetu eka-dUsare se milakara rahate hoNge| vivAha kA AdhAra kevala kAma-vAsanA kI santuSTi hI nahIM hai, apitu pArasparika AkarSaNa aura prema bhI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki nivRttipradhAna saMnyAsamArgI jaina paramparA meM isa vivAha saMsthA ke sambandha meM koI vizeSa vivaraNa nahIM milate haiN| jainadharma apanI vairAgyavAdI paramparA ke kAraNa prathamataH to yahI mAnatA rahA ki usakA prathama karttavya vyakti ko saMnyAsa kI dizA meM prerita karanA hai, isaliye prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM jainadharmAnukUla vivAha paddhati ke koI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hote| prAcInakAla meM bRhad bhAratIya samAja yA hindU samAja se pRthak jainoM kI apanI koI vivAha paddhati rahI hogI yaha kahanA bhI kaThina hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM meM prAcInakAla se hI vivAha hote rahe haiN| jaina purANa sAhitya meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki RSabhadeva se pUrva yaugalika kAla meM bhAI-bahana hI yuvAvasthA meM pati-patnI ke rUpa meM vyavahAra karane lagate the aura eka yugala meM puruSa kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne para RSabha ne sarvaprathama vivAha paddhati kA prArambha kiyA thA / " punaH bharata aura bAhubalI kI bahanoM brAhmI aura sundarI dvArA bhI AjIvana brahmacArI rahane aura apane bhAiyoM se vivAha na karane kA nirNaya liye jAne para samAja meM vivAha vyavasthA ko pradhAnatA milI, -

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana kintu vivAha ko dhArmika jIvana kA aMga na mAnane ke kAraNa jainoM ne prAcIna kAla meM kisI vivAha-paddhati kA vikAsa nahIM kiyaa| isa sambandha meM jo bhI sUcanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM usa AdhAra para yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vivAha ke sambandha meM jainasamAja bRhad hindU-samAja ke hI vidhi-vidhAnoM kA anugamana karatA rahA aura Aja bhI karatA hai| prAcIna jaina granthoM meM vivAha kaise kiyA jAya, isakA ullekha to nahIM milatA hai, kintu vivAha saMsthA ko yauna sambandhoM ke saMyamana kA eka sAdhana mAnakara usameM gRhastha upAsakoM ke liye svapatnI-santoSavrata kA vidhAna avazya milatA hai| AdipurANa meM vivAha evaM pati-patnI ke pArasparika evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM kI carcA hai, usameM vivAha ke do uddezya batAe gae haiM - (1) kAmavAsanA kI tRpti aura (2) sntaanotptti| jainAcAryoM ne vivAha saMsthA ko yauna-sambandhoM ke niyantraNa evaM vaidhIkaraNa ke liye Avazyaka mAnA thaa| gRhastha kA svapatnI santoSavrata na kevala vyakti kI kAmavAsanA ko niyantrita karatA hai, apitu sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna-vyavahAra ko pariSkRta bhI banAtA hai| avivAhita strI se yauna-sambandha sthApita karane, vezyAgamana karane Adi ke niSedha isI bAta ke sUcaka haiN| jainadharma sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna sambandhoM kI zuddhi ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vivAha ke uddezya para prakAza DAlate hue AdipurANa meM batAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra jvara se pIr3ita vyakti usake upazamanArtha kaTu-auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai, usI prakAra kAma-jvara se santapta haA prANI usake upazamanArtha strIrUpI auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai| 22 isase itanA pratiphalita hotA hai ki jainadharma avaidha yA svacchanda yauna sambandhoM kA samarthaka nahIM rahA hai| usameM vivAha-sambandhoM kI yadi koI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai to vaha yauna sambandhoM ke niyantraNa kI dRSTi se hI hai aura yaha usakI nivRttimArgI dhArA ke anukUla bhI hai| usakI mAnyatA ke anusAra yadi koI AjIvana brahmacArI banakara saMyama-sAdhanA meM apane ko asamartha pAtA hai to use vivAha sambandha ke dvArA apanI yaunavAsanA ko niyantrita kara lenA caahiye| isIliye zrAvaka ke pA~ca aNuvratoM meM sva-patnI santoSavrata nAmaka vrata rakhA gayA hai| punaH zrAvaka jIvana ke mUlabhUta guNoM kI dRSTi se vezyAgamana aura parastrI-gamana ko niSiddha ThaharAyA gyaa| isa prakAra cAhe vidhimukha se na ho kintu niSedhamukha se jainadharma vivAha-saMsthA kI upayogitA aura mahattA ko svIkAra karatA huA pratIta hotA hai| cAhe dhArmika vidhi-vidhAna ke rUpa meM jainoM meM vivAha sambandhI ullekha na milatA ho, kintu jaina kathA-sAhitya meM jo vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiM, unake

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana AdhAra para itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM samAna vaya aura samAna kula ke madhya vivAha sambandha sthApita karane ke ullekha milate haiN| 23 AgamoM meM yaha bhI ullekha milatA hai ki bAlabhAva se mukta hone para hI vivAha kiye jAte the| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainadharma meM bAla-vivAha kI anumati nahIM thii| mAtra yahI nahIM kucha kathAnakoM meM bAla-vivAha ke athavA avayaska kanyAoM ke vivAha ke dUSita pariNAmoM ke ullekha bhI mila jAte haiN| vivAha sambandha ko hindUdharma kI taraha hI jainadharma meM bhI eka AjIvana sambandha hI mAnA gayA thaa| ata: vivAhaviccheda ko jainadharma meM bhI koI sthAna nahIM milaa| vaivAhika jIvana dUbhara hone para usa strI kA bhikSuNI bana jAnA hI ekamAtra vikalpa thaa| jaina AcAryoM ne alpakAlIna vivAha-sambandha aura alpavayaska vivAha ko ghRNita mAnA hai aura ise zrAvaka-jIvana kA eka doSa nirUpita kiyA hai| 24 jahA~ taka bahupati-prathA kA prazna hai, hameM draupadI ke eka ApavAdika kathAnaka ke atirikta isakA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM milatA hai kintu bahupatnI-prathA jo prAcInakAla meM eka sAmAnya paramparA bana gaI thI, usakA ullekha jaina granthoM meM bhI milatA hai| isa bahupatnI-prathA ko jainaparamparA kA dhArmika anumodana ho aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki sampUrNa jaina vAGmaya meM aisA koI vidhAyaka nirdeza prApta nahIM hotA, jisameM bahupatnI-prathA kA samarthana kiyA gayA ho| jaina-sAhitya mAtra itanA hI batalAtA hai ki bahupatnI-prathA usa samaya sAmAnyarUpa se pracalita thI aura jaina parivAroM meM bhI aneka patniyA~ rakhane kA pracalana thA, kintu jaina-sAhitya meM hameM koI aisA ullekha nahIM milatA ki kisI zrAvaka ne jainadharma ke paMca-aNuvratoM kA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt apanA vivAha kiyA ho| gRhastha upAsaka ke svapatnI santoSavrata ke jina aticAroM kA ullekha milatA hai unameM eka paravivAhakaraNa bhI hai| 25 yadyapi isakA artha jaina AcAryoM ne aneka dRSTi se kiyA hai kintu isakA sAmAnya artha dUsarA vivAha karanA hI hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki jaina AcAryoM kA anumodana to ekapatnIvrata kI ora hI thaa| Age calakara isakA artha yaha bhI kiyA jAne lagA ki sva-santAna ke atirikta anya kI santAnoM kA vivAha karavAnA, kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha eka paravartI artha hai| isI prakAra vezyAgamana ko bhI niSiddha mAnA gyaa| aparigRhItA arthAt avivAhitA strI se yauna sambandha banAnA bhI zrAvakavrata kA eka aticAra (doSa) mAnA gyaa|26 jainAcAryoM meM somadeva hI ekamAtra apavAda haiM, jo gRhastha ke vezyAgamana ko anaitika ghoSita nahIM krte| zeSa sabhI jainAcAryoM ne vezyAgamana kA eka svara se niSedha kiyA hai|

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana jahA~ taka prema-vivAha aura mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAha sambandhoM kA prazna hai, jainAgamoM meM aisA koI spaSTa nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hai ki vaha kisa prakAra ke vivAha-sambandhoM ko karane yogya mAnate haiN| kinta jJAtAdharmakathA ke draupadI evaM malli adhyayana meM pitA-putrI se spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahatA hai ki mere dvArA kiyA gayA cunAva tere kaSTa kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai, isaliye tuma svayaM hI apane pati kA cunAva kro|" isakA spaSTa artha yahI hai ki jaina-paramparA meM mAtApitA dvArA Ayojita vivAhoM aura yuvaka-yuvatiyoM dvArA apanI icchA se cune gaye vivAha sambandhoM ko mAnyatA prApta thii| jaina parivAra ke yuvaka-yuvatiyoM kA jaina parivAra meM hI vivAha ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM thaa| aneka jaina kathAoM meM anya dharmAvalambI kanyAoM se vivAha karane ke ullekha milate haiM aura yaha vyavasthA Aja bhI pracalita hai| Aja bhI jaina parivAra apanI samAna jAti ke hindU parivAra kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha sambandha karate haiN| isI prakAra apanI kanyA ko hindU parivAroM meM pradAna bhI karate haiN| sAmAnyatayA vivAhita hone para patnI-pati ke dharma kA anugamana karatI hai| kintu prAcInakAla se Aja taka aise bhI saikar3oM udAharaNa jaina sAhitya meM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM milate haiM jahA~ pati-patnI ke dharma kA anugamana karane lagatA hai yA phira donoM apane-apane dharma kA paripAlana karate haiM aura santAna ko unameM se kisI ke bhI dharma ko cunane kI svatantratA hotI hai| phira bhI isa visaMvAda se bacane ke liye sAmAnya vyavahAra meM isa bAta ko prAthamikatA dI jAtI hai ki jaina parivAra ke yuvaka-yuvatiyA~ jaina parivAra meM hI vivAha kreN| pArivArika dAyitva aura jaina dRSTikoNa . gRhastha kA sAmAjika dAyitva apane vRddha mAtA-pitA, patnI, putra-putrI Adi parijanoM kI sevA evaM paricaryA karanA hai| zvetAmbara sAhitya meM ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne mAtA kA apane prati atyadhika sneha dekhakara yaha nirNaya le liyA thA ki jaba taka unake mAtA-pitA jIvita raheMge, ve saMnyAsa nahIM leNge| yaha mAtApitA ke prati unakI bhakti-bhAvanA kA hI sUcaka hai| yadyapi isa sambandha meM digambara paramparA kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai| jainadharma meM saMnyAsa lene ke pahale pArivArika uttaradAyitvoM se mukti pAnA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| mujhe jaina AgamoM meM eka bhI ullekha aisA dekhane ko nahIM milA jahA~ binA parijanoM kI anumati se kisI vyakti ne saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA ho| jainadharma meM Aja bhI yaha paramparA akSuNNa rUpa se kAyama hai| koI bhI vyakti binA parijanoM evaM samAja (saMgha) kI anumati ke saMnyAsa grahaNa nahIM kara sktaa| mAtA, pitA, putra, putrI, pati yA patnI kI

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana anumati prApta karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| isake pIche mUla bhAvanA yahI hai ki vyakti sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se nivRtti pAkara hI saMnyAsa grahaNa kre| isa bAta kI puSTi antakRddazA ke nimna udAharaNa se hotI hai - jaba zrIkRSNa ko yaha jJAta ho gayA ki dvArikA kA zIghra hI vinAza hone vAlA hai, to unhoMne spaSTa ghoSaNA karavA dI ki yadi koI vyakti saMnyAsa lenA cAhatA ho kintu isa kAraNa se nahIM le pA rahA ho ki usake mAtA-pitA, putra-putrI evaM patnI kA pAlana-poSaNa kauna karegA, to unake pAlana-poSaNa kA uttaradAyitva maiM vahana kara luuNgaa|28 yadyapi buddha ne prArambha meM saMnyAsa ke liye parijanoM kI anumati ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA thaa| ata: aneka yuvakoM ne parijanoM kI anumati ke binA hI saMgha meM praveza le liyA thA, kintu Age calakara unhoMne bhI yaha niyama banA diyA thA ki binA parijanoM kI anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jaaye| mAtra yahI nahIM unhoMne yaha bhI ghoSita kara diyA ki RNI, rAjakIya sevaka yA sainika ko bhI, jo sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se bhAga kara bhikSu bananA cAhate haiM, binA pUrva anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jaave| hindUdharma bhI pitR-RNa arthAt sAmAjika dAyitva ko cukAye binA saMnyAsa kI anumati nahIM detA hai| cAhe saMnyAsa lene kA prazna ho yA gRhastha jIvana meM hI AtmasAdhanA kI bAta ho, sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM ko pUrNa karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| sAmAjika dharma jaina AcAra-darzana meM na kevala AdhyAtmika dRSTi se dharma kI vivecanA kI gayI hai, varan dharma ke sAmAjika pahalU para bhI paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jaina vicArakoM ne saMgha yA sAmAjika jIvana kI pramukhatA sadaiva svIkAra kI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM dasa dharmoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai - (1) grAmadharma, (2) nagaradharma, (3) rASTradharma, (4) pAkhaNDadharma, (5) kuladharma, (6) gaNadharma, (7) saMghadharma, (8) siddhAntadharma ( zrutadharma ), (9) cAritradharma aura (10) astikaaydhrm|29 inameM se prathama sAta to pUrI taraha se sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhita haiN| 1. grAmadharma - grAma ke vikAsa, vyavasthA tathA zAnti ke liye jina niyamoM ko grAmavAsiyoM ne milakara banAyA hai, unakA pAlana karanA grAmadharma hai| grAmadharma kA artha hai jisa grAma meM hama nivAsa karate haiM, usa grAma kI vyavasthAoM, maryAdAoM evaM niyamoM ke anurUpa kArya krnaa| grAma kA artha vyaktiyoM ke kuloM kA samUha hai| ata: sAmUhika rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke sahayoga ke AdhAra para grAma kA vikAsa karanA, grAma ke andara pUrI taraha vyavasthA aura zAnti banAye rakhanA aura

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 13 Apasa meM vaimanasya aura kleza utpanna na ho, usake liye prayatnazIla rahanA hI grAmadharma ke pramukha tattva haiN| grAma meM zAnti evaM vyavasthA nahIM hai, to vahA~ ke logoM ke jIvana meM bhI zAnti nahIM rahatI / jisa pariveza meM hama jIte haiM, usameM zAnti aura vyavasthA ke liye Avazyaka rUpa se prayatna karanA hamArA kartavya hai / pratyeka grAmavAsI sadaiva isa bAta ke liye jAgRta rahe ki usake kisI AcaraNa se grAma ke hitoM ko coTa na phuNce| grAmasthavira grAma kA mukhiyA yA netA hotA hai / grAmasthavira kA prayatna rahatA hai ki grAma kI vyavasthA, zAnti evaM vikAsa ke liye, grAmajanoM meM pArasparika sneha aura sahayoga banA rahe / 2. nagaradharma grAmoM ke madhya meM sthita eka kendrIya grAma ko jo unakA vyAvasAyika kendra hotA hai, nagara kahA jAtA hai / sAmAnyataH grAma- dharma aura nagaradharma meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| nagaradharma ke antargata nagara kI vyavasthA evaM zAnti, nAgarika - niyamoM kA pAlana evaM nAgarikoM ke pArasparika hitoM kA saMrakSaNa-saMvardhana AtA hai| lekina nAgarikoM kA uttaradAyitva kevala nagara ke hitoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai| yugIna sandarbha meM nagaradharma yaha bhI hai ki nAgarikoM ke dvArA grAmavAsiyoM kA zoSaNa na ho| nagarajanoM kA uttaradAyitva grAmINajanoM kI apekSA adhika hai| unheM na kevala apane nagara ke vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye varan una samagra grAmavAsiyoM ke hita kI bhI cintA karanI cAhiye, jinake AdhAra para nagara kI vyAvasAyika tathA Arthika sthitiyA~ nirbhara haiN| nagara meM eka yogya nAgarika ke rUpa meM jInA, nAgarika kartavyoM evaM niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana karanA hI manuSya kA nagaradharma hai| -- jaina-sUtroM meM nagara kI vyavasthA Adi ke liye nagarasthavira kI yojanA kA ullekha hai / Adhunika yuga meM jo sthAna evaM kArya nagarapAlikA athavA nagaranigama ke adhyakSa ke haiM, jaina paramparA meM vahI sthAna evaM kArya nagarasthavira ke haiN| 3. rASTradharma - jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra pratyeka grAma evaM nagara kisI rASTra kA aMga hotA hai aura pratyeka rASTra kI apanI eka viziSTa sAMskRtika cetanA hotI hai jo grAmINoM evaM nAgarikoM ko eka rASTra ke sadasyoM ke rUpa meM Apasa meM bA~dhakara rakhatI hai| rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai rASTra kI sAMskRtika cetanA athavA jIvana kI viziSTa praNAlI ko sajIva banAye rakhanA / rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAna, niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA hI rASTradharma hai| Adhunika sandarbha meM rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai rASTrIya ekatA evaM niSThA ko banAye rakhanA tathA rASTra ke nAgarikoM ke hitoM kA paraspara ghAta na karate hue, rASTra ke vikAsa meM prayatnazIla rahanA, rASTrIya zAsana ke niyamoM ke viruddha kArya na karanA, rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAnoM kA Adara karate hue unakA

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana samucita rUpa se pAlana krnaa| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM rAjya ke niyamoM ke viparIta AcaraNa karanA doSapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| jainAgamoM meM rASTasthavira kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hai| prajAtantra meM jo sthAna rASTrapati kA hai vahI prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM rASTrasthavira kA rahA hogA, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 4. pAkhaNDadharma - jaina AcAryoM ne pAkhaNDa kI apanI vyAkhyA kI hai| jisake dvArA pApa kA khaNDana hotA ho vaha pAkhaNDa hai| dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke anusAra pAkhaNDa eka vrata kA nAma hai| jisakA vrata nirmala ho, vaha paakhnnddii| sAmAnya naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karanA hI pAkhaNDadharma hai| samprati pAkhaNDa kA artha DhoMga ho gayA hai, vaha artha yahA~ abhipreta nahIM hai| pAkhaNDadharma kA tAtparya anuzAsita, niyamita evaM saMyamita jIvana hai| pAkhaNDadharma ke liye vyavasthApaka ke rUpa meM prazAstA-sthavira kA nirdeza hai| prazAstA-sthavira zabda kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa lagatA hai ki vaha janatA ko dharmopadeza ke mAdhyama se niyantrita karane vAlA adhikArI hai| prazAstA-sthavira kA kArya logoM ko dhArmika niSThA, saMyama evaM vrata-pAlana ke liye prerita karate rahanA hai| hamAre vicAra meM prazAstA-sthavira rAjakIya dharmAdhikArI ke samAna hotA hogA, jisakA kArya janatA ko sAmAnya naitika jIvana kI zikSA denA hotA hogaa| 5. kuladharma - parivAra athavA vaMza-paramparA ke AcAra-niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA kuladharma hai| parivAra kA anubhavI, vRddha evaM yogya vyakti kulasthavira hotA hai| parivAra ke sadasya kulasthavira kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karate haiM aura kulasthavira kA kartavya hai parivAra kA saMvardhana evaM vikAsa karanA tathA use galata pravRttiyoM se bcaanaa| jaina paramparA meM gRhastha evaM muni donoM ke liye kuladharma kA pAlana Avazyaka hai, yadyapi muni kA kula usake pitA ke AdhAra para nahIM varan guru ke AdhAra para banatA hai| 6. gaNadharma - gaNa kA artha samAna AcAra evaM vicAra ke vyaktiyoM kA samUha hai| mahAvIra ke samaya meM hameM gaNarAjyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| gaNarAjya eka prakAra ke prajAsattAtmaka rAjya hote haiN| gaNadharma kA tAtparya hai gaNa ke niyamoM aura maryAdAoM kA pAlana krnaa| gaNa do mAne gaye haiM -- 1. laukika (sAmAjika) aura 2. lokottara (dhaarmik)| jaina paramparA meM vartamAna yuga meM bhI sAdhuoM ke gaNa hote haiM jinheM 'gaccha' kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka gaNa (gaccha) ke AcAra-niyamoM meM thor3A-bahuta antara bhI rahatA hai| gaNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA gaNadharma hai| paraspara sahayoga tathA maitrI rakhanA gaNa ke pratyeka sadasya kA kartavya hai| gaNa kA eka gaNasthavira hotA hai| gaNa kI dezakAlagata

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 15 paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para vyavasthAe~ denA, niyamoM ko banAnA aura pAlana karavAnA gaNasthavira kA kArya hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra bAra-bAra gaNa ko badalane vAlA sAdhaka hIna dRSTi se dekhA gayA hai| buddha ne bhI gaNa kI unnati ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| 7. saMghadharma - vibhinna gaNoM se milakara saMgha banatA hai| jaina AcAryoM ke saMghadharma kI vyAkhyA saMgha yA sabhA ke niyamoM ke paripAlana ke rUpa meM kI hai| saMgha eka prakAra kI rASTrIya saMsthA hai, jisameM vibhinna kula yA gaNa milakara sAmUhika vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA nizcaya karate haiN| saMgha ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA kartavya hai| jaina-paramparA meM saMgha ke do rUpa haiM - 1. laukika saMgha aura 2. lokottara sNgh| laukika saMgha kA kArya jIvana ke bhautika pakSa kI vyavasthAoM ko dekhanA hai, jabaki lokottara saMgha kA kArya AdhyAtmika vikAsa karanA hai| laukika saMgha ho yA lokottara saMgha ho, saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA yaha anivArya kartavya mAnA gayA hai ki vaha saMgha ke niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana kre| saMgha meM kisI bhI prakAra ke manamuTAva athavA saMgharSa ke liye koI bhI kArya nahIM kre| ekatA ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane ke liye sadaiva hI prayatnazIla rhe| jaina paramparA ke anusAra sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ina cAroM se milakara saMgha kA nirmANa hotA hai| nandIsUtra meM saMgha ke mahattva kA vistArapUrvaka sundara vivecana huA hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki jaina-paramparA meM naitika sAdhanA meM saMghIya jIvana kA kitanA adhika mahattva hai|32 8. zrutadharma - sAmAjika dRSTi se zrutadharma kA tAtparya hai zikSaNavyavasthA sambandhI niyamoM kA pAlana krnaa| ziSya kA guru ke prati, guru kA ziSya ke prati kaisA vyavahAra ho, yaha zrutadharma kA hI viSaya hai| sAmAjika sandarbha meM zrutadharma se tAtparya zikSaNa kI sAmAjika yA saMghIya vyavasthA hai| guru aura ziSya ke kartavyoM tathA pArasparika sambandhoM kA bodha aura unakA pAlana zrutadharma yA jJAnArjana kA anivArya aMga hai| yogya ziSya ko jJAna denA guru kA kartavya hai, jabaki ziSya kA kartavya guru kI AjJAoM kA zraddhApUrvaka pAlana karanA hai| . 9. cAritradharma - cAritradharma kA tAtparya hai zramaNa evaM gRhastha dharma ke AcAraniyamoM kA paripAlana krnaa| yadyapi cAritradharma kA bahuta kucha sambandha vaiyaktika sAdhanA se hai, tathApi unakA sAmAjika pahalU bhI hai| jaina AcAra ke niyamoM evaM upaniyamoM ke pIche sAmAjika dRSTi bhI hai| ahiMsA sambandhI sabhI niyama aura upaniyama sAmAjika zAnti ke saMsthApana ke liye haiN| anAgraha

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana sAmAjika jIvana se vaicArika vidveSa evaM vaicArika saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai| ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha para AdhArita jaina AcAra ke niyama-upaniyama pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa meM sAmAjika dRSTi se yukta haiM, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 10. astikAyadharma - astikAyadharma kA bahuta kucha sambandha tattvamImAMsA se hai, ata: usakA vivecana yahA~ aprAsaMgika hai| ___ isa prakAra jaina AcAryoM ne na kevala vaiyaktika evaM AdhyAtmika pakSoM ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA varan sAmAjika jIvana para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| jaina sUtroM meM upalabdha nagaradharma, grAmadharma, rASTradharma Adi kA yaha varNana isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki jaina AcAradarzana sAmAjika pakSa kA yathocita mUlyAMkana karate hue usake vikAsa kA bhI prayAsa karatA hai| vastuta: jainadharma vaiyaktika naitikatA para bala dekara sAmAjika sambandhoM ko zuddha aura madhura banAtA hai| usake sAmAjika Adeza nimnalikhita haiM - jainadharma meM sAmAjika jIvana ke niSThA sUtra 1. sabhI AtmAe~ svarUpataH samAna haiM, ata: sAmAjika-jIvana meM U~canIca ke varga-bheda khar3e mata kro| - uttarAdhyayana, 12/37 2. sabhI AtmAe~ samAna rUpa se sukhAbhilASI haiM, ata: dUsare ke hitoM kA hanana, zoSaNa yA apaharaNa karane kA adhikAra kisI ko nahIM hai| - AcArAMga, 1/2/3/3 3. sabake sAtha vaisA vyavahAra karo, jaisA tuma unase svayaM ke prati cAhate ho| - bRhatkalpabhASya, 4584 4. saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke sAtha maitrI bhAva rakho, kisI se bhI ghRNA evaM vidveSa mata rkho| - mUlAcAra, 28 5. guNIjanoM ke prati Adara-bhAva aura duSTajanoM ke prati upekSA-bhAva (taTastha-vRtti) rkho| - sAmAyika pATha 1 6. saMsAra meM jo duHkhI evaM pIr3ita jana haiM, unake prati karuNA aura vAtsalyabhAva rakho aura apanI sthiti ke anurUpa unheM sevA-sahayoga pradAna kro| jainadharma meM sAmAjika jIvana ke vyavahAra sUtra upAsakadazAMgasUtra, yogazAstra evaM ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra meM varNita zrAvaka ke guNoM, bAraha vratoM evaM unake aticAroM se nimna sAmAjika AcAraniyama phalita hote haiM - 1. kisI nirdoSa prANI ko bandI mata banAo arthAt sAmAnyajanoM kI svatantratA meM bAdhaka mata bno|

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 17 2. kisI kA vadha yA aMgacheda mata karo, kisI se bhI maryAdA se adhika kAma mata lo, kisI para zakti se adhika bojha mata laado| 3. kisI kI AjIvikA meM bAdhaka mata bno| 4. pArasparika vizvAsa ko bhaMga mata kro| na to kisI kI amAnata har3apa jAo aura na kisI ke gupta rahasya ko prakaTa kro| 5. sAmAjika jIvana meM galata salAha mata do, aphavAheM mata phailAo aura dUsaroM ke caritra-hanana kA prayAsa mata kro| 6. apane svArtha kI siddhi-hetu asatya ghoSaNA mata kro| 7. na to svayaM corI karo, na cora ko sahayoga do aura na corI kA mAla khriido| 8. vyavasAya ke kSetra meM nApa-taula meM prAmANikatA rakho aura vastuoM meM milAvaTa mata kro| 9. rAjakIya niyamoM kA ullaMghana aura rAjya ke karoM kA apavaMcana mata kro| 10. apane yauna sambandhoM meM anaitika AcaraNa mata kro| vezyAsaMsarga, vezyA-vRtti evaM usake dvArA dhana kA arjana mata kro| 11. apanI sampatti kA parisImana karo aura use lokahitArtha vyaya kro| 12. apane vyavasAya ke kSetra ko sImita karo aura varjita vyavasAya mata kro| 13. apanI upabhoga sAmagrI kI maryAdA karo aura usakA ati saMgraha mata kro| 14. ve sabhI kArya mata karo, jisase tumhArA koI hita nahIM hotA ho| 15. yathAsambhava atithiyoM kI, santajanoM kI, pIr3ita evaM asahAya vyaktiyoM kI sevA kro| anna, vastra, AvAsa, auSadhi Adi ke dvArA unakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kro| 16. krodha mata karo, sabase premapUrNa vyavahAra kro| 17. dUsaroM kI avamAnanA mata karo, vinIta bano, dUsaroM kA AdarasammAna kro| 18. kapaTapUrNa vyavahAra mata kro| dUsaroM ke prati vyavahAra meM nizchala evaM prAmANika rho| 19. tRSNA mata rakho, Asakti mata bddh'aao| saMgraha mata kro|

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18 jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 20. nyAya-nIti se dhana upArjana kro| 21. ziSTa puruSoM ke AcAra kI prazaMsA kro| 22. prasiddha dezAcAra kA pAlana kro| 23. sadAcArI puruSoM kI saMgati kro| 24. mAtA-pitA kI sevA-bhakti kro| 25. ragar3e-jhagar3e aura bakher3e paidA karane vAlI jagaha se dUra raho, arthAt citta meM kSobha utpanna karane vAle sthAna meM na rho| 26. Aya ke anusAra vyaya kro| 27. apanI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra vastra phno| 28. dharma ke sAtha artha-puruSArtha aura mokSa-puruSArtha kA isa prakAra sevana karo ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho| 29. atithi aura sAdhujanoM kA yathAyogya satkAra kro| 30. kabhI durAgraha ke vazIbhUta na hoo| 31. deza aura kAla ke pratikUla AcaraNa na kro| 32. jinake pAlana-poSaNa karane kA uttaradAyitva apane Upara ho, unakA pAlana-poSaNa kro| 33. apane prati kiye hue upakAra ko namratApUrvaka svIkAra kro| 34. apane sadAcAra evaM sevA-kArya ke dvArA janatA kA prema sampAdita kro| __35. paropakAra karane meM udyata rho| dUsaroM kI sevA karane kA avasara Ane para pIche mata htto| sandarbha 1. Rgveda, 10/19/12. . 2. IzAvAsyopaniSad, 6. 3. vahI, 1. 4. zrImadbhAgavata, 7/14/8. 5. AcArAMga, 1/5/5. 6. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2/1/2. 7. vahI, 2/1/3. 8. samantabhadra, yuktyAnuzAsana, 61. 9. sthAnAga, 10/760.

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jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana 10. dekheM sAgaramala jaina, vyakti aura samAja, zramaNa, varSa 34 (1983) aMka 2. 11. dekheM bhadrabAhu kathAnaka. prabandhakoza, 12. uddhRta (ka) ratanalAla dozI, AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR0 441. (kha) bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhAga 1, pR0 197. -- 13. Bradle, Ethical Studies. 14. muni nathamala, naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR0 3-4. 15. umAsvAti, tattvArthasUtra, 5/21. 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25 / 19. 17. AcArAMga, 1/2/3/75. 18. sAgaramala jaina, sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga 1, pR0 153. 19. jaTAsiMhanandi, varAMgacarita, sarga 25, zloka 33-43. 20. AcArAMganiryukti, 19. 21. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR0 152. > 22. jinasena, AdipurANa, 11 / 166-167. 23. antakRddazAMga, 3/1/3. 24. upAsakadazAMga, 1 / 48. 25. vahI, 1/48. 26. vahI, 1 / 48. 27. jJAtAdharmakathA, 8 ( malliadhyayana ), 16 ( draupadI adhyayana ). 28. antakRddazAMga, 5/1/21. 29. sthAnAMga, 10 / 760 / vizeSa vivecana ke liye dekheM javAhara lAlajI ma. aura dharma-darzana, zuklacandrajI ma. 30. dharmadarzana, pR0 86. 31. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 158. 32. nandIsUtra pIThikA, 4-17. --c --- 19 dharmavyAkhyA,

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adhyAtma aura vijJAna aupaniSadika RSigaNa, buddha aura mahAvIra bhAratIya adhyAtma paramparA ke unnAyaka rahe haiN| unake AdhyAtmika cintana ne bhAratIya mAnasa ko AtmatoSa pradAna kiyA hai| kintu Aja hama vijJAna ke yuga meM jI rahe haiM / vaijJAnika upalabdhiyA~ Aja hameM udvelita kara rahI haiN| Aja kA manuSya do taloM para jIvana jI rahA hai| yadi vijJAna ko nakAratA hai to jIvana kI sukha-suvidhA aura samRddhi ke khone kA khatarA hai, dUsarI ora adhyAtma ko nakArane para Atma- zAnti se vaMcita hotA hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai ina RSi maharSiyoM dvArA pratisthApita AdhyAtmika mUlyoM aura Adhunika vijJAna kI upalabdhiyoM ke samanvaya kI / nizcaya hI 'vijJAna aura adhyAtma' kI carcA Aja prAsaMgika hai| sAmAnyatayA Aja vijJAna aura adhyAtma ko paraspara virodhI avadhAraNAoM ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai| Aja jahA~ adhyAtma ko dharmavAda aura pAralaukikatA ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai, vahA~ vijJAna ko bhautikatA aura ihalaukikatA ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai| Aja donoM meM virodha dekhA jAtA hai, lekina yaha avadhAraNA hI bhrAnta hai / prAcIna yuga meM to vijJAna aura adhyAtma ye zabda bhI paraspara bhinna artha ke bodhaka nahIM the| mahAvIra ne AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA hai ki "jo AtmA hai vahI vijJAtA hai aura jo vijJAtA hai vahI AtmA hai / "" yahA~ AtmajJAna aura vijJAna eka hI haiN| vastutaH 'vijJAna' zabda vi + jJAna se banA hai, 'vi' upasarga viziSTatA kA dyotaka hai / ataH viziSTa jJAna hI vijJAna hai / Aja jo vijJAna zabda kevala padArtha jJAna ke rUpa meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai vaha mUlataH viziSTa jJAna yA Atma-jJAna hI thaa| AtmajJAna hI vijJAna hai / punaH 'adhyAtma' zabda bhI adhi + Atma se banA hai / 'adhi' upasarga bhI viziSTatA kA hI sUcaka hai| jahA~ Atma kI viziSTatA hai, vahI adhyAtma hai| / cU~ki AtmA jJAnasvarUpa hI hai, ataH jJAna kI viziSTatA hI adhyAtma hai aura vahI vijJAna hai| phira bhI Aja vijJAna padArtha - jJAna meM aura adhyAtma Atma-jJAna ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM vijJAna sAdhanoM kA jJAna hai to adhyAtma sAdhya kA jJAna / prastuta nibandha meM inhIM rUr3ha arthoM meM vijJAna aura adhyAtma zabda kA prayoga kiyA jA rahA hai| eka hameM bAhya jagat se jor3atA hai to dUsarA hameM apane se jor3atA hai| donoM hI 'yoga' haiN| eka sAdhana yoga hai, to dUsarA sAdhyayoga / eka hameM jIvana zailI (Life style) detA hai to dUsarA hameM jIvana sAdhya ( Goal of

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adhyAtma aura vijJAna 21 life ) detA hai| Aja hamArA durbhAgya yahI hai ki jo eka dUsare ke pUraka haiM, unheM hamane eka dUsare kA virodhI mAna liyaa| Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki inakI paraspara pUraka zakti yA abhinnatA ko samajhA jaaye| dharma-zabda ke tIna artha haiM -- 1. svabhAva, 2. karttavya aura 3. sAdhanA yA upAsanA kI prakriyA vizeSa athavA shrddhaa-vishess| apane pahale artha meM vaha vijJAna se sambandhita hai| jahA~ dharma vastu-svabhAva hai vahA~ vijJAna vastu-svabhAva ( Nature of things ) ke adhyayana karane kI paddhati hai| ata: ve eka dUsare se sambandhita haiN| dharma svabhAva meM jInA hai aura vijJAna usa svabhAva ko pahacAnanA hai| ata: vijJAna ke binA dharma asambhava hai| svabhAva ko jAnakara hI jIyA jA sakatA hai / vijJAna hameM sva-svabhAva kA bodha karAtA hai aura dharma vibhAva se svabhAva meM Ane kI prakriyA sikhAtA hai| dharma apane dUsare aura tIsare artha meM adhyAtma ke nikaTa hai aura isa artha meM use vijJAna nirapekSa kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki kartavya kI avadhAraNA bhI vijJAna-vihIna hai| karttavya bhI vyakti ke svabhAva aura pariveza ke sandarbha meM hI nirdhArita hotA hai| kisa paristhiti meM kisa vyakti ko kyA karanA hai - isakA nirNaya vaijJAnika dRSTi para hI nirbhara karatA hai| yadyapi dharma aura vijJAna meM isa bAta ko lekara antara mAnA jAtA hai ki jahA~ dharma zraddhApradhAna hai, vahA~ vijJAna tarkapradhAna hai| kintu yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai kyoMki na to vijJAna zraddhA yA AsthA kA virodhI hai aura na dharma hI tarka kA virodhii| vijJAna meM hama prArambha, parikalpanA (Hypothesis ) yA AsthA se karate haiM to dharma meM tarka ko sthAna dekara use vaijJAnika banAnA cAhate haiN| ata: donoM meM virodha nahIM hai| Aja dharma ko vaijJAnika (Scientific ) honA hogA aura vijJAna ko dhaarmik| __ puna: dharma ko pAralaukika aura vijJAna ko Anubhavika ( aihika ) mAnA jAtA hai, kintu yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| buddha ne apane upadeza meM ajAtazatru ko kahA thA - maiM kisI pAralaukika dharma kI bAta nahIM khtaa| maiM jisa dharma ko sikhAtA hU~, vaha to tAtkAlika hai| krodha nahIM karane se jo zAnti AtI hai - vaha to tAtkAlika hai| Aja dharma ko svarga aura naraka ke pralobhana aura bhaya para nahIM sikhAyA jA sakatA hai| Aja dharma ko aihika jIvana se jor3anA hogA, vijJAna ko paramArtha (Transcendental) kI khoja karanI hogii| Aja dharma ko karmakANDa se jor3a liyA gayA hai, kintu aba samaya A gayA hai, jaba vijJAna kI sahAyatA se ina karmakANDoM kI aihika upayogitA ko khojanA hogaa| aba dharma aura vijJAna samanvita hokara hI mAnava kalyANa kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakate haiN| Aja dharma karmakANDa aura andha zraddhA se itanA jur3a gayA

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22 adhyAtma aura vijJAna hai ki ve hI dharma ke paryAya bana gaye haiN| 'dharma' zabda se koI bhrAnti na ho isaliye 'dharma' ke sthAna para 'adhyAtma' zabda kA prayoga adhika upayogI hogaa| Aja hama vijJAna ko padArtha vijJAna mAnate haiN| hamane 'para' yA 'anAtma' ke sandarbha meM itanA adhika jJAna arjita kara liyA hai ki 'sva' yA 'Atma' ko vismRta kara baiThe haiN| hamane paramANu ke AvaraNa ko tor3akara usake jareM-jareM ko jAnane kA prayAsa kiyA hai kintu durbhAgya yahI hai ki apanI AtmA ke AvaraNa ko bhedakara apane Apako nahIM jAna sake haiN| hama paridhi ko vyApakatA dene meM kendra hI bhulA baitthe| manuSya kI yaha parakendritatA hI use apane Apase bahuta dUra le gaI hai| yahI Aja ke jIvana kI trAsadI hai| vaha duniyA ko samajhatA hai, jAnatA hai, parakhatA hai, kintu apane prati tandrAgrasta hai| use svayaM yaha bodha nahIM hai ki maiM kauna hU~? mairA kartavya kyA hai? lakSya kyA hai? vaha bhaTaka rahA hai| mAtra bhaTaka rahA hai| Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva mahAvIra ne manuSya kI usa pIr3A ko samajhA thaa| unhoMne kahA thA ki kitane hI loga aise haiM jo nahIM jAnate ki maiM kauna hU~? kahA~ se AyA hU~? merA gantavya kyA hai? yaha kevala mahAvIra ne kahA ho aisI bAta nahIM hai| buddha ne bhI kahA thA 'attAnaM gavessetha' apane ko khojo| aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne kahA - 'AtmanaM viddhi' 'apane Apako jAno', yahI jIvanaparizodhana kA mUla mantra hai| Aja hameM puna: inhIM praznoM ke uttara ko khojanA hai| Aja kA vijJAna Apako padArtha jagat ke sandarbha meM sUkSmatama sUcanAeM de sakatA hai kintu ve sUcanAe~ hamAre liye ThIka usI taraha arthahIna haiM jisa prakAra jaba taka A~kha na khulI ho, taba taka prakAza kA koI mUlya nhiiN| vijJAna prakAza hai kintu adhyAtma kI A~kha ke binA usakI koI sArthakatA nahIM hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne kahA thA ki andhe vyakti ke sAmane karor3oM dIpaka jalAne kA kyA lAbha? jisakI A~kheM khulI hoM usake liye eka hI dIpaka paryApta hai| Aja ke manuSya kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| vaha vijJAna aura takanIkI ke sahAre bAhya jagat meM vidyuta kI cakAcauMdha phailA rahA hai kintu apane antarcakSu kA unmIlana nahIM kara rahA hai| prakAza kI cakAcauMdha meM hama apane ko hI nahIM dekha pA rahe haiN| yaha satya hai ki prakAza Avazyaka hai kintu A~kheM khole binA usakA koI mUlya nahIM hai| vijJAna ne manuSya ko zakti dI hai| Aja vaha dhvani se bhI adhika tIvra gati se yAtrA kara sakatA hai| kintu smaraNa rahe ki vijJAna jIvana ke lakSya kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kara sktaa| lakSya kA nirdhAraNa to adhyAtma hI kara sakatA hai| vijJAna sAdhana detA hai, lekina usakA upayoga kisa dizA meM karanA hogA yaha batalAnA adhyAtma kA kArya hai| pUjya vinobA jI ke zabdoM meM, "vijJAna meM doharI zakti hotI hai, eka vinAza zakti

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adhyAtma aura vijJAna 23 aura dUsarI vikAsa shkti| vaha sevA bhI kara sakatA hai aura saMhAra bhii| agni nArAyaNa kI khoja huI to usase rasoI bhI banAyI jA sakatI hai aura usase Aga bhI lagAI jA sakatI hai| agni kA prayoga ghara phUMkane meM karanA yA cUlhA jalAne meM, yaha akla vijJAna meM nahIM hai| akla to Atma-jJAna meM hai|" Age ve kahate haiM - "AtmajJAna hai A~kha aura vijJAna hai paaNv| agara mAnava ko AtmajJAna nahIM to vaha andhA hai| kahA~ calA jAyegA kucha patA nhiiN|" dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to adhyAtma dekhatA to hai lekina cala nahIM sakatA arthAt usameM lakSya-bodha to hai kinta gati kI zakti nhiiN| vijJAna meM zakti to hai kintu A~kha nahIM hai, lakSya kA bodha nhiiN| jisa prakAra andhe aura la~gar3e donoM hI paraspara sahayoga ke abhAva meM dAvAnala meM jala marate haiM, ThIka usI prakAra yadi Aja vijJAna aura adhyAtma paraspara eka dUsare ke pUraka nahIM hoMge to mAnavatA apane hI dvArA lagAI gaI visphoTaka zastroM kI isa agni meM jala mregii| binA vijJAna ke saMsAra meM sukha nahIM A sakatA aura binA adhyAtma ke zAnti nahIM A sktii| mAnava samAja kI sukha (Pleasure) aura zAnti (Peace) ke liye donoM kA paraspara honA Avazyaka hai| vaijJAnika zaktiyoM kA upayoga mAnava-kalyANa meM ho yA mAnava-saMhAra meM, isa bAta kA nirdhAraNa vijJAna se nahIM, AtmajJAna yA adhyAtma se karanA hogaa| aNu zakti kA upayoga mAnava ke saMhAra meM ho yA mAnava ke kalyANa meM, yaha nirNaya karane kA adhikAra una vaijJAnikoM ko bhI nahIM hai, jo sattA, svArtha aura samRddhi ke pIche andhe rAjanetAoM ke dAsa haiN| yaha nirNaya to mAnavIya viveka sampanna ni:spRha sAdhakoM ko hI karanA hogaa| yaha satya hai ki vijJAna ke sahayoga se takanIka kA vikAsa huA aura usane mAnava ke bhautika du:khoM ko bahuta kucha kama kara diyA, kintu dUsarI ora usane mAraka zakti ke vikAsa ke dvArA bhaya yA saMtrAsa kI sthiti utpanna kara mAnava kI zAnti ko bhI chIna liyA hai| Aja manuSya jAti bhayabhIta aura saMtrasta hai| Aja vaha visphoTaka astroM ke jvAlAmukhI para khar3I hai, jo kaba visphoTa kara hamAre astitva ko nigala legI, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| Aja hamAre pAsajina saMhAraka astroM kA saMgraha hai, ve pRthvI ke sampUrNa jIvana ko aneka bAra samApta kara sakate haiN| ... pUjya vinobAjI likhate haiM, "jo vijJAna eka ora klorophArma kI khoja karatA hai jisase karuNA kA kArya hotA hai, vahI vijJAna aNu astroM kI khoja karatA hai jisase bhayaMkara saMhAra hotA hai| eka bAjU sipAhI ko jakhmI karatA hai dUsarA bAjU usako durusta karatA hai, yaha gorakhadhandhA Aja vijJAna kI madada se cala rahA hai| isa hAlata meM vijJAna kA sArA kArya usako milane vAle mArgadarzana

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24 adhyAtma aura vijJAna para AdhArita hai| use jaisA mArgadarzana milegA, vaha vaisA kArya kregaa| yadi vijJAna para sattA ke AkAMkSiyoM kA, rAjanItijJoM kA aura apane svArtha kI roTI seMkane vAloM kA adhikAra hogA to vaha manuSya jAti kA saMhAraka hI bnegaa| kintu isake viparIta yadi vijJAna para mAnava-maMgala ke draSTA anAsakta RSiyoM-maharSiyoM kA adhikAra hogA, to vaha mAnava ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka hogaa| Aja hama vijJAna ke mAdhyama se takanIkI pragati kI usa U~cAI taka pahu~ca cuke haiM jahA~ se lauTanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai| Aja manuSya usa dorAhe para khar3A hai jahA~ para use hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke do rAstoM meM se kisI eka ko cunanA hai| Aja use yaha samajhanA hai ki vaha vijJAna ke sAtha kisako jor3anA cAhatA hai, hiMsA ko yA ahiMsA ko| Aja usake sAmane donoM vikalpa prastuta haiN| vijJAna + ahiMsA = vikaas| vijJAna + hiMsA = vinaash| jaba vijJAna ahiMsA ke sAtha jur3egA to vaha samRddhi aura zAnti lAyegA kintu jaba usakA gaThabandhana hiMsA se hogA to saMhAraka hogA aura apane hI hAthoM apanA vinAza kregaa| Aja vijJAna ke sahAre manuSya ne jitanA pAzavika bala saMgRhIta kara liyA hai| vaha usakA rakSaka na hokara kahIM bhakSaka na bana jAya, yaha use socanA hai| mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA "atthi satyena paraMparaM, natthi asatthena paraMparaM", arthAt zastra eka se bar3hakara eka ho sakatA hai kintu ahiMsA se bar3hakara anya kucha nahIM ho sktaa| Aja sampUrNa mAnava samAja ko yaha nirNaya lenA hogA ki ve vaijJAnika zaktiyoM kA prayoga mAnavatA ke kalyANa ke lie karanA cAhate haiM yA usake saMhAra ke lie| Aja takanIkI pragati ke kAraNa manuSya-manuSya ke bIca kI dUrI kama ho gaI hai| Aja vijJAna ne mAnava-samAja ko eka dUsare ke nikaTa lAkara khar3A kara diyA hai| Aja hama paraspara itane nirbhara bana gaye haiM ki eka dUsare ke binA khar3e bhI nahIM raha sakate, kintu dUsarI ora AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke abhAva ke kAraNa hamAre hRdayoM kI dUrI adhika vistIrNa ho gaI hai| hRdaya kI isa dUrI ko pATane kA kAma vijJAna nahIM, adhyAtma hI kara sakatA hai| vijJAna kA kArya hai -vizleSita karanA aura adhyAtma kA kAma hai - saMzleSita krnaa| vijJAna tor3atA hai, adhyAtma jor3atA hai| vijJAna viyojaka hai to adhyAtma sNyojk| vijJAna para-kendrita hai to adhyAtma aatm-kendrit| vijJAna sikhAtA hai ki hamAre sukha-duHkha kA kendra vastue~ haiM, padArtha haiM, isake viparIta adhyAtma kahatA hai ki sukha-duHkha kA kendra AtmA hai| vijJAna kI dRSTi bAhara dekhatI hai, adhyAtma antara meM dekhatA hai| vijJAna kI yAtrA andara se bAhara kI ora hai to adhyAtma kI yAtrA bAhara se andara kI or| manuSya ko Aja yaha samajhanA

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adhyAtma aura vijJAna __ 25 hai ki yadi yAtrA bAhara kI ora hotI rahI to vaha zAnti, jisakI use khoja hai, kabhI nahIM milegii| kyoMki bahirmukhI yAtrI zAnti kI khoja vahA~ karatA hai jahA~ vaha nahIM hai| zAnti andara hai usakI khoja bAhara vyartha hai| isa sambandha meM eka rUpaka yAda AtA hai - eka vRddhA zAma ke samaya kucha sila rahI thii| saMyoga se a~dherA bar3hane lagA, sUI usake hAtha se chUTakara kahIM gira pdd'ii| mahilA kI jhopar3I meM prakAza kA sAdhana nahIM thA aura prakAza ke binA sUI kI khoja asambhava thii| bur3hiyA ne socA kyA haa| agara prakAza bAhara hai to sUI ko vahIM khojA jaaye| vaha usa prakAza meM sUI khojatI rahI, khojatI rahI kintu sUI vahA~ kaba milane vAlI thI, kyoMki vaha vahA~ thI hI nhiiN| prAta: hone vAlA thA ki koI yAtrI udhara se nikalA, usane vRddhA se usakI parezAnI kA kAraNa puuchaa| usane pUchA ammA sUI girI kahA~ thii| vRddhA ne uttara diyA, 'beTA! sUI girI to jhopar3I meM thI kintu ujAlA nahIM thA, ata: khojanA sambhava nahIM thaa| ujAlA to bAhara thA, isaliye maiM yahA~ khoja rahI thii|' yAtrI ne uttara diyA - "yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki jo cIja jahA~ nahIM hai vahA~ khojane para mila jaaye| sUrya kA prakAza hone ko hai, usa prakAza meM saI vahIM khojeM jahA~ girI hai|" Aja mAnava-samAja kI sthiti bhI usI vRddhA ke samAna hai| hama zAnti kI khoja vahA~ kara rahe haiM jahA~ vaha hotI hI nhiiN| zAnti AtmA meM hai, andara hai? vijJAna ke sahAre Aja zAnti kI khoja ke prayatna usa bur3hiyA ke prayatnoM ke samAna nirarthaka hI hoNge| vijJAna, sAdhana de sakatA hai, zakti de sakatA hai kintu lakSya kA nirdhAraNa to hameM hI karanA hogaa| Aja vijJAna ke kAraNa mAnava ke pUrva sthApita jIvana-mUlya samApta ho gaye haiN| Aja zraddhA kA sthAna tarka ne le liyA hai| Aja manuSya pAralaukika upalabdhiyoM ke sthAna para ihalaukika upalabdhiyoM ko cAhatA hai| Aja ke tarkapradhAna manuSya ko sukha aura zAnti ke nAma para bahalAyA nahIM jA sakatA, lekina durbhAgya yaha hai ki Aja hama adhyAtma ke abhAva meM naye jIvana-mUlyoM kA sRjana nahIM kara pA rahe haiN| Aja vijJAna kA yuga hai| Aja usa dharma ko jo, pAralaukika jIvana kI sukha-suvidhAoM ke nAma para mAnavIya bhAvanAoM kA zoSaNa kara rahA hai, jAnA hogaa| Aja tathAkathita ve dharma-paramparAyeM jo manuSya ko bhaviSya ke sunahale sapane dikhAkara phusalAyA karatI thIM aba tarka kI painI chenI ke Age apane ko nahIM bacA sktiiN| aba svarga meM jAne ke liye nahIM jInA hai apitu svarga ko dharatI para lAne ke liye jInA hogaa| Aja vijJAna ne hameM vaha zakti de dI hai, jaba svarga ko dharatI para utArA jA sakatA hai| yadi hama isa zakti kA upayoga dharatI para svarga

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26 adhyAtma aura vijJAna utArane ke sthAna para, dharatI ko naraka banAne meM kareMge to isakI javAbadehI hama para hI hogii| Aja vaijJAnika zaktiyoM kA upayoga isa dRSTi se karanA hai ki ve mAnava kalyANa meM sahabhAgI banakara isa dharatI ko hI svarga banA skeN| vinobA jI ne satya hI kahA hai, "Aja vijJAna kA to vikAsa huA kintu vaijJAnika utpanna hI nahIM huaa| " kyoMki vaijJAnika vaha hai jo nirapekSa hotA hai| Aja kA vaijJAnika, rAjanItijJoM aura pU~jIpatiyoM ke izAre para calane vAlA vyakti hai| vaha paise se kharIdA jA sakatA hai| yaha to vaijJAnika kI gulAmI hai| aise loga avaijJAnika haiM / yadi vijJAnI (Scientist) vaijJAnika ( Scientific ) nahIM banA to vijJAna manuSya ke lie ghAtaka hI siddha hogaa| Aja vijJAna kA upayoga kaise kiyA jAya, isakA uttara vijJAna ke pAsa nahIM, adhyAtma ke pAsa hai| vinobA jI likhate haiM ki Aja yuga kI mA~ga se vijJAna kI jitanI hI zakti bar3hegI, Atma-jJAna ko utanI hI zakti bar3hAnI hogii| Aja amerikA isaliye duHkhI hai ki vahA~ vijJAna to hai, para adhyAtma nahIM hai, ataH vahA~ sukha to hai zAnti nhiiN| isake viparIta bhArata meM AdhyAtmika virAsata ke kAraNa mAnasika zAnti to hai, kintu samRddhi nahIM / Aja jahA~ samRddhi hai vahA~ zAnti nahIM aura jahA~ zAnti hai vahA~ samRddhi nhiiN| isakA samAdhAna adhyAtma aura vijJAna ke samanvaya meM nihita hai / adhyAtma zAnti degA to vijJAna samRddhi / jaba samRddhi aura zAnti donoM eka sAtha upasthita hogI tabhI mAnavatA apane vikAsa ke carama zikhara para hogI, mAnava svayaM atimAnava ke rUpa meM vikasita ho jAyagA / kintu isake lie prayatna karanA hogaa| binA aDiga AsthA aura satata puruSArtha ke yaha sambhava nahIM / Aja vijJAna ne manuSya ko sukha-suvidhA aura samRddhi to pradAna kara dI hai phira bhI manuSya bhaya aura tanAva kI sthiti meM jI rahA hai| use Antarika zAnti upalabdha nahIM hai, usakI samAdhi bhaMga ho cukI hai| yadi vijJAna ke mAdhyama se koI zAnti A sakatI hai to vaha kevala zmazAna kI zAnti hI hogii| bAharI sAdhanoM se na kabhI Antarika zAnti milI hai na usakA milanA sambhava hI hai| isa sandarbha meM upaniSadoM kA eka prasaMga yAda A rahA hai| nArada jIvana bhara veda-vedAMga kA adhyayana karate rhe| unhoMne aneka vidyAe~ ( bhautika vidyAe~ ) prApta kara lIM kintu unake mana ko kahIM santoSa nahIM milaa| ve sanatkumAra ke pAsa Ae aura kahane lage maiMne aneka zAstroM kA adhyayana kiyaa| maiM zAstravid to hU~ kintu Atmavid nhiiN|" Aja ke vaijJAnika bhI nArada kI bhA~ti hI haiN| ve zAstravid to haiM kintu Atmavid nhiiN| Atmavid hue binA zAnti ko nahIM pAyA jA sakatA / yadyapi mere kahane kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki hama vijJAna aura usakI upalabdhiyoM ko ------

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adhyAtma aura vijJAna tilAMjali de deM / vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM kA parityAga na to sambhava hI hai aura na hI aucityapUrNa, kintu adhyAtma yA mAnavIya viveka ko inakA anuzAsaka honA cAhiye / adhyAtma hI vijJAna kA anuzAsaka ho, tabhI eka samagratA yA pUrNatA AegI aura manuSya eka sAtha samRddhi aura zAnti ko pA skegaa| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM jise hama padArtha - jJAna yA vijJAna kahate haiM use avidyA kahA gayA hai aura jise hama adhyAtma kahate haiM use vidyA kahA gayA hai| upaniSadkAra donoM ke sambandha ko ucita batAte hue usakA svarUpa kahatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki jo padArtha vijJAna yA avidyA kI upAsanA karatA hai, vaha andhakAra ( tamas ) meM praveza karatA hai kyoMki vijJAna yA padArtha vijJAna andhA hai kintu sAtha hI vaha yaha bhI cetAvanI detA hai ki jo kevala vidyA meM rata haiM ve usase adhika andhakAra meM cale jAte haiN| andhaM tamaH pravizanti yesvidyAmupAsate / tato bhUya iva te tato ya u vidyAyAM ratAH / / 9 / / 27 IzAvAsyopaniSad vastutaH vaha jo avidyA aura vidyA donoM kI eka sAtha upAsanA karatA hai vaha avidyA dvArA mRtyu ko pAra karatA hai arthAt vaha sAMsArika kaSToM se mukti pAtA hai aura vidyA dvArA amRta prApta karatA hai / saha / vidyAM cAvidyAM ca avidyayA mRtyuM yastadvedobhayaM tIrtvA vidyayAmRtamaznute / / 11 / / IzAvAsyopaniSad vastuta: yaha amRta Atma- zAnti yA AtmatoSa hI hai| jaba vijJAna aura adhyAtma kA samanvaya hogA tabhI mAnavatA kA kalyANa hogaa| vijJAna jIvana ke kaSToM ko samApta kara degA aura adhyAtma Antarika zAnti ko pradAna kregaa| AcArAMga meM mahAvIra ne adhyAtma ke lie 'ajjhattha' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai aura yaha batAyA hai ki isI ke dvArA Atma-vizuddhi ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH adhyAtma kucha nahIM hai vaha Atma-upalabdhi yA Atma-vizuddhi kI hI eka prakriyA hai / usakA prArambha AtmajJAna se hai aura usakI pariniSpatti AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke prati aTUTa niSThA meM hai| vastutaH Aja jitanI mAtrA meM padArtha vijJAna vikasita huA hai utanI hI mAtrA meM AtmajJAna ko vikasita honA caahie| vijJAna kI daur3a meM adhyAtma pIche raha gayA hai| padArtha ko jAnane ke prayatnoM meM hama apane ko bhulA baiThe haiN| merI dRSTi meM AtmajJAna koI amUrta, tAttvika AtmA kI khoja nahIM hai, vaha apane Apako jAnanA hai| apane Apako jAnane kA tAtparya apane meM nihita vAsanAoM aura vikAroM ko dekhanA hai| AtmajJAna kA artha hotA hai ki hama

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adhyAtma aura vijJAna yaha dekheM ki hamAre jIvana meM kahA~ ahaMkAra chipA par3A hai, kahA~ aura kisake prati ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva pala rahe haiN| vastutaH AtmajJAna, apane andara jhA~kakara apanI vRttiyoM aura vAsanAoM ko par3hane kI kalA hai| vijJAna dvArA pradatta takanIka ke sahAre hama padArthoM kA parizodhana karanA to sIkha gaye aura parizodhana se kitanI zakti prApta hotI hai yaha bhI jAna gae, kintu AtmA ke parizodhana kI jo kalA adhyAtma ke nAma se hamAre RSi-muniyoM ne dI thI, Aja hama use bhUla cuke haiN| 28 phira bhI vijJAna ne Aja hamArI sukha-suvidhA pradAna karane ke atirikta jo sabase bar3A upakAra kiyA vaha yaha ki dharmavAda ke nAma para jo andha zraddhA aura andhavizvAsa pala rahe the, unheM tor3a diyA hai| isakA TUTanA Avazyaka bhI thA kyoMki lorI sunAkara manuSya samAja ko adhika samaya taka bhrama meM rakhanA sambhava nahIM thA / vijJAna ne acchA hI kiyA ki hamArA yaha bhrama tor3a diyA kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhrama kA TUTanA hI paryApta nahIM hai| isase jo riktatA paidA huI use AdhyAtmika mUlya-niSThA ke dvArA hI bharanA hogaa| yaha AdhyAtmika mUlya niSThA ucca mUlyoM ke prati niSThA hai jo jIvana ko zAnti aura AtmasantoSa pradAna karate haiN| adhyAtma aura vijJAna kA saMgharSa vastutaH bhautikavAda aura adhyAtmavAda kA saMgharSa hai| adhyAtma kI zikSA yahI hai ki bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi hI antima lakSya nahIM hai / daihika evaM Atmika mUlyoM se pare sAmAjikatA aura mAnavatA ke ucca mUlya bhI haiN| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM adhyAtmavAda kA artha hai padArtha ko paramamUlya na mAnakara AtmA ko hI paramamUlya mAnanA / bhautikavAdI dRSTi ke anusAra sukha aura duHkha vastugata tathya haiN| ataH bhautikavAdI sukhoM kI lAlasA meM vaha vastuoM ke pIche daur3atA hai aura unakI upalabdhi hetu zoSaNa aura saMgraha jaisI sAmAjika burAiyoM ko janma detA hai jisase vaha svayaM to santrasta hotA hI hai sAtha hI sAtha samAja ko bhI santrasta banA detA hai| isake viparIta adhyAtmavAda hameM yaha sikhAtA hai ki sukha duHkha Atma- kendrita haiN| AtmA yA vyakti hI apane sukha - duHkha kA kartA aura bhoktA hai| vahI apanA mitra aura vahI apanA zatru hai / supratiSThita arthAt sadguNoM meM sthita AtmA bhinna hai aura duHpratiSThita arthAt durguNoM meM sthita AtmA zatru hai / " vastutaH AdhyAtmika Ananda kI upalabdhi padArthoM meM na hokara sadguNoM meM sthita AtmA meM hotI hai| adhyAtmavAda ke anusAra dehAdi sabhI Atmetara padArthoM ke prati mamatva buddhi kA visarjana sAdhanA kA mUla utsa hai| mamatva kA visarjana aura samatva kA sRjana hI jIvana kA paramamUlya hai| jaise hI mamatva kA visarjana hogA samatva kA sRjana hogA aura samatva kA sRjana

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adhyAtma aura vijJAna 29 . hogA to zoSaNa aura saMgraha kI sAmAjika burAiyA~ samApta hoNgii| pariNAmata: vyakti Atmika zAnti kA anubhava kregaa| adhyAtmavAdI samAja meM vijJAna to rahegA kintu usakA upayoga saMhAra meM na hokara sRjana meM hogA, mAnavatA ke kalyANa meM hogaa| / anta meM puna: maiM yahI kahanA cAhU~gA ki vijJAna ke kAraNa jo eka saMtrAsa kI sthiti mAnava-samAja meM dikhAI de rahI hai usakA mUlabhUta kAraNa vijJAna nahIM apitu vyakti kI saMkucita aura svArthavAdI dRSTi hI hai| vijJAna to nirapekSa hai| vaha na acchA hai aura na buraa| usakA acchA yA burA honA usake upayoga para nirbhara karatA hai aura isa upayoga kA nirdhAraNa vyakti ke adhikAra kI vastu hai| ata: Aja vijJAna ko nakArane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| AvazyakatA hai use samyak dizA meM niyojita karane kii| yaha samyak dizA anya kucha nahIM, sampUrNa mAnavatA ke kalyANa kI vyApaka AkAMkSA hI hai aura isa AkAMkSA kI pUrti adhyAtma aura vijJAna ke samanvaya meM hI hai| kAza, mAnavatA ina donoM meM samanvaya kara sake, yahI kAmanA hai| sandarbha 1. je AyA se viNNAyA, je viNNAyA se aayaa| AcArAMga 1/5/5. 2. AcArAMga, 1/1/1. 3. AtmajJAna aura vijJAna ( vinobA ). 4. vahI. 5. vahI. 6. AcArAMga 1/3/4. 7. chAndogyopaniSad 7/3. 8. appA khalu mittaM amittaM ca supaTThio dupttttio| uttarAdhyayana 20/37

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva . bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| isakI saMracanA meM vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| vaidikadhArA mUlataH pravRttipradhAna aura zramaNadhArA nivRttipradhAna rahI hai| vaidikadhArA kA pratinidhitva vartamAna meM hindUdharma karatA hai jabaki zramaNadhArA kA pratinidhitva jaina aura bauddha dharma karate haiN| kintu yaha samajhanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki vartamAna hindUdharma apane zuddha rUpa meM mAtra vaidika paramparA kA anuyAyI hai| Aja usane zramaNadhArA ke aneka tattvoM ko apane meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai| ata: vartamAna hindudharma vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA eka samanvita rUpa hai aura usameM ina donoM paramparAoM ke tattva sannihita haiN| isI prakAra yaha kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hogA ki jainadharma aura bauddhadharma mUlata: zramaNaparamparA ke dharma hote hue bhI vaidikadhArA yA hindudharma se pUrNata: aprabhAvita rahe haiN| ina donoM dharmoM ne bhI vaidikadhArA ke vikasita dharma se kAlakrama meM bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki hindudharma pravRttipradhAna rahA hai| usameM bhI yajJa-yAga aura karmakANDa kI pradhAnatA hai, phira bhI usameM saMnyAsa, mokSa aura vairAgya kA abhAva nahIM hai| adhyAtma, saMnyAsa aura vairAgya ke tattvoM ko usane zramaNa-paramparA se na kevala grahaNa kiyA hai apitu unheM AtmasAta bhI kara liyA hai| yadyapi vedakAla ke prArambha meM ye tattva usameM pUrNata: anupasthita the kintu aupaniSadika kAla meM usameM zramaNa-paramparA ke ina aneka tattvoM ko mAnyatA prApta ho cukI thii| IzAvAsyopaniSad sarvaprathama vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvaya kA prayAsa hai| Aja hindUdharma meM saMnyAsa, vairAgya, tapa-tyAga, dhyAna aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAe~ vikasita huI haiN| ve sabhI isa tathya kA pramANa haiM ki vartamAna hindUdharma ne bhArata kI zramaNadhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| upaniSad vaidika aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvayasthala haiM - unameM vaidika hindU eka nayA svarUpa letA pratIta hotA hai| ___ isI prakAra zramaNadhArA ne bhI cAhe-anacAhe vaidikadhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| zramaNadhArA meM karmakANDa aura pUjA-paddhati to vaidikadhArA se AyI hI hai, apitu aneka hindU devI-devatA bhI zramaNa-paramparA meM mAnya kara liye gae

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 31 haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI ye vibhinna dhArAe~ kisa rUpa meM eka-dUsare se samanvita huI haiM, isakI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki ina donoM dhArAoM kA svatantra vikAsa kina manovaijJAnika aura pAristhitika kAraNoM se huA hai, kyoM aura kaise inakA paraspara samanvaya huA ? tathA pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA udbhava mAnava-astitva dvi-AyAmI evaM virodhAbhAsa pUrNa hai| yaha svabhAvata: paraspara virodhI do bhinna kendroM para sthita hai| vaha na kevala zarIra hai aura na kevala cetanA, apitu donoM kI eka vilakSaNa ekatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki use do bhinna staroM para jIvana jInA hotA hai| zArIrika stara para vaha vAsanAoM se cAlita hai| aura vahA~ una para yAntrika niyamoM kA Adhipatya hai kintu caitasika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai, yahA~ usameM saMkalpa-svAtantrya hai / zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, paratantra hai kintu caitasika stara para vaha svatantra hai, mukta hai / manovijJAna kI bhASA meM jahA~ eka ora vaha vAsanAtmaka ahaM ( Id ) se anuzAsita hai to dUsarI ora AdarzAtmA ( Super Ego ) se prabhAvita bhI hai| vAsanAtmaka ahaM usakI zArIrika mA~goM kI abhivyakti kA prayAsa hai to AdarzAtmA usakA AdhyAtmika svabhAva hai, usakA nija svarUpa hai| jo nirdvandva evaM nirAkula caitasika samatva kI apekSA karatA hai| usake liye ina donoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrNa upekSA asambhava hai| usake jIvana kI saphalatA inake bIca ke santulana banAne meM nihita hai| usake vartamAna astitva ke ye do chora haiN| usakI jIvana-dhArA ina donoM kA sparza karate hue inake bIca bahatI hai| pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA manovaijJAnika kAraNa mAnava-jIvana meM zArIrika vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitasika vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai / pradIpta-vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke liye 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai to vizuddha-viveka apane astitva ke liye 'saMyama' yA virAga kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya dene meM akSama hotA hai / vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga pr| yahIM do alaga-alaga jIvanadRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka kA AdhAra vAsanA aura bhoga hote haiM to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura virAga / zramaNa paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyaka dRSTi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSad meM inheM kramaza: preya aura zreya kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiM / usameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yoga-kSema arthAt preya ko aura vivekI puruSa zreya ko cunatA hai / vAsanA kI tuSTi ke liye bhoga aura -

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32 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva bhogoM ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke liye karma apekSita hai| isI bhogapradhAna jIvanadRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA hai| dUsarI ora viveka ke liye virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke liye AdhyAtmika mUlya-bodha ( zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha ) apekSita hai| isI AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi se tapa-mArga kA vikAsa huaa| inameM pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivartaka dharma kA udbhava huaa| pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga hI rahA, ata: usane apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI bnaayaa| jahA~ aihika jIvana meM usane dhanadhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kI kAmanA kI, vahIM pAralaukika jIvana meM svarga (bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI uccatama avasthA) kI prApti ko hI mAnava-jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyaa| puna: Anubhavika jIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alaukika evaM prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usake sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko saphala yA viphala banA sakatI haiM evaM usakI sukha-suvidhAe~ usake apane puruSArtha para nahIM, apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nirbhara haiM, to vaha inheM prasanna karane ke liye eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to dUsarI ora unheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se santuSTa karane lgaa| isa prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA - 1. zraddhApradhAna bhakti-mArga aura 2. yajJa-yAga pradhAna krm-maarg| dUsarI ora niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM nivartaka dharma ne nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt vAsanAoM evaM laukika eSaNAoM se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura virAga ko pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika evaM pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhava nahIM thaa| ata: nivartaka dharma mAnava ko jIvana ke karma-kSetra se kahIM dUra nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri-kandarAoM meM le gyaa| usameM jahA~ eka ora daihika mUlyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke niSedha para bala diyA gayA, jisase vairAgyamUlaka tapa-mArga kA vikAsa huA vahIM dUsarI ora usa aikAntika jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke dvAra khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA, jisase cintanapradhAna jJAna-mArga kA udbhava huaa| isa prakAra nivartaka dharma bhI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA - 1. jJAna-mArga aura 2. tp-maarg| mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura caitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAriNI ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai -

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva manuSya deha cetanA vAsanA viveka bhoga virAga ( tyAga ) abhyudaya ( preya ) niHzreyas svarga mokSa ( nirvANa ) karma saMnyAsa pravRtti nivRtti pravartaka dharma nivartaka dharma - laukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA Atmopalabdhi samarpaNamUlaka yajJamUlaka cintana pradhAna dehadaNDana mUlaka bhakti-mArga karma-mArga jJAna-mArga tapa-mArga nivartaka evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thA, ata: yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoN| pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhitratA ko agalI sAraNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai -

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34 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva pravartaka dharma nivartaka dharma dArzanika pradeya 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 1. AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI prdhaantaa| 2. vidhAyaka jIvana dRSTi 2. niSedhaka jiivn-dRsstti| 3. samaSTivAdI 3. vyssttivaadii| 4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira 4. vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA kA samarthana bhI bhAgyavAda evaM niyativAda phira bhI dRSTi purussaarthprk| kA samarthana 5. IzvaravAdI 5. aniishvrvaadii| 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, karmasiddhAnta kA smrthn| 7. sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala 7. Antarika vizuddhatA para bl| 8. jIvana kA lakSya svarga/Izvara ke 8. jIvana kA mokSa/evaM nirvANa kI sAnnidhya kI prApti praapti| sAMskRtika pradeya 9. varNa vyavasthA aura jAtivAda 9. jAtivAda kA virodha, varNakA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana vyavasthA kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para smrthn| 10. gRhastha-jIvana kI pradhAnatA 10. saMnyAsa jIvana kI prdhaantaa| 11. sAmAjika jIvana shailii| 11. ekAkI jIvana shailii| 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 12. janatantra kA smrthn| 13. zaktizAlI kI pUjA 13. sadAcArI kI puujaa| 14. vidhi-vidhAnoM evaM karmakANDoM 14. dhyAna aura tapa kI prdhaantaa| kI pradhAnatA 15. brAhmaNa-saMsthA (purohita-varga) 15. zramaNa-saMsthA kA vikaas| kA vikAsa 16. upAsanA-mUlaka 16. smaadhi-muulk| pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiN| udAharaNArtha - hama sau varSa jIveM, hamArI santAna baliSTha hoveM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM ho aadi| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 35 ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rukha apanAyA, unhoMne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA rAga alaapaa| unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA saagr| unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvanalakSya maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atma-santoSa hI sarvocca jIvana-mUlya haiN| eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA, jisameM zArIrika mA~goM kA ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura AdhyAtmikatA ke pratIka bana ge| pravartaka dharma jaivika mUlyoM para bala dete haiM ata: svAbhAvika rUpa se ve samAjagAmI bane, kyoMki daihika AvazyakatA kI jijJAsA jisakA eka aMga kAma bhI hai, kI pUrNa santuSTi to samAja-jIvana meM hI sambhava thI, kintu virAga aura tyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma samAja-vimukha aura vaiyaktika bana ge| yadyapi daihika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu karma Avazyaka the, kintu jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi ke liye usake vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda bhI unakI pUrti yA apUrti kinhI anya zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha devavAdI aura IzvaravAdI bana gyaa| vizva-vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantraka tattva ke rUpa meM usane vibhinna devoM aura phira Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura unakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lgaa| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA ke samarthaka hote hue bhI karma-siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lage ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM usake kAraNa hai, ata: nivartaka dharma puruSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM para AsthA rakhane lge| anIzvaravAda, puruSArthavAda aura karmasiddhAnta usake pramukha tattva bana ge| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka dharma meM alaukika daivIya zaktiyoM kI prasatratA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhya-vidhAnoM ( yajJa-yAga) kA vikAsa huA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne citta-zuddhi aura sadAcAra para adhika bala diyA tathA kinhIM daivIya zaktiyoM ke nimitta karma-kANDa ke sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa| sAMskRtika pradeyoM kI dRSTi se pravartaka dharma varNa-vyavasthA, brAhmaNa saMsthA ( purohita varga ) ke pramukha samarthaka rhe| brAhmaNa varga manuSya aura Izvara ke bIca eka madhyastha kA kArya karane lagA tathA usane apanI AjIvakA ko surakSita banAe

