Jain Darshan me Shraddha Matigyan aur Kevalgyan ki Vibhavana

Author(s): Nagin J Shah
Publisher: Jagruti Dilip Sheth Dr
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001419/1

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana), matijJAna aura kevalajJAna kI vibhAvanA lekhaka nagIna jI. zAha saMskRta-saMskRti granthamAlA 8 sAmAnya sampAdaka nagIna jI. zAha

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana), matijJAna __ aura kevalajJAna kI vibhAvanA lekhaka nagIna jI. zAha bhASAntarakAra DaoN. sanatkumAra raMgATiyA saMskRta-saMskRti granthamAlA 8 sAmAnya sampAdaka nagIna jI. zAha

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Title : JAIN DARSANA MEM SRADDHA (SAMYAGDARSANA), MATIJNANA AUR KEVALAJNANA KI VIBHAVANA Author : Nagin J. Shah Subject : Philosophy, Religion, Jainism, Indian Philosophy Language: Hindi prakAzaka : . DaoN. jAgRti dilIpa zeTha, pI.ecaDI. B-14, devadarzana phleTa, naherunagara cAra rastA, AMbAvADI, ahamadAbAda- 380015. mudraka : ke. bhIkhAlAla bhAvasAra zrI svAminArAyaNa mudraNa maMdira 3, vijaya hAusa, pArtha TAvara, navAvADaja, ahamadAbAda - 380013. Ph. 7432464 sitambara, 2000 mUlya : pacAsa rupaye prAptisthAna : (1) sarasvatI pustaka bhaMDAra 112, hAthIkhAnA, ratanapola, ahamadAbAda- 380001. (2) pArzva pablikezansa nizA pola, jhaverI vADa, ahamadAbAda - 380001.

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sampAdakIya saMskRta-saMskRti granthamAlA ke AThaveM pustaka ke rUpa meM jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana), matijJAna aura kevalajJAna kI vibhAvanA' nAmaka laghu kintu mahattvapUrNa grantha ko vidvAnoM aura jijJAsuoM ke samakSa rakhate hue maiM Ananda kI anubhUti kara rahA huuN| jainadarzana kI tIna mUlabhUta samasyAoM kA niSpakSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana isa pustaka meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| apane dharma-darzana ko ThIka se samajhane ke lie para dharma-darzanoM kA adhyayana kitanA Avazyaka hai yaha isa laghu grantha se pAThakoM ko jJAta hogA / 'nAmUlaM likhyate kiJcit' isa ukti kA isa grantha meM gambhIratApUrvaka anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai, ataH grantha pramANabhUta bana gayA hai| dharma-darzana meM manana kI, tarka kI kitanI baDI pratiSThA hai isa kI pratIti pAThakoM ko yaha laghu grantha karAtA hai| taduparAnta, manana, cintana, tarka kA sucAru prayoga bhI isa grantha meM kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI sAdhAra nUtana arthaghaTana bhI pada pada para upalabdha haiN| AzA hI nahIM kintu pUrNa vizvAsa hai ki prastuta pustaka jainadarzana ke evaM bhAratIya darzana ke adhyetAoM aura jijJAsuoM ko lAbhaprada, vicArapreraka aura rasaprada hogii| nagIna jI. zAha sAmAnya sampAdaka saMskRta-saMskRti granthamAlA 23, vAlakezvara sosAyaTI AMbAvADI, ahamadAbAda-380015.

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prastAvanA bhAratIya dharma-darzanoM kA mujhe pahale se hI AkarSaNa rahA hai| usameM una ke siddhAntoM ko jAnane samajhane meM aura eka dUsare para DAle gaye prabhAva ko niSkarSa ke rUpa meM nIkAlane meM mujhe bar3A Ananda milatA rahA hai| eka dUsare ke cintana kA eka dUsare ne die pratibhAvoM kI paramparA se eka dUsare kA jo vikAsa huA hai unheM samajhane ke lie maiMne jo prayAsa kiyA hai usase mujhe amUlya prAptiyA~ huI haiM / dRSTi ke khulane ke lie aura samagra kA darzana karane ke lie yaha atyanta Avazyaka bhI thaa| kisI eka paramparA ke mUla dharmagranthoM yA siddhAntagranthoM ke hArda ko samajhane ke lie anya paramparAoM ke dharmagranthoM evaM siddhAntagranthoM kA adhyayana anivArya hai, isa bAta ko maiM acchI taraha samajha gayA huuN| isakI kucha jhAMkI ina tIna vyAkhyAnoM meM hogii| prathama vyAkhyAna jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA ko prastuta karatA hai| zraddhA kI jaina vibhAvanA ko samajhane ke lie aupaniSadika aura bauddha paramparA meM zraddhA kA jo khyAla hai use jAnanA kitanA Avazyaka hai isakA vistAra se nidarzana kiyA gayA hai| dUsare vyAkhyAna meM jaina mata meM matijJAna kA svarUpa kaisA hai aura usameM jaina pramANazAstra nirmANa karane meM jaina cintakoM ne kaisA prayAsa kiyA hai unheM dikhA kara matijJAna mUlataH aupaniSadika aura bauddha paramparA meM svIkRta darzana (zraddhA), zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana ina cAra AdhyAtmika sopAnoM meM se tIsarA sopAna manana hI hai isI bAta kI tarkapurassara sthApanA kI hai| tIsare vyAkhyAna kA viSaya kevalajJAna hai| kevalajJAna yaha rAgarahita vizuddhajJAnamAtra hI hai kintu usa para jainoM ne sarvajJatva kA Aropa kara karmasiddhAnta ke ghAtaka Atyantika niyativAda kA garbhitarUpa se svIkAra kara liyA hai isI mahattvapUrNa bAta kI pradhAnataH carcA kI gaI hai| tathA sarvajJatva ke svIkAra meM Ane vAle doSoM kA gahanatA se savistara vicAra kiyA gayA hai| zeTha bholAbhAI jeziMgabhAI adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana kI zeTha popaTalAla hemacanda adhyAtma vyAkhyAnamAlA meM janavarI 19-20-21, 2000 ke dina ye tInoM vyAkhyAna dene kA mujhe jo avasara milA usase mujhe prasannatA huI /

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[6] bho.je. adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana ne ina vyAkhyAna dene kA nimantraNa de kara mujhe jo avasara pradAna kiyA etadartha maiM isa vidyAbhavana ke niyAmaka DaoN. bhAratIbena zelata aura gujarAta vidyAsabhA ke maMtrI DaoN. cinubhAI nAyaka kA atyanta AbhArI hU~ / sAtha hI gujarAtI bhASA meM diye gaye evaM prakAzita kiye gaye ina vyAkhyAnoM kA hindI bhASA meM anuvAda karavA kara prakAzita karane kI jo anumati dI usake lie bhI maiM unake prati merA kRtajJabhAva pragaTa karatA huuN| DaoN. sanatkumAra raMgATiyAjI ne ina vyAkhyAnoM kA hindI meM bhASAntara kiyA evaM paM.zrI rUpendrakumAra pagAriyAjI ne hindI bhASAntara ko paDhakara upayogI sUcana diye, ataH ina donoM sahAyaka mitroM kA maiM hRdayapUrvaka AbhAra mAnatA huuN| nagIna jI. zAha 23, vAlakezvara sosAyaTI, AMbAvADI, ahamadAbAda-380015. agasta 15, 2000

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| viSayAnukrama sampAdakIya prastAvanA vyAkhyAna 1. jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA 1-25 jaina dharmasampradAya jainadarzana ko samajhane ke lie anya darzanoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka cAra AdhyAtmika sopAna bauddha dharma meM zraddhA aura zraddhA kI bhUmikAe~ jainadRSTi sammata zraddhA (samyagdarzana) jaina mata meM zraddhA ke viSaya jIva ajIva Asava bandha saMvara nirjarA mokSa 2. jainadarzana meM matijJAna 26-46 cAra sopAna evaM matyAdi jJAnapaMcaka jaina pramANazAstra nirmANa karane ke lie manana kA matijJAna meM parivartana 26 matijJAna ke prakAra indriyapratyakSa, smRti Adi ko matijJAna ke eka hI varga meM rakhane kA kAraNa matijJAna meM zruta kA samAveza kyoM nahIM ? matijJAna kA nimittakAraNa aura manana kA nimittakAraNa matijJAna ke avagrahAdi bheda matijJAna ke avagrahAdi bhedoM meM avyavasthA aura manana avagrahAdi bhUmikAe~ manana kI hai avagrahAdi ke bahugrAhI Adi bheda aura manana 18

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[8] 26 37 25 40 47 vyaJjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha kA sahI arthaghaTana 35 zrutajJAna va matijJAna ke krama evaM viSaya pramANalakSaNa matiprakAra parokSa pramANa indriyapratyakSa smRti pratyabhijJA tarka anumAna upasaMhAra 3. jainadarzana meM kevalajJAna 47-64 kevalajJAna ke svarUpa kI sthira haI jaina mAnyatA sarvajJatva kI siddhi ke lie diye gaye pramukha tarka sarvajJatva kI siddhi ke lie diye gaye tarkoM kA khokhalApana 'kevalajJAna' pada kA artha kevalajJAna para sarvajJatva kA Aropa kyoM ? vItarAgatA aura dharmajJatA ke viruddha sarvajJatva kI hAnikara pratiSThA kA pratikAra 56 sarvajJatva aura karmasiddhAnta kA paraspara virodha 57 jJAna kA Anantya svataH jJeyAnantyanirapekSa mahAvIra ko sarvajJa mAnane se dharmahAni nirmohI kA alpajJeyoM kA jJAna bhI pUrNajJAna anya tarkadoSa sarvajJa kA artha kyA honA cAhie upasaMhAra 47 48 59 60 61 62

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prathama vyAkhyAna jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA jaina dharmasampradAya jaina dharma anAdi-anaMta hai| usa kA AvirbhAva-tirobhAva hotA hai| jaba vaha tirohita hotA hai, glAni prApta karatA hai taba use punarujjivita karane ke lie avatArI puruSa hote haiM / ve puruSa duHkhamukti ke mArgarUpa jaina dharma ko punaH prakaTa karate haiN| ye vItarAgI avatArI puruSa tIrthaMkara kahalAte haiM / isa prakAra tIrthaMkara jaina dharma ke sthApaka nahIM haiM, kintu navajIvana pradAtA, vyAkhyAtA-pracAraka-upadezaka haiN| jaina dharma kA tattva sanAtana hai| usa kA pUrNataH nAza nahIM hotA, apitu saGkoca-vistAra hotA rahatA hai| kSINatA prApta dharmatattva meM navacetanA bharane kA kArya tIrthaMkara karate haiN| jaina dharma kI taraha anya dharma bhI yahI bAta kahate haiM / tattvataH pratyeka dharma kA kathana satya hai| tIrthaMkara ke lie 'jina' zabda kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| saMskRta mUla dhAtu ji (jItanA) se 'jina' zabda vyutpanna huA hai aura AdhyAtmika dRSTi se usa kA artha hotA hai - 'vaha vyakti jisane rAgadveSa para vijaya prApta kI hai|' prAcInakAla meM aneka zramaNa sampradAya apane rAgadveSamukta prakRSTa dharmopadezakoM ke lie 'jina' zabda kA prayoga karate the / arthAt usa kAla meM usa zabda kA prayoga usake yaugika artha meM hotA thaa| kAlAntara meM anya sampradAyoM ne 'jina' zabda kA prayoga apane rAgadveSamukta prakRSTa dharmopadezakoM ke lie karanA chor3a diyA aura kevala eka hI sampradAyavizeSa ne apane rAgadveSamukta prakRSTa dharmopadezakoM ke lie 'jina' zabda kA prayoga jArI rakhA / pariNAmataH usa zabda kA arthasaGkoca huA aura vaha rUDha artha meM eka hI sampradAyavizeSa ke rAgadveSamukta prakRSTa dharmopadezakoM ke artha meM prayukta hone lagA, evaM vaha sampradAya khuda 'jinasampradAya', 'jinazAsana' aura 'jaina dharma' Adi nAmoM se pahecAnA jAne lagA aura usa ke anuyAyI 'jaina' nAma se pahecAne jAne lage / sAmAnyataH aisA anumAna hai ki isa rUDha artha meM 'jina' zabda kA prayoga karIba I. AThavI-navamI zatAbdI se prArambha huaa|' isa se pUrva yaha sampradAya 'nirgrantha' zabda se pahecAnA jAtA thaa| bauddha piTaka ke samaya meM mAtra isa sampradAya kI pahecAna ke hetu 'nirgrantha' zabda rUDha huA ho aisA pratIta hotA hai, kintu aisA anumAna karanA svAbhAvika hai ki eka kAla aisA hogA jaba isa zabda kA prayoga usa ke yaugika artha meM vyApaka rUpa meM hotA hogaa| usa kA yaugika artha hai-'granthi (gA~Dha) rahita' / granthi ke do prakAra haiM-rAgadveSa

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2 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna kI Antarika granthi aura vastra kI bAhya granthi / aisA mAnA jAtA thA ki vastra kI bAhya granthi kA rAhitya rAgadveSa kI Antarika granthi ke rAhitya ko sUcita karatA hai / ataH vastra kI bAhya granthi ke rAhitya ko AdhyAtmika dRSTi se mahattva diyA jAtA thA / vastra grantha kA rAhitya mAne nagnatA / isa prakAra 'nirgrantha' zabda kA yaugika artha hai 'nana' aura kisI bhI sampradAya ke nagna sAdhu ke lie mUlataH usa zabda kA prayoga hotA hogA / hama jAnate haiM ki bhArata meM prAcIna kAla meM aneka sampradAya ke sAdhu nagna rahate the / gnatA kI AdhyAtmika pratiSThA thI / prAcIna grIsavAsI bhI bhAratIya sAdhu ke lie 'gymnosophist' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM jisakA artha bhI 'nagna sAdhu' hotA hai / 2 kintu kisI eka hI sampradAyavizeSa ke sAdhuoM ke lie 'nirgrantha' zabda kA prayoga kaba se rUDha huA yaha kahanA kaThina hai / ataH bauddha piTaka pUrva prAcIna kAla ke sandarbha meM 'nirgrantha' pada ke arthaghaTana meM atyanta saceta rahanA cAhie / nissandeha, piTaka kAla se yaha zabda kisI eka hI sampradAyavizeSa ke sAdhuoM kA, jinako vartamAna kAla meM hama jaina sampradAya ke sAdhu kahate haiM unhI kA vAcaka hai| Rgveda meM vAtarazanA muniyoM kA varNana prApta hai / 'vAtarazanA muni' kA artha 'nagna muni' svAbhAvika hai, ataH vAtarazanA muniyoM ko 'nirgrantha muni' kahate haiM / dazama zatI ke kazmIrI paNDita cakradhara 2 jayanta bhaTTa viracita 'nyAyamaJjarI' kI 'nyAyamaJjarIgranthibhaGga' nAmaka apanI TIkA meM 'munayo vAtarazanAH' ko samajhAte hue likhA hai : vAta eva razanA vAso granthanaM yeSAM te vAsarazanAH, ato vAsaso'bhAvAdeva vAtasteSAM razanA, ata eva nirgranthA bhayante / parantu ise AdhAra mAna kara 'vAtarazanA muni jaina muni the' kahanA kahA~ taka ucita hai ? yahA~ taka kaha sakate haiM ki vAtarazanA muni zramaNa muni the, kyoMki vizeSataH zramaNa sampradAya ke muni nagna rahate the, ataH zrImad bhAgavata meM spaSTataH kahA hai vAtarazanAnAM zramaNAnAm / ' niSkarSataH vAtarazanA muni kevala yaugika artha meM nirgrantha mAne jAya, rUDha artha meM nahIM / : jaina Agama svIkAra karate haiM ki mukti ke lie vItarAga bananA hI anivArya hai, bAhya kriyAkANDa Adi nahIM, aura isa se kisI bhI sampradAya kA vyakti mukti prApta kara sakatA hai / unhoM ne anyaliGga siddhoM kA svIkAra kiyA hai / " anyaliGga siddhoM ke svIkAra meM jainoM kA audArya anyaliGga tIrthaMkara ke svIkAra kI ora saralatA se lejA sakatA hai / jina kA upadeza rAgamukti kA asarakAraka mArga dikhAtA ho, una ko tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti honI nahIM cAhie / purAtana puruSa RSabhadeva vItarAgI yogI - tapasvI the / una ko vibhinna paramparAoMne avatArI

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA puruSa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| isI prakAra jaina paramparAne unako tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM apanAyA ho yaha saMbhavita hai| yadi hindu paramparA-hindu purANa-buddha ko avatAra ke rUpa meM apanA sakate haiM to jaina Agama bhI RSabhadeva ko tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM kyoM nahIM apanA sakate ? eka vastu dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jaina RSabhadeva ko AdinAtha bhI kahate haiM aura nAtha sampradAya ke prathama siddha bhI AdinAtha hai| jainoM ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke 'pArzva' nAma kI kAlpanika upapattiyAM (khulAsA) jaina paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| isa sambandha meM hama eka nayI sambhAvanA kI ora nirdeza karate haiM / prAcInakAla meM sAmAnyataH jAtinAma se vyakti ko pahacAnane kI prathA thii| tadanusAra buddha zAkyaputra ke rUpa meM aura tIrthaMkara mahAvIra jJAtRputra ke rUpa meM pahacAne jAte the| usI prakAra 'pArzva' nAma kA artha hI hai pazuputra-pazujAtivizeSa kA putra / pANini ne pazu jAti kA ullekha kiyA hai (5.3.117) / 'parzoH apatyaM pumAn pArzvaH' / jainoM kI caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI mAnyatA evaM RSabha Adi caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM vizeSa saMzodhana apekSita hai| jainadarzana ko samajhane ke lie anya darzanoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka kisI bhI tattvajJAna yA cintanadhArA kA vikAsa anya tattvajJAnoM se bilakula vicchinna kevala avasthA meM nahIM hotA hai| ataH kisI bhI tattvajJAna ko samajhane ke lie usa ke sAtha meM astitva meM rahe anya tattvajJAnoM kA jJAna honA atyanta Avazyaka hai| yadi jaina kevala jaina AgamoM evaM jaina granthoM ke adhyayana taka apane ko sImita rakhate haiM aura upaniSada, bauddha granthoM Adi meM nirUpita tattvajJAnoM kI upekSA karate haiM to ve apane tattvajJAna ko bhI kadApi samyak samajha nahIM sakate / bhinna bhinna tattvajJAnoM meM kucha na kucha satya avazya hotA hai| una sabhI AMzika satyoM ko jAna kara samajhakara, unakA yogya samanvaya karake pUrNa satya ko pAnA cAhie, aisA mAnanevAle anekAntavAdI jainoM ke lie to yaha dharmAdeza hai ki una ko jitanA ho sake utane adhika se adhika darzanoM kA - bhAratIya evaM bhAratIyetara - adhyayana karanA cAhie aura unakA samanvaya kara ke pUrNasatya ko prApta karane meM prayatnazIla honA caahie| isalie mahAna jaina marmI AnaMdaghanajI kahate haiM SaDdarasana jinaaMga bhaNIje nyAyaSaDaMga jo sAdhe re / nami jinavaranA caraNaupAsaka SaDdarzana ArAdhe re // 1 // ...... lokAyatika kUkha jinavaranI // 4 //

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna 'SaDdarzana' to kevala upalakSaNa hai, usa se jagat ke sabhI darzana samajhanA caahie| anekAntavAdI jainoM ko kisI bhI darzana kA cAhe vaha cArvAka yA kArla mArksa kA bhautikavAdI darzana hI kyoM na ho usakA anAdara nahIM karanA caahie| zraddhA (samyagdarzana) cAra AdhyAtmika sopAna upaniSadvidyA adhyAtmavidyA hai| usI prakAra, bauddha aura jaina dharma-darzana bhI pradhAnataH adhyAtmavidyA hai| tInoM meM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke upara bala diyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke cAra sopAna isa prakAra haiM-darzana, zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana (dhyAna-vijJAna) / AtmA vA are draSTavyaH zrotavyaH mantavyaH nididhyAsitavyaH (bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad 2.4.5) / yahA~ 'darzana' zabda kA artha 'zraddhA' hai| chAndogya upaniSad (7.18-19) meM kahA gayA hai : nAmatvA vijAnAti, matvaiva vijAnAti...nAzraddadhan manute zraddadhadeva manute...arthAt manana ke binA vijJAna sambhava nahIM hai aura zraddhA ke binA manana sambhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra yahA~ zraddhA, manana aura vijJAna tIna kramika sopAna batAye gaye haiN| pazcAt isI upaniSad (7.25) meM mahattvapUrNa vAkyakhaMDa AtA hai : 'evaM pazyan evaM manvAna evaM vijAnan' / yahA~ spaSTataH darzana, manana aura vijJAna ye tInoM kramika sopAnoM kA ullekha hai| donoM trikoM ke nirIkSaNa se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki donoM trika jina tIna sopAnoM kA nirdeza karate haiM ve eka hI haiN| prathama trikameM jisa sopAna ke lie 'zraddhA' zabda prayukta hai, usI hI sopAna ke lie dvitIya trika meM 'darzana' zabda prayukta hai| yaha nirNayAtmaka rUpa se dikhAtA hai ki ukta cAra sopAnoM meM se prathama sopAna darzana zraddhA hI hai| parantu TIkAkAra aura Adhunika vidvAna galatI karate haiM jaba ve yahA~ 'darzana' zabda kA artha sAkSAtkAra' karate haiM aura kahate haiM ki AtmasAkSAtkAra karanA cAhie, jo AtmasAkSAtkAra ke upAya haiMzravaNa, manana aura dhyAna / vivaraNaprameyasaGgraha kA nimna zloka isakA udAharaNa hai| zrotavyaH zrutivAkyebhya: mantavyazcopapattibhiH / matvA ca satataM dhyeyaH ete darzanahetavaH // bauddha dharma-darzana bhI ina cAra AdhyAtmika sopAnoM kA svIkAra karatA huA pratIta hotA hai| majjhimanikAya (1.136) meM aisA vAkya AtA hai : yaM pidaM diLaM sutaM mutaM vijJAtaM pattaM...manasA taM pi netaM mama, nesohaM asmi, na meso attA ti / yahA~ upaniSad nirUpita darzana, zravaNa, manana aura vijJAna kA ullekha hai| yaha vAkya pradarzita

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA karatA hai ki ina cAra sopAnoM ke svIkAra karane meM bauddhoM ko Apatti nahIM hai, una kI jo Apatti hai vaha to cAra sopAnoM ke viSaya ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI AtmA ke prati hai| AtmA ke sthAna para dharma yA satya hotA to unako kucha Apatti na hotii| dharma kyA hai yA satya kyA hai vaha DhUMDhane kA kAma sAdhaka para chor3a denA caahie| suttanipAta (839) meM kahA gayA hai ki : 'na diTThiyA na sutiyA na ANena...ti bhagavA visuddhiM Aha, adiTThiyA assutiyA ajANA...nopi tena / (na to darzana se, na to zravaNa se yA na to jJAna se vizuddhi hotI hai, aisA bhagavAnane kahA haiM; na to adarzana se, na to azravaNa se yA na to ajJAna se vizuddhi hotI hai, aisA bhagavAnane kahA hai|) jo ki jahA~ darzana, zravaNa ora jJAna kA ullekha hai tathApi jJAna meM manana aura vijJAna donoM kA samAveza samajhA jA sakatA hai| isa vidhAna kA tAtparya yaha hai ki dharma yA satya ko grahaNa karane meM samartha cittavizuddhi kI prApti ke hetu darzana (zraddhA) Adi upAya Avazyaka hone para bhI paryApta nahIM haiN| saMbhavataH bauddha ina cAra AdhyAtmika sopAnoM kI yojanA meM zIla kA garbhita kI apekSA spaSTa ullekha kI icchA rakhate haiN| jaina AgamoM meM prAcInatama AcArAMgasUtra (4.1.9) meM diTuM sutaM mayaM viNNAyaM' yaha vAkyakhaNDa prApta hai / vaha bhI upaniSad meM ullikhita unhIM cAra sopAnoM kA nirdeza karatA hai| uparAMta, jainoMne 'ratnatrayI' ke rUpa meM una cAra sopAnoM kA svIkAra kiyA hai| una kI ratnatrayI haiM-samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra / ve spaSTataH batAte haiM ki ina tInoM ke sammilana se mokSamArga banatA hai|' sAdhaka prathama darzana prApta karatA hai, pazcAt jJAna aura antataH caaritr| ve darzana kA artha zraddhA karate haiN| samyagjJAna meM zrutajJAna aura matijJAna samAviSTa haiN|' zrutajJAna aura matijJAna mUlataH zravaNa aura manana hai| upaniSadoM meM bhI manana ke lie 'mati' zabda prayukta hai| bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad (2.4.5) kA yaha vAkya gaura se dekheM : maitreyi ! Atmano vA are darzanena zravaNena matyA vijJAnenedaM sarvaM viditam / pUjyapAda tattvArthasUtra kI apanI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM do sthAnoM para 'mati' zabda kA artha 'manana karate haiM : 'mananamAtraM vA matiH ' (1.9) aura mananaM matiH' (1.13) / isakI vizeSa carcA matijJAna viSayaka vyAkhyAna meM kI jaaygii| cAritra aura kucha nahIM kintu caturtha sopAna nididhyAsana hI hai| nididhyAsana dhyAna hai aura jaina dhyAna ko utkRSTa prakAra kA Abhyantara tapa mAnate haiN| isa dRSTi se nididhyAsana ko cAritra mAna sakate haiN| uparAMta, dhyAna ko cAritra kI carama sImA mAna kara yamAdi se prArambha hotI huI dhyAna kI samagra prakriyA meM cAritra kA samAveza mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu jaina zuddha AcAra para vizeSa bala denA cAhate haiM, ataH nididhyAsana

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6 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna ke sthAna para cAritra kA spaSTa ullekha karake cAritra ke bhItara nididhyAsana kA samAveza karanA unhoM ne ucita smjhaa| isa prakAra prastuta cAra sopAna hI jainoM ke tIna mokSopAya, jainoM kI ratnatrayI haiM / bauddha dharma meM zraddhA aura zraddhA kI bhUmikAe~ bauddha dharma meM sammAdiTThi aura zraddhA samAnArthaka hai / AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura AdhyAtmika guNoM ke mUla meM zraddhA hai / Arya aSTAMgika mArga kA vaha prathama aMga hai / nirvANa ke hetu jina guNoM kI puSTi - vRddhi Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai una guNoM kI yAdI meM zraddhA kA sthAna prathama hai / bauddhoM dvArA kI gaI zraddhA kI vyAkhyA atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / vaha isa prakAra hai : 'zraddhA cetasaH prasAdaH' (abhidharmakozabhASya 2. 25) / saMskRta kozagranthoM meM bhI zraddhA ke isI artha ko saMgRhIta kiyA gayA hai / parantu prasAda | kA artha kyA hai ? usa kA uttara hai- prasAdo'nAsravatvam / (sphuTArthA 8.75) / yaddhi nirmalaM tat prasannamityucyate / (abhidharmadIpavRtti pR. 367) / isa prakAra zraddhA kA artha hai cittazuddhi | rAga cittamala hai| yaha mala dUra hone se citta vizuddha hotA hai / citta kA svabhAva tattvapakSapAta hai / parantu usa kA yaha svabhAva matAsakti, matAgraha, dRSTirAga se AvRta ho gayA hai, hAnigrasta ho gayA hai / rAga ke isa Agantuka AvaraNa ko dUra kiye jAne para vaha svabhAva prakaTa hotA hai / paramparA se yA janma se prApta mAnyatAoM, siddhAntoM aura dhAraNAoM ke prati jo rAgabhAva hai usa se mukta hone ke pariNAma svarUpa jo cittazuddhi prApta hotI hai, vaha cittazuddhi hI zraddhA se abhipreta hai / aisI cittazuddhi pratyeka satyazodhaka ke lie Avazyaka hai, kyoMki aisA zuddha citta hI sammukha Aye satya ko grahaNa karane kI yogyatA evaM kSamatA rakhatA hai / isa cittazuddhi ke artha meM zraddhA ko hama nirAkAra kaha sakate haiM / usameM koI viSayasaMbhAra nahIM hai / yahA~ mAtra tattvapakSapAtarUpa mAnasika jhukAva hai, satyapravaNatA hai| yaha hakIkata hai ki jina matoM, dhAraNAoM aura siddhAntoM ke madhya manuSya janma letA hai aura palatA hai, unako vaha binA parIkSaNa svIkAra kara letA hai, itanA hI nahIM unako apane citta kI itanI gaharAI meM rakha letA hai ki ve usake vyaktitva kA eka hissA bana jAtA hai 12 aura una dhAraNAoM / apane Apako mukta karanA usake lie ati kaThina bana jAtA hai / ataH manuSya ke lie sarvAdhika duSkara kArya hai unake prati ke rAga se apane Apako mukta karanA / isIlie hemacandrAcArya kahate haiM - dRSTirAgastu pApIyAn durucchedaH satAmapi / (vItarAgastotra) / rAgamala ke dUra hone se prApta cittazuddhi aura pariNAma svarUpa prakaTa huI satyapravaNatA hI zraddhA hai| zraddhA kI yaha bhUmikA zravaNa ke pUrva hotI hai /