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36 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva rakhane ke liye eka ora samAja jIvana meM apane varcasva ko sthApita rakhanA cAhA, to dUsarI ora dharma ko karmakANDa aura jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM kI aupacArikatA meM ulajhA diyaa| pariNAsvarUpa U~ca-nIca kA bheda-bhAva, jAtivAda aura karmakANDa kA vikAsa huaa| kintu usake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne saMyama, dhyAna aura tapa kI eka sarala sAdhanA-paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA aura varNa-vyavasthA, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa-saMsthA ke varcasva kA virodha kiyaa| unameM brAhmaNa saMsthA ke sthAna para zramaNa saMghoM kA vikAsa huA, jisameM sabhI jAti aura varga ke logoM ko samAna sthAna milaa| rAjya saMsthA kI dRSTi se jahA~ pravartaka dharma rAjataMtra aura anyAya ke pratikAra ke hetu saMgharSa kI nIti ke samarthaka rahe, vahA~ nivartaka dharma janatantra aura Atmotsarga ke samarthaka rahe / saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kI yAtrA yadyapi uparokta AdhAra para hama pravartaka dharma arthAt vaidika paramparA aura nivartaka dharma arthAt zramaNa paramparA kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM aura unake sAMskRtika evaM dArzanika pradeyoM ko samajha sakate haiM kintu yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hI hogA ki Aja vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ne apane isa mUla svarUpa ko banAe rakhA hai| eka hI deza aura pariveza meM rahakara donoM hI dhArAoM ke liye yaha asambhava thA ki ve eka-dUsare ke prabhAva se achUtI rheN| ataH jahA~ vaidikadhArA meM zramaNadhArA ( nivartaka dharma - paramparA ) ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai, vahA~ zramaNadhArA meM pravartaka dharma-paramparA ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai / ataH Aja ke yuga meM koI dharma - - paramparA na to aikAntika nivRttimArga kI poSaka hai aura na aikAntika pravRttimArga kI / vastutaH nivRtti aura pravRtti ke sambandha meM aikAntika dRSTikoNa na to vyAvahArika hai aura na manovaijJAnika / manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, mAnavIya AtmA jaba taka zarIra ke sAtha yojita hokara sAmAjika jIvana jItI hai, taba taka aikAntika pravRtti aura aikAntika nivRtti kI bAta karanA eka mRga marIcikA meM jInA hogA / vastutaH AvazyakatA isa bAta kI rahI hai ki hama vAstavikatA ko samajheM aura pravRtti tathA nivRtti ke tattvoM meM samucita samanvaya se eka aisI jIvanazailI khojeM, jo vyakti aura samAja donoM ke liye kalyANakArI ho aura mAnava ko tRSNAjanita mAnasika evaM sAmAjika santrAsa ke mukti dilA ske| isa prakAra ina do bhinna saMskRtiyoM meM pArasparika samanvaya Avazyaka thaa| bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI aise prayatna hote rahe haiM / pravartaka dhArA ke pratinidhi hindUdharma meM samanvaya ke sabase acche udAharaNa IzAvAsyopaniSad aura

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva bhagavadgItA haiN| bhagavadgItA meM pravRtti aura nivRtti mArga ke samanvaya kA stutya prayAsa huA hai| isI prakAra zramaNa-dhArA meM bhI paravartI kAla meM pravartaka dharma ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai| zramaNa-paramparA kI eka anya dhArA ke rUpa meM vikasita bauddha dharma meM to pravartaka dhArA ke tattvoM kA itanA adhika praveza haA ki mahAyAna se tantrayAna kI yAtrA taka vaha apane mUla svarUpa se kAphI dUra ho gyaa| bhAratIya dharmoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa-krama meM hama kAlakrama meM hue isa AdAna-pradAna kI upekSA nahIM kara sakate haiN| isI AdAna-pradAna ke kAraNa ye paramparAe~ eka-dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa A gaI haiN| isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai| use hama vibhinna cahAradIvAriyoM meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDa-khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA-zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyaka adhyayana na kara liyA jaay| binA usake saMyojita ghaMTakoM ke jJAna ke usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke liye na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt kala-puoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai| ata: hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve apane deza, kAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI prAmANikatApUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina vidyA ke zodha evaM adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya vidyA kA, hameM usakI dUsarI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika prabhAva ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai|

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38 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte haiM, kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba inheM eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAe~ paraspara eka dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alaga-alaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kara skte| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyA-kANDoM kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi jo jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| hindUdharma kI zaiva dhArA aura sAMkhyayoga Adi kI paramparAe~ mUlata: nivartaka yA zramaNa rahI haiM, jo kAlakrama meM bRhad hindUdharma meM AtmasAt kara lI gaI haiN| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, usase siddha hotA hai ki vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI thI, jisameM dhyAna Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI siddha karatA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna-pradhAna vrAtya yA zramaNa-saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thii| yaha nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hue vaidika yuga se ye donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka-dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara bhAva meM badala jAtA hai, jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAe~, jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa granthoM meM anupalabdha thIM, ve AraNyaka Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gayI haiN| isase lagatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidika dhArA meM praviSTa huI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara nae

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha vaidika evaM zramaNadhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata, jisakA eka aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM haiN| ve nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidikadhArA ke samanvaya kA pariNAma haiN| upaniSadoM meM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM jahA~ eka ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRtti-pradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI zramaNaparamparA ke samAna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI haiM, usameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA Aja kA hindUdharma vaidika aura zramaNadhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha meM, jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSi-muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAI to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAe~ adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yaha Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI navIna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vyAkhyA karane kA kArya aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| mahAvIra evaM buddhakAlIna jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ to aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gae patha para gatizIla huI haiN| ve vaidika karmakANDa, janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsoM ke virodha meM uThe hae aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke svara kA hI mukharita rUpa haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI arhat RSiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNa-vyavasthA aura vedoM ke prAmANya se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane Aye, kintu hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM AI ina vikRtiyoM ke parimArjana karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho gae haiN| vaidika karmakANDa aba pUjA-vidhAnoM evaM tantra-sAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNaparamparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA hai aura unakI sAdhanA-paddhati kA eka aMga bana gayA hai| AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ke liye kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lagA hai| jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa-paramparA ne vaidika

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAe~ pradAna kIM, vahIM dUsarI ora isakI tIsarI cauthI zatI se vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se pUjA-vidhAna aura tAntrika sAdhanAe~ jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho giiN| aneka hindU deva - deviyA~ prakArAntara se jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI giiN| jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSiNiyoM evaM zAsana - devatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra haiN| aneka hindU deviyA~ jaise - kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthaGkaroM kI zAsana - rakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma kA aMga bana giiN| isI prakAra zruta devatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA bhI jainadharma meM hone lagI aura hindU paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA-vidhAna meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaGkaroM kA bhI AvAhana evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI pUjA-vidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| isa sabakI vistRta carcA Age kI gaI hai| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara pUjA-vidhi-vidhAna pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI huA ki jahA~ hindU paramparAoM meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra donoM dhArAe~ eka dUsare se samanvita huiiN| 40 Aja hameM unakI isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhiye, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyA~ paidA kara dI gayI haiM, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA ko bhI samyak rUpa se samajhA jA ske| durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU aura musalamAnoM ke bIca apitu jaina, bauddha, hindU aura sikkhoM jo ki bRhad bhAratIya paramparA ke hI aMga haiM, ke bIca bhI khAiyA~ khodane kA kArya kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki jaina aura bauddha dharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apitu ve vaidika hindU paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiM / sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha dharma ko vaidika dharma ke prati eka vidroha ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa paramparAoM meM kucha mUlabhUta praznoM ko lekara spaSTa matabheda hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina-bauddha paramparA ---

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 41 ne vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM kA jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa varga ke dvArA nimna vargoM ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thI, khulakara virodha kiyA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizodhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA hai| kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM hotA, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se pAzcAtya cintakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kucha jaina aura bauddha cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jainadharma aura vaidika ( hindU ) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiM kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai| cAhe apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma-paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI hoM kintu Aja na to hindU-paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNata: vaidika hai aura na hI jaina-bauddha paramparA pUrNata: shrmnn| Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka pakSa abhI bhI pramukha hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ jaina dharma Aja bhI nivRttipradhAna hai vahA~ hindU dharma prvRtti-prdhaan| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita hogA ki ye donoM dharma pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya se hI nirmita hue haiN| hama pUrva meM yaha spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| ata: Aja jahA~ upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa-paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, preya aura zreya, paraspara bhinnabhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva ke hI aMga haiM usI prakAra nivRtti-pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRtti-pradhAna vaidikadhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiN| vastuta: koI bhI saMskRti aikAntika nivRtti yA aikAntika pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna aMga haiM, jaise hind-prmpraa| yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko vaidika dhArA se bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU-paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI abhI taka hindU-dharma-darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko anIzvaravAdI kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva sakatA hai ? vastuta: hindU- paramparA koI eka dharma aura darzana na hokara vyApaka paramparA kA nAma hai yA kaheM ki vaha abhinna vaicArika evaM sAdhanAtmaka paramparAoM kA samUha hai| usameM IzvaravAda - anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda - advaitavAda, pravRtti - nivRtti, jJAna-karma sabhI kucha to samAhita haiN| usameM prakRti - pUjA jaise dharma ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka sabhI kucha to usameM sanniviSTa haiN| ataH hindU usI artha meM koI eka dharma nahIM hai jaise yahUdI, IsAI yA muslmaan| hindU eka saMzliSTa paramparA hai, eka sAMskRtika dhArA hai jisameM aneka dhArAe~ samAhita haiN| 42 ataH jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindU paramparA se nitAnta bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina aura bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-patha ke anuyAyI haiM, jisake aupaniSadika RSi / unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita varga ke utthAna tathA janmanA jAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ko purohita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyaa| ve videzI nahIM haiM, isI mATI kI santAna haiM, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika dhArA kisI eka hI mUla srota ke vikAsa haiM aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSarUpa se aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA - AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana Adi hamAre dizA-nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAegA ki jainadharma, bauddhadharma aura hindUdharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane bhAva, zabda-yojanA aura bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke nikaTa haiN| AcArAMga meM AtmA ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha mANDUkyopaniSad se yathAvat milatA hai| AcArAMga meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratisparddhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| cAhe AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate haiM, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 43 dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvanta pratIka hai| usameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM ( samaNA - mAhaNA ) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| yathA isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai kintu usake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka RSiyoM videhanami, bAhuka, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdarapUrvaka ullekha huA hai / sUtrakRtAMga spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai ki ina RSiyoM ke AcAra-niyama usakI AcAra - paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai / vaha unakA mahApuruSa aura tapodhana ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke carama sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thA / sUtrakRtAMga kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcAra - mArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke RSi the| sUtrakRtAMga meM ina RSiyoM ko mahApuruSa, tapodhana evaM siddhi prApta kahanA tathA uttarAdhyayana meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura vaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra-niyamoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhinna AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| -- isI sandarbha meM yahA~ RSibhASita ( isibhAsiyAiM ) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha ( I0 pU0 cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA jaba jaina dharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thA / isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa, pArAzara, aruNa, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligozAla, saMjaya ( veliThThiputta ) Adi paiMtAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko arhat-RSi, buddha - RSi yA brAhmaNa RSi kahA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM inake AdhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jainaparamparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina paramparA kA udgama srota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jaina dharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla srota se nikalI huI dhArAe~ haiM / jisa prakAra jaina dharma ke RSibhASita meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke

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44 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva jina-sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| usameM bhI aneka aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa-paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha haiM, jinameM eka vardhamAna ( mahAvIra ) bhI haiN| yaha saba isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki bhAratIya cintana-dhArA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM meM jakar3akara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM, ina dhArAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hameM eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika cintana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka dUsare se alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyagA to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho skeNge| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura AcArAMga ko samajhane ke liye aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai aura bhAratIya dharmoM kI pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko spaSTa kara sakatA hai| jaina dharma kA hindU dharma ko avadAna aupaniSadika kAla yA mahAvIra-yuga kI sabase pramukha samasyA yaha thI ki usa yuga meM aneka paramparAe~ apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko hI pUrNa satya samajhakara paraspara eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3I thiiN| usa yuga meM cAra pramukha varga the - 1. kriyAvAdI, 2. akriyAvAdI, 3. vinayavAdI aura 4. ajnyaanvaadii| mahAvIra ne sarvaprathama unameM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| prathama, kriyAvAdI dRSTikoNa AcAra ke bAhya pakSoM para adhika bala detA thaa| vaha karmakANDaparaka thaa| bauddha paramparA meM isa dhAraNA ko zIlavrataparAmarza kahA gayA hai| dUsarA dRSTikoNa akriyAvAda kA thaa| akriyAvAda ke tAttvika AdhAra yA to vibhinna niyativAdI dRSTikoNa the yA AtmA ko kUTastha evaM akartA mAnane kI tAttvika avadhAraNA ke poSaka the| ye paramparAe~ jJAnamArga kI pratipAdaka thiiN| jahA~ kriyAvAda ke anusAra karma yA AcaraNa hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thA, vahA~ akriyAvAda ke anusAra jJAna hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thaa| kriyAvAda karmamArga kA pratipAdaka thA aura akriyAvAda jJAnamArga kA prtipaadk| karmamArga aura jJAnamArga ke atirikta tIsarI paramparA ajJAnavAdiyoM kI thI jo atIndriya evaM pAralaukika mAnyatAoM ko 'ajJeya' svIkAra karatI thii| isakA darzana rahasyavAda aura sandehavAda ina do rUpoM meM vibhAjita thaa| ina tInoM paramparAoM ke atirikta cauthI paramparA vinayavAda kI thI,

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 45 jise bhaktimArga kA prArambhika rUpa mAnA jAtA hai| vinayavAda bhaktimArga kA hI aparanAma thaa| isa prakAra usa yuga meM jJAnamArga, karmamArga, bhaktimArga aura ajJeyavAda (sandehavAda) kI paramparAe~ alaga-alaga rUpa meM pratiSThita thiiN| mahAvIra ne apane anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra inameM samanvaya khojane kA prayAsa kiyaa| sarvaprathama unhoMne samyaka-jJAna, samyak-darzana aura samyak-cAritra ke rUpa meM trividha mokSamArga kA eka aisA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA jisameM jJAnavAdI, karmavAdI aura bhaktimArgI paramparAoM kA samucita samanvaya thaa| isa prakAra mahAvIra evaM jaina-darzana kA prathama prayAsa jJAnamArgIya, karmamArgIya, vibhinna bhaktimArgI, tApasa Adi ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita karanA thaa| yadyapi gItA meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga kI carcA huI hai, kintu vahA~ inameM se pratyeka ko mokSa-mArga mAna liyA gayA hai| jainadharma ne na kevala vaidika RSiyoM dvArA pratipAdita yajJa-yAga kI paramparA kA virodha kiyA, varan zramaNa-paramparA ke deha-daNDana kI tapasyAtmaka praNAlI kA bhI virodha kiyaa| sambhavata: mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzva ke kAla taka dharma kA sambandha bAhya tathyoM se hI jor3A gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki jahA~ brAhmaNa-varga yajJa-yAga ke kriyAkANDoM meM dharma kI itizrI mAna letA thA, vahA~ zramaNa-varga bhI vividha prakAra ke deha-daNDana meM hI dharma kI itizrI mAna letA thaa| sambhavata: jaina paramparA ke mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ne AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke bAhya pahalU ke sthAna para usake Antarika pahalU para bala diyA thA aura pariNAmasvarUpa zramaNaparamparAoM meM bhI bauddha Adi kucha dharma-paramparAoM ne isa Antarika pahalU para adhika bala denA prArambha kara diyA thaa| lekina mahAvIra ke yuga taka dharma evaM sAdhanA kA yaha bAhyamukhI dRSTikoNa pUrI taraha samApta nahIM ho pAyA thA, varan brAhmaNa paramparA meM to yajJa zraddhAdi ke rUpa meM vaha adhika prasAra pA gayA thaa| dUsarI ora jina vicArakoM ne sAdhanA ke Antarika pakSa para bala denA prArambha kiyA thA, unhoMne usake bAhya pakSa kI pUrI taraha avahelanA karanA prArambha kara diyA thA, pariNAmasvarUpa ve bhI eka ati kI ora jAkara ekAMgI bana ge| ata: mahAvIra ne donoM hI pakSoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA aura yaha batAyA ki dharma-sAdhanA kA sambandha sampUrNa jIvana se hai| usameM AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa ke rUpa meM kriyA kA jo sthAna hai, usase bhI adhika sthAna AcaraNa ke Antarika preraka kA hai| isa prakAra unhoMne dhArmika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke preraka aura AcaraNa ke pariNAma donoM para hI bala diyaa| unhoMne jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca samanvaya sthApita kiyaa| narasiMhapurANa ( 61/9/11 ) meM bhI Avazyaka niyukti ( tIsarI zatI

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46 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 95-97 ) ke samAna hI jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya ko aneka rUpakoM se varNita kiyA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina-paramparA ke isa cintana ne hindUparamparA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA kA udghoSa usa yuga kI sAmAjika samasyAoM meM varNa-vyavasthA eka mahattvapUrNa samasyA thii| varNa kA AdhAra karma aura svabhAva ko chor3a janma mAna liyA gayA thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa varNa-vyavasthA vikRta ho gayI thI aura U~ca-nIca kA bheda ho gayA thA, jisake kAraNa sAmAjika svAsthya viSamatA ke jvara se AkrAnta thaa| jaina vicAradhArA ne janmanA jAtivAda kA virodha kiyA aura samasta mAnavoM kI samAnatA kA udghoSa kiyaa| eka ora usane harikezI bala jaise nimna kulotpanna ko, to dUsarI ora gautama jaise brAhmaNa kulotpanna sAdhakoM ko apane sAdhanA-mArga meM samAna rUpa se dIkSita kiyaa| kevala jAtigata vibheda hI nahIM varan Arthika vibheda bhI samAnatA kI dRSTi se jaina vicAradhArA ke sAmane koI mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| jahA~ eka ora magadha-samrATa to dUsarI ora puNiyA jaise nirdhana zrAvaka bhI usakI dRSTi meM samAna the| isa prakAra usane jAtigata yA Arthika AdhAra para U~ca-nIca kA bheda asvIkAra kara mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA para bala diyaa| isakA prabhAva hindUdharma para bhI par3A aura usameM bhI guptakAla ke pazcAt bhaktiyuga meM varNa-vyavasthA aura brAhmaNa varga kI zreSThatA kA virodha huaa| vaise to mahAbhArata ke racanAkAla ( lagabhaga cauthI zatI ) se hI yaha prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| Izvara se mukti aura mAnava kI svatantratA kA udghoSa usa yuga kI dUsarI samasyA yaha thI ki mAnavIya svatantratA kA mUlya logoM kI dRSTi meM kama A~kA jAne lagA thaa| eka ora IzvaravAdI dhAraNAe~ to dUsarI ora kAlavAdI evaM niyativAdI dhAraNAe~ mAnavIya svatantratA ko asvIkAra karane lagI thiiN| jaina-darzana ne isa kaThinAI ko samajhA aura mAnavIya svatantratA kI punaH prANa-pratiSThA kii| usane yaha udghoSa kiyA ki na to Izvara aura na anya zaktiyA~ mAnava kI nirdhAraka haiM, varan manuSya svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA hai| isa prakAra usane manuSya ko IzvaravAda kI usa dhAraNA se mukti dilAI jo mAnavIya svatantratA kA apaharaNa kara rahI thI aura yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki mAnavIya svatantratA meM niSThA hI dharma-darzana kA saccA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| jainoM kI isa avadhAraNA kA prabhAva hindUdharma para utanA adhika nahIM par3A, jitanA apekSita thaa| phira bhI IzvaravAda kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava kI zreSThatA ke svara to mukharita hue hI the|

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 47 rUr3hivAda se mukti - jaina dharma ne rUr3hivAda se bhI mAnava-jAti ko mukta kiyaa| usane usa yuga kI aneka rUr3hiyoM jaise -- pazu-yajJa, zrAddha, purohitavAda Adi se mAnava-samAja ko mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA aura isaliye ina sabakA khulA virodha bhI kiyaa| brAhmaNa-varga ne apane ko Izvara kA pratinidhi batAkara sAmAjika zoSaNa kA jo silasilA prArambha kiyA thA, use samApta karane ke liye jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM ne prayAsa kiyaa| jaina aura bauddha AcAryoM ne sabase mahattvapUrNa kAma yaha kiyA ki unhoMne yajJAdi pratyayoM ko naI paribhASAe~ pradAna kii| yahA~ jainadharma ke dvArA prastuta brAhmaNa, yajJa Adi kI kucha naI paribhASAe~ dI jA rahI haiN| brAhmaNa kA nayA artha jaina-paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA aura use hI brAhmaNatva kA AdhAra btaayaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai, isakA savistAra vivecana upalabdha hai| vistAra bhaya se usakI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala eka do padyoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma leNge| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki 'jo jala meM utpanna hue kamala ke samAna bhogoM meM utpanna hote hue bhI bhogoM meM lipta nahIM rahatA, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai|' jo rAga, dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hokara antara meM vizuddha hai, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA hai ki jaise kamalapatra pAnI se alipta hotA hai, jaise Are kI noka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke kSaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta haiM, jo medhAvI haiM, sthitaprajJa haiM, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala haiM aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahu~ca cuke haiM - unheM hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne hI brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI jo zramaNa paramparA ke anukUla thii| phalata: na kevala jaina paramparA evaM bauddha paramparA meM, varan hindu paramparA ke mahAn grantha mahAbhArata meM bhI brAhmaNatva kI yahI paribhASA dI gaI hai| jaina paramparA ke uttarAdhyayanasUtra, bauddha paramparA ke dhammapada aura mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI bahuta adhika hai, jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai aura ina paramparAoM ke pArasparika prabhAva ko spaSTa karatA hai|

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48 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva yajJa kA nayA artha jisa prakAra brAhmaNa kI naI paribhASA prastuta kI gaI usI prakAra yajJa ko bhI eka nae artha meM paribhASita kiyA gyaa| mahAvIra ne na kevala hiMsaka yajJoM ke virodha meM apanA mantavya prastuta kiyA, varan unhoMne yajJa kI AdhyAtmika evaM tapasyAparaka naI paribhASA bhI prastuta kii| uttarAdhyayana meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA savistAra vivecana hai| batAyA gayA hai ki "tapa agni hai; jIvAtmA agnikuNDa hai; mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ hI kalachI ( cammaca ) haiM aura karmoM ( pApoM ) kA naSTa karanA hI Ahuti hai; yahI yajJa saMyama se yukta hone se zAntidAyaka aura sukhakAraka hai| RSiyoM ne aise hI yajJa kI prazaMsA kI hai|"3 phalata: kevala jaina-paramparA meM varan bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI yajJa-yAga ke bAhya pakSa kA khaNDana aura usake AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| buddha ne bhI AdhyAtmika yajJa ke svarUpa kA citraNa lagabhaga usI rUpa meM kiyA hai jisa rUpa meM usakA vivecana uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kiyA gayA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA varNana karate hue buddha kahate haiM ki he brAhmaNa, ye tIna agniyA~ tyAga karane, parivarjana karane ke yogya haiM, inakA sevana nahIM karanA caahiye| ve kauna sI haiM? kAmAgni, dveSAgni aura mohaagni| jo manuSya kAmAbhibhUta hotA hai vaha kAyA-vAcA-manasA kukarma karatA hai aura usake maraNottara durgati pAtA hai| isI prakAra dveSa evaM moha se abhibhUta bhI kAyA-vAcA-manasA kukarma karake durgati ko pAtA hai| isaliye ye tIna agniyA~ tyAga karane aura parivartana ke yogya haiM, unakA sevana nahIM karanA caahiye| he brAhmaNa, ina tIna agniyoM kA satkAra kareM, inheM sammAna pradAna kareM, inakI pUjA aura paricaryA bhalIbhA~ti sukha se kreN| ye agniyA~ kauna sI haiM, AhvAnIyAgni ( Ahanehayyaggi ), gArhapatyAgni ( gahapattaggi ) aura dakSiNAgni ( dakkhiNAyyaggi ) / mA~-bApa ko AhvAnIyAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkAra se unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| patnI aura bacce, dAsa tathA karmakAra ko gArhapatyAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura AdarzapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkArapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| he brAhmaNa, yaha lakar3iyoM kI agni to kabhI jalAnI par3atI hai, kabhI upekSA karanI par3atI hai aura kabhI use bujhAnA par3atA hai, kintu ye agniyA~ to sadaiva aura sarvatra pUjanIya haiN| isI prakAra buddha ne bhI hiMsaka yajJoM ke sthAna para yajJa ke AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika svarUpa ko prakaTa kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sacce yajJa kA artha sAmAjika jIvana meM sahayoga karanA btaayaa| zramaNadhArA ke isa dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI upaniSadoM evaM gItA meM bhI yajJa-yAga kI nindA

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 49 - kI gayI hai aura yajJa kI sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vivecanA kI gaI hai| sAmAjika sandarbha meM yajJa kA artha samAja sevA mAnA gayA hai| niSkAmabhAva se samAja kI sevA karanA gItA meM yajJa kA sAmAjika pahalU thaa| dUsarI ora gItA meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA vivecana bhI kiyA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai ki yogIjana saMyamarUpa agnirUpa agni meM zrotrAdi indriyoM kA havana karate haiM yA indriyoM ke viSayoM kA indriyoM meM havana karate haiN| dUsare kucha sAdhaka indriyoM ke sampUrNa karmoM ko aura zarIra ke bhItara rahane vAlA vAyu jo prANa kahalAtA hai, usake 'saMkucita hone', 'phailane' Adi karmoM ko jJAna se prakAzita huI Atma-saMyamarUpa yogA meM havana karate haiN| AtmaviSayaka saMyama kA nAma Atma-saMyama hai, vahI yahA~ yogAgni hai| ghRtAdi cikanI vastu prajvalita huI agni kI bhA~ti viveka - vijJAna se ujjvalatA ko prApta huI ( dhAraNA dhyAna samAdhi rUpa ) usa Atma-saMyama - yogAgni meM ( prANa aura indriyoM ke karmoM ko ) vilIna kara dete haiN| isa prakAra jainadharma meM yajJa ke jisa AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, usakA anumodana bauddha paramparA aura vaidika paramparA meM huA hai| yahI zramaNa paramparA kA hindU paramparA ko mukhya avadAna thA / snAna Adi ke prati nayA dRSTikoNa jaina vicArakoM ne anya naitikatA sambandhI vicAroM ko bhI naI dRSTi pradAna kI / bAhya zauca yA snAna, jo ki usa samaya dharma aura naitika jIvana kA eka mukhya rUpa mAna liyA gayA thA, ko bhI eka nayA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki dharma jalAzaya hai aura brahmacarya ghATa ( tIrtha ) hai, usameM snAna karane se AtmA zAnta, nirmala aura zuddha ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra bauddha darzana meM bhI sacce snAna kA artha mana, vANI aura kAyA se sadguNoM kA sampAdana mAnA gayA hai|" na kevala jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM varan vaidika paramparA meM bhI yaha vicAra prabala ho gayA ki yathArtha zuddhi AtmA ke sadguNoM ke vikAsa meM nihita hai / isa prakAra zramaNoM ke isa cintana kA prabhAva vaidika yA hindU paramparA para bhI huA / isI prakAra brAhmaNoM ko dI jAne vAlI dakSiNA ke prati eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI gaI aura yaha batAyA gayA ki dAna kI apekSA, saMyama hI zreSTha hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki prati mAsaM sahasroM gAyoM kA dAna karane kI apekSA bhI jo bAhya rUpa se dAna nahIM karatA, varan saMyama kA pAlana karatA hai, usa vyakti kA saMyama hI adhika zreSTha hai|' dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki eka tarapha manuSya yadi varSoM taka hajAroM kI dakSiNA dekara prati mAsa yajJa karatA jAya aura

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50 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva dUsarI tarapha yadi vaha puNyAtmA kI kSaNa bhara bhI sevA kare to yaha sevA kahIM uttama hai, na ki sau varSoM taka kiyA huA yjny| isa prakAra jainadharma ne tatkAlIna karmakANDI mAnyatAoM ko eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI aura unheM AdhyAtmika svarUpa diyA, sAtha hI dharma-sAdhanA kA jo bahirmukhI dRSTikoNa thA use AdhyAtmika saMsparza dvArA antarmukhI bnaayaa| isase usa yuga ke vaidika cintana meM eka krAntikArI parivartana upasthita huaa| isa prakAra vaidika saMskRti ko rUpAntarita karane kA zreya sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa-paramparA ke aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina-paramparA ko hai| karmakANDa aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanAe~ pratyeka dharma ke anivArya aMga haiN| karmakANDa usakA zarIra hai aura AdhyAtmikatA usakA praann| bhAratIya dharmoM meM prAcIna kAla se hI hameM ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI haiN| jahA~ prArambhika vaidika-paramparA dharma-karma-kANDAtmaka adhika rahI hai, vahA~ prAcIna zramaNa-paramparAe~ sAdhanAtmaka adhika rahI haiN| phira bhI ina donoM pravRttiyoM ko eka dUsare se pUrNatayA pRthak rakha pAnA kaThina hai| zramaNa-paramparA meM AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika sAdhanA ke jo vidhi-vidhAna bane the, ve bhI dhIre-dhIre karmakANDa ke rUpa meM hI vikasita hote gye| aneka Antarika evaM bAhya sAkSyoM se yaha sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki inameM adhikAMza karmakANDa vaidika yA brAhmaNa paramparA athavA dUsarI anya paramparAoM ke prabhAva se Aye haiN| jaina-paramparA mUlata: zramaNa-paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai aura isaliye yaha apane prArambhika rUpa meM karmakANDa kI virodhI evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA pradhAna rahI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM uttarAdhyayana jaise prAcIna jaina-granthoM meM snAna, havana, yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kA virodha bhI parilakSita hotA hai| jaisA hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usane dharma ke nAma para kiye jAne vAle ina karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ko eka AdhyAtmika rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| tatkAlIna brAhmaNa varga ne yajJa, zrAddha aura tarpaNa ke nAma para karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ke mAdhyama se sAmAjika zoSaNa kI jo prakriyA prArambha kI thI, jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ne usakA khulA virodha kiyA thaa| . vastutaH vaidika karmakANDa kI virodhI janajAtiyoM evaM bhaktimArgI paramparA meM dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM pUjA-vidhi kA vikAsa huA, to zramaNaparamparA meM tapasyA aura dhyAna kA / jaina samAja meM yakSapUjA ke prAcInatama ullekha jainAgamoM meM upalabdha haiN| janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita bhaktimArgI dhArA kA prabhAva jaina

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 51 aura bauddha dharmoM para bhI par3A aura unameM tapa, saMyama evaM dhyAna ke sAtha-sAtha jina evaM buddha kI pUjA kI bhAvanA vikasita huii| pariNAmata: prathama stUpa, caitya Adi ke rUpa meM pratIka pUjA prArambha huI phira siddhAyatana ( jina-mandira ) Adi bane aura buddha evaM jina-pratimA kI pUjA hone lagI, pariNAmasvarUpa jina-pUjA, dAna, Adi ko gRhastha kA mukhya kartavya mAnA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM to gRhastha ke liye prAcIna SaDAvazyakoM ke sthAna para SaT dainika kRtyoM - jinapUjA, gurusevA, svAdhyAya, tapa, saMyama evaM dAna - kI kalpanA kI gyii| hameM AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI Adi prAcIna AgamoM meM jinapUjA kI vidhi kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| inakI apekSA paravartI AgamoM - sthAnAMga Adi meM jinapratimA evaM jinamandira ( siddhAyatana ) ke ullekha haiM, kintu unameM pUjA sambandhI kisI anuSThAna kI carcA nahIM hai| jabaki rAjapraznIya meM sUryAbhadeva aura jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI ke dvArA jinapratimAoM ke pUjana ke ullekha haiN| yaha saba bRhad hindU-paramparA kA jainadharma para prabhAva hai| dravyapUjA ke sambandha meM rAjapraznIya meM varNita sUryAbhadeva dvArA kI jAne vAlI pUjA-vidhi Aja bhI usI rUpa meM pracalita hai| usameM pratimA ke pramArjana, snAna, aMga-procchana, gaMdha-vilepana, gaMdha-mAlya, vastra Adi ke arpaNa ke ullekha haiM, kintu rAjapraznIya meM ullikhita yaha pUjAvidhi bhI jaina-paramparA meM ekadama vikasita nahIM huI hai| stavana se caityavandana aura caityavandana se puSpa-arcA prArambha huI hogii| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki jinamandiroM aura jinabimboM ke nirmANa ke sAtha puSpapUjA pracalita huI hogii| phira kramaza: pUjA kI sAmagrI meM vRddhi hotI gaI aura aSTadravyoM se pUjA hone lgii| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ke zabdoM meM - "pUjanasAmagrI ke vikAsa kI eka sunizcita paramparA hameM jaina vAGmaya meM upalabdha hotI hai| Arambha meM pUjana-vidhi kevala puSpoM ke dvArA sampatra kI jAtI thI, phira kramaza: dhUpa, candana aura naivedya Adi pUjA-dravyoM kA vikAsa huaa| padmapurANa, harivaMzapurANa evaM jaTAsiMhanandi ke varAMgacarita meM hamAre ukta kathana kA samyak samarthana hotA hai| varAMgacarita meM rAjA zrIkaNTha kahatA hai ki maiMne nAnA prakAra ke puSpa, dhUpa aura manohArI gandha se bhagavAna kI pUjA karane kA saMkalpa kiyA thA, para vaha pUjA na ho skii| padmapurANa meM ullekha hai ki rAvaNa snAna kara dhautavastra pahana, svarNa aura ratnanirmita jinabimboM kI nadI ke taTa para pUjA karane lagA, kintu usake dvArA prayukta pUjA-sAmagrI meM dhUpa, candana, puSpa aura naivedya kA hI ullekha AyA hai, anya dravyoM kA nhiiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki pracalita aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane kI prathA

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52 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva digambara paramparA meM zvetAmbaroM kI apekSA kucha samaya ke pazcAt hI pracalita huI hogii| sarvaprathama harivaMzapurANa meM jinasena ne jala, candana, akSata, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa aura naivedya kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa ullekha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA krama yathAvat nahIM aura na jala kA pRthak nirdeza hI hai| smaraNa rahe ki pratimA-prakSAlana kI prakriyA kA agrima vikAsa abhiSeka hai, jo apekSAkRta aura bhI paravartI hai| padmapurANa, padmanandikRta paMcaviMzati, AdipurANa, harivaMzapurANa, vasunandi zrAvakAcAra Adi granthoM se aSTadravyoM kA phalAdeza bhI jJAta hotA hai| yaha mAnA gayA hai ki aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane se aihika aura pAralaukika abhyadayoM kI prApti hotI hai| bhAvasaMgraha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA pRthak-pRthak phalAdeza batAyA gayA hai| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI dvArA prastuta yaha vivaraNa hindU-paramparA ke prabhAva se digambara paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM ke kramika vikAsa ko spaSTa kara detA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM hinduoM kI paMcopacArI pUjA se aSTaprakArI pUjA aura usI se satraha bhedI pUjA vikasita huii| yaha sarvopacArI yA satraha bhedI pUjA vaiSNavoM kI SoDazopacArI pUjA kA hI rUpa hai aura bahuta kucha rUpa meM isakA ullekha rAjapraznIya meM upalabdha hai| isa samagra carcA meM hameM aisA lagatA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM sarvaprathama dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM SaDAvazyakoM kA vikAsa huaa| unhIM SaDAvazyakoM meM stavana yA guNa-stuti kA sthAna yA usI se Age calakara bhAvapUjA pracalita huI aura phira dravyapUjA kI kalpanA sAmane AI, kintu dravyapUjA kA vidhAna kevala zrAvakoM ke liye huaa| tatpazcAt zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM jinapajA-sambandhI jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM ko jo vistAra huA, vaha saba brAhmaNaparamparA kA prabhAva thaa| Age calakara jinamandira ke nirmANa evaM jinabimboM kI pratiSThA ke sambandha meM hinduoM kA anusaraNa karake aneka prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAna bne| paM0 phUlacaMdajI siddhAntazAstrI ne "jJAnapITha pUjAMjali' kI bhUmikA meM aura DaoN0 nemicaMdajI zAstrI ne, apane eka lekha 'puSpakarma-devapUjA : vikAsa evaM vidhi' jo unakI pustaka "bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina vAGmaya kA avadAna' ( prathama khaNDa ), pR0 379 para prakAzita hai, meM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM kA kramaza: vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi puSpapUjA prAcInakAla se hI pracalita hai phira bhI yaha jaina-paramparA ke Atyantika ahiMsA siddhAnta se mela nahIM khAtI hai| eka ora to pUjA-vidhAna kA

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 53 pATha jisameM hone vAlI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcitta ho aura dUsarI ora puSpa, jo svayaM ekendriya jIva haiM, unheM jina-pratimA ko samarpita karanA kahA~ taka saMgatipUrNa ho sakatA hai| vaha prAyazcitta pATha nimnalikhita hai - IyApathe pracalatAdya mayA pramAdAt, ekendriyapramukhajIvanikAyabAdhA / nidvartitA yadi bhaveva yugAntarekSA, mithyA tadastu duritaM gurubhaktito me / / smaraNIya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavandana meM bhI 'iriyAvihi virAhanAye' nAmaka pATha kiyA jAtA hai, jisakA tAtparya hai 'maiM caityavandana ke liye jAne meM huI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcitta karatA huuN'| dUsarI ora pUjAvidhAnoM meM evaM homoM meM pRthvI, vAyu, apa, agni aura vanaspatikAyika ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA vidhAna, eka Antarika asaMgati to hai hii| sambhavataH hindUdharma ke prabhAva se IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI taka jainadharma meM pUjA-pratiSThA sambandhI aneka karmakANDoM kA praveza ho gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki AThavIM zatI meM haribhadra ko inameM se aneka kA muniyoM ke liye niSedha karanA pdd'aa| haribhadra ne sambodhaprakaraNa meM caityoM meM nivAsa, jinapratimA kI dravyapUjA, jinapratimA ke samakSa nRtya, gAna, nATaka Adi kA jainamuni ke liye niSedha kiyA hai| 10 __ sAmAnyataH jaina-paramparA meM tapapradhAna anuSThAnoM kA sambandha karmamala ko dUrakara manuSya ke AdhyAtmika guNoM kA vikAsa aura pAzavika AvegoM kA niyantraNa rahA hai| jinabhakti aura jinapUjA sambandhI anuSThAnoM kA uddezya bhI laukika upalabdhiyoM evaM vighna-bAdhAoM kA upazamana na hokara vyakti kA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hI hai| jaina sAdhaka spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko dRSTi meM rakhatA hai ki prabhu kI pUjA aura stuti kevala bhakta ke sva-svarUpa yA jinaguNoM kI upalabdhi ke liye hai| jaina paramparA kA udghoSa hai - 'vande tadguNa labdhaye' arthAt jinadeva kI evaM hamArI AtmA tattvata: samAna hai, ata: vItarAga ke guNoM kI upalabdhi kA artha hai svarUpa kI uplbdhi| isa prakAra jaina anuSThAna mUlata: Atmavizuddhi aura svarUpa kI upalabdhi ke liye hai| jaina anuSThAnoM meM jina gAthAoM yA mantroM kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, unameM bhI adhikAMzata: to pUjanIya ke svarUpa kA hI bodha karAte haiM athavA AtmA ke liye patanakArI pravRttiyoM kA anusmaraNa karAkara unase mukta hone kI preraNA dete haiN|

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva yadyapi jaina anuSThAnoM kI mUla prakRti adhyAtmaparaka hai, kintu manuSya kI yaha eka svAbhAvika kamajorI hai ki vaha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhautika sukhasuvidhAoM kI upalabdhi cAhatA hai, sAtha hI unakI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka zaktiyoM ke nivartana ke liye bhI dharma se hI apekSA rakhatA hai| vaha dharma ko iSTa kI prApti aura aniSTa ke zamana kA sAdhana mAnatA hai| manuSya kI isa svAbhAvika pravRtti kA yaha pariNAma huA ki hindU dharma ke prabhAva se jaina paramparA meM bhI anuSThAnoM kA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pUrNatayA sthira na raha sakA, usameM vikRti aayii| satya to yaha hai ki jainadharma kA anuyAyI Akhira vahI manuSya hai, jo bhautika jIvana meM sukha-samRddhi kI kAmanA se mukta nahIM hai| ata: jaina AcAryoM ke liye yaha Avazyaka ho gayA ki ve apane upAsakoM kI jainadharma meM zraddhA banAye rakhane ke liye jainadharma ke sAtha kucha aise anuSThAnoM ko bhI jor3eM jo apane upAsakoM ke bhautika kalyANa meM sahAyaka ho| nivRttipradhAna, adhyAtmavAdI evaM karmasiddhAnta meM aTala vizvAsa rakhane vAle jainadharma ke liye yaha nyAyasaMgata to nahIM thA phira bhI yaha eka aitihAsika satya hai ki usameM yaha pravRtti vikasita huI hai| jainadharma kA tIrthaGkara vyakti ke bhautika kalyANa meM sAdhaka yA bAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai, ata: jaina anuSThAnoM meM jinapUjA ke yakSa-yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM zAsanadevatA tathA devI kI kalpanA vikasita huI aura yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki tIrthaGkara kI athavA apanI upAsanA se zAsanadevatA ( yakSa-yakSI ) prasanna hokara upAsaka kA kalyANa karate haiN| zAsanarakSaka devI-devatAoM ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, agnikA, padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, kAlI Adi aneka deviyoM tathA maNibhadra, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, pArzvayakSa Adi yakSoM, dikpAloM evaM aneka kSetrapAloM (bhairavoM) ko jaina-paramparA meM sthAna milaa| ina sabakI pUjA ke liye jainoM ne vibhinna anuSThAnoM ko kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha vaidika paramparA se grahaNa kara liyaa| bhairava padmAvatIkalpa Adi granthoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai| jaina-pUjA aura pratiSThA kI vidhi meM vaidika paramparA ke aneka aise tattva bhI jur3a gaye jo jaina-paramparA ke mUlabhUta mantavyoM se bhinna haiN| hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA meM cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, ambikA, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, mAkor3A bhairava, bhomiyAjI, dikpAla, kSetrapAla Adi kI upAsanA pramukha hotI jA rahI hai| jainadharma meM pUjA aura upAsanA kA yaha dUsarA pakSa jo hamAre sAmane AyA, vaha mUlata: vaidika yA brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva hI hai| jinapUjA evaM anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM aneka aise mantra milate haiM, jinheM brAhmaNa-paramparA ke tatsambandhI mantroM kA mAtra jainIkaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jisa prakAra brAhmaNa-paramparA meM iSTa devatA kI pUjA ke samaya

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva usakA AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jaina-paramparA meM bhI pUjA ke samaya jina ke AhvAna aura visarjana ke mantra bole jAte haiN| yathA - OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra avatara avatara sNvosstt| OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra tiSTha tiSTha ThaH tthH| OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra mama sanihato bhavabhava vsstt| OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin svasthAnaM gaccha gaccha ja: ja: jH| ye mantra jainadarzana kI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ke pratikUla haiN| kyoMki jahA~ brAhmaNa-paramparA kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki AhvAna karane para devatA Ate haiM aura visarjana karane para cale jAte haiN| vahA~ jaina-paramparA meM siddhAvasthA ko prApta tIrthaGkara na to AhvAna karane para upasthita ho sakate haiM aura na visarjana karane para jA hI sakate haiN| paM0 phUlacandajI ne "jJAnapITha pUjAMjali'' kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se isakI carcA kI hai tathA AhvAna evaM visarjana sambandhI jaina mantroM kI brAhmaNa mantroM se samAnatA bhI dikhAI hai| tulanA kIjiye - AvAhanaM naiva jAnAmi naiva jAnAmi pUjanam / visarjanaM na jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM dravyahInaM tathaiva ca / tatsarvaM kSamyatAM deva rakSa rakSa jinezvara / / 2 / / - visarjanapATha isake sthAna meM brAhmaNadharma meM ye zloka ulabdha hote haiM - AvAhanaM na jAnAmi na jAnAmi visarjanam / / pUjanaM naiva jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM bhaktihInaM janArdana / yatpUjitaM mayA deva paripUrNa tadastu me / / 2 / / isI prakAra paMcopacArapUcA, aSTadravyapUjA, yajJa kA vidhAna, vinAyakayantra-sthApanA, yajJopavItadhAraNa Adi bhI jaina-paramparA ke anukUla nahIM haiN| kintu jaba paurANika dharma kA prabhAva bar3hane lagA, to paMcopacArapUjA Adi vidhiyoM kA praveza huaa| dasavIM zatI ke anantara ina vidhiyoM ko itanA mahattva prApta huA, jisase pUrva pracalita vidhi gauNa ho gyii| pratimA ke samakSa rahane para bhI AhvAna, sanidhikaraNa, pUjana aura visarjana kramaza: paMcakalyANakoM kI smRti ke liye vyavahata hone lge| pUjA ko vaiyAvRtya kA aMga mAnA jAne lagA tathA eka prakAra se ise 'AhAradAna' ke tulya mahattva prApta huaa| isa prakAra pUjA ke samaya

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56 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva sAmAyika yA dhyAna kI mUla bhAvanA meM parivartana huA aura pUjA ko atithi saMvibhAga vrata kA aMga mAna liyA gyaa| yaha sabhI brAhmaNa paramparA kI anakRti hI haiM, yadyapi isa sambandha meM bole jAne vAle mantroM ko nizcaya hI jaina rUpa de diyA gayA hai| jisa paramparA meM eka varga aisA ho jo tIrthaGkara ke kavalAhAra kA bhI niSedha karatA ho vahI tIrthaGkara kI sevA meM naivedya arpita kare yaha kyA siddhAnta kI viDambanA nahIM kahI jAyegI? jaina-paramparA ne pUjA-vidhAna ke atirikta saMskAra vidhi meM bhI hindU-paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| sarvaprathama AcArya jinasena ne AdipurANa meM hindU saMskAroM ko jaina dRSTi se saMzodhita karake jainoM ke liye bhI eka pUrI saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI hai| sAmAnyatayA hinduoM meM jo solaha saMskAroM kI paramparA hai, usameM nivRttimUlaka paramparA kI dRSTi se dIkSA ( saMnyAsagrahaNa ) Adi kucha saMskAroM kI vRddhi karake yaha saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI gayI hai| isameM garbhAnvaya kriyA, dIkSAnvaya kriyA aura kriyAnvaya kriyA aise tIna vibhAga kiye gae haiN| inameM garbha se lekara nirvANa paryanta kriyAe~ batAI gaI haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara paramparA meM jo saMskAra-vidhi pracalita huI vaha bRhad hindU-paramparA se prabhAvita hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM kisI saMskAra-vidhi kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, kintu vyavahAra meM ve bhI hindU-paramparA meM pracalita saMskAroM ko yathAvat rUpa meM apanAte haiN| unameM Aja bhI vivAhAdi saMskAra hindU paramparAnusAra hI brAhmaNa paNDita ke dvArA sampanna karAe jAte haiN| ata spaSTa hai ki vivAhAdi saMskAroM ke sambandha meM bhI jaina paramparA para hindU paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| vastuta: mandira evaM jinabimba-pratiSThA Adi se sambandhita adhikAMza anuSThAna brAhmaNa paramparA kI dena haiM aura usakI mUlabhUta prakRti kahe jA sakate haiN| kisI bhI paramparA ke liye apanI sahavartI paramparA se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita raha pAnA kaThina hai aura isaliye yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki jaina-paramparA kI anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM brAhmaNa paramparA kA prabhAva aayaa| . hinda varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA jainadharma para prabhAva mUlata: zramaNa-paramparA aura jainadharma varNa-vyavasthA ke viruddha khar3e hue the kintu kAlakrama meM bRhat hindU-samAja ke prabhAva se usameM bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ praviSTa ho giiN| jaina paramparA meM jAti aura varNa-vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA vivaraNa sarvaprathama AcArAMganiyukti ( lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI ) meM prApta hotA hai| usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| RSabha ke dvArA rAjya-vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye - 1. zAsaka ( svAmI ) evaM 2. zAsita ( sevaka ) / usake pazcAt

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva zilpa aura vANijya ke vikAsa ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hue 1. kSatriya ( zAsaka ), 2. vaizya ( kRSaka aura vyavasAyI ) aura 3. zUdra ( sevaka ) / usake pazcAt zrAvaka-dharma kI sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa ( mAhaNa ) kahA gyaa| isa prakAra kramazaH cAra varNa astitva meM aae| ina cAra varNoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyogoM se solaha varNa bane, jinameM sAta varNa aura nau antara varNa kahalAe / sAta varNa meM samavarNIya strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aura vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, aise anuloma saMyoga se utpanna tIna varNa / AcArAMgacUrNi ( IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki "brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga se jo santAna utpanna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara kSatriya kahI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA~ varNa hai| isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI jAtI hai, yaha chaThA~ varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra- strI ke saMyoga se utpanna santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkara zUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa hai / punaH anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita nau antaravarNa bane brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa huA, brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna huA, zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huA, zUdra puruSa aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' ( khatrA ) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, vaizya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vedeha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ varNa utpanna huA aura zUdra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'cANDAla' nAmaka solahavA~ varNa huaa| isake pazcAt ina solaha varNoM meM paraspara anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM aayiiN| " -- -- 57 uparokta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma ke AcAryoM ne bhI kAla-krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU-paramparA kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM sadI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika sammAna banAye rakhane ke liye hindU varNa evaM jAti-vyavasthA ko isa prakAra AtmasAta kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha prAyaH samApta ho gyaa| jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki

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58 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva Adi brahmA RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varNoM ( kSatriya, vaizya, aura zadra ) kI saSTi kii| isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zUdra haiN| inake do bheda haiM - kAru aura akaaru| puna: kAru ke bhI do bheda haiM - spRzya aura aspRshy| dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zUdra haiM aura cANDAla Adi jo nagara ke bAhara rahate haiM ve aspRzya zUdra haiM ( AdipurANa, 16/184-186 ) / zUdroM ke kAru aura akAru tathA spRzya aura aspRzya ye bheda sarvaprathama kevala purANakAla meM jinasena ne kiye haiN| unake pUrvavartI anya kisI jaina AcArya ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai| kintu hindU-samAja-vyavasthA se prabhAvita hone ke bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAya: mAnya kiyaa| SaTprAbhRta ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI carcA kI hai| yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAta kSullakadIkSA kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA kintu bAda ke digambara jaina AcAryoM ne usameM bhI kamI kara dI aura zUdra kI muni-dIkSA evaM jinamandira meM praveza kA bhI niSedha kara diyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMgasUtra ( 3/202 ) ke mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI muni-dIkSA kA niSedha thA, kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM ne cANDAlAdi jAti-juMgita aura vyAdhAdi karmajuMgati logoM ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kara diyaa| yadyapi yaha saba jaina-dharma kI mUla paramparA ke to viruddha hI thA, phira bhI hindU-paramparA ke prabhAva se ise mAnya kara liyA gyaa| sthiti yahA~ taka pahu~cI ki eka hI jainadharma ke anuyAyI jAtIya bheda ke AdhAra para dUsarI jAti kA chuA huA khAne meM, unheM sAtha biThAkara bhojana karane meM Apatti karane lge| zUdra kA jala-tyAga eka Avazyaka karttavya ho gayA aura zUdroM kA jina-mandira meM praveza niSiddha kara diyA gyaa| isa prakAra jahA~ prAcIna stara meM jaina cAroM hI vargoM aura sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina-pUjA karane, zrAvaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana karane aura sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI mAne gaye the; vahIM sAtavIMAThavIM sadI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko muni-dIkSA aura mokSa-prApti hetu ayogya maanaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, sthAnAMga meM mAtra rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti-juMgita jaise - cANDAla Adi aura karma-juMgita jaise - kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kara diyA gyaa| kintu yaha bRhattara hindU-paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke viruddha thaa| jainoM ne ise kevala apanI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko banAe rakhane hetu mAnya kiyA kyoMki AgamoM meM

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 59 harikezIbala, metArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANDAloM ke muni hone aura mokSa prApta karane ke ullekha haiM / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 25 / 27, 21. 2. dhammapada, 401-403. 3. uttarAdhyayana, 12 / 44. 4. aMguttaranikAya, suttanipAta uddhRta bhagavAn buddha ( dharmAnanda kausAmbI ), pR0 26. 5. dekhiye 6. gItA, 4 / 33, 26-28. 7. uttarAdhyayana, 12 / 46. 8. uttarAdhyayana, 9/40, dekhiye sandarbha bhagavAna buddha ( dharmAnanda kausAmbI ), pR0, 236-239. 9. dhammapada, 106. 10. sambodha prakaraNa, gurvAdhikAra . - gItA ( zA0 ) 4/26-27.

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AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa AcArya hemacandra bhAratIya manISArUpI AkAza ke eka dedIpyamAna nakSatra haiN| vidyopAsaka zvetAmbara jaina AcAryoM meM bahuvidha aura vipula sAhityasraSTA ke rUpa meM AcArya haribhadra ke bAda yadi koI mahattvapUrNa nAma hai to vaha AcArya hemacandra kA hI hai| jisa prakAra AcArya haribhadra ne vividha bhASAoM meM jaina vidyA kI vividha vidyAoM para vipula sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA thA, usI prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne vividha vidyAoM para vipula sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra gujarAta kI vidvat paramparA ke pratibhAzAlI aura prabhAvazAlI jaina AcArya haiN| unake sAhitya meM jo bahuvidhatA hai vaha unake vyaktitva kI evaM unake jJAna kI bahuvidhatA kI paricAyikA hai| kAvya, chanda, vyAkaraNa, koza, kathA, darzana, adhyAtma aura yoga-sAdhanA Adi sabhI pakSoM ko AcArya hemacandra ne apanI sRjanadharmitA meM sameTa liyA hai| dharmasApekSa aura dharmanirapekSa donoM hI prakAra ke sAhitya ke sRjana meM unake vyaktitva kI samAnatA kA anya koI nahIM milatA hai| jisa mor3havaNika jAti ne samprati yuga meM gA~dhI jaise mahAna vyakti ko janma diyA usI mor3havaNika jAti ne AcArya hemacandra ko bhI janma diyA thaa| AcArya hemacandra kA janma gujarAta ke dhandhukA nagara meM zreSThi cAciga tathA mAtA pAhiNI kI kukSi se I0 san 1088 meM huA thaa| jo sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiM unake AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki hemacandra ke pitA zaiva aura mAtA jainadharma kI anuyAyI thiiN| Aja bhI gujarAta kI isa mor3havaNika jAti meM vaiSNava aura jaina donoM dharmoM ke anuyAyI pAe jAte haiN| ata: hemacandra ke pitA cAciga ke zaivadharmAvalambI aura mAtA pAhiNI ke jainadharmAvalambI hone meM koI virodha nahIM hai kyoMki prAcIna kAla se hI bhAratavarSa meM aise aneka parivAra rahe haiM jisake sadasya bhinna-bhinna dharmoM ke anuyAyI hote the| sambhavata: pitA ke zaivadharmAvalambI aura mAtA ke jaina-dharmAvalambI hone ke kAraNa hI hemacandra ke jIvana meM dhArmika samanvayazIlatA ke bIja adhika vikasita ho ske| dUsare zabdoM meM dharmasamanvaya kI jIvanadRSTi to unheM apane pArivArika pariveza se hI milI thii| AcArya devacandra jo ki AcArya hemacandra ke dIkSAguru the, svayaM bhI prabhAvazAlI AcArya the| unhoMne bAlaka caMgadeva ( hemacandra ke janma kA nAma ) kI pratibhA ko samajha liyA thA, isaliye unhoMne unakI mAtA se unheM bAlyakAla meM

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AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa hI prApta kara liyaa| AcArya hemacandra ko unakI alpa bAlyAvasthA meM hI guru dvArA dIkSA pradAna kara dI gaI aura vidhivata rUpa se unheM dharma, darzana aura sAhitya kA adhyayana karavAyA gyaa| vastuta: hemacandra kI pratibhA aura devacandra ke prayatna ne bAlaka ke vyaktitva ko eka mahanIyatA pradAna kii| hemacandra kA vyaktitva bhI unake sAhitya kI bhA~ti bahu-AyAmI thaa| ve kuzala rAjanItijJa, mahAn dharmaprabhAvaka, loka-kalyANakartA evaM apratima vidvAn, sabhI kucha the| unake mahAn vyaktitva ke sabhI pakSoM ko ujAgara kara pAnA to yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI maiM kucha mahattvapUrNa pakSoM para prakAza DAlane kA prayatna avazya kruuNgaa| hemacandra kI dhArmika sahiSNutA yaha satya hai ki AcArya hemacandra kI jainadharma ke prati ananya niSThA thI kintu sAtha hI ve anya dharmoM ke prati sahiSNu bhI the| unheM yaha guNa apane parivAra se hI virAsata meM milA thaa| jaisA ki sAmAnya vizvAsa hai, hemacandra kI mAtA jaina aura pitA zaiva the| eka hI parivAra meM vibhinna dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM kI upasthiti usa parivAra kI sahiSNuvRtti kI hI paricAyaka hotI hai| AcArya kI isa kulagata sahiSNuvRtti ko jainadharma ke anekAntavAda kI udAra dRSTi se aura adhika bala milaa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki anya jaina AcAryoM ke samAna hemacandra ne bhI anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA nAmaka samIkSAtmaka grantha likhA aura usameM anya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA bhI kii| kintu isase yaha anumAna nahIM lagAnA cAhiye ki hemacandra meM dhArmika udAratA nahIM thii| vastuta: hemacandra jisa yuga meM hue the, vaha yaga dArzanika vAda-vivAda kA yuga kA thaa| ata: hemacandra kI yaha vivazatA thI ki ve apanI paramparA kI rakSA ke liye anya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kI tArkika samIkSA kara parapakSa kA khaNDana aura svapakSa kA maNDana kreN| kinta yadi hemacandra kI mahAdevastotra Adi racanAoM evaM unake vyAvahArika jIvana ko dekheM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki unake jIvana meM aura vyavahAra meM dhArmika udAratA vidyamAna thii| kumArapAla ke pUrva ve jayasiMha siddharAja ke samparka meM the, kintu unake jIvanavRtta se hameM aisA koI saMketa-sUtra nahIM milatA ki unhoMne kabhI bhI siddharAja ko jainadharma kA anuyAyI banAne kA prayatna kiyA ho| mAtra yahI nahIM, jayasiMha siddharAja ke darabAra meM rahate hue bhI unhoMne kabhI kisI anya paramparA ke vidvAn kI upekSA yA avamAnanA kI ho, aisA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| yadyapi kathAnakoM meM jayasiMha siddharAja ke darabAra meM unake digambara jaina AcArya ke sAtha hue vAda-vivAda kA ullekha avazya hai parantu usameM bhI mukhya vAdI ke rUpa meM hemacandra na hokara bRhadgacchIya vAdidevasUri hI the| yaha bhI satya hai ki hemacandra se

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AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa / prabhAvita hokara kumArapAla ne jainadharmAnuyAyI banakara jainadharma kI praryApta prabhAvanA kI, kintu kumArapAla ke dharma-parivartana yA unako jaina banAne meM hemacandra kA kitanA hAtha thA, yaha vicAraNIya hI hai| vastuta: hemacandra ke dvArA na kevala kumArapAla kI jIva-rakSA huI thI apitu use rAjya bhI milA thaa| yaha to AcArya ke prati usakI atyadhika niSThA hI thI jisane use jainadharma kI ora AkarSita kiyaa| yaha bhI satya hai ki hemacandra ne usake mAdhyama se ahiMsA aura naitika mUlyoM kA prasAra karavAyA aura jainadharma kI prabhAvanA bhI karavAI kintu kabhI bhI unhoMne rAjA meM dhArmika kaTTaratA kA bIja nahIM boyaa| kumArapAla sampUrNa jIvana meM zaivoM ke prati bhI utanA hI udAra rahA, jitanA vaha jainoM ke prati thaa| yadi hemacandra cAhate to use zaivadharma se pUrNata: vimukha kara sakate the, para unhoMne kabhI aisA nahIM kiyA balki use sadaiva hI zaivadharmAnuyAyiyoM ke sAtha udAra dRSTikoNa rakhane kA Adeza diyaa| yadi hemacandra meM dhArmika saMkIrNatA hotI to ve kumArapAla dvArA somanAtha mandira kA jIrNoddhAra karA kara usakI pratiSThA meM svayaM bhAga kyoM lete? athavA svayaM mahAdevastotra kI racanA kara rAjA ke sAtha svayaM bhI mahAdeva kI stuti kaise kara sakate the? unake dvArA racita mahAdevastotra isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki ve dhArmika udAratA ke samarthaka the| stotra meM unhoMne ziva, mahezvara, mahAdeva, Adi zabdoM kI sundara aura sampradAya nirapekSa vyAkhyA karate hue anta meM yahI kahA hai ki saMsArarUpI bIja ke aMkuroM ko utpanna karanevAle rAga aura dveSa jisake samApta ho gae hoM unheM maiM namaskAra karatA hU~, cAhe ve brahmA hoM, viSNu hoM, mahAdeva hoM athavA jina hoN| dhArmika sahiSNutA kA artha mithyA-vizvAsoM kA poSaNa nahIM __yadyapi hemacandra dhArmika sahiSNutA ke samarthaka haiM, phira bhI ve isa sandarbha meM satarka haiM ki dharma ke nAma para mithyAdhAraNAoM aura andhavizvAsoM kA poSaNa na ho| isa sandarbha meM ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki jisa dharma meM deva yA upAsya rAgadveSa se yukta hoM, dharmaguru abrahmacArI hoM aura dharma meM karuNA va dayA ke bhAvoM kA abhAva ho, aisA dharma vastuta: adharma hI hai| upAsya ke sambandha meM hemacandra ko nAmoM kA koI Agraha nahIM, cAhe vaha brahmA ho, viSNu ho, ziva ho yA jina, kintu upAsya hone ke liye ve eka zarta avazya rakha dete haiM, vaha yaha ki use rAga-dveSa se mukta honA caahiye| ve svayaM kahate haiM ki - bhavabIjAMkurajananarAgadyAkSayamupAgatAsya brahmA vA viSNurvA haro vA jino vA namastasmai / / isI prakAra guru ke sandarbha meM bhI unakA kahanA hai ki use brahmacArI yA For!

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AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa caritravAna honA caahiye| ve likhate haiM ki - sarvAbhilASiNaH sarva bho jinaH saparigrahaH / abrahmacAriNo mithyopadezAH guravo na tu / / 5 arthAt jo AkAMkSA se yukta ho, bhojyAbhojya ke viveka se rahita ho, parigraha sahita aura abrahmacArI tathA mithyA upadeza denevAlA ho, vaha guru nahIM ho sktaa| ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki jo hiMsA aura parigraha meM AkaNTha DUbA ho, vaha dUsaroM ko kaise tAra sakatA hai| jo svayaM dIna ho vaha dUsaroM ko dhanADhya kaise banA sakatA hai| arthAt caritravAna, niSparigrahI aura brahmacArI vyakti hI guru yogya ho sakatA hai| dharma ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhI hemacandra kA dRSTikoNa spaSTa hai| ve spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate haiM ki jisa sAdhanAmArga meM dayA evaM karuNA kA abhAva ho, jo viSayAkAMkSAoM kI pUrti ko hI jIvana kA lakSya mAnatA ho, jisameM saMyama kA abhAva ho, vaha dharma nahIM ho sktaa| hiMsAdi se kaluSita dharma, dharma na hokara saMsAra-paribhramaNa kA kAraNa hI hotA hai| isa prakAra hemacandra dhArmika sahiSNutA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI itanA avazya mAnate haiM ki dharma ke nAma para adharma kA poSaNa nahIM honA caahiye| unakI dRSTi meM dharma kA artha koI viziSTa karmakANDa na hokara karuNA aura lokamaMgala se yakta sadAcAra kA sAmAnya Adarza hI hai| ve spaSTata: kahate haiM ki saMyama, zIla, aura dayA se rahita dharma manuSya ke bauddhika divAliyepana kA hI sUcaka hai| ve Atma-pIr3A ke sAtha udghoSa karate haiM ki yaha bar3e kheda kI bAta hai ki jisake mUla meM kSamA, zIla aura dayA hai, aise kalyANakArI dharma ko chor3akara mandabuddhi loga hiMsA ko bhI dharma mAnate haiN| - isa prakAra hemacandra dhArmika udAratA ke kaTTara samarthaka hote hue bhI dharma ke nAma para AyI huI vikRtiyoM aura caritrahInatA kI samIkSA karate haiN| sarvadharmasamabhAva kyoM ? hemacandra kI dRSTi meM sarvadharmasamabhAva kI AvazyakatA kyoM hai, isakA nirdeza paM0 becaradAsajI ne apane 'hemacandrAcArya' nAmaka grantha meM kiyA hai| jayasiMha siddharAja kI sabhA meM hemacandra ne sarvadharmasamabhAva ke viSaya meM jo vicAra prastuta kiye the ve paM0 becaradAsajI ke zabdoM meM nimnalikhita haiM - "hemacandra kahate haiM ki prajA meM yadi vyApaka deza-prema aura zUravIratA ho, kintu yadi dhArmika udAratA na ho to deza kI janatA khatare meM hI hogI, yaha nizcita hI samajhanA caahiye| dhArmika udAratA ke abhAva meM prema saMkucita ho jAtA hai aura zUravIratA eka unmattatA kA rUpa le letI hai| aise unmatta loga khUna kI

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64 AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa nadiyoM ko bahAne meM bhI nahIM cUkate aura deza ujAr3a ho jAtA hai| somanAtha ke pavitra devAlaya kA naSTa honA isakA jvalanta pramANa hai| dakSiNa meM dharma ke nAma para jo saMgharSa huA unameM hajAroM logoM kI jAne gyiiN| yaha havA aba gujarAta kI ora bahane lagI hai, kintu hameM vicAranA cAhiye ki yadi gujarAta meM isa dharmAndhatA kA praveza ho gayA to hamArI janatA aura rAjya ko vinaSTa hone meM koI samaya nahIM lgegaa| Age ve puna: kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra gujarAta ke mahArAjya ke vibhinna deza apanI vibhinna bhASAoM, vezabhUSAoM aura vyavasAyoM ko karate hue sabhI mahArAjA siddharAja kI AjJA ke vazIbhUta hokara kArya karate haiM, usI prakAra cAhe hamAre dhArmika kriyAkalApa bhinna hoM phira bhI unameM viveka-dRSTi rakhakara sabhI ko eka paramAtmA kI AjJA ke anukUla rahanA caahiye| isI meM deza aura prajA kA kalyANa hai| yadi hama sahiSNuvRtti se na rahakara, dharma ke nAma para yaha vivAda kareMge ki yaha dharma jhUThA hai aura yaha dharma saccA hai, yaha dharma nayA hai yaha dharma purAnA hai, to hama sabakA hI nAza hogaa| Aja hama jisa dharma kA AcaraNa kara rahe haiM, vaha koI zuddha dharma na hokara zuddha dharma ko prApta karane ke liye yogyatAbheda ke AdhAra para banAe gae bhinna-bhinna sAmpradAyika baMdhAraNa mAtra haiN| hameM yaha dhyAna rahe ki zastroM ke AdhAra para lar3A gayA yuddha to kabhI samApta ho jAtA hai, parantu zAstroM ke AdhAra para hone vAle saMgharSa kabhI samApta nahIM hote, ata: dharma ke nAma para ahiMsA Adi pA~ca vratoM kA pAlana ho, santoM kA samAgama ho, brAhmaNa, zramaNa aura mAtA-pitA kI sevA ho, yadi jIvana meM hama itanA hI pA sakeM to hamArI bahuta bar3I upalabdhi hogii|" hemacandra kI carcA meM dhArmika udAratA aura anudAratA ke svarUpa aura unake pariNAmoM kA jo mahattvapUrNa ullekha upalabdha hai vaha Aja bhI utanA hI prAsaMgika hai jitanA ki kabhI hemacandra ke samaya meM rahA hogaa| hemacandra aura gujarAta kI sadAcAra-krAnti hemacandra ne siddharAja aura kumArapAla ko apane prabhAva meM lekara gujarAta meM jo mahAn sadAcAra krAnti kI vaha unake jIvana kI eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai aura jisase Aja taka bhI gujarAta kA janajIvana prabhAvita hai| hemacandra ne apane prabhAva kA upayoga janasAdhAraNa ko ahiMsA aura sadAcAra kI ora prerita karane ke liye kiyaa| kumArapAla ko prabhAvita kara unhoMne isa bAta kA vizeSa prayatna kiyA ki janasAdhAraNa meM se hiMsakavRtti aura kusaMskAra samApta hoN| unhoMne zikAra aura pazu bali ke niSedha ke sAtha-sAtha madyapAna niSedha, dyUtakrIr3A-niSedha ke Adeza bhI rAjA se pArita kraaye| AcArya ne na kevala isa sambandha meM rAjyAdeza

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AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa nikalavAe, apitu, jana-jana ko rAjyAdezoM ke pAlana hetu prerita bhI kiyA aura sampUrNa gujarAta aura usake sImAvartI pradeza meM eka vizeSa vAtAvaraNa nirmita kara diyaa| usa samaya kI gujarAta kI sthiti kA kucha citraNa hameM hemacandra ke mahAvIracarita meM milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki "rAjA ke hiMsA aura zikAraniSedha kA prabhAva yahA~ taka huA ki asaMskArI kuloM meM janma lene vAle vyaktiyoM ne bhI khaTamala aura jUM jaise sUkSma jIvoM kI hiMsA banda kara dii| zikAra banda ho jAne se jIva-jantu jaMgaloM meM usI nirbhayatA se ghUmane lage, jaise gauzAlA meM gaaeN| rAjya meM madirApAna isa prakAra banda ho gayA ki kumbhAroM ko madyabhANDa banAnA bhI banda karanA pdd'aa| madyapAna ke kAraNa jo loga atyanta daridra ho gae the, ve isakA tyAga kara phira se dhanI ho ge| sampUrNa rAjya me dyUtakrIr3A kA nAmonizAna hI samApta ho gyaa|" isa prakAra hemacandra ne apane prabhAva kA upayoga kara gujarAta meM vyasanamukta saMskArI jIvana kI jo krAnti kI thI, usake tattva Aja taka gujarAta ke janajIvana meM kisI sImA taka surakSita haiN| vastuta: yaha hemacandra ke vyaktitva kI mahAnatA hI thI jisake pariNAmasvarUpa eka sampUrNa rAjya meM saMskAra krAnti ho skii| striyoM aura vidhavAoM ke saMrakSaka hemacandra yadyapi hemacandra ne apane 'yogazAstra' meM pUrvavartI jainAcAryoM ke samAna hI brahmacarya ke sAdhaka ko apanI sAdhanA meM sthira rakhane ke liye nArI-nindA kI hai| ve kahate haiM ki striyoM meM svabhAva se hI caMcalatA, nirdayatA aura kuzIlatA ke doSa hote haiN| eka bAra samudra kI thAha pAyI jA sakatI hai kintu svabhAva se kuTila, duzcaritra kAminiyoM ke svabhAva kI thAha pAnA kaThina hai| kintu isake AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki hemacandra strI jAti ke mAtra Alocaka the, galata hogaa| hemacandra ne nArI jAti kI pratiSThA aura kalyANa ke liye jo mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA usake kAraNa ve yugoM taka yAda kiye jaayeNge| unhoMne kumArapAla ko upadeza dekara vidhavA aura nissantAna striyoM kI sampatti ko rAjyasAta kiye jAne kI krUra-prathA ko sampUrNa rAjya meM sadaiva ke liye banda karavAyA aura isa mAdhyama se na kevala nArIjAti ko sampatti kA adhikAra dilavAyA, 2 apitu unakI sAmAjika jIvana meM pratiSThA bhI kI aura anekAneka vidhavAoM ko saMkaTamaya jIvana se ubAra diyaa| ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki hemacandra ne nArI ko apanI khoI huI pratiSThA pradAna kii| prajArakSaka hemacandra hemacandra kI dRSTi meM rAjA kA sabase mahattvapUrNa kartavya apanI prajA ke

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AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa sukha-duHkha kA dhyAna rakhanA hai| hemacandra rAjaguru hokara janasAdhAraNa ke nikaTa samparka meM the| eka samaya ve apane kisI ati nirdhana bhakta ke yahA~ bhikSArtha gae aura vahA~ se sakhI roTI aura moTA khuradarA kapar3A bhikSA meM prApta kiyaa| vahI moTI roTI khAkara aura moTA vastra dhAraNa kara ve rAjadarabAra meM phuNce| kumArapAla ne jaba unheM anyamanaska, moTA kapar3A pahane darabAra meM dekhA, to jijJAsA prakaTa kI, ki mujhase kyA koI galatI ho gaI hai? AcArya hemacandra ne kahA --- "hama to muni haiM, hamAre liye to sUkhI roTI aura moTA kapar3A hI ucita hai| kintu jisa rAjA ke rAjya meM prajA ko itanA kaSTamaya jIvana bitAnA hotA hai, vaha rAjA apane prajA-dharma kA pAlaka to nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aisA rAjA narakesarI hone ke sthAna para narakezvarI hI hotA hai| eka ora apAra svarNa-rAzi aura dUsarI ora tana Dhakane kA kapar3A aura khAne ke liye sUkhI roTI kA abhAva, yaha rAjA ke liye ucita nahIM hai|" kahA jAtA hai ki hemacandra ke isa upadeza se prabhAvita ho rAjA ne Adeza diyA ki nagara meM jo bhI atyanta garIba loga haiM unako rAjya kI ora se vastra aura khAdya-sAmagrI pradAna kI jaaye|3 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki hemacandra yadyapi svayaM eka muni kA jIvana jIte the kintu lokamaMgala aura lokalyANa ke liye tathA nirdhana janatA ke kaSTa dUra karane ke liye ve sadA tatpara rahate the aura isake liye rAjadarabAra meM bhI apane prabhAva kA prayoga karate the| samAjazAstrI hemacandra svayaM muni hote hue bhI hemacandra pArivArika evaM sAmAjika jIvana kI suvyavasthA ke liye sajaga the| ve eka aise AcArya the, jo janasAdhAraNa ke sAmAjika jIvana ke utthAna ko bhI dharmAcArya kA Avazyaka kartavya mAnate the| unakI dRSTi meM dhArmika hone kI Avazyaka zarta yaha bhI thI ki vyakti eka sabhya samAja ke sadasya ke rUpa meM jInA siikhe| eka acchA nAgarika honA dhArmika jIvana meM praveza karane kI Avazyaka bhUmikA hai| apane grantha 'yogazAstra' meM unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki zrAvakadharma kA anusaraNa karane ke pUrva vyakti eka acche nAgarika kA jIvana jInA siikhe| unhoMne aise 35 guNoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai, jinakA pAlana eka acche nAgarika ke liye Avazyaka rUpa se vAMchanIya hai| ve likhate haiM ki - "1. nyAyapUrvaka dhana-sampatti ko arjita karane vAlA, 2. sAmAnya ziSTAcAra kA pAlana karane vAlA, 3. samAna kula aura zIla vAlI anya gotra kI kanyA se vivAha karane vAlA, 4. pApabhIru, 5. prasiddha dezAcAra kA pAlana karane vAlA, 6. nindA kA tyAgI, 7. aise makAna meM nivAsa

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AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa 67 karane vAlA jo na to adhika khulA ho na ati gupta, 8. sadAcArI vyaktiyoM ke satsaMga meM rahane vAlA, 9. mAtA-pitA kI sevA karane vAlA, 10. azAnta tathA upadrava yukta satsaMga sthAna ko tyAga denevAlA, 11. nindanIya kArya meM pravRtti na karane vAlA, 12. Aya ke anusAra vyaya karane vAlA, 13. sAmAjika pratiSThA evaM samRddhi ke anusAra vastra dhAraNa karane vAlA, 14, buddhi ke ATha guNoM se yukta, 15. sadaiva dharmopadeza kA zravaNa karane vAlA, 16. ajIrNa ke samaya bhojana kA tyAga karane vAlA, 17. bhojana ke avasara para svAsthyaprada bhojana karane vAlA, 18. dharma, artha aura kAma ina tInoM vargoM kA paraspara virodha rahita bhAva se sevana karane vAlA, 19. yathAzakti atithi, sAdhu evaM dIna-duHkhiyoM kI sevA karane vAlA, 20. mithyA-AgrahoM se sadA dUra rahane vAlA, 21. guNoM kA pakSapAtI, 22. niSiddha dezAcAra aura kAlAcAra kA tyAgI, 23. apane balAbala kA samyaka jJAna karane vAlA aura apane balAbala kA vicAra kara kArya karane vAlA, 24. vrata, niyama meM sthira; jJAnI evaM vRddha janoM kA pUjaka, 25. apane AzritoM kA pAlana-poSaNa karane vAlA, 26. dIrghadarzI, 27. vizeSajJa, 28. kRtajJa, 29. lokapriya, 30. lajjAvAna, 31. dayAlu, 32. zAntasvabhAvI, 33. paropakAra karane meM tatpara, 34. kAmakrodhAdi antaraMga zatruoM para vijaya prApta karane vAlA aura 35. apanI indriyoM ko vaza meM rakhane vAlA vyakti hI gRhastha dharma ke pAlana karane yogya hai|"14 vastuta: isa samagra carcA meM AcArya hemacandra ne eka yogya nAgarika ke sAre kartavyoM aura dAyitvoM kA saMketa kara diyA hai aura isa prakAra eka aisI jIvanazailI kA nirdeza kiyA hai, jisake AdhAra para sAmaMjasya aura zAntipUrNa samAja kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki AcArya hemacandra sAmAjika aura pArivArika jIvana kI upekSA karake nahIM calate, varan ve use utanA hI mahattva dete haiM jitanA Avazyaka hai aura ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki dhArmika hone ke liye eka acchA nAgarika honA Avazyaka hai| hemacandra kI sAhitya sAdhanA'5 - hemacandra ne gujarAta ko aura bhAratIya saMskRti ko jo mahattvapUrNa avadAna diyA hai, vaha mukhyarUpa se unakI sAhityika pratibhA ke kAraNa hI hai| inhoMne apanI sAhityika pratibhA ke bala para hI vividha vidyAoM meM grantha kI racanA kii| jahA~ eka ora unhoMne abhidhAna-cintAmaNi, anekArthasaMgraha, nighaMTukoSa, aura dezInAmamAlA jaise zabdakoSoM kI racanA kI, vahIM dUsarI ora siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana, liGgAnuzAsana, dhAtupArAyaNa jaise vyAkaraNa grantha bhI rce| koza

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AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa aura vyAkaraNa granthoM ke atirikta hemacandra ne kAvyAnuzAsana jaise alaMkAra grantha aura chandonuzAsana jaise chandazAstra ke grantha kI racanA bhI kii| vizeSatA yaha hai ki ina saiddhAntika granthoM meM unhoMne saMskRta bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke upekSita vyAkaraNa kI bhI carcA kii| ina siddhAntoM ke prAyogika pakSa ke liye unhoMne saMskRta-prAkRta meM vyAzraya jaise mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| hemacandra mAtra sAhitya ke hI vidvAn nahIM the apitu dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM bhI unakI gati nirbAdha thii| darzana ke kSetra meM unhoMne anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, ayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA aura pramANamImAMsA jaise praur3ha grantha race to dharma ke kSetra meM yogazAstra jaise sAdhanApradhAna grantha kI bhI racanA kii| kathA sAhitya meM unake dvArA racita triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita kA apanA viziSTa mahattva hai| hemacandra ne sAhitya, kAvya, dharma aura darzana jisa kisI vidhA ko apanAyA use eka pUrNatA pradAna kii| unakI isa vipula sAhityasarjanA kA hI pariNAma thA ki unheM kalikAlasarvajJa kI upAdhi pradAna kI gyii| sAhitya ke kSetra meM hemacandra ke avadAna ko samajhane ke liye unake dvArA racita granthoM kA kiMcit mUlyAMkana karanA hogaa| yadyapi hemacandra ke pUrva vyAkaraNa ke kSetra meM pANinIya vyAkaraNa kA apanA mahattva thA, usa para aneka vRttiyA~ aura bhASya likhe gae, phira bhI vaha vidyArthiyoM ke liye durbodha hI thaa| vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana evaM adhyApana kI naI, sahaja evaM bodhagamya praNAlI ko janma dene kA zreya hemacandra ko hai| yaha hemacandra kA hI prabhAva thA ki paravartIkAla meM brAhmaNa paramparA meM isI paddhati ko AdhAra banAkara grantha likhe gae aura pANini ke aSTAdhyAyI kI praNAlI paThana-pAThana se dhIre-dhIre upekSita ho gyii| hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa kI eka vizeSatA to yaha hai ki AcArya ne svayaM usakI vRtti meM katipaya zikSA-sUtroM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| unake vyAkaraNa kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM saMskRta ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa bhI diye gae haiN| vyAkaraNa ke samAna hI unake kozagrantha, kAvyAnuzAsana aura chandonuzAsana jaise sAhityika siddhAnta-grantha bhI apanA mahattva rakhate haiN| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita aura pariziSTaparva ke rUpa meM unhoMne jainadharma kI paurANika aura aitihAsika sAmagrI kA jo saMkalana kiyA hai, vaha bhI nizcaya hI mahattvapUrNa hai| yahA~ unakI yogazAstra, pramANamImAMsA Adi sabhI kRtiyoM kA mUlyAMkana sambhava nahIM hai, kintu paravartI sAhityakAroM dvArA kiyA gayA unakA anukaraNa isa bAta ko siddha karatA hai ki unakI pratibhA se na kevala unakA ziSyamaNDala apitu paravartI jaina yA jainetara vidvAn bhI prabhAvita hue| muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne hemacandra kI samagra kRtiyoM kA

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AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa jo zloka - parimANa diyA hai, usase patA lagatA hai ki unhoMne lagabhaga do lAkha zloka - parimANa sAhitya kI racanA kI hai, jo unakI sRjanadharmitA ke mahattva ko spaSTa karatI hai| sAdhaka hemacandra hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki eka mahAn sAhityakAra aura prabhAvazAlI rAjaguru hote hue bhI mUlata: hemacandra eka AdhyAtmika sAdhaka the / yadyapi hemacandra kA adhikAMza jIvana sAhitya-sRjana ke sAtha-sAtha gujarAta meM jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra tathA vahA~ kI rAjanIti meM apane prabhAva ko yathAvat banAye rakhane meM bItA, kintu kAlAntara meM guru se ulAhanA pAkara hemacandra kI prasupta adhyAtmaniSThA punaH jAgrat ho gaI thI / kumArapAla ne jaba hemacandra se apanI kIrti ko amara karane kA upAya pUchA to unhoMne do upAya batAe 1. somanAtha ke mandira kA jIrNoddhAra aura 2. samasta deza ko RNamukta karake vikramAditya ke samAna apanA saMvat calAnA / kumArapAla ko dUsarA upAya adhika upayukta lagA, kintu samasta deza ko RNamukta karane ke liye jitane dhana kI AvazyakatA thI, utanA usake pAsa nahIM thA, ataH usane guru hemacandra se dhana prApti kA upAya puuchaa| isa samasyA ke samAdhAna hetu yaha upAya socA gayA ki hemacandra ke guru devacandrasUri ko pATana bulavAyA jAe aura unheM jo svarNasiddhi vidyA prApta hai usake dvArA apAra svarNarAzi prApta karake samasta prajA ko RNamukta kiyA jaae| rAjA, apane priya ziSya hemacandra aura pATana ke zrAvakoM ke Agraha para devacandrasUri pATaNa Ae, kintu jaba unheM apane pATaNa bulAe jAne ke uddezya kA patA calA to, na kevala ve pATaNa se prasthAna kara gae apitu unhoMne apane ziSya ko adhyAtma sAdhanA se vimukha ho lokeSaNA meM par3ane kA ulAhanA bhI diyA aura kahA ki laukika pratiSThA arjita karane kI apekSA pAralaukika pratiSThA ke liye bhI kucha prayatna kro| jainadharma kI aisI prabhAvanA bhI jisake kAraNa tumhArA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hI kuMThita ho jAya tumhAre liye kisa kAma kI? kahA jAtA hai ki guru ke isa ulAhane se hemacandra ko apanI mithyA mahattvAkAMkSA kA bodha huA aura ve antarmukha ho adhyAtma sAdhanA kI ora prerita hue| " ve yaha vicAra karane lage ki maiMne lokaiSaNA meM par3akara na kevala apane Apako sAdhanA se vimukha kiyA apitu guru kI sAdhanA meM bhI vighna DAlA / pazcAttApa kI yaha pIr3A hemacandra kI AtmA ko barAbara kacoTatI rahI, jo isa tathya kI sUcaka hai ki hemacandra mAtra sAhityakAra yA rAjaguru hI nahIM the apitu AdhyAtmika sAdhaka bhI the / vastuta: hemacandra kA vyaktitva itanA vyApaka aura mahAn hai ki use 69 -

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AcArya hemacandra : eka yugapuruSa samagrataH zabdoM kI sImA meM bA~dha pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, usa yuga meM rahakara unhoMne jo kucha socA aura kahA thA vaha Aja bhI prAsaMgika hai| kAza hama unake mahAn vyaktitva se preraNA lekara hiMsA, vaimanasya aura saMgharSa kI vartamAna trAsadI se bhArata ko bacA skeN| 70 sandarbha 1. hemacandrAcArya (paM0 becaradAsa jIvarAja dozI), pR0 123. 2. AcArya hemacandra (vi0 bhA0 musalagAMvakara), pR0 199. 3. dekheM : mahAdevastotra ( AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara), pR0 1 - 16, pR0 44. 4. mahAdevastotra, pR0 44. 5. yogazAstra, 2 / 9. 6. vahI, 2 / 10. 7. vahI, 2/13. 8. vahI, 1/40. 9. hemacandrAcArya, pR0 53-56. 10. dekheM : mahAvIracaritra ( hemacandra ), 65-75 ( kumArapAla ke sambandha meM mahAvIra kI bhaviSyavANI ). 11. yogazAstra, 2 / 84-85. 12. hemacandrAcArya, pR0 77. 13. vahI, pR0 101-104. 14. yogazAstra, 1/47-56. 15. dekheM : AcArya hemacandra ( vi0 bhA0 musalagAMvakara ), adhyAya 7. 16. hemacandrAcArya, pR0 13 - 178.