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA . rAgamukta hokara Avazyaka cittazuddhi prApta karake sAdhaka, satya aura paramArtha kI prApti ke dAvedAra AdhyAtmika guru ke pAsa jAtA hai| vaha una ke pAsa namratA, vinaya aura AdarapUrvaka jAtA hai| parantu una ke pAsa jAne se pUrva, use parIkSaNa karake jAna lenA cAhie ki vAstava meM ve AdhyAtmika guru kahalAne kI yogyatA rakhate haiM yA nahIM / ve lobhI, dveSI yA mohAviSTa to nahIM haiM ? ve DhoMgI, Thaga aura svArthI nahIM haiM aisA parIkSaNa pUrvaka nizcaya kara lenA caahie| yadi ve bahukhyAta ho to una ke cAritra kA atisUkSma parIkSaNa Avazyaka ho jAtA hai kyoMki khyAtiprApta vyakti ke lie doSapraveza ke sabhI dvAra khula jAte haiN| svakRta pratyakSa-nirIkSaNa se evaM yogya vyaktiyoM ke dvArA prApta jAnakArI se una meM iSTa AdhyAtmika guNa haiM yA nahIM, isa kA nizcaya kara lenA caahie| ve sacamuca AdhyAtmika puruSa haiM aisI saMtuSTi khuda ko hone ke pazcAt sAdhaka ko unake pAsa jAnA caahie| unake pAsa jAkara vaha una kI upAsanA-sevA karatA hai| guru ke upadeza ko sunane ke lie tatpara hotA hai| upadeza ko dhyAna se sunatA hai| sunane ke pazcAt zruta dharma vA siddhAnta kI saccAI kA use bhAva hotA hai, pratIti hotI hai| yaha bhAva, pratIti zraddhA hai / yaha zraddhA sAkAra hai kyoMki use apanA zruta viSaya hai, viSayasaMbhAra hai| zraddhA kI yaha dvitIya bhUmikA hai| yaha bhUmikA zravaNa pazcAt kintu manana pUrva kI hai| zravaNa ke pUrva kA tattvapakSapAta yA satyapravaNatArUpa mAnasika jhukAva yahA~ gurumukha se zruta dharma yA siddhAnta satya hai aise bhAva meM vikasita hotA hai| zruta dharma yA siddhAnta saccA pratIta hotA hai, parantu vaha sacamuca satya hai yA nahIM, usa kI parIkSA sAdhaka ko tarka se, buddhi se karanI caahie| sAdhaka zruta dharma yA siddhAnta ko citta meM dhAraNa karatA hai aura anukUla sthala-kAla prApta hone para usakI tarka se parIkSA karatA hai, usa para manana karatA hai| hamAre sabhI AdhyAtmika guruoM ne apane upadeza kI parIkSA karane ko kahA hai| apane tattvasaMgraha meM zAntarakSita eka prAcIna zloka uddhRta karate haiM : tApAcchedAcca nikaSAt suvarNamiva paNDitaiH / parIkSya bhikSavo grAhyaM madvacaM na tu gauravAt // svarNakAra svarNa ko tapta kara, kATa kara, kasauTI para ghisa kara svarNa kI parIkSA karatA hai, usI prakAra he bhikSuoM ! buddhimAnoM ko cAhie ki mere upadeza ko parIkSA ke pazcAt hI svIkAra kare, mere prati Adara yA mere bar3appana ke kAraNa svIkAra na kare / buddha ne kAlAmoM ko sambodhita karake yahI bAta kahI thii| jaina haribhadra bhI yahI bAta kahate haiM aura upaniSadoM meM bhI yahI vastu kahI gayI hai| ina saba bAtoM meM hama kucha samajha nahIM sakate, guru jo kahe usakA svIkAra hI karanA cAhie', yaha manodazA acchI nahIM hai, varan hAnikara hai| ataH svayaM siddhasena divAkarajI ko kahanA par3A

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna avandhyavAkyA guravo'hamalpadhIriti vyavasyan svavadhAya dhAvati // (dvAtriMzadvAtriMzikA 6.6.) zruta dharma yA siddhAnta ke sambandha meM jo bhI zaMkA ho yA utpanna ho unako tarka se, buddhi se, manana se, dUra karanA cAhie, anyathA zruta dharma yA siddhAnta meM jamI huI bhAvarUpa, vizvAsarUpa, saMpratyayarUpa zraddhA zithila ho jaayegii| zaMkAoM ko kadAgraha aura andhabhakti se dabA denA nahIM cAhie; tarka se, buddhi se, manana se unakA unmUlana karanA caahie| manana ke pazcAt zraddhA dvitIya artha meM AkAravatI banatI hai| pAli-aMgrejI koza (pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI) anusAra 'AkAra' zabda kA artha hai- 'reason, ground, account' / ataH AkAravatI zraddhA kA artha hotA hai- hetuoM se tarkoM se samarthita, dRDhIkRta zraddhA rAga yA matAgraha kA jo kucha bhI AvaraNa raha gayA ho vaha yahA~ adhikAMza dura ho jAtA hai| tarka se, manana se vizeSa cittazuddhi, cittaprasAda hotA hai| vyakti kI AdhyAtmika utkrAnti meM tarka ko-manana ko atyanta mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAne kA kArya diyA gayA hai| sarva adhyAtmavidyAoM meM usakA mahattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kisI bhI guru dvArA tarka kI, buddhi kI, manana kI avamAnanA nahIM honI caahie| zravaNa manana ke lie sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai, isa artha meM zravaNa manana kA AdhAra hai, pratiSThA hai| parantu zruta kA hI svIkAra karane meM manana bAdhya nahIM hai, svIkAra-asvIkAra karane meM manana svatantra hai| anyathA manana kA koI mahattva nahIM rhtaa| manana ke bAda kI zraddhA ko 'aveccappasAdA' kahI gayI hai,18 kyoMki yahA~ tarka se, manana se zruta dharma yA siddhAnta viSayaka zaMkAe~ dUra hone se evaM dRSTirAga kA jo kucha bhI AvaraNa raha gayA ho vaha dUra hone se citta vizeSa zuddhi ko, prasAda ko prApta hotA hai| aisI prasAdarUpa yaha zraddhA hai| zraddhA kI yaha tRtIya bhUmikA hai| yaha bhUmikA manana pazcAt kintu dhyAnapUrva kI hai| manana kI bhUmikA pAra nahIM karanevAle ko dhyAna kA adhikAra nahIM hai| tarka se, manana se pratiSThita dharma yA siddhAnta hI dhyAna kA viSaya banane kI yogyatA pAtA hai| tarka, manana dvArA parIkSita aura pratiSThita dharma yA siddhAnta ke prati sAdhaka meM dhyAna karane kI icchA jAgrata hotI hai| vaha dhyAna karane ke lie utsAhita hotA hai, prayatna karatA hai| dUsare zabdoMmeM, vaha savitarkasavicArAtmaka prathama dhyAna meM pravRtta hotA hai| usa dhyAna meM usa dharma yA siddhAnta kA gambhIra evaM sUkSma tolana vaha karatA hai| pazcAt vaha vizeSa AdhyAtmika utsAha aura parAkramapUrvaka nirvitarkanirvicArAtmaka dvitIya dhyAna meM praveza karatA hai| apanA kArya prathama dhyAna meM pUrNa hone se dvitIya dhyAna meM vitarka aura vicAra pUrNataH niruddha hote haiN| isa dvitIya dhyAna kI bhUmikA meM citta vitarka-vicArajanya kSobha se AtyantikarUpa se mukta hotA hai| isa dhyAna kI utkRSTa koTi meM citta parama zuddhi,

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA prasAda prApta karatA hai / use adhyAtmaprasAda kahA jAtA hai / arthAt yahA~ adhyAtmaprasAdarUpa zraddhA hotI hai| citta kI isa zuddhi ke kAraNa dharma yA siddhAnta cittameM pUrNataH pratibimbita hotA hai| pariNAmataH sAkSAtkAra hotA hai, prajJA kA udaya hotA hai, satya kA vedha hotA hai| zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana kI avasthAoMmeM se gujaratI huI zraddhA adhikAdhika puSTa hotI jAtI hai| jyoM jyoM citta ina bhUmikAoM se gujaratA hai tyoM tyoM rAgamala adhikAdhika kSINa hotA jAtA hai aura pariNAmataH citta kI vizuddhi (prasAda) adhikAdhika hotI jAtI hai| uttarottara vizuddhi kI vRddhi ke sAtha cittameM satya adhikAdhika vizada rUpa meM gRhIta hotA hai, pratibimbita hotA hai| isa prakAra zraddhA ke sAtha jJAna kA bhI vikAsa hotA hai aura apanI pUrNatA prajJA meM pAtA hai| nirvitarkanirvicArAtmaka gambhIra dhyAna ke pariNAmasvarUpa rAga kA sampUrNa nAza hone se arthAt utkRSTa cittavizuddhi (cittaprasAda) kI prApti hone se prajJA kA udaya hotA hai| jainadarzana meM bhI dvitIya nirvicAra zukladhyAna ke pariNAmasvarUpa niHzeSa rAganAza hone se vizuddha jJAna kevalajJAna yA anaMtajJAna udita hotA hai / 22 aura pAtaMjala yoga meM bhI dharmameghasamAdhi ke phalasvarUpa rAga kA pUrNataH kSaya hone se prasaMkhyAna (prakRSTa jJAna) yA anaMtajJAna prakaTa hotA hai| zraddhA kI bauddha vibhAvanA samajha lene ke pazcAt aba hama zraddhA kI jaina vibhAvanA kA nirUpaNa kreNge| jainadRSTi sammata zraddhA (samyagdarzana) ___jaise hamane dekhA hai, jaina ciMtaka 'darzana' zabda kA prayoga zraddhA ke artha meM karate haiN| jainamatAnusAra jIva, ajIva, Asava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ye tattva haiN| una tattvoM meM zraddhA hI samyagdarzana hai|24 yahA~ zraddhA kA artha ruci yA abhiprIti kiyA gayA hai| ataH samagra artha hogA jIva Adi tattva hI sacce haiM aisA bhAva honA hI zraddhA hai| yaha eka hI zraddhA hai| usakI vibhinna bhUmikAe~ nahIM hai| isa zraddhA kA pramukha kAraNa Antarika zuddhi hai, rAgadveSagranthibheda hai, darzanamohanIya karma kA upazamakSaya-kSayopazama hai, kintu usakA nimittakAraNa gurUpadeza hai| isa zraddhA kI utpatti meM nimittakAraNa (gurUpadeza) ko anivArya nahIM mAnA gyaa| phalataH katipaya jIvoM meM nimittakAraNa ke binA hI isa zraddhA kA janma hotA hai| ataH unakI zraddhA naisargika zraddhA kahalAtI hai| katipaya jIvoM meM nimittakAraNa dvArA isa zraddhA kA janma hotA hai| ataH unakI zraddhA adhigamaja zraddhA kahalAtI hai| isa prakAra eka hI zraddhA nirnimittaka yA

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10 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna sanimittaka ho sakatI hai, eka hI zraddhA naisargika yA adhigamaja ho sakatI hai| jainadarzana ne eka hI vyakti ke viSaya meM anivAryataH prakaTa hotI ina do kramika bhUmikAe~ haiM aisA nahIM mAnA hai| isa prakAra jainoM ne naisargika zraddhA aura adhigamaja zraddhA kA vikalpa hI mAnA hai; ye do eka vyakti kI cetanA kI kramika bhUmikAe~ haiM, aisA nahIM mAnA hai| yaha hai jainoM kI sthira huI maanytaa| pUjyapAda ne apanI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM jo vAstavika prazna uThAyA hai usI se hI jainoM kI isa mAnyatA meM rahA doSa prakaTa hotA hai| prazna isa prakAra hai-naisargika zraddhA meM jIvAdi tattvoM kA jJAna hotA hai yA nahIM ? yadi hA~, to vaha bhI adhigamaja zraddhA hI huI, usa se bhinna use nahIM mAnanA caahie| yadi nahIM, to jisa ne jIvAdi tattvoM ko jAnA hI nahIM hai, use una meM zraddhA kaise ho sakatI hai ?26 isa vAstavika prazna kA pUjyapAda ne svayaM ne jo uttara diyA hai, vaha isa prazna kA uttara hI nahIM hai| ve kahate haiM ki donoM meM mohanIya karma kA upazama-kSaya-kSayopazamarUpa Antarika kAraNa samAna hai, phira bhI jo bAhya upadeza ke binA hI hotI hai vaha naisargika zraddhA hai aura jo bAhya upadezapUrvaka hotI hai vaha adhigamaja zraddhA hai| hama dekha sakate haiM ki unake dvArA upasthita kiye gaye prazna kA isa meM sacamuca uttara hI nahIM hai| mAnyatA hI itanI doSapUrNa hai ki isa prazna kA uttara denA jaina cintakoM ke lie kaThina hai| jainoM ko svIkAra kara lenA cAhie ki naisargika zraddhA aura adhigamaja zraddhA kramazaH eka hI vyakti meM krama se honevAlI zraddhA kI do bhUmikAe~ haiN| naisargika zraddhA yaha zraddhA kI zravaNa ke pUrva kI bhUmikA hai aura adhigamaja zraddhA yaha zraddhA kI zravaNa ke pazcAt kI bhUmikA hai| zravaNa ke pUrva kI bhUmikAvAlI zraddhA upadezajanya nahIM hai; svAbhAvika rUpa se hI usameM jIvAdi tattvoM kA jJAna nahIM hotA kyoMki sAdhaka ne adyAvadhi jIvAdi tattvoM ke sambandha meM kucha sunA hI nahIM hai| ataH zravaNa ke pUrvakI bhUmikAvAlI zraddhA AdhyAtmika satyapravaNa mAnasika jhukAva rUpa hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi, jhukAva, abhiruci AdyopAMta samagra kSitija ko badala detI hai| yaha abhiruci dUsarA kucha nahIM hai kintu aisI cittazuddhi hai, jo sAdhaka ko satya grahaNa karane kI kSamatA, yogyatA pradAna karatI hai| dUsarI ora, dvitIya zravaNottara bhUmikAvAlI zraddhA upadezajanya hai aura isalie usameM jIvAdi tattvoM kA jJAna hai, yaha zraddhA zruta jIvAdi tattvoM meM zraddhA hai| parantu upaniSada27, bhagavadgItA28 tathA bauddha dharma meM surakSita prAcIna paramparA kI smRti se pUrNataH bhraSTa aisI apanI galata mAnyatA ke kAraNa jainoM uparyukta sahI uttara de nahIM sakate / nirdiSTa prAcIna paramparA kI yAda dilAnevAle avazeSarUpa vidhAnoM