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samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma bhAratIya itihAsa meM dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva ke pratiSThApakoM meM jina samrAToM kA ullekha milatA hai unameM samrATa azoka evaM harSa ke bAda samrATa akabara kA nAma AtA hai| bhAratIya muslima zAsakoM meM jo sAmAnyatayA dhArmika dRSTi se kaTTaratAvAdI rahe haiM, akabara hI eka mAtra aisA vyaktitva hai, jo siddhAnta evaM vyavahAra donoM hI dRSTiyoM se apekSAkRta rUpa meM dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kA samarthaka rahA hai, cAhe yaha usane apane rAjanaitika uddezyoM kI pUrti hetu hI kiyA ho| yaha satya hai ki vaha anya dharma va paramparAoM ke AcArya, santoM aura vidvAnoM ko apane darabAra meM sammAnapUrvaka sthAna detA thaa| akabara kI dhArmika udAratAvAdI dRSTi ke pariNAmasvarUpa aneka kaTTara muslima ulemA bhI usake Alocaka evaM virodhI rahe haiM, phira bhI akabara ne unakI paravAha na karake apane prazAsana meM anya dharma-paramparA ke logoM ko samucita sthAna diyA aura unakI bhAvanAoM ko samajhane kA prayatna kiyaa| akabara meM dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kI dRSTi kina kAraNoM se vikasita huI, yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai? isa sambandha meM itihAsakAroM evaM samAlocakoM ke mantavya alaga-alaga haiN| kucha yaha mAnate haiM ki akabara ne apanI nItiyoM meM jisa dhArmika udAratA kA paricaya diyA usakA kAraNa usakI rAjanaitika mahattvAkAMkSA hI thii| vaha apane prazAsana meM jisa amana va zAnti kI apekSA rakhatA thA, vaha dhArmika kaTTaratA meM sambhava na hokara dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva ke dvArA hI sambhava thii| apanI isa udAravAdI dRSTi ke AdhAra para vaha bhAratIya jana-mAnasa ko vizeSa rUpa se hindU jana-mAnasa ko prabhAvita karanA cAhatA thA aura yaha dikhAnA cAhatA ki vaha eka muslima zAsaka hokara bhI hinduoM kA hitacintaka hai| ata: vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki usakI yaha dhArmika sadbhAva va sahiSNutA kI nIti vastuta: usakI rAjanItika mahattvAkAMkSA kA hI pariNAma hai, kyoMki apane prazAsana ke prArambha aura anta meM vaha eka kaTTara muslima zAsaka ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtA hai, jabaki usakA madhyakAla dhArmika udAratA kA paricAyaka hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki akabara kI dhArmika sahiSNutA kI nIti usakI prazAsanika AvazyakatA thI, kyoMki yadi svabhAvata: ina siddhAntoM meM usakI AsthA hotI to jisa jajiyA kara ko usane samApta kiyA thA, use hI national

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72 samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma apane susthApita hone bAda puna: lAgU nahIM krtaa| dUsarA dRSTikoNa yaha bhI hai ki akabara vastuta: eka udAra dRSTikoNasampanna vyakti thA, kyoMki usane apane jIvana ke AdhAra para yaha pAyA thA ki hinda evaM muslima donoM hI dharmoM ke kaTTaratAvAdI loga vastuta: jana-mAnasa ko gumarAha karate haiM aura sAmAjika zAnti ko bhaMga karate haiN| phatehapura sIkarI meM banAe gae ibAdatakhAne meM ye dhArmika loga kisa prakAra se apane sthAna Adi ko lekara Apasa meM lar3ate the, isa sabako dekhakara, sambhava hai use dharmAndhatA se vitRSNA utpanna ho gayI ho aura usane dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kI dizA meM apane prayatna prArambha kiye hoN| jIvana ke antima kAla meM usameM jo kucha dhArmika kaTTaratA ke lakSaNa pratIta hote haiM, unakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jIvana kI antima avasthA meM paraloka ke bhaya ke kAraNa dharma ke prati eka vizeSa lagAva utpanna ho jAtA hai| antima kAla meM usakI dhArmika kaTTaratA sambhavataH isI kA pariNAma thii| usake mana meM jo dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva vikasita huA usakA kAraNa kyA thA, isa prazna kA uttara dete hue kucha vidvAnoM ne yaha bhI mAnA hai ki vaha jaina AcAryoM ke prabhAva ke pariNAmasvarUpa huA thaa| jaina dharma apane prArambhika kAla se hI anekAntavAda kA samarthaka rahA hai aura usakA siddhAnta dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kA samarthaka hai| yaha to spaSTa hai ki akabara hIravijaya, samayasundara, vijayasena, bhAnucandra Adi aneka jaina AcAryoM aura muniyoM ke samparka meM rahA hai| jaina dharma meM dhArmika sahiSNutA va sadbhAva kA vikAsa jo anekAnta ke siddhAnta para huA hai usakI samasta carcA to yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, kintu usake AdhAra yaha avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki akabara ke jIvana meM dhArmika sahiSNutA va sadbhAva ke evaM pazuvadha aura mAMsAhAra ko kama karane sambandhI jisa dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa huA vaha jaina AcAryoM ke samparka kA hI pariNAma thaa| akabara se jina jaina AcAryoM kA vizeSa rUpa se sambandha rahA hai unameM hIravijaya sari, vijayasena sUri, bhAnucandra upAdhyAya, upAdhyAya zAnticandra, upAdhyAya samayasundara, upAdhyAya siddhicaMdra, jinacaMdrasUri, jinasiMhasUri, nandavijaya, jayasoma, mahopAdhyAya sAdhukIrti Adi mukhya haiN| ata: akabara meM pazuvadha, mAMsAhAra-niSedha tathA dhArmika sahiSNutA kI jo pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai usakA eka kAraNa usa para ina jaina santoM kA prabhAva bhI hai / akabara ne jaina santoM ko jo faramAna pradAna kiye the, unase bhI ina tathyoM kI puSTi hotI hai| akabara ke dvArA jaina AcAryoM ke jArI faramAnoM meM mukhya faramAna aura unakI viSayavastu nimnalikhita hai -

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samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma AcArya hIravijaya sUri ko akabara dvArA pradatta prathama faramAna meM yaha nirdeza hai ki paryuSaNa ke 12 dinoM meM una kSetroM meM jahA~ jaina jAti nivAsa karatI hai, koI bhI jIva na mArA jaay| miti 7 jamAdulasAnI, hiz2arI, san 992 / ( dekheM nInA jaina, mugala samrAToM kI dhArmika nIti, pR0 161-162 ) dUsarA faramAna bhI hIravijaya sUri ko diyA gyaa| isameM siddhAcala ( zatruMjaya ), girinAra, tAraMgA, kezariyAjI, AbU ( sabhI gujarAta ), rAjagiri, sammeda zikhara Adi jaina tIrtha kSetroM meM pahAr3oM para tathA mandira ke Asa-pAsa koI bhI jIva na mArA jaay| isa ullekha ke sAtha yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki yadyapi pazuhiMsA kA niSedha islAma ke viruddha lagatA hai phira bhI paramezvara ko pahacAnane vAle manuSyoM kA kAyadA hai ki kisI ke dharma meM dakhala na deN| ye arja merI naz2ara meM durusta mAlUma pdd'ii| tArIkha 7 mAha uradI behesta mutAbika raviDala avala vahI, san 37 julusii| yaha ilAhI saMvat 35 mutAbika 28vIM muharrama, san 999 hiz2arI kA hai / ( dekheM - vahI, pR0 163-164 ) -------- 73 hIravijaya ko diye gae tIsare faramAna meM vizeSa rUpa se dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sadbhAva kI bAta kahI gayI hai| ( vahI, pR0 165 - 166 ) cauthA faramAna akabara dvArA vijayasena sUri ko pradAna kiyA gayA thaa| ye hIravijaya ke ziSya the| isa faramAna meM yaha likhA hai ki hara mahIne meM kucha dina gAya, baila, bhaiMsa Adi ko nahIM khAnA aura use ucita evaM pharja mAnanA tathA pakSiyoM ko na mAranA tathA unheM pijar3e meM kaida na karanA / jaina maMdiroM evaM upAzrayoM para koI kabjA na kare tathA jIrNa mandiroM ko banavAne para unheM koI bhI vyakti na roke| isa taraha yaha bhI nirdeza hai ki varSA Adi honA yA na honA Izvara ke adhIna hai, isakA doSa jaina sAdhuoM para denA mUrkhatA hai| jainoM ko apane dharma ke anusAra apanI dhArmika kriyAyeM karane denA caahie| tArIkha, zaharyura, mahInA ilAhI, san 46 mutAbika tArIkha 25 mahInA saphana, hijarI san 1010 / ( vahI, pR0 167-168 ) akabara kA pA~cavA~ faramAna jinacandra sUri ko diyA gayA hai| AcArya jinacandra sUri ne 'paryuSaNa ke bAraha dinoM meM hiMsA na ho, aisA Adeza prApta kiyA thaa| usameM pUrva bAraha dinoM ke atirikta ASAr3ha zukla kI navamIM se pUrNamAsI taka bhI kisI jIva kI hiMsA nahIM kI jAya, aisA nirdeza hai tArIkha 31 khuradAda ilAhI, san 49 ( vahI, pR0 171 ) akabara dvArA jaina sAdhuoM kA sammAna karane tathA unheM faramAna dene kI jo paramparA prArambha huI thI usakI vizeSatA yaha thI ki usakI agalI pIr3hI meM bhI

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samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma na kevala sAdhuoM ko unake darabAra meM sthAna milA apitu unheM zahajAdoM kI zikSA kA dAyitva bhI diyA gyaa| akabara ke pazcAt jahA~gIra evaM zAhajahA~ ne bhI isI prakAra ke amArI arthAt pazu-hiMsA - niSedha ke faramAna diye| akabara ke mana meM mAMsAhAra evaM pazuhiMsA - niSedha ke lie jo vicAra vikasita hue the unake pIche ina jainAcAryoM kA prabhAva rahA hai, isa tathya se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / 74 akabara meM jo dhArmika sahiSNutA va sadbhAva kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa huA usakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki usane svayaM apanI anubhUti ke AdhAra para yaha jAna liyA thA ki koI bhI dharma pUrNa nahIM hai aura caramasatya ko jAna lenA mAnava ke vaza kI bAta nhiiN| phatehapura sIkarI ke ibAdataqhAne meM vaha vibhinna dharmoM ke vidvAn AcAryoM kI bAteM sunatA thA aura anya dharmoM ke prati kI gayI unakI samAlocanA para dhyAna bhI detA thA, isase use yaha jJAna ho gayA thA ki koI bhI dharma pUrNa nahIM hai| kisI bhI dharma-paramparA dvArA apanI pUrNatA kA evaM apane ko ekamAtra satya hone kA dAvA karanA nirarthaka hai| yaha vahI dRSTi thI jo ki anekAnta kI tattva vicAraNA meM jaina AcAryoM ne prastuta kI thI aura jise unhoMne darzana paramparA kA AdhAra banAyA thaa| cAhe akabara meM yaha udAra yA anekAntika dRSTi jaina AcAryoM ke prabhAva se AyI ho yA dharmAcAryoM ke pArasparika vAda-vivAda aura samIkSA ke kAraNa, jinakA samrATa svayaM sAkSI hotA thA, kintu yaha nizcita hai ki usakI jo bhI anubhUti thI, vaha jaina darzana ke anekAnta siddhAnta ke anukUla thii| yaha bhI nizcaya hai ki AcAryoM ne usakI isa anubhUti ko apane anekAnta siddhAnta ke anukUla batAkara use puSTa kiyA hogA aura pariNAmasvarUpa akabara para unakI isa udAra - vRtti kA prabhAva huA hogA / akabara para jaina sAdhuoM kA prabhAva isaliye bhI adhika par3A kyoMki ve niHspRha aura aparigrahI the, unhoMne rAjA se apanI sukha-suvidhA ke liye kabhI kucha nahIM mA~gA, jaba bhI bAdazAha ne unase kucha mA~gane kI bAta kahI to unhoMne sadaiva hI sabhI dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM ke saMrakSaNa tathA pazu-hiMsA va mAMsAhAra ke niSedha ke faramAna hI mA~ge / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki akabara, jahA~gIra evaM zAhajahA~ taka mug2alasamrAToM kI jo udAra nIti rahI hai usake mUla meM inake darabAroM meM upasthita aura ina samrAToM ke dvArA AdRta jaina AcAryoM kA bhI mahattvapUrNa hAtha hai| hameM yaha svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki jainAcAryoM ke prabhAva ke atirikta aise anya tathya bhI the jinakA prabhAva akabara kI udAravAdI nIti para rahA hogaa| akabara kI dhArmika udAratA kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki usake pitA

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samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma ko aura svayaM use bhI apanI sattA ke lie hinduoM kI apekSA muslimoM se hI adhika saMgharSa karanA par3A thA aura akabara ne yaha samajha liyA thA ki bhArata para zAsana karane meM usake mukhya pratispardhI hindU na hokara musalamAna hI haiN| dUsare yaha ki usane hinduoM para zAsana karane hetu unakA sahayoga prApta karanA Avazyaka samajhA thaa| isa prakAra rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ne bhI use dhArmika udAratA kI nIti svIkAra karane hetu vivaza kiyA thaa| 75 anta meM hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki akabara meM dhArmika udAratA kA eka kramika vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| prArambha meM vaha eka niSThAvAna musalamAna hI rahA hai| cAhe vaha kaTTara dharmAndha na rahA ho phira bhI usake prArambhika jIvana meM usakI islAma ke prati niSThA adhika thI, kintu rAjapUta rAjAoM se mile sahayoga evaM rAjapUta kanyAoM se vivAha ke pariNAmasvarUpa usameM dhArmika udAratA kA prAdurbhAva huaa| usane apanI rAniyoM ko apanI-apanI dhArmika niSThAoM evaM vidhiyoM ke anusAra upAsanA kI anumati dI thii| dhIre-dhIre phakIroM evaM sAdhuoM ke satsaMga se bhI usameM eka AdhyAtmika cetanA kA vikAsa huA aura usane yuddhabandiyoM ko musalamAna banAne aura gulAma banAne kI prathA ko samApta kiyA / sarvaprathama usane san 1563 meM tIrthayAtriyoM para se kara tathA usake bAda jajiyA kara samApta kara diyA, sAtha hI gaira musalamAnoM ko apane dhArmika sthaloM ko nirmita karavAne kI chUTa dI aura unheM ucca padoM para adhiSThita kiyA / ye aise tathya haiM jo batAte haiM ki akabara meM jisa dhArmika udAratA kA vikAsa huA thA vaha eka kramika vikAsa thaa| isa kramika vikAsa se yaha bhI pratiphalita hotA hai ki vaha paristhitiyoM evaM vyaktiyoM se prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| ataH jainAcAryoM ke dvArA bhI usakA prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika hai| ataH akabara ke jIvana meM jo udAratA evaM ahiMsaka vRtti kA vikAsa huA usakA bahuta kucha zreya jainAcAryoM ko bhI hai / sandarbha-grantha mug2ala samrAToM kI dhArmika nIti, ku0 nInA jaina, kAzInAtha sarApha, vijayadharma sUri, samAdhi mandira, zivapurI, 1991. maNidhArI zrI jinacandra sUri abhinandana grantha, agaracanda nAhaTA va bha~vara lAla nAhaTA, maNidhArI jinacandra sUri aSTama zatAbdI samAroha samiti, dillI, san 1971. akabara dI greTa, vinse e smitha, oNksaphorDa aiTa dI kleraNDana presa, 1919.

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samrATa akabara aura jaina dharma dI rilIjiyasa paoNlisI oNfa dI mug2ala empararsa, zrI rAma zarmA, eziyA pabliziMga hAusa, naI dillI, 1962. 76 dI mug2ala empAyara, AzIrvAdIlAla zrIvAstava, zivalAla eNDa kampanI, AgarA, 1967. sUrIzvara ane samrATa, munirAja vidyAvijaya jI, yazovijaya jaina granthamAlA, bhAvanagara, saM0 1979. jagadguru hIra, mumukSu bhavyAnanda, vijayazrI jJAna mandira, ghANerAva, mAravAr3a, saMvat 2008. jaina zAsana dIpAvalI no khAsa aMka, hIravijaya sUri aura dI jainsa aiTa dI korTa oNpha akabara, cimanalAla DAhyAbhAI, harSacanda bhUrAbhAI, banArasa siTI, saMvat 2438.

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna nirgrantha paramparA meM sacelakatva aura acelakatva kA prazna ati prAcIna kAla se hI vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| vartamAna meM jo zvetAmbara aura digambara sampradAya haiM, unake bIca bhI vivAda kA pramukha bindu yahI hai| pahale bhI isI vivAda ke kAraNa uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha vibhAjita huA thA aura yApanIya sampradAya astitva meM AyA thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM isI vivAda ke kAraNa jainoM meM vibhinna sampradAya arthAt zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya nirmita hue haiN| yaha samasyA mUlataH muni AcAra se hI sambandhita hai, kyoMki gRhastha upAsaka, upAsikAe~ aura sAdhviyA~ to tInoM hI sampradAyoM meM sacela (savastra) hI mAnI gaI haiN| muniyoM ke sambandha meM digambara paramparA kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki mAtra acela (nagna) hI muni pada kA adhikArI hai| jisake pAsa vastra hai, cAhe vaha la~goTI mAtra hI kyoM na ho, vaha muni nahIM ho sakatA hai| isake viparIta zvetAmbaroM kA kahanA hai ki muni acela (nagna) hotA hai aura sacela ( savastra ) bhii|' sAtha hI ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki vartamAna kAla kI paristhitiyA~ aisI haiM jisameM muni kA acela (nagna rahanA ucita nahIM hai| ina donoM paramparAoM se bhinna yApanIyoM kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki acelatA hI zreSTha mArga hai, kintu ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM muni vastra rakha sakatA hai| isa prakAra jahA~ digambara paramparA ekAnta rUpa se acelakatva ko hI muni-mArga yA mokSa mArga mAnatI hai, vahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA vartamAna meM jinakalpa ( acela mArga ) kA uccheda dikhAkara sacelatA para hI bala detI hai / yApanIya paramparA kA dRSTikoNa ina donoM ativAdiyoM ke madhya samanvaya karatA hai| vaha mAnatA hai ki sAmAnyatayA to muni ko acela yA nagna hI rahanA cAhiye, kyoMki vastra bhI parigraha hI hai, kintu ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM saMyamopakaraNa ke rUpa meM vastra rakhA jA sakatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM acelakatva ( nagnatva) utsarga mArga hai aura sacelakatva apavAda mArga hai| prastuta paricarcA meM sarvaprathama hama isa vivAda ko isake aitihAsika pariprekSya meM dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki yaha vivAda kyoM, kaise aura kina paristhitiyoM meM utpanna huA ?

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78 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna prastuta adhyayana kI srota-sAmagrI isa prazna para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane hetu hamAre pAsa jo prAcIna srota sAmagrI upalabdha hai, unameM prAcIna stara ke ardhamAgadhI Agama, pAlitripiTaka aura mathurA se prApta prAcIna jina-pratimAoM kI pAda-pITha para aMkita muni-pratimAe~ hI mukhya haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika hI aise grantha haiM jinheM isa carcA kA AdhAra banAyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki prathama to ye prAcIna (I0 pU0 ke) haiM aura dUsare inameM hameM sampradAyAtIta dRSTikoNa upalabdha hotA hai| aneka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI inakI prAcInatA evaM sampradAya nirapekSatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| zaurasenI Agama sAhitya meM kasAyapAhuDa hI ekamAtra aisA grantha hai, jo apekSAkRta prAcIna stara kA hai, kintu durbhAgya se isameM vastra-pAtra sambandhI koI bhI vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai| zeSa zaurasenI Agama-granthoM meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra aura SaTkhaNDAgama mUlata: yApanIya paramparA ke haiN| sAtha hI guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI paravartI avadhAraNAoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa ye grantha bhI vikrama kI chaThI zatI ke pUrva ke nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM, phira bhI prastuta carcA meM inakA upayoga isaliye Avazyaka hai ki acela pakSa ko prastuta karane ke liye inake atirikta anya koI prAcIna srota-sAmagrI hameM upalabdha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka kundakunda ke granthoM kA prazna hai, unameM suttapAhuDa evaM liMgapAhuDa ko chor3akara yaha carcA anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI hai| ye grantha bhI chaThI zatI ke pUrva ke nahIM haiN| durbhAgya yaha hai ki acela paramparA ke pAsa sacelakatva aura acelakatva kI isa paricarcA ke liye chaThI zatI ke pUrva kI koI bhI sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka anya paramparAoM ke prAcIna srotoM kA prazna hai, vedoM meM nagna zramaNoM yA vrAtyoM ke ullekha to milate haiM, kintu ve spaSTata: nirgrantha ( jaina ) paramparA ke haiM, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| yadyapi aneka hindU purANoM meM nagna jaina zramaNoM ke ullekha haiM, kintu adhikAMza hindU purANa to vikrama kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI yA usake bhI bAda ke haiM, ata: unameM upalabdha sAkSya adhika mahattva ke nahIM haiN| dUsare unameM savastra aura nirvastra donoM prakAra ke jaina muniyoM ke ullekha mila jAte haiM, ata: unheM isa paricarcA kA AdhAra nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se pAlitripiTaka ke ullekha adhika mahattvapUrNa haiM aura kisI sImA taka satya ke nikaTa bhI pratIta hote haiN| isa paricarcA ke hetu jo AdhArabhUta prAmANika sAmagrI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, vaha hai mathurA se upalabdha prAcIna jaina mUrtiyA~ aura unake abhilekh| prathama to yaha saba sAmagrI IsA kI prathama-dvitIya

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna zatAbdI kI hai| dUsare isameM kisI bhI prakAra ke prakSepa Adi kI sambhAvanA bhI nahIM hai / ataH yaha prAcIna bhI hai aura prAmANika bhI kyoMki isakI puSTi anya sAhityika srotoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| ataH isa paricarcA meM hamane sarvAdhika upayoga isI sAmagrI kA kiyA hai| 79 mahAvIra ke pUrva nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra kI sthiti jaina anuzruti ke anusAra isa avasarpiNI kAla meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrva teIsa tIrthaGkara ho cuke the| ataH prathama vivecya bindu to yahI hai ki acelatA ke sambandha meM ina pUrvavartI tIrthaGkaroM kI kyA mAnyatAe~ thIM ? yadyapi sampradAya bheda sthira ho jAne ke pazcAt nirmita granthoM meM jahA~ digambara grantha eka mata se yaha udghoSa karate haiM ki sabhI jina acela hokara hI dIkSita hote haiM, vahA~ zvetAmbara grantha yaha kahate haiM ki sabhI jina eka devadUSya vastra lekara hI dIkSita hote haiM / " merI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI dRSTikoNa sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se yukta haiN| zvetAmbara aura yApanIya paramparA ke apekSAkRta prAcIna stara ke granthoM meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha milatA hai ki prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva aura antima tIrthaGkara mahAvIra kI AcAravyavasthA madhyavartI bAIsa tIrthaGkaroM kI AcAra vyavasthA se bhinna thI / " yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra pratikramaNa Adi ke sandarbha meM unakI isa bhinnatA kA to ullekha karatA hai kintu madhyavartI tIrthaGkara sacela dharma ke pratipAdaka the, yaha nahIM kahatA hai / jabaki zvetAmbara Agama uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI ullekha hai ki antima tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ne acela dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA, jabaki teIsaveM tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ne sacela dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA thA / " yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki bRhatkalpabhASya meM prathama aura antima tIrthaGkara ko acela dharma kA aura madhyavartI bAIsa tIrthaGkaroM ko sacela - acela dharma kA pratipAdaka kahA gayA hai / " yadyapi uttarAdhyayana spaSTatayA pArzva ke dharma ko 'sacela' athavA sAntarottara ( saMtaruttara ) hI kahatA hai sacela acela nahIM / 'madhyavartI tIrthaGkaroM ke zAsana meM bhI acela muni hote the, bRhatkalpabhASya kI yaha svIkArokti usakI sampradAya nirapekSatA kI hI sUcaka hai| yadyapi digambara aura yApanIya paramparA zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke ina kathanoM ko mAnya nahIM karate haiM, kintu hameM zvetAmbara AgamoM ke ina kathanoM meM satyatA parilakSita hotI hai, kyoMki anya aitihAsika srotoM se bhI ina kathanoM kI bahuta kucha puSTi ho jAtI hai| yahA~ hamArA uddezya sampradAyagata mAnyatAoM se Upara uThakara mAtra prAcIna aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para hI isa samasyA para vicAra karanA hai| ataH isa paricarcA meM hama paravartI arthAt sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM ke dRr3hIbhUta hone ke bAda

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80 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna ke granthoM ko AdhAra nahIM banA rahe haiN| mahAvIra se pUrvavartI tIrthaGkaroM meM mAtra RSabha, ariSTanemi aura pArzva ke kathAnaka hI aise haiM, jo aitihAsika mahattva ke haiN| yadyapi inameM bhI RSabha aura ariSTanemi ke kathAnaka prAgaitihAsika kAla ke haiN| vedoM se bhI hameM inake sambandha meM koI vizeSa jAnakArI ( nAmollekha ke atirikta ) nahIM milatI hai| vedoM meM bhI ye nAma kisa sandarbha meM prayukta hue haiM aura kisake vAcaka haiM ye tathya Aja bhI vivAdAspada hI haiN| ina donoM ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM jaina evaM jainetara srotoM se bhI jo sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai vaha IsA kI prathama zatI ke pUrva kI nahIM hai| vedoM evaM brAhmaNa-granthoM meM vrAtyoM evaM vAtarazanA muniyoM ke jo ullekha haiM', unase itanA to avazya phalita hotA hai ki prAgaitihAsika kAla meM nagna athavA malina evaM jIrNavastra dhAraNa karane vAle zramaNoM kI eka paramparA avazya thii| sindhughATI-sabhyatA kI mohana-jo-dar3o evaM har3appA se jo nagna yogiyoM ke aMkana vAlI sIleM prApta huI haiM unase bhI isa tathya kI hI puSTi hotI hai ki nagna evaM malina vastra dhAraNa karane vAle zramaNoM/yogiyoM/vrAtyoM kI eka paramparA prAcIna bhArata meM astitva rakhatI thii| usa paramparA ke agra-puruSa ke rUpa meM RSabha yA ziva ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu yaha bhI dhyAtavya hai ki ina sIloM meM usa yogI ko mukuTa aura AbhUSaNoM se yukta darzAyA gayA hai jisase usake nagna nirgrantha muni hone ke sambandha meM bAdhA AtI hai| ye aMkana zvetAmbara tIrthaGkara mUrtiyoM se AMzika sAmyatA rakhate haiM, kyoMki ve apanI mUrtiyoM ko AbhUSaNa pahanAte haiN| RSabha kA acela dharma prAcIna stara ke ardhamAgadhI Agama uttarAdhyayana meM RSabha ke nAma kA ullekha mAtra hai, unake jIvana ke sandarbha meM koI vivaraNa nahIM hai| isase apekSAkRta paravartI kalpasUtra evaM jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM hI sarvaprathama unakA jIvanavRtta milatA hai, phira bhI inameM unakI sAdhanA evaM AcAra-vyavasthA kA koI vizeSa vivaraNa nahIM hai| paravartI zvetAmbara, digambara granthoM meM aura unake atirikta hindUpurANoM tathA vizeSarUpa se bhAgavata meM RSabhadeva ke dvArA acelakatva ke AcaraNa ke jo ullekha milate haiM, una sabake AdhAra para yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki RSabhadeva acela paramparA ke poSaka rahe hoNge| RSabha acela dharma ke pravartaka the, yaha mAnane meM sacela zvetAmbara paramparA ko bhI koI Apatti nahIM hai kyoMki usakI bhI mAnyatA yahI hai ki RSabha aura mahAvIra donoM hI acela dharma ke sampoSaka the| RSabha ke pazcAt aura ariSTanemi ke pUrva madhya ke 20 tIrthaGkaroM ke

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna jIvanavRtta evaM AcAra-vicAra ke sambandha meM chaThI zatI ke pUrva arthAt sampradAyoM ke sthirIkaraNa ke pUrva kI koI bhI sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM hai| mAtra ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM samavAyAMga meM aura zaurasenI Agama-tulya grantha tiloyapaNNatti meM nAma, mAtA-pitA, janma-nagara Adi sambandhI chiTasTa sUcanAe~ haiM, jo prastuta carcA kI dRSTi se upayogI nahIM haiN| 81 isa prakAra madhyavartI bAIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM se mAtra bAIsaveM ariSTanemi evaM teIsaveM pArzva hI aise haiM jinase sambandhita sUcanAe~ uttarAdhyayana ke kramazaH bAIsaveM evaM teIsaveM adhyAya meM milatI haiM, kintu unameM bhI bAIsaveM adhyAya meM ariSTanemi kI AcAra vyavasthA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se vastra-grahaNa sambandhI paramparA kA koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayana ke bAIsaveM adhyAya meM rAjImati ke dvArA guphA meM varSA ke kAraNa bhIgA huA apanA vastra sukhAne kA ullekha hone se kevala eka hI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai ki ariSTanemi kI paramparA meM sAdhviyA~ savastra hotI thiiN| usa guphA meM sAdhanA meM sthita rathanemi savatra the yA nirvastra, aisA koI spaSTa saMketa isameM nahIM hai| ataH vastra sambandhI vivAda meM kevala pArzva evaM mahAvIra ina do aitihAsika kAla ke tIrthaGkaroM ke sambandha meM hI jo kucha sAkSya upalabdha hote haiM, unake AdhAra para hI carcA kI jA sakatI hai| pArzva kA sacela dharma pArzva ke sambandha meM jo sUcanAe~ hameM upalabdha haiM unameM bhI prAcInatA kI dRSTi se RSibhASita ( lagabhaga I0 pU0 cauthI - pA~cavIM zatI ), sUtrakRtAMga ( lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI ), uttarAdhyayana ( I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI ), AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha ( I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI ) evaM bhagavatI ( I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI se lekara IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka ) ke ullekha mahattvapUrNa haiN| inameM bhI RSibhASita aura sUtrakRtAMga meM pArzva kI vastra sambandhI mAnyatAoM kI spaSTa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotii| uttarAdhyayana kA teIsavA~ adhyayana hI ekamAtra aisA AdhAra hai jisameM mahAvIra ke dharma ko acela evaM pArzva ke dharma ko sacela yA svataMguruttara kahA gayA hai / 94 isase yaha spaSTa hai ki vastra ke sambandha meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAe~ bhinna thiiN| uttarAdhyayana kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai aura usake kathana ko aprAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / punaH niryukti, bhASya Adi paravartI Agamika vyAkhyAoM se bhI isI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| ataH isa kathana kI satyatA meM sandeha karane kA koI sthAna zeSa nahIM rahatA hai| kintu pArzva kI paramparA ke dvArA mAnya 'sAMtaruttara' zabda kA kyA artha hai yaha vicAraNIya / sAMtaruttara zabda kA artha paravartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne viziSTa, raMgIna evaM bahumUlya vastra kiyA hai|

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM nemicandra likhate haiM sAntara arthAt vardhamAna svAmI kI apekSA parimANa aura varNa meM viziSTa tathA uttara arthAt mahAmUlyavAna hone se pradhAna aise vastra jisa paramparA meM dhAraNa kiye jAyeM vaha dharma sAntarottara hai / " kintu sAntarottara ( saMtaruttara ) zabda kA yaha artha samucita nahIM hai| vastutaH jaba zvetAmbara AcArya acela kA artha kutsitacela yA alpacela karane lage ", to yaha svAbhAvika thA ki sAntarottara kA artha viziSTa, mahAmUlyavAna raMgIna vastra kiyA jAya, tAki acela ke paravartI artha meM aura saMtaruttara ke artha meM kisI prakAra se saMgati sthApita kI jA ske| kintu saMtaruttara kA yaha artha zAbdika vyutpatti kI dRSTi se ucita nahIM hai| isase ina TIkAkAroM kI apanI sAmpradAyika mAnasikatA hI prakaTa hotI hai| saMtaruttara ke vAstavika artha ko AcArya zIlAMka ne apanI AcArAMga TIkA meM spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki saMtaruttara zabda uttarAdhyayana ke atirikta AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM bhI AyA hai| 18 AcArAMga meM isa zabda kA prayoga una nirgrantha muniyoM ke sandarbha meM huA hai, jo do vastra rakhate the| usameM tIna vastra rakhane vAle muniyoM ke liye kahA gayA hai ki hemanta ke bIta jAne para evaM grISma Rtu ke A jAne para yadi kisI bhikSu ke vastra jIrNa ho gaye hoM to vaha unheM sthApita kara de arthAt chor3a de aura sAMtarottara athavA alpacela ( omacela ) athavA ekazATaka athavA acelaka ho jAye / 99 yahA~ saMtaruttara kI TIkA karate hue zIlAMka kahate haiM ki antara sahita hai uttarIya ( or3hanA ) jisakA, arthAt jo vastra ko AvazyakatA hone para kabhI or3ha letA hai aura kabhI pAsa meM rakha letA hai| 20 82 -- paM0 kailAzacandrajI ne saMtaruttara kI zIlAMka kI uparokta vyAkhyA se yaha pratiphalita karanA cAhA hai ki pArzva ke paramparA ke sAdhu rahate to nagna hI the, kintu pAsa meM vastra rakhate the, jise AvazyakatA hone para or3ha lete the / " kintu paNDitajI kI yaha vyAkhyA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai kyoMki saMtaruttara se nagnatA kisI bhI prakAra phalita nahIM hotI hai| vastutaH saMtaruttara zabda kA prayoga AcArAMga meM tIna vastra rakhane vAle sAdhuoM ke sandarbha meM huA hai aura unheM yaha nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki grISma Rtu ke Ane para ve eka jIrNa-vastra ko chor3akara saMtaruttara arthAt do vastra dhAraNa karane vAle ho jaayeN| ata: saMtaruttara hone kA artha antaravAsaka aura uttarIya aise do vastra rakhanA hai / antaravastra Ajakala kA Underwear arthAt guhyAMga ko Dhakane vAlA vastra hai| uttarIya zarIra ke Upara ke bhAga ko Dhakane vAlA vastra hai / 'saMtaruttara' kI zIlAMka kI yaha vyAkhyA bhI hameM yahI batAtI hai ki uttarIya kabhI or3ha liyA jAtA thA aura kabhI pAsa meM rakha liyA jAtA thA, kyoMki

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 83 garmI meM sadaiva uttarIya or3hA nahIM jAtA thaa| ata: saMtaruttara kA artha kabhI sacela ho jAnA aura kabhI vastra ko pAsa meM rakhakara acela ho jAnA nahIM hai| yadi saMtaruttara hone kA artha kabhI sacela aura kabhI acela ( nagna ) honA hotA to phira alpacela aura ekazATaka hone kI carcA isI prasaMga meM nahIM kI jaatii| tIna vastradhArI sAdhu eka jIrNa vastra kA tyAga karane para sAMtaruttara hotA hai| eka jIrNa vastra kA tyAga aura dUsare jIrNa vastra ke jIrNa bhAga ko nikAlakara alpa AkAra kA banAkara rakhane para alpacela, donoM jIrNa vastroM kA tyAga karane para ekazATaka athavA omacela aura tInoM vastroM kA tyAga karane para acela hotA hai| vastutaH Aja bhI digambara paramparA kA kSullaka sAntarottara hai aura ailaka ekazATaka tathA muni nagna ( acela ) hotA hai| ata: pArzva kI sacela sAntarottara paramparA meM muni do vastra rakhate the - adhovastra aura uttriiy| uttarIya AvazyakatAnusAra zItakAla Adi meM or3ha liyA jAtA thA aura grISmakAla meM alaga rakha diyA jAtA thaa| AcArAMga ke naveM upadhAnazrata nAmaka adhyAya meM mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta varNita hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se mahAvIra kI jIvana-gAthA ke sambandha meM isase prAcIna evaM prAmANika anya koI sandarbha hameM upalabdha nahIM hai| AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha, kalpasUtra, bhagavatI aura bAda ke sabhI mahAvIra ke jIvana-caritra sambandhI grantha isase paravartI haiM aura unameM mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sAtha jur3I alaukikatAe~ yahI siddha karatI haiM ki ve mahAvIra kI jIvana-gAthA kA atiraMjita citra hI upasthita karate haiN| isaliye mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sambandha meM jo bhI tathya hameM upalabdha haiM, ve prAmANika rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke isI upadhAnazruta meM upalabdha haiN| isameM mahAvIra ke dIkSita hone kA jo vivaraNa hai usase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki ve eka vastra lekara dIkSita hue the aura lagabhaga eka varSa ke kucha adhika samaya ke pazcAt unhoMne usa vastra kA bhI parityAga kara diyA aura pUrNata: acela ho gye|22 mahAvIra ke jIvana kI yaha ghaTanA hI vastra ke sambandha meM sampUrNa jaina paramparA ke dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kara detI hai| isakA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki mahAvIra ne apanI sAdhanA kA prArambha sacelatA se kiyA, kintu kucha hI samaya pazcAt unhoMne pUrNa acelatA ko hI apanA Adarza maanaa| paravartI Agama granthoM meM evaM unakI vyAkhyAoM meM mahAvIra ke eka varSa pazcAt vastra-tyAga karane ke sandarbha meM aneka pravAda yA mAnyatAyeM pracalita haiN| yApanIya grantha bhagavatIArAdhanA aura zvetAmbara Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM ina pravAdoM yA mAnyatAoM kA ullekha hai|23 yahA~ hama una pravAdoM meM na jAkara kevala itanA hI batA denA paryApta samajhate haiM ki prArambha meM mahAvIra ne vastra liyA thA aura bAda meM vastra kA parityAga

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84 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna kara diyaa| vaha vastra-tyAga kisa rUpa meM huA yaha adhika mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| yadi hama mahAvIra ke samakAlIna anya zramaNa-paramparAoM kI vastra-grahaNa sambandhI avadhAraNAoM para vicAra kareM to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki usa yuga meM savastra aura nirvastra donoM prakAra kI zramaNa paramparAe~ pracalita thiiN| unameM se pArzva ke sambandha meM uttarAdhyayana aura usake paravartI sAhitya meM jo kucha sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiM, una sabase eka mata se pArzva kI paramparA, savastra paramparA siddha hotI hai| svayaM uttarAdhyayana kA teIsavA~ adhyayana isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki pArzva kI paramparA sacela paramparA thii| isI prakAra bauddha paramparA bhI sacela thii| dUsarI ora AjIvaka sampradAya pUrNata: acelatA kA pratipAdaka thaa| yaha sambhava hai ki mahAvIra ne apane vaMzAnugata pApityIya paramparA ke prabhAva se eka vastra grahaNa karake apanI sAdhanA-yAtrA prArambha kI ho| kalpasUtra meM unake dIkSita hote samaya AbhUSaNa-tyAga kA ullekha hai vastra-tyAga kA nhiiN| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra uttara vihAra ke vaizAlI janapada meM zIta Rtu ke prathama mAsa ( mArgazIrSa ) meM dIkSita hue the| usa kSetra kI bhayaMkara sardI ko dhyAna meM rakhakara parivAra ke logoM ke ati Agraha ke kAraNa sambhavata: mahAvIra ne dIkSita hote samaya eka vastra svIkAra kiyA ho| merI dRSTi meM isameM bhI pArivArika Agraha hI pramukha kAraNa rahA hogaa| mahAvIra ne sadaiva hI parivAra ke variSThajanoM ko sammAna diyaa| yahI kAraNa rahA ki mAtApitA ke jIvita rahate unhoMne pravrajyA nahIM lii| puna: bar3e bhAI ke Agraha se do varSa aura gRhasthAvasthA meM rhe| sambhavataH zIta Rtu meM dIkSita hote samaya bhAI yA parijanoM ke Agraha se unhoMne vaha eka vastra liyA ho| sambhava hai ki vidAI kI usa belA meM parijanoM ke isa choTe se Agraha ko ThukarAnA unheM ucita na lagA ho| kintu usake bAda unhoMne kaThora sAdhanA kA nirNaya lekara usa vastra kA upayoga zarIrAdi Dhakane ke liye nahIM karUMgA, aisA nizcaya kiyA aura dUsare varSa ke zItakAla kI samApti para unhoMne usa vastra kA bhI parityAga kara diyaa| AcArAMga se ina sabhI tathyoM kI puSTi hotI hai| usake pazcAt ve AjIvana acela hI rahe, isa tathya ko svIkAra karane meM zvetAmbara, yApanIya aura digambara tInoM meM se kisI ko bhI koI vipratipatti nahIM hai| tInoM hI paramparAe~ eka mata se yaha svIkAra karatI haiM ki mahAvIra acela dharma ke hI pratipAlaka aura pravaktA the| mahAvIra kA sacela dIkSita honA bhI svaicchika nahIM thA, vastra unhoMne liyA nahIM, apitu unake kandhe para DAla diyA gayA thaa| yApanIya AcArya aparAjitasUri ne isa pravAda kA ullekha kiyA hai - ve kahate haiM ki yaha to upasarga huA, siddhAnta nhiiN| AcArAMga meM unake vastra grahaNa ko 'anudharma' kahA gayA hai, arthAt yaha paramparA kA anupAlana

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna mAtra thaa| ho sakatA hai ki unhoMne mAtra apanI kula paramparA arthAt pAzrvApatya paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA ho / zvetAmbara AcArya usakI vyAkhyA meM indra dvArA pradatta devaduSya vastra grahaNa karane kI bAta kahate haiM / yaha mAtra paramparAgata vizvAsa hai, isa sambandha meM koI prAcIna ullekha nahIM hai| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA . upadhAnazruta mAtra vastra - grahaNa kI bAta kahatA hai / vaha vastra indra dvArA pradatta devaduSya thA, aisA ullekha nahIM krtaa| merI dRSTi meM isa 'anudharma' meM 'anu' zabda kA artha vahI hai jo aNuvrata meM 'anu' zabda kA hai arthAt AMzika tyAga / vastutaH mahAvIra kA lakSya to pUrNa acelatA kA thA, kintu prArambha meM unhoMne vastra kA AMzika tyAga hI kiyA thaa| jaba eka varSa kI sAdhanA se unheM yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa ho gayA ki ve apanI kAma vAsanA para pUrNa vijaya prApta kara cuke haiM aura do zItakAloM ke vyatIta ho jAne se unheM yaha anubhava ho gayA ki unakA zarIra usa zIta ko sahane meM pUrNa samartha hai, to unhoMne vastra kA pUrNa tyAga kara diyA / 24 jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra ne dIkSita hote samaya mAtra sAmAyika cAritra hI liyA thA, mahAvratoM kA grahaNa nahIM kiyA thA / zvetAmbara AgamoM kA kathana hai ki sabhI tIrthaGkara eka devaduSya lekara sAmAyika cAritra kI pratijJA se hI dIkSita hote haiN| " yaha isI tathya ko puSTa karatA hai ki sAmAyika cAritra se dIkSita hote samaya eka vastra grahaNa karane kI paramparA rahI hogI / 85 niSkarSa yaha hai ki mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kA prArambha sacelatA se huA kintu usakI pariniSpatti acelatA meM huii| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM sacelatA aNudharma thA aura acelatA mukhya dharma thaa| mahAvIra dvArA vastra grahaNa karane meM unake kuladharma arthAt pAzrvApatya paramparA kA prabhAva ho sakatA hai kintu pUrNa acelatA kA nirNaya yA to unakA svataHsphUrta thA yA phira AjIvaka paramparA kA prbhaav| yaha satya hai ki mahAvIra pAzrvapatya paramparA se prabhAvita rahe haiM aura unhoMne pArvApatya paramparA ke dArzanika siddhAntoM ko grahaNa bhI kiyA hai, kintu vaicArika dRSTi se pAzrvApatyoM ke nikaTa hote hue bhI AcAra kI dRSTi se ve unase santuSTa nahIM the / pArzvapatyoM ke zithilAcAra ke ullekha aura usakI samAlocanA jainadharma kI sacela aura acela donoM paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM milatI hai / 26 yahI kAraNa thA ki mahAvIra ne pArzvApatyoM kI AcAra-vyavasthA meM vyApaka sudhAra kiye| sambhava hai ki acelatA ke sambandha meM ve AjIvakoM se prabhAvita hue hoM / harmana jaikobI Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI isa sandarbha meM mahAvIra para AjIvakoM kA prabhAva hone kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| hamAre kucha digambara vidvAn yaha mata rakhate haiM ki mahAvIra kI acelatA

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86 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna se prabhAvita hokara AjIvakoM ne acelatA ( nagnatA ) ko svIkAra kiyA, kintu yaha unakI bhrAnti hai aura aitihAsika dRSTi se satya bhI nahIM hai| cAhe gozAlaka mahAvIra ke ziSya ke rUpa meM unake sAtha lagabhaga chaH varSa taka rahA ho, kintu na to gozAlaka se prabhAvita hokara mahAvIra nagna hue aura na mahAvIra kI nagnatA kA prabhAva gozAlaka ke mAdhyama se AjIvakoM para hI par3A, kyoMki gozAlaka mahAvIra ke pAsa unake dUsare nAlandA cAturmAsa ke madhya pahu~cA thA, jabaki mahAvIra usake ATha mAsa pUrva hI acela ho cuke the| dUsare yaha ki AjIvakoM kI paramparA gozAlaka ke pUrva bhI astitva meM thI, gozAlaka AjIvaka paramparA kA pravartaka nahIM thaa| na kevala bhagavatIsUtra meM, apit pAlitripaTaka meM bhI gozAlaka ke pUrva hue AjIvaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM ke ullekha upalabdha hote haiN| yadi AjIvaka sampradAya mahAvIra ke pUrva astitva meM thA, to isa sambhAvanA se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usakI acelatA Adi kucha AcAra paramparAoM ne mahAvIra ko prabhAvita kiyA ho| ata: pAzrvApatya paramparA ke prabhAva se mahAvIra ke dvArA vastra kA grahaNa karanA aura AjIvaka paramparA ke prabhAva se vastra kA parityAga karanA mAtra kAlpanika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| usake pIche aitihAsika evaM manovaijJAnika AdhAra hai| mahAvIra kA darzana pApityoM se aura AcAra AjIvakoM se prabhAvita rahA hai| jahA~ taka mahAvIra kI ziSya-paramparA kA prazna hai yadi gozAlaka ko mahAvIra kA ziSya mAnA jAya, to vaha acela rUpa meM hI mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA thA aura acela hI rhaa| jahA~ taka gautama Adi gaNadharoM aura mahAvIra ke anya prArambhika ziSyoM kA prazna hai mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki unhoMne jinakalpa arthAt bhagavAn mahAvIra kI acelatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hogA, kyoMki yadi gaNadhara gautama sacela hote yA sacela paramparA ke poSaka hote to zrAvastI meM huI paricarcA meM kezI unase sacelatA aura acelatA ke sambandha meM koI prazna hI nahIM krte| ata: zrAvastI meM huI isa paricarcA ke pUrva mahAvIra kA muni-saMgha pUrNata: acela hI rahA hogaa| usameM vastra kA praveza kramaza: kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para hI huA hogaa| mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sacelatA ke praveza ke nimnalikhita kAraNa sambhAvita haiM - 1. sarvaprathama jaba mahAvIra ke saMgha meM striyoM ko pravrajyA pradAna kI gaI to unheM savastra hI dIkSita kiyA gayA kyoMki loka-lajjA, mAsika dharma Adi zArIrika kAraNoM se unheM nagna rUpa meM dIkSita kiyA jAnA ucita nahIM thaa| acelatA kI sampoSaka digambara paramparA bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karatI hai ki

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 87 mahAvIra ke saMgha meM AryikAe~ savastra hI hotI thiiN| jaba eka bAra AryikAoM ke saMdarbha meM vizeSa paristhiti meM vastra grahaNa kI svIkRti dI gaI to isane muni-saMgha meM bhI ApavAdika paristhiti meM jaise bhagandara Adi roga hone para vastra-grahaNa kA dvAra udghATita kara diyaa| sAmAnyatayA to vastra parigraha hI thA kintu striyoM ke liye aura apavAdamArga meM muniyoM ke liye use saMyamopakaraNa mAna liyA gyaa| 2. puna: jaba mahAvIra ke saMgha meM yuvA dIkSita hone lage hoMge to mahAvIra ko unheM bhI savastra rahane kI anumati denI par3I hogI, kyoMki unake jIvana meM liMgotthAna aura vIryapAta kI ghaTanAe~ sambhava thiiN| ye aisI sAmAnya manodaihika ghaTanAe~ haiM jinase yuvA muni kA pUrNata: baca pAnA asambhava hai| manodaihika dRSTi se yuvAvasthA meM cAhe kAmavAsanA para niyantraNa rakhA jA sakatA ho kintu ukta sthitiyoM kA pUrNa nirmUlana sambhava nahIM hotA hai| nirgrantha saMgha meM yuvA muniyoM meM ye ghaTanAe~ ghaTita hotI thIM, aise Agamika ullekha haiN| yadi ye ghaTanAe~ araNya meM ghaTita hoM, to utanI cintanIya nahIM thIM kintu bhikSA, pravacana Adi ke samaya striyoM kI upasthiti meM ina ghaTanAoM kA ghaTita honA na kevala usa muni kI cAritrika pratiSThA ke liye ghAtaka thA, balki sampUrNa nirgrantha muni-saMgha kI pratiSThA para eka prazna-cihna khar3A karatA thaa| ata: yaha Avazyaka samajhA gayA ki jaba taka vAsanA pUrNataH mara na jAya, taba taka aise yuvA muni ke liye nagna rahane yA jinakalpa dhAraNa karane kI anumati na dI jaay| zvetAmbara mAnya Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM to yaha spaSTa nirdeza hai ki 30 varSa kI vaya ke pUrva jinakalpa dhAraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| satya to yaha hai ki nirgrantha saMgha meM sacela aura acela aise do varga sthApita ho jAne para yaha vyavasthA dI gaI ki yuvA muniyoM ko chedopasthApanIya cAritra na diyA jAkara mAtra sAmAyika cAritra diyA jAya, kyoMki jaba taka vyakti sampUrNa parigraha tyAga karake acela nahIM ho jAtA, taba taka use chedopasthApanIya cAritra nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra ne hI sarvaprathama sAmAyika cAritra evaM chedopasthApanIya cAritra ( mahAvratAropaNa ) aise do prakAra ke cAritroM kI vyavasthA kI jo Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA meM choTI dIkSA aura bar3I dIkSA ke nAma se pracalita hai| yuvA muniyoM ke liye 'kSullaka' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA aura usake AcAra-vyavahAra ke hetu kucha viziSTa niyama banAye gaye, jo Aja bhI uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika ke kSullakAdhyayanoM meM upasthita haiN| mahAvIra ne chedopasthApanIya cAritra kI vyavasthA una praur3ha muniyoM ke liye kI, jo apanI vAsanAoM para pUrNa niyantraNa prApta kara cuke the aura acela rahane meM samartha the| 'chedopasthApanA' zabda kA tAtparya bhI yahI hai ki pUrva dIkSA paryAya ko

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna samApta (cheda ) kara navIna dIkSA ( upasthApana ) denaa| Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA meM chedopasthApanA ke samaya hI mahAvratAropaNa karAyA jAtA hai aura tabhI dIkSita vyakti kI saMgha meM krama-sthiti arthAt jyeSThatA / kaniSThatA nirdhArita hotI hai aura use saMgha kA sadasya mAnA jAtA hai| sAmAyika cAritra grahaNa karane vAlA muni saMgha meM rahate hue bhI usakA sadasya nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| isa carcA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki nirgrantha muni saMgha meM sacela ( kSullaka ) aura acela ( muni) aise do prakAra ke vargoM kA nirdhAraNa mahAvIra ne yA to apane jIvana kAla meM hI kara diyA hogA yA unake parinirvANa ke kucha samaya pazcAt kara diyA gayA hogaa| Aja bhI digambara paramparA meM sAdhaka kI kSullaka ( do vastradhArI ), ailaka ( eka vastradhArI ) aura muni ( acela ) aisI tIna vyavasthAe~ haiM / ataH prAcInakAla meM bhI aisI vyavasthA rahI hogI isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki ina sabhI sandarbhoM meM vastra - grahaNa kA kAraNa loka-lajjA yA lokApavAda aura zArIrika sthiti hI thA / 88 3. mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra ke praveza kA tIsarA kAraNa sampUrNa uttara bhArata, himAlaya ke tarAI kSetra tathA rAjasthAna meM zIta kA tIvra prakopa honA thaa| mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM sthita ve muni jo yA to vRddhAvasthA meM hI dIkSita ho rahe the yA vRddhAvasthA kI ora agrasara ho rahe the, unakA zarIra isa bhayaMkara zIta ke prakopa kA sAmanA karane meM kaThinAI kA anubhava kara rahA thaa| aise sabhI muniyoM ke dvArA yaha bhI sambhava nahIM thA ki ve saMthArA grahaNa kara una zItalaharoM kA sAmanA karate hue apane prANotsarga kara deN| aise muniyoM ke liye apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM zIta - nivAraNa ke liye eka UnI vastra rakhane kI anumati dI gii| ye muni rahate to acela hI the, kintu rAtri meM zIta-nivAraNArtha usa UnI vastra ( kambala ) kA upayoga kara lete the| yaha vyavasthA sthavira yA vRddha muniyoM ke liye thI aura isaliye ise 'sthavirakalpa' kA nAma diyA gyaa| mathurA se prApta IsvI san prathamadvitIya zatI kI jina pratimAoM kI pAda- pITha para yA phalakoM para jo muni pratimAe~ aMkita haiM ve nagna hokara bhI kambala aura mukhavastrikA liye hue haiN| merI dRSTi meM yaha vyavasthA bhI ApavAdika hI thI / hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra kA jo muni saMgha dakSiNa bhArata yA dakSiNa madhya bhArata meM rahA usameM acelatA surakSita raha sakI, kintu jo muni saMgha uttara evaM pazcimottara bhArata meM rahA usameM zIta- prakopa kI tIvratA kI deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa vastra kA praveza ho gyaa| Aja bhI hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ bhArata ke dakSiNa aura dakSiNa-madhya kSetra meM digambara paramparA kA bAhulya hai, vahA~

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna pazcimottara bhArata meM zvetAmbara paramparA kA bAhulya hai| vastutaH isakA kAraNa jalavAyu hI hai| dakSiNa meM jahA~ zItakAla meM Aja bhI tApamAna 25-30 DigrI selsiyasa se nIce nahIM jAtA, vahA~ nagna rahanA kaThina nahIM hai kintu himAlaya ke tarAI kSetra, pazcimottara bhArata evaM rAjasthAna jahA~ tApamAna zUnya DigrI se bhI nIce calA jAtA hai, vahA~ zItakAla meM acela rahanA kaThina hai / punaH eka yuvA sAdhaka ko zIta sahana karane meM utanI kaThinAI nahIM hotI jitanI ki vRddha tapasvI sAdhaka ko / ataH jina kSetroM meM zIta kI adhikatA thI una kSetroM meM vastra kA praveza svAbhAvika hI thA / AcAsaMga meM hameM aise muniyoM ke ullekha upalabdha haiM jo zItakAla meM sardI se thara-thara kA~pate the / jo loga unake AcAra, arthAt Aga jalAkara zIta nivAraNa karane ke niSedha se paricita nahIM the, unheM yaha zaMkA bhI hotI thI ki kahIM unakA zarIra kAmAvega meM to nahIM kA~pa rahA hai| yaha jJAta hone para ki inakA zarIra sardI se kA~pa rahA hai, kabhI-kabhI ve zarIra ko tapAne ke liye Aga jalA dene ko kahate the, jisakA una muniyoM ko niSedha karanA hotA thaa| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra - praveza ke liye uttara bhArata kI bhayaMkara sardI bhI eka mukhya kAraNa rahI hai| 89 4. mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra ke praveza kA tIsarA kAraNa pArzva kI paramparA ke muniyoM kA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita honA bhI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki pArzva kI paramparA ke muni sacela hote the / ve adhovastra aura uttarIya donoM hI dhAraNa karate the| hameM sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, rAjapraznIya Adi meM na kevala pArzva kI paramparA ke muniyoM ke ullekha milate haiM apitu unake dvArA mahAvIra ke saMgha meM punaH dIkSita hone ke sandarbha bhI milate haiN| ina sandarbhoM kA sUkSmatA se vizleSaNa karane para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki pArzva kI paramparA ke kucha muniyoM ne to mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita hote samaya acelakatva grahaNa kiyA, kintu kucha aise bhI the jinhoMne acelatA ko grahaNa nahIM kiyaa| sambhava hai kucha pAzrvApatyoM ko sacela rahane kI anumati dekara sAmAyika cAritra ke sAtha mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita kiyA gayA hogaa| isa prakAra mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM yA usake kucha pazcAt nirgrantha saMgha meM sacela acela donoM prakAra kI eka milI-julI vyavasthA svIkAra kara lI gayI thI aura pArzva kI paramparA meM pracalita sacelatA ko bhI mAnyatA pradAna kara dI gayI / niSkarSataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM prArambha meM to muni kI acelatA para hI bala diyA gayA thA, kintu kAlAntara meM lokalajjA aura zIta- parISaha se bacane ke liye ApavAdika rUpa meM vastra-grahaNa ko

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna mAnyatA pradAna kara dI gyii| zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura digambaroM dvArA mAnya yApanIya granthoM meM una ApavAdika sthitiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai, jinameM muni vastra-grahaNa kara sakatA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya sthAnAMgasUtra ( 3/3/347 ) meM vastragrahaNa ke nimnalikhita tIna kAraNoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai - 1. lajjA ke nivAraNa ke liye ( liMgotthAna hone para lajjita na honA par3e, isa hetu ) / 2. jugupsA ( ghRNA ) ke nivAraNa ke liye ( liMga yA aNDakoSa vidrUpa hone para loga ghRNA na kareM, isa hetu ) / . .. 3. parISaha ( zIta-parISaha ) ke nivAraNa ke liye| sthAnAMgasUtra meM varNita uparyukta tIna kAraNoM meM prathama do kA samAveza loka-lajjA meM ho jAtA hai, kyoMki jugupsA kA nivAraNa bhI eka prakAra se lokalajjA kA nivAraNa hI hai| donoM meM antara yaha hai ki lajjA kA bhAva svata: meM nihita hotA hai aura ghRNA dUsaroM ke dvArA kI jAtI hai, kintu donoM kA uddezya lokApavAda se bacanA hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA meM mAnya, kintu mUlata: yApanIya grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA ( 76 ) kI TIkA meM nimnalikhita tIna ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM vastra-grahaNa kI svIkRti pradAna kI gayI hai - 1. jisakA liMga ( puruSa-cihna ) evaM aNDakoSa vidrupa ho, 2. jo mahAn sampattizAlI athavA lajjAlu hai, 3. jisake svajana mithyAdRSTi haiN| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki prArambha meM nirgrantha saMgha meM muni ke liye vastragrahaNa eka ApavAdika vyavasthA hI thii| utsarga yA zreSTha mArga to acelatA ko hI mAnA gayA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya AcArAMga, sthAnAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM na kevala muni kI acelatA ke pratipAdaka sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM apitu acelatA kI prazaMsA bhI upalabdha hotI hai| unameM bhI vastra-grahaNa kI anumati mAtra loka-lajjA ke nivAraNa aura zIta-nivAraNa ke liye hI hai| AcArAMga meM cAra prakAra ke muniyoM ke ullekha haiM - 1. acela, 2. eka vastradhArI, 3. do vastradhArI aura 4. tIna vstrdhaarii| 1. inameM acela to sarvathA nagna rahate the| ye jinakalpI kahalAte the| 2. eka vastradhArI bhI do prakAra ke hote the -

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 91 ( a ) kucha eka vastradhArI rahate to acela hI the, kintu apane pAsa eka UnI vastra rakhate the, jisakA upayoga nagarAdi meM praveza ke samaya loka-lajjA ke nivAraNa ke liye aura sardiyoM kI rAtriyoM meM zIta-nivAraNa ke liye karate the| ye sthavirakalpI kahalAte the| - ( ba ) kucha eka vastradhArI mAtra adhovastra dhAraNa karate the, jaise vartamAna meM digambara paramparA ke ailaka dhAraNa karate haiN| ailaka eka celaka ( vastradhArI ) kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai| ise Agama meM ekazATaka kahA gayA hai| . 3. do vastradhArI, jinheM sAntarottara bhI kahA gayA hai, eka adhovastra va eka uttarIya rakhate the jaise vartamAna meM kSullaka rakhate haiM - adhovastra loka-lajjA hetu aura uttarIya zIta-nivAraNa hetu| 4. tIna vastradhArI adhovastra aura uttarIya ke sAtha-sAtha zIta-nivAraNArtha eka UnI kambala bhI rakhate hoNge| yaha vyavasthA Aja ke zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sAdhuoM meM hai| AcArAMga spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha karatA hai ki vastradhArI muni vastra ke jIrNa hone para evaM grISmakAla ke Agamana para jIrNa vastroM kA tyAga karate hue acelatA kI dizA meM Age bddh'e| tIna vastradhArI kramaza: apane parigraha ko kama karate hue sAntarottara athavA eka zATaka athavA acela ho ge| hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAMga meM varNita vastra sambandhI yaha vyavasthA acelatA kA ati-Agraha rakhane vAlI digambara paramparA meM bhI muni, ailaka aura kSullaka ke rUpa meM Aja bhI pracalita hai| usakA kSullaka AcArAMga kA sAntarottara hai aura ailaka ekazATaka tathA muni acela hai| * zvetAmbara paramparA meM paravartI kAla meM bhI jo vastra-pAtra kA vikAsa huA aura vastra-grahaNa ko aparihArya mAnA gayA usake pIche mUla meM parigraha yA saMcaya vRtti na hokara dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~, saMghIya jIvana kI AvazyakatAe~ evaM saMyama arthAt ahiMsA kI paripAlanA hI pramukha thii| nirgrantha saMgha meM jaba aparigraha mahAvrata ke sthAna para ahiMsA ke mahAvrata kI paripAlanA para adhika bala diyA gayA to pratilekhana yA picchI se lekara kramaza: aneka upakaraNa bar3ha gye| zvetAmbara paramparA ke mAnya kucha paravartI AgamoM meM muni ke jina caudaha upakaraNoM kA ullekha milatA hai unameM adhikAMza pAtra-pochana, paTala Adi ke kAraNa hone vAlI jIva hiMsA se bacane ke liye hI hai| oghaniyukti 27 (691) meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki jina ne SaTkAya jIvoM ke rakSaNa ke liye hI pAtra grahaNa kI anujJA dI hai| zArIrika sukha-suvidhA aura pradarzana kI dRSTi se jo vastrAdi upakaraNoM

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna kA vikAsa huA hai vaha bahuta hI paravartI ghaTanA hai aura prAcIna stara ke mAnya AgamoM se samarthita nahIM hai aura muni AcAra kA vikRta rUpa hI hai aura yaha vikAra yati paramparA ke rUpa meM zvetAmbaroM aura bhaTTAraka paramparA ke rUpa meM digambaroM, donoM meM AyA hai| kintu jo loga vastra ke sambandha meM AgrahapUrNa dRSTikoNa rakhate haiM unheM yaha samajha lenA cAhiye ki vastra kA grahaNa eka manodaihika evaM sAmAjika AvazyakatA thI aura usase zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAe~ prabhAvita huI haiN| digambara paramparA meM ailaka aura kSullaka kI vyavasthA to isa AvazyakatA kI sUcaka hai hI, kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha unameM jo savastra bhaTTArakoM kI paramparA kA vikAsa huA, usake pIche bhI uparokta manodaihika kAraNa aura laukika paristhitiyA~ hI mukhya rhiiN| kyA kAraNa thA ki acelatA kI samarthaka isa paramparA meM bhI lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka nagna muniyoM kA abhAva rhaa| Aja digambara paramparA meM zAntisAgarajI se jo nagna muniyoM kI paramparA puna: jIvita huI hai, usakA itihAsa to 100 varSa se adhika kA nahIM hai| lagabhaga gyArahavIM zatI se unnIsavIM zatI taka digambara muniyoM kA prAya: abhAva hI rahA hai| Aja ina donoM paramparAoM meM sacelatA aura acelatA ke prazna para jo itanA vivAda khar3A kara diyA gayA hai, vaha donoM kI Agamika vyavasthAoM aura jIvita paramparAoM ke sandarbha meM ImAnadArI se vicAra karane para nagaNya hI raha jAtA hai| hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki hama apane matAgrahoM se na to Agamika vyavasthAoM ko dekhane kA prayatna karate haiM aura na una kAraNoM kA vicAra karate haiM, jinase kisI AcAra-vyavasthA meM parivartana hotA hai| durbhAgya hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA ne jinakalpa ke viccheda ke nAma para usa acelatA kA apalApa kiyA, jo usake pUrvaja AcAryoM ke dvArA lagabhaga IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka Acarita rahI aura jisake sandarbha unake AgamoM meM Aja bhI haiN| vahIM dUsarI ora digambara paramparA meM sacela muni hI nahIM hotA hai, yaha kahakara na kevala mahAvIra kI mUla-bhUta anekAntika dRSTi kA ullaMghana kiyA gayA, apitu apane hI AgamoM aura pracalita vyavasthAoM ko nakAra diyA gyaa| hama pUchate haiM ki kyA ailaka aura kSullaka gRhastha haiM aura yadi aisA mAnA jAya to inake mUla artha kA hI apalApa hogaa| yadi hama niSpakSa dRSTi se dekheM to nirgrantha saMgha meM prAcInakAla se hI kSullakoM ( yuvA-muni ) aura sthaviroM ( vRddha-muniyoM ) ke liye vastra-grahaNa kI paramparA mAnya rahI hai| kSullaka loka-lajjA ke liye aura sthavira ( vRddha ) daihika AvazyakatA ke liye vastra-grahaNa karatA hai| 'kSullaka muni nahIM haiM' yaha udghoSa

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna kevala ekAntatA kA sUcaka hai| 'kSullaka' zabda apane Apa meM isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki vaha prArambhika stara kA muni hai, gRhastha nahIM, kyoMki 'kSullaka' kA artha choTA hotA hai| vaha choTA muni hI ho sakatA hai, gRhastha nhiiN| prAcIna AgamoM meM vastradhArI yuvA muni ke liye hI 'kSullaka' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| AcArAMga tathA anya purAtAttvika sAkSyoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki nirgrantha saMgha meM yA to mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM yA nirvANa ke kucha hI samaya pazcAt sacela-acela muniyoM kI eka milI-julI vyavasthA ho gaI thii| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki aisI doharI vyavasthA mAnya karane para paraspara AlocanA ke svara bhI mukharita hue hoNge| yahI kAraNa hai ki AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha nirdeza diyA gayA ki acela muni, ekazATaka, sAntarottara athavA tIna vastradhArI muni paraspara eka dUsare kI nindA na kreN| jJAtavya hai ki saMgha-bheda kA kAraNa yaha milI-julI vyavasthA nahIM thI, apit isameM apanI-apanI zreSThatA kA mithyA ahaMkAra hI Age calakara saMgha-bheda kA kAraNa banA hai| jaba sacelakoM ne acelakoM kI sAdhanA sambandhI viziSTatA ko asvIkAra kiyA aura acelakoM ne sacelaka ko muni mAnane se inkAra kiyA to saMgha-bheda honA svAbhAvika hI thaa| aitihAsika satya to yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt jo nirgrantha muni dakSiNa bihAra, ur3IsA aura Andhra pradeza ke rAste se tamilanADu aura karnATaka meM pahu~ce, ve vahA~ kI jalavAyugata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa apanI acelatA ko yathAvata kAyama rakha sake, kyoMki vahA~ sardI par3atI hI nahIM hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kSullaka aura. ailaka dIkSAe~ hotI rahI hoMgI, kintu acelaka muni ko sarvopari mAnane ke kAraNa unameM koI vivAda nahIM huaa| dakSiNa bhArata meM acela rahanA sambhava thA, isaliye usake prati AdarabhAva banA rhaa| phira bhI lagabhaga pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI ke pazcAt vahA~ bhI hindU-maThAdhIzoM ke prabhAva se savastra bhaTTAraka paramparA kA kramika vikAsa huA aura dhIre-dhIre dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatI se vyavahAra meM acelatA samApta ho gyii| kevala acelatA ke prati saiddhAntika Adara bhAva banA rhaa| Aja vahA~ jo digambara haiM, ve isa kAraNa digambara nahIM haiM ki ve nagna rahate haiM apitu isa kAraNa haiM ki acelatA/digambaratva ke prati unameM Adara bhAva hai| mahAvIra kA jo nimrantha saMgha bihAra se pazcimottara bhArata kI ora Age bar3hA, usameM jalavAyu tathA muniyoM kI bar3hatI saMkhyA ke kAraNa vastra-pAtra kA vikAsa huaa| prathama zaka, hUNa Adi videzI saMskRti ke prabhAva se tathA dasare jalavAyu ke kAraNa se isa kSetra meM nagnatA ko heya dRSTi se dekhA jAne lagA, jabaki

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94 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna dakSiNa bhArata meM nagnatA ke prati heya bhAva nahIM thaa| loka-lajjA aura zItanivAraNa ke liye eka vastra rakhA jAne lgaa| prArambha meM to uttara bhArata kA yaha nirgrantha saMgha rahatA to acela hI thA, kintu apane pAsa eka vastra rakhatA thA jisakA upayoga nagarAdi meM praveza karate samaya loka-lajjA ke nivAraNa ke liye aura zIta Rtu meM sardI sahana na hone kI sthiti meM or3hane ke liye kiyA jAtA thaa| mathurA se aneka aise acela jaina muniyoM kI pratimAe~ prApta huI haiM jinake hAtha meM yaha vastra (kambala) isa prakAra pradarzita hai ki unakI nagnatA chipa jAtI hai| uttara bhArata meM nirgranthoM, maniyoM kI isa sthiti ko hI dhyAna meM rakhakara sambhavata: pAlitripiTaka meM nirgranthoM ko ekazATaka kahA gayA hai| hameM prAcIna arthAt IsA kI pahalI-dUsarI zatI ke jo bhI sAhityika aura purAtAttvika pramANa milate haiM unase yahI siddha hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM zIta aura loka-lajjA ke liye vastra grahaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| zvetAmbara mAnya Agamika vyAkhyAoM se jo sUcanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM, unase bhI yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra kA praveza hote hue bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga cha: sau varSa taka acelakatva utsarga yA zreSThamArga ke rUpa meM mAnya rahA hai| zvetAmbara Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se hI hameM yaha bhI sUcanA milatI hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke aneka AcAryoM ne samaya-samaya para vastra grahaNa kI bar3hatI huI pravRtti ke virodha meM apane svara mukharita kiye the| Arya bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt bhI uttara-bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM Arya mahAgiri, Arya zivabhUti, Arya rakSita Adi ne vastravAda kA virodha kiyA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki ina sabhI ko zvetAmbara paramparA apane pUrvAcAryoM ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra karatI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, inake dvArA vastravAda ke virodha kA ullekha bhI karatI hai| isa sabase yahI phalita hotA hai uttara bhArata kI nirgrantha paramparA meM Age calakara vastra ko jo aparihArya mAna liyA gayA aura vastroM kI saMkhyA meM jo-vRddhi huI vaha eka paravartI ghaTanA hai aura vahI saMgha-bheda kA mukhya kAraNa bhI hai| jaina sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika sAkSyoM ke atirikta nirgrantha muniyoM ke dvArA vastra-grahaNa karane ke sambandha meM yathArtha sthiti kA jJAna jainetara sAkSyoM se bhI upalabdha hotA hai, jo ati mahattvapUrNa hai| inameM sabase prAcIna sandarbha pAlitripiTaka kA hai| pAlitripiTaka meM pramukha rUpa se do aise sandarbha haiM jahA~ nirgrantha kI vastra-sambandhI sthiti kA saMketa milatA hai| prathama sandarbha to nirgrantha kA vivaraNa dete hue spaSTatayA yaha kahatA hai ki nirgrantha ekazATaka the28, isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki buddha ke samaya yA kama se kama pAlitripiTaka ke racanAkAla arthAt

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna I0 pU0 tRtIya - caturtha zatI meM nirgranthoM meM eka vastra kA prayoga hotA thA, anyathA unheM ekazATaka kabhI nahIM kahA jaataa| jahA~ AjIvaka sarvathA nagna rahate the, vahA~ nirgrantha eka vastra rakhate the| isase yahI sUcita hotA hai ki vastra grahaNa kI paramparA ati prAcIna hai / punaH nirgrantha ke ekazATaka hone kA yaha ullekha pAlitripiTaka meM jJAtRputra mahAvIra kI carcA ke prasaMga meM huA hai| ataH sAmAnya rUpa se ise pArzva kI paramparA kaha denA bhI ThIka nahIM hogaa| phira bhI yadi isameM cAturyAma kI avadhAraNA ke ullekha ke AdhAra para ise pArzva kI paramparA se sambandhita mAneM to bhI itanA avazya hai ki mahAvIra ke saMgha meM pArzvapatyoM ke praveza ke sAtha-sAtha vastra kA praveza ho gayA thaa| cAhe nirgrantha paramparA pArzva kI rahI ho yA mahAvIra kI, yaha nirvivAda hai ki nirgrantha saMgha meM prAcInakAla se hI vastra ke sambandha meM vaikalpika vyavasthA mAnya rahI hai, phira cAhe vaha apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM yA sthavira kalpa ke rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho| 95 0 pAlitripiTaka19 ke eka anya prasaMga meM mahAvIra ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt nirgrantha saMgha ke pArasparika kalaha aura usake do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hone kA nimna ullekha milatA hai| ve eka-dUsare kI AlocanA karate hue kahate the "tU isa dharma vinaya ko nahIM jaantaa| maiM isa dharma vinaya ko jAnatA huuN| tU kyA isa dharma vinaya ko jAnegA ? aadi-aadi|" isa vivAda ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM do prakAra ke mata haiN| muni kalyANavijayajI Adi kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra yaha vivaraNa mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM hI unake aura gozAlaka ke bIca hue usa vivAda kA sUcaka hai, jisake kAraNa mahAvIra ke nirvANa kA pravAda bhI pracalita ho gayA thaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM hameM isa vivAda kA vistRta ullekha milatA hai| isameM vastrAdi ke sandarbha meM koI carcA nahIM hai| mAtra mahAvIra para yaha Aropa hai ki ve pahale akele vana meM nivAsa karate the, aba saMgha sahita nagara yA gA~va ke upAnta meM nivAsa karate haiM aura tIrthaGkara na hokara bhI apane ko tIrthaGkara kahate haiM / kintu isa vivAda ke prasaMga meM, jo sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta hai, vaha yaha ki pAlitripiTaka meM isakA sambandha dharma - vinaya se jor3A gayA hai aura audAtta arthAt zreSTha vastra dhAraNa karane vAle nirgrantha zrAvakoM ko isa vivAda se udAsIna batAyA gayA hai / 31 isase itanA to avazya pratiphalita hotA hai ki vivAda kA mUlabhUta viSaya dharma vinaya arthAt zramaNAcAra se hI sambandhita rahA hogaa| ataH usakA eka pakSa vastrapAtra rakhane yA na rakhane se sambandhita ho sakatA hai| ina samasta carcAoM se yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki sacelatA aura acelatA kI samasyA nirgrantha saMgha kI eka purAnI samasyA hai aura isakA

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96 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna AvirbhAva pArzva aura mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha ke sammelana ke sAtha ho gayA thaa| sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki jahA~ eka ora AjIvakoM kI acelatA ne mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM sthAna pAyA, vahIM pArzva kI sacela paramparA ne bhI use prabhAvita kiyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa vastra ke sambandha meM mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM eka milIjulI vyavasthA svIkAra kI gii| utsarga mArga meM acelatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM vastra-grahaNa kI anumati dI gyii| pAlitripiTaka meM AjIvakoM ko sarvathA acelaka aura nimrantha ko ekazATaka kahA gayA hai aura isI AdhAra para ve AjIvakoM aura nirgrantha meM antara bhI karate haiM aura AjIvakoM ke liye 'acelaka' zabda kA bhI prayoga karate haiN| dhammapada kI TIkA meM buddhaghoSa kahate haiM ki kucha bhikSu acelakoM kI apekSA nirgrantha ko vareNya samajhate haiM kyoMki acelaka to sarvathA nagna rahate haiM, jabaki nirgrantha praticchAdana rakhate haiN|32 buddhaghoSa ke isa ullekha se bhI yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki nirgrantha nagara praveza Adi ke samaya jo eka vastra ( praticchAdana ) rakhate the, usase apanI nagnatA chipA lete the| isa prakAra mUla tripiTaka meM nirgrantha ko ekazATaka kahanA, puna: buddhaghoSa dvArA unake dvArA praticchAdana rakhane kA ullekha karanA aura mathurA se prApta nirgrantha muniyoM ke aMkana meM unheM eka vastra se apanI nagnatA chipAte hue dikhAnA - ye saba sAkSya yahI sUcita karate haiM ki uttara bhArata meM nirgrantha saMgha meM kama se kama I0 pU0 cauthI-tIsarI zatAbdI meM eka vastra rakhA jAtA thA aura yaha pravRtti buddhaghoSa ke kAla taka arthAt IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI taka bhI pracalita thii| vastra ke sambandha meM yApanIya dRSTikoNa yApanIya paramparA kA eka prAcIna grantha bhagavatIArAdhanA hai| isameM do prakAra ke liMga batAye gaye haiM - 1. utsargaliMga ( acela ) aura 2. apavAdaliMga ( sacela ) / ArAdhanAkAra spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki saMlekhanA grahaNa karate samaya utsargaliMgadhArI acela zramaNa kA to utsargaliMga acelatA hI hotA hai, apavAdaliMgadhArI sacela zramaNa kA bhI yadi liMga prazasta hai to use bhI utsargaliMga arthAt acelakatva grahaNa karanA caahiye| TIkAkAra aparAjita ne yahA~ utsargaliMga kA artha spaSTa karate hue sakala parigraha tyAgarUpa acelakatva ke grahaNa ko hI utsargaliMga kahA hai| isI prakAra apavAda kI vyAkhyA karate hue kAraNa sahita parigraha ko apavAdaliMga kahA hai| agalI gAthA kI TIkA meM unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se sacelaliMga ko apavAdaliMga kahA hai| isake atirikta ArAdhanAkAra zivArya evaM TIkAkAra aparAjita ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki jinakA puruSa-cihna aprazasta ho arthAt liMga carmarahita ho, atidIrgha ho, aNDakoSa atisthUla ho tathA liMga bAra-bAra

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna uttejita hotA ho to unheM sAmAnya dazA meM to apavAdaliMga arthAt sacelaliMga hI denA hotA hai, kintu aise vyaktiyoM ko bhI saMlekhanA ke samaya ekAnta meM utsargaliMga arthAt acelakatva pradAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu usameM sabhI apavAdaliMgadhAriyoM ko saMlekhanA ke samaya acelaliMga grahaNa karanA Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA hai| Age ve spaSTa likhate haiM ki jinake svajana mahAna sampattizAlI, lajjAzIla aura mithyAdRSTi arthAt jainadharma ko nahIM mAnane vAle hoM, aise vyaktiyoM ke liye na kevala sAmAnya dazA meM apitu saMlekhanA ke samaya bhI apavAdaliMga arthAt sacalatA hI upayukta hotA hai / . isa samagra carcA se spaSTataH yaha phalita hotA hai ki yApanIya sampradAya una vyaktiyoM ko, jo samRddhizAlI parivAroM se haiM, jo lajjAlu haiM tathA jinake parijana mithyAdRSTi haiM athavA jinake puruSacihna arthAt liMga carmarahita haiM, atidIrgha haiM, aNDakoSa sthUla haiM evaM liMga bAra-bAra uttejita hotA hai, ko apavAdika liMga dhAraNa karane kA nirdeza karatA hai| isa prakAra vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki uparyukta viziSTa paristhitiyoM meM vyakti sacela liMga dhAraNa kara sakatA hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki yApanIya paramparA yadyapi acelakatva para bala detI thI aura yaha bhI mAnatI thI ki samartha sAdhaka ko acelaliMga hI dhAraNa karanA cAhie kintu usake sAtha-sAtha vaha yaha mAnatI thI ki ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM sacela liMga bhI dhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ usakA zvetAmbara paramparA se spaSTa bheda yaha hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA jinakalpa kA viccheda batAkara acelaliMga kA niSedha kara rahI thI, vahA~ yApanIya paramparA samartha sAdhaka ke liye hara yuga meM acelatA kA samarthana karatI hai / jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA vastra grahaNa ko sAmAnya niyama yA utsarga mArga mAnane lagI vahA~ yApanIya paramparA use apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra karatI rahI, ataH usake anusAra AgamoM meM jo vastra - pAtra sambandhI nirdeza haiM, ve mAtra ApavAdika sthitiyoM ke haiM / durbhAgya se mujhe yApanIya granthoM meM isa tathya kA kahIM spaSTa nirdeza nahIM milA ki ApavAdika liMga meM unheM kitane vastra yA pAtra rakhe jA sakate the| yApanIya grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM yApanIya AcArya aparAjita sUri likhate haiM ki cela (vastra) kA grahaNa, parigraha kA upalakSaNa hai, ataH samasta prakAra ke parigraha kA tyAga hI Acelakya hai| Acelakya ke lAbha yA samarthana meM Age ve likhate haiM 1. acelakatva ke kAraNa tyAga dharma ( dasa dharmoM meM eka dharma) meM pravRtti hotI hai| -

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98 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 2. jo acela hotA hai, vahI akiMcana dharma ke pAlana meM tatpara hotA hai| 3. parigraha ( vastrAdi ) ke liye hiMsA ( Arambha ) meM pravRtti hotI hai, jo aparigrahI hai, vahI hiMsA ( Arambha ) nahIM karatA hai| ataH pUrNa ahiMsA ke pAlana ke liye acelatA Avazyaka hai| 4. parigraha ke liye hI jhUTha bolA jAtA hai| bAhya aura Abhyantara parigraha ke abhAva meM jhuTha bolane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hotA, ata: acela-muni satya hI bolatA hai| 5. acela meM lAghava bhI hotA hai| 6. aceladharma kA pAlana karane vAle kA adatta kA tyAga bhI sampUrNa hotA hai kyoki parigraha kI icchA hone para hI binA dI huI vastu grahaNa karane meM pravRtti hotI hai| 7. parigraha ke nimitta kaSAya ( krodha ) hotA hai, ataH parigraha ke abhAva meM kSamA bhAva rahatA hai| 8. acela ko sundara yA sampanna hone kA mada bhI nahIM hotA, ata: usameM Arjava ( saralatA ) dharma bhI hotA hai| 9. acela meM mAyA ( chipAne kI pravRtti ) nahIM hotI, ata: usake Arjava ( saralatA ) dharma bhI hotA hai| 10. acela zIta, uSNa, daMza, macchara Adi parISahoM ko sahatA hai, ata: use ghora tapa bhI hotA hai| ___saMkSepa meM acelakatva ke pAlana meM sabhI dasa zramaNa dharmoM evaM paMca mahAvratoM kA pAlana hotA hai| puna: acelakatva kI prazaMsA karate hue ve likhate haiM - 1. acelatA se zuddha saMyama kA pAlana hotA hai, pasIne, dhUla aura maila se yukta vastra meM usI yoni vAle aura usake Azraya se rahane vAle trasa jIva tathA sthAvara jIva utpanna hote haiN| vastra dhAraNa karane se unheM bAdhA bhI utpanna hotI hai| jIvoM se saMsakta vastra dhAraNa karane vAle ke dvArA uThane, baiThane, sone, vastra ko phAr3ane, kATane, bA~dhane, dhone, kUTane, dhUpa meM DAlane se jIvoM ko bAdhA ( pIr3A) hotI hai, jisase mahAn asaMyama hotA hai| 2. acelatA se indriyoM para vijaya prApta hotI hai| jisa prakAra sarpo se yukta jaMgala meM vyakti bahuta sAvadhAna rahatA hai usI prakAra jo acela hotA hai vaha indriyoM ( kAmavAsanA ) para vijaya prApta karane meM pUrNatayA sAvadhAna rahatA hai

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 99 kyoMki aisA nahIM karane para zarIra meM vikAra ( kAmottejanA ) utpanna hone para lajjita honA par3atA hai| 3. acelatA kA tIsarA guNa kaSAyarahita honA hai, kyoMki vastra ke sadbhAva meM use coroM se chipAne ke liye mAyAcAra karanA hotA hai| vastra hone para mere pAsa sundara vastra hai, aisA ahaMkAra bhI ho sakatA hai, vastra ke chIne jAne para krodha tathA usakI prApti meM lobha bhI ho sakatA hai jabaki acelaka meM aise doSa utpanna nahIM hote haiN| - 4. savastra hone para suI, dhAgA, vastra Adi kI khoja meM tathA usake sIne, dhone, pratilekhanA Adi karane meM dhyAna aura svAdhyAya kA samaya naSTa hotA hai| acela ko dhyAna-svAdhyAya meM bAdhA nahIM hotii| 5. jisa prakAra binA chilake ( AvaraNa ) kA dhAnya niyama se zuddha hotA hai, kintu chilakeyukta dhAnya kI zuddhi niyama se nahIM hotI, vaha bhAjya hotI hai, usI prakAra jo acela hai usakI zuddhi nizcita hotI hai, kintu sacela kI zuddhi bhAjya hai ( evamacelavatiniyamAdeva bhAjyA sacele, bhagavatIArAdhanA-423 para vijayodayA TIkA, pR0 322 ), arthAt sacela kI zaddhi ho bhI sakatI hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatI hai| yahA~ digambara paramparA aura yApanIya paramparA kA antara spaSTa hai| digambara paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki sacela mukta (zuddha ) nahIM ho sakatA, cAhe vaha tIrthaGkara hI kyoM na ho jabaki yApanIya paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki strI, gRhastha aura anyatairthika sacela hokara bhI mukta ho sakate haiN| yahA~ bhAjya ( vikalpa ) zabda kA prayoga yApanIyoM kI udAra aura anekAntika dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| 6. acelatA meM rAga-dveSa kA abhAva hotA hai| rAga-dveSa bAhya dravya ke Alambana se hotA hai| parigraha ke abhAva meM Alambana kA abhAva hone se rAga-dveSa nahIM hote, jabaki sacela ko manojJa vastra ke prati rAga-bhAva ho sakatA hai| 7. acelaka zarIra ke prati upekSA bhAva rakhatA hai, tabhI to vaha zIta aura tApa ke kaSTa sahana karatA hai| 8. acelatA meM svAvalambana hotA hai aura dezAntara gamana meM kisI kI sahAyatA kI apekSA nahIM hotii| jisa prakAra pakSI apane paMkhoM ke sahAre cala detA hai, vaise hI vaha bhI pratilekhana ( pIchI ) lekara cala detA hai| . 9. acelatA meM citta-vizuddhi prakaTa karane kA guNa hai - la~goTI Adi se DhaMkane se bhAva-zuddhi kA jJAna nahIM hotA hai| 10. acelatA meM nirbhayatA hai, kyoMki cora Adi kA bhaya nahIM rhtaa|

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 11. sarvatra vizvAsa bhI acelatA kA guNa hai| na to vaha kisI para zaMkA karatA hai aura na koI usa para zaMkA karatA hai I 100 12. acelatA meM pratilekhanA kA abhAva hotA hai| caudaha prakAra kA parigraha rakhane vAloM ko jaisI pratilekhanA karanI hotI hai vaisI acela ko nahIM karanI hotI / 13. sacela ko lapeTanA, chor3anA, sInA, bA~dhanA, dhonA, ra~ganA Adi parikarma karane hote haiM jabaki acela ko ye parikarma nahIM karane hote / 14. tIrthaGkaroM ke anurUpa AcaraNa karanA ( jinakalpa kA AcaraNa ) bhI acelatA kA eka guNa hai| kyoMki saMhanana aura bala se pUrNa sabhI tIrthaGkara acela the aura bhaviSya meM bhI acela hI hoNge| jinapratimA aura gaNadhara bhI acela hote haiM aura unake ziSya bhI unhIM kI taraha acela hote haiN| jo savastra hai vaha jina ke anurUpa nahIM hai, arthAt jinakalpa kA pAlana nahIM karatA hai| 15. acela hI nirgrantha kahalA sakatA hai| yadi apane zarIra ko vastra se veSTita karake bhI apane ko nirgrantha kahA jA sakatA hai, to phira anya paramparA ke sAdhu nirgrantha kyoM nahIM kahe jAyeMge arthAt unheM bhI nirgrantha mAnanA hogaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yApanIya paramparA spaSTa rUpa se acelakatva kI samarthaka hai / kintu unake sAmane eka samasyA yaha thI ki ve Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM svIkRta una AgamoM kI mAthurI vAcanA ko mAnya karate the, jinameM vastrapAtrAdi grahaNa karane ke spaSTa ullekha the / ataH unake samakSa do prazna the eka ora acelakatva kA samarthana karanA aura dUsarI ora Agamika ullekhoM kI acelakatva ke sandarbha meM samyak vyAkhyA karanA / aparAjita sUri ne isa sambandha meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA meM jo samyak dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA hai vaha acelakatva ke Adarza ke sambandha meM yApanIyoM kI yathArtha dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| -- aparAjita ne sarvaprathama AgamoM ke una sandarbhoM ko prastuta kiyA hai, jinameM vastra - pAtra sambandhI ullekha haiM, phira unakA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM 'AcArapraNidhi' arthAt dazavaikAlika" ke AThaveM adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki pAtra aura kambala kI pratilekhanA karanI caahie| yadi pAtrAdi nahIM hote to unakI pratilekhanA kA kathana kyoM kiyA jAtA ? punaH AcArAMga " ke 'lokavicaya' nAmaka dUsare adhyayana ke pA~caveM uddezaka meM kahA gayA hai ki pratilekhana ( paDilehaNa ), pAdaproMchana ( pAyapucchana ), avagraha ( uggaha ), kaTAsana

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 101 ( kaDAsaNa ), caTAI Adi kI yAcanA kreN| puna: usake 'vastraiSaNA' 36 adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki jo lajjAzIla hai vaha eka vastra dhAraNa kare, dusarA pratilekhanA he rkhe| jaMgita ( deza-vizeSa ) meM do vastra dhAraNa kare aura tIsarA pratilekhanA hetu rakhe, yadi ( zIta ) parISaha sahana nahIM ho to tIna vastra dhAraNa kareM aura cauthA pratilekhanA hetu rkhe| punaH usake pAtraiSaNA37 meM kahA gayA hai ki lajjAzIla, muMgita arthAt jisake liMga Adi hInAdhika hoM tathA pAtrAdi rakhane vAle ke liye vastra rakhanA kalpatA hai| puna: usameM kahA gayA hai tumbI kA pAtra, lakar3I kA pAtra athavA miTTI kA pAtra yadi jIva, bIjAdi se rahita ho to grAhya hai| yadi vastra-pAtra grAhya nahIM hote to phira ye sUtra Agama meM kyoM Ate ? puna: AcArAMga8 ke 'bhAvanA' nAmaka adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn eka varSa taka cIvaradhArI rahe, usake bAda acela ho gye| sAtha hI sUtrakRtAMga39 ke 'puNDarIka' nAmaka adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki bhikSu, vastra aura pAtra ke liye dharmakathA na khe| nizItha * meM kahA gayA hai ki jo bhikSu akhaNDa-vastra aura kambala dhAraNa karatA hai use mAsa-laghu ( prAyazcitta kA eka prakAra ) prAyazcitta AtA hai| isa prakAra Agama meM vastra-grahaNa kI anujJA hone para bhI acelatA kA kathana kyoM kiyA jAtA hai ? isakA samAdhAna karate hue svayaM aparAjitasUri kahate haiM ki Agama meM kAraNa kI apekSA se AryikAoM ko vastra kI anujJA hai, yadi bhikSu lajjAlu hai athavA usakI jananendriya tvacArahita ho yA aNDakoSa lambe hoM athavA vaha parISaha ( zIta ) sahana karane meM akSama ho to use vastra dhAraNa karane kI anujJA hai| AcArAMga 2 meM hI kahA gayA hai ki saMyamAbhimukha strI-puruSa do prakAra ke hote haiM -- sarvazramaNAgata aura no-srvshrmnnaagt| unameM sarvazramaNAgata sthirAMga vAle pANi-pAtra bhikSu ko pratilekhana ke atirikta eka bhI vastra dhAraNa karanA yA chor3anA nahIM kalpatA hai| bRhatkalpasUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki lajjA ke kAraNa aMgoM ke glAniyukta hone para deha ke juMgita ( vIbhatsa ) hone para athavA parISaha ( zItaparISaha ) sahana karane meM asamartha hone para vastra dhAraNa kre| punaH AcArAMga meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai yadi aisA jAne kI zItaRt ( hemanta ) samApta ho gayI hai to jIrNa vastra pratisthApita kara de arthAt unakA tyAga kara de| isa prakAra ( AgamoM meM ) kAraNa kI apekSA se vastra kA grahaNa kahA hai| jo upakaraNa kAraNa kI apekSA se grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai usake grahaNa karane kI vidhi aura gRhIta upakaraNa kA tyAga avazya kahA jAtA hai| ata: Agama meM vastra-pAtra kI jo caryA batAyI gayI hai vaha kAraNa kI apekSA se arthAt ApavAdika hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yApanIya saMgha mAtra ApavAdika sthiti meM

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102 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna vastra-grahaNa ko svIkAra karatA thA aura utsarga mArga acelatA ko hI mAnatA thaa| AcArAMga ke 'bhAvanA' nAmaka adhyayana meM mahAvIra ke eka varSa taka vastra yukta hone ke ullekha ko vaha vivAdAspada mAnatA thaa| aparAjita ne isa sambandha meM vibhinna pravAdoM kA ullekha bhI kiyA hai|5 - jaise kucha kahate haiM ki vaha cha: mAsa meM kA~Te, zAkhA Adi se chinna ho gyaa| kucha kahate haiM ki eka varSa se kucha adhika hone para usa vastra ko khaNDalaka nAmaka brAhmaNa ne le liyaa| kucha kahate haiM ki vaha vastra vAyu se gira gayA aura bhagavAn ne usakI upekSA kara dii| koI kahate haiM ki vilambanakArI ne use jina ke kandhe para rakha diyA aadi| isa prakAra aneka vipratipattiyoM ke kAraNa aparAjita kI dRSTi meM isa kathana meM koI tathya nahIM hai| punaH aparAjita ne Agama se acelatA ke samarthaka aneka sUtra bhI uddhRta kiye haiM,46 yathA - "vastroM kA tyAga kara dene para bhikSu puna: vastra-grahaNa nahIM karatA tathA acela hokara jina rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai| bhikSu yaha nahIM soce ki sacelaka sukhI hotA hai aura acelaka duHkhI hotA hai, ata: maiM sacelaka ho jaauuN| acela ko kabhI zIta bahuta satAtI hai, phira bhI vaha dhUpa kA vicAra na kre| mujha nirAvaraNa ke pAsa koI chAdana nahIM hai, ata: maiM agni kA sevana kara lU~ aisA bhI nahIM soce|" isI prakAra unhoMne uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyAya kI gAthAyeM uddhRta karake yaha batAyA ki pArzva kA dharma sAntarottara thaa| mahAvIra kA dharma to acelaka hI thaa| puna: dazavaikAlika meM muni ko nagna aura muNDita kahA gayA hai| isase bhI Agama meM acelatA hI pratipAdya hai - yaha siddha hotA hai| . isa samagra carcA ke AdhAra para yApanIya saMgha kA vastra sambandhI dRSTikoNa spaSTa ho jAtA hai| unake isa dRSTikoNa ko saMkSepa meM nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. zvetAmbara paramparA, jo jinakalpa ke viccheda kI ghoSaNA ke dvArA vastra Adi ke sambandha meM mahAvIra kI vaikalpika vyavasthA ko samApta karake sacelakatva ko hI eka mAtra vikalpa banA rahI thI, yaha bAta yApanIyoM ko mAnya nahIM thii| 2. yApanIya yaha mAnate the ki jinakalpa kA viccheda suvidhAvAdiyoM kI apanI kalpanA hai| samartha sAdhaka ina paristhitiyoM meM yA isa yuga meM bhI acela raha sakatA hai| unake anusAra acelatA ( nagnatA ) hI jina kA Adarza mArga hai, ata: muni ko acela yA nagna hI rahanA caahiye| 3. yApanIya ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM hI muni ke liye vastra kI grAhyatA ko svIkAra karate the, unakI dRSTi meM ye ApavAdika sthitiyA~ nimnalikhita thIM -

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 103 ( ka ) rAja-parivAra Adi atikulIna gharAne ke vyakti jana sAdhAraNa ke samakSa nagnatA chipAne ke liye vastra rakha sakate haiN| ( kha ) isI prakAra ve vyakti bhI jo adhika lajjAzIla haiM apanI nagnatA ko chipAne ke liye vastra rakha sakate haiN| ( ga ) ve navayuvaka muni jo abhI apanI kAma vAsanA ko pUrNata: vijita nahIM kara pAye haiM aura jinheM liMgottejana Adi ke kAraNa nirgrantha saMgha meM aura janasAdhAraNa meM pravAda kA pAtra bananA par3e, apavAda rUpa meM vastra rakha sakate haiN| (gha) ve vyakti jinake liMga aura aNDakoSa vidrUpa haiM, ve saMlekhanA ke avasara ko chor3akara yAvajjIvana vastra dhAraNa karake hI rheN| (ca) ve vyakti jo zItAdi parISaha sahana karane meM sarvathA asamartha haiM, apavAda rUpa meM vastra rakha sakate haiN| (cha) ve muni jo arza, bhagandara Adi kI vyAdhi se grasta hoM, bImArI kI sthiti meM vastra rakha sakate haiN| 4. jahA~ taka sAdhviyoM kA prazna thA yApanIya saMgha meM spaSTa rUpa se unheM vastra rakhane kI anujJA thI / yadyapi sAdhviyA~ bhI ekAnta meM saMlekhanA ke samaya . jina-mudrA arthAt acelatA dhAraNa kara sakatI thIM / isa prakAra yApanIyoM kA Adarza acelakatva hI rahA, kintu apavAda mArga meM unhoMne vastra - pAtra kI grAhyatA bhI svIkAra kii| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki kaSAya tyAga aura rAgAtmakatA ko samApta karane ke liye sampUrNa parigraha kA tyAga, jisameM vastra tyAga bhI samAhita hai, Avazyaka hai, kintu ve digambara paramparA ke samAna ekAnta rUpa se yaha ghoSaNA nahIM karate haiM ki vastradhArI cAhe vaha tIrthaGkara hI kyoM nahIM ho, mukta nahIM ho sktaa| ve savastra meM bhI AdhyAtmika vizuddhi aura mukti kI bhajanIyatA arthAt sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiM / isa prakAra ve acelakatva sambandhI mAnyatA ke sandarbha meM digambara paramparA ke nikaTa khar3e hokara bhI apanA bhinna mata rakhate haiN| ve acelakatva ke Adarza ko svIkAra karake bhI savastra mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiN| punaH muni ke liye acelakatva kA purajora samarthana karake bhI ve yaha nahIM kahate haiM ki jo ApavAdika sthiti meM vastra dhAraNa kara rahA hai, vaha muni nahIM hai| jahA~ hamArI vartamAna digambara paramparA mAtra la~goTIdhArI ailaka, eka celaka yA do vastradhArI kSullaka ko muni na mAnakara utkRSTa zrAvaka hI mAnatI hai, vahA~ yApanIya paramparA aise vyaktiyoM kI gaNanA muni varga ke antargata hI karatI hai| aparAjita AcArAMga kA eka sandarbha dekara, jo

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna vartamAna AcArAMga meM nahIM pAyA jAtA hai, kahate haiM ki aise vyakti no-sarvazramaNAgata haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki savastra muni aMzataH zramaNa bhAva ko prApta haiN| isa prakAra yApanIya ApavAdika sthitiyoM meM paristhitivaza vastra-grahaNa karane vAle zramaNoM ko zramaNa hI mAnate haiM, gRhastha nahIM / yadyapi yApanIya aura digambara donoM hI acelakatva ke samarthaka haiM, phira bhI vastra ke sambandha meM yApanIyoM kA dRSTikoNa apekSAkRta udAra evaM yathArthavAdI rahA hai| ApavAdika sthiti meM vastra - grahaNa, sacela kI mukti kI sambhAvanA, sacela strI aura puruSa donoM meM zramaNatva yA munitva kA sadbhAva unheM acelatA ke prazna para digambara paramparA se bhinna karatA hai, jabaki AgamoM meM vastra-pAtra ke ullekha mAtra ApavAdika sthiti ke sUcaka haiM aura jinakalpa kA viccheda nahIM haiM, yaha bAta unheM zvetAmbaroM se alaga karatI thI / jinakalpa evaM sthavirakalpa 104 acelakatva evaM sacelakatva sambandhI isa carcA ke prasaMga meM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kI carcA bhI aprAsaMgika nahIM hogii| zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kI jo carcA milatI hai, usase yaha phalita hotA hai ki prArambha meM acelatA arthAt nagnatA ko jinakalpa kA pramukha lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai, kintu kAlAntara meM jinakalpa zabda kI vyAkhyA meM kramazaH parivartana huA hai| jinakalpI kI kama se kama do upadhi mukhavastrikA aura rajoharaNa mAnI gaIM kintu oghaniyukti ke liye jinakalpa zabda kA sAmAnya artha to jina ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA hai| jinakalpa kI bAraha upadhiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai| kAlAntara meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne ina sAdhuoM ko jinakalpI kahA jo gaccha kA parityAga karake ekAkI vihAra karate the tathA utsarga mArga ke hI anugAmI hote the / vastutaH jaba zvetAmbara paramparA meM acelatA kA poSaNa kiyA jAne lagA to jinakalpa kI paribhASA meM bhI antara huA / nizIthacUrNi meM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kI paribhASA dete hue kahA hai ki jinakalpa meM mAtra utsarga mArga kA hI anusaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| ataH usameM kalpapratisevanA aura darpapratisevanA donoM kA arthAt apavAda ke avalambana kA hI niSedha hai jabaki sthavirakalpa meM utsarga aura apavAda donoM hI mArga svIkAra kiye gae haiN| yadyapi apavAda mArga meM bhI mAtra kalpapratisevanA ko hI mAnya kiyA gayA hai| darpapratisevanA ko kisI bhI sthiti meM mAnya nahIM kiyA gayA hai| 1 zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM meM prArambha meM to bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samAna nagnatA ko grahaNa kara, kara- pAtra meM bhojana grahaNa karate hue apavAda rahita jo muni dharma kI kaThina sAdhanA kI jAtI hai, use hI jinakalpa kahA gayA hai

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 105 kintu kAlAntara meM isa paribhASA meM parivartana huaa| yApanIya paramparA meM jinakalpa kA ullekha hameM bhagavatIArAdhanA aura usakI vijayodayA TIkA meM milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki "jo rAga-dveSa aura moha ko jIta cuke haiM, upasarga ko sahana karane meM samartha haiM, jina ke samAna ekAkI vihAra karate haiM, ve jinakalpI kahalAte haiN|" kSetra Adi kI apekSA se vivecana karate hae usameM Age kahA gayA hai ki jinakalpI sabhI karmabhUmiyoM aura sabhI kAloM meM hote haiN| isI prakAra cAritra kI dRSTi se ve sAmAyika aura chedopasthApanIya cAritra vAle hote haiN| ve sabhI tIrthaGkaroM ke tIrtha meM pAe jAte haiM aura janma kI apekSA se 30 varSa kI vaya aura muni-jIvana kI apekSA se 19 varSa kI dIkSA-paryAya vAle hote haiN| jJAna kI dRSTi se nava-dasa pUrva jJAna ke dhArI hote haiN| ve tInoM zubha lezyAoM se yukta hote haiM aura vajraRSabha nArAca-saMhanana ke dhAraka hote haiN| aparAjita ke atirikta jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kA ullekha yApanIya AcArya zAkaTAyana ke strImuktiprakaraNa meM bhI hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jinakalpa kI avadhAraNA zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya donoM paramparAoM meM lagabhaga samAna hI thii| mukhya antara yaha hai ki yApanIya paramparA meM jinakalpI ke dvArA vastra-grahaNa kA koI ullekha nahIM hai, kyoMki usameM muni ke liye vastra-pAtra kI svIkRti kevala apavAda mArga meM hai, utsarga mArga meM nahIM aura jinakalpI utsarga mArga kA anusaraNa karatA hai| ata: yApanIya paramparA ke anusAra vaha kisI bhI sthiti meM vastra-pAtra nahIM rakha sktaa| vaha acela hI rahatA hai aura pANi-pAtrI hotA hai, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA ke mAnya granthoM ke anusAra jinakalpI acela bhI hotA hai aura sacela bhii| ve pANi-pAtrI bhI hote haiM aura sapAtra bhI hote haiN| oghaniyukti ( gAthA 78-79 ) meM upadhi ( sAmagrI ) ke AdhAra para jinakalpa ke bhI aneka bheda kiye gae haiN| isI prakAra nizIthabhASya meM bhI jinakalpI kI upAdhi ko lekara vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| usameM sarvaprathama yaha batAyA gayA hai ki pAtra kI apekSA se jinakalpI do prakAra ke hote haiM - pANipAtra arthAta binA pAtra vAle aura paatrdhaarii| isI prakAra vastra kI apekSA se bhI usameM jinakalpiyoM ke do prakAra batAe gae haiM -acelaka aura scelk| punaH inakI upAdhi kI carcA karate hue kahA bayA hai ki acelaka aura pANipAtrabhojI jinakalpI hote haiM ve rajoharaNa aura mukhavatrikA ye do upakaraNa rakhate haiN| jo sapAtra aura savastra hote haiM unakI upadhi kI saMkhyA kama se kama tIna aura adhika se adhika bAraha hotI hai| sthavirakalpI

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106 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna kI jina caudaha upadhiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai unameM mAtraka aura cUlapaTTaka ye do upadhi jinakalpI nahIM rakhate haiN| yApanIyoM kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve zvetAmbaroM ke samAna jinakalpa kA viccheda nahIM maante| unake anusAra samartha sAdhaka sabhI kAloM meM jinakalpa ko dhAraNa kara sakate haiM, jabaki zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra jinakalpI kevala tIrthaGkara kI upasthiti meM hI hotA hai| yadyapi yApanIyoM kI isa mAnyatA meM unakI hI vyAkhyAnusAra eka antarvirodha AtA hai, kyoMki unhoMne apanI jinakalpI kI vyAkhyA meM yaha mAnA hai ki jinakalpI nau-dasa pUrvadhArI aura prathama saMhanana ke dhAraka hote haiN| cUMki unake anusAra bhI vartamAna meM pUrva jJAna aura prathama saMhanana ( vajra-RSabha-nArAca-saMhanana ) kA abhAva hai, ata: jinakalpa sarvakAloM meM kaise sambhava hogaa| ina do-tIna bAtoM ko chor3akara yApanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM jinakalpa ke sambandha meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| vizeSa jAnakArI ke liye bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kI TIkA aura bRhatkalpabhASya ke tatsambandhI vivaraNoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| .. jJAtavya hai ki digaMmbara-grantha gommaTasAra aura yApanIya grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM jinakalpa ko lekara eka mahattvapUrNa antara parilakSita hotA hai, vaha yaha ki jahA~ gommaTasAra meM jinakalpI muni ko mAtra sAmAyika cAritra mAnA gayA hai, vahA~ bhagavatIArAdhanA meM unameM sAmAyika aura chedopasthApanIya aise do cAritra mAne gae haiN| vastuta: yaha antara isaliye AyA ki jaba digambara paramparA meM chedopasthApanIya cAritra kA artha mahAvratAropaNa se bhinna hokara prAyazcitta rUpa pUrva dIkSA paryAya ke cheda ke artha meM liyA gayA, to jinakalpI meM prAyazcitta rUpa chedopasthApanIya cAritra kA niSedha mAnanA Avazyaka ho gayA, kyoMki jinakalpI kI sAdhanA nirapavAda hotI hai| hameM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa kA ullekha prAya: zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya paramparA meM hI dekhane ko milA hai| digambara paramparA meM yApanIya prabhAvita granthoM ko chor3akara prAya: isa carcA kA abhAva hI hai| sandarbha 1. NiccelapANipattaM uvaiTeM paramajiNa variMdehi / / ekko vi mokkhamaggo sesA ya amaggayA savve / / sUtraprAbhRta, 10 2. egayAecelae hoi sacele yAvi egayA / uttarAdhyayana, 2/13 3. ussaggiyaliMgakadassa liMgamussaggiyaM tayaM ceva / / avavAdiyaliMgassa vi pasatthamuvasaggiyaM liMgaM / / bhagavatIArAdhanA, 76

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 107 4. Navi sijjhai vatthadharo jiNasAsaNe jaivi hoi titthayaro / Naggo vimokkha maggo sesAummaggayA savve / / sUtraprAbhRta, 23 5. ( a ) se bemi je ya aIyA je ya paDuppatrA je ya AgamessA arahaMtA bhagavaMto je ya pavvayaMti je una pavvaissaMti savve te sovahI dhammo desiavvotti kaTTa tithyadhammathAe esAeNudhammigatti evaM devasUsamAyAe pavvaiMsu vA pavvayaMti vA pavvaisaMti v| AcArAMga 1/9/1-1 ( zIlAMka TIkA ), bhAga 1, pR0 273, siddhacakra sAhitya pracAraka samiti, sUrata, 1935. ( ba ) savve'vi egadUseNa, niggayA jinavarA cuvviisN| .. Avazyakaniyukti 227, harSapuSyAmRta jaina granthamAlA, lAkhAbAvaka, zAMtipurI ( saurASTra ), 1989. 6. ( a ) Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA, 1258. (ba ) vahI, 1260.. 7. acelago ya jo dhammo jo imosaMtaruttaro / desio vaddhamANeNa pAseNa ya mahAjasA / / uttarAdhyayana, 23/29 8. vahI, 23/24. 9. munayo vAtarazanA pizaGgA vasate malAH / vAtasyAnu dhAjima yati yaddevAso avikSata / / Rgveda, 10/136/2 10. Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAe~ : eka adhyayana, DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, saMdhAna, aMka 7, rASTrIya mAnava saMskRti zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, . 1993, pR0 22. 11. zrImadbhAgavata, 2/7/10. 12. ( a ) uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 23/26. ( ba ) yathoktam ... purima pacchimANaM arahaMtANaM bhagavaMtANaM acelaye pasatthe bhvi| uttarAdhyayana - nemicanda kI TIkA, Atmavallabha, graMthAMka 22, bAlApura, 1937, 2/13, pR0 22 para uddhRt| 13. uttarAdhyayana, 22/33-34. 14. vahI, 23/29. 15. 'jo imo' tti pazcAyaM sAntarANi vardhamAnasvAmiyatyapekSayA mAnavarNavizeSata: savizeSANi uttarANi - mahAmUlyatayA pradhAnAni prakramAd vastrANi yasmitrasau

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108 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna sAntarottaro dharmaH pAi~na dezita itiihaaepypekssyte| uttarAdhyayana, nemicanda kRta sukhabodhAvRtti sahita, pR0 295, bAlApura, 23/12, vIra ni0 saM0 2463. 16. parisuddha juNNaM kucchita thovANiyata DaNNa bhoga bhogehi muNayo mucchArahitA saMtehi acelayA hoti|| vizeSAvazyakabhASya, paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI ___ bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA maMdira, ahamadAbAda, 3082, 1968. 17. ahapuNa evaM jANijjA - uvAikkaMte khalu hemaMte gimhe paDivane ahApari junnAI vatthAiM parilavijjA, aduvA saMtaruttare aduvA obhacele aduvA egasADe aduvA acele| apagate zIte vastrANi tyAjyAni athavA kSetrAdiguNAddhimakaNini vAte vAti satyAtmaparitulanArtha zItaparIkSArtha ca sAntarottaro bhavet - sAntaramuttaraM - prAvaraNIyaM yasya sa tathA, kvacitpAvRNoti kvacitpArzvavarti bibharti, zItAzaGkayA nAdyApi parityajati, athavAevamacela ekakalpaparityAgAt, dvikalpadhArItyarthaH athavA zanaiH-zanaiH zIteepagacchati sati dvitIyamapi kalpaM parityajeta tat ekazATakaH saMvRttaH athavAeetyantike zItAbhAve tadapi parityajedatoecelo bhvti| AcArAMga ( zIlAMkavRtti ), 1/7/4, sUtra 209, pR0 251 18. dekheM, uparokta 19. dekheM, uparokta 20. dekheM, uparokta 21. kailAzacandra zAstrI, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa (pUrvapIThikA), gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA, vArANasI, vI0 ni0 saM0 2489, pR0 399. 22. No cevimeNa vatyeNa saMsi hemaMte / se pArae AvakahAe, eyaM khu aNudhammiyaM tassa / / saMvaccharaM sAhiyaM mAsaM jaMNa rikkAsi vatthagaM bhagavaM / acelae tato cAI taM vosajja vatthamaNagAre / / - AyAro, 1/9/1/2 evaM 3 23. ( a ) yacca bhAvanAyAmuktaM - varisaM cIvaradhArI teNa paramacelago jiNotti - taduktaM viprtipttibhultvaat| kathaM kecidvadanti tasminneva dine tadvastraM vIrajinasya vilambanakAriNA gRhiitmiti| anye SaNmAsAcchinnaM ttknnttkshaakhaadibhiriti| sAdhikena varSeNa tadvastraM khaNDalakabrAhmaNena gRhItamiti kecitkthynti| kecidvAtena

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 109 patitamupekSitaM jineneti| apare vadanti vilambanakAriNA jinasya skandhe tdaaropitmiti| bhagavatIArAdhanA, gAthA 423 kI vijayodayA TIkA, sampAdaka paM0 kailAzacandrajI, bhAga 1, pR0 325-326. ( ba ) tacca suvarNavAlukAnadIpUrAhRta kaNTakAvalagnaM dhigjAtinA gRhiitmiti| AcArAMga, zIlAMkavRtti, 1/9/1/44-45 kI vRtti. ( sa ) tahAvi suvaNNabAlugAnadIpUre avahite kNttraalggN..| kimiti vuccati ciradhariyattA sahasA va lajjatA thaMDile cutaM Na vitti vippeNa keNati dilai..| AcArAMgacarNi, RSabhadeva kesarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, pR0 300. (da ) sAmI dakkhiNavAcAlAo uttaravAcAlaM vaccati, tattha suvvaNNakulAe vuliNe taM vatthaM kaMTiyAe laggaM tAhe taM thitaM sAmI gato puNo ya avaloitaM, kiM nimittaM ? ketI bhaNaMti - jahA mamattIe anne bhaNaMti mA atthaMDile paDitaM, avaloitaM sulabha vatthaM pattaM sissANaM bhavissati ? taM ca bhagavatA ya terasamAse ahAbhAveNaM dhAriyaM tato vosariyaM pacchA acelte| taM eteNa pituvaMtasa dhijjAtiteNa ghitN| AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 276. isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki unake vastratyAga ke sambandha meM jo vibhinna pravAda pracalita the- unakA ullekha na kevala yApanIya apitu zvetAmbara AcArya bhI kara rahe the| 24. AcArAMga, zIlAMkavRtti, 1/9/1/1-4, pR0 273. 25. ( a ) savve'vi egadUseNa, niggayA jiNavarA cauvvIsaM / na ya nAma aNNaliMge, no gihiliMge kuliMge vA / / - Avazyakaniyukti, 227. ( ba ) bAvIsaM titthayarA sAmAiyasaMjamaM uvaisati / / cheovaTThAvaNayaM puNa vayaMti usabho ya vIro ya / / - Avazyakaniyukti, 1260. 26. ( a ) evamege u paastthaa| sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/4/9 ( ba ) pAsasthAdIpaNayaM NiccaM vajjeha savvadhA tumhe / haMdi hu melaNadoseNa hoi purisassa tammayadA / / - bhagavatIArAdhanA, gAthA 341.

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110 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 27. chakkAyarakkhaNaTThA pAyaggahaNaM jiNehiM patrattaM / je ya guNA saMbhoe havaMti te pAyagahaNevi / / mahAsiMhanAdasutta, 1/1/2 28. niggaMthA eka sATakA / majjhimanikAya 29. dekheM dIghanikAya, anu0 bhikSu rAhula sAMkRtyAyana evaM bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa, mahAbodhi sabhA, banArasa 1936, pAsAdikasutta 3/6, pR0 252 30. bhagavaI, pannarasaM sataM, 101-152, saM0 muni nathamala jaina vizvabhAratI lADanU~, vi0 saM0 2131, pR0 677-694. " dekheM dIghanikAya, pAsAdikasuttaM, 3/6, pR0 252. - - 31. 32. dhammapada, aTTakathA, tRtIya bhAga, gAthA 489. 33. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, saM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 1938, pR0 324 34. dhuvaM ca paDitmehejjA jogasA pAyakaMbalaM / sejjamuccAra bhUmiM ca saMthAraM aduvAsaNaM / / dazavaikAlika, 8/17, navasuttANi, saM0 yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~, 1967, pR0 68. 35. AcArAMga, 1/5/89, saM0 yuvAcArya madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara | 36. ( a ) esehirimaNe segaM vatthaM vA dhArejja paDilehaNagaM vidiyaM tattha ese jugni se duve vatthANi dhArijja paDilehaNagaM tadiyaM / AcArAMga, vastraiSaNA - uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324: ( ba ) je NiggaMthe taruNe jugavaM balavaM appAyaMke virasaMghayaNe, se egaM vatthaM dhArejjA, No bitiyaM / oghaniyukti, 691. AcAracUlA, dvitIyazrutaskandha, 2/5/1/2, pR0 161. 37. ( a ) hirimaNe vA juggide cAvi aNNage vA tassa NaM kappadi vatthAdikaM pAdacAritae iti / --man vahI, gAthA 423, pR0 324. ( ba ) je niggaMthe taruNe jugavaM balavaM appAyaMke thirasaMghayaNe, se egaM pAyaM dhArejjA, No bIyaM / AcArAMgasUtra, AcAracUlA, 2/6/12/2.

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jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna 111 38. saMvaccharaM sAhiyaM mAsaM, jaMNa rikkAsi vatthagaM bhagavaM / acelae tato cAI, taM vosajja vatthamaNagAre / / - AcArAMga, 1/9/1/4 39. ( a ) Na kahejjo dhammakahaM vtthpttaadihedumiti| sUtrakRtAMga, puMDarIka adhyayana, uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. ( ba ) No pANassa ( pAyassa ) heDaM dhmmmaaikkhejjaa| No vatthassa heDaM dhmmmaaikkhejjaa| sUtrakRtAGga, 2/1/68, pR0 366. 40. ( a ) kasiNAI vatthakaMbalAiM jo bhikkhU paDiggahidi Apajjadi mAsigaM lhugN| nizIthasUtra, 2/23, uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. ( ba ) je bhikkhU kasiNAI vatthAiM dhareti, dharetaM vA saatijjti| nizIthasUtra, 2/23, uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. 41. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. 42. bhagavatI-ArAdhanA meM ullikhita prastuta sandarbha vartamAna AcArAMga meM anupalabdha hai| usameM mAtra sthirAMga muni ke liye eka vastra aura eka pAtra se adhika rakhane kI anujJA nahIM hai| sambhavata: yaha parivartana paravartI-kAla meM huA hai| 43. ( a ) hirihetukaM va hoi dehaduguMchaMti dehe juggidage / dhArejja siyA vatthaM parissahANaM ca Na vihAsIti / / kalpasUtra se uddhRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, gAthA 423, pR0 324. ( ba ) prastuta sandarbha upalabdha bRhatkalpasUtra meM prApta nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi vastra dhAraNa karane ke ina kAraNoM kA ullekha sthAnAMgasUtra, sthAna 3 meM nimna rUpa meM milatA hai - kappati NiggaMthANa vA NiggaMthINa vA tao pAyAiM dhArittae vA pariharittae vA, taMjahA - jaMgie - bhaMgie, khomie| ThANAMga, 3/345. 44. AcArAMga, zIlAMkavRtti, 1/7/4, sUtra, 209, pR0 251. 45. ( a ) bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, pR0 325-326. tulanIya AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 276. HF

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112 jainadharma meM acelakatva aura sacelakatva kA prazna ( ba ) AvazyakasUtraM (uttarabhAgaM ) cUrNi sahita RSabhadeva, kezarImala zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, 1929. 46. bhagavatI - ArAdhanA, vijayodayA TIkA, pR0 326- 327, pAlitripiTaka, kankorDensa, pR0 345. 47. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhAga 1 ( vijayodayA TIkA ), gAthA 157 kI TIkA, - pR0 205. 48. ( a ) zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNam ( strI-mukti prakaraNam )-7, sampAdaka paM0 zambhunAtha tripAThI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, vArANasI, 1971, pR0 1. ( ba ) bRhatkalpasUtra 6 / 9, sampAdaka madhukara muni, byAvara, 1992. 49. ( a ) bRhatkalpasUtra 6/20. ( ba ) paJcakalpabhASya ( AgamasudhAsindhu ), 816-822.

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna yApanIya paramparA ke viziSTa siddhAntoM meM strImukti, sagranthamukti ( gRhasthamukti ) aura anyatairthikamukti aisI avadhAraNAe~ haiM, jo use digambara paramparA se pRthak karatI haiN| eka ora yApanIya saMgha acelakatva ( digambaratva ) kA samarthaka hai, to dUsarI ora vaha strImukti, sagrantha ( gRhastha ) mukti, anyatairthika ( anyaliMga ) mukti Adi kA bhI samarthaka hai| yahI bAta use zvetAmbara Agamika paramparA ke samIpa khar3A kara detI hai| yadyapi strImukti kI avadhAraNA to zvetAmbara paramparA ke prAcIna Agama sAhitya uttarAdhyayana, jJAtAdharmakathA Adi meM bhI upasthita rahI hai, phira bhI tArkika rUpa se isakA samarthana sarvaprathama yApanIyoM ne hI kiyaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki strImukti niSedha ke svara sarvaprathama pA~cavIMchaThI zatI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hI mukhara hue aura cU~ki yahA~ Agamika paramparA ko mAnya karane vAlA yApanIya saMgha upasthita thA, ataH use hI usakA pratyuttara denA par3A / zvetAmbaroM ko strImukti sambandhI vivAda kI jAnakArI yApanIyoM se prApta huI / zvetAmbara AcArya haribhadra ( AThavIM zatI) ne sarvaprathama isa carcA ko apane grantha lalitavistarA meM yApanIya tantra ke ullekha ke sAtha uThAyA hai| isake pUrva, bhASya aura cUrNi sAhitya meM yaha carcA anupalabdha hai| isa sambandha meM sarvaprathama to hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki isa tArkika carcA ke pahale strImukti ke samarthaka aura niSedhaka-nirdeza kina granthoM meM milate haiN| sarvaprathama hameM uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke antima adhyayana ( I0 pU0 dvitIya- prathama zatI ) meM strI kI tadbhava mukti kA spaSTa ullekha prApta hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke atirikta yApanIya paramparA meM bhI uttarAdhyayana kI mAnyatA thI aura usake adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA usameM lagabhaga navIM zatI taka jIvita rahI hai, kyoMki aparAjita ne apanI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uttarAdhyayana se aneka gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM, jo kvacit pAThabheda ke sAtha vartamAna uttarAdhyayana meM bhI upalabdha haiN| samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra Adi zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM meM aMgabAhya Agama ke rUpa meM, tattvArthabhASya ke sAtha-sAtha tattvArthasUtra kI digambara TIkAoM meM evaM SaTkhaNDAgama kI

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna dhavalATIkA meM bhI prakIrNaka grantha ke rUpa meM uttarAdhyayana kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne uttarAdhyayana ko I0 pU0 tRtIya se I0 pU0 prathama zatI ke madhya kI racanA mAnA hai| uttarAdhyayana kI apekSA kiMcit paravartI zvetAmbara mAnya Agama jJAtAdharmakathA ( I0 pU0 prathama zatI ) meM malli nAmaka adhyAya ( I0 san prathama zatI) meM tathA antakRddazAMga ke aneka adhyayanoM meM strImukti ke ullekha haiM / ' Agamika vyAkhyA AvazyakacUrNi ( sAtavIM zatI) meM bhI marudevI kI mukti kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| isake atirikta digambara paramparA dvArA mAnya yApanIya grantha kaSAyaprAbhRta evaM SaTkhaNDAgama bhI strImukti ke samarthaka haiN| isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki IsvI san kI pA~cavIM chaThI zatAbdI taka jaina - paramparA meM kahIM bhI strImukti kA niSedha nahIM thA / strImukti evaM sagrantha ( savastra ) kI mukti kA sarvaprathama niSedha AcArya kundakunda ne suttapAhur3a meM kiyA hai| * yadyapi yApanIya grantha SaTkhaNDAgama bhI suttapAhuDa kA hI samakAlIna grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI usameM strImukti kA niSedha nahIM hai, apitu mUla granthoM meM to paryApta manuSyanI (strI) meM caudaha guNasthAnoM kI sambhAvanA svIkArakara prakArAntara se usakI tadbhava mukti svIkAra kI gaI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki strImukti ke nirdeza hameM IsvI pUrva ke Agamika granthoM se lekara IsA kI sAtavIM zatI taka kI Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM milate haiN| phira bhI unameM kahIM bhI strImukti kI tArkika siddhi kA kahIM koI prayatna nahIM dekhA jaataa| isakI tArkika siddhi kI AvazyakatA to taba hotI, jaba kisI ne usakA niSedha kiyA hotA / strImukti kA niSedha kundakunda ke pUrva kisI bhI AcArya ne kiyA ho, aisA eka bhI pramANa nahIM hai| yadyapi yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai ki suttapAhuDa kundakunda kI racanA hai yA nhiiN| phira bhI eka bAra yadi hama yaha mAna bhI leM ki suttapAhuDa kundakunda kI hI racanA hai, to bhI usa grantha evaM usake kartA kA kAla chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva kA to nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki kundakunda kI racanAoM meM guNasthAna aura saptabhaMgI kI avadhAraNAe~ spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita haiM jo lagabhaga pA~cavIM chaThI zatI meM astitva meM A cukI thiiN| ema0 e0 DhAkI ne kundakunda ke samaya para pUrva mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA karate hue vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai aura ve unheM chaThIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kA kisI bhI sthiti meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / " 114 tattvArthabhASya ( lagabhaga caturtha zatI) meM siddhoM ke anuyogadvAra kI carcA karate hue liMgAnuyogadvAra kI dRSTi se bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| " bhASya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha liMga zabda para usake donoM arthoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karatA hai / apane prathama artha meM liMga kA tAtparya hai puruSa, strI yA napuMsaka rUpa

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 115 zArIrika rcnaaeN| liMga ke isa prathama artha kI dRSTi se usameM uttarAdhyayana ke samAna hI strI, puruSa aura napuMsaka tInoM liMgoM se mukti kA ullekha hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI ullekha hai ki pratyutpanna bhAva arthAt vartamAna meM kAma-vAsanA kI upasthiti kI dRSTi se aveda arthAt kAma-vAsanA se rahita vyakti kI hI mukti hotI hai| kintu pUrva bhava kI apekSA se to tInoM vedoM se siddhi hotI hai| sAtha hI usameM liMga kA artha veza karate hue kahA gayA hai pratyutpatra bhava arthAt vartamAna bhava kI apekSA se to aliMga arthAt liMga ke prati mamatva se rahita vyakti hI siddha hote haiM, kintu pUrva bhavaliMga kI apekSA se svaliMga hI siddha hote haiN| punaH dravyaliMga arthAt bAhya veza kI apekSA se svaliMga, anyaliMga aura gRhaliMga tInoM hI vikalpa se siddha hote haiN| tattvArthabhASya ke pazcAt tattvArtha kI digambara paramparA kI TIkAoM meM sarvaprathama sarvArthasiddhi meM kahA gayA hai ki veda kI dRSTi se tInoM vedoM ke abhAva meM hI siddhi hotI hai| dravyaliMga arthAt zArIrika saMracanA kI dRSTi se pulliga hI siddha hote haiM kintu bhUtapUrva naya kI apekSA se to sagranthaliMga se bhI siddhi hotI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sarvaprathama sarvArthasiddhi meM isa bAta kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai ki mukti puruSa liMga se hI prApta ho sakatI hai| usake pazcAt rAjavArtikakAra akalaMka bhI sarvArthasiddhi ke ullekha kA hI samarthana karake raha jAte haiN| usase adhika ve bhI kucha nahIM kahate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM AvazyakamUlabhASya ( pA~cavIM zatI ), vizeSAvazyakabhASya ( chaThI zatI ) aura AvazyakacUrNi ( sAtavIM zatI ) meM hameM acelakatva aura sacelakatva ke prazna ko lekara Arya zivabhUti aura Arya kRSNa ke madhya hue vivAda ke pakSa aura pratipakSa ke vividha tarkoM kA ullekha to milatA hai kintu cUrNi ke kAla taka arthAt sAtavIM zatAbdI ke anta taka hameM eka bhI saMketa aisA nahIM milatA, jisameM zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne strImukti kA tArkika samarthana kiyA ho| isase aisA lagatA hai ki sAtavIM zatAbdI taka unheM isa tathya kI jAnakArI bhI nahIM thI ki strImukti ke sandarbha meM koI pratipakSa bhI hai| strI kI pravrajyA (mahAvratAropaNa ) aura strImukti kA niSedha sarvaprathama AcArya kundakunda ne lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI meM kiyA aura usa sambandha meM apane kucha tarka bhI diye| pUjyapAda ne strImakti kA niSedha to kiyA, phira bhI unhoMne strImukti ke khaNDana ke sandarbha meM koI tarka prastuta nahIM kiyaa| AcArya kundakunda ne hI sarvaprathama suttapAhuDa meM yaha kahA hai ki jina mArga meM savastra kI mukti nahIM ho sakatI cAhe vaha tIrthaGkara hI kyoM na hoM ? savastra kI mukti ke niSedha meM strImukti kA niSedha garbhita hai,

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116 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna kyoMki strI nirvastra nahIM ho sakatI hai| strI kA mahAvratAropaNa arthAt pravrajyA kyoM nahIM ho sakatI isake sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki isake kukSi ( garbhAzaya ), nAbhi aura stana meM sUkSma jIva hote haiM, isaliye usakI pravrajyA kaise ho sakatI hai? 10 puna: yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki usameM mana kI pavitratA nahIM hotI, ve asthiramanA hotI haiM tathA unameM rajasrAva hotA hai isaliye unakA dhyAna cintArahita nahIM ho sktaa| ___isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sarvaprathama kundakunda ke suttapAhuDa meM hI strImukti kA tArkika khaNDana upalabdha hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM digambara paramparA meM strImukti kA tArkika niSedha chaThI zatAbdI se prArambha huaa| isake pUrva isa paramparA meM isa sambandha meM kyA mAnyatA thI, yaha jAnane kA hamAre pAsa koI srota nahIM hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sAtavIM zatAbdI taka strImukti ke isa tArkika niSedha kA kahIM koI khaNDana kiyA gayA ho, aisI sUcanA bhI upalabdha nahIM hotii| sambhavata: sAtavIM zatAbdI taka zvetAmbara AcArya kisI aisI paramparA se avagata hI nahIM the jo strImukti kA niSedha karatI thii| strImukti ke niSedhaka tarkoM kA sarvaprathama uttara zvetAmbaroM ne nahIM, apitu acelakatva kI samarthaka yApanIya paramparA ne hI diyaa| cU~ki kundakunda dakSiNa meM hue the aura yApanIya bhI dakSiNa meM hI upasthita the, ata: pahalI coTa bhI una para hI huI thI aura pahalA pratyuttara bhI unheM hI denA par3A thaa| sarvaprathama lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI meM yApanIyoM ne isakA pratyuttara diyaa| yApanIya sampradAya ke ina tarkoM kA anusaraNa paravartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne bhI kiyaa| zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM sarvaprathama haribhadra ne AThavIM zatI meM lalitavistarA meM strImukti kA samarthana kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne bhI apanI ora se koI tarka na dekara isa sambandha meM yApanIyatantra nAmaka ( vartamAna meM anupalabdha ) kisI yApanIya prAkRta grantha ko uddhRta mAtra kiyA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki kundakunda ne lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI meM strImukti ke niSedha ke sandarbha meM jo tarka diye the, usakA khaNDana yApanIyoM ne lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI meM kiyA aura yApanIyoM ke tarkoM ko gRhIta karake hI AThavIM zatAbdI se zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI strImukti niSedhaka digambara paramparA kA khaNDana kiyA jAne lgaa| yApanIyatantra ke pazcAt strImukti ke samarthana meM sarvaprathama yApanIya AcArya zAkaTAyana ne lagabhaga navIM zatI meM 'strI-nirvANaprakaraNa' nAmaka svatantra grantha kI racanA kI aura usa para svopajJavRtti bhI likhii| isake bAda donoM hI paramparAoM meM strImukti ke pakSa evaM vipakSa meM likhA jAne lgaa| strImukti ke pakSa meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM haribhadra ( AThavIM zatI ) ke pazcAt abhayadeva ( I0 san 1000 ), zAntisUri ( I0 san 1120 ), malayagiri

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 117 ( I0 san 1150 ), hemacandra ( I0 san 1160 ), vAdideva ( I0 san 1170 ), ratnaprabha ( I0 san 1250 ), guNaratna ( I0 san 1400 ), yazovijaya ( I0 san 1660 ), meghavijaya ( I0 san 1700 ) ne apanI kalama claaii| dUsarI ora strImukti ke vipakSa meM digambara paramparA meM vIrasena ( lagabhaga I0 san 800 ), devasena ( I0 san 980 ), nemicanda ( I0 san 1050 ), prabhAcanda ( I0 san 980-1065 ), jayasena ( I0 san 1150 ), bhAvasena ( I0 san 1275 ) Adi ne apanI lekhanI claaii| 12 yahA~ hamAre liye una sabakI vistRta carcA karanA sambhava nahIM hai| isa sandarbha meM hama yApanIya AcAryoM ke kucha pramukha tarkoM kA ullekha karake isa viSaya ko virAma deNge| jo pAThaka isa sambandha meM vizeSa jAnane ko icchuka hoM, unheM pro0 padmanAbha jainI ke grantha Gender Salvation ko dekhanA caahiye| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai, zvetAmbara mAnya Agama sAhitya meM strImukti ke ullekha to milate haiM kintu unameM kahIM bhI usakA tArkika samarthana nahIM huA hai| digambara paramparA meM strImukti kA sarvaprathama tArkika khaNDana kundakunda ke granthoM meM milatA hai| kundakunda ne isa sambandha meM sarvaprathama to yahI tarka diyA thA ki jinazAsana meM vastradhArI siddha nahIM ho sakatA cAhe vaha tIrthaGkara hI kyoM na ho ? 13 isase aisA lagatA hai ki strImukti ke niSedha kI AvazyakatA tabhI huI jaba acelatA ko hI eka mAtra mokSamArga mAna liyA gyaa| hameM yahA~ kahane meM saMkoca nahIM hai ki acelatA ke ekAnta Agraha ne hI isa avadhAraNA ko janma diyA, kyoMki zArIrika AvazyakatA evaM sAmAjika maryAdA ke kAraNa strI nagna nahIM raha sktii| nagna hue binA mukti nahIM hotI, isaliye strI mukta nahIM ho sktii| isI Agraha ke kAraNa gRhasthaliMgasiddha aura anyaliMgasiddha ( sagranthamukti ) kI Agamika avadhAraNA kA niSedha bhI Avazyaka ho gyaa| Age calakara jaba strI ko pravrajyA ke ayogya batAne ke liye tarka Avazyaka hue, to yaha kahA gayA ki yadi strI, darzana se zuddha tathA mokSamArga se mukta hokara ghora cAritra kA pAlana kara rahI ho, to bhI use pravrajyA nahIM dI jA sktii| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki jaba pravrajyA ko acelatA se bhI jor3a diyA gayA taba yaha kahanA Avazyaka ho gayA ki strI paMcamahAvrata rUpa dIkSA kI adhikArI nahIM hai| yaha bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA ki jo savastraliMga hai vaha zrAvakoM kA hai| ata: kSullaka evaM ailaka ke sAtha-sAtha AryikA kI gaNanA bhI zrAvaka/zrAvikA ke varga meM kI gii| acela paramparA meM bhI kundakunda ke pUrva striyA~ dIkSita hotI thIM aura unako mahAvrata bhI pradAna kiye jAte the| digambara paramparA meM kundakunda hI aise prathama AcArya pratIta

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118 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna hote haiM jinhoMne spaSTa rUpa se strI kI pravrajyA kA niSedha kiyA thA aura yaha tarka diyA thA ki striyA~ svabhAva se hI zithila pariNAma vAlI hotI haiM, isaliye unake citta kI vizuddhi sambhava nahIM hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA ki striyA~ mAsika dharma vAlI hotI haiM, ataH striyoM meM niHzaMka dhyAna sambhava nahIM hai / 15 yaha satya hai ki zArIrika tathA sAmAjika kAraNoM se pUrNa nagnatA strI ke liye sambhava nahIM hai aura jaba savastra kI pravrajyA evaM mukti kA niSedha kara diyA gayA to strImukti kA niSedha to usakA anivArya pariNAma thA hI / punaH AcArya kundakunda ne aparigraha ke sAtha-sAtha strI ke dvArA ahiMsA kA pUrNataH pAlana bhI asambhava maanaa| unakA tarka hai ki striyoM ke stanoM ke antara meM, nAbhi evaM kukSi ( garbhAzaya ) meM sUkSmakAya jIva hote haiN| isaliye unakI pravrajyA kaise ho sakatI hai|" yahA~ yaha smaraNIya hai ki kundakunda ne jo tarka prastuta kiye haiM ve vastutaH strI kI pravrajyA ke. niSedha ke liye haiM / strImukti kA niSedha to usakA anivArya phalita avazya hai kyoMki jaba acelatA hI ekamAtra mokSa mArga hai aura strI ke liye acelatA sambhava nahIM hai to phira usake liye na to pravrajyA sambhava hogI aura na hI mukti / hama dekhate haiM ki kundakunda ke ina tarkoM kA sarvaprathama uttara sambhavataH yApanIya paramparA ke 'yApanIyatantra' ( yApanIya Agama ) nAmaka grantha meM diyA gayA hai| vartamAna meM yaha grantha anupalabdha hai kintu isakA vaha aMza jisameM strImukti kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai, haribhadra ke lalitavistarA meM uddhRta hone se surakSita hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki strI ajIva nahIM hai, na vaha abhavya hai, na samyagdarzana ke ayogya hai, na amanuSya haiM, na anArya kSetra meM utpanna hai, na asaMkhyAta AyuSya vAlI hai, na vaha atikrUramati hai, na upazAnta moha hai, na azuddhAcArI hai, na azuddhazarIrA hai, na vaha varjita vyavasAyavAlI hai, na apUrvakaraNa kI virodhI hai, na nave guNasthAna se rahita hai, na labdhi se rahita hai aura na akalyANa bhAjana hai to phira vaha uttama dharma arthAt mokSa kI ArAdhaka- kyoM nahIM ho sakatI ?17 AcArya haribhadra ne ukta yApanIya sandarbha kI vistRta vyAkhyA bhI kI hai| - ve likhate haiM. jIva hI sarvottama dharma, mokSa kI sAdhanA kara sakatA hai aura strI jIva hai, isaliye vaha sarvottama dharma kI ArAdhaka kyoM nahIM ho sakatI ? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki sabhI jIva to mukti ke adhikArI nahIM haiM jaise abhavya, to isakA uttara yaha hai ki sabhI striyA~ to abhavya bhI nahIM hotIM / punaH yaha tarka bhI diyA jA sakatA hai ki sabhI bhavya bhI to mokSa ke adhikArI nahIM haiN| jaise - mithyAdRSTibhavyajIva, to isakA uttara yaha hai ki sabhI striyA~ to samyak darzana ke ayogya bhI nahIM kahI jA sktiiN| yadi isa para yaha kahA jAya ki strI ke samyagdRSTi hone se -