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA yA vibhAvanAe~ jo jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha haiM ve nIce die gaye haiM : (1) samagra jaina sAhitya meM eka vidhAna aisA prApta huA hai jisa meM naisargika zraddhA aura Adhigamika zraddhA kA eka hI vyakti meM kramazaH utpanna hotI zraddhA kI do kramika bhUmikAoM ke rUpameM spaSTa svIkAra huA hai / yaha vidhAna vAcaka umAsvAti viracita tattvArthasUtrabhASya kI sambandhakArikA 1 para AcArya devagupta kI TIkA meM upalabdha hai / devagupta likhate haiM- naisargikAd avAptazraddho'dhyayanAdibhirAdhigamikam (zraddhAnam) avApnoti / 11 (2) jaina cintaka do prakAra kI zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kA svIkAra karate haiM-naizcayika zraddhA aura vyAvahArika zraddhA / naizcayika zraddhA ko hama zravaNa pUrva kI zraddhA mAna sakate haiM, kyoMki usakA lakSaNa zravaNa ke pUrvakI zraddhA jaisA hI hai / mahAna jaina cintaka upAdhyAya yazovijayajI apane 'samyaktva SaTsthAnaka caupaIbAlAvabodha' (gAthA - 2 ) meM likhate haiM- 'darzana mohanIyakarmano je vinAza kSaya-upazama-kSayopazamarUpa, tehathI je nirmala malarahita guNanuM thAnaka upajaIM te nizcaya samyaktva jANiI / ' isa prakAra AdhyAtmika vikAsa se utpanna AtmA kI vizuddhi hI nizcaya zraddhA hai, jaba ki usake kAraNa utpanna, zruta jIvAdi tattvoM kI satyatA meM vizvAsa kA bhAva vyavahAra zraddhA hai / (3) jaina granthoM meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) ke nimnokta pA~ca liMga, cihna die gaye haiM(a) prazama : rAgadveSa kA, matAgraha kA, dRSTirAga kA upazama hI prazama hai / (ba) saMvega : saMvega ke do artha haiM : (1) sam + vega, sam- samyak arthAt tattva yA satya prati, vega arthAt gati / tattva yA satya ke hetu tIvratama abhIpsA saha satyazodhana ke lie gati karanA / (2) sAMsArika bandhanoM se dUra hone kI vRtti / satyazodhana meM sAMsArika bandhana bAdhaka haiM / 1 (ka) nirveda : nirveda ke bhI do artha haiM : (1) sAMsArika viSayoM meM udAsInatA, rAgAbhAva, anAsakti / viSayoM meM, sAMsArika bhogo meM Asakti satya kI sAdhanA ko vikRta karatI hai, dRSTi ko mohita karatI hai, mArgacyuta karatI hai / (2) mAnyatAoM meM anAsakti / kisI bhI mata meM rAga na honA, dRSTibaddhatA na honI / (Da) anukampA : anukampA ke bhI do artha ho sakate haiM : (1) dUsare ko duHkhI dekhakara duHkhI honA, usake duHkha ko dUra karane kI icchA honA / (2) dUsaroM ko satyAnveSaNa ke lie gabhIra prayatna karate hue dekhakara apane ko una ke prati sahAnubhUti

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna honA aura una ko bhI apanI apanI rIti se satyAnveSaNa karane meM sahAya karane kI icchA honaa| (i) Astikya : kisI bhI vyakti dvArA kisI bhI bhASA meM kisI bhI rIti se prastuta kiye gaye satya kA svIkAra karane meM mana kA khulApana, tatparatA / yaha citta kI racanAtmaka aura vidhyAtmaka (positive) mAnasikatA hai| dUsare ke mata prati bhI AdarabhAva aura usa mata meM nihita satya ko khoja kara svIkArane kI mAnasika tatparatA / Astikya zraddhA hI hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA ke anusAra ina prazamAdi guNoM kI abhivyakti hI samyagdarzana hai, zraddhA hai| arthAt prazamAdi zraddhA ke cihna nahIM haiM api tu svayaM zraddhA hai|29 cittazuddhi, prasAda, satyagrahaNa kI yogyatA kA hI vistAra prazamAdi hai| vAstava meM isa zraddhA ko naisargika zraddhA kaha sakate haiM aura yaha zraddhA hI zravaNa ke pUrva kI zraddhA hai| uparyukta samagra carcA se spaSTa hotA hai ki naisargika zraddhA hI zravaNa ke pUrva kI zraddhA hai aura usa kA artha hotA hai-cittaprasAda, cittazuddhi, tattvagrahaNayogyatA / aura adhigamaja zraddhA zravaNa ke pazcAt honevAlI zraddhA hai| ataH yaha zraddhA zruta jIvAdi tattvoM meM vizvAsarUpa hai| yahA~ dhyAna meM rakhane kI bAta yaha hai ki jo cittazuddhi prathama bhUmikA meM hai vaha dvitIya bhUmikA meM bhI avazya hai / parantu dvitIya bhUmikA meM kucha vizeSatA hai aura vaha hai zruta jIvAdi tattvoM meM vizvAsa / jaina darzana meM zraddhA kI manana ke pazcAt evaM dhyAna ke pazcAt honevAlI do bhUmikA kA kahIM bhI nirdeza nahIM hai| jaina matameM zraddhA ke viSaya ___ aba hama adhigamaja zraddhA ke viSaya kA nirUpaNa kreNge| ve viSaya haiM-jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa / jIva aura ajIva arthAt unakA saMyoga (bandha) yaha duHkha hai, saMsAra hai / usakA kAraNa Amrava hai / mokSa kA kAraNa saMvara aura nirjarA hai| ina tattvoM ko anya zabdoM meM isa prakAra batAyA jA sakatA hai-saMsAra, saMsArakAraNa, mokSa aura mokSakAraNa / yogabhASya (2.15) meM kahA gayA hai ki idamapi zAstraM caturmyaham-tadyathA saMsAraH saMsArahetuH mokSo mokSopAyaH / buddha ne inheM hI cAra Aryasatya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai - duHkha hai, duHkhakAraNa hai, duHkhanirodha sambhava hai, duHkhanirodha kA upAya hai| adhyAtmazAstra meM Apta puruSa inhIM kA upadeza dete haiN| jainoM ke sAta tattva, yogadarzana ke catuyUha aura buddha ke

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA 13 cAra Aryasatya eka hI bAta hai / duHkhamukti ke icchuka ko jinakathita sAta tattvoM meM vizvAsa karanA cAhie / 1. jIva ( = AtmA = citta) : AtmA, citta aura mana ina tIna eka eka se baDhakara tattvoM kA nirdeza kama se kama kaThopaniSad jitanA prAcIna hai / vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki mana se bar3hakara citta hai aura citta se bar3hakara AtmA hai / ina tInoM tattvoM kA sAMkhya meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra pratikSaNapariNAmI citta se para kUTasthanitya AtmA kA svIkAra karanevAlI eka paramparA thI / yaha paramparA darzana (eka prakAra ke bodha) ko AtmA kA dharma mAnatI hai 30 aura jJAna ko citta kA dharma mAnatI hai / 1 isa paramparA se bhinna dUsarI prAcIna paramparA thI jo pratikSaNapariNAmI citta se para aisI kUTasthanitya AtmA kA pratiSedha karake jJAna aura darzana donoM ko citta ke hI dharma mAnatI thI / prathama paramparA AtmavAdI hai jaba ki dvitIya anAtmavAdI hai / isa prakAra bauddha evaM jaina donoM anAtmavAdI haiM / bauddha citta ko hI jJAtA aura draSTA mAnate haiM / jaina jise 'AtmA' nAma dete haiM vaha citta hI hai 2 aura vaha citta jJAtA bhI hai aura draSTA bhI hai / -33 bauddha citta kSaNika hai, jaba ki jaina citta ( = AtmA) pratikSaNapariNAmI hai / gaharAI se vicAra karane para bauddha kA kSaNikavAda aura jaina kA pratikSaNapariNAmavAda meM koI antara nahIM hai| jainoM kA Atmadravya ( = cittadravya) hI bauddhoM kA cittasantAna hai aura jainoM ke AtmadravyaparyAya hI bauddhoM ke cittasantAnagata kSaNavyakti haiM / jaina mahAna cintaka upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne dravyaguNaparyAya rAsa kI TIkA (TabA) meM yahI bAta kahI haipratItyaparyAyotpAdaIM ekasaMtAnapaNuM teha ja dravyalakSaNa dhrauvya chaI / kAryakAraNabhAva se kramabaddha pratikSaNotpanna paryAyoM kA ekasantAnatva hI dravyalakSaNa dhrauvya hai / pratikSaNotpanna aura kAryakAraNabhAva se sambaddha paryAyoM kA eka santAna hI dravya hai / santAna bhI kSaNapravAha hai aura dravya bhI paryAyapravAha hai / aura pravAha rUpa ekatva hI dhrauvya yA nityatva hai| jainoM ne citta ko 'AtmA' nAma dekara apane ko AtmavAdI hone kA bhrama paidA kiyA hai / uparAnta, jaina granthoM meM bauddhoM ko anAtmavAdI aura jainoM ko AtmavAdI batAkara, bauddhoM ke anAtmavAda kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / yaha vastu nitAnta galata hai aura matibhrama paidA karatI hai / bauddha ke samAna jaina bhI anAtmavAdI haiM / jaina citta ko hI AtmA yA jIva kahate haiM / citta aura AtmA samAnArthaka hai, eka hI tattva ke do nAma haiN| jaina matAnusAra AtmA kA svabhAva ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta cAritra (yA ananta sukha) aura ananta vIrya hai / vAdidevasUri ne sthira hue jaina matAnusAra AtmA kA

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14 1 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna prAyaH sampUrNa lakSaNa diyA hai| ve batAte haiM ki AtmA caitanyasvarUpa hai, pariNAmI hai, karttA hai, sAkSAt bhoktA hai, pratikSetra bhinna hai, dehaparimANa hai aura paudgalika adRSTavAn hai / AtmA kI pariNAmitA AtmA pratyeka kSaNa meM parivartana prApta karatI hai / tathApi vaha nitya hai / umAsvAti ne nitya kA lakSaNa isa prakAra diyA hai - tadbhAvAvyayaM nityam | apane mUlabhUta svabhAva yA jAti meM se avicyuti yahI nityatA hai / apanI mUlabhUta jAti ko choDe binA bhinna bhinna pariNAma prApta karanevAlI vastu ko nitya kahA jAtA hai| isameM parivartana kI maryAdA hai / dravya apanI mUlabhUta jAti meM sambhavita sabhI parivartana prApta kara sakatA hai, parantu itanI sImA taka parivartana prApta nahIM kara sakatA ki vaha apanI mUlabhUta jAti kA tyAga karake dUsarI hI mUlabhUta jAti kA bana jAya / AtmA kabhI pudgala (meTara) meM parivartita nahIM ho sakatI yA pudgala AtmA meM parivartita nahIM ho sktaa| aisA hone se AtmavyaktiyoM meM eka kI bhI vRddhi yA kamI sambhava nahIM hai| arthAt AtmavyaktiyoM kI saMkhyA niyata hai aura vaha ananta hai, evaM pratyeka Atmavyakti anAdi - ananta hai, arthAt anutpanna aura avinAzI hai / bauddha ke anusAra bhI cittasantAna kabhI acittasantAna nahIM bana jAtA / cittasantAna, cittasantAna rahatA hai / cittasantAnoM kI saMkhyA bhI niyata hI hai / ataH cittasantAna santAna rUpa anutpanna aura avinAzI mAnA jAtA hai / meM - AtmA kA kartRtva - jainoM ne AtmA ko pariNAmI mAnA hai, ataH vaha pariNAmoM kI kartA hai| uparAMta, jainoM ne AtmA ko mana, vANI aura zarIra se bhinnAbhinna mAnA hai | ataH mana, vANI aura zarIra kI pravRtti kI vaha karttA hai / taduparAnta, mana, vANI aura zarIra ko unakI pravRtti meM preranevAlI AtmA hone se bhI vaha sarva mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika pravRttiyoM kI karttA ThaharatI hai| jaina matAnusAra pravRtti ke pariNAmasvarUpa paugalika karmaraja AtmA kI ora AkarSita hotI haiM aura AtmA ke sAtha baddha hotI haiM, ataH isa artha meM AtmA paugalika karmoM kI bhI karttA mAnI jAtI hai / AtmA kA bhoktRtva - jainadarzana anusAra AtmA bhoktA bhI hai| jainoM dvArA AtmA ko pariNAmI mAnane se, usa meM mukhyArtha meM bhoktRtva ghaTita ho sakatA hai| karmasiddhAnta kI saMgati hetu karmoM kA jo kartA ho, vahI karmoM ke phaloM kA bhoktA honA cAhie / vaha zarIra, mana, indriyoM dvArA sukha-du:kha bhugatatA hai /

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA AtmA pratikSetra bhinna - kSetra arthAt zarIra / AtmA pratizarIra bhinna hai| jaina AtmabahutvavAdI haiN| AtmA dehaparimANa-- jaina matAnusAra AtmA saMkoca-vikAsazIla hai| 4 AtmA jisa deha ko dhAraNa karatI hai, usI deha jitanA hI usakA parimANa ho jAtA hai| vAstava meM jainoM kI AtmA citta hI hai| sAMkhyacintaka bhI citta ko saMkoca-vikAsazIla mAnate the| ve kahate haiM : citta saMkoca-vikAsazIla hai| eka dIpaka ko ghaTa meM rakhane se isakA prakAza ghaTa meM saMkucita hokara rahatA hai, kintu usI dIpaka ko kakSa meM rakhane se usakA prakAza kakSa ke samAna vikasita ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra citta kA bhI saMkoca-vistAra hotA hai| zarIra ke parimANa ke jitanA hI parimANa dhAraNa kara citta rahatA hai|5 AtmA paugalika adRSTavAn - AtmA kA adRSTa arthAt karma paugalika dravyarUpa (material substance) hai| vaha atyanta sUkSma hai| karmoM ko bhautika mAnanevAlI aneka paramparAe~ haiN| unameM sAMkhya, AjIvika aura bauddha to hai hii| isa viSaya meM sAMkhya mata ke sambandha meM zerabATskI likhate haiM : In Sankhya, karma is explained materialistically, as consisting in a special collocation of infraatomic particles or material forces making the action either good or bad. (Boddhist Logic, Vol. I, p. 133, fn. 3) / karma paugalika ho to unameM raMga hone caahie| jaise japAkusuma kA lAla raMga usakI sannidhi meM rahe darpaNa meM pratiphalita hotA hai vaise hI karmoM ke raMga apanI sanidhi meM rahe citta meM pratiphalita hote haiN| isa prakAra karma kI paudgalikatA ke kAraNa jIvaraMgoM (lezyAoM, psychic colourations) kI jaina mAnyatA ghaTita hotI haiN| sAMkhya ke sattva, rajas aura tamas ke kramazaH tIna raMga zukla, rakta aura kRSNa, evaM unake AdhAra para manuSyoM kA sAttvika, rAjasika aura tAmasika meM vargIkaraNa dhyAnArha hai| AjIvikoM kI chaha abhijAtiyA~ bhI bhautika karmarajoM ke raMgo ke kAraNa honevAle cetasika raMga haiN| mahAbhArata zAntiparva (12.286.33) meM nirUpita chaha jIvavarNa36 bhI AjIvikoM kI chaha abhijAtiyA~ samAna haiN| bauddha dharma meM evaM pAtaMjala yoga meM bhI raMga AdhArita karmoM ke cAra vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| isI kAraNa prAdhyApaka jhImara batAte haiM ki karma ke raMgoM kA siddhAnta jaina dharma kI hI khAsa vizeSatA nahIM hai, api tu magadha meM surakSita AryapUrva kI sAmAnya virAsata kA eka hissA ho, aisA pratIta hotA hai| karma paudgalika haiM, bhautika haiM, mUrta haiM jaba ki AtmA cetana hai, abhautika hai, amUrta hai| aisI paristhiti meM karma AtmA ke sAtha sambaddha kaise ho sakatA hai ? bhautika-mUrta dvArA cetana-amUrta kA upaghAta yA

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16 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna upakAra kaise saMbhavita hai ? jaise jJAnAdi caitanyarUpa aura amUrta hone para bhI madirA Adi bhautika-mUrta vastuoM dvArA inakA upaghAta hotA hai tathA ghRta, dUdha Adi pauSTika padArthoM dvArA inakA upakAra hotA hai vaise hI AtmA cetana-amUrta hone para bhI bhautika-mUrta karma dvArA usakA upaghAta yA upakAra hotA hai| AtmA aura karma kA sambandha anAdi hai|8 2. ajIva : ajIva meM pA~ca dravyoM kA samAveza haiM, yathA pudgala (Matter), dharma, __ adharma, AkAza aura kaal| (1) pudgala - sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa ye pudgala dravya ke vyAvartaka guNa haiN|39 pudgala ke pratyeka paramANu meM ye cAra guNa hote haiM / sparza ke ATha, rasa ke pA~ca, gandha ke do aura varNa ke pA~ca bheda haiM-isa prakAra pramukha bIsa bheda haiN| aNu meM eka rasa, eka varNa, eka gandha aura do sparza hote haiN| usa meM zIta aura rukSa do sparza, yA zIta aura snigdha do sparza, yA uSNa aura rukSa do sparza, yA uSNa aura snigdha do sparza hote haiM / isa prakAra pratyeka paramANu yA to snigdha hotA hai yA to rukSa hotA hai| snigdhatA aura rukSatA kI mAtrA ananta taka ho sakatI hai| snigdhatA aura rukSatA kI niyata mAtrAvAle do paramANuoM kA hI saMyojana hotA hai| DaoN. bI.ena. sIla isa bAre meM likhate haiM : "A crude theory, of chemical combination, very crude but immensely suggestive, and possibly based on the observed electrification of smooth and rough surfaces as the result of rubbing.'' 42 paramANu meM snigdhatA yA rukSatA kI mAtrAoM kA nyUnAdhika rUpa meM parivartana svabhAvataH calatA rahatA hai aura do paramANuoM meM unakI niyata mAtrA hone se paramANuoM kA saMyojana hokara skaMdha (aggregate) banatA hai| isa sambandha meM DaoN. e. ena upAdhye kahate haiM : "'Thus the atomic aggregation is an automatic function resulting from the essential nature of atoms... The combinatory urge in atoms is due to their degrees of cohesiveness and aridness.'' 43 jaina paramANuvAda kI dUsarI dhyAnayogya bAta yaha hai ki paramANuoM meM jAtibheda nahIM hai| pRthvIjAti ke paramANuoM kA alaga varga, apjAti ke paramANuoM kA alaga varga, ityAdi jaina nahIM mAnate / unake matAnusAra koI bhI paramANu pRthvI, pAnI, teja aura vAyu kA paryAya (pariNAma, mode) dhAraNa kara sakatA hai|44 paramANu ko dezavyApti (extension) nahIM hai| vaha jitane deza meM rahatA hai, use pradeza

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17 jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA kahate haiN| pradeza dezamApa kA antima ghaTaka hai| jaina paramANuvAda kI anya viziSTa mAnyatA isa prakAra hai-eka paramANu eka pradeza meM rahatA hai, parantu dvayaNuka eka pradeza meM bhI raha sakatA hai aura do meM bhii| isa prakAra uttarottara kramazaH saMkhyAvRddhi hone para tryaNuka, caturaNuka aise hI anantANuka skaMdha eka pradeza, do pradeza, tIna pradeza, aise hI asaMkhyAta pradezavAle kSetra meM raha sakate haiM / arthAt anaMtANuka skaMdha ko rahane ke lie ananta pradezavAle kSetra kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| loka (Universe) asaMkhyAtapradezI hone ke bAvajuda usameM ananta aNu samAviSTa ho sakate haiN|45 bauddha paramANuvAda aura nyAyavaizeSika paramANuvAda ke sAtha jaina paramANuvAda kI tulanA karanA rasaprada hai kintu yahA~ tulanA aprastuta hai|| dharmadravya - jIva aura pudgala kI gati meM sahAyaka bananevAlA dravya dharma hai|46 jaise matsya jala ke mAdhyama kI sahAyatA se gatimAna hotA hai vaise hI jIva aura pudgala dharmadravya ke mAdhyama kI sahAyatA se gatimAna hote haiM / yaha dravya lokavyApI hai, vyaktizaH eka hai aura gatirahita hai| (3) adharmadravya - jIva aura pudgala kI sthiti meM sahAyaka dravya adharma hai|47 yaha dravya bhI lokavyApI hai, vyaktiza: eka hai aura gatirahita hai (4) AkAzadravya - jo dravya jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura kAla ko rahane ke lie sthAna detA hai-avagAha detA hai vaha AkAza hai| vaha bhI vyaktizaH eka, gatirahita aura sarvavyApI hai| AkAza ke jisa bhAga meM jIva Adi pA~ca dravya rahate haiM use lokAkAza kahA jAtA hai aura ina dravyoM se rahita zUnya AkAza ko alokAkAza kahA jAtA hai| (5) kAladravya - dravyoM ke sUkSma-sthUla parivartana hone meM jo sahAyaka kAraNa hai vaha kAladravya hai / 49 manda gati se eka AkAzapradeza se pAsa ke hI dUsare AkAzapradeza para jAne ke lie paramANu ko jitanA samaya lagatA hai vaha kAla kI aMtima nyUnatama ikAI hai| use samaya yA kSaNa kahA jAtA hai| kSaNoM kA pracaya nahIM hotaa| ata: kAladravya ko pradezapracaya nahIM hai| isalie kAla ko astikAya nahIM kahA jaataa| zeSa pA~ca dravya astikAya haiM / katipaya jaina cintaka kAla ko svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate parantu dravyoM ke parivartanoM (paryAyoM) ko hI kAla mAnate haiM 152

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna 3. Asrava: sUkSma paudgalika karmarajoM kA AtmA kI ora AnA hI Amrava hai / Amrava kA kAraNa hai mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika pravRtti, jinheM jaina paribhASA meM yoga kahate haiM / ataH isa pravRtti ko bhI Amrava kahA jAtA hai| 53 18 4. bandha : AtmA ke prati AkarSita karmarajoM kA AtmA ke sAtha nIrakSIra sambandha hone kA nAma hai bandha | 4 umAsvAti bandha ke kAraNoM meM mithyAdarzana, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga ( = pravRtti) mAnate haiM / 55 parantu vizeSataH ukta pA~coM meM se kaSAya bandhakA pramukha kAraNa hai| 56 kaSAya arthAt rAgadveSa / krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ye to rAgadveSa kA hI vistAra haiM / AtmA se baddha karma AtmA kI amuka zakti ko Avarita karate haiM (prakRtibandha), usa zakti ko amuka samaya taka Avarita karate haiM ( sthitibandha), vibhinna tIvratAvAle phala pradAna karate haiM ( rasabandha, anubhAvabandha) aura amuka jaththe meM AtmA se baddha hote haiM ( pradezabandha ) 157 kintu yahA~ prazna utpanna hotA hai ki ve AtmA kI kaunasI zakti (prakRti) ko Avarita kareMge, kitane samaya taka Avarita kareMge, kitanI tIvratAvAle phala pradAna kareMge aura kitane jaththe meM baddha hoMge, unake niyAmaka kAraNa kyA haiM ? jaina matAnusAra karmoM ko AtmA kI ora lAne meM kAraNabhUta pravRtti hai aura usa pravRtti ke prakAra hI AtmA kI kaunasI zakti ko ve karma Avarita kareMge, yaha nizcita karate haiM / yadi pravRtti jJAna ke sAdhanoM ko naSTa karanevAlI, jJAnI kA anAdara karanevAlI hoMgI to vaisI pravRtti se laganevAle karma AtmA kI jJAnazakti ko Avarita kareMge / pariNAmataH aise karma jJAnAvaraNIya kahalAyegeM / usa pravRtti kA pramANa una karmoM ke jaththe kA pramANa nizcita karatA hai| 58 karma kitane samaya taka Atmazakti ko Avarita kareMge isakA AdhAra tathA phala kI tIvratA - mandatA kA AdhAra pravRtti ke samaya kI kaSAya kI tIvratA - mandatA para haiM / 59 jitane adhika tIvra pUrvaka kI gaI pravRtti utane hI adhika samaya taka usa pravRtti se laganevAle karma AtmA kI zakti ko Avarita kareMge aura utane hI adhika tIvra phala pradAna kareMge / isa prakAra jaina kaSAya ke tyAga para vizeSa bala dete haiM, pravRtti ke tyAga para utanA nahIM / jainoMne sAMparAyika aura iryApathika karmabandha svIkAra kie haiM aura batAyA hai ki kaSAya sahita pravRtti karanevAle ko sAMparAyika karmabandha hotA hai aura kaSAya rahita pravRtti karanevAle ko iryApathika karmabandha hotA hai| sAMparAyika karmabandha ko samajhAne ke lie ve gIle camaDe para giri huI dhUliraja ke cipakane kA dRSTAnta dete haiM aura iryApathika karmabandha ko samajhAne ke lie sUkhI divAra para pheMke gaye kASTha ke gole kA udAharaNa dete haiM / jaina kahanA cAhate haiM ki manavacanakAyA kI pravRtti hone para bhI yadi kaSAya na

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA 19 ___ ho to upArjita karmoM meM sthiti evaM rasa kA bandha nahIM hotaa| karma lagane ke sAtha hI alaga ho jAte haiN| sthiti aura rasa ke bandha kA kAraNa kaSAya hai| ataH kaSAya hI saMsAra kI vAstavika jar3a hai|60 isa prakAra vAstava meM to phala kI AkAMkSAvAlI, rAgadveSaprerita pravRtti hI bandha kA kAraNa hai; niSkAma rAgadveSa rahita pravRtti bandha kA kAraNa nahIM hai, aisA phalita hotA hai| isalie hI kahA gayA hai : kaSAyamuktiH kila muktirev| 5. saMvara : karmarajoM ko AtmA kI ora Ane se rokanA saMvara hai|61 saMvara kA upAya hai pravRtti kA saMyama, sarva duSpravRtti meM se apane ko dUra rkhnaa| umAsvAti ne saMvara ke upAya ke rUpa meM vrata, gupti, samiti, dharma, anuprekSA, parISahajaya, cAritra aura tapa ko batAye haiN|62 hiMsA, asatya, corI, maithuna aura parigraha se virati yaha vrata hai| manavacanakAyA kI pravRtti kA samyak nigraha yaha gupti hai| vivekazIla pravRtti samiti hai / kSamA, mRdutA, RjutA, zauca, saMyama, satya, tapa, tyAga, AkiMcanya aura brahmacaryarUpa dazavidha dharma hai| zAnta bhAva se parISahoM ko sahanA parISahajaya hai| samabhAva Adi cAritra hai| vastusthiti kA kalyANapoSaka cintana anuprekSA hai| 6. nirjarA : baddha karmoM meM se katipaya karmoM kA AtmA se alaga honA nirjarA hai| yaha nirjarA do prakAra se hotI hai| eka nirjarA meM ucca AdhyAtmika Azaya se kie gaye tapa se baddha karmaraja AtmA se alaga ho jAtI hai| dvitIya nirjarA meM karma apane paripAka ke samaya phalabhoga ke bAda AtmA se alaga ho jAte haiN| prathama sakAma nirjarA kahalAtI hai jaba ki dvitIya akAma nirjarA kahalAtI hai| akAma nirjarA kA cakra to calatA hI rahatA hai| usa se jIva ko koI lAbha nahIM hai| sakAma nirjarA hI AdhyAtmika lAbha karAtI hai| yaha sakAma nirjarA tapa se sAdhya hai|64 tapa do prakAra ke haiM-bAhya aura Abhyantara / bAhya tapa ke chaha bheda haiM-anazana (upavAsa), UNodarI, vRttisaMkSepa (vividha vastuoM kI lAlaca yA tRSNA kama karanA), rasatyAga, vivaktazayyAsanasaMlInatA (vighnarahita ekAnta sthAna meM sonAbaiThanA-rahanA Adi) aura kAyakleza (zIta meM, dhUpa meM raha kara yA vividha Asana Adi se zarIra ko ksnaa)| Abhyantara tapa ke bhI chaha bheda haiM-prAyazcitta, vinaya, vaiyAvRttya (sevA), svAdhyAya, vyutsarga (ahaMtva-mamatva tyAga) aura dhyAna (dharmadhyAna aura shukldhyaan)66| 7. mokSa : bandha hetuoM ke abhAva se, saMvara se aura nirjarA se sarva karmoM kA Atyantika kSaya honA (AtmA se alaga honA) mokSa hai|67 sarva karma ke AvaraNa dUra