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 119 kyA hotA hai, pazu bhI samyagdRSTi ho sakatA hai, kintu vaha to mokSa kA adhikArI nahIM hotA hai| isa para yApanIyoM kA pratyuttara yaha hai ki strI pazu nahIM, manuSya hai| puna: yaha Apatti uThAI jA sakatI hai ki sabhI manuSya bhI to siddha nahIM hote, jaise anAryakSetra meM yA bhogabhUmi meM utpanna manuSya / isakA pratyuttara yaha hai ki striyA~ Arya deza meM bhI to utpanna hotI haiM / yadi yaha kahA jAya ki Arya deza meM utpanna hokara * bhI asaMkhyAta varSa kI AyuSya vAle arthAt yogalika mukti ke yogya nahIM hote, to isakA pratyuttara yaha hai ki sabhI striyA~ asaMkhyAta varSa kI AyuSya vAlI bhI nahIM hotIM / punaH yadi yaha tarka diyA jAya ki saMkhyAta varSa kI Ayu vAle hokara bhI jo atikrUramati hoM, ve bhI mukti ke pAtra nahIM hote to isakA uttara yaha hai ki sabhI striyA~ atikrUramati bhI nahIM hotIM kyoMki striyoM meM to saptama naraka kI AyuSya bA~dhane yogya tIvra - raudra dhyAna kA abhAva hotA hai| yaha usameM ati krUratA ke abhAva kA tathA usake karuNAmaya svabhAva kA pramANa hai aura isaliye usameM mukti ke yogya prakRSTa zubhabhAva kA abhAva nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / punaH yadi yaha kahA jAya ki svabhAva se karuNAmaya hokara bhI jo moha ko upazAnta karane meM samartha nahIM hotA, vaha bhI mukti kA adhikArI nahIM hotA to aisA bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki kucha striyA~ moha kA upazamana karatI huI dekhI jAtI haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki moha kA upazamana karane para bhI yadi koI vyakti azuddhAcArI hai, to vaha mokSa prApta nahIM kara sakatA to isake nirAkaraNa ke liye kahA gayA hai ki sabhI striyA~ azuddhAcArI ( durAcArI ) nahIM hotiiN| isa para yadi koI tarka kare ki zuddha AcAra vAlI hokara bhI striyA~ zuddha zarIra vAlI nahIM hotIM, isaliye ve mokSa kI adhikArI nahIM haiM, to isake pratyuttara meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki sabhI striyA~ to azuddha zarIra vAlI nahIM hotIM / pUrva karmoM ke kAraNa kucha striyoM kI kukSi, stanapradeza Adi azuci se rahita bhI hote haiN| yaha tarka kundakunda kI avadhAraNA kA spaSTa pratyuttara hai / punaH zuddha zarIra vAlI hokara bhI yadi strI paraloka hitakArI pravRtti se rahita ho to mokSa kI adhikArI nahIM ho sakatI, parantu aisA bhI nahIM dekhA jaataa| kucha striyA~ paraloka sudhArane ke liye prayatnazIla bhI dekhI jAtI haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki paraloka hitArtha pravRtti karane vAlI strI bhI yadi apUrvakaraNa Adi se rahita ho, to mukti ke yogya nahIM hai / kintu zAstra meM strI bhAva ke sAtha apUrvakaraNa kA bhI koI virodha nahIM dikhalAyA gayA hai| isake viparIta zAstra meM strI meM bhI apUrvakaraNa kA sadbhAva pratipAdita hai / punaH yadi yaha kahA jAya ki apUrvakaraNa se yukta hokara bhI yadi koI strI navama guNasthAna ko prApta karane meM ayogya ho to vaha mukti kI adhikArI nahIM ho sktii| kintu Agama meM strI meM 1

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120 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna navama guNasthAna kA bhI sadbhAva pratipAdita hai| puna: yadi yaha tarka diyA jAya ki navama guNasthAna ko prApta karane meM samartha hone para bhI, yadi strI meM labdhi prApta karane kI yogyatA nahIM hai to vaha kaivalya Adi ko prApta nahIM kara pAtI hai| isake pratyuttara meM kahA gayA hai ki vartamAna meM bhI striyoM meM AmarSa labdhi arthAt zarIra ke maloM kA auSadhi rUpa meM parivartita ho jAnA Adi labdhi spaSTa rUpa se dekhI jAtI hai| ata: vaha labdhi se rahita bhI nahIM hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki strI labdhi yogya hone para bhI kalyANa-bhAjana na ho to vaha mokSa ko prApta nahIM kara skegii| isake pratyuttara meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ kalyANa-bhAjana hotI haiM, kyoMki ve to tIrthaGkaroM ko janma detI haiN| ata: strI uttama dharma arthAta mokSa kI adhikArI ho sakatI hai| haribhadra ne isake atirikta siddhoM ke pandraha bhedoM kI carcA karate hue siddhaprAbhRta kA bhI eka sandarbha prastuta kiyA hai| siddhaprAbhRta meM kahA gayA hai ki sabase kama strI-tIrthaGkara ( tIrthaGkarI ) siddha hote haiN| unakI apekSA strI tIrthaGkara ke tIrtha meM nau tIrthaGkara siddha asaMkhyAtaguNA adhika hote haiN| unakI apekSA strItIrthaGkara ke tIrtha meM nau tIrthaGkarI siddha ( strI zarIra se siddha ) asaMkhyAtaguNA adhika hote haiN| siddhaprAbhRta ( siddhapAhuDa ) eka paryApta prAcIna grantha hai, jisameM siddhoM ke vibhinna anuyogadvAroM kI carcA huI hai| jJAtavya hai ki haribhadra ke samakAlIna siddhasenagaNi ne apane tattvArthabhASya kI vRtti meM siddhaprAbhRta kA eka sandarbha diyA hai| yaha grantha anumAnataH nandIsatra ke pazcAt lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI meM nirmita huA hogaa| isa prakAra yApanIya paramparA meM hI sarvaprathama strImukti kA tArkika samarthana karane kA prayAsa huA hai| yaha hama pUrva meM hI kaha cuke haiM ki zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne strImukti ke samarthana meM jo tarka diye haiM ve mukhyata: yApanIyoM kA hI anusaraNa haiN| lalitavistarA meM apanI ora se eka bhI nayA tarka nahIM diyA gayA hai, mAtra yApanIyatantra ke kathana kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki zvetAmbaroM ko strImukti niSedhaka paramparA kA jJAna yApanIyoM ke mAdhyama se hI huA kyoMki kundakunda kI strImukti niSedhaka paramparA sudara dakSiNa meM hI prasthApita huI thii| ata: usakA uttara bhI dakSiNa meM apane paira jamA rahI yApanIya paramparA ko hI denA pdd'aa| yApanIya AcArya zAkaTAyana ne to strInirvANaprakaraNa nAmaka svatantra grantha kI hI racanA kI hai| vaha apane grantha ke prArambha meM hI kahate haiM ki bhakti aura mukti ke pradAtA nirmala arhat ke dharma ko praNAma karake maiM saMkSepa meM strI-nirvANa aura kevalImukti ko khuuNgaa|" isI grantha meM zAkaTAyana kahate haiM ki ratnatraya kI

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 121 sampadA se yukta hone ke kAraNa puruSa ke samAna hI strI kA bhI nirvANa sambhava hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki strItva, ratnatraya kI upalabdhi meM vaise hI bAdhaka hai. jaise devatva Adi to yaha tumhArA apanA kathana ho sakatA hai| Agama meM aura anya granthoM meM isakA koI pramANa nahIM hai| eka sAdhvI jina vacanoM ko samajhatI hai, una para zraddhA rakhatI hai aura unakA nirdoSa rUpa se pAlana karatI hai| isaliye ratnatraya kI sAdhanA kA strItva se koI bhI virodha nahIM hai| yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki ratnatraya kI sAdhanA strItva ke liye azakya hai aura jo adRSTa hai usake sAtha asaMgati batAne kA koI artha nahIM hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki strI meM sAtaveM naraka meM jAne kI yogyatA kA abhAva hai, isaliye vaha nirvANa-prApti ke yogya nahIM hai| kintu aisA avinAbhAva yA vyakti sambandha dvArA siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki jo sAtaveM naraka meM nahIM jA sakatA vaha nirvANa ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| carama zarIrI jIva tadbhava meM bhI sAtaveM naraka meM nahIM jA sakate, kintu tadbhava mokSa jAte haiN| puna: aisA koI niyama nahIM hai ki jo jitanA nimna gati meM jA sakatA hai, utanA hI ucca gati meM jA sakatA hai| kucha prANI aise haiM jo nimna gati meM bahuta nimna sthiti taka nahIM jAte, kintu ve sabhI ucca gati meM bhI samAna rUpa se jAte haiM, jaise sammUchima jIva prathama naraka se Age nahIM jA sakate, parisarpa Adi dvitIya naraka se Age nahIM jA sakate, pakSI tRtIya naraka se Age nahIM jA sakate, catuSpada caturtha naraka se Age nahIM jA sakate, sarpa paMcama naraka se Age nahIM jA skte| isa prakAra nimna gati meM jAne se ina sabameM bhinnatA hai, kintu uccagati meM ye sabhI sahasrAra svarga taka binA kisI bhedabhAva ke jA sakate haiN| isaliye yaha kahanA ki jo jitanI nimna gati taka jAne meM sakSama hotA hai, vaha utanI hI ucca gati taka jAne meM sakSama hotA hai, tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| adhogati meM jAne kI ayogyatA se ucca gati meM jAne kI ayogyatA siddha nahIM hotii| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki vAda Adi kI labdhi se rahita, dRSTivAda ke adhyayana se vaMcita, jinakalpa ko dhAraNa karane meM asamartha aura mana:paryaya jJAna ko prApta na kara pAne ke kAraNa strI kI mukti nahIM ho sakatI, to phira yaha mAnanA hogA ki jisa prakAra Agama meM jambUsvAmI ke pazcAt ina jina bAtoM ke viccheda kA ullekha kiyA hai, usI prakAra strI ke liye mokSa ke viccheda kA bhI ullekha honA cAhiye thaa| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki strI dIkSA kI adhikArI na hone ke kAraNa mokSa kI adhikAriNI nahIM hai, to phira AgamoM meM dIkSA ke ayogya vyaktiyoM kI sUcI meM jisa prakAra zizu ko dUdha pilAne vAlI strI tathA garbhiNI strI Adi kA ullekha

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122 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna kiyA gayA, usI prakAra sAmAnya strI kA bhI ullekha kiyA jAnA cAhiye thaa| punaH yadi yaha kahA jAya ki vastra dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa strI mokSa-prApti kI adhikArI nahIM hai athavA dUsare zabdoM meM vastrarUpI parigraha hI usakI mukti meM bAdhaka hai to phira pratilekhana kA grahaNa Adi bhI mukti meM bAdhaka kyoM nahIM hoMge ? yadi pratilekhana kA grahaNa usakA saMyama upakaraNa hone ke kAraNa parigraha ke antargata nahIM mAnA jAtA hai to strI ke liye vastra bhI jinopadiSTa saMyamopakaraNa hai, ataH use parigraha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? yadyapi vastra parigraha hai, phira bhI bhagavAn ne sAdhviyoM ke liye saMyamo - pakaraNa ke rUpa meM usako grahaNa karane kI anumati dI hai, kyoMki vastra ke abhAva meM unake liye sampUrNa cAritra kA hI niSedha ho jAyegA, jabaki vastra dhAraNa karane meM alpa doSa hote hue bhI saMyama pAlana hetu usakI anumati dI gaI hai| jo saMyama ke pAlana meM upakArI hotA hai, vaha dharmopakaraNa yA saMyamopakaraNa kahA jAtA hai, parigraha nahIM / ataH nirgranthI kA vastra saMyamopakaraNa hai, parigraha nahIM / AgamoM meM sAdhvI ke liye nirgranthI zabda kA prayoga sarvatra huA hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki vastra grahaNa parigraha hI hai to phira Agama meM usake liye isa zabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhiye thA kyoMki nirgrantha kA artha hai, parigraha se rahita / yadi saMyamopakaraNa parigraha ho to phira koI muni bhI nirgrantha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yadi eka vyakti vastra aura AbhUSaNoM se susajjita bhI hai kintu usake mana meM unake prati koI mamatva nahIM ho to vaha aparigrahI kahA jaayegaa| isake viparIta eka vyakti jo nagna rahatA hai kintu usameM mamatva aura mUrcchA kA bhAva hai to vaha acela hokara bhI parigrahI hI kahA jaayegaa| sAdhvI isaliye vastra dhAraNa nahIM karatI hai ki usameM vastra ke prati koI mamatva hai apitu vaha vastra ko jinAjJA mAnakara hI dhAraNa karatI hai / punaH vastra usake liye usI prakAra parigraha nahIM hai, jisa prakAra yadi kisI dhyAnastha nagnamuni ke zarIra para upasarga ke nimitta se DAlA gayA vastra usa muni ke liye parigraha nahIM hotaa| isake viparIta eka nagna vyakti bhI yadi apane zarIra ke prati mamatva bhAva rakhatA hai to vaha parigrahI hI kahA jAyegA aura aisA vyakti nagna hokara bhI mokSa prApti ke ayogya hI hotA hai| jabaki vaha vyakti jisameM mamatva bhAva kA pUrNataH abhAva hai, zarIra dhAraNa karate hue bhI aparigrahI hI kahA jAyagA / ataH jinAjJA ke kAraNa saMyamopakaraNa ke rUpa meM vastra dhAraNa karate hue bhI niyamavAna strI aparigrahI hI hai aura mokSa kI adhikArI bhI / jisa prakAra jantuoM se vyApta isa loka meM muni ke dvArA dravya - hiMsA hotI rahane para bhI kaSAya ke abhAva meM vaha ahiMsaka hI mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 123 . vastra ke sadabhAva meM bhI nirmamatva ke kAraNa sAdhvI aparigrahI mAnI jAtI hai| yaha jJAtavya hai ki yadi hama hiMsA aura ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA bAhya ghaTanAoM arthAt dravya-hiMsA ( jIvaghAta ) ke AdhAra para na karake vyakti ke manobhAvoM arthAt kaSAyoM kI upasthiti ke AdhAra para karate haiM, to phira parigraha ke liye bhI yahI kasauTI mAnanI hogii| yadi hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hone para bhI kaSAya evaM pramAda kA abhAva hone se mani ahiMsaka hI rahatA hai, to phira vastra ke hote hue bhI mUrchA ke abhAva meM sAdhvI aparigrahI kyoM nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai| strI kA cAritra stra ke binA nahIM hotA aisA arhat ne kahA hai| to phira sthavirakalpI Adi ke samAna usakI mukti kyoM nahIM hogI ? jJAtavya hai ki sthavirakalpI muni bhI jinAjJA ke anurUpa vastra-pAtra Adi grahaNa karate haiN| puna: arza, bhagandara Adi rogoM meM jinakalpI acela muni ko bhI vastra grahaNa karanA hotA hai ata: unakI bhI mukti sambhava nahIM hogii| puna: acelakatva utsarga mArga hai, yaha bAta jaba taka siddha nahIM hogI taba taka sacela mArga ko apavAda mArga nahIM mAnA jaayegaa| utsarga bhI apavAda sApekSa hai| apavAda ke abhAva meM utsarga, utsarga nahIM raha jaataa| yadi acelatA utsarga mArga hai to sacelatA bhI apavAda mArga hai, donoM hI mArga haiM amArga koI bhI nhiiN| ata: donoM se hI mukti mAnanA hogaa| puna: jisa taraha AgamoM meM ATha varSa ke bAlaka Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, usI prakAra AgamoM meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti tIsa varSa kI Ayu ko pAra kara cukA ho aura jisakI dIkSA ko unnIsa varSa vyatIta ho gaye hoM, vahI jinakalpa kI dIkSA kA adhikArI hai| yadi makti ke liye jinakalpa arthAt nagnatA Avazyaka hotI, to yaha bhI kahA jAnA cAhie thA ki tIsa varSa se kama umra kA vyakti mukti ke ayogya hai| kintu sabhI paramparAe~ eka mata se yaha mAnatI hI haiM ki mukti ke liye tIsa varSa kI Ayu honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| sAmAnya rUpa se isakA artha huA ki jinakalpa arthAt nagnatA ke binA bhI mukti sambhava hai, ataH strImukti sambhava hai| AgamoM meM saMvara aura nirjarA ke hetu rUpa bahuta prakAra kI tapa vidhiyoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra yoga aura cikitsA kI aneka vidhiyA~ hotI haiM aura vyakti kI apanI prakRti ke anusAra unameM se koI eka hI vidhi upakArI siddha hotI hai, sabake liye eka hI vidhi upakArI siddha nahIM hotI; usI prakAra AcAra meM bhI koI jinakalpa sAdhanA ke yogya hotA hai to koI sthavirakalpa kI sAdhanA ke| isaliye vastra kA tyAga hone se strI ke liye mokSa kA abhAva nahIM :

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124 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna hai kyoMki mokSa ke liye to ratnatraya ke atirikta anya koI bhI bAta Avazyaka nahIM hai| puna: strI kI nagnadIkSA kA niSedha kara dene kA artha bhI usakI makti kI yogyatA kA niSedha nahIM hai kyoMki jinazAsana kI prabhAvanA ke liye una vyaktiyoM kI pravrajyA kA niSedha bhI kiyA jAtA hai jo ratnatraya ke pAlana meM sakSama hote haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki kisI ke acela dIkSA ke niSedha se usakI mukti kA niSedha siddha nahIM hotA hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki striyA~ isaliye siddha nahIM ho sakatI haiM kyoki ve maniyoM ke dvArA vandanIya nahIM hotI, jaisA ki Agama meM kahA gayA hai ki sau varSa kI dIkSitA sAdhvI bhI eka dina ke nava dIkSita muni ko vandana kre| isake pratyuttara meM zAkaTAyana kahate haiM ki muni ke dvArA vandanIya na hone se unheM mokSa ke ayogya mAnoge to phira yaha bhI mAnanA par3egA ki arhat ( tIrthaGkara ) ke dvArA vandanIya hone se koI bhI vyakti mokSa kA adhikArI nahIM hogA kyoMki arhat to kisI ko bhI vandana nahIM karatA hai| isI prakAra sthavirakalpI muni, jinakalpI muni ke dvArA vandanIya nahIM haiM, ata: yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki sthavirakalpI muni bhI mokSa ke adhikArI nahIM haiN| isI prakAra jina, gaNadhara ko vandana nahIM karate haiM, ata: gaNadhara bhI mokSa ke adhikArI nahIM hai| yaha laukika vyavahAra mukti kA kAraNa nahIM hai| mukti kA kAraNa to vrata-pAlana hai aura vrata-pAlana meM strI-puruSa samAna hI mAne gae haiN| sabhI sAMsArika viSayoM meM to striyA~ puruSoM se nimna hI mAnI jAtI haiN| ataH mokSa ke sambandha meM bhI unheM nimna hI kyoM nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie ? tIrthaGkara pada bhI to kevala puruSa ko hI prApta hotA hai isaliye puruSa hI mukti kA adhikArI hai| isake pratyuttara meM yApanIyoM kA tarka yaha hai ki tIrthaGkara to kevala kSatriya hote haiM, brAhmaNa, zUdra, vaizya to tIrthaGkara nahIM hote, to phira kyA yaha mAnA jAya ki brAhmaNa, zUdra, vaizya mukti ke adhikArI nahIM hote ? punaH siddha na to strI hai, na puruss| ata: siddha kA liMga se koI sambandha hI nahIM hai| - yadi yaha tarka diyA jAya ki striyA~ kapaTavRtti vAlI yA mAyAvI hotI haiM to isakA pratyuttara yaha hai ki vyavahAra meM to puruSa bhI mAyAvI dekhe jAte haiN| puna: yadi yaha kahA jAya ki puruSa ke samAna striyoM kA koI bhI siddha kSetra ullikhita nahIM hai to yaha bAta aneka puruSoM ke sambandha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| sabhI puruSoM ke siddha kSetra to prasiddha nahIM haiN|

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna yadi yaha tarka prastuta kiyA jAya ki striyoM meM puruSArtha kI kamI hotI hai isaliye ve mukti kI adhikArI nahIM haiM, kintu hama dekhate haiM ki AgamoM meM brAhmI, sundarI, rAjImati, candanA Adi aneka striyoM ke ullekha haiM jo puruSArtha aura sAdhanA meM puruSoM se kama nahIM thiiN| ataH yaha tarka bhI yuktisaMgata nahIM hai / 125 punaH eka tarka yaha bhI diyA jA sakatA hai ki jo vyakti bahuta pApI aura mithyAdRSTikoNa se yukta hotA hai vahI strI ke rUpa meM janma letA hai| samyagdRSTi prANI strI ke rUpa meM janma hI nahIM letaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki strI - zarIra kA grahaNa pApa ke pariNAmasvarUpa hotA hai isaliye strI- zarIra mukti ke yogya nahIM hai| sAtha hI digambara paramparA yaha bhI mAnatI hai ki eka samyagdRSTi vyakti strI, pazustrI, prathama naraka ke bAda ke naraka, bhUta-pizAca Adi aura devI ke rUpa meM janma nahIM letA / pApI AtmA hI ina zarIroM ko dhAraNa karatA hai| ata: strI-zarIra mukti ke yogya nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM yApanIyoM kA kathana hai ki digambara paramparA kI yaha mAnyatA pramANarahita hai| dUsare jaba samyagdarzana kA udaya hotA hai, taba sabhI karma mAtra eka koTAkoTi sAgaropama kI sthiti ke raha jAte haiM, 69 koTAkoTi sAgaropama sthiti ke karma to mithyAdRSTi vyakti bhI samApta kara sakatA hai / ataH samyagdarzana kA udaya hone para striyA~ avaziSTa mAtra eka koTAkoTi sAgaropama ke karmoM ko kyoM kSaya nahIM kara sakatIM ? phira bhI strI meM karma kSaya karane kI zakti kA abhAva mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| punaH AgamoM meM strImukti ke ullekha bhI haiN| mathurAgama meM kahA gayA hai ki eka samaya meM adhikatama 108 puruSa, 20 striyA~ aura 10 napuMsaka siddha ho sakate haiM / 21 jJAtavya hai ki yaha ullekha uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA hai, jisakI mAthurIvAcanA yApanIyoM ko bhI mAnya thii| isake atirikta Agama meM strI ke 14 guNasthAna kahe gaye haiN| sambhavataH zAkaTAyana kA yaha nirdeza SaTSaNDAgama ke prasaMga meM hai / jJAtavya hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama digambaroM ko bhI mAnya hai / isa vacana ke prati digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA hai ki yahA~ strI se tAtparya bhAva- strI ( strIvedI jIva ) arthAt usa puruSa se hai jisakA svabhAva straiNa ho| isa sambandha meM zAkaTAyana kA pratyuttara yaha hai ki kisI zabda kA dUsarA gauNa artha hote hue bhI, jaba taka usa sandarbha meM usakA prathama mukhya artha upayukta ho taba taka dUsarA gauNa artha nahIM liyA jA sktaa| pratyeka zabda kA apanA eka nizcita rUr3ha artha hotA hai aura binA paryApta kAraNa ke usa nizcita rUr3ha artha kA tyAga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| punaH jaba taka vyutpattilabhya artha yA rUr3ha artha grAhya hai, taba taka dUsarA artha lene kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| strI zabda strIzarIradhArI arthAt stana, garbhAzaya

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126 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna Adi se yukta prANI ke liye hI prayukta hotA hai| yahA~ ( SaTakhaNDAgama ke prastuta prasaMga meM ) strI zabda kA anya koI artha usI prakAra nirarthaka hai jaise koI agniputra nAmaka vyakti kA artha agni se utpanna putra kre| puna: jaba AgamoM meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki strI chaThe naraka se Age nahIM jAtI, vahA~ Apa strI zabda ko usake mukhya artha meM leM aura Age jaba Agama meM yaha kahA jAye ki strI meM caudaha guNasthAna hote haiM to vahA~ strI zabda ko usake gauNa artha arthAt bhAva-strI ke rUpa meM leM, yaha ucita nahIM hai| zAkaTAyana yahA~ spaSTa rUpa se vIrasena kI SaTakhaNDAgama ke satprarUpaNAkhaNDa ke 93veM sUtra kI vyAkhyA para kaTAkSa karate hue pratIta hote haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama meM satprarUpaNA kI gatimArgaNA meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki paryApta manuSyanI meM saMyatAsaMyata, saMyata Adi guNasthAna hote haiN| vIrasena ne yahA~ manuSyanI zabda kI bhAvastrI yA strIvedI puruSa aisI jo vyAkhyA kI hai, vaha zAkaTAyana ko svIkArya nahIM hai| zAkaTAyana kA spaSTa mata hai ki Agama ( SaTakhaNDAgama ) meM jo manuSyanI zabda prayukta huA hai vahA~ usakA mukhya artha 'strI' hI grAhya hai| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ manuSyanI kA artha strIvedI puruSa ( straiNa-puruSa ) isaliye bhI grAhya nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha carcA gatimArgaNA ke sandarbha meM hai, veda-mArgaNA ke sambandha meM nahIM hai| veda-mArgaNA kI carcA to Age kI hI gaI hai| ata: prastuta sandarbha meM 'manuSyanI' kA artha strIvedI manuSya/bhAvastrI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| puna: strIveda ( kAmavAsanA ) kI upasthiti meM to mukti sambhava hI nahIM hotI hai, veda to naveM guNasthAna meM hI samApta ho jAtA hai| kintu strIveda zarIra kI upasthiti meM sambhava hai, kyoMki zarIra to caudahaveM guNasthAna arthAt mukti ke lakSaNa taka rahatA hai| puna: puruSa zarIra meM strIveda arthAt puruSa dvArA bhoge jAne sambandhI kAmavAsanA athavA strI zarIra meM puruSaveda arthAt strI ko bhogane sambandhI kAmavAsanA kA udaya mAnanA bhI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAyegA ki puruSa kI AMgika saMracanA meM strI rUpa se bhoge jAnA aura strI kI zArIrika racanA meM puruSa rUpa se strI ko bhoga karanA sambhava hotA hai to phira samaliMgI vivAha-vyavasthA ko bhI mAnanA hogaa| sAtha hI yadi puruSa meM strIveda kA udaya arthAt dUsare puruSa ke dvArA strI rUpa meM bhoge jAne sambandhI kAmavAsanA kA udaya sambhava mAneMge, to phira muniyoM kA paraspara sAtha meM rahanA bhI sambhava nahIM hogA, kyoMki kisI zramaNa meM kaba strIveda kA udaya ho jAya, yaha kahanA kaThina hogA aura strIvedI zramaNa ke sAtha puruSavedI zramaNa kA rahanA zramaNAcAra niyamoM ke viruddha hogaa| kisI bhI vyakti meM bhinna-liMgI kAmavAsanA kA udaya mAnanA sambhava

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 127 nahIM hai| vyavahAra meM bAhya zarIra racanA ke AdhAra para hI nirNaya liye jAte haiN| samalaiMgika kAmapravRtti yA pazu-manuSya kAma-pravRtti vastutaH aprAkRtika maithuna yA vikRta kAmavAsanA ke rUpa haiN| zarIra racanA se bhinna veda ( kAmavAsanA ) kA udaya nahIM hai| ataH manuSyAnI zabda kA artha stana, yoni Adi se yukta manuSyanI ( mAnava strI ) hI hai, na ki strI sambandhI kAmavAsanA se yukta puruSa / puna: isa kathana kA koI pramANa bhI nahIM hai ki puruSa zarIra racanA se straiNa kAmavAsanA kA udaya hotA hai| aisI sthiti meM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki strI-zarIra meM bhI puruSa sambandhI kAmavAsanA arthAt strI ko bhogane kI icchA utpanna hotI hogii| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM veda aura liMga alaga-alaga zabda rahe haiN| liMga kA tAtparya zArIrika saMracanA athavA bAhya cihnoM se hotA hai jabaki veda kA tAtparya kAmavAsanA sambandhI manobhAvoM se hotA hai / sAmAnyatayA jaisI zarIra racanA hotI hai, tadrUpa hI veda arthAt kAmavAsanA kA udaya hotA hai| yadi kisI vyakti meM apanI zarIra racanA se bhinna prakAra kI kAmavAsanA pAI jAtI hai to yaha mAnanA hogA ki usa vyakti meM puruSa aura strI arthAt donoM prakAra kI kAmavAsanA hai / parantu Agama kI dRSTi se aisA vyakti napuMsakaliMgI kahA gayA hai| jaina- paramparA meM napuMsaka zabda kA tAtparya puruSatva se hIna arthAt strI kA bhoga karane meM asamartha vyakti, aisA nahIM hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra napuMsaka vaha hai, jisameM ubhayaliMga kI kAmavAsanAe~ upasthita hoM / punaH zAkaTAyana kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki yadi kisI puruSa kA kAma vyavahAra dUsarI strI ke sAtha puruSavat ho to yaha usakI apanI vikRta kAmavAsanA kA hI rUpa hai| kabhI-kabhI to manuSya pazuoM se bhI apanI kAmavAsanA kI pUrti karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| kyA aisI sthiti meM hama yaha mAneMge ki usameM pazu sambandhI kAmavAsanA hai ? vastutaH yaha usakI apanI kAmavAsanA kA hI eka vikRta rUpa hai / punaH yadi yaha kahA jAya ki Agama meM vigata veda (bhavoM) kI apekSA se strI meM caudaha guNasthAna mAne gae haiM to phira to vigata bhava kI apekSA se deva meM bhI caudaha guNasthAna sambhava hoMge, kintu Agama meM unameM to caudaha guNasthAna nahIM kahe gae haiN| vastutaH Agama meM jo manuSyanI meM caudaha guNasthAnoM kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI gaI hai, vaha strI - veda ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu strIliMga (strIrUpI zarIra - racanA) ke AdhAra para hI hai| Agama meM gatimArgaNA ke sandarbha meM manuSyanI meM paryApta guNasthAnoM kI carcA huI hai| ataH manuSyanI kA artha bhAvastrI arthAt straiNa - vAsanA se yukta puruSa karanA upayukta nahIM hai, kyoMki bhAva yA veda kI carcA to bhinna anuyogadvAroM meM kI gaI hai| ataH Agama ( SaTkhaNDAgama ) meM manuSyanI kA artha

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128 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna bhAvastrI na hokara dravyastrI hI hai aura yadi AgamAnusAra manuSyanI meM caudaha guNasthAna sambhava haiM to phira usakI mukti bhI sambhava hai| isa prakAra yApanIya paramparA Agamika AdhAroM para strImukti kI samarthaka rahI hai| anyatairthika aura gRhasthamukti kA prazna strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha do anya prazna bhI jur3e hue haiM, ve haiM anyatairthika kI mukti evaM savastramukti ( gRhasthamukti ) / yaha spaSTa hai ki uttarAdhyayana jaise prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha anyatairthikoM ( anya liMga ) aura gRhasthoM kI mukti ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| unakI mAnyatA yaha thI ki vyakti cAhe kisI anya paramparA meM dIkSita huA ho yA gRhastha hI ho, yadi vaha samabhAva kI sAdhanA meM pUrNatA prApta kara letA hai, rAga-dveSa se Upara uThakara vItarAgadazA ko prApta ho jAtA hai, to vaha anya tairthika yA gRhastha ke veza meM bhI mukti ko prApta ho sakatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zarIra kI apekSA se strI, puruSa evaM napusaMka kI tathA veza kI apekSA se svaliMga ( nirgrantha muniveza ), anya liMga ( tApasa Adi anyatairthika ke veza meM ) evaM gRhIliMga ( gRhasthaveza ) se mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|22 sUtrakRtAMga meM nami, bAhuka, asitadevala, nArAyaNa Adi RSiyoM ke dvArA anya paramparA ke AcAra evaM vezabhUSA kA anusaraNa karate hue bhI siddhi prApta karane kA spaSTa ullekha hai| RSibhASita meM aupaniSadika, bauddha evaM anya zramaNa-paramparA ke RSiyoM ko arhat RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| 24 vastuta: mukti kA sambandha AtmA kI vizuddhi se hai| usakA bAhya veza yA strI-puruSa Adi ke zarIra se koI sambandha nahIM hai| zvetAmbara AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki vyakti cAhe zvetAmbara ho, digambara ho, bauddha yA anya kisI dharmaparamparA kA ho, yadi vaha samabhAva se yukta hai to mukti avazya prApta kregaa|25 cU~ki yApanIya bhI Agamika paramparA ke anuyAyI the, ata: yApanIya zAkaTAyana ne isa sambandha meM Agama-pramANa kA ullekha kiyA hai| ve strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha anyatairthika kI mukti ke bhI samarthaka the| kintu jaba acelatA ko hI ekamAtra mokSa-mArga svIkAra karake mUrchAdi bhAvaparigraha ke sAtha-sAtha vastra-pAtrAdi dravyaparigraha kA bhI pUrNa tyAga Avazyaka mAna liyA gayA to yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki strImukti ke niSedha ke sAtha hI sAtha anyatairthika aura gRhasthoM kI mukti kA bhI niSedha kara diyA jaay| digambara paramparA meM cU~ki acelatA ko hI ekamAtra mokSamArga mAnA gayA thA, isaliye usane yaha mAnA ki anyatairthika yA gRhasthaveza meM koI bhI vyakti mukta nahIM ho sktaa| isake viparIta zvetAmbara aura yApanIya donoM hI spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate rahe ki yadi vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA yA mamatva vRtti

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 129 samApta ho gayI hai to bAhyarUpa se vaha cAhe gRhasthaveza dhAraNa kiye hae ho usakI mukti meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai| tattvArthabhASya26 meM tattvArthasUtra ke dasaveM adhyAya ke sAtaveM sUtra kA bhASya karate hue umAsvAti ne veza kI apekSA se dravya liMga ke tIna bheda kiye - (1) svaliMga, (2) gRhaliMga, (3) anyaliMga aura yaha batAyA ki ina tInoM liMgoM se mukti ho bhI sakatI hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatI hai| isa prakAra umAsvAti anyatairthikoM evaM gRhasthoM kI mukti ko vikalpa se svIkAra karate haiM, kintu isI sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM pUjyapAda sarvArthasiddhi meM dravyaliMga kI dRSTi se nirgranthaliMga se hI siddhi mAnate haiN| yadyapi unhoMne yaha mAnA hai ki bhUtapUrva naya kI apekSA se sagranthaliMga se bhI siddhi hotI hai| kintu tattvArthasUtra ke prastuta sUtra (10/7) meM siddha jIvoM kA kSetra, kAla, gati, liMga, tIrtha Adi kI apekSA se jo vicAra kiyA gayA hai, vaha unake mukti prApta karane ke samaya kI sthiti ke sandarbha meM hai| ata: bhUtapUrva naya kA yahA~ koI prayojana hI nahIM hai| kyoMki yadi bhUtapUrva naya se kahanA hotA to usameM to sabhI liMga, sabhI veda, sabhI gati, sabhI kSetra Adi se mukti mAnI jA sakatI thii| bhUtapUrva naya kA kathana mAtra Agama aura apanI paramparA ke madhya saMgati biThAne hetu kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI isase yaha to phalita hotA hI hai ki pUjyapAda ke samaya meM digambara paramparA meM anyatairthika aura gRhastha mukti ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se A gayI thii| pUjyapAda kI sarvArthaTIkA se pahale hameM zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparA ke kisI bhI grantha meM strI, anyatairthika evaM gRhastha kI mukti ke spaSTa niSedha sambandhI koI bhI ullekha nahIM mile haiN| zvetAmbara mAnya Agama sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM to spaSTa rUpa se ina tInoM kI mukti kA ullekha huA hai, yaha hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiN| kundakunda aura pUjyapAda ke samaya se hI jaina vidvAnoM meM yaha matabheda astitva meM hai| hamArI dRSTi meM kundakunda bhI pUjyapAda ke samakAlIna lagabhaga chaThI zatI ke hI haiN| ata: pUjyapAda ke sAtha-sAtha unhoMne bhI sUtraprAbhRta28 meM 'vastradhArI' kI mukti kA niSedha kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki - "yadi tIrthaGkara bhI vastradhArI ho to vaha bhI mukta nahIM ho sktaa|" isa niSedha meM strI, anyatairthika evaM gRhastha tInoM kI mukti kA hI niSedha ho jAtA hai, kyoMki ye tInoM hI vastradhArI haiN| isa prakAra digambara paramparA meM kundakunda evaM pUjyapAda ke kAla se strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha anyatairthika evaM gRhastha kI mukti kA bhI niSedha kara diyA gyaa| vastuta: koI bhI dharma-paramparA jaba sAmpradAyika saMkIrNatAoM meM simaTatI jAtI hai to usameM anya paramparAoM ke prati udAratA samApta hotI jAtI hai| anyatairthikoM evaM gRhasthoM kI mukti kA niSedha isI kA pariNAma thaa|

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130 strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna paravartI zvetAmbara evaM digambara granthoM meM isa sambandha meM jo bhI carcA huI, vaha mukhya rUpa se strImukti ke prazna ko lekara hI huii| gRhastha evaM anyatairthika kI mukti kA prazna vastuta: strI ke prazna se hI jur3A huA thaa| ata: paravartI sAhitya meM ina donoM ke sambandha meM pakSa va vipakSa meM kucha likhA gayA ho, aisA mujhe jJAta nahIM hai| tattvArthazlokavArtika 29 meM vidyAnanda ne ekamAtra tarka yaha diyA hai ki 'yadi sagrantha avasthA meM mukti hotI hai to phira parigraha-tyAga kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ?' jisa prakAra yApanIya AcArya 'zAkaTAyana' ne aura zvetAmbara AcArya haribhadra Adi ne strImukti ke samarthana meM vividha tarka diye usI prakAra ke tarka gRhastha yA anyatairthika kI mukti ke sambandha meM yApanIya evaM zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne nahIM diye haiN| sambhavata: isakA kAraNa yahI rahA ki jaba eka bAra sacela strI kI mukti kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI jAtI hai to phira gRhastha aura anyatairthika kI mukti kI sambhAvanA svIkAra karane meM koI bAdhA nahIM rahatI, kyoMki gRhastha aura anyatairthika kI mukti kA prazna sIdhA strImukti kI samasyA ke sAtha jur3A huA thaa| ata: usa para svatantra rUpa se pakSa va vipakSa meM adhika carcA nahIM huI hai| jahA~ taka yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai ve strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha gRhastha evaM anyatairthika kI mukti svIkAra karate the| yApanIya granthoM se isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| AcArya hariSeNa ke 'bRhatkathAkoza'30 meM spaSTa rUpa se gRhastha mukti kA ullekha hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki aNuvrata, guNavrata, zikSAvrata se anvita aura maunavrata se samanvita mumukSu siddhi ko prApta hotA hai| isI prakAra harivaMzapurANa' ( jinasena aura hariSeNa ) meM bhI anyatairthika kI mukti kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| usake bayAlIsaveM sarga meM nArada ko 'antyadeha' kahA gayA hai| puna: usake paiMsaThaveM sarga meM to spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki - "narazreSTha nArada ne pravrajita hokara tapasyA ke bala se bhava-paramparA kA kSaya karake akSaya mokSa ko prApta kiyaa|32 isake viparIta digambara granthoM meM nArada ko narakagAmI kahA gayA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki yApanIya paramparA, zvetAmbara paramparA kI hI taraha udAra thI aura strImukti ke sAtha-sAtha anyatairthika evaM gRhasthoM kI mukti kI sambhAvanA ko bhI svIkAra karatI thii| sandarbha 1. itthIpurisasiddhA ya taheva ya napuMsagAH / saliMge ana liMge ya gihi liMge taheva ya / / - uttarAdhyayana, saMpAdaka sAdhvI caMdanAjI, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 1972, 36/49.

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna 131 2. ( a ) jJAtAdharmakathA, aSTama adhyayana ke anta meM malli ke tIrthaGkara evaM mukta hone kA ullekha hai| (ba) antakRddazA varga ATha ke sabhI adhyayanoM ke anta meM strImukti ke ullekha haiN| 3. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 181 evaM bhAga 2, pR0 212. 4. suttapAhuDa, gAthA 23-26. 4. M.A. Dhaky "The Date of Kundakundacharya", Aspects of Jainology, Vol. III, Pt. D. D. Malvania Felicitation Volume III, P. V. Research Institute, 1991, p. 187. 6. tattvArthabhASya, 10/7. 7. sarvArthasiddhi, 10/9. 8. rAjavArtika, 10/9. 9. suttapAhuDa, gAthA 23. 10. vahI, gAthA 24. 11. vahI, gAthA 25-26. 87. Padmanabh S. Jaini, Gender and Salvation, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 1992, p. 4. 13. Navi sijjhai vatthadharo.jiNasAsaNe jaivi hoi titthayaro / ___Naggo vimokkha maggo sesAummaggayA savve / / - aSTaprAbhRta, suttapAhuDa, gAthA 23, prakAzaka paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, agAsa. 14. vahI, gAthA 25. 15. vahI, gAthA 26. 16. vahI, gAthA 24. 17. haribhadra, lalitavistarA, zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajItyabhidhAna zvetAmbara saMsthA, vi0 saM0 1990, pR0 57-59. 18. savvatthoA tithyayarisiddhA tithyayarititthe, NotitthayarasiddhA asaMkhejja guNa titthayarititthe, No titthayarisiddhA asaMkhejja gunnaao| - siddhaprAbhRta, uddhRta lalitavistarA, pR0 56. 19. atthititthakarasiddha titthakaratitthe, ne titthasiddhA titthakara titthe, titthasiddhA titthakaratitthe tittha siddhANo, titthakarIsiddhA titthakarI titthaNo

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strImukti, anyatairthikamukti evaM savastramukti kA prazna titthasiddhA titthakarI titthe titthasiddhA titthakarI titthe titthasiddhAo / tattvArthAdhigamasUtra - svopajJabhASyeNa zrI siddhasenagaNikRta TIkAyAM ca samalaMkRtam, dvitIyo vibhAga, 10/7, pR0 308. 20. praNipatya muktimukti pramadamalaM dharmamarhato dizataH / vakSye strInirvANaM kevalibhuktiM ya saMkSepAt / / 132 zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa, 'strImuktiprakaraNa', zloka 1, bhAratIya jJAnapITha sampAdaka hIrAlAla jaina, e0 ena0 upAdhye, 1971, pR0 121. 21. dasaceva napuMsesu vIsaM itthiyAsu ya / purisesu ya aTThasayaM samaeNegeNa sijjhaI / / uttarAdhyayana 36/5 22. itthI purisasiddhA ya taheva ya napuMsagA / saliMge annaliMge ya gihiliMge taheva ya / / uttarAdhyayana, 36/49. 23. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/4/1-1. 24. devanAradeNa arahatA isiNA buiyaM / isibhAsiyAI, 1/1. sampAdaka mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura. 25. sayaMbaro vA AsaMbaro vA buddho vA taheva anno vA / samabhAvabhAvippA lahaimokkhaM Na saMdeho / sambodhasattarI, 2. 26. liMge punaranyo vikalpa ucyate - dravyaliMga bhAvaliMga aliMgamiti / pratyutpannabhAvaprajJApanIya prAptasiddhyati / tattvArthabhASya, 10 / 7. 27. liMgena kena siddhi ? avedatvena tribhyo vA vedabhyaH siddhibhavito na dravyataH pulliMgeneva / athavA nirgranthaliMgena / sagraMthaliMgena vA siddhirbhUtapUrva nayApekSayA / pUjyapAda, sarvArthasiddhi, saMpAdaka phUlacandra siddhAntazAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1978, pR0 472. 28. sUtraprAbhRta, 23. 29. sAkSannigraMthAliMgena pAramparyAttatonyataH sAkSAtsagraMthaliMgena siddhau nirgranthatA vRthA / tattvArthazlokavArtika, 10/9. 30. bRhatkathAkoza, 57/562. 31. antyadehaH prakRtyaiva niH kaSApoepyasaukSitau / harivaMzapurANa, 42 / 22. 32. vahI, 65 / 24.

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pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna jaina nyAya kA vikAsa nyAya evaM pramANa-carcA ke kSetra meM sAmAnya rUpa se jaina dArzanikoM kA aura vizeSa rUpa se AcArya hemacandra ke grantha pramANamImAMsA kA kyA avadAna hai, yaha jAnane ke liye jaina nyAya ke vikAsakrama ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| yadyapi jainoM kA paJcajJAna kA siddhAnta paryApta prAcIna hai aura jaina vidyA ke kucha vidvAna use pArzva ke yuga taka le jAte haiM, kintu jahA~ taka pramANa-vicAra kA kSetra hai, jainoM kA praveza naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM aura bauddhoM ke pazcAt hI huA hai| pramANacarcA ke prasaMga meM jainoM kA praveza cAhe paravartI ho, kintu isa kAraNa ve isa kSetra meM jo viziSTa avadAna de sake haiM, vaha hamAre liye gaurava kI vastu hai| isa kSetra meM paravartI hone kA lAbha yaha huA ki jainoM ne pakSa aura pratipakSa ke siddhAntoM ke guNa-doSoM kA samyak mUlyAMkana karake phira apane mantavya ko isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA ki vaha pakSa aura pratipakSa kI tArkika kamiyoM kA parimArjana karate hue eka vyApaka aura samanvayAtmaka siddhAnta bana ske| paM0 sukhalAlajI ke anusAra jaina jJAna-mImAMsA ne mukhyata: tIna yugoM meM apane kramika vikAsa ko pUrNa kiyA hai - 1. Agama yuga, 2. anekAnta sthApana yuga aura 3. nyAyapramANa sthApana yug| yahA~ hama ina yugoM kI viziSTatAoM kI carcA na karate hue kevala itanA kahanA cAheMge ki jainoM ne apane anekAnta-siddhAnta ko sthira karake phira pramANa vicAra ke kSetra meM kadama rkhaa| unake isa paravartI praveza kA eka lAbha to yaha huA ki pakSa aura pratipakSa kA adhyayana kara ve una donoM kI kamiyoM aura tArkika asaMgatiyoM ko samajha sake tathA dUsare pUrva-vikasita unakI anekAnta dRSTi kA lAbha yaha huA ki ve una donoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita kara ske| unhoMne pakSa aura pratipakSa ke bIca samanvaya sthApita karane kA jo prayAsa kiyA, usI meM unakA siddhAnta sthira ho gayA aura yahI unakA isa kSetra meM viziSTa avadAna khlaayaa| isa kSetra meM unakI bhUmikA sadaiva eka taTastha nyAyAdhIza kI rhii| unhoMne apane pUrvavartI siddhAntoM kI samIkSA ke mAdhyama se sadaiva apane ko samRddha kiyA aura jahA~ Avazyaka lagA, vahA~ apanI pUrva mAnyatAoM ko bhI

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134 pramANa - lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna saMzodhita aura parimArjita kiyaa| cAhe siddhasena hoM yA samantabhadra, akalaMka hoM yA vidyAnanda, haribhadra hoM yA hemacandra, sabhI ne apane granthoM ke nirmANa meM jahA~ apanI paramparA ke pUrvAcAryoM ke granthoM kA adhyayana kiyA, vahIM anya paramparA ke pakSa aura pratipakSa kA bhI gambhIra adhyayana kiyA / ataH jaina nyAya yA pramANavicAra sthira na rahakara gatizIla banA rhaa| vaha yuga-yuga meM pariSkRta, vikasita aura samRddha hotA rhaa| pramANamImAMsA kA upajIvya AcArya hemacandra kA pramANamImAMsA nAmaka yaha grantha bhI isI krama meM hue jaina nyAya ke vikAsa kA eka caraNa hai| pramANamImAMsA eka apUrNa grantha hai| na to mUla grantha hI aura na usakI vRtti hI pUrNa hai / upalabdha mUla sUtra 100 haiM aura inhIM para vRtti bhI upalabdha hai| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki yaha grantha AcArya hemacandra apane jIvana kAla meM pUrNa nahIM kara sake the| isakA phalita yaha hai ki unhoMne apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM hI isa kRti kA lekhana prArambha kiyA hogaa| yaha grantha bhI kaNAdasUtra yA vaizeSikasUtra, brahmasUtra evaM tattvArthasUtra kI taraha sUtra - zailI kA grantha hai, phira bhI isa grantha kI vargIkaraNa zailI bhinna hI hai| AcArya kI yojanA ise pA~ca adhyAyoM meM samApta karane kI thI aura ve pratyeka adhyAya ko do-do AhnikoM meM vibhakta karanA cAhate the, kintu Aja isake mAtra do adhyAya apane do-do AhnikoM ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| adhyAya aura Ahnika kA yaha vibhAga krama isake pUrva akSapAda ke nyAya sUtroM evaM jaina paramparA meM akalaMka ke granthoM meM dekhA jAtA hai / apUrNa hone para bhI isa grantha kI mahattA va mUlyavattA akSuNNa banI huI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne isa grantha ke lekhana meM apanI paramparA aura anya dArzanika paramparAoM ke nyAya sambandhI granthoM kA pUrA avalokana kiyA hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM " Agamika sAhitya ke ativizAla khajAne ke uparAnta 'tattvArtha' se lekara 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' taka ke saMskRta tArkika jaina sAhitya kI bhI bahuta bar3I rAzi hemacandra ke parizIlana- patha meM AI, jisase hemacandra kA sarvAGgINa sarjaka vyaktitva santuSTa hone ke bajAya eka aise nae sarjana kI ora pravRtta huA, jo aba taka ke jaina vAGmaya meM apUrva sthAna rakha sake / ' vastutaH niryukti, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, tattvArtha aura usakA bhASya jaise Agamika grantha tathA siddhasena divAkara, samantabhadra, akalaMka, mANikyanandI aura vidyAnanda kI prAyaH samagra kRtiyA~ isakI upAdAna sAmagrI banI haiN| paM0 sukhalAlajI kI mAnyatA hai ki prabhAcandra ke 'prameyakamalamArtaNDa', anantavIrya kI 'prameyaratnamAlA' aura vAdidevasUri ke 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' kA isameM spaSTa upayoga huA hai| phira bhI unakI dRSTi ddd

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pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna 135 meM akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kA mArgAnugamana pradhAnatayA dekhA jAtA hai| isI prakAra bauddha aura vaidika paramparA ke ve sabhI grantha, jinakA upayoga unakI kRti kI AdhArabhUta, pUrvAcAryoM kI jaina nyAya kI kRtiyoM meM huA hai, svAbhAvika rUpa se unakI kRti ke AdhAra bane haiN| punaH ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki bauddha paramparA ke diGnAga, dharmakIrti, dharmottara, arcaTa aura zAntarakSita tathA vaidika paramparA ke kaNAd, bhAsarvajJa, vyomaziva, zrIdhara, akSapAda, vAtsyAyana, udyotakara, jayanta, vAcaspati mizra, zabara, prabhAkara aura kumArila kI kRtiyA~ unake adhyayana kA viSaya rahI haiN| vastuta: apanI paramparA ke aura pratipakSI bauddha evaM vaidika paramparA ke ina vividha granthoM ke adhyayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI hemacandra jaina-nyAya ke kSetra meM eka viziSTa kRti pradAna kara ske| hemacandra ko isa kRti kI AvazyakatA kyoM anubhUta huI? jaba unake sAmane abhayadeva kA 'vAdArNava' aura vAdideva ke 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' jaise apanI paramparA ke sarvasaMgrAhaka grantha upasthita the, phira unhoMne yaha grantha kyoM racA? isa sambandha meM paM0 sukhalAlajI kahate haiM ki "yaha saba hemacandra ke sAmane thA, para unheM mAlUma huA ki nyAya-pramANa-viSayaka (isa) sAhitya meM kucha bhAga to aisA hai, jo ati mahattva kA hote hue bhI eka-eka viSaya kI hI carcA karatA yA bahuta saMkSipta hai| dUsarA ( kucha ) bhAga aisA hai ki jo sarva viSaya saMgrAhI ( to hai ) para vaha uttarottara itanA adhika vistRta tathA zabdakliSTa hai ki sarvasAdhAraNa ke abhyAsa kA viSaya nahIM bana sktaa| isa vicAra se hemacandra ne eka aisA pramANa viSayaka grantha banAnA cAhA jo unake samaya taka carcita eka bhI dArzanika viSaya kI carcA se khAlI na rahe, phira bhI vaha ( sAmAnya buddhi ke pAThaka ke ) pAThyakrama yogya madhyama kada kA ho| isI dRSTi meM se 'pramANamImAMsA kA janma huaa|" __ yaha ThIka hai ki pramANamImAMsA sAmAnya bauddhika stara ke pAThakoM ke liye madhyama AkAra kA pAThyakrama-yogya grantha hai, kintu isase usake vaiduSyapUrNa aura viziSTa hone meM koI A~ca nahIM AtI hai| yadyapi hemacandra ne isa grantha kI racanA meM apane evaM itara paramparA ke pUrvAcAryoM kA upayoga kiyA hai, phira bhI isa grantha meM yatra-tatra apane svatantra cintana aura pratibhA kA upayoga bhI unhoMne kiyA hai| ata: isakI maulikatA ko nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai| isa grantha kI racanA meM aneka sthaloM para hemacandra ne viSaya ko apane pUrvAcAryoM kI apekSA adhika susaMgata DhaMga se prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura isI kAraNa grantha meM yatratatra unake vaiduSya aura svatantra cintana ke darzana hote haiM, kintu usa sabakI carcA isa laghu nibandha meM kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI ne isa grantha meM

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136 pramANa - lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna hemacandra ke vaiziSTya kI carcA apane bhASA - TippaNoM meM kI hai, jinheM vahA~ dekhA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ to hama mAtra pramANa-nirUpaNa meM hemacandra ke pramANamImAMsA ke vaiziSTya taka hI apane ko sImita rkheNge| pramANamImAMsA meM pramANalakSaNa pramANamImAMsA meM hemacandra ne pramANa kA lakSaNa 'samyagarthanirNaya:' kaha kara diyA hai| yadi hama hemacandra dvArA nirUpita isa pramANalakSaNa para vicAra karate haiM to yaha pAte haiM ki yaha pramANalakSaNa pUrva meM diye gae pramANalakSaNoM se zAbdika dRSTi se to nitAnta bhinna hI hai / vastutaH zAbdika dRSTi se isameM na to 'sva-paraprakAzatva' kI carcA hai, na vAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAditva kI carcA hai| jabaki pUrva ke sabhI jaina AcAryoM ne apane pramANa- lakSaNa -nirUpaNa meM ina donoM kI carcA avazya kI hai| isameM 'apUrvatA' ko bhI pramANa ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM nirUpita nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jisakI carcA kucha digambara jainAcAryoM ne kI hai| nyAyAvatAra meM pramANa ke jo lakSaNa nirUpita kiye gae haiM, usameM sva para prakAzatva aura bAdhavivarjita honA ye donoM usake Avazyaka lakSaNa batAe gae haiN| " nyAyAvatAra kI isa paribhASA meM bAdhavivarjita avisaMvAditva kA hI paryAya hai| jaina - paramparA meM yaha lakSaNa bauddha paramparA ke prabhAva se gRhIta huA hai / " jise aSTazatI Adi granthoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| " isI prakAra mImAMsakoM ke prabhAva se anadhigatArthaka honA yA apUrva honA bhI jaina pramANa lakSaNa meM sanniviSTa ho gyaa| akalaMka aura mANikyanandI ne ise bhI pramANa- lakSaNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai|" isa prakAra jaina-paramparA meM hemacandra ke pUrva pramANa ke cAra lakSaNa nirdhArita ho cuke the 1. sva- prakAzaka 'sva' kI jJAnaparyAya kA bodha, 2. para - prakAzaka padArtha kA bodha, 3. bAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAdi evaM 4. anadhigatArthaka yA apUrva ( sarvathA navIna ) / ---- Jain Education International ----- - ina cAra lakSaNoM meM se 'apUrva' lakSaNa kA pratipAdana mANikyanandI ke pazcAt digambara paramparA meM bhI nahIM dekhA jAtA hai / vidyAnanda ne akalaMka aura maNikyanandI kI paramparA se alaga hokara siddhasena aura samantabhadra ke tIna hI lakSaNa grahaNa kiye| " zvetAmbara paramparA meM kisI AcArya ne pramANa kA 'apUrva' lakSaNa pratipAdita kiyA ho, aisA hamAre dhyAna meM nahIM AtA hai / yadyapi vidyAnanda ne mANikyanandI ke 'apUrva' lakSaNa ko mahattvapUrNa nahIM mAnA, kintu unhoMne

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pramANa - lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna 'vyavasAyAtmakatA' ko Avazyaka samajhA / paravartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne bhI vidyAnanda kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| abhayadeva, vAdidevasUri aura hemacandra sabhI ne pramANa - lakSaNa - nirdhAraNa meM apUrva' pada ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA hai / 137 jaina - paramparA meM hemacandra taka pramANa kI jo paribhASAe~ dI gaI haiM, unheM paM0 sukhalAlajI ne cAra vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai 1. prathama varga meM svapara avabhAsa vAlA siddhasena ( siddharSi 10 ) aura samantabhadra kA lakSaNa AtA hai| smaraNa rahe ki ye donoM lakSaNa bauddhoM evaM naiyAyikoM ke dRSTikoNoM ke samanvaya kA phala hai / 2. isa varga meM akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kI anadhigata, avisaMvAdi aura apUrva lakSaNa vAlI paribhASAe~ AtI haiN| ye lakSaNa spaSTa rUpa se bauddha mImAMsakoM ke prabhAva se Ae haiN| jJAtavya hai ki nyAyAvatAra meM 'bAdhavivarjita' rUpa meM avisaMvAditva kA lakSaNa A gayA hai| 3. tIsare varga meM vidyAnanda, abhayadeva, aura vAdidevasUri ke lakSaNa vAlI paribhASAe~ AtI haiM jo vastutaH siddhasena ( siddharSi ? ) aura samantabhadra ke lakSaNoM kA zabdAntaraNa mAtra haiM aura jinameM avabhAsa pada ke sthAna para vyavasAya yA nirNIta pada rakha diyA gayA hai| 4. caturtha varga meM AcArya hemacandra kI pramANa- lakSaNa kI paribhASA AtI hai, jisameM 'sva' bAdhavivarjita, anadhigata yA apUrva Adi sabhI pada haTAkara pariSkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha ThIka hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa- lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM nayI zabdAvalI kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki unhoMne apane pUrva ke jainAcAryoM ke pramANa - lakSaNoM ko pUrI taraha se chor3a diyA hai| yadyapi itanA avazya hai ki hemacandra ne digambarAcArya vidyAnanda aura zvetAmbarAcArya abhayadeva aura vAdidevasUri kA anusaraNa karake apane pramANalakSaNa meM apUrva pada ko sthAna nahIM diyA hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM unhoMne 'sva' pada, jo sabhI pUrvavartI jainAcAryoM kI paribhASA meM thA, nikAla diyaa| avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi padoM ko sthAna na dekara abhayadeva ke nirNIta pada ke sthAna para nirNaya pada dAkhila kiyA" aura umAsvAti, dharmakIrti, bhAsarvajJa Adi ke 'samyak' pada ko apanAkara 'samyagarthanirNayaH pramANam' ke rUpa meM apanA pramANalakSaNa prastuta kiyaa| isa paribhASA yA pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'samyak' pada kisI sImA taka pUrvavartI AcAryoM dvArA prayukta bAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAdi kA paryAya mAnA jA sakatA hai| 'artha' zabda kA prayoga jahA~ bauddhoM ke vijJAnavAdI dRSTikoNa kA khaNDana karate hue pramANa ke 'para'

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138 pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna arthAt vastu ke avabodhaka hone kA sUcaka hai jo jainoM ke vastuvAdI (Realistic) dRSTikoNa kA samarthaka bhI hai| puna: 'nirNaya' zabda jahA~ eka ora avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi kA sUcaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha prakArAntara se pramANa ke 'svaprakAzaka' hone kA bhI sUcaka hai| isa prakAra pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM anadhigatArthaka yA apUrvarthagrAhaka honA hI aisA lakSaNa hai, jisakA hemacandra ne pUrvavartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke samAna parityAga kiyA hai| vastuta: smRti ko pramANa mAnane vAle jainAcAryoM ko yaha lakSaNa Avazyaka pratIta nahIM huaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ne to use kabhI svIkAra hI nahIM kiyaa| digambara paramparA meM bhI akalaMka aura mANikyanandI ke pazcAt vidyAnanda ne isakA parityAga kara diyaa| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne apane pUrvAcArya ke dRSTikoNoM kA sammAna karate hue aura unake pramANa-lakSaNoM ko satriviSTa karate hue pramANamImAMsA meM 'pramANa' kI eka viziSTa paribhASA prastuta kI hai| ... AcArya hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM 'sva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara svayaM unhoMne prathama adhyAya ke prathama Ahnika ke caturtha pada kI svopajJa TIkA meM diyA hai, unhoMne batAyA hai ki jJAna to sva-prakAza hI hai, 'para' kA vyAvartaka nahIM hone se lakSaNa meM isakA praveza anAvazyaka hai|12 paM0 sukhalAlajI ke anusAra aisA karake unhoMne eka ora apane vicAra-svAtantrya ko spaSTa kiyA vahIM dUsarI ora pUrvAcAryoM ke mata kA khaNDana na karake, 'sva' pada ke prayoga kI unakI dRSTi dikhAkara unake prati Adara bhI vyakta kiyaa| jJAna ke svabhAvata: sva-prakAzaka hone se unhoMne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'sva' pada nahIM rkhaa|" isI prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'adhigata' yA 'apUrva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA? isakA uttara bhI pramANamImAMsA meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI carcA meM mila jAtA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya ko lekara do dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| eka ora nyAya-vaizeSika aura mImAMsakoM ke prabhAkara evaM bhATTa sampradAya kAlakalAbhAna sambandhI kucha sUkSma matabhedoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya ko svIkAra karate haiM; dUsarI ora bauddha paramparA sAmAnya-vyakti ( pramAtA ) ke jJAna meM sUkSma kAla-bheda kA grahaNa nahIM hone se dhArAvAhika jJAna ko apramANa mAnatI hai| yadyapi kumArila bhaTTa kI paramparA bhI apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM apUrva pada rakhane ke kAraNa sUkSma kAla-kalA kA bhAna mAnakara hI usameM prAmANya kA upapAdana karatI hai| isI prakAra bauddha dArzanika arcaTa ne apane hetubindu kI

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pramANa - lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna 139 TIkA meM sUkSma-kalA ke bhAna ke kAraNa yogiyoM ke dhArAvAhika jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai / 14 jahA~ taka jainoM kA prazna hai, sAmAnyatayA digambara AcAryoM ne apane pramANa - lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada ko sthAna diyA hai, ataH unake anusAra dhArAvAhika jJAna, jaba kSaNa bhedAdi vizeSa kA bodha karAtA ho aura viziSTa pramAjanaka ho tabhI pramANa kahA hai| isake viparIta zvetAmbara paramparA ke AcArya apane pramANa - lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada nahIM rakhate haiM aura smRti ke samAna dhArAvAhika jJAna ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM hemacandra ne apane pramANalakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara bhI unakI pramANamImAMsA meM mila jAtA hai| AcArya svayaM hI svopajJa TIkA meM isa sambandha meM pUrvapakSa kI udbhAvanA karake uttara dete haiN| pratipakSa kA kathana hai ki dhArAvAhika smRti Adi jJAna adhigatArthaka pUrvArthaka haiM aura inheM sAmAnyatayA apramANa samajhA jAtA hai| yadi tuma bhI inheM apramANa mAnate ho to (tumhArA ) samyagartha nirNayarUpa lakSaNa ativyApta ho jAtA hai, ataH anadhigata yA apUrva pada rakha kara usakA nirAsa kyoM nahIM karate ho? pratipakSa ke isa prazna kA uttara AcArya hemacandra ne dhArAvAhika jJAna aura smRti ko pramANa mAnakara hI diyA hai / 95 kyoMki yadi dhArAvAhika jJAna aura smRti pramANa hai to phira pramANa ke lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada nirarthaka ho jAtA hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki "zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM hemacandra kI khAsa vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne gRhItagrAhI aura grahISyamANagrahI meM samatva dikhAkara sabhI dhArAvAhika jJAnoM meM prAmANya kA jo samarthana kiyA hai, vaha viziSTa hai / 96 yahI kAraNa hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa - lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada kI udbhAvanA nahIM kI hai| vastuta: hemacandra ke pramANa - lakSaNa kI yaha avadhAraNA hameM pAzcAtya tarkazAstra ke satya ke saMvAditA siddhAnta kA smaraNa karA detI hai| pAzcAtya tarkazAstra meM satyatA - nirdhAraNa ke tIna siddhAnta haiM 1 saMvAditA siddhAnta, 2 . saMgati siddhAnta aura 3. upayogitAvAdI yA arthakriyAvAdI siddhAnta / uparyukta tIna siddhAntoM meM hemacandra kA siddhAnta apane pramANa- lakSaNa meM avisaMvAditva aura apUrvatA ke lakSaNa nahIM hone se tathA pramANa ke samyagartha nirNaya ke rUpa meM paribhASita karane ke kAraNa satya ke saMvAditA siddhAnta ke nikaTa hai| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne pramANa - lakSaNa -nirUpaNa meM apane pUrvAcAryoM ke matoM ko samAhita karate hue bhI eka vizeSatA pradAna kI hai| sandarbha 1. pramANamImAMsA, sampAdaka paM0 sukhalAlajI, prastAvanA, pR0 16.

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140 pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM pramANamImAMsA kA avadAna 2. vahI, pR0 17. 3. vahI, pR0 16-17. 4. vahI, bhASA-TippaNAni, pR0 1-143 taka. 5. pramANaM svaparAbhAsi jJAnaM vaadhvivrjitm| nyAyAvatAra, 1. 6. pramANamavisaMvAdi jnyaanmrthkriyaasthitiH| pramANavArtika, 2/1. 7. pramANamavisaMvAdi jnyaanm| aSTazatI/aSTasahasrI, pR0175. 8. ( a ) andhigtaarthaadhigmlkssnntvaat| vahI. ( ba ) svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakajJAnaM prmaannm| parIkSAmukha, 1/1. 9. pramANamImAMsA ( paM0 sukhalAlajI ), bhASATippaNAni, pR0 7. 10. jJAtavya hai ki pro0 ema0 e0 DhAkI ke anusAra 'nyAyAvatAra' siddhasena kI racanA nahIM hai, jaisA ki paM0 sukhalAlajI ne mAna liyA thA, apitu unake anusAra yaha siddharSi kI racanA hai| dekheM - M. A. Dhaky's Article "The Date and Author of Nyayavatara, Nirgrantha, Shardaben Chimanbhai Educational Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Vol. 1, 1995, p. 39. 11. pramANa-mImAMsA ( paM0 sukhalAlajI ), bhASATippaNAni, pR0 7. 12. vahI ( mUlagrantha aura usakI svopajJa TIkA ), 1/1/3, pR0 4. 13. vahI, bhASATippaNAni, pR0 11. 14. dekheM, vahI, pR0 12-13. 15. vahI ( mUlagrantha evaM svopajJa TIkA ), 1/1/4, pR0 4-5. 16. vahI, bhASATippaNAni, pR0 14.