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna hone se AtmA ke svAbhAvika guNa jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura vIrya pUrNataH prakaTa hote haiN| unakA Anantya prakaTa hotA hai| mokSa meM AtmA sukha-duHkha se para ho jAtI hai| ise hI paramAnanda kI avasthA mAnI gayI hai| katipaya jaina cintakoM ne kahA hai ki jJAna kI nirAbAdhatA hI ananta sukha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to pUrNatA hI anantasukha hai| alpatA meM, apUrNatA meM sukha nahIM hai, pUrNatA meM hI sukha hai| bhUmA vai sukham, nAlpe sukhmsti| TippaNa 1. "In ancient times the epithet Jina was applied by various groups of Sramanas to their respective teachers. Mendicant followers of what eventually became known as Jaina tradition were originally known as Niyantha... It was only after sranana sects using the term Jina (e.g. the Ajivikas) either died out or simply abandoned this term in favour of another (as in the case of Buddhists) that the derived term Jaina (Jina-disciple) cane to refer exclusively to the Niganthas. This seems to have occurred by round the ninth century..." The Jaina Path of Purification, Padmanabh S. Jaini, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1979, p.2, fn.3 2. India and Europe. Wilhelm Halbfass, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1990. pp. 12-13. 3. 10.136. 2-3. 4. nyAyamaJjarIgranthibhaGga, saMpA. nagIna jI. zAha, lA. da. bhA. saM. vidyAmandira, ahmdaabaad| 5. 5.3.20. 6. panavaNAsutta, siddhapada. 7. samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / tattvArthasUtra, 1.1. 8. tattvArthazraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam / vahI, 1.2.. 9. matizrutAvadhimanaHparyAyakevalAni jJAnam / vahI, 1.9 10. pAtaMjala yogasUtra (1.20) ke apane bhASya meM vyAsa dvArA zraddhA kI jo vyAkhyA dI gaI hai vaha akSarazaH bauddha vyAkhyA se milatI hai / yaha vyAkhyA hai-zraddhA cetasaH samprasAdaH / 11. tulanIya- tattvapakSapAto hi dhiyAM (=cittasya) svabhAvaH / yogavArtika, 1.8. 12. jainoM kI Abhigrahika mithyAtva kI mAnyatA se tulanIya / de0 Jaina Philosophy and ___Religion. Nyayavijayji. Tr. Nagin ]. Shah. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi, 1998. p. 205

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___21 jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA 13. saddhAjAto upasaMkamanto pyirupaasti...| majjhimanikAya, 2.173 14. vahI, cNkisutt| 15. ...payirupAsanto sotaM odahati, ohitasoto dhamaM sunnaati...| majjhimanikAya, 2.173 16. sutvA dhammaM dhAreti, dhAritAnaM dhammAnaM atthaM upprikkhti...| vahI. 17. AkAravatI saddhA...daLhA asNhaariyaa...| majjhimanikAya, 1.320 18. abhidharmakozabhASya, 4.75 19. atthaM upaparikkhato dhammA nijjhAnaM khamanti, dhammanijjhANakhantiyA ati chando jAyati, chandajAto ussahati, ussahitvA tuleti, tulayitvA pdhti...| majjhimanikAya, 2.173 20. vitarkavicArakSobhavirahAt...adhyAtmaprasAdaH |...tsmaat tarhi zraddhA prasAdaH / tasya hi dvitIyadhyAnalAbhAt samAhitabhUminiHsaraNe sampratyaya utpadyate / so'tra adhyAtmaprasAdaH / abhidharmakozabhASya, 8.7 atyanta ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki kucha mahattvapUrNa bauddha pAribhASika zabda pAtaMjala yogasUtra va yogabhASya meM prApta hote haiN| unameM eka hai 'adhyAtmaprasAda' / zraddhA kI vyAsa dvArA prastuta vyAkhyA meM 'prasAda' zabda ko cittazuddhi ke artha meM arthAt zravaNapUrva kI citta kI rAgazaithilya yA rAgarAhitya kI sthiti ke artha meM unhoMne yA unake TIkAkAroM ne liyA nahIM hai / use samajhAte hue vAcaspati apanI tattvavaizAradI meM likhate haiM : sa ca AgamAnumAnAcAryopadezasamadhigatatattvaviSayo bhavati, sa hi cetasaH samprasAdo'bhiruciratIcchA shrddhaa| unakA tAtparya yaha hai ki Agama, anumAna vA AcArya ke upadeza dvArA jisa tattva ko parokSataH jAnA, usakA sAkSAtkAra karane kI tIvra icchA hI saMprasAda hai aura yaha saMprasAda hI zraddhA hai| isa prakAra vAcaspati kI vyAkhyA mAtra zravaNa pazcAt honevAlI zraddhA ko hI lakSa meM letI hai, zravaNapUrva kI zraddhA ko lakSa meM nahIM letI, aura zraddhA kA jo vAstavika artha cittazuddhi hai, usakA kiMcit bhI nirdeza nahIM karatI / vijJAnabhikSu vyAsabhASya para apane vArtika meM isa prakAra vivaraNa karate haiM : saMprasAdaH prItiH yogo me bhUyAdityabhilASaH / usa kA tAtparyArtha yaha hai - gurUpadeza se yogamArga jAna kara jo yogamArga kI ora bar3hA hai, usakI yoga meM prIti evaM 'merA yoga siddha ho' aisI abhilASA saMprasAda hai, aura yaha saMprasAda zraddhA hai / prAdhyApaka esa. ena. dAsaguptA ke samakSa vijJAnabhikSu ke ye zabda the, jaba unhoM ne apane Yoga Philosophy graMtha (pR. 331) meM likhA : "Sraddha...includes a sweet hope which looks cheerfully on the practice and brings a firm belief in the success of the attempt." vijJAnabhikSu bhI zraddhA se mAtra zravaNa ke pazcAta kI zraddhA hI samajhate haiM aura prasAda' kA artha cittazuddhi nahIM karate / parantu 'adhyAtmaprasAda' zabda ke arthaghaTana ke samaya pataMjali,

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna vyAsa Adi sabhI 'prasAda' kA artha cittazuddhi karate haiM / prastuta yogasUtra hai : nirvicAravaizAradye adhyAtmaprasAdaH / (1.47) / svayaM pataMjali kahate haiM ki nirvicAra samApatti meM vicAra kA nirodha hone se jo vaizAradya yA svacchatA citta prApta karatA hai vaha adhyAtmaprasAda hai| vyAsa apane bhASya meM likhate haiM "kSobha aura moha ke janaka kramazaH rajas aura tamas rUpa maloM ke AvaraNa se mukta hone se cittapravAha yahA~ pUrNataH svaccha bana jAtA hai, yaha svacchatA yA zuddhi hI prasAda hai| jaba yogI nirvicAra samApatti meM yaha svacchatA yA prasAda prApta karatA hai taba use adhyAtmaprasAda kA lAbha huA kahA jAtA hai| svAmI hariharAnaMda AraNya isa sUtra para apanI hindI TIkA meM likhate haiM : 'buddhi (citta)hI pradhAnatayA AdhyAtmika bhAva hai, usakA prasAda yA nairmly|" ataH spaSTa hai ki vyAsa kI zraddhA kI vyAkhyA meM jo 'prasAda' zabda hai, usakA artha vizuddhi karanA cAhie / yahA~ dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki adhyAtmaprasAda kI bauddha vibhAvanA aura pAtaMjala vibhAvanA atyanta samAna hai| 21. pahitatto samAno kAyena ceva paramasacvaM saccikaroti, paJjAya ca taM ativijjha pssti| majjhimanikAya, 2.173 22. Jaina Philosophy and Religion, Nyayavijayaji, Tra. Nagin J. Shah, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1998, p. 74 4 23. prasaGkhyAne'pyakusIdasya sarvathA vivekakhyAtedharmameghaH samAdhiH / tataH klezakarmanivRttiH / tadA sarvAvaraNamalApetasya jJAnasyAnantyAt jJeyamalpam / yogasUtra, 4.29-31 tad dharmameghAkhyaM dhyAnaM paramaM prasaGkhyAnaM vivekakhyAtereva parAkASTheti yogino vadanti / yogavArtika, 1.2 tulanIya-dharmameghasamAdhi evaM bauddha dhrmmeghaa-bhuumi| 24. tattvArthazraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam / jIvAjIvAsavabandhasaMvaranirjarAmokSAstattvam / tattvArthasUtra, 1.2 aura 4 25. tanisargAdadhigamAd vA / vahI, 1.3 ubhayatra samyagdarzane antaraGgo hetustulyo darzanamohasyopazamaH kSayaH kSayopazamo vaa| tasmin sati yad bAhyopadezAd Rte pAdurbhavati tanaisargikam / yat paropadezapUrvaka jIvAdyadhigamanimittaM taduttaram / sarvArthasiddhi, 1.3 - 26. nisargaje samyagdarzane'rthAdhigamaH syAd vA na vaa| yadyasti, tadapi adhigamajameva nArthAntaram / atha nAsti, kathamanavabuddhatattvasya arthazraddhAnamiti / 1.3 27. zravaNa ke pUrva kI zraddhA kA ullekha bRhadAraNyaka ke prasiddha vAkya AtmA vA are draSTavyaH' ityAdi meM hai, jaba ki zravaNa ke pazcAt kI kintu manana ke pUrvakI zraddhA kA ullekha chAndogya ke una do trikoM meM haiM jinakA hamane nirdeza kiyA hai|

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA 23 28. bhagavadgItA ( 4.39) kA prasiddha vAkya hai : zraddhAvAn labhate jJAnam / yahA~ zravaNa ke pUrva kI zraddhA kA spaSTa ullekha hai| 'jJAna' zabda kA artha yahA~ AcAryopadezajanya jJAna hai / 29. SaTkhaMDAgama - dhavalA TIkA, saMpA0 hIrAlAla jaina, amarAvatI, 1939-42, pR. 151 30. draSTR bhAvAt... // sAMkhyakArikA, 17 31. cittasya dharmA darzanavarjitAH // yogabhASya, 3.15 cittaM prakhyApravRttisthitizIlatvAt ... ! yogabhASya, 1.2. prakhyA = jJAnam / citta ko jJAna hai aura puruSa ko darzana hai, isa sAGkhya mata kA khaNDana jayanta bhaTTa ne isa prakAra kiyA hai| "yo hi jAnAti ... na tasya.... . arthadarzanam... ... yasya cArthadarzanaM na sa jAnAti / " nyAyamaJjarI, kAzI saMskRta sirijha, pR. 4 32. cittaM cetaNA buddhiH taM jIvatattvameva / agastyasiMhacUrNi, dasakAliyasutta / taduparAnta, prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM prayukta 'sacitta', 'acitta', 'puDhaIcitta' Adi zabda vicAraNIya haiN| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha me citta, jIva aura AtmA ye paryAya zabda haiM, arthAt eka hI cetana tattva ke lie ve prayukta haiM / 33. nANaM ca daMsaNaM ceva... evaM jIvassa lakkhaNaM // uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28.11 34. pradezasaMhAravisargAbhyAM pradIpavat / tattvArthasUtra, 5. 16 35. ghaTaprAsAdapradIpakalpaM saMkocavikAsi cittaM zarIraparimANAkAramAtramityapare pratipannAH / yogabhASya, 4.10 evamapare sAiyA AhurityarthaH / yogavArtika, 4.10 de0 bhAratIya tattvavidyA, paNDita sukhalAlajI, pR. 54 36. SaD jINavarNAH paramaM pramANaM kRSNo dhUmro nIlamathAsya madhyam / raktaM punaH sahyataraM sukhaM tu hAridravarNaM susukhaM ca zuklam // paraMtu zuklaM vimalaM vizokaM... // 37. "The theory of Karmic colours is not peculiar to Jainas, but seems to have been part of the general pre-Aryan inheritance that was preserved in Magadha." Philosophies of India, The Bollingen Series, XXVI (1953), p. 251 38. de0 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 1637-38 39. sparzarasagandhavarNavantaH pudgalAH / tattvArthasUtra, 5.23 40. Pravacanasara Sri Rayachanda Jaina Sastramala, No. 1, Ed. A. N. Upadhye, Introduction, p. LXXXI

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna 41. snigdharukSatvAd bandhaH / tattvArthasUtra, 5.33 42. The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus. p. 97 43. upari nirdiSTa Pravacanasara. Introduction, p. LXXXIIL. 44. bhAratIya tattvavidyA, paNDita sukhalAlajI, baDaudA, 1958, pR. 40 45. syAdetadasaGkhyAtapradezo lokaH anantapradezasyAnantAnantapradezasya ca skandhasyAdhikaraNamiti virodhastato nAnantyamiti ? naiSa doSaH, sUkSmapariNAmAvagAhanazaktiyogAt / paramANvAdayo hi sUkSmabhAvena pariNatA ekaikasminnapyAkAzapradeze'nantAnantA avatiSThante, avagAhanazakti_zcaiSAmavyAhatA asti / tasmAdekasminnapi pradeze anantAnantAnAm avasthAnaM na virudhyte| sarvArthasiddhi, 5.10 46-47. gatisthityupagraho dharmAdhamayorupakAraH / tattvArthasUtra, 5.17 48. AkAzasyAvagAhaH / vahI, 5.18 49. vartanApariNAmakriyAH paratvAparatve ca kAlasya [upkaarH| / vahI, 5.22 50, tatra paramasUkSmakriyasya sarvajaghanyagatipariNatasya paramANoH svAvagAhanakSetravyatikramakAla: samaya ityucyate / tattvArthabhASya, 5.15 51. kAlasya pradezapracayAbhAvajJApanArthaM... / sarvArthasiddhi, 5.1 52. ...puNa kAlo davvassa ceva pajjAo... / Avazyaka cUrNi (ratalAma AvRtti), pR. 340 53. kAyavAGmanaHkarma yogH| sa AmravaH / tattvArthasUtra, 6.1-2 yathA sarassalilAvAhi dvAraM tadAsabakAraNatvAd Amrava ityAkhyAyate tathA yogapraNAlikayA __ AtmanaH karma AsravatIti yoga Asrava iti vyapadezamarhati / sarvArthasiddhi, 6.2 54. AtmakarmaNoranyonyapradezAnupravezAtmako bandhaH / vahI, 1.4 55. mithyAdarzanAviratipramAdakaSAyayogA bandhahetavaH / tattvArthasUtra, 8.1 56. sakaSAyatvAjjIvaH karmaNo yogyAn pudgalAnAdatte sa bandhaH / vahI, 8.2 57. prakRtisthityanubhAvapradezAstadvidhayaH / vahI, 8.3 58. tatra yoganimittau prakRtipradezau / sarvArthasiddhi, 8.3 59. kaSAyanimittau sthityanubhAvau / vahI, 8.3 60. de0 tattvArthasUtra (gujarAtI vyAkhyA sahita), vivecaka paNDita sukhalAlajI, gUjarAta vidyApITha, sUtra 5.5 para vivecana / 61. AsravanirodhaH saMvaraH / tattvArthasUtra, 9.1 62. sa guptisamitidharmAnuprekSAparISahajayacAritraiH / vahI, 9.2

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jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana) kI vibhAvanA 63. ekadezakarmasaMkSayalakSaNA nirjarA / sarvArthasiddhi, 1.4 64. tapasA nirjarA ca / tattvArthasUtra, 9.3 65. vahI, 9.19 66. vahI, 9.20 67. bandhahetvabhAvanirjarAbhyAM kRtsnakarmavipramokSo mokSaH / vahI, 10.2 68. jAdaM sayaM samattaM NANamaNaMtatthavitthaDaM vimlN| rahiyaM tu oggahAdihiM suhaM ti egaMtiyaM bhaNiyaM // jaM kevalaM ti NANaM taM sokkhaM pariNAmaM ca so ceva / pravacanasAra, 1.59-60 tataH kutaH kevala-sukhayorvyatirekaH / ataH sarvathA kevalaM sukhamaikAntikamanumodanIyam / pravacanasAra-tattvadIpikATIkA, gAthA 1.60

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dvitIya vyAkhyAna jainadarzana meM matijJAna cAra sopAna evaM matyAdi jJAnapaMcaka jaina pA~ca prakAra ke jJAna kA svIkAra karate haiM- matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaH paryAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna / ina meM prathama do jJAna ke krama meM parivartana kiyA jAya to zruta, mati, avadhi, manaH paryAya aura kevalajJAna hote haiM / aba smaraNa kareM una cAra aupaniSadika AdhyAtmika sopAnoM kA yAni darzana, zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana kA / dvitIya sopAna zravaNa hI zruta hai / tRtIya sopAna jo manana hai vahI mati hai / caturtha sopAna nididhyAsana meM ( dhyAna meM ) avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevalajJAna samAviSTa haiM, kyoMki ye tInoM kevalijJAna haiM, yogijJAna haiM / kevalajJAna to zukladhyAnajanya hai avadhi aura manaH paryAya dhyAnajanya hai, aisA jaina spaSTataH nahIM kahate / kintu jaina kA avadhijJAna hI pAtaMjala yoga kA atIta- anAgata sUkSma-vyavahita- viprakRSTajJAna aura bauddha divyacakSujJAna hai aura vahA~ vaha dhyAnajanya hai / jaina manaH paryAyajJAna hI pAtaMjala yoga kA paracittajJAna aura bauddha cetoparyajJAna hai aura vahA~ vaha dhyAnajanya hai / ataH jainadarzana ko bhI ina do jJAnoM kA kAraNa Antarika zuddhi sahita vizeSa dhyAna-samAdhi ko mAnanA cAhie / jaina pramANazAstra nirmANa karane ke lie manana kA matijJAna meM parivartana mUla dhAtu gam (jAnA) se gamana aura gati do nAma banate haiM / unakA arthabheda nahIM hai / usI prakAra mUla dhAtu man ( socanA) se manana aura mati do nAma banate haiM / unakA bhI arthabheda nahIM haiN| upaniSadoM meM manana ke lie 'mati' zabdaprayoga aneka bAra huA hai| usakA nirdeza hamane kiyA hai / taduparAnta, pUjyapAdane 'mati' kA artha manana diyA hai, isa kI noMdha bhI hama le cuke haiN| zraddhA se prerita manuSya guru ke pAsa jAkara upadeza sunatA hai / yaha zravaNa hai, zruta hai / pazcAt jo sunA usa para manana karatA hai / yaha mati hai / manana karanevAlA vyakti anAyAsa hI pratyakSa, smRti, pratyabhijJA, tarka, anumAna ityAdi pramANoM kA prayoga karatA hai / vaha jina pramANoM kA prayoga karatA hai, use una pramANoM ke sambandha meM zAstrIya jJAna honA Avazyaka nahIM hai aura use yaha dhyAna bhI nahIM hotA ki usane kauna kauna se pramANoM kA prayoga kiyA hai aura una pratyeka kA svarUpa kyA hai va pratyeka kA kyA nAma hai ? alabatta, yaha bAta satya hai ki mananaprakriyA meM tarkazAstrIya dRSTi binA yA usa dRSTi kI sabhAnatA ke binA vaha pratyakSAdi pramANoM

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jainadarzana meM matijJAna kA prayoga karatA hai| isa hakIkata kA lAbha uThAkara jaina cintakoM ne (jisameM nandisUtra Adi AgamoM kA bhI samAveza hotA hai) manana ko 'mati' nAmaka vizeSa jJAna meM parivartita karake, una sabhI pramANoM ko usameM samAviSTa karake, pramukhataH pramANazAstrIya dRSTi se usakI vicAraNA kI hai| isa prakAra matijJAna unake matAnusAra una sabhI pramANoM ke lie eka sAmAnya nAma bana gyaa| sAdhaka ke lie pramANazAstra kA zAstrIya jJAna Avazyaka nahIM hai| pramANazAstra se anabhijJa bhI acchA manana kara sakatA hai aura yahI adhyAtmavidyA meM bhI apekSita hai| kAlAntara meM yaha vastu hI vismRta ho gaI ho aisA pratIta hotA hai aura phalataH zruta ke pazcAt hone vAle mati kA krama ulaTa diyA gayA hai, aura mati tathA zruta kA pramukhataH pramANazAstrIya dRSTi se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra jainoM ne apanA alaga pramANazAstra nirmANa karane ke lie eka bar3A kadama utthaayaa| pratyeka darzana apanA apanA pramANazAstra nirmANa kare usameM kucha galata nahIM hai aura karanA bhI cAhie, kintu jaina cintakoM ne AdhyAtmika cAra sopAnoM kI mUlabhUta yojanA ko bilakula radda karake usakA nAmonizAna miTA kara usa para pramANazAstra khar3A karane kA prayatna kiyA vaha akSamya hai| usake bAvajUda unhoMne manana meM se parivartita kie matijJAna meM katipaya aisI bAteM haiM jo mUla manana kI ora nirdeza kie binA rahatI nahIM haiM aura katipaya praznoM ke uttara mUla manana hI mati hai aisI dhAraNA karane se mila jAte haiM-anyathA nahIM milate haiN| matijJAna ke prakAra AgamoM meM matijJAna kA varNana hai aura tattvArthasUtra meM Agamagata matijJAna ke varNAnoM kA vyavasthita saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| usake AdhAra para yahA~ samIkSA-parIkSApUrvaka matijJAna viSayaka vicAraNA kI jaayegii| ___ matizrutAvadhimana:paryAyakevalAni jJAnam (1-9) yahA~ pA~ca jJAna batAye haiN| pazcAt eka sUtra (1-13) AtA hai : matiH smatiH saMjJA cintA abhinibodha ityanarthAntaram / sUtra kA artha hai-mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA, abhinibodha ye saba zabda paryAyazabda haiM- ekArthaka haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki mati mati hai, smRti mati hai, saMjJA mati hai, cintA mati hai aura abhinibodha bhI mati hai| arthAt mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA, abhinibodha ye saba mati haiN| usakA artha yaha huA ki mati, smRti Adi mati ke prakAra haiN| isa vastu ko dRSTAnta se smjhe| manuSya jIva hai, hAthI jIva hai, ghoDA jIva hai| isa artha meM manuSya, hAthI, ghoDA, jIva anarthAntara haiN| isakA artha yaha ki manuSya, hAthI, ghoDA Adi kA sAmAnya nAma 'jIva' hai| dUsare zabdoM meM manuSya, hAthI, ghoDA

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28 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna ye jIva ke prakAra haiN| usI prakAra hI mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha ye mati ke prakAra haiN| matijJAna ke prakAroM meM jo matijJAna ginAyA gayA hai usakA saMkucita artha hai aura vaha hai indriyapratyakSa / isa prakAra 'mati' zabda do artha meM prayukta hai| usakA vistRta artha hai-aisA jJAna jisake prakAra haiM indriyapratyakSa, smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha / usakA saMkucita artha hai indriyapratyakSa / vistRta arthavAle mati ko 'mati-a' kaheMge aura saMkucita arthavAle mati ko 'mati-ba' kheNge| yadi prastuta sUtra (1-13) meM Aye hue 'mati' zabda ko mati-a ke artha meM liyA jAya to vaha zabda smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha kA sAmAnya nAma bana jAyagA aura pariNAmataH indriyapratyakSa chUTa jAyagA aura mati-a meM usakA samAveza nahIM hogaa| tattvArthaTIkAkAra siddhasenagaNi kahate haiM ki mati kA viSaya vartamAna hai,' smRti kA atIta hai, ityaadi| yaha vastu isa hakIkata kA samarthana karatI hai ki prastuta sUtra (113) meM 'mati' zabda kA artha indriyapratyakSa hai| saMjJA pratyabhijJA hai| vaha atIta aura vartamAna ubhaya viSayaka hai|' cintA bhaviSyaviSayaka hai| vaha bhaviSya ke viSaya kI vicAraNA hai| katipaya cintaka cintA ko pramANazAstrasvIkRta tarka samajhate haiN| yaha tarka anumAna kA kAraNa hai / abhinibodha bhI mati-a kA eka prakAra hI hai| vaha indriyapratyakSa, smRti, pratyabhijJA aura cintA kA sAmAnya nAma nahIM hai, jo ki jaina granthoM meM use sAmAnya nAma ke rUpa meM samajhAyA jAtA hai aura isI artha meM usakA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / ataH paNDita sukhalAlajI apane vivecana meM likhate haiM : "abhinibodha zabda sAmAnya hai / vaha mati, smRti, saMjJA aura cintA ina saba jJAnoM ke lie prayukata hotA hai| parantu mahendrakumAra jaina jaise katipaya Adhunika vidvAnoMne 'abhinibodha' kA artha anumAna kiyA hai, jo ucita pratIta hotA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne apanI pramANamImAMsA svopajJavRtti meM jo kahA hai usa para se abhinibodha kA artha anumAna spaSTataH sUcita hotA hai| yahA~ unhoM ne kahA hai : (indriyapratyakSa kI antima koTi) dhAraNA pramANa hai aura smRti phala hai, pazcAt smRti pramANa hai aura pratyabhijJA (saMjJA) phala hai, pazcAt pratyabhijJA pramANa hai aura Uha (cintA) phala hai, pazcAt Uha pramANa hai aura anumAna phala hai| isa prakAra indriyapratyakSa se anumAna taka pUrvapUrva kI kar3I kA pramANabhAva aura uttarottara kar3I kA phalabhAva batAyA gayA hai| ve kar3iyA~ haiMindriyapratyakSa, smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura anumAna / yaha nizcita rUpa se sUcita karatA hai ki, 'abhinibodha' zabda ke sthAna para anumAna' zabda prayukta hai aura donoM zabda eka hI artha ke vAcaka hai|

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jainadarzana meM matijJAna indriyapratyakSa, smRti Adi ko matijJAna ke eka hI varga meM rakhane kA kAraNa yahA~ prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai kI paraspara atyanta bhinna svabhAvavAle indriyapratyakSa, smRti, pratyabhijJA, cintA, anumAna jaise jJAnoM ko matijJAna (mati-a) ke eka hI varga meM rakhane kA kAraNa kyA hai ? isakA uttara jaina cintakoM nimna prakAra dete haiM / ina sabhI jJAnoM kA kAraNa matijJAnAvaraNIya karma kA kSayopazama hone se, ina saba ko matijJAna ke eka hI varga meM rakhA gayA haiN|' yahA~ matijJAnAvaraNIya karma ke astitva para matijJAna ke astitva kA AdhAra ho, aisA sUcita hotA hai| vAstava meM matijJAna ke astitva ke kAraNa matijJAnAvaraNIya karma kA astitva hai| matijJAnAvaraNIya karma kI vibhAvanA matijJAna kI vibhAvanA para AdhArita hai; parantu isa se viparIta matijJAna kI vibhAvanA matijJAnAvaraNIya karma kI vibhAvanA para Azrita nahIM hai| matijJAna kA svarUpa kyA hai ? aura usameM paraspara bhinna svabhAvavAle jJAnoM kA samaveza kyoM kiyA gayA hai ?-ina mahattvapUrNa praznoM ke santoSaprada uttara kisI jaina grantha meM nahIM haiM / jo uttara diyA gayA hai vaha mAtra pAribhASika, sAmpradAyika aura dogmatic hai, tArkika yA buddhigamya nahIM hai| isa prazna kA santoSaprada uttara to yaha hai ki mati yaha aupaniSadika cAra sopAnoM meM se tRtIya sopAna manana hai aura manana meM ina sabhI jJAnoM yA pramANoM kA prayoga hotA hai| ataH manana ko eka prakAra ke jJAna (matijJAna) meM jainoM ne parivartita kara diyA phira bhI vaha mUlataH manana hai isa hakIkata kA avazeSa matijJAna ke eka hI varga meM indriyapratyakSa, smRti, Adi ke samAveza kI jaina mAnyatA meM raha gayA hai| matijJAna meM zruta kA samAveza kyoM nahIM ? jainoM dvArA jisakA uttara denA cAhie aisA dvitIya mahattvapUrNa prazna yaha hai ki paraspara atyanta bhinna svabhAvavAle indriyapratyakSa, smRti Adi ko matijJAna ke eka varga meM rakhA to zruta (AgamapramANa, zabdapramANa) kA samAveza bhI matijJAna meM kyoM nahIM kiyA ? aisA to kyA hai jo jainoM ko vaisA karane se rokatA hai ? jainoM kA uttara yahI hai ki una jJAnoM kA kAraNa matijJAnAvaraNIya karma kA kSayopazama hai jaba ki zruta kA kAraNa zrutajJAnAvaraNIya karma kA kSayopazama hai aura kAraNabheda se unakA bheda hai| yaha uttara bhI pAribhASika, sAmpradAyika aura dogmatic hone se grAhya yA svIkArya nahIM hai| itanA hI nahIM api tu isa uttara ke viSaya meM bhI prazna upasthita hotA hai ki do bhinna jJAnAvaraNIya karma - matijJAnAvaraNIya aura zrutajJAnAvaraNIya - kI kalpanA karane kI AvazyakatA kyA thI? eka matijJAnAvaraNIya karma se nahIM calatA ? yadi indriyapratyakSa,