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paM0 mahendrakumAra 'nyAyAcArya' ke dvArA sampAdita evaM anUdita 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' kI samIkSA paM0 mahendrakumAra jI nyAyAcArya ke vaiduSya ko samajhanA ho, unakI pratibhA evaM vyaktitva kA mUlyAMkana karanA ho to hameM unakI kRtiyoM kA avalokana karanA hogaa| unake dvArA sampAdita, anUdita aura racita kRtiyoM se hI unake pratibhAzIla vyaktitva kA paricaya mila jAtA hai, jinameM samadarzI AcArya haribhadra ke 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' aura usakI guNaratna kI TIkA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| unakI yaha kRti bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI ( vartamAna meM dehalI ) se san 1969 meM unake svargavAsa ke dasa varSa pazcAt prakAzita huI hai| unakI isa kRti para unake abhinna mitra evaM sAthI kI vistRta bhUmikA hai| prastuta samIkSA meM una pakSoM para jina para paM0 dalasukhabhAI kI bhUmikA meM ullekha huA hai, carcA nahIM karate hue maiMne mukhyata: unakI anuvAda zailI ko hI samIkSA kA AdhAra banAyA hai| yadi hama bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa meM sabhI pramukha darzanoM ke siddhAntoM ko eka hI grantha meM pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha prastuta karane hetu kiye gae prayatnoM ko dekhate haiM, to hamArI dRSTi meM haribhadra hI ve prathama vyakti haiM jinhoMne apane samaya ke pramukha sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ko niSpakSa rUpa se eka hI grantha meM prastuta kiyA hai / haribhadra ke 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' kI koTi kA koI anya darzana saMgrAhaka prAcIna grantha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai / yadyapi haribhadra ke pUrva aura haribhadra ke pazcAt bhI apane-apane granthoM meM vividha dArzanika siddhAntoM ko prastuta karane kA kArya aneka jaina evaM jainetara AcAryoM ne kiyA hai, kintu una sabakA uddezya anya darzanoM kI samIkSA kara apane darzana kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana karanA hI rahA hai, cAhe phira vaha mallavAdI kA dvAdazAranayacakra ho yA AcArya zaMkara kA sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha yA madhvAcArya kA sarvadarzanasaMgraha / ina granthoM meM pUrvadarzana kA unhIM darzanoM ke dvArA nirAkaraNa karate hue, anta meM apane siddhAnta kI sarvoparitA yA zreSThatA kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| isI prakAra kA eka prayatna jainadarzana meM haribhadra ke lagabhaga tIna varSa pUrva pA~cavI zatAbdI meM mallavAdI ke nayacakra meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai|

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142 SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA usameM bhI eka darzana ke dvArA dUsare darzana kA khaNDana karAte hue antima darzana kA khaNDana prathama darzana se karavAkara eka cakra kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| yadyapi yaha spaSTa rUpa se jainadarzana kI sarvoparitA ko prastuta nahIM karatA kintu usakI dRSTi bhI svapakSa arthAt anekAntavAda ke maNDana aura parapakSa ke khaNDana kI hI rahI hai| yahI sthiti sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha aura sarvadarzanasaMgraha kI bhI hai| unameM bhI svapakSa ke maNDana kI pravRtti rahI hai| ata: ve jaina dArzanika hoM yA jainetara dArzanika, sabhI ke darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM mUla uddezya to apane darzana kI sarvoparitA kI pratisthApanA hI rahI hai| isa prakAra haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI jo vizeSatA hai vaha jaina aura jainetara paramparA ke anya darzana-saMgrAhaka granthoM meM nahIM miltii| yaha to haribhadra kI udAra aura vyApaka dRSTi hI thI jisake kAraNa unake dvArA sampradAyanirapekSa SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI racanA ho paaii| unake grantha SaDdarzanasamuccaya aura zAstravArtAsamuccaya ina donoM meM hI anya darzanoM ke prati pUrNa prAmANikatA aura Adara kA tattva dekhA jAtA hai| sAmAnyatayA dArzanika granthoM meM parapakSa ko eka bhrAnta rUpa meM hI prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu haribhadra kI hI yaha vizeSatA hai ki unhoMne SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM anya darzanoM ko apane yathArtha rUpa meM prastuta kiyA haribhadra ke isa mahattvapUrNa grantha para guNaratnasUrikRta TIkA bhI mahattvapUrNa hai, kintu jJAtavya hai ki TIkA meM bhI usa udAra dRSTi kA nirvAha nahIM dekhA jAtA jo mUla granthakAra kI hai kyoMki TIkA meM caturtha adhikAra meM jainamata ke prastutIkaraNa ke sAtha anya matoM kI samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai, jabaki haribhadra kI kArikAoM meM isa prakAra kA koI bhI saMketa nahIM milatA hai| isa TIkA meM jainadarzana kI pratisthApanA kA prayatna ativistAra se huA hai| TIkA kA Adhe se adhika bhAga to mAtra jainadarzana se sambandhita hai, ata: TIkA kI vivecanA meM vaha santulana nahIM hai, jo haribhadra ke mUla-grantha meM hai| haribhadra kA yaha mUla grantha aura usakI TIkA yadyapi aneka bhaNDAroM meM hastapratoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha the, kintu jahA~ taka hamArI jAnakArI hai, gajarAtI TIkA ke sAtha haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kA sarvaprathama prakAzana eziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA se 1905 meM huA thaa| isI prakAra maNibhadra kI laghuvRtti ke sAtha isakA prakAzana caukhambhA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI ke dvArA san 1920 meM huaa| isa prakAra SaDdarzanasamuccaya mUla kA TIkA ke sAtha prakAzana usake pUrva bhI huA thA, kintu vaijJAnika rIti se sampAdana aura hindI anuvAda to apekSita thaa| isa grantha kA vaijJAnika rIti se sampAdana aura hindI anuvAda kA yaha mahattvapUrNa

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SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA 143 kArya paMDita mahendrakumAra AcArya ke dvArA kiyA gyaa| sambhavata: unake pUrva aura unake pazcAt bhI Aja taka isa grantha kA aisA anya koI prAmANika saMskaraNa prakAzita nahIM ho pAyA hai| aneka pratiyoM se pAThoM kA milAna karake aura jisa DhaMga se mUla-grantha ko sampAdita kiyA gayA thA, vaha nizcita hI eka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa kArya rahA hogA jisameM paMDita jI ko aneka kaSTa uThAne par3e hoNge| durbhAgya se isa grantha para unakI apanI bhUmikA na ho pAne ke kAraNa hama yaha nahIM samajha pA rahe haiM ki mUlapratoM ko prApta karake athavA eka prakAzita saMskaraNa ke AdhAra para isa grantha ko sampAdita karane meM kina-kina kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A hogaa| isa grantha ke sandarbha meM unakI pANDulipi se jo sUcanA milatI hai, usase mAtra itanA hI jJAta hotA hai ki unhoMne SaDdarzanasamuccaya-mUla aura guNaratna-TIkA kA anuvAda 25/6/1940 ko 4 baje pUrNa kiyA thA, kintu unake saMzodhana aura usa para TippaNa likhane kA kArya ve apanI mRtyu jUna 1959 ke pUrva taka karate rhe| isase yaha spaSTa patA calatA hai ki unhoMne isa grantha ko antima rUpa dene meM paryApta parizrama kiyA hai| kheda to yaha bhI hai ki ve apane jIvanakAla meM na to isakI bhUmikA likha pAe aura na ise prakAzita rUpa meM dekha hI paae| bhAratIya jJAnapITha se prakAzita hokara yaha grantha jisa rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AyA usase unake zrama evaM unakI pratibhA kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha to eka sunizcita tathya hai ki saMskRta kI adhikAMza TIkAe~ mUlagrantha se bhI adhika duSkara ho jAtI haiM aura unheM par3hakara samajha pAnA mUlagrantha kI apekSA bhI kaThina hotA hai| aneka saMskRta granthoM kI TIkAoM, vizeSarUpa se jainadarzana se sambandhita granthoM kI saMskRta TIkAoM ke adhyayana se maiM isa niSkarSa para pahu~cA hU~ ki TIkAoM kA anuvAda karanA atyanta durUha kArya hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki vidvajjana anuvAda meM grantha ke mUlazabdoM ko yathAvat rakhakara apanA kAma calA lete haiM kintu isase viSaya kI spaSTatA meM kaThinAI utpanna hotI hai| makSikA sthAne makSikA rakhakara anuvAda to kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu vaha pAThakoM ke lie bodhagamya aura sarala nahIM hotaa| paM0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya kI anuvAda zailI kA yaha vaiziSTya hai ki inakA anuvAda mUlagrantha aura usakI TIkA kI apekSA atyanta sarala aura subodha hai| darzana ke grantha ko sarala aura subodha DhaMga se prastuta karanA kevala usI vyakti ke liye sambhava hotA hai jo una granthoM ko AtmasAt kara unake prastutIkaraNa kI kSamatA rakhatA ho| jise viSaya-jJAna na ho vaha cAhe kaisA hI bhASAvid ho, saphala anuvAdaka nahIM ho sktaa|

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144 SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA anuvAda ke kSetra meM paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ne mUla TIkA kI apekSA bhI artha meM vistAra kiyA hai kintu isa vistAra ke kAraNa unakI zailI meM jo spaSTatA aura subodhatA AI hai vaha nizcaya hI grantha ko saralatApUrvaka samajhAne meM sahAyaka hotI hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM Izvara ke sRSTikartRtva kI sarala zabdoM meM samIkSA karate hae ve likhate haiM - "acchA yaha bhI batAo ki Izvara saMsAra ko kyoM banAtA hai? kyA vaha apanI ruci se jagat ko gar3hane baiTha jAtA hai? athavA hama logoM ke puNya-pApa ke adhIna hokara isa jagat kI sRSTi karatA hai yA dayA ke kAraNa yaha jagat banAtA hai yA usane krIr3A ke liye yaha khela-khilaunA banAyA hai kiMvA ziSToM kI bhalAI aura duSToM ko daNDa dene ke lie yaha jagat-jAla bichAyA hai yA usakA yaha svabhAva hI hai ki vaha baiThe-ThAle kucha na kucha kiyA hI kre|" yadi hama unakI isa vyAkhyA ko mUla ke sAtha milAna karake dekhate haiM to yaha pAte haiM ki mUla-TIkA mAtra do paMktiyoM meM hai jabaki anuvAda vistRta hai, to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unakA yaha anuvAda zabdAnusArI na hokara viSaya ko spaSTa karane kI dRSTi se hI huA hai| paM0 mahendrakumAra 'nyAyAcArya' ke isa anuvAda zailI kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve isameM kisI durUha zabdAvalI kA prayoga na karake aise zabdoM kI yojanA karate haiM jisase sAmAnya pAThaka bhI viSaya ko saralatApUrvaka samajha ske| isa anuvAda se aisA lagatA hai ki isameM paMDitajI kA uddezya apane vaiduSya kA pradarzana karanA nahIM hai, apitu sAmAnya pAThaka ko viSaya kA bodha karAnA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne mUla aura TIkA se haTakara bhI viSaya ko spaSTa karane ke liye apane DhaMga se udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiN| paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ke isa anuvAda kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne apanI vyAkhyA meM janasAmAnya ke paricita zabdAvalI kA hI upayoga kiyA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaina dRSTi se Izvara ke sRSTikartA hone kI samIkSA ke prasaMga meM ve likhate haiM ki yadi Izvara hama logoM ke pApa-puNya ke AdhAra para hI jagat kI sRSTi karatA hai to usakI svantratA kahA~ rahI, vaha kAhe kA iishvr| vaha to hamAre karmoM ke hakUma ko bajAne vAlA eka mainejara sarIkhA hI haa| yadi Izvara kRpA karake isa jagat ko racatA hai to saMsAra meM koI duHkhI prANI nahIM rahanA cAhiye, sabhI ko khuzahAla aura sukhI hI utpanna honA caahiye| isa zabdAvalI se hama spaSTa anumAna kara sakate haiM ki paMDita jI ne darzana jaise durUha viSaya ko kitanA sarasa aura subodha banA diyA hai| yaha kArya sAmAnya paMDita kA nahIM apitu eka adhikArI vidvAn kA hI ho sakatA hai| ___ vastuta: yadi ise anuvAda kahanA ho to mAtra isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA

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SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA 145 hai ki unhoMne TIkA ke mUla tarkoM aura viSayoM kA anusaraNa kiyA hai kintu vAstava meM to yaha TIkA para AdhArita eka svatantra vyAkhyA hI hai| darzana jaise durUha viSaya ke tArkika granthoM kI aisI sarala aura subodha vyAkhyA hameM anyatra kama hI dekhane ko milatI hai| yaha unakI lekhanI kA hI kamAla hai ki ve bAta-bAta meM hI darzana kI durUha samasyAoM ko hala kara dete haiN| haribhadra ke hI eka grantha zAstravArtAsamuccaya kI TIkA kA anuvAda sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya ke pUrva kulapati sva0 paM0 badarInAtha zukla ne kiyA hai kintu unakA yaha anuvAda itanA jaTila hai ki anuvAda kI apekSA mUla grantha se viSaya ko samajha lenA adhika AsAna hai| yahI sthiti prameyakamalamArtaNDa, aSTasahastrI Adi jainadArzanika granthoM ke hindI anuvAda kI hai| vastutaH kisI vyakti kA vaiduSya isa bAta meM nahIM chalakatA ki pAThaka ko viSaya aspaSTa banA rahe, vaiduSya to isI meM hai ki pAThaka grantha ko sahaja aura sarala rUpa meM samajha ske| paM0 mahendrakumAra 'nyAyAcArya' kI yahI eka aisI vizeSatA unheM una vidvAnoM kI usa koTi meM lAkara khar3A kara detI hai jo gambhIra viSaya ko bhI spaSTatA ke sAtha samajhane aura samajhAne meM sakSama haiN| sAmAnyatayA saMskRta ke granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM yA anuvAdoM ko samajhane meM eka kaThinAI yaha hotI hai ki mUlagrantha yA TIkAoM meM pUrvapakSa kahA~ samApta hotA hai aura uttarapakSa kahA~ se prArambha hotA hai, kintu paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ne apane anuvAda meM IzvaravAdI jaina athavA zaMkA-samAdhAna aise choTe-choTe zIrSaka dekara ke bahuta hI spaSTatA ke sAtha pUrvapakSa aura uttarapakSa ko alaga-alaga rakha diyA, tAki pAThaka donoM ko alaga-alaga DhaMga se samajha skeN| bhASA kI dRSTi se paNDita jI ke anuvAda kI bhASA atyanta sarala hai| unhoMne durUha saMskRtaniSTha vAkyoM kI apekSA janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita zabdAvalI kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| yahI nahIM, yathAsthAna urdU aura aMgrejI zabdoM kA bhI niHsaMkoca prayoga kiyA hai| unake anuvAda meM prayukta kucha padAvaliyoM aura zabdoM kA prayoga dekheM 'yaha jagat jAla bichAyA hai', 'karmoM ke hukuma ko bajAne vAlA mainejara', 'baiThe-ThAle, hAiDrojana meM jaba oNksIjana amuka mAtrA meM milatA hai to svabhAva se hI jala bana jAtA hai; isameM bIca ke ejeNTa Izvara kI kyA AvazyakatA hai', 'binA jote hue apane se hI ugane vAlI jaMgalI ghAsa', 'pratyakSa se kartA kA abhAva nizcita hai', (dekheM pR0 102 - 103 ) Adi / vastutaH aisI zabda - yojanA sAmAnya pAThaka ke liye viSaya ko samajhAne meM adhika kAragara siddha hotI hai / jahA~ taka paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ke vaiduSya kA prazna hai isa grantha kI 1

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146 SaDdarzana samuccaya kI samIkSA . vyAkhyA se vaha apane Apa hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai kyoMki jaba taka vyakti SaDdarzanoM ke sAtha-sAtha unake pUrvapakSa aura uttarapakSa kA samyak jJAtA na ho taba taka vaha unakI TIkA nahIM likha sktaa| yadyapi prastuta TIkA meM jainadarzana ke pUrvapakSa meM evaM pUrvapakSa ko vistAra diyA hai kintu anya darzanoM ke bhI pUrvapakSa aura uttarapakSa to apanI jagaha upasthita hue hI haiN| ata: SaDdarzanasamuccaya jaise grantha kI TIkA para eka navIna vyAkhyA likha denA kevala usI vyakti ke liye sambhava hai jo kisI eka darzana kA adhikArI vidvAn na hokara samasta darzanoM kA adhikArI vidvAn ho| paM0 mahendrakumAra jI kI yaha pratibhA hai ki ve isa grantha kI sarala aura sahaja hindI vyAkhyA kara sake, dArzanika jagat unake isa avadAna ko kabhI bhI nahIM bhalA paaegaa| vastuta: unakA yaha anuvAda, anuvAda na hokara eka svatantra vyAkhyA hI hai| unakI vaijJAnika sampAdana-paddhati kA yaha pramANa hai ki unhoMne pratyeka viSaya ke sandarbha meM aneka jaina evaM jainetara granthoM se pramANa prastuta kiye haiN| sandarbha-granthoM kI yaha saMkhyA sambhavata: sau se bhI adhika hogI jinake pramANa, TippaNI ke rUpa meM tulanA athavA pakSa-samarthana kI dRSTi se prastuta kiye gae haiN| ye TippaNa paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ke vyApaka evaM bahumukhI pratibhA ke paricAyaka haiN| yadi unheM ina saba granthoM kA vistRta avabodha nahIM hotA to yaha sambhava nahIM thA ki ve ina saba granthoM se TippaNa de paate| pariziSToM ke rUpa meM SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI maNibhadra kRta laghavRtti, ajJAtakartRka avacUrNi ke sAtha-sAtha kArikA, zabdAnukramikA, uddhRta vAkya, anukramaNikA, saMketa-vivaraNa, Adi se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki paM0 .mahendrakumAra jI kevala paramparAgata vidvAn hI nahIM the, apitu ve vaijJAnika rIti se sampAdana kalA meM bhI niSNAta the| vastuta: unakI pratibhA bahumukhI aura bahuAyAmI thI, jisakA Akalana unakI kRtiyoM ke samyak anuzIlana se hI pUrNa ho sakatA hai| SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI guNaratna kI TIkA para unakI yaha hindI vyAkhyA vastutaH bhAratIya darzana jagat ko unakA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai jisake liye ve vidvajjagat meM sadaiva smaraNa kiye jAte rheNge|

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Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva, racanAkAla evaM racayitA Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna kisI bhI dhArmika paramparA kA AdhAra usake dharmagrantha hote haiM, jinheM vaha pramANabhUta mAnakara calatI hai| jisa prakAra musalamAnoM ke liye kurAna, IsAIyoM ke liye bAibila, bauddhoM ke liye tripiTaka aura hinduoM ke liye veda pramANabhUta grantha haiM, usI prakAra jainoM ke liye Agama pramANabhUta grantha haiN| sarvaprathama tattvArthasUtra, nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa aMgabAhya ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| paramparAgata avadhAraNA yaha hai ki tIrthaGkaroM dvArA upadiSTa aura gaNadharoM dvArA racita grantha aMgapraviSTa Agama kahe jAte haiN| inakI saMkhyA bAraha hai, jo zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta hai| ina aMga AgamoM ke nAma haiM - 1. AcArAMga, 2, sUtrakRtAMga, 3. sthAnAMga, 4. samavAyAMga, 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 7. upAsakadazAMga, 8. antakRddazAMga, 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazA 10. praznavyAkaraNadazA, 11. vipAkadazA aura 12. dRssttivaad| inake nAma aura krama ke sambandha meM bhI donoM paramparAoM meM ekarUpatA hai| mUlabhUta antara mAtra yaha hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA Aja bhI dRSTivAda ke atirikta zeSa gyAraha aMgoM kA astitva svIkAra karatI hai, vahA~ digambara paramparA Aja mAtra dRSTivAda ke AdhAra para nirmita kasAyapAhuDa, SaTakhaNDAgama Adi ke atirikta ina aMga-AgamoM ko vilupta mAnatI hai| - aMgabAhya ve grantha haiM jo jinavacana ke AdhAra para sthaviroM ke dvArA likhe gae haiN| nandIsUtra meM aMga-bAhya AgamoM ko bhI prathamata: do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - 1. Avazyaka aura 2. Avazyaka vytirikt| Avazyaka ke antargata sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vaMdanA pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna, ye cha: grantha sammilita rUpa se Ate haiM, jinheM Aja AvazyakasUtra ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isI grantha meM Avazyaka vyatirikta Agama-granthoM ko bhI puna: do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - 1. kAlika aura 2. utkaalik| Aja prakIrNakoM meM vargIkRta nau grantha inhIM do vibhAgoM ke antargata ullikhita haiN| isameM kAlika ke antargata RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, ina do prakIrNakoM

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148 Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla kA ullekha milatA hai, jabaki utkAlika ke antargata devendrastava, tandulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna aura maraNavibhakti ina sAta prakIrNakoM kA ullekha hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM aisA kahIM bhI spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai ki amuka-amuka grantha prakIrNaka ke antargata Ate haiN| nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra donoM meM hI AgamoM ke vibhinna vargoM meM kahIM bhI prakIrNaka-varga kA ullekha nahIM hai| yadyapi ina donoM granthoM meM Aja hama jinheM prakIrNaka mAna rahe haiM, unameM se aneka kA ullekha kAlika evaM utkAlika AgamoM ke antargata huA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki AgamoM kA aMga, upAMga, cheda, mUla, cUlikA aura prakIrNaka ke rUpa meM ullekha sarvaprathama AcArya jinaprabha ke vidhimArgaprapA ( lagabhaga IsA kI terahavIM zatI ) meM milatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki terahavIM zatI se pUrva AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa meM kahIM bhI prakIrNaka varga kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM hai, kintu isase yaha niSkarSa nahIM nikAla lenA cAhiye ki usake pUrva na to prakIrNaka sAhitya thA aura na hI inakA koI ullekha thaa| aMga-AgamoM meM sarvaprathama samavAyAMgasUtra meM prakIrNaka kA ullekha huA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke caurAsI hajAra ziSyoM dvArA racita caurAsI hajAra prakIrNaka the| paramparAgata avadhAraNA yaha hai ki jisa tIrthaGkara ke jitane ziSya hote haiM, usake zAsana meM utane hI prakIrNaka granthoM kI racanA hotI hai| sAmAnyatayA prakIrNaka zabda kA tAtparya hotA hai - vividha grnth| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki prArambha meM AgamoM ke atirikta sabhI grantha prakIrNaka kI koTi meM mAne jAte the| aMga-AgamoM se itara Avazyaka, Avazyaka vyatirikta, kAlika evaM utkAlika ke rUpa meM vargIkRta sabhI grantha prakIrNaka kahalAte the| mere isa kathana kA pramANa yaha hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM bAraha aMga-AgamoM se bhinna aMgabAhya granthoM ko prakIrNaka nAma diyA gayA hai| usameM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, RSibhASita Adi ko bhI prakIrNaka hI kahA gayA hai| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita athavA prakIrNaka varga meM samAhita sabhI granthoM ke nAma ke anta meM prakIrNaka zabda nahIM milatA hai| mAtra kucha hI grantha aise haiM jinake nAma ke anta meM prakIrNaka zabda kA ullekha huA hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki prakIrNakoM kA astitva ati prAcIna kAla meM bhI rahA hai, cAhe unheM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA ho athavA na kiyA gayA ho| nandIsatrakAra ne aMgaAgamoM ko chor3akara Agama rUpa meM mAnya sabhI granthoM ko prakIrNaka kahA hai| ata: 'prakIrNaka' zabda Aja jitane saMkucita artha meM hai utanA pUrva meM nahIM thaa|

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Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla 149 umAsvAti aura devavAcaka ke samaya meM to aMga-AgamoM ke atirikta zeSa sabhI AgamoM ko prakIrNakoM meM hI samAhita kiyA jAtA thaa| isase jaina Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA kyA sthAna hai, yaha siddha ho jAtA hai| prAcIna dRSTi se to aMgaAgamoM ke atirikta sampUrNa jaina Agamika sAhitya prakIrNaka varga ke antargata AtA hai| vartamAna meM prakIrNaka varga ke antargata dasa grantha mAnane kI jo paramparA hai, vaha na kevala arvAcIna hai apitu isa sandarbha meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM paraspara matabheda bhI hai ki ina dasa -prakIrNakoM meM kauna se grantha samAhita kiye jaaeN| pradyummasUri ne vicArasAraprakaraNa ( caudahavIM zatAbdI ) meM paiMtAlIsa AgamoM kA ullekha karate hue kucha prakIrNakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| Agama prabhAkara muni puNyavijayajI ne cAra alaga-alaga sandarbho meM prakIrNakoM kI alaga-alaga sUciyA~ prastuta kI haiN| ata: dasa prakIrNaka ke antargata kina-kina granthoM ko samAhita karanA cAhiye, isa sandarbha meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM kahIM bhI ekarUpatA dekhane ko nahIM milatI hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki prakIrNaka granthoM kI saMkhyA dasa hai, yaha mAnyatA na kevala paravartI hai apitu usameM ekarUpatA kA bhI abhAva hai| bhinna-bhinna zvetAmbara AcArya bhinna-bhinna sUciyA~ prastuta karate rahe haiM unameM kucha nAmoM meM to ekarUpatA hotI hai, kintu sabhI nAmoM meM ekarUpatA kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai| jahA~ taka digambara paramparA kA prazna hai usameM tattvArthabhASya kA anusaraNa karate hue aMga-AgamoM ke atirikta anya granthoM ko prakIrNaka kahane kI hI paramparA rahI hai| ata: prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA amuka hI hai, yaha kahane kA koI prAmANika AdhAra nahIM hai| vastuta: aMga-Agama sAhitya ke atirikta sampUrNa aMgabAhya Agama sAhitya prakIrNaka ke antargata Ate haiN| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya jaina Agama sAhitya ke ati vizAla bhAga kA paricAyaka hai aura unakI saMkhyA ko dasa taka sImita karane kA dRSTikoNa paryApta rUpa se paravartI aura vivAdAspada hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya kA mahattva yadyapi vartamAna meM zvetAmbara jainoM ke sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI sampradAya prakIrNakoM ko AgamoM ke antargata mAnya nahIM karate haiM kintu prakIrNakoM kI viSayavastu kA adhyayana karane se aisA lagatA hai ki aneka prakIrNaka aMga-AgamoM kI apekSA bhI sAdhanA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiN| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AcArya vIrabhadra dvArA IsA kI dasavIM zatI meM racita kucha prakIrNaka arvAcIna haiM, kintu isase sampUrNa prakIrNakoM kI arvAcInatA siddha nahIM hotii| viSayavastu kI dRSTi se ..

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150 Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla prakIrNaka sAhitya meM jainavidyA ke vividha pakSoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jahA~ taka devendrastava aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti prakIrNaka kA prazna hai, ve mukhyata: jaina khagola aura bhUgola kI carcA karate haiN| isI prakAra titthogAlI prakIrNaka meM bhI jaina kAlavyavasthA kA citraNa vibhinna bhaugolika kSetroM ke sandarbha meM haA hai| jyotiSkaraNDaka aura gaNividyA-prakIrNaka kA sambandha mukhyatayA jaina jyotiSa se hai| titthogAlI prakIrNaka mukhyarUpa se prAcIna jaina itihAsa ko prastuta karatA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM titthogAlI hI ekamAtra aisA prakIrNaka hai jisameM AgamajJAna ke kramika uccheda kI bAta kahI gaI hai| sArAvalI prakIrNaka meM mukhya rUpa se zatruJjaya mahAtIrtha kI kathA aura mahattva ullikhita hai| taMdulavaicArika prakIrNaka jaina jIvavijJAna kA sundara aura saMkSipta paricaya prastuta karatA hai| isI prakAra aMgavidyA nAmaka prakIrNaka mAnava zarIra ke aMga-pratyaMgoM ke vivaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha unake zubhAzubha lakSaNoM kA bhI citraNa karatA hai aura unake AdhAra para phalAdeza bhI prastuta karatA hai| isa prakAra isa grantha kA sambandha zarIra-racanA evaM phalita jyotiSa donoM viSayoM se hai| gacchAcAra prakIrNaka meM jaina saMgha-vyavasthA kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai, jabaki candravedhyaka prakIrNaka meM guru-ziSya ke sambandha evaM zikSA-sambandhoM kA nirdeza hai| vIrastava prakIrNaka meM mahAvIra ke vividha vizeSaNa ke artha kI vyutpattiparaka vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| catuHzaraNa prakIrNaka meM mukhya rUpa se caturvidha saMgha ke mahattva ko spaSTa karate hue jaina-sAdhanA kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi, saMstAraka, ArAdhanApatAkA, ArAdhanAprakaraNa, bhaktapratyAkhyAna Adi prakIrNaka jaina-sAdhanA ke antima caraNa samAdhimaraNa kI pUrva taiyArI aura usakI sAdhanA kI vizeSa vidhiyoM kA citraNa prastuta karate haiN| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM jainavidyA ke vividha pakSoM kA samAveza huA hai, jo jaina sAhitya ke kSetra meM unake mUlya aura mahattva ko spaSTa kara detA hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya kA racanAkAla jahA~ taka prakIrNakoM kI prAcInatA kA prazna hai unameM se aneka prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hone se ve usase prAcIna siddha ho jAte haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita granthoM meM se aneka to aMga-AgamoM kI apekSA prAcIna stara ke rahe haiM, kyoMki RSibhASita kA sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMga meM ullekha hai|' RSibhASita Adi kucha aise prakIrNaka haiM jo bhASA-zailI, viSayavastu Adi aneka AdhAroM para AcArAMgasUtra ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara zeSa AgamoM kI apekSA bhI prAcIna haiN| RSibhASita usa kAla kA grantha hai, jaba jainadharma sImita sImAoM

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Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla 151 meM Abaddha nahIM huA thA varan usameM anya paramparAoM ke zramaNoM ko bhI AdarapUrvaka sthAna prApta thaa| isa grantha kI racanA usa yuga meM sambhava nahIM thI, jaba jainadharma bhI sampradAya ke kSudra ghere meM Abaddha ho gyaa| lagabhaga I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI se jainadharma meM jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza dRr3ha ho rahe the, usake saMketa sUtrakRtAMgasUtra aura bhagavatIsUtra jaise prAcIna AgamoM meM bhI mila rahe haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM jisa maMkhaliputra gozAlaka kI kaTu AlocanA hai, use RSibhASita arhat RSi kahatA hai| AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, taMdulavaicArika, maraNavibhakti Adi prakIrNaka sAhitya ke aise grantha haiM - jo sampradAyagata AgrahoM se mukta haiN| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM RSibhASita ke aneka RSiyoM kA sammAnapUrvaka ullekha aura unheM arhat paramparA dvArA sammata mAnA jAnA bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai ki RSibhASita ina aMga-AgamoM se bhI prAcIna hai| puna: RSibhASita jaise kucha prAcIna prakIrNakoM kI bhASA kA ardhamAgadhI svarUpa tathA AgamoM kI apekSA unakI bhASA para mahArASTrI bhASA kI alpatA bhI yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha prAcIna stara ke haiN| nandIsUtra meM prakIrNaka ke nAma se abhihita nau granthoM kA ullekha bhI yahI siddha karatA hai ki kama se kama ye nau prakIrNaka to nandIsUtra se pUrvavartI haiN| nandIsUtra kA kAla vidvAnoM ne vikrama kI pA~cavIM zatI mAnA hai, ata: ye prakIrNaka usase pUrva ke haiN| isI prakAra samavAyAMgasatra meM spaSTa rUpa se prakIrNakoM kA nirdeza bhI yahI siddha karatA hai ki samavAyAMgasUtra ke racanAkAla arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatI meM bhI aneka prakIrNakoM kA astitva thaa| ina prakIrNakoM meM devendrastava ke racanAkAra RSipAlita haiN| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM RSipAlita kA ullekha hai| inakA kAla IsA-pUrva prathama zatI ke lagabhaga hai| isakI vistRta carcA hamane devendrastava ( deviMdatyao ) prastAvanA meM kI hai ( icchuka pAThaka use vahA~ dekha sakate haiM ) / abhI-abhI 'sambodhi' patrikA meM zrI lalita kumAra kA eka zodha-lekha prakAzita huA hai, jisameM unhoMne purAtAttvika AdhAroM para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki devendrastava kI racanA I0 pU0 prathama zatI meM yA usake bhI kucha pUrva huI hogii| prakIrNakoM meM nimalikhita prakIrNaka vIrabhadra kI racanA kahe jAte haiM - causaraNa, AurapaccakkhANa, bhattapariNNA aura aaraadhnaaptaakaa| ArAdhanApatAkA kI prazasti meM 'vikkamanivakAlAo aTThattarime-samAsahassammi yA pAThabheda se aTThabheda se samAsahassammi' ke ullekha ke anusAra inakA racanAkAla I0 san 1008 yA 1078 siddha hotA hai| isa prakAra prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita granthoM meM jahA~ RSibhASita I0 pU0 pA~cavIM zatI kI racanA hai, vahIM ArAdhanApatAkA I0 san kI dasavIM yA gyArahavIM zatI ke

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152 Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla pUrvArddha kI racanA hai| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM samAhita grantha lagabhaga pandraha sau varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM nirmita hote rahe haiM, phira bhI causaraNa, paravartI AurapaccakkhANa, bhattapariNNA, saMthAraga aura ArAhanApaDAyA ko chor3akara zeSa prakIrNaka I0 san kI pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kI racanAe~ haiN| jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI se prakAzita 'paiNNAyasuttAI' meM AurapaccakkhANa ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha hote haiM, inameM vIrabhadra racita AurapaccakkhANa paravartI hai kintu nandIsUtra meM ullikhita AurapaccakkhANa to prAcIna hI hai| yahA~ para yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~ zvetAmbara mAnya aMga-AgamoM evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra, dazavaikAlikasUtra jaise prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| gadya aMga-AgamoM, meM padyarUpa meM ina gAthAoM kI upasthiti bhI yahI siddha karatI hai ki unameM ye gAthAe~ prakIrNakoM se avatarita haiN| yaha kArya valabhIvAcanA ke pUrva huA hai, ata: phalita hotA hai ki nandIsUtra meM ullikhita prakIrNaka valabhIvAcanA ke pUrva racita haiN| taMdulavaicArika kA ullekha dazavaikAlika kI prAcIna agastyasiMha cUrNi meM hai| isase usakI prAcInatA siddha ho jAtI hai| yaha cUrNi anya cUrNiyoM kI apekSA prAcIna mAnI gayI hai| digambara paramparA meM mUlAcAra, bhagavatI-ArAdhanA aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM prakIrNakoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ apane zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa meM milatI haiN| mUlAcAra ke saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAma adhyAyoM meM to AturapratyAkhyAna evaM mahApratyAkhyAna ina donoM prakIrNakoM kI lagabhaga sattara se adhika gAthAe~ haiN| isI prakAra maraNavibhakti prakIrNaka kI lagabhaga zatAdhika gAthAe~ bhagavatI-ArAdhanA meM milatI haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki ye prakIrNaka grantha mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI-ArAdhanA se pUrva ke haiN| mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI-ArAdhanA ke racanAkAla ko lekara cAhe kitanA bhI matabheda ho, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki ye grantha IsA kI chaThIM zatI se paravartI nahIM haiN| yadyapi yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki prakIrNakoM meM ye gAthAe~ ina yApanIya/acela paramparA ke granthoM se lI gayI hoMgI, kintu aneka pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha dAvA nirasta ho jAtA hai| jinameM se kucha pramANa isa prakAra haiM - 1. guNasthAna siddhAnsa umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra aura AcArAMganiyukti kI racanA ke pazcAt lagabhaga pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI meM astitva meM AyA hai| cUMki mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI-ArAdhanA donoM granthoM meM guNasthAna kA ullekha milatA hai, ata: ye grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke bAda kI racanAe~ haiM jabaki AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna aura maraNasamAdhi kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hone se ye grantha pA~cavIM zatI

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Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla 153 ke pUrva kI racanAe~ haiM / 2. mUlAcAra meM saMkSiptapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyayana banAkara unameM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka donoM granthoM ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki ye grantha pUrvavartI haiM aura mUlAcAra paravartI hai| 3. bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti kI aneka gAthAe~ samAna rUpa se milatI haiN| varNya viSaya kI samAnatA hote hue bhI bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM jo vistAra hai, vaha maraNavibhakti meM nahIM hai| prAcIna stara ke grantha mAtra zrutaparamparA se kaNThastha kiye jAte the, ataH ve AkAra meM saMkSipta hote the tAki unheM sugamatA se yAda rakhA jA sake, jabaki lekhana- paramparA ke vikasita hone ke pazcAt vizAlakAya grantha nirmita hone lge| mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI - ArAdhanA donoM vizAla grantha haiM, ataH ve prakIrNakoM se apekSAkRta paravartI haiN| vastutaH prakIrNaka sAhitya ke ve sabhI grantha jo nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM ullikhita haiM aura vartamAna meM upalabdha haiM, nizcita hI IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva ke haiN| prakIrNakoM meM jyotiSkaraNDaka nAmaka prakIrNaka kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / isameM zramaNa gandhahastI aura pratihastI kA ullekha milatA hai| isameM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisa viSaya kA sUryaprajJapti meM vistAra se vivecana hai, usI ko saMkSepa meM yahA~ diyA gayA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki yaha prakIrNaka sUryaprajJapti ke AdhAra para nirmita kiyA gayA hai| isameM karttA ke rUpa meM pAdaliptAcArya kA bhI spaSTa ullekha huA hai / pAdaliptAcArya kA ullekha niyukti sAhitya meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai (lagabhaga IsA kI prathama shtii)| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki jyotiSkaraNDaka kA racanAkAla bhI I0 san kI prathama zatI hai| aMgabAhya AgamoM meM sUryaprajJapti, jisake AdhAra para isa grantha kI racanA huI, eka prAcIna grantha hai kyoMki isameM jo jyotiSa sambandhI vivaraNa haiM, vaha IsvI pUrva ke haiM, usake AdhAra para bhI isakI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| sAtha hI isakI bhASA meM ardhamAgadhI rUpoM kI pracuratA bhI ise prAcIna grantha siddha karatI hai| ataH prakIrNakoM ke racanAkAla kI pUrva sImA I0 pU0 caturtha- tRtIya zatI se prArambha hotI hai| paravartI kucha prakIrNaka jaise kuzalANubaMdhi adhyayana, catuHzaraNa, bhaktaparijJA Adi vIrabhadra kI racanA mAne jAte haiM, ve nizcita hI IsA kI dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiM / isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya kA racanAkAla I0 pU0 caturtha zatI se prArambha hokara IsA kI dasavIM zatI taka arthAt lagabhaga pandraha sau varSoM kI sudIrgha avadhi taka vyApta hai|

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154 Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla prakIrNakoM ke racayitA prakIrNaka sAhitya ke racanAkAla ke sambandha meM vicAra karate hue hamane yaha pAyA hai ki adhikAMza prakIrNaka granthoM ke racayitA ke sandarbha meM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai| prAcIna stara ke prakIrNakoM meM RSibhASita, candravedhyaka, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi, gaNividyA, saMstAraka Adi meM lekhaka ke nAma kA kahIM bhI nirdeza nahIM hai| mAtra devendrastava aura jyotiSkaraNDaka do hI prAcIna prakIrNaka aise haiM, jinakI antima gAthAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se lekhaka ke nAmoM kA ullekha huA hai| devendrastava ke kartA ke rUpa meM RSipAlita aura jyotiSakaraNDaka ke kartA ke rUpa meM pAdaliptAcArya ke nAmoM kA ullekha kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM mahAvIra kI paTTaparamparA meM terahaveM sthAna para AtA hai aura isa AdhAra para ve I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga ke siddha hote haiN| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM inake dvArA. koTikagaNa kI RSipAlita zAkhA prArambha huI, aisA bhI ullekha hai| isa sandarbha meM aura vistAra se carcA hamane devendrastava prakIrNaka kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| 12 devendrastava ke kartA RSipAlita kA samaya lagabhaga I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi zrI lalita kumAra ne apane eka zodha-lekha meM kI hai, jisakA nirdeza bhI hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| jyotiSkaraNDaka ke kartA pAdaliptAcArya kA ullekha hameM niyukti sAhitya meM upalabdha hotA hai| 13 AryarakSita ke samakAlika hone se ve lagabhaga IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke hI siddha hote haiN| unake vyaktitva ke sandarbha meM bhI cUrNi sAhitya aura paravartI prabandhoM meM vistAra se ullekha milatA hai| ... kusalANubaMdhi adhyayana aura bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka ke kartA ke rUpa meM bhI AcArya vIrabhadra kA hI ullekha milatA hai| vIrabhadra ke kAla ke sambandha meM aneka pravAda pracalita haiM jinakI carcA hamane gacchAcAra prakIrNaka kI bhUmikA meM kI hai|5 hamArI dRSTi meM vIrabhadra IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke AcArya haiN| ... isa prakAra niSkarSa rUpa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki IsvI pUrva caturtha zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga pandraha sau varSoM kI sadIrgha avadhi meM prakIrNaka sAhitya likhA jAtA rahA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki adhikAMza mahattvapUrNa prakIrNaka grantha IsA kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI taka likhe jA cuke the| ve sabhI prakIrNaka jo nandIsUtra meM ullikhita haiM, vastuta: prAcIna haiM aura unameM jainoM ke sampradAyagata vibheda kI koI sUcanA nahIM hai| mAtra titthogAlI, sArAvalI Adi kucha paravartI prakIrNakoM meM prakArAntara se jainoM ke sAmpradAyika

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Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla 155 / / matabhedoM kI kiJcit sUcanA milatI hai| prAcIna stara ke ina prakIrNakoM meM se adhikAMza mUlataH AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura vizeSa rUpa se samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA ke viSaya meM prakAza DAlate haiN| ye grantha nivRttimUlaka jIvanadRSTi ke prastotA haiN| yaha hamArA durbhAgya hai ki jaina paramparA ke kucha sampradAyoM meM vizeSa rUpa se digambara, sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparAoM meM inakI Agama rUpa meM mAnyatA nahIM hai, kintu yadi niSpakSa bhAva se ina prakIrNakoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAya to inameM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jo ina paramparAoM kI mAnyatA ke virodha meM jAtA ho| Agama saMsthAna, udayapura dvArA ina prakIrNakoM kA hindI meM anuvAda karake jo mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA jA rahA hai, AzA hai, usake mAdhyama se ye grantha ina paramparAoM meM bhI paha~ceMge aura unameM inake adhyayana aura paThana-pAThana kI ruci vikasita hogii| vastuta: prakIrNaka sAhitya kI upekSA prAkRta sAhitya ke eka mahattvapUrNa pakSa kI upekSA hai| isa dizA meM Agama saMsthAna, udayapura ne sAmpradAyika AgrahoM se Upara uThakara inake anuvAda ko prakAzita karane kI yojanA ko apane hAtha meM liyA aura inakA prakAzana karake apanI udAravRtti kA paricaya diyA hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana ke uddezya ko lekara inake dvArA prakAzita 'prakIrNaka sAhitya : adhyayana evaM samIkSA' nAmaka pustaka prakIrNakoM ke viSaya meM vistRta jAnakArI detI hai| AzA hai sudhIjana inake ina prayatnoM ko protsAhita kareMge, jisake mAdhyama se prAkRta sAhitya kI yaha amUlya nidhi jana-jana taka pahu~cakara unake Atma-kalyANa meM sahAyaka bnegii| sandarbha 1. 'aMgabAhiracoddasapaiNNayajjhAyA'-dhavalA, pustaka 13, khaNDa 5, bhAga 5, sUtra 48, pR0 267, uddhRta - jainendra siddhAnta koza, pR0 70. 2. vahI, pR0 70. 3. nandIsUtra, sampA0 muni madhukara, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, varSa 1982, sUtra 81. 4. uddhRta - paiNNayasuttAI, sampA0 muni puNyavijaya, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, prathama saMskaraNa 1984, bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR0 21. 5. vahI, prastAvanA, pR0 20-21. 6. ( ka ) sthAnAGgasUtra, sampA0 munimadhukara, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, varSa 1981, sthAna 10, sUtra 116. (kha ) samavAyAGgasUtra, sampA0 muni madhukara, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, varSa 1982, samavAya 44, sUtra 258.

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156 Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahattva evaM racanAkAla 7. deviMdatthao ( devendrastava ), Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, prathama saMskaraNa 1988, bhUmikA, pR0 18-22. 8. Sambodhi, Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad, Vol. XVIII, Year 1992-93, pp. 74-76. 9. ArAdhanApatAkA ( AcArya vIrabhadra ), gAthA 987. 10. dazavaikAlika cUrNi, pR0 3, paM0 12 - uddhRta paiNNayasuttAI, bhAga 1, - prastAvanA, pR0 19. 11. ( ka ) devendrastava prakIrNaka, gAthA 310 . ( kha ) jyotiSkaraNDaka prakIrNaka, gAthA 403 -405. 12. deviMdatthao, bhUmikA, pR0 18-22. 13. piMDaniryukti, gAthA 498. 14. ( ka ) kusalANubaMdhi adhyayana prakIrNaka, gAthA 63. ( kha ) bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka, gAthA 172. 15. gacchAyAra paiNNayaM ( gacchAcAra - prakIrNaka), Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, saMskaraNa 1994, bhUmikA, pR0 20-21.

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jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA pratyaya bhI utanA hI mahattvapUrNa hai, jitanA mahattvapUrNa Atma- pUrNatA kI avadhAraNA hai| jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke vibhinna staroM kA vivecana huA hai| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki usameM ina vibhinna staroM kA vivecana vyavahAra dRSTi se hI kiyA gayA hai| pAramArthika ( tattva ) dRSTi se to paramatattva yA AtmA sadaiva hI avikArI hai| usameM vikAsa kI koI prakriyA hotI hI nahIM hai| vaha to bandhana aura mukti, vikAsa aura patana se pare yA nirapekSa hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM AtmA guNasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna aura jIvasthAna nAmaka vikAsa - patana kI prakriyAoM se bhinna hai| isI bAta kA samarthana prophesara ramAkAnta tripAThI ne apanI pustaka 'spinojA ina di lAiTa oNfa vedAnta' meM kiyA hai| spinojA ke anusAra AdhyAtmika mUlatattva na to vikAsa kI sthiti hai aura na prayAsa kI sthiti meN| lekina jaina- vicAraNA meM to vyavahAra - dRSTi bhI utanI hI yathArtha hai jitanI ki paramArtha yA nizcayadRSTi, cAhe vikAsa kI prakriyAe~ vyavahAranaya ( paryAyadRSTi ) kA hI viSaya hoM; lekina isase usakI yathArthatA meM koI kamI nahIM hotI / AtmA kI tIna avasthAe~ jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika pUrNatA arthAt mokSa kI prApti hI sAdhanA kA lakSya mAnA gayA hai| isa lakSya kI prApti ke liye sAdhaka ko sAdhanA kI vibhinna zreNiyoM se gujaranA hotA hai| ye zreNiyA~ sAdhaka kI sAdhanA kI U~cAiyoM kI mApaka haiM, lekina vikAsa to eka madhya avasthA hai| usake eka ora avikAsa kI avasthA hai aura dUsarI ora pUrNatA kii| isI tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jainAcAryoM ne AtmA kI tIna avasthAoM kA vivecana kiyA hai 1. bahirAtmA, 2. antarAtmA aura 3. paramAtmA / AtmA ke ina tIna prakAroM kI carcA jaina sAhitya meM prAcIna kAla se upalabdha hai| sarvaprathama hameM AcArya kundakunda ke 'mokSaprAbhRta' ( mokkhapAhuDa) meM

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158 jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa .. AtmA kI tIna avasthAoM kI spaSTa carcA upalabdha hotI hai| yadyapi isake bIja hameM AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama Agama meM bhI upalabdha hote haiN| 'AcArAMga' meM yadyapi spaSTa rUpa se bahirAtmA, antarAtmA jaise zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM hai kintu usameM ina tInoM hI prakAra kI AtmAoM ke lakSaNoM kA vivecana upalabdha ho jAtA hai| bahirmukhI AtmA ko AcArAMga meM bAla, manda aura mUr3ha ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| ye AtmAe~ mamatva se yukta hotI haiM aura bAhya viSayoM meM rasa letI haiN| antarmukhI AtmA ko paNDita, medhAvI, dhIra, samyaktvadarzI aura ananyadarzI ke nAma se citrita kiyA gayA hai| ananyadarzI zabda hI unakI antarmukhatA ko spaSTa kara detA hai| inake liye muni zabda kA prayoga bhI huA hai| AcArAMga ke anusAra ye ve loga haiM jinhoMne saMsAra ke svarUpa ko jAnakara lokeSaNA kA tyAga kara diyA hai| pApavirata evaM samyagdarzI honA hI antarAtmA kA lakSaNa hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga meM mukta AtmA ke svarUpa kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hotA hai| use vimukta, pAragAmI tathA tarka aura vANI se agamya batAyA gayA hai| AtmA ke isa trividha vargIkaraNa kA pramukha zreya to AcArya kundakunda ko hI jAtA hai| paravartI sabhI digambara aura zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne inhIM kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| kArtikeya, pUjyapAda, yogIndu, haribhadra, Anandaghana aura yazovijaya Adi sabhI ne apanI racanAoM meM AtmA ke uparyukta tIna prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai - 1. bahirAtmA : jainAcAryoM ne usa AtmA ko bahirAtmA kahA hai, jo sAMsArika viSaya-bhogoM meM ruci rakhatA hai| parapadArthoM meM apanatva kA AropaNa kara unake bhogoM meM Asakta banA rahatA hai| bahirAtmA dehAtma buddhi aura mithyAtva se yukta hotA hai| yaha cetanA kI viSayAbhimukhI pravRtti hai| 2. antarAtmA : bAhya viSayoM se vimukha hokara apane antara meM jhA~kanA antarAtmA kA lakSaNa hai| antarAtmA AtmAbhimukha hotA hai evaM sva-svarUpa meM nimagna rahatA hai| yaha jJAtA-draSTA bhAva kI sthiti hai| antarmukhI AtmA dehAtma buddhi se rahita hotA hai kyoMki vaha AtmA aura zarIra arthAt sva aura para kI bhinnatA ko bhedavijJAna ke dvArA jAna letA hai| antarAtmA ke bhI tIna bheda kiye gae haiN| avirata samyagdRSTi sabase nimna prakAra kA antarAtmA hai| deza-virata gRhastha, upAsaka aura pramatta muni madhyama prakAra ke antarAtmA haiM aura apramatta yogI yA muni uttama prakAra ke antarAtmA haiN| 3. paramAtmA : karma-mala se rahita, rAga-dveSa kA vijetA, sarvajJa aura

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jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa sarvadarzI AtmA ko paramAtmA kahA gayA hai| paramAtmA ke do bheda kiye gae haiM arhat aura siddha / jIvanamukta AtmA arhat kahA jAtA hai aura videhamukta AtmA siddha kahA jAtA hai / ' jJAnAtmA, kaThopaniSad meM bhI isI prakAra AtmA ke tIna bheda mahadAtmA aura zAntAtmA kiye gae haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se jJAnAtmA, bahirAtmA, mahadAtmA, antarAtmA aura zAntAtmA paramAtmA hai| mokSaprAbhRta, niyamasAra, rayaNasAra, yogasAra, kArtikeyAnuprekSA Adi sabhI meM tInoM prakAra kI AtmAoM ke yahI lakSaNa kiye gae haiN| AtmA kI ina tInoM avasthAoM ko kramazaH 1. mithyAdarzI AtmA, 2. samyagdarzI AtmA aura 3. sarvadarzI AtmA bhI kahate haiM / sAdhanA kI dRSTi se hama inheM kramazaH patita avasthA, sAdhaka avasthA aura siddhAvasthA kaha sakate haiN| apekSA- bheda se naitikatA ke AdhAra para ina tInoM avasthAoM ko 1. anaitikatA kI avasthA, 2. naitikatA kI avasthA aura 3. atinaitikatA kI avasthA kahA jA sakatA hai| pahalI avasthA vAlA vyakti durAcArI yA durAtmA hai, dUsarI avasthA vAlA sadAcArI yA mahAtmA hai aura tIsarI avasthA vAlA AdarzAtmA yA paramAtmA hai| jaina darzana ke guNasthAna siddhAntoM meM prathama se tIsare guNasthAna taka bahirAtmA kI avasthA kA citraNa hai| caturtha se bArahaveM guNasthAna taka antarAtmA kI avasthA kA vivecana hai| zeSa do guNasthAna AtmA ke paramAtma svarUpa ko abhivyakta karate haiN| paNDita sukhalAlajI inheM kramazaH AtmA kI (1) AdhyAtmika avikAsa kI avasthA, (2) AdhyAtmika vikAsa krama kI avasthA aura (3) AdhyAtmika pUrNatA yA mokSa kI avasthA kahate haiM / " sandarbha 1. niyamasAra, 77. 2. spinojA ina di lAiTa oNpha vedAnta, pR0 38 TippaNI, 199, 204. 3. ( a ) adhyAtmamata parIkSA, gA0 125. ( ba ) yogAvatAra, dvAtriMzikA, 17 - 18. ( sa ) mokkhapAhuDa, 4. 4. dekhie 5. mokkhapAhuDa, 4. 6. vahI, 5, 8, 10, 11. 159 - AcArAMga, prathama zrutaskandha adhyayana 3-4.

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160 jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa . 7. vahI, 5, 9. 8. vahI, 5, 6, 12. 9. vizeSa vivecana evaM sandarbha ke liye dekhiye - (a) darzana aura cintana, pR0 276-277. (ba) jainadharma, pR0 147.

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yugIna pariveza meM mahAvIra svAmI ke siddhAnta DaoN. sAgaramala jaina Aja sampUrNa vizva azAnta evaM tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM hai| bauddhika vikAsa se prApta vizAla jJAna-rAzi aura vaijJAnika takanIka se prApta bhautika sukha-suvidhA evaM Arthika samRddhi manuSya kI AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM sAmAjika vipannatA ko dUra nahIM kara pAyI hai| jJAna-vijJAna kI zikSA dene vAle sahasrAdhika mahAvidyAlayoM aura vizvavidyAlayoM ke hote hue bhI Aja kA zikSita mAnava apanI svArthaparatA aura bhoga-lolupatA para viveka evaM saMyama kA aMkuza nahIM lagA pAyA hai| bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kA yaha ambAra bhI usake mAnasa ko santuSTa nahIM kara sakA hai| AvAgamana ke sulabha sAdhanoM ne vizva kI dUrI ko kama kara diyA hai, kintu manuSya-manuSya ke bIca hRdaya kI dUrI Aja jyAdA ho gaI hai| surakSA ke sAdhanoM kI yaha bahulatA Aja bhI usake mana meM abhaya kA vikAsa nahIM kara pAyI hai| Aja bhI manuSya utanA hI AzaMkita, AtaMkita aura AkrAmaka hai, jitanA Adima yuga meM rahA hogaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, Aja vidhvaMsakArI zastroM ke nirmANa ke sAtha usakI yaha AkrAmaka vRtti adhika vinAzakArI bana gayI hai aura Aja zastra-nirmANa kI isa andhI daur3a meM sampUrNa mAnava jAti kI antyeSTi kI sAmagrI taiyAra kI jA rahI hai| Arthika sampannatA kI isa avasthA meM bhI manuSya utanA hI arthalolupa hai jitanA ki vaha Adima yuga meM kabhI rahA hogaa| Aja manuSya kI isa arthalolupatA ne mAnava jAti ko zoSaka aura zoSita ke do aise vargoM meM bA~Ta diyA hai jo eka-dUsare ko pUrI taraha nigala jAne kI taiyArI kara rahe haiN| eka bhogAkAMkSA aura tRSNA kI daur3a meM pAgala hai, to dUsarA peTa kI jvAlA ko zAnta karane ke lie vyagra aura vikSubdha / Aja vizva meM vaijJAnika takanIka aura Arthika samRddhi kI dRSTi se sabase adhika vikasita rASTra yU. esa. e. mAnasika tanAvoM evaM AparAdhika pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa sabase adhika parezAna hai| isa sambandhI usake A~kar3e caukAne vAle haiN| Aja manuSya kA sabase bar3A durbhAgya to yaha hai ki isa tathAkathita sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha usakI Adima yuga kI eka sahaja, sarala evaM svAbhAvika jIvana-zailI bhI usase china gayI hai| Aja jIvana ke hara kSetra meM AkAzavANI vArANasI se 24-4-94 ko prasArita vArtA /

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162 kRtrimatA aura chadmoM kA bAhulya hai| usake bhItara usakA 'pazutva' kulAMce bhara rahA hai, kintu bAhara vaha apane ko 'sabhya' dikhAnA cAhatA hai| andara vAsanA kI uddAma jvAlAyeM aura bAhara saccaritratA aura sadAzayatA kA.chadma jIvana, yahI Aja ke mAnava-jIvana kI trAsadI hai, pIr3A hai| Asakti, bhogalipsA, bhaya, krodha, svArtha aura kapaTa kI damita mUla pravRttiyA~ aura unase janita doSoM ke kAraNa mAnavatA Aja bhI abhizapta hai, Aja vaha dohare saMgharSoM se gujara rahI hai - eka Antarika aura dUsare bAhya / Antarika saMgharSoM ke kAraNa Aja usakA mAnasa tanAvayukta hai - vikSubdha hai, to bAhya saMgharSoM ke kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana azAnta aura ast-vyst| Aja kA manuSya paramANu takanIka kI bArIkiyoM ko adhika jAnatA hai kintu eka sArthaka sAmaMjasyapUrNa jIvana ke Avazyaka mUlyoM ke prati usakA upekSA bhAva hai| vaijJAnika pragati se samAja ke purAne mUlya Dhaha cuke haiM aura naye mUlyoM kA sRjana abhI ho nahIM pAyA hai| Aja hama mUlya-riktatA kI sthiti meM jI rahe haiM aura mAnavatA naye mUlyoM kI prasava-pIr3A se gujara rahI hai| Aja hama usa kagAra para khar3e haiM jahA~ mAnava-jAti kA sarvanAza hameM pukAra rahA hai| dekheM, isa duHkhada sthiti meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke siddhAnta hamArA kyA mArgadarzana kara sakate haiM ? vartamAna mAnava jIvana kI samasyAyeM nimna haiM - 1. mAnasika antardvanda, 2. sAmAjika evaM jAtIya saMgharSa, 3. vaicArika saMgharSa evaM 4. Arthika sNghrss| aba hama ina cAroM samasyAoM para bhagavAna mahAvIra kI zikSAoM kI dRSTi se vicAra kara yaha dekheMge ki ve ina samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke kyA upAya prastuta karate haiM ? 1. mAnasika antardvanda manuSya meM upasthita rAgadveSa kI vRttiyA~ aura unase utpanna krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ke Avega hamArI mAnasika samatA ko bhaMga karate haiN| vizeSa rUpa se rAga aura dveSa kI vRtti ke kAraNa hamAre citta meM tanAva utpanna hote haiM aura isI mAnasika tanAva ke kAraNa hamArA bAhya vyavahAra bhI asantulita ho jAtA hai| isalie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne rAga-dveSa aura kaSAyoM arthAt ahaMkAra, lobha Adi kI vRttiyoM ke vijaya ko Avazyaka mAnA thaa| ve kahate the ki jaba taka vyakti rAga-dveSa se Upara nahIM uTha jAtA hai, taba taka vaha mukti ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| vItarAgatA hI mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM jIvana kA sabase bar3A Adarza hai| isI kI upalabdhi ke lie unhoMne 'samabhAva' kI 'sAdhanA' para bala diyaa| yadi mahAvIra kI sAdhanA-paddhati ko eka vAkya meM kahanA ho to hama kaheMge ki vaha samabhAva kI sAdhanA hai| unake vicAroM meM dharma kA ekamAtra lakSaNa hai - smtaa|

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ve kahate haiM ki samatA hI dharma hai| jahA~ samatA hai, vahA~ dharma hai aura jahA~ viSamatAyeM haiM vahIM adharma hai| AcArAMga meM unhoMne kahA thA ki AryajanoM ne samatva kI sAdhanA ko hI dharma batAyA hai| samatva kI yaha sAdhanA tabhI pUrNa hotI hai jabaki vyakti krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha jaise AvegoM para vijaya pAkara rAga-dveSa kI vRtti se Upara uTha jAtA hai| vartamAna yuga meM mAnava-jAti meM jo mAnasika tanAva dina- pratidina bar3ha rahe haiM unakA kAraNa yaha hai ki rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ manuSya para adhika hAvI ho rahI haiN| vastutaH vyakti kI mamatA, Asakti aura tRSNA hI ina tanAvoM kI mUla jar3a hai aura mahAvIra inase Upara uThane kI bAta kaha kara manuSya ko tanAvoM se mukta karane kA upAya sujhAte haiN| AcArAMga meM ve kahate haiM ki jitanA - jitanA mamatva hai utanA utanA duHkha aura jitanA - jitanA nirmamatva hai utanA hI sukha hai| unake anusAra sukha aura duHkha vastugata nahIM hai, Atmagata I ve hamArI mAnasikatA para nirbhara karate haiN| yadi hamArA mana azAnta hai to phira bAhara se sukha-suvidhA kA ambAra bhI hameM sukhI nahIM kara sakatA hai| 2. sAmAjika evaM jAtIya saMgharSa : 163 sAmAjika aura jAtIya saMgharSoM ke mUla meM jo pramukha kAraNa rahA hai vaha yaha hai ki vyakti apane antas meM nihita mamatva va rAga-bhAva ke kAraNa mere parijana, merI jAti, merA dharma, merA rASTra aise saMkucita vicAra vikasita kara apane 'sva' ko saMkucita kara letA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa apane aura parAye kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai phalataH bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAmpradAyikatA Adi kA janma hotA hai| Aja manuSya-manuSya ke bIca sumadhura sambandhoM ke sthApita hone meM yahI vicAra sabase adhika bAdhaka hai| hama apanI rAgAtmakatA ke kAraNa apane 'sva' kI saMkucita sImA banAkara mAnava samAja ko choTe-choTe gheroM meM vibhAjita kara dete haiM phalataH mere aura parAye kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai aura yahI Age calakara sAmAjika saMgharSoM kA kAraNa banatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA sandeza thA ki 'sampUrNa mAnava jAti eka hai ( egA maNussajAI ); use jAti, varNa athavA rASTra ke nAma para vibhAjita karanA, yaha mAnavatA ke prati sabase bar3A aparAdha hai| mahAvIra ke anusAra sampUrNa mAnava jAti ko eka aura pratyeka mAnava ko apane saMmAna banAkara hI hama apane dvArA banAye gae kSudra gheroM se Upara uTha sakate haiM aura tabhI mAnavatA kA kalyANa sambhava hogA / bhArata meM Aja jo jAtigata saMgharSa cala rahe haiM usake pIche mUlataH jAtigata mamatva evaM ahaMkAra kI bhAvanA hI kArya kara rahI hai| mahAvIra kA kahanA thA ki jAti yA kula kA ahaMkAra mAnavatA kA sabase bar3A zatru hai| kisI jAti yA kula meM janma lene mAtra se koI vyakti mahAna nahIM hotA hai apitu vaha mahAna

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164 hotA hai apane sadAcAra se evaM apane tapa-tyAga se| mahattva jAti vizeSa meM janma lene kA nahIM sadAcAra kA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jAti ke nAma para mAnava samAja ke vibhAjana ko aura brAhmaNa Adi kisI varga vizeSa kI zreSThatA ke dAve ko kabhI svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unake dharma-saMgha meM harikezI jaise cANDAla, zakaDAla jaise kumbhakAra, arjuna jaise mAlI aura sudarzana jaise vaNika sabhI samAna sthAna pAte the| ve kahate the ki cANDAla kula meM janma lene vAle isa harikezI bala ko dekho, jisane apanI sAdhanA se mahAnatA arjita kI hai| ve kahate the janma se koI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya yA zUdra nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra mahAvIra ne jAtigata AdhAra para mAnavatA ke vibhAjana ko evaM jAtIya ahaMkAra ko nindanIya mAnakara sAmAjika samatA evaM mAnavatA ke kalyANa kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| 3. vaicArika saMgharSa Aja mAnava samAja meM vaicArika saMgharSa, rAjanItika pArTiyoM ke saMgharSa aura dhArmika saMgharSa bhI apanI carama sImA para haiN| Aja dharma ke nAma para manuSya eka-dUsare ke khUna kA pyAsA hai| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM isakA sabase bar3A kAraNa yaha hai ki hama apane hI dharma,sampradAya yA rAjanaitika matavAda ko sarvazreSTha mAnate haiM aura isa prakAra dUsaroM ke mata yA mantavyoM kI AlocanA karate haiN| mahAvIra kA kahanA thA ki dUsare dharma, sampradAya yA matavAda ko pUrNataH mithyA kahanA yahI hamArI sabase bar3I bhUla hai| ve kahate haiM ki jo loga apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare ke matoM kI nindA karate haiM ve satya ko hI vidrUpita karate haiN| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM satya kA sUrya sarvatra prakAzita ho sakatA hai ataH hameM yaha adhikAra nahIM ki hama dUsaroM ko mithyA kheN| dUsaroM ke vicAroM, matavAdoM yA siddhAntoM kA samAdara karanA mahAvIra ke cintana kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA rahI hai| ve kahate the ki dUsaroM ko mithyA kahanA yahI sabase bar3A mithyAtva hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jisa anekAntavAda kI sthApanA kI usakA mUla uddezya vibhinna dharmoM, sampradAyoM aura matavAdoM ke bIca samanvaya aura sadbhAva sthApita karanA hai| unake anusAra hamArI AgrahapUrNa dRSTi hI hameM satya ko dekha pAne meM asamartha banA detI hai| mahAvIra kI zikSA Agraha kI nahIM anAgraha kI hai| jaba taka durAgraha rUpI raMgIna cazmoM se hamArI cetanA AvRtta rahegI hama satya ko nahIM dekha skeNge| ve kahate the ki satya, satya hotA hai, use mere aura parAye ke ghere meM bA~dhanA hI ucita nahIM hai| satya jahA~ bhI ho usakA Adara karanA caahie| mahAvIra ke isa siddhAnta kA prabhAva paravartI jainAcAryoM para bhI par3A hai| AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki vyakti cAhe. zvetAmbara ho yA digambara, bauddha ho yA anya dharmAvalambI, yadi vaha samabhAva kI sAdhanA karegA; rAga, Asakti yA tRSNA ke ghere se uThegA to vaha avazya hI mukti

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:165 ko prApta kregaa| apane hI dharmavAda se mukti mAnanA yahI dhArmika sadbhAva meM sabase bar3I bAdhA hai| mahAvIra kA sabase bar3A avadAna hai ki unhoMne hameM Agraha mukta hokara satya dekhane kI dRSTi dI aura isa prakAra mAnavatA ko dharmoM, matavAdoM ke saMgharSoM se Upara uThanA sikhaayaa| 4. Arthika saMgharSa Aja vizva meM jaba kabhI yuddha aura saMgharSa ke bAdala maMDarAte haiM to unake pIche kahIM na kahIM koI Arthika svArtha hote haiN| Aja kA yuga arthapradhAna yuga hai| manuSya meM nihita saMgraha-vRtti aura bhoga-bhAvanA apanI carama sImA para hai| vastutaH hama apane svArthoM se Upara uThakara dUsaroM kI pIr3AoM ko jAnanA hI nahIM caahte| apanI saMgraha-vRtti ke kAraNa hama samAja meM eka kRtrima abhAva utpanna karate haiN| jaba eka ora saMgraha ke dvArA sampatti ke parvata khar3e hote haiM to dUsarI ora svAbhAvika rUpa se khAiyA~ banatI haiN| phalataH samAja dhanI aura nirdhana, zoSaka aura zoSita aise do vargoM meM ba~Ta jAtA hai aura kAlAntara meM inake bIca varga-saMgharSa prArambha hote haiN| isa prakAra samAja-vyavasthA chinna-bhinna ho jAtI hai| samAja meM jo bhI Arthika viSamatAyeM haiM usake pIche mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM parigraha vRtti hI mukhya hai| yadi samAja se Arthika saMgharSa samApta karanA hai to hameM manuSya kI saMgraha-vRtti aura bhogavRtti para aMkuza lagAnA hogaa| mahAvIra ne isake lie aparigraha, parigrahaparimANa aura upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa ke vrata prastuta kiye| unhoMne batAyA ki muni ko sarvathA aparigrahI honA caahiye| sAtha hI gRhastha ko bhI apanI sampatti kA parisImana karanA cAhie, usakI eka sImA-rekhA banA lenI caahie| isI prakAra unhoMne vartamAna upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke virodha meM manuSya ko yaha samajhAyA thA ki vaha apanI AvazyakatAoM aura icchAoM ko sImita kre| mahAvIra kahate the ki manuSya ko jIvana jIne kA adhikAra to hai kintu dUsaroM ko sukha-suvidhAoM se vaMcita karane kA adhikAra nahIM hai| unhoMne vyakti ko khAna-pAna Adi vRttiyoM para saMyama rakhane kA upadeza diyA thaa| yaha jAnakara sukhada Azcarya hotA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva apane gRhastha upAsakoM ko yaha nirdeza diyA thA ki ve apane khAna-pAna kI vastuoM kI sImA nizcita kara leN| jaina AgamoM meM isa bAta kA vistRta vivaraNa hai ki gRhastha ko apanI AvazyakatA kI kina-kina vastuoM kI mAtrA nirdhArita kara lenI caahie| abhI vistAra se carcA meM jAnA sambhava nahIM hai phira bhI itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne manuSya kI saMcaya-vRtti para saMyama rakhane kA upadeza dekara mAnava jAti ke Arthika saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa kA eka mArga prazasta kiyaa| vastutaH bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vRtti meM anAsakti, vicAroM meM anekAnta,

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166 : vyavahAra meM ahiMsA, Arthika jIvana meM aparigraha aura upabhoga meM saMyama ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM mAnavatA ke kalyANa kA jo mArga prastuta kiyA thA, vaha Aja bhI utanA hI prAsaMgika hai, jitanA ki Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva thaa| Aja bhI ahiMsA, anekAnta aura aparigraha kI yaha triveNI mAnava-jAti ke kalmaSoM ko dho DAlane ke lie utanI hI upayogI hai jitanI mahAvIra ke yuga meM thii| . Aja mAtra vaiyaktika stara para hI nahIM sAmAjika stara para bhI ahiMsA, anekAnta aura aparigraha kI sAdhanA karanI hogI, tabhI hama eka samatAmUlaka samAja kI racanA kara mAnava jAti ko santrAsoM se mukti dilA sakeMge aura yahI mahAvIra ke prati hamArI saccI zraddhAMjali hogii| nidezaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vaaraannsii|

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jainadharma aura Adhunika vijJAna - pro. sAgaramala jaina yaha satya hai ki Adhunika vijJAna kI pragati ke pariNAmasvarUpa vibhinna dharmoM aura darzanoM kI loka ke svarUpa evaM sRSTi sambandhI tathA khagola-bhUgola sambandhI aneka prAcIna mAnyatAoM para prazna cinha laga gaye haiN| isakA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki kucha prabuddha janoM ne vaijJAnika mAnyatAoM ko carama satya svIkAra karake vividha dharmoM kI paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ko kAlpanika evaM aprAmANika batAnA prArambha kara diyaa| phalasvarUpa aneka dharmAnuyAyioM kI zraddhA ko Thesa pahuMcI aura Apta puruSoM ke vacana yA sarvajJa ke kathana meM athavA AgamoM ke AptapraNIta hone meM unheM sandeha hone lgaa| isa sambandha meM aneka patra-patrikAoM meM gaveSaNAparaka lekhoM ke mAdhyama se paryApta uhA-poha bhI huA aura donoM pakSoM ne apanI bAta ko yuktisaMgata siddha karane kA prayatna kiyaa| vizeSa rUpa se yaha bAta taba adhika vivAdAspada viSaya bana gaI, jaba pAzcAtya vaijJAnikoM ne candramA kI saphala yAtrA kara lI aura usa sambandha meM aneka aise Thosa pramANa prastuta kara die, jo vibhinna dharmoM kI khagola-bhUgola sambandhI mAnyatAoM ke virodha meM jAte yaha satya hai ki vijJAna ke mAdhyama se dharma ke kSetra meM andhavizvAsa evaM mithyA dhAraNAyeM samApta huI hai, kintu jo loga vaijJAnika niSkarSoM ko carama satya mAnakara dharma va darzana ke niSkarSoM para aura unakI upayogitA para cihna lagA rahe haiM ve bhI kisI bhrAnti meM haiN| yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki kAlakrama meM pUrvavartI aneka vaijJAnika dhAraNAyeM avaijJAnika bana cukI hai| na to vijJAna aura na prabuddha vaijJAnika isa bAta kA dAvA karate hai ki hamAre jo niSkarSa hai ve antima satya hai| jaise-jaise vaijJAnika jJAna meM pragati ho rahI hai vaise-vaise vaijJAnikoM kI hI pUrva sthApita mAnyatAe~ nirasta hokara navIna-navIna niSkarSa evaM mAnyatAe~ sAmane A rahI haiN| ataH Aja na to vijJAna se bhayabhIta hone kI AvazyakatA hai aura na pUrvavartI mAnyatAoM ko pUrNataH nirarthaka yA kAlpanika kahakara asvIkAra kara dene meM koI aucitya hai| ucita yahI hai ki dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM jo mAnyatAeM nirvivAda rUpa se vijJAna sammata siddha ho rahI haiM, unheM svIkAra kara liyA jAya, zeSa ko bhAvI vaijJAnika parIkSaNoM ke lie parikalpanA ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jaay| kyoMki dharmagranthoM meM ullekhita jo ghaTanAeM evaM mAnyatAeM kucha varSoM pUrva taka kapola-kalpita lagatI thI ve Aja vijJAna sammata siddha ho rahI hai| sau varSa pUrva dharmagranthoM meM ullekhita AkAzagAmI vimAnoM kI bAta athavA dUrastha dhvaniyoM ko sunapAne aura dUrastha ghaTanAoM ko dekha pAne kI bAta kAlpanika lagatI thI, kintu Aja ve yathArtha bana cukI hai|

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168 jainadharma kI hI aisI aneka mAnyatAyeM haiM, jo kucha varSoM pUrva taka avaijJAnika va pUrNataH kAlpanika lagatI thI, Aja vijJAna se pramANita ho rahI hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM - prakAza, andhakAra, tApa, chAyA aura zabda Adi paudgalika hai - jaina AgamoM kI isa mAnyatA para koI vizvAsa nahIM karatA thA, kintu Aja unakI paudgalikatA siddha ho cukI hai| jaina AgamoM kA yaha kathana hai ki zabda na kevala paudgalika hai, apitu vaha dhvani rUpa meM uccarita hokara lokAnta taka kI yAtrA karatA hai, isa tathya ko kala taka koI bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA thA, kintu Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ne aba isa tathya ko siddha kara diyA hai ki pratyeka dhvani uccarita hone ke bAda apanI yAtrA prArambha kara detI hai aura usakI yaha yAtrA, cAhe atyanta kSINa rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, lokAnta taka hotI hai| jainoM kI kevalajJAna sambandhI yaha avadhAraNA ki kevalI yA sarvajJa samasta loka ke padArtho ko hastAmalakavat pratyakSa rUpa se jAnatA hai athavA avadhijJAna sambandhI yaha avadhAraNA ki avadhijJAnI carma-cakSu ke dvArA grahIta nahIM ho rahe dUrastha viSayoM kA sIdhA pratyakSIkaraNa kara letA hai -- kucha varSoM pUrva taka yaha saba kapolakalpanA hI lagatI thI, kintu Aja jaba TelIvijana kA AviSkAra ho cukA hai, yaha bAta bahuta Azcaryajanaka nahIM rahI hai| jisa prakAra se dhvani kI yAtrA hotI hai usI prakAra se pratyeka bhautika piNDa se prakAza-kiraNe parAvartita hotI hai aura ve bhI dhvani ke samAna hI loka meM apanI yAtrA karatI hai tathA pratyeka vastu yA ghaTanA kA citra vizva meM saMpreSita kara detI hai| Aja yadi mAnava mastiSka meM TelIvijana seTa kI hI taraha citroM ko grahaNa karane kI sAmarthya vikasita ho jAyeM, to dUrastha padArthoM evaM ghaTanAoM ke hastAmalakavat jJAna meM koI bAdhA nahIM rahegI, kyoMki pratyeka padArtha se prakAza va chAyA ke rUpa meM jo kiraNoM parAvartita ho rahI hai, ve to hama sabake pAsa pahuMca hI rahI hai| Aja yadi hamAre caitanya mastiSka kI grahaNa sAmarthya vikasita ho jAya, to dUrastha viSayoM kA jJAna asambhava nahIM hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna dhArmika kahe jAne vAle sAhitya meM bhI bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo yA to Aja vijJAna sammata siddha ho cukA hai athavA jisake vijJAna sammata siddha hone kI sambhAvanA abhI pUrNataH nirasta nahIM huI hai| aneka Agama vacana yA sUtra aise hai, jo kala taka avaijJAnika pratIta hote the, ve Aja vaijJAnika siddha ho rahe haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, ina sUtroM kI vaijJAnika jJAna unake prakAza meM hai jo vyAkhyA kI gayI, vaha adhika samIcIna pratIta hotI hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM paramANuoM ke pArasparika bandhana se skandha ke nirmANa kI prakriyA ko samajhAne hetu tattvArtha sUtra ke pA~caveM adhyAya kA eka sUtra AtA hai-- snigdharukSatvAt bandhaH / isameM snigdha aura rukSa paramANuoM ke eka dUsare se jur3akara skandha banAne kI bAta kahI gayI hai| sAmAnya rUpa se isakI vyAkhyA yaha kahakara hI kI jAtI thI, ki snigdha (cikane) evaM rukSa (khuradure) paramANuoM meM bandha hotA hai, kintu Aja jaba hama isa sUtra kI vaijJAnika vyAkhyA karate haiM ki snigdha arthAt dhanAtmaka vidyuta se Avezita evaM rukSa arthAt RNAtmaka vidyuta se Avezita sUkSma-kaNa-jaina darzana kI bhASA meM paramANu-paraspara milakara skandha (Molecule) kA nirmANa karate hoM, to tattvArthasUtra kA yaha sUtra adhika vijJAna sammata pratIta hotA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga sUtra meM vAnaspatika jIvana kI

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prANIya jIvana se jo tulanA kI gaI hai, vaha Aja adhika vijJAna sammata siddha ho rahI hai| AcArAMga kA yaha kathana ki vAnaspatika jagat meM usI prakAra kI saMvedanazIlatA hai jaisI prANI-jagata meM isa tathya ko sAmAnyatayA pAzcAtya vaijJAnikoM kI Adhunika khojoM ke pUrva satya nahIM mAnA jAtA thA, kintu sara jagadIzacanda basu aura anya jaiva-vaijJAnikoM ne aba isa tathya kI puSTi kara dI hai ki vanaspati meM bhI prANI jagat kI hI taraha hI saMvedanazIlatA hai / ataH Aja AcArAMga kA kathana vijJAna sammata siddha hotA hai| -- 166 hameM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanA hai ki na to vijJAna dharma kA zatru hai aura na dhArmika AsthAoM ko khaNDita hI karanA hI usakA uddezya hai, vaha jise khaNDita karatA hai ve hamAre tathAkathita dhArmika andhavizvAsa hote haiN| sAtha hI hameM yaha bhI samajhanA cAhiye ki vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa aneka dhArmika avadhAraNAyeM puSTa hI huI haiN| aneka dhArmika AcAra-niyama jo kevala hamArI zAstra ke prati zraddhA ke bala para Tike the, aba unakI vaijJAnika upayogitA siddha ho rahI hai / jaina paramparA meM rAtri - bhojana kA niSedha eka sAmAnya niyama hai, cAhe paramparAgata rUpa meM rAtri - bhojana ke sAtha hiMsA kI bAta jur3I ho, kintu Aja rAtri bhojana kA niSedha mAtra hiMsA-ahiMsA ke AdhAra para sthita na hokara jIva-vijJAna, cikitsAzAstra aura AhArazAstra kI dRSTi se adhika vijJAna sammata siddha ho rahA hai| sUrya ke prakAza meM, bhojana ke viSANuoM ko naSTa karane kI tathA zarIra meM bhojana ko pacAne kI jo sAmarthya hotI hai, vaha rAtri ke andhakAra meM nahIM hotI yaha bAta aba vijJAna sammata siddha ho cukI hai| isI prakAra sUryAsta ke bAda bhojana cikitsAzAstra kI dRSTi se bhI anucita mAnA jAne lagA hai| cikitsakoM ne batAyA hai ki rAtri meM bhojana ke bAda apekSita mAtrA meM pAnI na grahaNa karane se bhojana kA paripAka samyak rUpa se nahIM hotA hai| yadi vyakti jala kI samyak mAtrA kA grahaNa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai, to use bAra-bAra mUtra - tyAga ke lie uThanA hotA hai, phalasvarUpa nidrA bhaMga hotI hai| nIMda pUrI na hone ke kAraNa vaha subaha derI se uThatA hai aura isa prakAra na kevala usakI prAtaH kAlIna dinacaryA asta-vyasta hotI hai, apitu vaha apane zarIra ko bhI aneka vikRtiyoM kA ghara banA letA hai| jainoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se avadhAraNA thI ki ve annakaNa jo aMkurita ho rahe haiM athavA kisI vRkSa Adi kA vaha hissA jahA~ aMkuraNa ho rahA hai, ve anantakAya hai aura anantakAya kA bhakSaNa adhika pApakArI hai / Aja taka yaha eka sAdhAraNa siddhAnta lagatA thA, kintu Aja vaijJAnika gaveSaNA ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho rahA hai ki jahA~ bhI jIvana ke vikAsa kI sambhAvanAeM haiM, usake bhakSaNa yA hiMsA se ananta jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai| kyoMki jIvana ke vikAsa kI vaha prakriyA kitane jIvoM ko janma degI yaha batA pAnA bhI sambhava nahIM hai, yadi hama usakI hiMsA karate haiM to jIvana kI jo navIna satat dhArA calane vAlI thI, use hI hama bIca meM avaruddha kara dete haiN| isa prakAra ananta jIvana ke vinAza ke karttA siddha hote haiN| isI prakAra mAnava kA svAbhAvika AhAra zAkAhAra hai, mAMsAhAra evaM aNDe Adi ke sevana

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170 se kauna se rogoM kI utpatti hotI hai Adi tathyoM kI prAmANika jAnakArI Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ke dvArA hI sambhava huI hai| Aja vaijJAnikoM aura cikitsAzAstriyoM ne apanI khojoM ke mAdhyama se mAMsAhAra ke doSoM kI jo vistRta vivecanAeM kI hai, ve saba jaina AcArazAstra kitanA vaijJAnika hai, isakI hI puSTi karate haiN| isI prakAra paryAvaraNa kI zuddhi ke lie jaina paramparA meM vanaspati, jala Adi ke anAvazyaka dohana para jo pratibandha lagAyA gayA hai, vaha Aja kitanA sArthaka hai yaha bAta Aja hama binA vaijJAnika khojoM ke nahIM samajha skte| paryAvaraNa ke mahatva ke lie aura use dUSita hone se bacAne ke lie jaina AcArazAstra kI bhUmikA kitanI mahattvapUrNa hai isakI puSTi Aja vaijJAnika khojoM ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava ho sakI hai| Aja vaijJAnika jJAna ke pariNAmasvarUpa hama dhArmika AcAra sambandhI aneka mAnyatAoM kA samyaka malyAMkana kara sakate haiM aura isa prakAra vijJAna kI khoja dharma ke lie upayogI siddha ho sakatI hai| jaina dharma evaM darzana kI jo bAteM kala taka avaijJAnika sI lagatI thIM, Aja vaijJAnika khojoM ke phalasvarUpa satya siddha ho rahI haiN| ataH vijJAna ko dharma va darzana kA virodhI na mAnakara usakA sampUraka hI mAnanA hogaa| Aja jaba hama jaina tattvamImAMsA, jaivavijJAna aura AcArazAstra kI Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariprekSya meM samIkSA karate haiM, to hama yahI pAte haiM ki vijJAna ne jaina avadhAraNAoM kI puSTi hI kI hai| vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariNAma svarUpa jo sarvAdhika prazna cinha lage haiM ve jaina dharma kI khagola va bhUgola sambandhI mAnyatAoM para hai| yaha satya hai ki khagola va bhUgola sambandhI jaina avadhAraNAyeM Aja ke vaijJAnika khojoM se bhinna par3atI haiM aura Adhunika vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM unakA samIkaraNa baiThA pAnA bhI kaThina hai| yahA~ sabase pahalA prazna yaha hai ki kyA jaina khagola va bhUgola sarvajJa praNIta hai yA sarvajJa kI vANI hai ? isa sambandha meM paryApta vicAra kI AvazyakatA hai| sarvaprathama to hameM jAna lenA cAhie ki jaina khagola va bhUgola saMbaMdhI vivaraNa sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga evaM bhagavatI ko chor3a kara anya aMga AgamoM meM kahI bhI ullikhita nahIM hai| sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga meM bhI ve suvyavasthita rUpa meM pratipAdita nahIM hai, mAtra saMkhyA ke saMdarbha krama meM unakI sambandhita saMkhyAoM kA ullekha kara diyA gayA hai| vaise bhI jahA~ taka vidvAnoM kA prazna hai, ve inheM saMkalanAtmaka evaM apekSAkRta paravartI grantha mAnate haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki inameM samaya-samaya para sAmagrI prakSipta hotI rahI hai, ataH unakA vartamAna svarUpa pUrNataH jina praNIta nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina khagola va bhUgola sambandhI jo avadhAraNAyeM upalabdha haiM, unakA Agamika AdhAra candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti evaM jambUdrIpaprajJapti hai, jinheM vartamAna meM upAMga ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAtA hai, kintu nandIsUtra kI sUcI ke anusAra ye grantha Avazyaka vyatirikta aMga bAhya AgamoM meM parigaNita kiye jAte haiN| paramparAgata dRSTi se aMga bAhya AgamoM ke upadeSTA evaM racayitA jina na hokara sthavira hI mAne gaye haiM aura isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye grantha sarvajJa praNIta na hokara chadmastha jaina AcAryoM dvArA praNIta haiN| ataH yadi

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171 inameM pratipAdita tathya Adhunika vijJAna ke pratikUla jAte hai, to usase sarvajJa kI sarvajJatA para A~ca nahIM AtI hai| hameM isa bhaya kA parityAga kara denA cAhie ki yadi hama khagola evaM bhUgola ke sambandha meM Adhunika vaijJAnika gaveSaNAoM ko mAnya kareMge to usase jina kI sarvajJatA para koI A~ca aayegii| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rahe ki sarvajJa yA jina kevala upadeza dete haiM grantha lekhana kA kArya to unake gaNadhara yA anya sthavira AcArya hI karate haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki sarvajJa ke lie upadeza kA viSaya to adhyAtma va AcArazAstra hI hotA hai khagola va bhUgola unake mUla pratipAdya nahIM hai| khagola va bhUgola sambandhI jo avadhAraNAyeM jaina paramparA meM milatI haiM vaha thor3e antara ke sAtha samakAlika bauddha evaM hindU paramparA meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| ataH yaha mAnanA hI ucita hogA ki khagola evaM bhUgola sambandhI jaina mAnyatAe~ Aja yadi vijJAna sammata siddha nahIM hotI hai to usase na to sarvajJa kI sarvajJatA para A~ca AtI hai aura na jaina dharma kI AdhyAtmazAstrIya, tatvamImAMsIya evaM AcArazAstrIya avadhAraNAoM para koI kharoMca AtI hai| sUryaprajJapti jaisA grantha jisameM jaina AcArazAstra aura usakI ahiMsaka niSThA ke viruddha pratipAdana pAye jAte haiM, kisI bhI sthiti meM sarvajJa praNIta nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| jo loga khagola-bhUgola sambandhI vaijJAnika tathyoM ko kevala isalie svIkAra karane se katarAte haiM ki isase sarvajJa kI avahelanA hogI, ve vastutaH jaina AdhyAtmazAstra ke rahasyoM se yA to anabhijJa haiM yA unakI anabhati se rahita hai| kyoMki hameM sarvaprathama to yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki jo AtmandraSTA sarvajJa praNIta hai hI nahIM usake amAnya hone se sarvajJa kI sarvajJatA kaise khaNDita ho sakatI hai ? AcArya kunda-kunda ne to spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki sarvajJa AtmA ko jAnatA hai, yahI yarthAtha satya hai| sarvajJa bAhaya jagata ko jAnatA hai yaha kevala vyavahAra hai| bhagavatIsatra kA yaha kathana bhI ki kevalI siya jANai siya Na jANaI -- isa satya ko udghATita karatA hai ki sarvajJa Atma-draSTA hotA hai| vastutaH sarvajJa kA upadeza bhI AtmAnubhUti aura Atma vizuddhi ke lie hotA hai jina sAdhanoM se hama zuddhAtmA kI anubhUti kara sake, Atma-zuddhi yA Atma vimukti ko upalabdha kara sake, vahI sarvajJa dvArA pratipAdya hai| ___ yaha satya hai ki AgamoM ke rUpa meM hamAre pAsa jo kucha upalabdha hai,usameM jina vacana bhI saMkalita hai aura yaha bhI satya hai ki AgamoM kA aura unameM upalabdha sAmagrI kA jainadharma, prAkRta sAhitya aura bhAratIya itihAsa kI dRSTi se bahuta hI mahattva hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki AgamoM ke nAma para hamAre pAsa jo kaka upalabdha hai usameM paryApta vismaraNa parivartana, parivardhana aura prakSepaNa bhI huA hai| ataH isa tathya ko svayaM antima vAcanAkAra devarddhi ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| ataH Agama vacanoM meM kitanA aMza jina vacana hai -- isa sambandha meM paryApta samIkSA, sartakatA aura sAvadhAnI Avazyaka hai| Aja do prakAra kI atiyA~ dekhane meM AtI hai - eka ati yaha hai ki cAhe pandrahavIM zatI ke lekhaka ne mahAvIra-gautama ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM kisI grantha kI racanA kI ho, use bhI binA samIkSA ke jina vacana ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jA rahA hai aura use hI carama satya mAnA jAtA hai-- dUsarI ora sampUrNa Agama sAhitya ko andhavizvAsa kahakara nakArA jA rahA hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai nIra-kSIra buddhi se Agama vacanoM kI samIkSA karake madhyama mArga apanAne kii|

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172 . Aja na to vijJAna hI carama satya hai aura na Agama ke nAma para jo kucha hai vahI carama satya hai| Aja na to AgamoM ko nakArane se kucha hogA aura na vaijJAnika satyoM ko nakArane se| vijJAna aura Agama ke sandarbha meM Aja eka taTastha samIkSaka buddhi kI AvazyakatA hai| jaina sRSTizAstra aura jaina khagola-bhUgola meM bhI, jahA~ taka sRSTizAstra kA sambandha hai, vaha Adhunika vaijJAnika avadhAraNAoM ke sAtha eka sImA taka saMgati rakhatA hai| jaina sRSTizAstra ke anusAra sarvaprathama isa jagat ko anAdi aura ananta mAnA gayA hai, kintu usameM jagata kI anAdi anantatA usake pravAha kI dRSTi se hai| ise anAdi ananta isalie kahA jAtA hai ki koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM thA jaba sRSTi nahIM thI yA nahIM hogii| pravAha kI dRSTi se jagat anAdi-ananta hote hue bhI isameM pratikSaNa utpatti aura vinAza arthAt sRSTi aura pralaya kA krama bhI calatA rahatA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM yaha jagat apane pravAha kI apekSA se zAzvata hote hue bhI isameM sRSTi evaM pralaya hote rahate haiM kyoMki jo bhI utpanna hotA hai usakA vinAza aparihArya hai| phira bhI isakA sRSTA yA kartA koI bhI nahIM hai| yaha saba prAkRtika niyama se hI zAsita hai| yadi vaijJAnika dRSTi se isa para vicAra kare to vijJAna ko bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karane meM Apatti nahIM hai ki yaha vizva apane mUla tattva yA mUla ghaTaka kI dRSTi se anAdi-ananta hote hue bhI isameM sRjana aura vinAza kI prakriyA satat rUpa se cala rahI hai| yahA~ taka vijJAna va jainadarzana donoM sAtha jAte haiN| donoM isa saMbaMdha meM bhI eka mata hai ki jagat kA koI sRSTA nahIM hai aura yaha prAkRtika niyama se zAsita hai| sAtha hI ananta vizva meM sRSTi loka kI sImitatA jaina darzana evaM vijJAna donoM ko mAnya hai| ina mUla-bhUta avadhAraNAoM meM sAmyatA ke hote hue bhI jaba hama inake vistAra meM jAte haiM, to hameM jaina Agamika mAnyatAoM evaM Adhunika vijJAna donoM meM paryApta antara bhI pratIta hotA hai| ____ adholoka, madhyaloka evaM svargaloka kI kalpanA lagabhaga sabhI dharma-darzanoM meM upalabdha hotI hai, kintu Adhunika vijJAna ke dvArA khagola kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, usameM isa prakAra kI koI kalpanA nahIM hai| vaha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA hai ki pRthvI ke nIce naraka va Upara svarga hai| Adhunika khagola vijJAna ke anusAra isa vizva meM asaMkhya saura maNDala haiM aura pratyeka saura maNDala meM aneka graha-nakSatra va pRthviyAM hai| asaMkhya sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra kI avadhAraNA jaina paramparA meM bhI mAnya hai| yadyapi Aja taka vijJAna yaha siddha nahIM kara pAyA hai ki pRthvI ke atirikta kina graha-nakSatroM para jIvana pAyA jAtA hai, kintu usane isa saMbhAvanA se bhI inkAra nahIM kiyA ki isa brahmANDa meM aneka aise graha-nakSatra ho sakate hai jahA~ jIvana kI saMbhAvanAeM hai| ataH isa vizva meM jIvana kevala pRthvI para hai yaha bhI carama satya nahIM hai| pRthvI ke atirikta kucha graha-nakSatroM para jIvana kI saMbhAvanAeM ho sakatI hai| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki pRthvI kI apekSA kahIM jIvana adhika sukhada evaM samRddha ho aura kahIM vaha vipanna aura kaSTakara sthiti meM ho| ataH cAhe svarga evaM naraka aura khagola evaM bhagola sambandho hamArI avadhAraNAoM para vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariNAma svarUpa prazna cinha lage, kintu isa pRthvI ke atirikta isa vizva meM kahIM bhI jIvana kI saMbhAvanA nahI hai, yaha bAta to svayaM vaijJAnika bhI nahIM kahate haiN| pRthvI ke

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173 atirikta brahmANDa ke anya graha-nakSatroM para jIvana kI sambhAvanAoM ko svIkAra karane ke sAtha hI prakArAntara se svarga evaM naraka kI avadhAraNAyeM bhI sthAna pA jAtI hai| ur3ana taztariyoM se sambandhI jo bhI khoje huI hai, usase itanA to nizcita siddha hI hotA hai ki isa pRthvI ke atirikta anya graha-nakSatroM para bhI jIvana hai aura vaha pRthvI se apanA samparka banAne ke lie prayatnazIla bhI hai| ur3ana-taztariyoM ke prANiyoM kA yahA~ AnA va svarga se deva logoM kI Ane kI paramparAgata kathA meM koI bahuta antara nahIM hai| ataH jo paraloka sambandhI avadhAraNA upalabdha hotI hai vaha abhI pUrNatayA nirasta nahIM kI jA sakatI, ho sakatA hai ki vaijJAnika khojoM ke pariNAma svarUpa hI eka dina punarjanma va lokottara jIvana kI kalpanAeM yathArtha siddha ho skeN| jaina paramparA meM loka ko SaDdravyamaya kahA gayA hai| ye SaDdravya nimna haiM - jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala evaM kaal| inameM se jIva (AtmA), dharma, adharma, AkAza va pudgala ye pA~ca astikAya kahe jAte haiN| inheM astikAya kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki ye prasarita hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jisakA AkAza meM vistAra hotA hai vaha astikAya kahalAtA hai| SaDdravyoM meM mAtra kAla ko anastikAya kahA gayA hai, kyoMki isakA prasAra bahuAyAmI na hokara eka rekhIya hai| yahA~ hama sarvaprathama to yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki SaDdravyoM kI jo avadhAraNA hai vaha kisa sImA taka Adhunika vijJAna ke sAtha saMgati rakhatI hai| SaDdravyoM meM sarvaprathama hama jIva ke sandarbha meM vicAra kreNge| cAhe vijJAna AtmA kI svataMtra sattA ko svIkAra na karatA ho, kintu vaha jIvana ke astitva se iMkAra bhI nahIM karatA hai, kyoMki jIvana kI upasthiti eka anubhUta tathya hai| cAhe vijJAna eka amara AtmA kI kalpanA ko svIkAra nahIM kare, lekina vaha jIvana evaM usake vividha rUpoM se iMkAra nahIM kara sakatA hai| jIva-vijJAna kA AdhAra hI jIvana ke astitva kI svIkRti para avasthita hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, aba vaijJAnikoM ne atIndriya jJAna tathA punarjanma ke sandarbha meM bhI apanI zodha yAtrA prArambha kara dI hai| vicAra sampreSaNa yA TelIpethI kA siddhAnta aba vaijJAnikoM kI ruci kA viSaya banatA jA rahA hai aura isa sambandha meM huI khojoM ke pariNAma atIndriya-jJAna kI sambhAvanA ko puSTa karate haiN| isI prakAra punarjanma kI avadhAraNA ke sandarbha meM bhI aneka khojeM huI haiN| aba aneka aise tathya prakAza meM Aye haiM, jinakI vyAkhyAe~ binA punarjanma evaM atIndriya jJAna-zakti ko svIkAra kiye binA sambhava nahIM hai| aba vijJAna jIvana dhArA kI nirantaratA usakI atIndriya zaktiyoM se aparicita nahIM hai, cAhe abhI vaha unakI vaijJAnika vyAkhyAe~ prastuta na kara pAyA ho| mAtra itanA hI nahIM aneka prANiyoM meM mAnava kI apekSA bhI aneka kSetroM meM itanI adhika aindrika-jJAna sAmarthya hotI hai jisa para sAmAnya buddhi vizvAsa nahIM karatI hai, kintu use aba Adhunika vijJAna ne siddha kara diyA hai| ataH isa vizva meM jIvana kA astitva hai aura vaha jIvana ananta zaktiyoM kA puMja hai - isa tathya se aba vaijJAnikoM kA virodha nahIM hai| jahA~ taka bhautika tatva ke astitva evaM svarUpa kA prazna hai vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina AcAryoM meM adhika matabheda nahIM hai| paramANu yA pudagala kaNoM meM jisa anantazakti kA nirdeza jaina AcAryoM ne kiyA thA vaha aba Adhunika vaijJAnika anveSaNoM se siddha ho rahI hai| Adhunika vaijJAnika isa

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174 tathya ko siddha kara cuke haiM ki eka paramANu kA visphoTa bhI kitanI adhika zakti kA sRjana kara sakatA hai| vaise bhI bhautika piNDa yA pudgala kI avadhAraNA aisI hai jisa para vaijJAnikoM evaM jaina vicArakoM meM koI adhika matabheda nahIM dekhA jAtA / paramANuoM ke dvArA skandha (Molecule ) kI racanA kA jaina siddhAnta kitanA vaijJAnika hai, isakI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| vijJAna jise paramANu kahatA thA, vaha aba TUTa cukA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki vijJAna ne jise paramANu mAna liyA thA, vaha paramANu thA hI nahIM, vaha to skandha hI thaa| kyoMki jainoM kI paramANu kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jisakA vibhAjana nahIM ho sake, aisA bhautika tattva paramANu hai| isa prakAra Aja hama dekhate haiM ki vijJAna kA tathAkathita paramANu khaNDita ho cukA hai| jabaki jaina-darzana kA paramANu abhI vaijJAnikoM kI pakar3a meM A hI nahIM pAyA hai| vastutaH jaina darzana meM jise paramANu kahA jAtA hai use Adhunika vaijJAnikoM ne kvArka nAma diyA hai aura ve Aja bhI usakI khoja meM lage hue haiN| samakAlIna bhautikI - vidoM kI kvArka kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jo vizva kA saralatama aura antima ghaTaka hai, vahI kvArka hai| Aja bhI kvArka ko vyAkhyAyita karane meM vaijJAnika saphala nahIM ho pAye haiM / Adhunika vijJAna prAcIna avadhAraNAoM ko sampuSTa karane meM kisa prakAra sahAyaka huA hai| ki usakA eka udAharaNa yaha hai ki jaina tattva mImAMsA meM eka ora yaha avadhAraNA rahI hai ki eka pudgala paramANu jitanI jagaha gheratA hai vaha eka AkAza pradeza kahalAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM mAnyatA yaha hai ki eka AkAza pradeza meM eka paramANu hI raha sakatA hai / kintu dUsarI ora AgamoM meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki eka AkAza pradeza meM asaMkhyAta pudgala paramANu samA sakate haiM / isa virodhAbhAsa kA sIdhA samAdhAna hamAre pAsa nahIM thA / lekina vijJAna ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki vizva meM kucha aise Thosa dravya hai jinakA eka varga iMca kA vajana lagabhaga 8 sau Tana hotA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki jinheM hama Thosa samajhate haiM, ve vastutaH kitane pole haiN| ataH sUkSma avagAhana zakti ke kAraNa yaha saMbhava hai ki eka hI AkAza pradeza meM ananta paramANu bhI samAhita ho jAyeM / dharma- dravya evaM adharma - dravya kI jaina avadhAraNA bhI Aja vaijJAnika sandarbha meM apanI vyAkhyAoM kI apekSAe~ rakhatI haiN| jaina paramparA meM dharmAstikAya ko na kevala eka svatantra dravya mAnA gayA hai, apitu dharmAstikAya ke abhAva meM jar3a va cetana, kisI kI bhI gati saMbhava nahIM hogI -- aisA bhI mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi jaina darzana meM dharmAstikAya ko amUrta dravya kahA gayA hai, kintu amUrta hote hue bhI yaha vizva kA mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka hai| yadi vizva meM dharma dravya evaM adharma dravya, jinheM dUsare zabdoM meM hama gati va sthiti ke niyAmaka tattva kaha sakate haiM, na hoMge to vizva kA astitva hI sambhava nahIM hogaa| kyoMki jahA~ adharma- dravya vizva kI vastuoM kI sthiti ko sambhava banAtA hai aura pudgala piNDoM ko ananta AkAza meM bikharane se rokatA hai, vahI dharma-dravya unakI gati ko sambhava banAtA hai| gati evaM sthati yahI vizva vyavasthA kA mUla AdhAra hai 1 yadi vizva meM gati evaM sthiti saMbhava na ho, to vizva nahIM ho sakatA hai| gati ke niyamana ke liye sthiti evaM sthiti kI jar3atA ko tor3ane ke lie gati Avazyaka hai / yadyapi jar3a va cetana meM 1

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175 svayaM gati karane evaM sthita rahane kI kSamatA hai, kintu unakI yaha kSamatA kArya ke rUpa meM tabhI pariNata hogI jaba vizva meM gati aura sthiti ke niyAmaka tattva yA koI mAdhyama ho| jaina darzana ke dharma dravya va adharma dravya ko Aja vijJAna ke bhASA meM Ithara evaM gurutvAkarSaNa kI zakti ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai ki yadi dharma dravya nAma kI vastu hai to usake astitva ko kaise jAnA jAyegA ? vaijJAnikoM ne jo Ithara kI kalpanA kI hai use hama jaina dharma kI bhASA meM dharmadravya kahate haiN| vaijJAnikoM ke anusAra Ithara ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, to prazna uThatA hai ki prakAza kiraNoM ke yAtrA kA mAdhyama kyA hai ? yadi prakAza kiraNeM yathArtha meM kiraNa hai to unakA parAvartana kisI mAdhyama se hI sambhava hogA aura jisameM ye prakAza kiraNe parAvartita hotI haiM, vaha bhautika piNDa nahIM, apitu Ithara hI hai| yadi mAtra AkAza ho, kintu Ithara na ho to koI gati sambhava nahIM hogii| kisI bhI prakAra kI gati ke lie koI na koI mAdhyama Avazyaka hai| jaise machalI ko tairane ke lie jl| isI gati ke mAdhyama ko vijJAna Ithara aura jaina-darzana dharma dravya kahatA sAtha hI hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki vizva meM kevala gati hI nahIM hai, apitu sthiti bhI hai| jisa prakAra gati kA niyAmaka tattva Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra se sthiti kA bhI niyAmaka tattva Avazyaka hai| vijJAna ise gurutvAkarSaNa ke nAma se jAnatA hai, jaina darzana use hI adharma dravya kahatA hai| vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM adharma dravya ko vizva kI sthiti ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai yadi adharma dravya na ho aura kevala ananta AkAza aura gati hI ho to samasta pudgala piNDa ananta AkAza meM chitara jAyeMge aura vizva vyavasthA samApta ho jaayegii| adharma dravya eka niyAmaka zakti hai jo eka sthira vizva ke lie Avazyaka hai| isake abhAva meM eka aisI avyavasthA hogI ki vizva vizva hI na raha jaayegaa| Aja jo AkAzIya piNDa apane-apane yAtrA patha meM avasthita rahate hai - jainoM ke anusAra usakA kAraNa adharma-dravya hai, to vijJAna ke anusAra usakA kAraNa gurutvAkarSaNa hai| isI prakAra AkAza kI sattA bhI svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki AkAza ke abhAva meM anya dravya kisameM raheMge, jainoM ke anusAra AkAza mAtra eka zUnyatA nahIM, apitu vAstavikatA hai| kyoMki loka AkAza meM hI avasthita hai| ataH jainAcAryoM ne AkAza ke lokAkAza aura alokAkAza aise do bhAgoM kI kalpanA kii| loka jisameM avasthita hai vahI lokAkAza hai| isI ananta AkAza ke eka bhAga vizeSa arthAt lokAkAza meM avasthita hone ke kAraNa loka ko sImita kahA jAtA hai, kintu usakI yaha sImitatA AkAza kI anantatA kI apekSA se hI hai| vaise jaina AcAryoM ne loka kA parimANa 14 rAjU mAnA hai| jo ki vaijJAnikoM ke prakAzavarSa ke samAna eka prakAra kA mApa vizeSa hai| yaha loka nIce caur3A, madhya meM patalA punaH UparI bhAga ke madhya meM caur3A va anta meM patalA hai| isake AkAra kI tulanA kamara para hAtha rakhe khar3e hue puruSa ke AkAra se kI jAtI hai| isa loka ke adhobhAga meM sAta narakoM kI avasthiti mAnI gayI hai -- prathama naraka se Upara aura madhya loka se nIce bIca meM bhavanapati devoM ke AvAsa hai| isa loka ke madhya bhAga meM manuSya evaM tiryacoM kA AvAsa hai| ise madhya loka yA

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176 tiryak-loka kahate haiN| tiryak-loka ke madhya meM meru parvata hai, usake Asa-pAsa kA samudra paryaMta bhU-bhAga jambUdvIpa ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| yaha golAkAra hai| use valayAkAra lavaNa samudra ghere hue haiN| lavaNa samudra ko valayAkAra meM ghere hue ghAtakI khaNDa hai| usako valayAkAra meM ghere hue kAlodadhi nAmaka samudra hai| usako punaH valayAkAra meM ghere hue puSkara dvIpa hai| usake Age punaH valayAkAra meM puSkara-samudra hai| inake pazcAt anukrama se eka ke bAda eka valayAkAra meM eka dUsare ko ghere hue asaMkhyAta dvIpa evaM samudra haiN| jJAtavya hai ki hindU paramparA meM mAtra sAta dvIpoM evaM samudroM kI kalpanA hai, jisakI jaina AgamoM meM AlocanA kI gaI hai| kintu jahA~ taka mAnava jAti kA prazna hai, vaha kevala jambUdvIpa, ghAtakI khaNDa aura puSkarAvarta dvIpa ke ardhabhAga meM hI upalabdha hotI hai| usake Age mAnava jAti kA abhAva hai| isa madhyaloka yA bhaloka Upara AkAza meM sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra va tAroM ke AvAsa yA vimAna hai| yaha kSetra jyotiSika deva kSetra kahA jAtA hai| ye sabhI sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra tAre Adi meruparvata ko kendra banAkara pradakSiNA karate haiN| isa kSetra ke Upara zvetAmbara mAnyatAnusAra kramazaH 12 athavA digambara matAnusAra 16 svarga yA devaloka haiN| unake Upara kramazaH 6 greveyaka aura pA~ca anuttara vimAna haiN| loka ke UparI antima bhAga ko siddha kSetra yA lokAgra kahate haiM, yahA~ siddhoM yA mukta AtmAoM kA nivAsa hai| yadyapi sabhI dharma paramparAoM meM bhUloka ke nIce naraka yA pAtAla loka aura Upara svarga kI kalpanA samAna rUpa se pAyI jAtI hai, kintu unakI saMkhyA Adi ke prazna para vibhinna paramparAoM meM matabheda dekhA jAtA hai| khagola evaM bhUgola kA jainoM kA yaha vivaraNa Adhunika vijJAna se kitanA saMgata athavA asaMgata hai ? yaha niSkarSa nikAla pAnA sahaja nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM AcArya zrI yazodeva sUri jI ne saMgrahaNIratna-prakaraNa kI bhUmikA meM vicAra kiyA hai| ataH isa sambandha meM adhika vistAra meM na jAkara pAThakoM ko use AcArya zrI kI gujarAtI bhUmikA evaM hindI vyAkhyA meM dekha lene kI anuzaMsA karate haiN| khagola-bhUgola sambandhI jaina avadhAraNA kA anya dharmoM kI avadhAraNAoM se evaM Adhunika vijJAna kI avadhAraNA se kyA sambandha hai, yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| isa sambandha meM hameM do prakAra ke paraspara virodhI dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| jahA~ vibhinna dharmoM meM sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra, tArA Adi ko deva ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, vahIM Adhunika vijJAna meM ve anantAkAza meM bikhare hue bhautika piNDa hI hai| dharma unameM devatva kA AropaNa karatA hai, kintu vijJAna unheM mAtra eka bhautika saMracanA mAnatA hai| jaina dRSTi meM ina donoM avadhAraNAoM kA eka samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai| jaina vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki jinheM hama sUrya, candra Adi mAnate haiM vaha unake vimAnoM se nikalane vAlA prakAza hai, ye vimAna sUrya, candra Adi devoM ke AvAsIya sthala hai, jinameM usa nAma vAle devagaNa nivAsa karate haiN| isa prakAra jaina vicArakoM ne sUrya-vimAna, candra-vimAna Adi ko bhautika saMracanA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai aura una vimAnoM meM nivAsa karane vAloM ko deva btaayaa| isakA phalita yaha hai ki jaina vicAraka vaijJAnika dRSTi to rakhate the, kintu paramparAgata dhArmika mAnyatAoM ko bhI ThukarAnA nahIM cAhate the| isIlie unhone donoM avadhAraNAoM ke bIca eka samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai|

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177 jaina jyotiSazAstra kI vizeSatA hai ki vaha bhI vaijJAnikoM ke samAna isa brahmANDa meM asaMkhya sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra va tArAgaNoM kA astitva mAnatA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki jabUdvIpa meM do sUrya aura do candramA haiM, lavaNa samudra meM cAra sUrya va cAra candramA haiN| dhAtakI khaNDa meM ATha sUrya va ATha candramA haiN| isa prakAra pratyeka dvIpa va samudra meM sUrya va candroM kI saMkhyA dviguNita hotI jAtI hai| jahA~ taka Adhunika khagola vijJAna kA prazna hai vaha bhI aneka sUrya va candra kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| phira bhI sUrya, candra Adi ke krama evaM mArga, unakA AkAra evaM unakI pArasparika dUrI Adi ke sambandha meM Adhunika khagola-vijJAna evaM jaina Agamika mAnyatAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se antara dekhA jAtA hai| sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra evaM tArA gaNa Adi kI avasthiti sambandhI mAnyatAoM ko lekara bhI jaina dharma darzana va Adhunika vijJAna meM mataikya nahIM hai| jahA~ Adhunika khagola vijJAna ke anusAra candramA pRthvI ke adhika nikaTa evaM sUrya dUrI para hai, vahA~ jaina jyotiSa zAstra meM sUrya ko nikaTa va candramA ko dUra batAyA gayA hai| jahA~ Adhunika vijJAna ke anusAra candramA kA AkAra sUrya kI apekSA choTA batAyA gayA vahA~ jaina paramparA meM sUrya kI apekSA candramA ko bRhat AkAra mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra avadhAraNAgata dRSTi se kucha nikaTatA hokara bhI donoM meM bhinnatA hI adhika dekhI jAtI hai| jo sthiti jaina khagola evaM Adhunika khagola vijJAna sambandhI mAnyatAoM meM matabheda kI sthiti hai, vahIM sthiti prAyaH jaina bhUgola aura Adhunika bhUgola kI hai| isa bhUmaNDala para mAnava jAti ke astitva kI dRSTi se DhAI dvIpoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai -- jambUdvIpa, dhAtakI khaNDa aura pusskraadh| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM batAyA hai jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra madhyaloka ke madhya meM jambUdIpa hai, jo ki golAkAra hai, usake Asa-pAsa usase dviguNita kSetraphala vAlA lavaNasamudra hai, phira lavaNasamudra se dviguNita kSetraphala vAlA valayAkAra dhAtakI khaNDa hai| dhAtakI khaNDa ke Age punaH kSIrasamudra hai jo kSetraphala meM jambUdvIpa se ATha guNA bar3A hai usake Age punaH valayAkAra meM puSkara dvIpa hai, jisake Adhe bhAga meM manuSyoM kA nivAsa hai| isa prakAra eka dUsare se dviguNita kSetraphala vAle asaMkhya dvIpa-samudra valayAkAra meM avasthita hai| yadi hama jaina bhUgola kI aDhAI dIpa kI isa kalpanA ko Adhunika bhUgola kI dRSTi se samajhane kA prayatna kareM to hama kaha sakate haiM ki Aja bhI sthala rUpa meM eka se jur3e hue aphrIkA, yuropa va eziyA, jo kisI samaya eka dUsare se saTe hue the, milakara jambUdvIpa kI kalpanA ko sAkAra karate hai| jJAtavya hai ki kisI prAcIna jamAne meM pazcima meM vartamAna aphrIkA aura pUrva meM jAvA, sumAtrA evaM AsTreliyA Adi eziyA mahAdvIpa se saTe hue the, jo golAkAra mahAdvIpa kI racanA karate the| yahI golAkAra mahAdIpa jambUdvIpa ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| usake cAroM ora ke samudra ko ghere hue uttarI amerIkA va dakSiNI amerIkA kI sthiti AtI hai| yadi hama pRthvI ko sapATa mAnakara isa avadhAraNA para vicAra kareM to uttara-dakSiNa amerikA milakara isa jambUdvIpa ko valayakAra rUpa meM ghere hue pratIta hote hai| isI prakAra ArkaTikA ko hama puSkArAdha ke rUpa meM kalpita kara sakate haiN| isa prakAra moTe rUpa se aDhAI dvIpa kI jo kalpanA hai, yaha siddha to ho

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178. jAtI hai, phira bhI jainoM ne jambUdvIpa Adi meM jo airAvata, mahAvideha kSetroM Adi kI kalpanA kI hai vaha Adhunika bhUgola se adhika saMgata nahIM baiThatI hai / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki prAcIna bhUgola jo jaina, bauddha va hinduoM meM lagabhaga samAna rahA hai, usakI sAmAnya nirIkSaNoM ke AdhAra para hI kalpanA kI gaI thI, phira bhI use pUrNataH asatya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Aja hameM yaha siddha karanA hai ki vijJAna dhArmika AsthAoM kA saMhAraka nahIM poSaka bhI ho sakatA hai| Aja yaha dAyitva una vaijJAnikoM kA evaM una dhArmikoM kA hai, jo vijJAna va dharma ko paraspara virodhI mAna baiTheM haiM, unheM yaha dikhAnA hogA ki vijJAna va dharma eka dUsare ke saMhAraka nahIM, apitu poSaka haiN| yaha satya hai ki dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM kucha aisI avadhAraNAe~ haiM jo vaijJAnika jJAna ke kAraNa dhvasta ho cukI hai, lekina isa sambandha meM hameM cintita hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| prathama to hameM yaha nizcita karanA hogA ki dharma kA sambandha kevala mAnavIya jIvana mUlyoM se hai, khagola ke ve tathya jo Aja vaijJAnika avadhAraNA ke virodha meM hai, unakA dharma va darzana se koI sIdhA saMbaMdha nahI hai / ataH unake avaijJAnika siddha hone para bhI dharma avaijJAnika siddha nahIM hotA / hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki dharma ke nAma para jo aneka mAnyatAyeM Aropita kara dI gayI haiM ve saba dharma kA anivArya aMga nahIM hai / aneka tathya aise haiM jo kevala loka vyavahAra ke kAraNa dharma se jur3a gaye haiM / Aja unake yarthAtha svarUpa ko samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| bharatakSetra kitanA lambA caur3A hai, meru parvata kI UMcAI kyA hai ? sUrya va candra kI gati kyA hai ? unameM Upara kauna hai Adi ? aise aneka prazna hai jinakA dharma va sAdhanA se koI sambandha nahIM hai| hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala jaina paramparA meM apitu bauddha va brAhmaNa paramparA meM bhI ye mAnyatAyeM samAna rUpa se pracalita rahI haiM / eka tathya aura hameM samajha lenA hogA vaha yaha ki tIrthaMkara yA Apta puruSa kevala hamAre baMdhana va mukti ke siddhAntoM ko prastuta karate haiM / ve manuSya kI naitika kamiyoM ko iMgita karake vaha mArga batAte haiM jisase naitika kamajoriyoM para yA vAsanAmaya jIvana para vijaya pAyI jA ske| unake upadezoM kA mukhya saMbaMdha vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa, sadAcAra tathA sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti va sahaH astitva ke mUlyoM para bala dene ke lie hotA hai / ataH sarvajJa ke nAma para kahI jAne vAlI sabhI mAnyatAyeM sarvajJapraNIta hai, aisA nahIM hai| kAlakrama meM aisI aneka mAnyatAeM AyI jinheM bAda meM sarvajJa praNIta kahA gyaa| jaina dharma meM khagola va bhUgola kI mAnyatAyeM bhI kisI aMza meM isI prakAra kI hai / punaH vijJAna kabhI apanI aMtimatA kA dAvA nahIM karatA hai ataH kala taka jo avaijJAnika kahA jAtA thA, vaha navIna vaijJAnika khojoM se satya siddha ho sakatA hai| Aja na to vijJAna se bhayabhIta hone kI AvazyakatA hai aura na use nakArane kI / AvazyakatA hai vijJAna aura adhyAtma ke rizte ke sahI mUlyAMkana kI /

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jaina dharma aura hindU dharma ( sanAtana dharma) kA pArasparika sambandha pro0 sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai / use hama vibhinna cahAradIvAriyoM meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDakhaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA-zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana kara liyA jAya / binA usake saMyojita ghaTakoM ke jJAna ke usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke lie na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt kala- -purjoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai| ataH hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhie ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatA hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve apane deza, kAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, hindU yA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI prAmANikatApUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina dharma ke adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya dharma kA, hameM usakI dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika prabhAvakatA ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai|

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500 yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte haiM, kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba inheM eka dUsare se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAyeM paraspara eka dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alaga-alaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kara skeNge| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyA-kANDoM kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi, jo jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, usase siddha hotA hai ki vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI thii| jisameM dhyAna, sAdhanA Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI siddha karatA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna pradhAna vrAtya saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thii| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hue vaidika yuga se donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara bhAva meM badala jAtA hai, jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAyeM, jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa granthoM meM anupalabdha thIM, ve AraNyaka Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gayI haiN| isase lagatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidika dhArA meM praviSTa huI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara naye rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa, mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha zramaNa aura vaidika dhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad

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181 aura mahAbhArata, jisakA eka aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM haiN| ve nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidika dhArA ke samanvaya kA pariNAma haiN| upaniSadoM meM aura mahAbhArata, gItA Adi meM jahA~ eka ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRttipradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI, zramaNa paramparA ke samAna, AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI giiN| unameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA, hindU dharma vaidika zramaNa dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha meM jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSi-muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina, bauddha aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAyI to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAe~ adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kI nayI AdhyAtmika vyAkhyAyeM dene aura unheM zramaNadhArA kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke anurUpa banAne kA kArya aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAyeM to aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gaye patha para gatizIla huI haiN| ye vaidika karmakANDa, janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsa ke virodha meM uThe hue aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke svara ke hI mukharita rUpa haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI arhat RSi ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNavyasthA aura vedoM kI prAmANyatA se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra se ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane Aye; kintu hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki bhAratIya saMskRti kI isa vikRti kA parimArjana karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho gye| vaidika karmakANDa aba tantra-sAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA aura unakI sAdhanA paddhati kA eka aMga bana gyaa| AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ke liye kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lgaa| jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ne vaidika paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAyeM pradAna kI, vahIM dUsarI ora vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se tAntrika sAdhanAyeM jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM bhI praviSTa ho gyiiN| aneka hindU devadeviyoM prakArAntara se jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI giiN| jainadharma meM yakSayakSiyoM evaM zAsanadevatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra haiN|

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182 : -- aneka hindU deviyA~ jaise - kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthaGkaroM kI zAsanarakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM svIkAra kara lI gayIM / zrutadevatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA jaina jIvana paddhati kA aMga bana gii| hindU paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaGkaroM kA bhI AvAhana evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI pUjAvidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara karmakANDa pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI huA ki jahA~ hindU paramparA meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra donoM dhArAyeM eka dUsare se samanvita huiiN| Aja maiM kahanA cAhU~gA ki hameM isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyA~ paidA kara dI gayI haiM, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA ko samyak rUpa se samajhA jA ske| durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU aura musalamAnoM ke bIca apitu jaina, bauddha aura sikkhoM - jo ki bRhad bhAratIya paramparA ke hI aMga haiM, ke bIca bhI khAiyA~ khodane kA kArya kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki jaina aura bauddha dharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apitu ve vaidika hindU paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha dharma ko vaidika dharma ke prati eka vidroha ( Revolt ) ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa paramparAoM meM kucha mUlabhUta praznoM ko lekara matabheda hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina aura bauddha paramparA ne vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM ko jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa varga ke dvArA nimra varNoM ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thIM, khulakara virodha kiyA thA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizodhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA aura cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se pAzcAtya cintakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kucha jaina cintaka bhI yaha mAnane

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lage haiM ki jaina dharma aura vaidika ( hindU ) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiM kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai, cAhe apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI ho, kintu Aja na to hindU paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNataH vaidika hai aura na hI jaina evaM bauddha paramparA pUrNataH shrmnn| Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho, athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa haiM / yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI bhI eka pakSa pramukha ho / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ jaina dharma Aja bhI nivRtti pradhAna hai vahA~ hindU dharma pravRtti prdhaan| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina dharma meM pravRtti ke evaM hindU dharma meM nivRtti ke tattva nahIM haiN| vastutaH sampUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya meM hI nirmita huI hai| 18.3 isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| Aja jahA~ upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika paramparA meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, zreya aura preya, paraspara bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva ke hI aMga haiM usI prakAra nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttipradhAna vaidikadhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiN| vastutaH koI bhI saMskRti ekAnta nivRtti yA ekAnta pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAyeM bhAratIya saMskRti kI vaise hI abhina aMga haiM, jaise hindU paramparA / yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko, vaidika dhArA se bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai, to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI Astika hindU dharma-darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko anIzvaravAdI kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai / hindU dharma aura darzana eka vyApaka paramparA hai yA kaheM ki vibhinna vicAra paramparAoM kA samUha hai| usameM IzvaravAda - anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda - advaitavAda, pravRttinivRtti, jJAna- karma sabhI kucha to samAhita hai| usameM prakRti pUjA jaise dharma ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyoM taka sabhI kucha sanniviSTa haiN| jo loga use eka dharma sampradAya meM sImita kara dete haiM, ve use saMkIrNa banA dete haiN| ataH jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindU paramparA se bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina va bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-patha ke anuyAyI haiM jisakA pravartana aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne kiyA thaa| unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita

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184 varga ke utthAna tathA janmanA jAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| cAhe unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ko purohita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyA ho, phira bhI ve videzI nahIM haiM, isI mATI kI santAna haiM, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| unakI bhUmikA eka zalya cikitsaka kI bhUmikA hai, jo mitra kI bhUmikA hai, zatru kI nahIM / jaina aura bauddha aupaniSadika dhArA kA hI eka vikAsa hai aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSa rUpa se aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana Adi hamAre dizA nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAyegA ki jaina dharma, bauddha dharma aura hindU dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAGga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane bhAva, zabda-yojanA aura bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke nikaTa haiN| AcArAGga meM AtmA ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha mANDUkyopaniSad se yathAvata milatA hai| AcArAGga meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispardhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| cAhe AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate haiM, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvanta pratIka hai| unameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM (samaNA - mAhaNA) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAGga meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai kintu usake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka RSiyoM yathA videhanami, bAhuka, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdarapUrvaka ullekha huA hai| sUtrakRtAGga spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki yadyapi ina RSiyoM ke AcAra niyama usakI AcAra paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai| vaha unheM mahApuruSa aura tapodhanA ke rUpa meM ullikhita karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke carama -

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sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thaa| sUtrakRtAGgakAra kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcAramArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke mAnya RSi the| sUtrakRtAGga meM ina RSiyoM ko siddhi prApta kahanA tathA uttarAdhyayana meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura yaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra niyamoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhinna AcAra mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| 185 isI sandarbha meM yahA~ RSibhASita ( isibhAsiyAI ) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha ( I0 pU0 cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA jaba jaina dharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa, pArAzara, aruNa, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligosAla, saMjaya (velaThThiputta) Adi paiMtAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko ArhataRSi, buddhaRSi evaM brAhmaNaRSi kahA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM inake AdhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina paramparA kA udgama srota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jaina dharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla srota se nikalI huI dhArAe~ haiM / jisa prakAra jaina dharma meM RSibhASita meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke jina sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, unameM bhI unake aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha haiM, jinameM eka vardhamAna (mahAvIra ) bhI haiN| yaha saba isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki bhAratIya paramparA prAcIna kAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se jakar3a kara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM, ina granthoM kA adhyayana hameM eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika cintana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka dUsare se alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyegA, to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho skeNge| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita aura AcArAGga ko samajhane ke lie aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI

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186 : jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai|

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zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha evaM mAthura saMgha : eka vimarza - pro. sAgaramala jaina sAmAnyatayA jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM evaM zodhakartAoM kI yaha spaSTa avadhAraNA hai ki mUlasaMgha aura mAthurasaMgha kA sambandha jainadharma kI digambara paramparA se hI hai, kyoMki jaina abhilekhoM evaM sAhityika srotoM meM mUlasaMgha evaM mAthurasaMgha ke ullekha sAmAnyatayA digambara paramparA ke sAtha hI pAye jAte haiN| saMyoga se lekhaka ko jainavidyA saMsthAna kI baiThaka meM lakhanaU jAne kA prasaMga AyA aura vahA~ use DaoN. zailendra kumAra rastogI Adi ke sahayoga se mathurA kI jaina mUrtiyoM ke saMgraha ko dekhane kA avasara milA, vahA~ jaba usane mathurA se prApta IsA kI dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI padmAsana mudrA meM lagabhaga 5 phITa UMcI vizAlakAya lekhayukta tIna jina pratimAyeM dekhI, to use eka sukhada Azcarya huaa| kyoMki ina tIna pratimAoM para zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha aura zvetAmbara mAthurasaMgha ke ullekha pAye jAte haiM jo ki atyanta virala hai| isake pUrva taka lekhaka kI bhI yaha spaSTa avadhAraNA thI ki zve. paramparA meM kisI bhI kAla meM mUlasaMgha aura mAthurasaMgha kA astitva nahIM rahA hai| ataH usane dhyAnapUrvaka ina lekhoM kA adhyayana karanA prAraMbha kiyaa| sarvaprathama lakhanaU myUjiyama ke usa rikArDa ko dekhA gayA jisameM ina mUrtiyoM kA vivaraNa thaa| yaha rikArDa jIrNa-zIrNa evaM TaMkita rUpa meM upalabdha hai| rikArDa ko dekhane para jJAta huA ki usameM J 143 krama kI pArzvanAtha kI pratimA ke vivaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha abhilekha kI vAcanA bhI romana akSaroM meM dI gaI hai jisakA devanAgarI spAntaraNa isa prakAra hai-- saMvata 1036 kArtikazuklAekAdazyAM zrIzvetAmbaramUlasaMghena pazcima catu (zthI), kayaM zrIdevanirmitA pratimA prtisthaapitaa| dUsarI J144 krama kI pratimA ke nIce jo abhilekha hai usakA vAcana isa prakAra diyA gayA hai-- zvetAmbara.... mAthura...... devanimmitA...... prtisthaapitaa| tIsarI 1 145 krama kI mUrti para jo abhilekha aMkita hai usakI vAcanA nimnAnusAra hai -- saMvat 1134 zrIzvetAmbara zrImAthurasaMgha zrIdevateti vinirmitApratimAkRta

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188 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ina tInoM abhilekhoM meM se eka abhilekha meM zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha aura do abhilekhoM meM zvetAmbara mAthurasaMgha kA ullekha hai| vI.e. smitha ne apanI kRti 'di jaina stUpa eNDa adara eNTIkyUTIja Apha mathurA meM inameM se do lekhayukta mUrtiyoM ko prakAzita kiyA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki phyUrara ke anusAra ye donoM mUrtiyA~ mathurA ke zvetAmbara saMgha ko samarpita thiiN| sva. pro. ke.DI. bAjapeyI ne bhI 'jaina zramaNa paramparA' nAmaka apane lekha meM, jo kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura se prakAzita 'arhat vacana patrikA ke janavarI 1992 ke aMka meM prakAzita huA hai, inameM se do abhilekhoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| inake anusAra 1143 krama kI pratimA ke abhilekha kI vAcanA isa prakAra hai -- "saMvat 1038 kArtika zukla ekAdazyAM zrI zvetAmbara (mAthara) saMghena pazcima... kAryA zrI devanimmita pratimA prtisstthaapitaa|" isI prakAra J145 krama kI pratimA ke abhilekha kI unakI vAcanA nimnAnusAra hai -- "saMvat 1134 zrI zvetAmbara zrI mAthura saMgha -- zrI devanirmita pratimA kaariteti|" pro. bAjapeyI kI | 143 krama kI pratimA kI vAcanA phyUrara kI vAcanA se kvacit bhinna hai, prathama to unhoMne saMvat ko 1036 ke sthAna para 1038 par3hA hai dUsare mUlasaMghena ko (mAthura) saMghena ke rUpa meM par3hA hai| yadyapi uparyukta donoM vAcanAoM 'zvetAmbara' evaM 'mAthurasaMgha ke sambandha meM vAcanA kI dRSTi se kisI prakAra kA koI matabheda nahIM hai| mUlasaMdhena pATha ke sambandha meM thor3e gambhIra adhyayana kI apekSA hai| sarvaprathama hama isI sambandha meM vistAra se carcA kreNge| jaba maine J 143 kramAMka kI mUrti ke lekha ko svayaM dekhA to yaha pAyA ki usameM utkIrNa zvetAmbara zabda bahuta hI spaSTa hai aura anya do pratimAoM meM bhI zvetAmbara zabda kI upasthiti hone se usake vAcana meM koI bhrAnti kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai| 'mUla zabda ke pazcAt kA saMghena zabda bhI spaSTa rUpa se par3hane meM AtA hai kintu madhya kA vaha zabda jise phyUrara ne 'mUla aura pro. bAjapeyI ne 'mAthura par3hA hai, spaSTa nahIM hai| jo abhilekha kI pratilipi mujhe prApta hai aura jo smitha ke grantha meM prakAzita hai usameM prathama 'ma to spaSTa hai kintu dUsarA akSara spaSTa nahIM hai, use 'laM 'lu aura 'thu ina tInoM spoM meM par3hA jA sakatA hai| use 'mUlaM mAnane meM kaThinAI yaha hai ki 'ma ke sAtha 'U kI mAtrA spaSTa nahIM hai| yadi hama use 'mAthura' par3hate haiM to 'ma meM A kI mAtrA aura ra kA abhAva pAte haiN| sAmAnyatayA abhilekhoM meM kabhI-kabhI mAtrAoM ko utkIrNa karane meM asAvadhAniyAM ho jAtI haiN| yahI kAraNa rahA hai ki mAtrA kI sambhAvanA mAnakara jahAM phyUrara ke vAcana ke AdhAra para lakhanaU myUjiyama ke upalabdha rikArDa meM 'mUla mAnA gayA hai| vahIM pro. bAjapeyI ne 'U kI mAtrA ke abhAva ke kAraNa ise 'mUla par3hane meM kaThinAI kA anubhava

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186 kiyA aura anya pratimAoM meM 'mAthura' zabda kI upasthiti ke AdhAra para apanI vAcanA meM 'mAthura zabda ko koSThakAntagata rakhakara mAthura pATha kI saMbhAvanA ko sUcita kiyaa| yaha satya hai ki isa pratimA ke lagabhaga 100 varSa pazcAt kI do pratimAoM meM mAthura zabda kA spaSTa ullekha hone se unakA jhukAva mAthura zabda kI ora huA hai kintu mujhe jitanI Apatti 'mUla pATha ko mAnane meM hai usase adhika Apatti unake 'mAthura' pATha ko mAnane meM hai kyoMki 'mUla pATha'mAnane meM to kevala 'U kI mAtrA kA abhAva pratIta hotA hai jabaki mAthura pATha mAnane meM A kI mAtrA ke abhAva ke sAtha-sAtha 'ra' kA bhI abhAva khaTakatA hai| isa sambandha meM adhika nizcitatA ke lie maiM DaoN. zailendra kumAra rastogI se samparka kara rahA hU~ aura unake uttara kI pratIkSA hai| sAtha hI svayaM bhI lakhanaU jAkara usa pratimA lekha kA adhika gambhIratA se adhyayana karane kA prayAsa karUMgA aura yadi koI spaSTa samAdhAna mila sakA to pAThakoM ko sUcita kruuNgaa| mujhe duHkha ke sAtha sUcita karanA par3a rahA hai ki AdaraNIya pro.ke.DI. bAjapeyI kA svargavAsa ho gayA hai| phira bhI pAThakoM ko svayaM jAnakArI prApta karane ke lie yaha sUcita kara denA Avazyaka samajhatA hU~ ki yaha J 143 krama kI pratimA lakhanaU myUjiyama ke praveza dvAra se saMlagna prakoSTha ke madhya meM pradarzita hai| isakI UMcAI lagabhaga 5 phITa hai| J143 krama kI pratimA ke abhilekha ke 'mUla aura 'mAthura zabda ke vAcana ke isa vivAda ko chor3akara tInoM pratimAoM ke abhilekhoM ke vAcana meM kisI bhrAMti kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai| una sabhI pratimAoM meM zvetAmbara zabda spaSTa hai| mAthura zabda bhI anya pratimAoM para spaSTa hI hai, phira bhI yahA~ isa sambandha meM uThane vAlI anya zaMkAoM para vicArakara lenA anupayukta nahIM hogaa| yaha zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki inameM kahIM zvetAmbara zabda ko bAda meM to utkIrNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai ? kintu yaha saMbhAvanA nimna AdhAroM para nirasta ho jAtI hai :1. ye tInoM hI pratimAeM mathurA ke utkhanana ke pazcAta se zAsanAdhIna rahI haiM ataH unake lekhoM meM paravartI kAla meM kisI paramparA dvArA parivartana kI saMbhAvanA svataH hI nirasta ho jAtI hai| punaH 'zvetAmbara mUla saMgha aura mAthura saMgha tInoM hI zabda abhilekhoM ke madhya meM hone se unake paravartIkAla meM utkIrNa kiye jAne kI AzaMkA bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| 2. pratimAoM kI racanAzailI aura abhilekhoM kI lipi eka hI kAla kI hai| yadi lekha paravartI hote to unakI lipi meM svAbhAvika rUpa se antara A jaataa| 3. ina pratimAoM ke zvetAmbara hone kI puSTi isa AdhAra para bhI ho jAtI hai ki pratimA krama J143 ke nIce pAdapITha para do muniyoM kA aMkana hai, unake pAsa morapicchI ke sthAna para zve. paramparA meM pracalita Una se nirmita rajoharaNa pradarzita hai| 4. utkhanana se yaha bhI siddha ho cukA hai ki mathurA ke stUpa ke pAsa hI zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM ke alaga mandira the| jahA~ digambara paramparA kA mandira pazcima kI ora thA, vahA~ zvetAmbara mandira stUpa ke nikaTa hI thaa| 5. ina tInoM pratimAoM ke zve. hone kA eka AdhAra yaha hai ki tInoM hI pratimAoM meM zrI devanirmita zabda kA prayoga huA hai| zvetAmbara sAhityika srotoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki

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160 usameM mathurA ke stUpa ko devanirmita mAnane kI paramparA thii| sAtavIM zatAbdI se lekara terahavIM zatAbdI taka ke aneka zvetAmbara granthoM meM isa stUpa ko devanirmita kahA gayA hai| pro. ke.DI. bAjapeyI ne jo yaha kalpanA kI hai ki ina mUrtiyoM ko zrI devanirmita kahane kA abhiprAya zrI deva (jina) ke sammAna meM ina mUrtiyoM kA nirmita honA hai -- vaha bhrAMta hai| unheM devanirmita stUpa sthala para pratiSThita karane ke kAraNa devanirmita kahA gayA hai| zve. sAhityika srotoM se yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki jinabhadra, haribhadra, bappabhaTiTa, vIrasari Adi zvetAmbara muni mathurA Aye the| haribhadra ne yahA~ mahAnizItha Adi granthoM ke punarlekhana kA kArya tathA yahA~ ke stUpa aura mandiroM ke jIrNoddhAra ke kArya karavAye the| 9vIM zatI meM bappabhaTTisUri ke dvArA mathurA ke stUpa evaM mandiroM ke punanirmANa ke ullekha suspaSTa haiN| isa AdhAra para mathurA meM zve. saMgha evaM zve. mandira kI upasthiti nirvivAda rUpa se siddha ho jAtI aba mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA zvetAmbaroM meM koI mUlasaMgha aura mAthura saMgha thA aura yadi thA to vaha kaba, kyoM aura kisa paristhiti meM astitva meM AyA ? mUlasaMgha aura zvetAmbara paramparA mathurA ke pratimA kramAMka J 143 ke abhilekha ke phyUrara ke vAcana ke atirikta abhI taka koI bhI aisA abhilekhIya evaM sAhityaka pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA jA sake ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM kabhI mUla saMgha kA astitva rahA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM isa abhilekha vAcana ke sambandha meM bhI do mata haiM -- phyUrara Adi kucha vidvAnoM ne use 'zrI zvetAmbara mUlasaMghena paDhA hai, jabaki pro. ke.DI. bAjapeyI ne isake 'zrI zvetAmbara (mAthura ) saMghena hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai| sAmAnyatayA mUlasaMgha ke ullekha digambara paramparA ke sAtha hI pAye jAte haiN| Aja yaha mAnA jAtA hai mUlasaMgha kA sambandha digambara paramparA ke kundakundAnvaya se rahA hai| kintu yadi abhilekhIya aura sAhityika sAkSyoM para vicAra karate haiM to yaha pAte haiM ki mUlasaMgha kA kundAkundAnvaya ke sAtha sarvaprathama ullekha doDDa kaNagAlu ke IsvI san 1044 ke lekha meM milatA hai / yadyapi isake pUrva bhI mUlasaMgha tathA kundakundAnvaya ka svatantra-svatantra ullekha to 1. (a) saM. pro. DhAkI, pro. sAgaramala jaina, aispekTsa Ava jainAlAjI, khaNDa-2, (paM. becaradAsa smRti grantha) hindI vibhAga, jainasAhitya meM stUpa - pro. sAgaramala, pR.137-8 / (ba) vividhatIrthakalpa - jinaprabhasUri, mathurApurI klp| arhat vacana, varSa 4, aMka 1, janavarI 2, pR. 10 / (a) vividhatIrthakalpa - jinaprabhasUri, mathurApurI klp| (ba) prabhAkacarita, prabhAcandra, siMdhI jaina granthamAlA, pR. saM. 13, kalakattA, pra.saM. 1840, pR.88-111| jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga-2, maNikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA samiti, saM.45, hIrAbAga, bambaI 4, pra.saM. 1852, lekhakramAMka 180 /

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milate hai, kintu mUlasaMgha ke sAtha kundakundAnvaya kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki lagabhaga IsA kI gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM kundakundAnvaya ne mUlasaMgha ke sAtha apanA sambandha jor3A hai aura apane ko mUlasaMghIya kahanA prArambha kiyA hai| drAviDAnvaya ( draviDa saMgha), jise indranandI ne jainAbhAsa kahA thA, bhI agaDi ke san 1040 ke abhilekha meM apane ko mUlasaMgha 'jor3atI hai yahI sthiti yApanIya sampradAya ke gaNoM kI bhI hai, ve bhI gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha se apane nAma ke sAtha mUlasaMgha zabda kA prayoga karane lage / yApanIya punnAgavRkSa mUlagaNa ke san 1108 ke abhilekha meM '.. zrImUlasaMghada po ( pu )nnAga vRkSamUla gaNada..' aisA ullekha hai / isI prakAra yApanIya saMgha ke kANUra gaNa ke I. san 1074 ke bandalike ke tathA I. san 1075 ke kuppaTUra ke abhilekha meM 'zrI mUlasaMghAnvaya krANUggaNa' aisA ullekha hai / isa saba se bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki isa kAla meM yApanIya bhI apane ko mUlasaMghIya kahane lage the / yApanIya gaNoM ke sAtha mUlasaMgha ke ina ullekhoM ko dekhakara DaoN. gulAbacandra caudharI Adi digambara vidvAna yaha kalpanA kara baiThe ki ye gaNa yApanIya saMgha se alaga hokara mUlasaMgha dvArA AtmasAta kara liye gaye the / kintu unakI yaha avadhAraNA samucita nahIM hai kyoMki ina abhilekhoM ke samakAlIna aura paravartI anekoM aisa abhilekha haiM jinameM ina gaNoM kA yApanIya saMgha ke gaNa ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha hai| satya to yaha hai ki jaba kundakundAnvaya ne mUlasaMgha ke sAtha apanA sambandha jor3akara anya saMghoM ko jainAbhAsa aura mithyAtvI ghoSita kiyA, (indranandikRta zrutAvatAra se isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai) to pratikriyA svarUpa dUsaroM ne bhI apane ko mUlasaMghI kahanA prArambha kara diyA / gyArahavIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM acela paramparA ke yApanIya, drAviDa Adi aneka saMgha apane sAtha mUlasaMgha kA ullekha karane lage the| jabaki indranandi ne ina sabhI ko jainAbhAsa kahA thA / 161 isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM apane ko mUlasaMghI kahane kI eka hoDa lagI huI thii| yadi isa tathyoM ke prakAza meM hama mathurA ke ukta zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha kA ullekha karane vAle abhilekha para vicAra kareM to yaha pAte hai ki ukta abhilekha bhI acela paramparA ke vividha sampradAyoM ke sAtha mUlasaMgha kA ullekha hone ke lagabhaga 60 varSa pUrva kA hai arthAt usIkAla kA hai / ataH sambhava hai ki usa yuga ke vividha acela paramparAoM ke samAna hI sacelaparamparA bhI apane ko mUlasaMgha se jor3atI ho / mUlasaMgha prArambha meM kisa paramparA se sambaddha thA aura kaba dUsarI paramparAoM ne usase apanA sambandha joDanA prArambha kiyA - ise samajhane ke liye hameM sarvaprathama mUlasaMgha ke itihAsa 1. jainazilAlekha saMgraha bhAga 2, lekhakramAMka 178 / 2. vahI 250 / 207 3. 8. bhAga 3, bhUmikA, pR. 26 va 32 1 . P

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162 ko jAnanA hogaa| sarvaprathama hameM dakSiNa bhArata meM noNamaMgala kI tAmapaTikAoM para 'mUlasaMdhAnuSThitAya' evaM 'mUlasaMghenAnuSThitAya aisa ullekha milate haiN| ye donoM tAmrapaTTikAyeM kramazaH lagabhaga IsvI san 370 aura I. san 425 kI mAnI jAtI hai| kintu inameM nirgrantha, kUrcaka, yApanIya yA zvetapaTa Adi ke nAmoM kA ullekha nahIM hone se prathama dRSTi meM yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai ki isa mUlasaMgha kA sambandha unameM se kisa dhArA se thaa| dakSiNa bhArata ke devagiri aura halsI ke abhilekhoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki IsA kI pAMcavI zatI ke uttarArdha meM dakSiNa bhArata meM nigrantha, yApanIya, kUrcaka aura zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha kA astitva thaa| kintu mUlasaMgha kA ullekha to hameM IsA kI caturthazatI ke uttarArdha meM mila jAtA hai ataH abhilekhIya AdhAra para mUlasaMgha kA astitva yApanIya, kUrcaka Adi nAmoM ke pUrva kA hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki dakSiNa meM inameM se nirgrantha saMgha prAcIna hai aura yApanIya, kurcaka, zvetapaTa Adi saMgha paravartI hai phira bhI merI dRSTi meM nirgrantha saMgha mUlasaMgha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| dakSiNa bhArata kA yaha nigrantha mahAzramaNa saMgha bhadrabAhu (prathama) kI paramparA ke una acela zramaNoM kA saMgha thA, jo IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM bihAra se ur3IsA ke rAste laMkA aura tamila pradeza meM pahuce the| usa samaya uttara bhArata meM jaina saMgha isI nAma se jAnA jAtA thA aura usameM gaNa, zAkhA Adi kA vibhAjana nahIM huA thA ataH ye zramaNa bhI apane ko isI 'nirgrantha' nAma se abhihita karate rhe| punaH unheM apane ko mUlasaMghI kahane kI koI AvazyakatA bhI nahIM thI kyoMki vahAM taba unakA koI pratidvandvI bhI nahIM thaa| yaha nirganthasaMgha yApanIya, kUrcaka aura zvetapaTTa saMgha se pRthak thA yaha tathya bhI halsI aura devagiri ke abhilakhoM se siddha hai kyoMki inameM use inase pRthak dikhalAyA gayA hai aura taba taka isakA nirgantha saMgha nAma supracalita thaa| punaH jaba lagabhaga 100 varSa ke pazcAt ke abhilekhoM meM bhI yaha niranthasaMgha ke nAma se hI suprAsiddha hai to pUrva meM yaha apane ko 'mUlasaMgha kahatA hogA yaha kalpanA nirAdhAra hai| apane ko mUlasaMgha kahane kI AvazyakatA usI paramparA ko ho sakatI hai - jisameM koI vibhAjana huA ho, jo dUsare ko nirmUla yA nirAdhAra batAnA cAhatI hoH yaha bAta paM. nAthurAma jI premI ne bhI svIkAra kI hai| yaha vibhAjana kI ghaTanA uttara bhArata meM taba ghaTita huI jaba lagabhaga IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM uttara bhArata kA nirgantha saMgha acela aura sacela dhArA meM vibhakta huaa| sAtha hI usakI acela dhArA ko apane liye eka naye nAma kI AvazyakatA pratIta huii| usa samaya taka uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha aneka gaNoM, zAkhAoM aura kuloM meM vibhakta thA - yaha tathya mathurA ke aneka abhilekhoM se aura kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI se siddha hai| ataH sambhAvanA yahI hai ki uttara bhArata kI isa acela dhArA ne apanI pahacAna ke liye 'mUlagaNa nAma cunA ho, kyoMki isa dhArA ko boTika aura yApanIya -- ye donoM hI nAma dUsaroM ke dvArA hI diye gaye haiM, jahA~ zvetAmbaroM arthAt uttara bhArata kI sacela dhArA ne unheM boTika kahA, vahIM digambaroM arthAta dakSiNa bhArata kI nirgrantha acela dhArA ne unheM yApanIya khaa| DaoN gulAba canda caudharI ne jo yaha kalpanA kI ki dakSiNa meM nirgrantha saMgha kI 1. jainazilAlekha saM. bhAga 2, lekhakramAMka 10 va 84 /

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163 sthApanA bhadrabAhu dvitIyane kI mUjhe nirAdhAra pratIta hotI hai| dakSiNa bhArata kA nigrantha saMgha to bhadrabAhu prathama kI paramparA kA pratinidhi hai -- cAhe bhadrabAhu prathama dakSiNa gaye ho yA nahIM gaye ho kintu unakI paramparA IsA pU. tIsarI zatI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM pahuMca cukI thI, isake aneka pramANa bhI haiN| bhadrabAhu prathama ke pazcAt lagabhaga dvitIya zatI meM eka Arya bhadra hue haiM, jo niyuktiyoM ke kartA the aura sambhavataH ye uttara bhArata ke acela pakSa ke samarthaka rahe the unake nAma se bhadrAnvaya pracalita huI jisakA ullekha udayagiri (vidizA) meM milatA hai| merI dRSTi meM mUlagaNa bhadrAnvaya, Aryakula Adi kA sambandha isI uttara bhArata kI acela dhArA se hai - jo Age calakara yApanIya nAma se prasiddha huii| dakSiNa meM pahuMcane para yaha dhArA apane ko mUlagaNa yA mUlasaMgha kahatI ho| yaha Age calakara zrI vRkSamUla gaNa, punnAgavRkSamUlagaNa, kanakopalasambhUtavRkSamUlagaNa Adi aneka gaNoM meM vibhakta huI phira bhI sabane apane sAtha mUlagaNa zabda kAyama rkhaa| jaba ina vibhinna mUla gaNoM ko koI eka saMyukta nAma dena kA prazna AyA to unheM mUlasaMgha kahA gyaa| kaI gaNoM dvArA paravartIkAla meM saMgha nAma dhAraNa karane aneka pramANa abhilakhoM meM upalabdha hai| punaH yApanIya granthoM ke sAtha lagA huA 'mUla vizeSaNa - jaise mUlAcAra, mUlArAdhanA Adi bhI isI tathya kA sUcaka hai ki 'mUlasaMgha zabda kA sambandha yApanIyoM se rahA hai| ataH noNamaMgala kI tAmrapaTTikAoM meM ullekhita mUlasaMgha-yApanIya paramparA kA hI pUrva spa hai uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha kI yaha dhArA jaba pahale dakSiNa bhArata meM pahuMcI to mUlasaMgha ke nAma se abhihita huI aura usake lagabhaga 100 varSa pazcAt ise yApanIya nAma milaa| hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki use yApanIya nAma milate hI abhilekhoM se mUlasaMgha nAma lupta ho jAtA hai aura lagabhaga cAra sau pacAsa varSoM taka hameM mUlasaMgha kA kahIM koI bhI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| noNamaMgala kI I. san 425 kI tAmra paTTikAoM ke pazcAt konnUra ke I. san 860 ke abhilekha meM punaH mUlasaMgha kA ullekha dezIyagaNa ke sAtha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki isa abhilekha meM mUlasaMgha ke sAtha dezIyagaNa aura pustakagaccha kA ullekha hai kintu kundakundAnvaya kA ullekha nahIM hai| jJAtavya hai ki pahale yaha lekha tAmrapaTTikA para thA bAda meM 12vIM zatI meM isameM kucha aMza jor3akara patthara para aMkita karavAyA gayA isa jur3e hue aMza meM hI kundakundAnvaya kA ullekha hai| isake do sau varSa pazcAt se yApanIyagaNa aura drAvir3a Adi anya gaNa sabhI apane ko mUlasaMghIya kahate pratIta hote haiN| itanA nizcita hai ki mUlasaMgha ke sAtha kundakundAnvaya sambandha bhI paravartI kAla meM jur3A hai yadyapi kundakundAnvaya kA sarva prathama abhilekhIya ullekha I. san 797 aura 802 meM milatA hai, kintu ina donoM lekho meM pustakagaccha aura mUlasaMgha kA ullekha nahIM hai| Azcarya hai ki sAhityika srotoM meM to dasavIM zatI ke pUrva mUlasaMgha aura kundakundAnvaya kA kahIM koI ullekha 1. jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 3, bhUmikA, pR. 23 / 2. vahI, bhAga 2, lekhakramAMka 761 / 3. vahI, lekhakramAMka 122 eva 123 (manne ke taamrptr)|

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164 nahIM hai| vastutaH kundakunda zuddha AcAra ke pratipAdaka evaM prabhAvazAlI AcArya the aura mUlasaMgha mahAvIra kI prAcIna mUladhArA kA sUcaka thA, ataH paravartIkAla meM sabhI acela paramparAoM ne usase apanA sambandha jor3anA ucita smjhaa| mAtra uttara bhArata kA kASThAsaMgha aura usakA mAthuragaccha aisA thA jisane apane ko mUlasaMgha evaM kundakundAnvaya se jor3ane kA kabhI prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki kASThAsaMgha mukhyataH uttara bhArata se sambaddha thA aura isa kSetra meM 12-13vIM zatI taka kundakundAnvaya kA prabhAva adhika nahIM thaa| vastutaH mUlasaMdha mAtra eka nAma thA, jisakA upayoga 9-10vIM zatI se dakSiNa bhArata kI acela paramparA kI sabhI zAkhAyeM karane lagI thii| zAyada uttara bhArata kI sacela paramparA bhI apanI maulikatA sUcita karane hetu isa viruda kA prayoga karane lagI ho| mAthurasaMgha mAthurasaMgha.bhI mukhyataH digambara paramparA kA hI saMgha hai| mathurA se prApta pUrva meM ullekhita tIna abhilekhoM ko chor3akara anyatra kahIM bhI zve. mAthura saMgha kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, lekina uparokta tInoM abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para hama yaha mAnane ke lie vivaza haiM ki gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI meM zve. mAthurasaMgha kA astitva thaa| yadyapi yaha bAta bhinna hai ki yaha mAthurasaMgha zvetAmbara muniyoM kA koI saMgaThana na hokara mathurA ke zvetAmbara zrAvakoM kA eka saMgaThana thA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki zve. mAthura saMgha ke abhilekha mathurA se anyatra kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hue| yadi zvetAmbara mAthura saMgha muniyoM kA koI saMgaThana hotA to isakA ullekha mathurA se anyatra abhilekhoM aura sAhityika srotoM se milanA cAhiye thaa| punaH ina tInoM abhilekhoM meM muni aura AcArya ke nAmoM ke ullekha kA abhAva yahI sUcita karatA hai ki yaha saMgha zrAvakoM kA saMgha thaa| jahA~ taka digambara paramparA kA prazna hai usameM mAthurasaMgha nAmaka eka muni saMgha thA aura usakI utpatti vikrama saMvat 953 meM AcArya rAmasena se mAnI jAtI hai| mAthurasaMgha kA sAhityika ullekha indranaMdI ke zrutAvatAra aura devasena ke darzanasAra meM milatA hai| indranandI ne isa saMgha kI gaNanA jainAbhAsoM meM kI hai aura niSpicchika ke rUpa meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai| devasena ne bhI darzanasAra meM ise niSpicchika batAyA hai| yadyapi isakI utpatti vikrama saM. 953 meM batAI gaI hai kintu usakA sarvaprathama sAhityika ullekha amitagati ke subhASitaratnasaMdoha meM milatA hai jo ki muMja ke zAsana kAla meM (vikrama 1050 ) meM likhA gyaa| subhASitaratna saMdoha ke atirakta vardhamAnanIti, dharmaparIkSA, paMcasaMgraha, tattvabhAvanA upAsakAcAra Adi bhI inakI kRtiyAM haiN| abhilekhIya srotoM kI dRSTi se isa saMgha kA sarva prathama ullekha vikrama saM. 1166 meM athurnA ke abhilekha meM milatA hai| dUsarA abhilekhIya ullekha 1226 ke bijoliyA ke mandira kA hai, isake bAda ke aneka abhilekha isa saMgha ke milate haiN| jJAtavya hai ki apanI utpatti ke kucha hI varSa bAda yaha saMgha kASThAsaMgha kA eka aMga bana gayA aura paravartI ullekha kASThAsaMgha kI eka zAkhA mAthuragaccha ke rUpa meM milate haiN|

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yadi hama kAla kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to yaha pAte haiM ki zve. mAthurasaMgha aura digambara mAthurasaMgha kI utpatti lagabhaga samakAlIna kyoMki zve. mAthurasaMgha ke ullekha bhI 11-12vIM zatAbdI meM hI milate haiM / yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA meM kharatara, tapA, aMcala Adi mahatvapUrNa gacchoM kA udbhava kAla bhI yahI hai, phira bhI ina gacchoM meM mAthura saMgha kA spaSTa abhAva hone se hama isI niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki mAthura saMgha zve. jaina muniyoM kA saMgaThana na hokara mathurA nivAsI zve. zrAvakoM kA eka saMgaThana thA / Azcarya yaha bhI hai ki ina abhilekhoM meM zve. mAthurasaMgha kA ullekha hote hue bhI kahIM kisI muni yA AryA kA nAmollekha nahIM hai| isa AdhAra para hama yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki zve. mAthurasaMgha mathurA ke zrAvakoM kA hI eka saMgaThana thA / zvetAmbaroM meM Aja bhI nagara ke nAma ke sAtha saMgha zabda jor3akara usa nagara ke zrAvakoM ko usameM samAhita kiyA jAtA hai / ataH niSkarSa yahI hai ki zve. mAthurasaMgha mathurA ke zrAvakoM kA saMgha thA aura usakA muni paramparA athavA unake gacchoM se koI sambandha nahIM thA / 165 isa lekha ke aMta meM maiM vidvAnoM se apekSA karU~gA ki zvetAmbara mAthura saMgha ke sambandha meM yadi unheM koI jAnakArI ho to mujhe avagata karAyeM, tAki hama isa lekha ko aura adhika pramANa purassara banA skeN|

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SaTjIvanikAya meM trasa evaM sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA - pro. sAgaramala jaina pajIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA jainadharma-darzana kI prAcInatama avadhAraNA hai| isake ullekha hameM prAcInatama jaina Agamika granthoM yathA -.. AcArAMga', RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika Adi meM upalabdha hote haiN| yaha suspaSTa tathya hai ki nirgantha paramparA meM prAcInakAla se pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati Adi ko jIvana yukta mAnA jAtA rahA hai| yadyapi vanaspati aura drIndriya Adi prANiyoM meM jIvana kI sattA to sabhI mAnate haiM, kintu pRthvI jala, agni aura vAyu bhI sajIva haiM --- yaha avadhAraNA jainoM kI apanI viziSTa avadhAraNA hai| yahA~ hame yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki pRthvI, jala, vAyu Adi meM sUkSma jIvoM kI upasthiti ko svIkAra karanA eka alaga tathya hai aura pRthvI, jala Adi ko svataH sajIva mAnanA eka anya avadhAraNA hai| jaina paramparA kevala itanA hI nahIM mAnatI hai ki pRthvI, jala Adi meM jIva hota haiM apitu vaha yaha bhI mAnatI hai ki ye svayaM bhI jIvana-yukta yA sajIva haiN| isa sandarbha meM AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se ullekha milatA hai ki pRthvI, jala, vAyu Adi ke Azrita hokara jo jIva rahata haiM, ve pRthvIkAyika, apakAyika Adi jIvoM se bhinna haiN| yadyapi pRthvIkAyika, apakAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA hone para inakI hiMsA bhI aparihArya rUpa se hotI hai| AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana ke dvitIya se saptama uddezaka taka pratyeka uddezaka meM pRthvI Adi pajIvanikAyoM kI hiMsA ke svarUpa, kAraNa aura sAdhana arthAta zastra kI carcA hameM upalabdha hotI hai| AcArAMga RSibhAsita, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi meM paTjIvanikAya ke antargata pRthvI, apa, agni, vAyu, vanaspati aura usa -- ye jIvoM ke chaH prakAra mAne gaye haiM, kintu ina SaTjIvanikAyoM meM kauna sa hai aura kauna sthAvara hai ? isa prazna ko lekara prAcInakAla se hI vibhinna avadhAraNAe~ jaina paramparA meM upalabdha hotI haiN| yadyapi vartamAna meM zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM pI, apa, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati ina pA~ca ko sAmAnyatayA sthAvara mAnA jAtA hai| paMcasthAvaroM kI yaha avadhAraNA aba sarva svIkata hai| digambara paramparA meM tattvArtha kA jo pATha pracalita hai usameM to pRthvI, apa, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati-- ina pA~coM ko spaSTa rUpa se sthAvara kahA gayA hai| kintu prAcIna zvetAmbara mAnya Agama AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi kI tathA tattvArthasUtra ke zvetAmbara sammata pATha aura tattvArthabhASya kI sthiti kucha bhinna hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA meM bhI kundakunda ke grantha paMcAstikAya kI sthiti bhI paMcasthAvaroM kI pracalita sAmAnya avadhAraNA se kucha bhinna hI pratIta hotI hai| yApanIya grantha SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM ina donoM ke samanvaya kA prayatna huA hai| vasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa ko lekara jaina paramparA ke ina prAcIna stara ke Agamika

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167 granthoM meM kisa prakAra kA matabheda rahA huA hai, isakA spaSTIkaraNa karanA hI prastuta nibandha kA mukhya uddezya hai| 1. AvArAMga AcArAMga meM paTajIvanikAya meM kauna sa hai aura kauna sthAvara hai ? isakA koI spaSTataH vargIkaraNa ullekhita nahIM hai| usake prathama zruta skandha ke prathama adhyayana meM jisa krama se pajIvanikAya kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, use dekhakara lagatA hai ki jahA~ pratyakAra pRthvI, apa, agni aura vanaspati ina cAra ko spaSTa rUpa se sthAvara ke antargata vargIkRta karatA hogA, jabaki trasa aura vAyukAyika jIvoM ko vaha sthAvara ke antargata nahIM mAnatA hogA, kyoMki usake prathama adhyayana ke dvitIya, tRtIya, caturtha aura paMcama ina cAra uddezako meM kramazaH pRthvI, apa agni aura vanaspati -- ina cAra jIvanikAyoM kI hiMsA kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| usake pazcAt SaSTha adhyayana meM usakAya kI aura saptama adhyayana meM vAyukAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA kA ullekha kiyA hai| isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki AcArAMga ke anusAra vAyukAyika jIva sthAvara na hokara trasa haiN| yadi AcArAMgakAra ko vAyukAyika jIvoM ko sthAvara mAnanA hotA to vaha unakA ullekha usakAya ke pUrva krtaa| isa prakAra AcArAMga meM pRthvI. apa, agni aura vanaspati meM cAra sthAvara aura vAyu tathA usakAya meM do usa jIva mAne gaye haiM - -- aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai|' yadyapi AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM hI eka sandarbhamA bhI hai, jisake AdhAra para bramakAya ko chor3akara zepa pA~coM ko sthAvara mAnA jA sakatA hai. kyoMki vahA~ para pRthvI, vAyu, apa, agni aura vanaspati kA ullekha karake usake pazcAt trasa kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| 2. vASibhASita jahA~ taka apibhApita kA prazna hai, usameM mAtra eka sthala para padajIvanikAya kA ullekha hai| trasa zabda kA ullekha bhI hai, kintu SaTajIvanikAya meM kauna vrasa hai aura sthAvara hai aisI carcA usameM nahIM hai| 3. uttarAdhyayana AcArAMga se jaba hama uttarAdhyayana kI ora Ate haiM to yaha pAte haiM ki usake 26veM evaM 36veM adhyAyoM meM SaTjIvanikAya kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| 26veM adhyAya meM yadyapi spaSTa rUpa se trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI carcA to nahIM kI gaI hai, kintu usameM jisa krama se SadajIvanikAyoM ke nAmoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai usase yahI phalita hotA hai ki pRthvI, apa (udaka ), agni, vAyu aura vanaspati ye pA~ca sthAvara haiM aura chaThA usakAya hI trasa hai, kintu uttarAdhyayana ke 36veM adhyAya kI sthiti isase bhinna hai, eka to usameM sarvaprathama SaTajIvanikAya ko trasa aura sthAvara -- aise do vargoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai aura dUsare sthAvara ke antargata pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ko tathA usa ke antargata agni, vAyu aura sajIvanikAya ko rakhA gayA hai| isa prakAra yadyapi uttarAdhyayana ke 36veM adhyAya se AcArAMga kI vAyu ko

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* 168. trasakAvika mAnane kI avadhAraNA kI puSTi hotI hai| kintu jahA~ taka agnikAya kA prazna hai, use jahA~ AcArAMga ke anusAra sthAvara nikAya ke antargata vargIkRta kiyA jA sakA hai, vahA~ uttarAdhyayana meM use spaSTa rUpa se trasanikAya ke antargata vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra donoM meM AMzika matabheda bhI parilakSita hotA hai| uttarAdhyayana kA yaha dRSTikoNa tattvArthasUtra (bhASyamAnya mUlapATha ) meM aura tattvArthabhASya meM bhI svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki nirgantha paramparA meM prAcInakAla meM yahI dRSTikoNa vizeSa rUpa se mAnya rahA hogaa| 4. dazavaikAlika jahA~ taka dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai, usakA caturtha adhyAya to SaTjIvanikAya ke nAma se hI jAnA jAtA hai| usameM trasa evaM sthAvara kA spaSTatayA vargIkaraNa to nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kintu jisa krama meM unakA prastutikaraNa huA hai, usase yaha dhAraNA banAI jA sakatI hai ki dazavaikAlika pRthvI, apa, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati ina pA~ca ko sthAvara hI mAnatA hogaa| SaTjIvanikAya ke krama ko lekara dazavaikAlika kI sthiti uttarAdhyayana ke 25veM adhyayana ke samAna hai, kintu AcArAMga se tathA uttarAdhyayana ke 36veM adhyAya se bhinna hai| 5. jIvAbhigama upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanA meM jIvoM ke prakAroM kI carcA aindrika AdhAroM para kI gaI, usa aura sthAvara ke AdhAra para nhiiN| jIvoM kA trasa aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa jIvAbhigamasatra meM milatA hai| usameM spaSTa rUpa se pRthvI, ap (jala) aura vanaspati ko sthAvara tathA agni, vAyu evaM drIndriyAdi ko usa kahA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se jIvAbhigama aura uttarAdhyayana kA dRSTikoNa samAna hai| jIvAbhigama kI TIkA meM malayagiri ne ise spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki jo sardI-garmI ke kAraNa eka sthAna kA tyAga karake dUsare sthAna para jAte haiM, ve trasa haiM athavA jo icchApUrvaka urva, adha evaM tiryak dizA meM gamana karate haiM, ve sa haiN| unhoMne labdhi se teja ( agni) aura vAyu ko sthAvara, kintu gati kI apekSA se trasa kahA hai|| 6. tattvArthasUtra jahA~ taka jaina paramparA ke mahattvapUrNa sUtra zailI ke grantha "tattvArtha" kA prazna hai, usake zvetAmbara sammata mUlapATha meM tathA tattvArtha ke umAsvAti ke svopajJa bhASya meM pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati -- ina tIna ko sthAvaranikAya meM aura zeSa tIna agni, vAyu aura drIndriyAdi ko trasanikAya meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai|12 isa prakAra tattvArthasUtra aura tattvArthabhASya kA pATha uttarAdhyayana ke 36veM adhyAya ke dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI hai| tattvArtha kA yaha dRSTikoNa AcArAMga ke prAcInatama dRSTikoNa se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki isameM agni ko spaSTa rUpa se trasa mAnA gayA hai, jaba ki AcArAMga ke anusAra use sthAvara varga ke antargata vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| aba hama digambara paramparA kI ora mur3ate haiM to usake dvArA mAnya tattvArthasUtra kI

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166 svArthasiddhi TIkA ke mUla pATha12 usakI TIkA -- donoM meM paMcasthAvaroM kI avadhAraNA spaSTa ullekha hai| digambara paramparA kI tattvArtha kI TIkAoM meM prAyaH sabhI ne pRthvI, apa, agni, vAyu, vanaspati ina pA~ca ko sthAvara mAnA hai| 7. paMcAstikAya ____ kundakunda ke grantha paMcAstikAya aura SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA kA dRSTikoNa savArthasiddhi se bhinna hai| kundakunda apane grantha paMcAstikAya meM apanA dRSTikoNa prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki pRthvI, apa, teja ( agni), vAyu aura vanaspati ye pA~ca ekendriya jIva haiN| ina ekendriya jIvoM meM pRthvI, ap (jala) aura vanaspati ye tIna sthAvara zarIra se yukta hai aura zeSa anila aura anala arthAt vAyu aura agni trasa hai|13 isa prakAra pA~ca prakAra ke ekendriya jIvoM meM kundakunda ne kevala pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ina tIna ko hI sthAvara mAnA thA, zeSa ko ve usa mAnate the| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki kundakunda kA dRSTikoNa bhI tattvArthasUtra ke zvetAmbara mAnya pATha, tattvArthabhASya aura prAcIna Agama uttarAdhyayana ke samAna hI hai| yadyapi gAthA kramAMka 110 meM unhoMne pRthvI, apa, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati kA jisa krama se vivaraNa diyA hai vaha trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI apekSA se na hokara ekendriya evaM drIndriya Adi ke vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para hai| yaha gAthA uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 26veM adhyAya kI gAthA ke samAna hai -- tulanA ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAya aura uttarAdhyayana kI gAthAyeM prastuta haiN| puDhavIAukkAe, teUvAU vnnssitsaann| paDilehaNApamatto kaNhaM pi virAhao hoi|| -- uttarAdhyayana, 26/30 puDhavI ya udagamagaNI vAuvaNapphadi jiivsNsidaakaayaa| deti khalu moha bahulaM phAsaM bahugA vi te tesiN|| -- paMcAstikAya 110 tasA ya thAvarA ceva, thAvarA tivihA thiN| puDhavI AujIvA ya, taheva ya vnnssii|| teUvAU ya boddhavvA urAlA tasA thaa| -- uttarAdhyayana, 36/68, 69, 107 titthAvarataNu jogA aNilANala kAiyA ya tesu tasA maNapariNAma virahidA jIvA eiMdiyA NeyA -- paMcAstikAya 111 SaTkhaNDAgama digambara paramparA ke SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI isa carcA ko tIna sthaloM para uThAyA gayA hai -- sarvaprathama satparUpaNA aNuyogadAra (1/1/39)

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200 kI TIkA meM, usake pazcAt jIva sthAna prakRti samutlakIrtana (1/9-1/28) kI TIkA meM tathA paMcama khaNDa ke prakRti anuyogadvAra ke nAma-karma kI prakRtiyoM ( 5/5/10 ) kI carcA meM ina tInoM hI sthaloM para sthAvara aura usa ke vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra gatizIlatA ko na mAnakara sthAvara nAmakarma evaM varA nAmakarma kA udaya batAyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM carcA prArambha karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnyatayA sthita rahanA arthAt ThaharanA hI jinakA svabhAva hai unheM hI sthAvara kahA jAtA hai, kintu prastuta Agama meM isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra sthAvagaM kA svampa kyoM nahIM kahA gayA ? isakA samAdhAna dete hue kahA gayA hai ki jo eka sthAna para hI sthita rahe vaha sthAvara aisA lakSaNa mAnane para vAyukAyika, agnikAyika aura jalakAyika jIvoM ko jo sAmAnyatayA sthAvara mAne jAte haiM, usa mAnanA hogA, kyoMki ina jIvoM kI eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna meM gati dekhI jAtI hai| dhavalAkAra eka sthAna para avasthita rahe vaha sthAvara, isa vyAkhyA ko isalie mAnya nahIM karatA hai, kyoMki aisI vyAkhyA meM vAyukAyika, agnikAyika aura jalakAyika jIvoM ko sthAvara nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki inameM gatizIlatA dekhI jAtI hai| isI kaThinAI se bacane ke lie dhavalAkAra ne sthAvara kI yaha vyAkhyA prastuta kI ki jina jIvoM meM sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya he ve sthAvara hai ? na ki ve sthAvara hai, jo eka sthAna para avasthita rahate haiN| isa prakAra sthAvara kI naI vyAkhyA ke dvArA dhavalAkAra ne na kevala pRthvI, apa, vAyu. agni aura vanaspati ina pA~coM ko sthAvara mAnane kI sarvasAmAnya avadhAraNA kI puSTi kI, apitu una avadhAraNAoM kA saMketa aura khaNDana bhI kara diyA jo gatizIlatA ke kAraNa vAyu, agni Adi ko sthAvara na mAnakara usa mAna rahI thii| isa prakAra usane donoM dhAraNAoM meM samanvaya kiyA hai| usa sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa ke aitihAsika krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki sarvaprathama AcArAMga meM pRthvI, jala, agni aura vanaspati ina cAra ko sthAvara aura vAyukAya evaM usakAya ina do ko vasa mAnA gayA hogaa| usake pazcAt uttarAdhyayana meM pRthvI, jala aura vanaspati ina tIna ko sthAvara aura agni, vAyu aura dIndriyAdi ko vasa mAnA gayA hai| agni jo AcArAMga meM sthAvara varga meM thI vaha uttarAdhyayana meM trasa varga meM mAna lI gii| vAyu meM to spaSTa rUpa se gatizalatA thI, kintu agni meM gatizIlatA utanI spaSTa nahIM thii| ataH AdhArAMga meM mAtra vAyu ko hI trasa (gatizIla) mAnA gayA thaa| kintu agni kI jvalana prakriyA meM jo kramika gati dekhI jAtI hai, usake AdhAra para agni ko trasa (gatizIla) mAnane kA vicAra AyA aura uttarAdhyayana meM vAyu ke sAtha-sAtha agni ko bhI trasa mAnA gayA / uttarAdhyayana kI agni aura vAyu kI usa mAnane kI avadhAraNA kI hI puSTi umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtramUla usake svopajJa bhASya tathA kundakunda ke paMcAstikAya meM bhI kI gaI hai| digambara paramparA kI sthAvageM aura usa ke vargIkaraNa kI avadhAraNA se alaga haTakara kundakunda dvArA uttarAdhyayana aura tattvArthasUtra ke zvetAmbara pATha kI puSTi isa tathya ko hI siddha karatI hai ki kucha Agamika mAnyatAo ke sandarbha meM kundakunda zvetAmbara paramparA ke uttarAdhyayana Adi prAcIna AgamoM kI

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mAnyatAoM ke adhika nikaTa haiN| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ eka aura uttarAdhyayana, umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra evaM kundakunda ke paMcAstikAya meM spaSTa rUpa se paTjIvanikAya meM pRthvI, ap (jala) aura vanaspati-- ye tIna sthAvara aura agni, vAyu aura basa ( dvIndriyAdi) ye tIna sa hai aisA spaSTa ullekha hai| vahI dUsarI uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, umAsvAti kI prazamarati evaM kundakunda ke pacAstikAya jaise prAcIna granthoM meM bhI kucha sthaloM para pRthvI, ap, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati ina ekendriya jIvoM ke eka sAtha ullekha ke pazcAt sa kA ullekha milatA hai| unakA nrama ke pUrva sAtha-sAtha ullekha hI Age calakara sabhI ekendriyoM ko sthAvara mAnane kI avadhAraNA kA AdhAra banA hai, kyoMki dvIndriya Adi liye to spaSTa rUpa se basa nAma pracalita thaa| jaba drIndriyAdi trasa kaha hI jAte the to unake pUrva ullekhita sabhI ekendriya sthAvara hai yaha mAnA jAne lagA aura phira inake sthAvara kahe jAne kA AdhAra inakA avasthita rahane kA svabhAva nahIM mAnakara sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya mAnA gayA / kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki prAcIna AgamoM meM inakA eka sAtha ullekha inake ekendriya varga ke antargata hone ke kAraNa kiyA gayA hai, na ki sthAvara hone ke kaarnn| prAcIna AgamoM meM jahA~ pA~ca ekendriya jIvoM kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha hai vahA~ use vama aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai anyathA eka hI Agama meM antarvirodha mAnanA hogaa| jo samucita nahIM hai / isa samasyA kA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki dvIndriyAdi jIvA ko basa nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA thA ataH yaha mAnA gayA ki dvIndriyAdi se bhinna sabhI ekendriya sthAvara hai| isa carcA ke AdhAra para itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki paravartIkAla meM basa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI dhAraNA meM parivartana huA hai tathA Age calakara zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM paMcarathAvara kI avadhAraNA dRDhIbhUta ho gaI / yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaba vAyu aura agni ko basa mAnA jAtA thA, taba dvIndrayAdi trasa ke liye udAra (urAla) trasa zabda kA prayoga hotA thA / pahale gatizIlatA kI apekSA se trasa aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa hotA thA aura usameM vAyu aura agni meM gatizIlatA mAnakara unheM basa mAnA jAtA thA / vAyu kI gatizIlatA spaSTa thI ataH sarvaprathama use basa kahA gyaa| bAda meM sUkSma avalokana se jJAta huA ki agni bhI IMdhana ke mahAre dhIre-dhIre gati karatI huI phailatI jAtI hai, ataH use bhI basa kahA gyaa| jala kI gati kevala bhUmi ke DhalAna ke kAraNa hotI hai svataH nahIM, ataH use pRthvI evaM vanaspati ke samAna sthAvara hI mAnA gayA / kintu vAyu aura agni meM svataH gati hone se unheM basa mAnA gayA / punaH jaba Age calakara jaba dvIndriya Adi ko hI basa aura sabhI ekendriya jIvoM kA sthAvara mAna liyA gayA to -- -- : 201 pUrva Agamika vacanoM se saMgati baiThAne kA prazna AyA / ataH zvetAmbara paramparA meM labdhi aura gati ke AdhAra para yaha saMgati baiThAI gaI aura kahA gayA ki labdhi kI apekSA se to vAyu evaM agni sthAvara hai, kintu gati kI apekSA se unheM basa kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA meM dhavalA TIkA meM isakA samAdhAna yaha kaha kara kiyA gayA ki vAyu evaM agni ko sthAvara kahe jAne kA AdhAra unakI gatizIlatA na hokara unakA sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya hai| digambara paramparA meM hI kundakunda ke paMcAstikAya ke TIkAkAra jayasenAcArya ne yaha 18 --

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202 samanvaya nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke AdhAra para kiyaa| ve likhate haiM -- pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati -- ye tIna sthAvara nAmakarma ke udaya se sthAvara kahe jAte haiM, kintu vAyu aura agni paMcasthAvara meM vargIkRta kiye jAte hue bhI calana kriyA dikhAI dene se vyavahAra se trasa kahe jAte haiN|18 isa prakAra labdhi aura gatizalatA, sthAvara nAmakarma ke udaya yA nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke AdhAra para prAcIna Agamika vacanoM aura paravartI sabhI ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara mAnane kI avadhAraNA ke madhya samanvaya sthApita kiyA gyaa|

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RSibhASita : eka adhyayana * pro0 sAgaramala jaina RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAiM) ardhamAgadhI jaina Agama sAhitya kA eka prAcInatama grantha hai / vartamAna meM jaina AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI jo paddhati pracalita hai, usameM ise prakIrNaka granthoM ke antargata vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai / digambara paramparA meM 12 aMga aura 14 aMgabAhya grantha mAne gaye haiM kintu unameM RSibhASita kA ullekha nahIM hai / zvetAmbara jaina paramparA meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI, jo 32 Agama mAnate haiM, unameM bhI RSibhASita kA ullekha nahIM hai / zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 6 chedasUtra, 4 mUlasUtra, 2 cUlikAsUtra aura 10 prakIrNaka, aise jo 45 Agama mAne jAte haiM, unameM bhI 10 prakIrNakoM meM hameM kahIM RSibhASita kA nAmollekha nahIM milatA hai / yadyapi nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM jo kAlika sUtroM kI gaNanA kI gayI hai unameM RpibhASita kA ullekha hai / 1 AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthabhASya meM aMga-bAhya granthoM kI jo sUcI dI hai usameM sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi 6 granthoM kA ullekha hai aura usake pazcAta dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazA (AcAradazA), kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha aura RSibhASita kA ullekha hai / haribhadra Avazyaniyukti kI vRtti meM eka sthAna para isakA ullekha uttarAdhyayana ke sAtha karate haiN| aura dUsare sthAna para 'devindatthao' nAmaka prakIrNaka ke sAtha / haribhadra ke isa bhrama kA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki unake sAmane RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAiM) ke sAtha-sAtha RSimaNDalastava (isimaNDalatthau) nAmaka grantha bhI thA, jisakA ullekha AcArAMga-cUrNi meM hai aura unakA uddezya RSibhASita ko uttarAdhyapana ke sAtha aura RSimaNDalastava ko devindatyao' ke sAtha jor3ane kA hogaa| yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki isimaNDala (RSimaNDala) meM na kevala RpibhASita ke aneka RSiyoM kA ullekha hai, apitu unake isibhAsiyAiM meM jo upadeza aura adhyayana haiM unakA bhI saMketa hai / isase yaha bhI nizcita hotA hai ki isimaNDala meM to krama aura nAmabheda ke sAtha RSibhASita ke lagabhaga sabhI RSiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / isimaNDala kA ullekha AcArAMga-cUrNi isiNAmakittaNaM isimaNDalatthau' (pRSTha 384) meM hone se yaha nizcita hI usake pUrva (7vIM zatI ke pUrva) kA grantha hai / vidvAnoM ko isa sambandha meM vizeSa rUpa se cintana karanA cAhie / isimaNDala ke sambandha meM yaha mAnyatA hai ki vaha tapAgaccha ke dharmaghoSasUri kI racanA hai ; kintu mujhe yaha dhAraNA bhrAnta pratIta hotI hai, kyoMki ye 14 vIM zatI ke AcArya haiM / vastuta: isiMmaNDala kI bhASA se bhI aisA lagatA hai ki yaha prAcIna grantha hai aura isakA lekhaka RSibhASita kA jJAtA hai / AcArya jinaprabha ne vidhimArgaprapA meM tapa ArAdhanA ke sAtha AgamoM ke svAdhyAya kI jisa vidhi kA varNana kiyA hai, usameM prakIrNakoM meM RSibhASita kA ullekha karake prakIrNaka adhyayanakrama vidhi ko samApta kiyA hai|5 isaprakAra vargIkaraNa kI pracalita paddhati meM RSibhASita kI gaNanA prakIrNaka sUtroM meM kI jAtI hai /

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.204 prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA meM ise eka mahattvapUrNa grantha mAnA jAtA thA / Avazyakaniyukti meM bhadrabAhu RSibhASita para bhI niyukti likhane kI pratijJA karate haiM, vartamAna meM yaha niyukti upalabdha nahIM hotI hai / Aja to yaha kahanA bhI kaThina hai ki yaha niyukti likhI bhI gaI thI yA nahIM / yadyapi 'isimaNDala' jisakA ullekha AcArAMgacUrNi meM hai. isase sambandhita avazya pratIta hotA hai / ina sabase itanA to siddha ho jAtA hai ki RSibhASita eka samaya taka jaina paramparA kA mahattvapUrNa grantha rahA hai / sthAnAMgasUtra meM isakA ullekha praznavyAkaraNadazA ke eka bhAga ke rUpa meM huA hai / samavAyAMgasUtra isake 44 adhyayanoM kA ullekha karatA hai / jaisA ki pUrva meM hama sUcita kara cuke haiM nandIsUtra, pAkSikasUtra Adi meM isakI gaNanA kAlikasUtroM meM kI gaI hai / Avazyaniyukti ise dharmakathAnuyoga kA grantha kahatI hai (Avazyaka-niyukti haribhadrIya vRtti : pR0 206) / RSibhASita kA racanAkAla yaha grantha apanI bhASA, chanda-yojanA aura viSayavastu kI dRSTi se ardhamAgadhI jaina Agama granthoM meM atiprAcIna hai / merI dRSTi meM yaha grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha se kiMcit paravartI tathA sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika jaise pracIna Agama granthoM kI apekSA pUrvavartI siddha hotA hai / merI dRSTi meM isakA vartamAna svarUpa bhI kisI bhI sthiti meM IsavI pUrva tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se paravartI siddha nahIM hotA hai / sthAnAMga meM prApta sUcanA ke anusAra yaha grantha prArambha meM praznavyAkaraNadazA kA eka bhAga thA ; sthAnAMga meM praznavyAkaraNadazA kI jo dasa dazAeM varNita haiM, usameM RSibhASita kA bhI ullekha hai| samavAyAMga isake 44 adhyayana hone kI bhI sUcanA detA hai / ataH yaha inakA pUrvavartI to avazya hI hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta. asita devala. dvaipAyana, parAzara Adi RSiyoM kA evaM unakI AcAragata mAnyatAoM kA kiMcita nirdeza hai / inheM tapodhana aura mahApuruSa kahA gayA hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki pUrva kAlika RSi isa (Arhata pravacana) meM 'sammata' mAne gaye haiN| inhoMne (sacitta) bIja aura pAnI kA sevana karake bhI mokSa prApta kiyA thaa| ataH pahalA prazna yahI uThatA hai ki inheM sammAnita rUpa meM jaina paramparA meM sUtrakRtAMga ke pahale kisa grantha meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ? merI dRSTi meM kevala RSibhASita hI eka aisA grantha hai, jisameM inheM sammAnita rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / sUtrakRtAMga kI gAthA kA 'iha-sammatA' zabda svayaM sUtrakRtAMga kI apekSA RSibhASita ke pUrva astitva kI sUcanA detA hai / jJAtavya hai ki sUtrakRtAMga aura RSibhASita dono meM jainetara paramparA ke aneka RSiyoM yathA asita devala, bAhuka Adi kA sammAnita rUpa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi dono kI bhASA evaM zailI bhI mukhyataH padyAtmaka hI hai, phira bhI bhASA kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA bhI RSibhASita kI apekSA paravartIkAla kI lagatI hai / kyoMki usakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta ke nikaTa hai. jabaki RSibhASita kI bhASA kucha paravartI parivartana ko chor3akara prAcIna ardhamAgadhI hai / punaH jahA~ sUtrakRtAMga meM itara dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samAlocanA kI gayI hai vahA~ RSibhASita meM itara paramparA ke RSiyoM kA sammAnita rUpa meM hI ullekha huA hai / yaha sunizcita satya

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205 hai ki yaha grantha jainadharma evaM saMgha ke suvyavasthita hone ke pUrva likhA gayA thaa| isa grantha ke adhyayana se spaSTa rUpa se pratIta hotA hai ki isake racanAkAla taka jaina saMgha meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kA pUrNataH abhAva thA / maMkhali gozAlaka aura usakI mAnyatAoM kA ullekha hameM jaina Agama sUtrakRtAMga10, bhagavatI? 1 aura upAsakadazAMga12 meM tathA bauddha paramparA ke suttanipAta, dIghanikAya ke sAmaphalasutta13 Adi meM milatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi spaSTataH maMkhali gozAlaka kA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu usake Ardraka nAmaka adhyayana meM niyativAda kI samAlocanA avazya hai / yadi hama sAmpradAyika abhiniveza ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to bhagavatI kA maMkhali gozAlaka vAlA prakaraNa sUtrakRtAMga aura upAsakadazAMga kI apekSA bhI paryApta paravartI siddha hogaa| sUtrakRtAMga, upAsakadazAMga aura pAli-tripiTaka ke aneka grantha maMkhali gozAlaka ke niyativAda ko prastuta karake usakA khaNDana karate haiM / phira bhI jaina Agama granthoM kI apekSA suttanipAta meM maMkhali gozAlaka kI gaNanA buddha ke samakAlIna chaH tIrthaGkaroM meM karake unake mahattva aura prabhAvazAlI vyaktitva kA varNana avazya kiyA gayA hai 14, kintu pAli-tripiTaka ke prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta kI apekSA bhI RSibhASita meM use arhat RSi kaha kara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai / ata : dhArmika udAratA kI dRSTi se RSibhASita kI racanA pAli tripiTaka kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hai / kyoMki kisI bhI dharmasaMgha ke suvyavasthita hone ke pazcAta hI usameM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kA vikAsa hotA hai / RSibhASita spaSTarUpa se yaha sUcita karatA hai ki usakI racanA jaina paramparA meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza Ane ke bahuta pUrva ho cukI thI / kevala AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI jaina Agama granthoM meM dhArmika abhiniveza nyUnAdhika rUpa meM avazya parilakSita hotA hai / ata: RSibhASita kevala AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3a zeSa sabhI jainAgamoM se prAcIna siddha hotA hai / bhASA, chanda-yojanA Adi kI dRSTi se bhI yaha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke madhya meM hI siddha hotA hai / bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta hai15 kintu usame bhI vaha udAratA nahIM hai jo RSibhASita meM hai / tripiTaka sAhitya meM RSibhASita meM ullekhita kucha RSiyoM yathA nArada16. asitadevala 7. piMga18. maMkhaliputta19, saMjaya (velaThThiputta)20, vardhamAna (niggaMTu nAyaputta)21, kummAputtara2. Adi ke ullekha haiM, kintu ina sabhI ko buddha se nimna hI batAyA gayA hai-dUsare zabdoM meM ve grantha bhI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se mukta nahIM haiM, ata : yaha unakA bhI pUrvavartI hI hai |Rssibhaassit meM ullekhita aneka gadyAMza aura gAthAyeM bhAva, bhASA aura zabdayojanA kI dRSTi se jaina paramparA ke sUtrakRtAMga. uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika aura bauddha paramparA ke sattanipAta, dhammapada Adi prAcIna granthoM meM pAI jAtI haiM / ata : unakI racanA-zailI kI apekSA bhI paha pUrvavartI hI siddha hotA hai / yadyapi yaha tarka diyA jA sakatA hai ki yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki ye gAthAe~ evaM vicAra bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya evaM jaina grantha uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika se RSibhASita meM gaye hoM, kintu yaha bAta isalie samucita nahIM hai ki prathama to RSibhASita kI bhASA, chanda-yojanA Adi ina granthoM

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206 kI apekSA prAcInakAla kI hai aura AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha tathA suttanipAta ke adhika nikaTa hai| dUsare jahA~ RSibhASita meM ina vicAroM ko anya paramparAoM ke RSiyoM ke sAmAnya siddhAnta ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya aura jaina sAhitya meM inheM apanI paramparA se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM AdhyAtmika kRSi kI carcA RSibhASita 23 meM do bAra aura suttanipAta 24 meM eka bAra huI hai, kintu jahA~ suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM ki maiM isaprakAra kI AdhyAtmika kRSi karatA hU~, vahA~ RSibhASita kA RSi kahatA hai ki jo bhI isaprakAra kI kRSi karegA vaha cAhe brAhmaNa ho, kSatriya ho, vaizya ho yA zUdra ho, mukta hogA / ata: RSibhASita AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke anya granthoM kI apekSA prAcIna hI siddha hotA hai / bhASA kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki RSibhASita meM ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA prAcInatama rUpa bahuta kucha surakSita hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM RSibhASita meM AtmA ke lie 'AtA' zabda kA prayoga huA hai, jabaki jaina aMga Agama sAhitya meM bhI attA, appA, AdA, AyA, Adi zabdoM kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai jo ki paravartI prayoga hai / 'ta' zruti kI bahulatA nizcita rUpa se isa grantha ko uttarAdhyayana kI apekSA pUrvavartI siddha karatI hai, kyoMki uttarAdhyayana kI bhASA meM 'ta' ke lopa kI pravRti dekhI jAtI hai / RSibhASita meM jANati, paritappati, gacchati, vijjati, vaTTati, pavattati Adi rUpoM kA prayoga bahulatA se milatA hai / isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki bhASA aura viSayavastu donoM hI dRSTi se yaha eka pUrvavartI grantha hai / I agandhaka kula ke sarpa kA rUpaka hameM uttarAdhyayana 25, dazavaikAlika 26 aura RSibhASita 27 tInoM meM milatA hai / kintu tInoM sthAnoM ke ullekhoM ko dekhane para yaha spSTa rUpa se jJAta ho jAtA hai ki RSibhASita kA yaha ullekha uttarAdhyayana tathA dazavaikAlika kI apekSA atyadhika prAcIna hai kyoMki RSibhASita meM muni ko apane patha se vicalita na hone ke lie isakA mAtra eka rUpaka ke rUpa meM prayoga huA hai, jabaki dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana meM yaha rUpaka rAjImatI aura rathanemi kI kathA ke sAtha jor3A gayA hai / ata : RSibhASita suttanipAta, uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika kI apekSA prAcIna hai / isaprakAra RSibhASita AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha kA paravartI aura zeSa sabhI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA pUrvavartI grantha hai / isIprakAra pAli tripiTaka ke prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hone se yaha grantha sampUrNa pAli tripiTaka se bhI pUrvavartI hai / jahA~ taka isameM varNita aitihAsika RSiyoM ke ullekhoM ke AdhAra para kAla-nirNaya karane kA prazna hai vahA~ kevala vajjIyaputta ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI RSi mahAvIra aura buddha se yA to pUrvavartI haiM yA unake samakAlika haiM / pAli-tripiTaka ke AdhAra para vajjIyaputta (vAtsIyaputra) bhI buddha ke laghuvayaska samakAlIna hI haiM-ve Ananda ke nikaTa the /

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207 vajjIpatrIya sampradAya bhI buddha ke nirvANa kI prathama zatAbdI meM hI astitva meM A gayA thaa| ata : inakA buddha ke laghuvayaska samakAlIna honA siddha hai / ataeva aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI RSibhASita buddha aura mahAvIra ke nivArNa kI prathama zatAbdI meM hI nirmita ho gayA hogaa| yaha sambhava hai ki isameM bAda meM kucha parivartana huA ho / merI dRSTi meM isake racanAkAla kI pUrva sImA IsA pUrva 5vIM zatAbdI aura antima sImA I0pU0 3zatI ke bIca hI hai / mujhe anta: aura bAhaya sAkSyoM meM koI bhI aisA tattva nahIM milA, jo ise isa kAlAvadhi se paravartI siddha kre| dArzanika vikAsa kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para bhI hama isameM na to jaina siddhAntoM kA aura na bauddha siddhAntoM kA vikasita rUpa pAte haiN| isameM mAtra paMcAstikAya aura aSTavidha karma kA nirdeza hai / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ pAzrvApatyoM meM pracalita rahI hoM aura vahIM se mahAvIra kI paramparA meM grahaNa kI gaI hoM / pariSaha, kaSAya Adi kI avadhAraNAe~ to prAcIna hI haiM / RSibhASita ke vAtsIyaputra, mahAkAzyapa, sAriputra Adi bauddha RSiyoM ke upadeza meM bhI kevala bauddha dharma ke prAcIna siddhAnta santativAda, kSaNikavAda Adi hI milate haiM / ata : yaha grantha pAli-tripiTaka se bhI prAcIna hai / RSibhASita kI racanA ke sambandha meM pro0 zubriga evaM anya vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha mUlata : pArzva kI paramparA meM nirmita huA hogA, kyoMki usa paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva prathama adhyAya meM dekhA jAtA hai, jahA~ brahmacarya aura aparigraha ko eka sAtha mAnakara use cAturyAma kI vyavasthA ke anurUpa DhAlA gayA hai / 28 puna : pArzva kA vistRta adhyAya bhI usI tathya ko puSTa karatA hai / dUsarA ise pArzva kI paramparA kA mAnane kA eka AdhAra yaha bhI hai ki pArzva kI paramparA apekSAkRta adhika udAra thI / usakI anya parivrAjaka aura zramaNa paramparAoM se AcAra-vyavahAra Adi meM bhI adhika nikaTatA thI / pAzrvApatyoM ke mahAvIra ke saMgha meM praveza ke sAtha yaha grantha mahAvIra kI paramparA meM AyA aura unakI paramparA meM nirmita dazAoM meM praznavyAkaraNadazA ke eka bhAga ke rUpa meM sammilita kiyA gayA / RSibhASita ke RSiyoM kI paramparA jaina paramparA ke anusAra ina 45 RSiyoM meM 20 ariSTanemi ke kAla ke, 15 pArzva ke kAla ke aura zeSa 10 mahAvIra ke kAla ke mAne gaye haiN|29 isimaNDala bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karatA hai / yadi hama inake kAla kA yaha vargIkaraNa isa AdhAra para kareM ki prathama 20 ariSTanemi ke kAla ke, usake bAda ke 15 pArzva ke kAla ke aura anta meM 10 mahAvIra ke kAla ke haiM to yaha vargIkaraNa ucita nahIM baiThatA; kyoMki phira 29veM krama meM sthita vardhamAna ko pArzva ke kAla kA aura 40 veM krama para sthita dvaipAyana ko mahAvIra ke kAla kA mAnanA hogA / jabaki sthiti isase bhinna hI hai / dvaipAyana ariSTanemi ke kAla ke haiM aura vardhamAna svayaM mahAvIra hI haiM / ataH yaha mAnanA samucita nahIM hogA ki jisa krama se RSibhASita meM ina RSiyoM kA ullekha huA hai usa krama se hI ve ariSTanemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra ke kAla meM vibhAjita hote haiM / kauna RSi kisa kAla kA hai ? isake sandarbha meM punarvicAra kI AvazyakatA hai / zubiMga ne svayaM bhI isa sambandha meM spaSTa saMketa nahIM kiyA hai| RSibhASita

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208 ke RSiyoM kI pahacAna kA eka prayatna zubriga ne apanI 'isibhAsiyAiM' kI bhUmikA meM kiyA hai / 3deg unake anusAra yAjJavalkya, bAhuka (nala). aruNa, mahAzAlaputra yA AruNi aura uddAlaka spaSTa rUpa se aupaniSadika paramparA ke pratIta hote haiM / isake sAtha hI piMga, RSigiri aura zrIgiri ina tInoM ko brAhmaNa parivrAjaka aura ambaDa ko parivrAjaka kahA gayA hai| isalie ye cAroM bhI brAhmaNa paramparA se sambandhita haiM / yaugandharAyaNa, jinakA ambaDa se saMvAda huA hai, ve bhI brAhmaNa paramparA ke RSi pratIta hote haiM / isIprakAra madhurAyaNa, AryAyaNa, tArAyaNa (nArAyaNa) bhI brAhmaNa paramparA se sambandhita lagate haiM / aMgirasa aura vAriSeNa kRSNa bhI brAhmaNa paramparA se sambandhita mAne jAte haiM / zubriga mahAkAzyapa, sAriputta aura vajjiyaputta ko bauddha paramparA se sambandhita mAnate haiM / unakI yaha mAnyatA merI dRSTi se samucita bhI hai / yadyapi zubriga ne puSpazAlaputra, ketalIputra. vidu, gAthApatiputra taruNa, harigiri, mAtaMga aura vAyu ko pramANa ke abhAva meM kisI paramparA se jor3ane meM asamarthatA vyakta kI hai| yadi hama zubriga ke uparyukta dRSTikoNa ko upalabdha pramANoM ke AdhAra para rakhate haiM to nArada, asita devala, aMgirasa bhAradvAja, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, piMga, tArAyaNa ko spaSTa rUpa se vaidika yA aupaniSadika paramparA ke RSi mAna sakate haiM / isIprakAra mahAkAzyapa, sAriputta aura vajjIyaputta ko bauddha paramparA kA mAnane meM bhI hameM koI Apatti nahIM hogii| pArzva aura vardhamAna spaSTa rUpa se jaina paramparA ke mAne jA sakate haiM / maMkhaliputra spaSTa rUpa se AjIvaka paramparA ke haiM / zeSa nAmoM ke sambandha meM hameM aneka pahaluoM se vicAra karanA hogA / yadyapi puSpazAlaputta, vakkalacIrI, kummAputta, ketaliputta, bhayAli, madhurAyaNa, sauryAyaNa, AryAyaNa, gardabhAli, gAthApatiputta taruNa, vAratraya, Ardraka, vAyu, saMjaya, indranAga, soma, yama, varuNa, vaizramaNa Adi kI aitihAsikatA aura paramparA kA nizcaya karanA kaThina RSibhASita ke RSi pratyekabuddha kyoM ? RSibhASita ke mUlapATha meM ketaliputra ko RSi, ambaDa ko parivrAjaka, piMga, RSigiri evaM zrI giri ko brAhmaNa (mAhaNa) parivrAjaka arhata RSi, sAriputra ko buddha arhat RSi tathA zeSa sabhI ko arhat RSi ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA gayA / utkaTa (utkala) nAmaka adhyayana meM vaktA ke nAma kA ullekha hI nahIM hai, ata : usake sAtha koI vizeSaNa hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai / yadyapi RSibhASita ke anta meM prApta hone vAlI saMgrahaNI gAthA31 evaM RSimaNDala32 meM ina sabako pratyekabuddha kahA gayA hai tathA yaha bhI ullekha hai ki inameM se bIsa ariSTanemi ke, pandraha pArzvanAtha ke aura zeSa mahAvIra ke zAsana meM hue haiM / kintu, yaha gAthA paravartI hai aura bAda meM jor3I gaI lagatI hai / mUlapATha meM kahIM bhI inakA pratyekabuddha ke rUpa meM ullekha nahIM hai / samavAgAMga meM RSibhASita kI carcA ke prasaMga meM inheM mAtra devaloka se cyuta kahA gayA hai, pratyekabuddha nahIM kahA gayA hai / yadyapi samavAyAMga meM hI praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu kA vivaraNa dete samaya yaha kahA gayA hai ki isameM svasamaya

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aura parasamaya ke pravaktA pratyekabuddhoM ke vicAroM kA saMkalana hai / cU~ki RSibhASita praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka bhAga rahA thaa| isaprakAra RSibhASita ke RSiyoM ko sarvaprathama samavAyAMga meM parokSarUpa se pratyekabuddha mAna liyA gayA thA / 33 yaha spaSTa hai ki RSibhASita ke adhikAMza RSi jaina paramparA ke nahIM the, ata: unake upadezoM ko mAnya rakhane ke lie unheM pratyekabuddha kahA gyaa| jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM pratyekabuddha vaha vyakti hai, jo kisI nimitta se svayaM prabuddha hokara ekAkI sAdhanA karate hue jJAna prApta karatA hai, kintu na to vaha svayaM kisI kA ziSya banatA hai aura na kisI ko ziSya banAkara saMgha vyavasthA karatA / isaprakAra pratyekabuddha kisI paramparA yA saMgha vyavasthA meM Abaddha nahI hotA hai, phira bhI vaha samAja meM AdaraNIya hotA hai aura usake upadeza prAmANika mAne jAte haiM / RSibhASita aura jainadharma ke siddhAnta 206 RSibhASita kA samagrata : adhyayana hameM isa saMbaMdha meM vicAra karane ko vivaza karatA hai ki kyA RSibhASita meM anya paramparAoM ke RSiyoM dvArA unakI hI apanI mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karavAyA gayA hai athavA unake mukha se jaina paramparA kI mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karavAyA gayA hai ? prathama dRSTi se dekhane para to aisA bhI lagatA hai ki unake mukha se jaina mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| pro0 zubriMga aura unake hI AdhAra para pro0 lallanajI gopAla ne pratyeka RSi ke upadezoM ke pratipAdana ke prArambhika aura antima kathana kI ekarUpatA ke AdhAra para yaha mAna liyA hai ki granthakAra RSiyoM ke upadezoM ke prastutikaraNa meM prAmANika nahIM haiN| usane inake upadezoM ko apane hI DhaMga se prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| adhikAMza adhyAyoM meM jaina pAribhASika padAvalI yathA-mahAvrata, kaSAya, pariSaha Adi ko dekhakara isa kathana meM satyatA parilakSita hone lagatI hai| udAharaNArtha prathama nArada nAmaka adhyayana meM yadyapi zauca ke cAra lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM, kintu yaha adhyayana jaina paramparA ke cAturyAma kA hI pratipAdana karatA hai| vajjIyaputta nAmaka dvitIya adhyAya meM karma siddhAnta kI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| yaha adhyayana jIva ke karmAnugAmI hone kI dhAraNA kA pratipAdana karatA hai, sAtha hI moha ko duHkha kA mUla batAtA hai| yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki jisaprakAra bIja se aMkura aura aMkura se bIja kI paramparA calatI rahatI hai usIprakAra moha se karma aura karma se moha kI paramparA calatI rahatI hai aura moha ke samApta hone para karma - santati ThIka vaise hI samApta hotI hai jaise vRkSa ke mUla ko samApta karane para usake phUla-pattI apane Apa samApta hote haiM / karma siddhAnta kI yaha avadhAraNA RSibhASita ke adhyAya 13, 15, 24 aura 30 meM bhI milatI hai| jaina paramparA meM isase hI milatAjulatA vivaraNa uttarAdhyayana ke battIsaveM adhyayana meM prApta hotA hai| isIprakAra tIsare asita devala nAmaka adhyayana meM hameM jaina paramparA aura vizeSa rUpa se AcArAMga meM upalabdha pApa ko lepa kahane kI carcA mila jAtI hai| isa adhyayana meM hameM pAMca mahAvrata, cAra kaSAya tathA isIprakAra hiMsA se lekara mithyAdarzanazalya taka ke 18 pApoM kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| yaha adhyayana mokSa ke svarUpa kA vivecana bhI karatA hai aura use ziva, atula, amala, avyAghAta, apunarAvartana tathA zAzvata sthAna batAtA hai| mokSa kA aisA hI svarUpa hameM jaina

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210 Agama-sAhitya meM anyatra bhI milatA hai / pAMca mahAvratoM aura cAra kaSAyoM kA vivaraNa to RSibhASita ke aneka adhyayanoM meM AyA hai / mahAkAzyapa nAmaka 9veM adhyayana meM puNya, pApa tathA saMvara aura nirjarA kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai / isI adhyAya meM kaSAya kA bhI ullekha hai / naveM adhyayana meM karma ke AdAna kI carcA karate hue mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya tathA yoga ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai, jo jaina paramparA ke pUrNataH anurUpa hai / isameM jaina paramparA ke aneka pAribhASika zabda yathA upakrama, baddha , spRSTa, nikAcita, nirjIrNa, siddhi, zaileSI-avasthA, pradezodaya, vipAkodaya Adi pAye jAte haiM / isa adhyayana meM pratipAdita AtmA kI nityAnityatA kI avadhAraNA, siddhAvasthA kA svarUpa evaM karmabandhana aura nirjarA kI prakriyA jaina darzana ke samAna hai / isI taraha aneka adhyayanoM meM dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI avadhAraNA bhI milatI hai / bArahaveM yAjJavalkya nAmaka adhyayana meM jaina paramparA ke anurUpa gocarI ke svarUpa evaM zuddhaSaNA kI carcA mila jAtI hai / AtmA apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA karttA aura kRta-karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai, yaha bAta bhI pandrahaveM madhurAyana nAmaka adhyayana meM kahI gayI hai / satrahaveM vidura nAmaka adhyayana meM sAvadhayoga, virati aura samabhAva kI carcA hai / unnIsaveM AriyAyaNa nAmaka adhyayana meM Arya jJAna, Arya darzana aura Arya caritra ke rUpa meM prakArAntara se samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyagcAritra kI hI carcA hai / bAIsavAM adhyayana dharma ke kSetra meM puruSa kI pradhAnatA kI carcA karatA hai tathA nArI kI nindA karatA hai, isakI sUtrakRtAMga ke 'itthipariNNA' nAmaka adhyayana se samAnatA hai / teIsaveM rAmaputta nAmaka adhyayana meM uttarAdhyayana (28/35) ke samAna hI jJAna ke dvArA jAnane, darzana ke dvArA dekhane, saMyama ke dvArA nigraha karane tathA tapa ke dvArA aSTavidha karma ke vidhUnana kI bAta kahI gayI hai / aSTavidha karma kI yaha carcA kevala jaina paramparA meM hI pAyI jAtI hai / puna : caubIsaveM adhyayana meM bhI mokSa mArga ke rUpameM jJAna, darzana evaM cAritra kI carcA hai| isI adhyAya me deva, manuSya, tiryaJca aura nAraka-ina cutargatiyoM kI bhI carcA hai / paccIsaveM ambaDa nAmaka adhyayana meM cAra kaSAya, cAra vikathA, pAMca mahAvrata, tIna gupti, paMca indriya-saMyama, cha: jIvanikAya, sAta bhaya, ATha mada, nau prakAra kA brahmacarya tathA dasa prakAra ke samAdhisthAna kI carcA hai / isaprakAra isa adhyayana meM jaina paramparA meM mAnya aneka avadhAraNAe~ eka sAtha upalabdha ho jAtI haiN| isI adhyayana meM AhAra karane ke cha: kAraNoM kI carcA bhI hai, jo sthAnAMga (sthAna 6) Adi meM milatI hai / smaraNa rahe ki yadyapi jainAgamoM meM ambaDa ko parivrAjaka mAnA hai, phira bhI use mahAvIra ke prati zraddhAvAna batAyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isameM sarvAdhika jaina avadhAraNae~ upalabdha haiM / RSibhASita ke chabbIsaveM adhyayana meM uttarAdhyayana ke paccIsaveM adhyayana ke samAna hI brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kI carcA hai / isI adhyayana meM kaSAya, nirjarA, cha: jIvanikAya aura sarva prANiyoM ke prati dayA kA bhI ullekha hai / ikatIsaveM pArzva nAmaka adhyayana meM punaH cAturyAma, aSTavidha karmagranthi, cAra gati, paMcAstikAya tathA mokSa sthAna ke svarUpa kA digdarzana hotA hai / isI adhyayana meM jaina paramparA ke samAnajIva ko UrdhvagAmI aura pudgala ko adhogAmI kahA gayA hai, kintu pArzva to jainaparamparA meM mAnya hI haiM ataH isa adhyayana meM jaina avadhAraNAe~ honA Azcaryajanaka nahIM hai /

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211 aba vidvAnoM kI yaha dhAraNA bhI banI hai ki jainadarzana kA tattvajJAna pApityoM kI hI dena hai / zubriga ne bhI isibhAsiyAiM para pAzrvApatyoM kA prabhAva mAnA hai / punaH battIsaveM piMga nAmaka adhyayana meM jaina paramparA ke anurUpa cAroM vargoM kI mukti kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / cautIsaveM adhyayana meM pariSaha aura upasargoM kI carcA hai / isI adhyayana meM paMca mahAvrata se yukta, kaSAya se rahita, chinnasrota, anAsava bhikSu kI mukti kI bhI carcA hai / puna : paitIsaveM uddAlaka nAmaka adhyayana meM tIna gupti, tIna daNDa, tIna zalya, cAra kaSAya, cAra vikathA, pAMca samiti, paMcendriya-saMyama, yoga-sandhAna evaM navakoTi parizuddha, dasa doSa se rahita vibhitra kuloM kI parakRta, paranirdiSTa, vigatadhUma, zAstrapariNata bhikSA grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai / isI adhyayana meM saMjJA evaM bAIsa pariSahoM kA bhI ullekha hai / isaprakAra hama dekhate haiM ki RSibhASita meM aneka jaina avadhAraNAe~ upasthita hai| ata: svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha prazna uThatA hai ki kyA jaina AcAryoM ne RSibhASita kA saMkalana karate samaya apanI hI avadhAraNAoM ko ina RSiyoM ke mukha se kahalavA diyA athavA mUlataH ye avadhAraNAe~ ina RSiyoM kI hI thIM aura vahA~ se jaina paramparA meM praviSTa huI ? yaha to spaSTa hai ki RSibhASita meM ullekhita RSiyoM meM pArzva aura mahAvIra ko chor3akara zeSa anya sabhI yA to svatantra sAdhaka rahe haiM yA anya paramparAoM ke rahe haiM / yadyapi inameM kucha ke ullekha uttarAdhyayana aura sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI haiM / yadi hama isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM ki isameM jo vicAra haiM ve una RSiyoM ke nahIM haiM to grantha kI aura granthakartA kI prAmANikatA khaNDita hotI hai, kintu dUsarI ora yaha mAnanA ki ye sabhI avadhAraNAe~ jaina paramparA meM anya paramparAoM se praviSTa huI ; pUrNata : santoSaprada nahIM lagatA hai / ata : sarvaprathama to hama yaha parIkSaNa karane kA prayatna kareMge ki RSibhASita meM jina RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM ve unake apane haiM yA jaina AcAryoM ne apanI bAta ko unake mukha se kahalavAyA hai / RSibhASita meM upadiSTa avadhAraNAoM kI prAmANikatA kA prazna yadyapi RSibhASita ke sabhI RSiyoM ke upadeza aura tatsambandhI sAhitya hameM jainetara paramparAoM meM upalabdha nahIM hotA, phira bhI inameM se anekoM ke vicAra aura avadhAraNAe~ Aja bhI anya paramparAoM meM upalabdha haiM / yAjJavalkya kA ullekha bhI upaniSadoM meM hai / vajjIyaputta, mahAkAzyapa aura sAriputta ke ullekha bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM haiN| isIprakAra vidura, nArAyaNa, asitadevala Adi ke ullekha mahAbhArata evaM hindU paramparA ke anya granthoM meM mila jAte haiM / RSibhASita meM inake jo vicAra ullekhita haiM, unakI tulanA anya srotoM se karane para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki RSibhASita meM jina RSiyoM ke jina vicAroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai unameM kitanI prAmANikatA hai / RSibhASita ke gyArahaveM adhyayana meM maMkhaliputra gozAlaka kA upadeza saMkalita hai / maMkhaliputra gozAlaka ke sambandha meM hameM jaina paramparA meM bhagavatIsUtra aura upAsakadazAMga meM, bauddha paramparA meM dIghanikAya ke sAmaJja mahAphalasutta aura suttanipAta meM evaM hindU.paramparA meM mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva ke 177veM adhyayana meM maMkhI RSi ke rUpa meM ullekha prApta hotA hai / tInoM hI srota use niyativAda kA samarthaka batAte haiN| yadi hama RSibhASita adhyAya 11 meM varNita

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212 maMkhali gozAlaka ke upadezoM ko dekhate haiM to yahA~ bhI hameM parokSa rUpa se niyativAda ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiM / isa adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki jo padArthoM kI pariNati ko dekhakara kampita hotA hai, vedanA kA anubhava karatA hai, kSobhita hotA hai. Ahata hotA hai, spaMdita hotA hai, calAyamAna hotA hai, prerita hotA hai, vaha tyAgI nahIM hai / isake viparIta jo padArthoM kI pariNati ko dekhakara kampita nahIM hotA hai, kSobhita nahIM hotA hai, duHkhita nahIM hotA hai, vaha tyAgI hai / parokSa rUpa se yaha padArthoM kI pariNati ke sambandha meM niyativAda kA pratipAdana hai / saMsAra kI apanI eka vyavasthA aura gati hai vaha usI ke anusAra cala rahA hai, sAdhaka ko usakA jJAtA-draSTA to honA cAhie kintu draSTA ke rUpa meM usase prabhAvita nahIM honA caahie| niyativAda kI mUlabhUta AdhyAtmika zikSA yahI ho sakatI hai ki hama saMsAra ke ghaTanAkrama meM sAkSI bhAva se raheM / isaprakAra yaha adhyAya gozAlaka ke mUlabhUta AdhyAtmika upadeza ko hI pratibimbita karatA hai / isake viparIta jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM jo maMkhali gozAlaka ke siddhAnta kA nirUpaNa hai, vaha vastutaH gozAlaka kI isa AdhyAtmika avadhAraNA se nikAlA gayA eka vikRta dArzanika phalita hai / vastutaH RSibhASita kA racayitA gozAlaka ke siddhAntoM ke prati jitanA prAmANika hai, utane prAmANika tripiTaka aura paravartI jaina AgamoM ke racayitA nahIM haiM / mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva ke 177 veM adhyAya meM maMkhi RSi kA upadeza saMkalita hai isameM eka ora niyativAda kA samarthana hai, kintu dUsarI ora isameM vairAgya kA upadeza bhI hai / isa adhyAya meM mUlataH draSTA bhAva aura saMsAra ke prati anAsakti kA upadeza hai| isameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki saMsAra kI apanI vyavasthA hai / manuSya apane puruSArtha se bhI use apane anusAra nahIM mor3a pAtA hai, ataH vyakti ko draSTA bhAva rakhate hue saMsAra se virakta ho jAnA cAhie / mahAbhArata ke isa adhyAya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki maMkhi RSi ko niyativAda kA samarthaka mAnate hue bhI usa niyativAda ke mAdhyama se unheM vairAgya kI dizA meM prerita batAyA gayA hai / isa AdhAra para RSibhASita meM maMkhaliputra kA upadeza jisa rUpa meM saMkalita milatA hai vaha nizcita hI prAmANika hai / isIprakAra RSibhASita ke naveM adhyAya meM mahAkAzyapa ke aura ar3atIsaveM adhyAya meM sAriputta ke upadeza saMkalita haiM / ye donoM hI bauddha paramparA se sambandhita rahe haiM / yadi hama RSibhASita meM ullikhita inake vicAroM ko dekhate haiM to spaSTa rUpa se isameM hameM bauddhadharma kI avadhAraNA ke mUla tattva parilakSita hote haiM / mahAkAzyapa adhyAya meM sarvaprathama saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA kA citraNa hai / isameM karma ko duHkha kA mUla kahA gayA hai aura karma kA mUta janma ko batAyA gayA hai, jo ki bauddhoM ke pratItya-samutpAda kA hI eka rUpa hai / isI adhyAya meM eka vizeSatA hameM yaha dekhane ko milatI hai ki isameM karma-siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate hue santAnavAda' kI carcA hai jo ki bauddhoM kA mUlabhUta siddhAnta hai / isa adhyAya meM nirvANa ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke lie bauddha darzana ke mUlabhUta dIpaka vAle udAharaNa ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai / pUrA adhyAya santAnavAda aura karmasaMskAroM ke mAdhyama se vairAgya kA upadeza pradAna karatA hai / isaprakAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki isameM bauddhadharma ke mUla bIja upasthita

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haiM / isIprakAra ar3atIsaveM sAriputta nAmaka adhyAya meM bhI bauddha dharma ke mUla utsa madhyama mArga kA pratipAdana milatA hai / isake sAtha hI buddha ke prajJAvAda kA bhI isameM pratipAdana huA hai| isa adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki, manojJa bhojana, manojJa zayanAsana kA sevana karate hue aura manojJa AvAsa meM rahate hue bhikSu sukhapUrvaka dhyAna karatA hai / phira bhI prajJa puruSa ko sAMsArika padArthoM meM Asakta nahIM honA cAhie, yahI buddha kA anuzAsana hai / isaprakAra yaha adhyAya bhI buddha ke upadezoM ko prAmANika rUpa se prastuta karatA hai / 1 213 isIprakAra yAjJavalkya nAmaka bArahaveM adhyAya meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki yAjJavalkya ke mUlabhUta upadezoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| RSibhASita ke atirikta yAjJavalkya kA ullekha hameM upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI milatA hai / 34 upaniSad meM jahA~ yAjJavalkya maitreyI saMvAda hai vahA~ unakI saMnyAsa kI icchA ko pragaTa kiyA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM bhI yAjJavalkya ke upadeza ke rUpa meM lokaiSaNA aura vittaiSaNA ke tyAga kI bAta kahI gaI hai tathA yaha kahA gayA hai ki jaba taka lokaiSaNA hotI hai taba taka vittaiSaNA hotI hai aura jaba vittaiSaNA hotI hai to lokaiSaNA hotI hai| isalie lokaiSaNA aura vittaiSaNA ke svarUpa ko jAnakara gopatha se jAnA cAhie, mahApatha se nahIM jAnA caahie| vastutaH aisA lagatA hai ki yahA~ nivRttimArga ko gopatha aura pravRttimArga ko mahApatha kahA gayA hai aura yAjJavalkaya nivRtti mArga kA upadeza dete pratIta hote haiM / yahA~ sabase vicAraNIya bAta yaha hai ki bauddhadharma meM jo hInayAna aura mahAyAna kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa hai, kahIM vaha gopatha aura mahApatha kI avadhAraNA kA vikasita rUpa to nahIM hai ? AcArAMga meM bhI mahAyAna zabda AyA hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM bhI adhyAya 310 se lekara 318 taka yAjJavalkya ke upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| isameM mukhya rUpa se sAMkhya aura yoga kI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana hai| RSibhASita ke isa adhyAya muni kI bhikSA-vidhi kI bhI carcA hai jo ki jaina paramparA ke anurUpa hI lagatI hai / phira bhI itanA to kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki RSibhASita ke bIsaveM utkala nAmaka adhyAya ke upadeSTA ke rUpa meM kisI RSi kA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki usameM cArvAka ke vicAroM kA pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha pratipAdana huA hai / RSibhASita meM vardhamAna kA jo upadeza hai usakI yathArtha praticchAyA AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke bhAvanA nAmaka adhyayana meM evaM uttarAdhyayana ke battIsaveM adhyAya meM yathAvat rUpa se upalabdha hai / uparyukta AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki RSibhASita meM RSiyoM ke upadeza ko sAmAnyarUpa se prAmANikatA pUrvaka hI prastuta kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi isameM mukhya rUpa se unake AdhyAtmika aura naitika vicAroM kA hI prastutIkaraNa huA hai aura usake pIche nihita darzana para isameM koI bala nahIM diyA gayA hai| dUsarA yaha bhI satya hai ki unakA prastutIkaraNa yA grantha-racanA jaina paramparA ke AcAryoM dvArA huI hai / ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki usameM jaina paramparA meM mAnya kucha avadhAraNAe~ pratibimbita ho gayI hoN| punaH isa vizvAsa ke bhI paryApta AdhAra haiM ki jinheM Aja hama jaina paramparA kI avadhAraNAe~

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214 kaha rahe haiM, ve mUlataH anya paramparAoM meM pracalita rahI hoM / ataH RSibhASita ke RSiyoM ke upadezoM kI prAmANikatA ko pUrNataH nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| adhika se adhika hama kevala itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki una para aparokSarUpa se jaina paramparA kA kucha prabhAva A gayA hai| RSibhASita ke RSiyoM kI aitihAsikatA kA prazna yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki RSibhASita meM varNita adhikAMza RSigaNa jaina paramparA se sambandhita nahIM hai / unake kucha ke nAmoM ke Age lage hue brAhmaNa, parivrAjaka Adi zabda hI unakA jaina paramparA se bhitra honA sUcita karatA hai / dUsare deva nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa bhAradvAja, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka, vidura, vAriSeNa kRSNa, dvaipAyana, AruNi, uddAlaka, tArAyaNa, aise nAma haiM jo vaidika paramparA meM suprasiddha rahe haiM aura Aja bhI unake upadeza upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata evaM purANoM meM surakSita haiN| inameM se devanArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa bhAradvAja, dvaipAyana ke ullekha RSibhASita ke atirikta sUtrakRtAMga, aupapAtika, aMtakRtadazA Adi jaina granthoM meM tathA bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM bhI milate haiN| isIprakAra vajjIyaputta, mahAkAzyapa aura sAriputta bauddha paramparA ke suprasiddha vyaktitva haiM aura unakA ullekha tripiTaka sAhitya meM upalabdha hai / maMkhaliputta, rAmaputta, ambaDa, saMjaya (velaTThiputta) Adi aise nAma haiM jo svatantra zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita haiM aura inake ullekha jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM hameM spaSTa rUpa se milate haiN| RSibhASita ke jina RSiyoM ke ullekha bauddha sAhitya meM hameM milate haiM usa para vistRta carcA pro0 sI0 esa0 upAsaka ne apane lekha 'isibhAsiyA eNDa pAli buddhisTa TeksTsa e sTaDI' meM kiyA hai / yaha lekha paM0 dalasukhabhAI abhinandana grantha meM prakAzita huA hai| pArzva aura varddhamAna jaina paramparA ke teIsaveM aura caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM suspaSTa rUpa se mAnya haiN| Ardraka kA ullekha RSibhASita ke atirikta sUtrakRtAMga meM hai / isake atirikta valkalacIrI, kUrmAputra, tetaliputra, bhayAli, indranAga Adi aise nAma haiM jinameM adhikAMza kA ullekha jaina paramparA isimaNDala evaM anya granthoM meM mila jAtA hai / valkalacIrI, kUrmAputra Adi kA ullekha bauddha paramparA meM bhI hai| kintu jinakA ullekha jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM anyatra nahIM milatA hai, unheM bhI pUrNatayA kAlpanika vyakti nahIM kaha skte| yadi hama RSibhASita ke RSiyoM kI sampUrNa sUcI kA avalokana kareM to kevala soma, yama, varuNa, vAyu aura vaizramaNa, aise nAma haiM jinheM kAlpanika kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM hI paramparAe~ inheM sAmAnyatayA lokapAla ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra karatI haiM kintu inameM bhI mahAbhArata meM vAyu kA ullekha eka RSi ke rUpa meM milatA hai| yama ko Avazyaka cUrNi meM yamadagni RSi kA pitA kahA gayA hai| ataH isa sambhAvanA ko pUrI taraha nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yama koI RSi rahe hoM / yadyapi upaniSadoM meM bhI yama ko lokapAla ke rUpa citrita kiyA gayA hai kintu itanA to nizcita hai ki ye eka upadeSTaza haiM / yama aura naciketA kA saMvAda aupaniSadika paramparA meM suprasiddha hai / varuNa aura vaizramaNa ko bhI vaidika paramparA meM maMtropadeSTA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki soma, yama, varuNa aura vaizramaNa

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isa grantha ke racanAkAla taka eka upadeSTA ke rUpa meM loka paramparA meM mAnya rahe hoM aura isI AdhAra para inake upadezoM kA saMkalana RSibhASita meM kara liyA gayA hai / uparyukta carcA ke AdhAra para hama yaha avazya kaha sakate haiM ki RSibhASita ke RSiyoM meM uparyukta cAra-pA~ca nAmoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI prAgaitihAsika kAla ke yathArtha vyakti haiM, kAlpanika caritra nahIM haiM / niSkarSa rUpa meM hama itanA hI kahanA cAheMge ki RSibhASita na kevala jaina paramparA kI apitu samagra bhAratIya paramparA kI eka amUlya nidhi hai aura isameM bhAratIya cetanA kI dhArmika udAratA apane yathArtha rUpa meM pratibimbita hotI hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI isakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai, kyoMki yaha hameM adhikAMza jJAta aura kucha ajJAta RSiyoM ke sambandha mahattvapUrNa evaM prAmANika sUcanAe~ detA hai / jainAcAryoM ne isa nidhi ko surakSita rakhakara bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti kI bahumUlya sevA kI hai| vastutaH yaha prakIrNaka grantha IsA pUrva 10 vIM zatI se lekara IsA pUrva 6 ThIM zatI taka ke aneka bhAratIya RSiyoM kI aitihAsika sattA kA nirvivAda pramANa hai / 2. 3. 4. sandarbha - sUcI (a) se kiM kAliyaM ? kAliyaM aNegavihaM paNNattaM / taM jahA uttarAjjhayaNAI dasAo 2. kappo 3, vavahAro 4, nisIha 5, mahAnisIha 6, isi bhAsiyoiM 7, jaMbuddIpaNNattI 8, dIvasAgarapaNNattI 9 / 1. - nandisUtra : prakA0 mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1968, sUtra 84 (ba) namo tesiM khamAsamaNANaM jehiM imaM vAiaM aMgabAhiraM kAliaM bhagavaMtaM / taM jahA - 1. uttarAjjhayaNAI, 2. dasAo, 3. kappo, 4. vavahAro, 5. isibhAsi AI, 6. nisIha, 7. mahAnisIha.... I - pAkSikasUtra : prakA0 devacanda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra phaNDa, sIrija 99, pR0 79 aMgabAhyamanekavidham / tadyathA - sAmAyikaM, caturviMzatistavaH, vandanaM, pratikramaNaM, kAyavyutsargaH, pratyAkhyAnaM, dazavaikAlikaM, uttarAdhyAyAH, dazAH kalpavyavahArau, nizIthaM, RSibhAzitAnItyevamAdi / - tattvArthAdhigamasUtram (svopajJabhASya ): prakA0 devacanda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra phaNDa, sIrija 57, sUtra 1/ 20 tathA RSibhASitAni uttraadhyynaadiini.......| 215 -- Avazyaka niyuktiH haribhadrIyavRtti, pR0 206 RSibhASitAnAM ca devendrastavAdInAM niyuktiM / - Avazayaka niyukti, haribhadrIya vRtti0, pR0 41

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216 . isibhAsiyAiM paNayAlIsaM ajjhayaNAiM kAliyAI, tesu diNa 45 niviehiM aNAgADhajogo / aNNe bhaNaMti uttarAjjhayaNesu ceva eyAiM aMtabbhavaMti / -vidhimArgaprapA, pR0 58 deviMdatthayamAI paiNNagA hoti igiganivieNa / isibhAsiya ajjhayaNA AyaMbilakAlatigasajjhA / / 61 / / kesiM ci mae aMtabbhavaMti eyAiM uttarAjjhayaNe / paNayAlIsa diNehi kesiM vi jogo aNAgADho // 62 / / -vidhimArgaprapA, pR0 62 6. (a) kAliyasuyaM ca isibhAsiyAiM tAio ya sUrapaNNattI / savvo ya diTThivAo cautthao hoI aNuogo / / 124 / / (mU0 bhA0) tathA RSibhASitAni uttarAdhyayanAdIni 'tRtIyazca' kAlAnuyogaH, -Avazyaka haribhadrIya vRtti, pR0 206 (ba) Avassagassa dasavekAliassa taha uttarAjjhamAyAre / sUyagaDe nijjuttiM vucchAmi tahA dasANaM ca / / kappassa ya nijjutiM vavahArasseva prmnniunnss| sUriapaNNattIe vucchaM isibhAsiANaM ca / / -Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 84-85 paNhavAgaraNadasANaM dasa ajjhayaNApatratA, taMjahA-uvamA, saMkhA, isibhAsiyAiM, AyariyabhAsitAI, mahAvIrabhAsitAiM, khomapasiNAI, komalapasiNAI addAgapasiNAI, aMguTThapasiNAI, bAhupasiNAI / -ThANAMgasutta : prakA0 mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, dasamaM ajajhayaNaM dasaTThANaM, pR0 311 8. cottAlIsaM ajjhayaNA isibhAsiyA diyalogacutAbhAsiyA paNNattA / -samavAyAMgasUtra-44 sUtrakRtAMgasUtra 1/3/4/1-4 vahI, 2/6/1-3, 7, 9 bhagavatI, zataka 15 upAsakadazAMga, adhyAya 6 evaM 7 (a) sUttanipAtta 32, sabhiyasutta (ba) dIghanikAya, sAmaJaphalasutta 14. suttanipAta 32, sabhiyasutta

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217 16. (a) pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa (bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ), pR0 102-104 (ba) It is ......... the oldest of the poetic books of the Buddhist Scriptures. -The Suttaanipata (Sister Vayira ) Introduction, P. 2 ubho nArada pabatA / -suttanipAta 32, sabhiyasutta 34 asito isi addasa divAvihAre / __ --suttanipAta 37, nAlakasutta 1 18. suttanipAta 71. pigiyamANavapucchA suttanipAta 32, sabhiyasutta / vahI, sabhiyasutta / vahI, sabhiyasutta / theragAthA 36;Dictionary of Pali Proper names, Vol.I, p.631& Vol. II, P.15 (a) isibhAsiyAI, 26/8-15 (ba) vahI,32/1-4 24. suttanipAta, kasibhAradvAjasutta ahaM ca bhoyarAyassa taM ca si agandhagavaNhiNo / mA kule gandhaNA homo saMjamaM nihuo cara / / -uttarAdhyayana, 22/44 26. pakkhaMde jaliyaM joiM, dhUmakeuM durAsayaM / necchaMti vaMtayaM bhottuM, kule jAyA agaMdhaNe / / -dazavaikAlika,2/6 27. agandhaNe kule jAto jadhA NAgo mahAviso / muMcittA savisaM bhUto piyanto jAtI lAghavaM / / -isibhAsiyAI, 45/40 25. 28. See-Introduction of Isibhasiyaim by Walther Schubring: L.D.Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad, 1974. RSimaNDala prakaraNam, Atmavallabha granthamAlA, bAlApura, granthAMka 31, gAdhA . 30. ISIBHASIYAIM, L.D. Institute of Indology, Introduction page 3-7.

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218 31. 32. 33. 34. patteyabuddhamisiNo bIsaM titthe aridRNemissa / pAsassa ya paNNa dasa vIrassa vilINamohassa 11 - isi bhAsiyAI, pR0 205 RSimaNDala prakaraNam, gAthA 44, 45 pahavAgaraNadasAsu NaM sasamaya parasamaya paNNavaya patteyabuddhavivihatthabhAsA bhAsiyANaM - samavAyAMgasUtra, 546 bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, dvitIya adhyAya, caturtha brAhmaNa / * mAnada nidezaka Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna padminI mArga udayapura (rAja0 )

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lekhaka kI kRtiyA~ 1. jaina, bauddha, aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga-1 evaM bhAga-2 3. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA samAja darzana 4. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga 5. jaina karma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 6. dharma kA marma 7. arhat pArzva aura unakI paramparA 8. RSibhASita : eka adhyayana 6. jaina bhASA darzana 10. tattvArthasUtra aura usakI paramparA 11. anekAntavAda, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI 12. jaina dharma kA yApanIya sampadrAya 13. guNasthAna siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa 14. jaina dharma aura tAntrika sAdhanA 94. Doctoral Dessertation in Jainism and Buddhism (with Dr. A.P. Singh). 16. An Introduction to Jaina Sadhana. 17. Rsibhasita A : A study laghupustikAeM (1) anekAnta kI jIvana dRSTi (2) ahiMsA kI sambhAvanAeM (3) jaina sAhitya aura zilpa meM bAhubalI (4) paryuSaNa parva : eka vivecana (5) jaina ekatA kA prazna (6) jaina adhyAtmavAda (7) zrAvaka dharma kI prAsaMgikatA (8) dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jaina dharma (6) bhAratIya saMskRti meM haribhadra kA avadAna (10) jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM tapa

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