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna smRti, pratyabhijJA, cintA, anumAna jaise atyanta bhinna svabhAvavAle jJAnoM ke lie vibhinna jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI kalpanA nahIM kI gayI to zruta ke lie alaga jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI kalpanA kyoM kI gayI ? jaina indriyapratyakSa, smRti Adi ko svatantra pramANa mAnate haiM tathApi unake AvaraNIya karma svatantra nahIM mAne haiM, to phira zruta kA svatantra AvaraNIya karma kyoM mAnA gayA ? taduparAnta, indriyapratyakSa, smRti Adi ko jaina mukhyatayA parokSa mAnate haiM, usI taraha zruta bhI parokSa hI hai| to zruta ko mati ke varga se alaga kyoM rakhA gayA ? zruta kA mati meM samAveza kara ke zruta ko bhI mati kyoM nahIM mAnA ? isa prazna kA vAstavika uttara yaha hai ki jainasammata mati, zruta Adi pA~ca jJAnoM kI mAnyatA ke mUla meM aupaniSadika cAra sopAnoM kI yojanA hai aura isa yojanA meM manana pUrve manana se alaga zravaNa sopAna anivArya hai, isa mUla hakIkata ne hI jainoM ko mati meM zruta kA samAveza karane se rokA ho aisA pratIta hotA hai| aupaniSadika cAra sopAnoM meM dvitIya aura tRtIya sopAna zravaNa aura manana ke sthAna para jainoMne apane jJAnapaMcaka ke vargIkaraNa meM zruta aura mati ko sthAna diyA hai (alabatta, krama UlaTA diyA hai) / manana pUrve zravaNa kI eka svatantra sopAna ke rUpa meM anivAryatA kA prAcIna avazeSa jainoM ke jJAnapaMcaka meM mati se zruta kI svatantra svIkRti meM raha gayA hai, anyathA zruta ko bhI mati meM samAviSTa karane meM unakoM koI Apatti nahIM honI cAhiye / isase yaha bhI nizcita rUpa se phalita hotA hai ki matijJAnAvaraNIya karma, zrutajJAnAvaraNIya karma, ityAdi jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke bhedoM kI vyavasthA bhI itanI prAcIna nahIM hai jitanI prAcIna cAra sopAnoM kI vyavasthA hai| matijJAna kA nimittakAraNa aura manana kA nimittakAraNa jaina matijJAna (mati-a) ke sAdhakatama kAraNa kI carcA karate haiN| sAdhakatama kAraNa ke lie umAsvAti 'nimittakAraNa' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM / matijJAna (mati-a) meM samAviSTa indriyapratyakSa, smRti ityAdi jJAnoM meM se koI indriyanimattaka hai, koI manonimittaka hai, to koI ubhayanimittaka hai| ataH umAsvAti likhate haiM-tad indriyAnindriyanimittam / (1-14) / yaha sUtra batAtA hai ki mati (mati-a) kA nimittakAraNa indriya aura anindriya (mana) hai| isa sUtra kI samajatI bhASya meM nimna prakAra hai| mati ke do bheda hote haiM-indriyanimitta matijJAna aura manonimitta matijJAna / mAtra indriyanimitta matijJAna to nirvikalpa indriyapratyakSa hI hai, kyoMki vaha manovyApAra rahita hai, vicArazUnya hai / savikalpa indriyapratyakSa to indriya aura mana ubhaya nimittakAraNoM se janya haiM, ataH hama usakA samAveza kahA~ kareMge ?- indriyanimitta matijJAna meM yA manonimitta matijJAna meM ? saMbhavita uttara yaha hai ki usakA samAveza

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31 jainadarzana meM matijJAna indriyanimitta matijJAna meM karanA cAhie kyoMki savikalpa indriyapratyakSa meM indriyavyApAra pradhAna hai jaba ki manovyApAra gauNa hai, alpa hai, adRzya hai| matijJAna ke prakAra smRti aura tarka donoM ko manonimitta mAnane caahie| pratyabhijJA aura anumAna ke bAre meM, jo ki donoM indriya aura mana donoM nimittoM se janya haiM tathApi unako manonimitta hI mAnane cAhie kyoMki unakI utpatti meM manovyApAra pradhAna hai jaba ki indriyavyApAra gauNa hai| tattvArthasUtra kI apanI TIkA meM siddhasenagaNi prastuta sUtra ko samajhAte hai aura isa sUtra ke AdhAra para matijJAna ke tIna bheda karate haiM-indriyanimitta, manonimitta aura indriyamanaubhayanimitta / ve kahate haiM ki aisA matijJAna hai jisakA nimittakAraNa mAtra indriya hai| jina jIvoM ko mana nahIM haiM una jIvoM ke viSaya meM arthAt ekendriya se lekara asaMjJI paMcendriya jIvoM ke viSaya meM to mAtra indriyanimitta matijJAna hI hotA hai|10 isake AdhAra para kyA hameM yaha samajhanA cAhie ki jo manayukta (saMjJI paMcendriya) jIva haiM, unako mAtra indriyanimitta matijJAna saMbhavita hI nahIM hai, arthAt zuddha nirvikalpa indriyapratyakSa kA honA asambhava hai ? ve smRti ko mAtra manonimitta matijJAna mAnate haiM / ve savikalpaka indriyapratyakSa ko ubhayanimitta mAnate haiN| 2 isa se sUcita hotA hai ki isa se pUrva nirvikalpa indriyapratyakSa kI bhUmikA rUpa matijJAna mAtra indriyanimitta honA caahie| unhoMne pratyabhijJA, anumAna aura cintA (tarka) ke nimittakAraNa ke sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahA hai, parantu hama kaha sakate haiM ki prathama do ubhayanimitta haiM jaba ki cintA mAtra manonimitta hai| pratyabhijJA kA viSaya atIta aura vartamAna hone se use ubhayanimitta mAna sakate haiN| anumAna liMgadarzana aura vyAptismRti ye ubhaya nimitta janya hone se, use ubhayanimittaka mAna sakate haiM / cintA yA tarka to manonimitta hai hii| . yahA~ eka vastu dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki manana eka prakriyA hai, cintanapravAha hai, jisameM indriyapratyakSAdi kA yogadAna hai, tathApi unakA svatantra astitva pravAha meM dikhAI nahIM detA, ve saba milakara eka akhaNDa pravAha banatA hai, unake astitva kA usameM nigalana hotA hai, ataH yahA~ unake apane svatantra nimittoM kI carcA anucita hainirarthaka hai| vAstava meM manana ke, cintana ke - eka akhaNDa cintanapravAha ke nimittakAraNa kI carcA karanA hI upayukta hai, sArthaka hai| isa prakAra socane se manana kA nimittakAraNa mAtra mana hI hai aisA kahanA cAhie / isa artha meM mati mAtra manonimitta hai| matijJAna ke avagrahAdi bheda umAsvAti mAnate haiM ki avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA ye cAra matijJAna ke bheda haiM, matijJAna kI kramika bhUmikAe~ haiM / avagrahehAvAyadhAraNAH / (1-15) / sabhI jaina grantha ina cAra ko indriyapratyakSa ko hI lakSa meM rakhakara samajhAte haiN| vastu kauna

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna sI jAti kI hai, usake vizeSa guNa kyA haiM, ina vizeSatAoM se rahita usa vastu kA jo kevala sAmAnya jJAna hotA hai vaha avagraha hai| udAharaNArtha, gahana andhakAra meM paira meM koI sparza hone se 'kucha hai aisA jJAna hotA hai| isa jJAna meM patA nahIM lagatA ki kauna sI vastu kA sparza huA hai| aisA avyakta jJAna avagraha kahA jAtA hai| avagRhIta viSaya kyA hai yaha vizeSataH jAnane ke lie zurU huI vicAraNA jo aneka vikalpa (alternatives) upasthita karatI hai vaha IhA hai| udAharaNArtha, jo sparzAnubhava huA usameM lambAI kA, vRttAkAra-nalAkAra kA anubhava hai| sparzAnubhava kA sAmAnya vizleSaNa kucha aise sAmAnya dharma batAte haiM jo ekAdhika vastuoM meM sambhavita ho sakate haiN| ye vastue~ anubhava ke sambhavita viSayoM ke rUpa meM vikalpataH upasthita hotI haiN| rajju aura sarpa vikalpa ke rUpa meM upasthita hote haiN| rajju hogA yA sarpa ? isa prakAra IhA saMzaya sadRza pratIta hotI hai| parantu IhA meM vizeSa nizcaya kI ora pravaNatA-gati hotI hai||4 IhA pazcAt usake dvArA upasthita vikalpoMkA parIkSaNa karake, sparzAnubhava kA vizeSa vizleSaNa karake, usa ke AdhAra para eka ke bAda eka vikalpa ko dUra karate hue (=avAya) antataH eka hI vikalpa ko nirNaya ke rUpa meM sthApita karanA avAya hai| 5 sarpa ke sparza meM cikanAI hotI hai, yaha sparza to khuradarA hai| sarpa hotA to sarake binA yA phuphakAra kiye binA nahIM rahatA ataH yaha sarpa kA sparza nahIM hai| isa prakAra sarpa kA vikalpa dara karake vaha rajju kA hI sparza hai, rajju anubhava kA viSaya hai, isa nirNaya para AnA avAya hai| pazcAt avAya rUpa nizcaya kucha samaya taka TikA rahatA hai, jise dhArAvAhI pratyakSa bhI kahA jAtA hai, kintu bAda meM indriya kA anya viSaya ke sAtha sannikarSa hone se yA mana kA viSayAntara hone se nizcaya lupta ho jAtA hai, lekina apanA saMskAra chor3a jAtA hai| yaha saMskAra bhaviSya meM yogya nimitta prApta hone se jAgrata hokara pUrva meM jisa viSaya kA nizcayAtmaka anubhava kiyA thA usakA smaraNa karAtA hai| isa prakAra antima nizcaya kA dhArA rUpa meM kucha kAla TikA rahanA, isa nizcaya ne apane pIche choDe saMskAra kA citta meM par3A rahanA, isa saMskAra ke jAgrata hone se smaraNa honAina tInoM vyApAroM kA dhAraNA meM samAveza kiyA jAtA hai / 16 matijJAna ke avagrahAdi bhedoM meM avyavasthA evaM manana ___umAsvAti ke anusAra, jaisA hamane dekhA, indriyapratyakSa hI eka mAtra indriyanimitta matijJAna hai, jaba ki zeSa manonimitta matijJAna haiN| umAsvAti pA~ca bAhyendriyajanya pA~ca pratyakSoMmeM pratyeka ke avagrahAdi cAra bheda mAnate haiM, ata: bIsa bheda hue| isa prakAra

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jainadarzana meM matijJAna indriyanimitta matijJAna ke bIsa bheda hue / yadi smRti, pratyabhijJA, cintA aura abhinibodha ina pratyeka ke avagrahAdi cAra cAra bheda mAnA jAya to anya solAha bheda hote haiN| kintu umAsvAti ne anya cAra bheda hI mAne haiN| arthAt unhoMne 20 + 4 = 24 bheda hI mAne haiN| isakA artha yaha huA ki unhoMne manonimitta matijJAnoM meM se mAtra eka ke hI avagrahAdi cAra bheda mAne haiN| 7 yaha eka manonimitta matijJAna kauna sA hai ? jaina cintaka smati Adi cAra meM se kisI ko bhI isa manonimitta matijJAna mAnate ho aisA pratIta nahIM hotaa| unhoMne to sukhAdiviSayaka manonimitta mAnasa pratyakSa rUpa manonimitta matijJAna ke avagrahAdi cAra bheda mAne haiN|18 bAhyendriyajanya pA~ca pratyakSoM meM avagraha Adi cAra bhUmikAe~ svIkRta bhI haiM aura spaSTata: ghaTita bhI kI gaI haiN| mAnasa pratyakSa meM ye cAra bhUmikAeM svIkRta haiM kintu kisI ne ghaTita nahIM kI hai| smRti Adi cAra manonimitta matijJAnoM meM to avagraha Adi cAra bhUmikAoM kA svIkAra hI nahIM kiyA gayA hai to ghaTita karane kI bAta hI nahIM rhtii| isa avyavasthA kA kAraNa kyA hai ? vAstava meM to jaina cintakoM ne matijJAna ke pratyeka prakAra meM ina cAra bhUmikAoM kA svIkAra karanA cAhie aura ghaTita bhI karanA cAhie kintu bAhyendriyapratyakSa ke atirikta anya kisI bhI matiprakAra meM ye bhUmikAe~ svIkAranA yA ghaTita karanA sambhava nahIM haiN| vastuta: avagraha Adi ye cAra bhUmikAe~ manana kI hai| jaba jaina cintakoM ne manana ko matijJAna nAmaka khAsa vizeSa jJAna meM parivartita kara diyA taba unhoMne manana kI bhUmikAe~ bhI matijJAna meM saMkrAnta (transfer) kara dI, jisase avyavasthA pratIta hotI hai| manana kI cAra bhUmikAoM ko indriyapratyakSa meM lAga karake jaina cintakoMne apane tarkazAstra meM indriyapratyakSa kA apanA viziSTa siddhAnta nirmANa kiyaa| avagrahAdi bhUmikAe~ manana kI hai ___ avagraha Adi cAra bhUmikAoM ko manana kI bhUmikAoM ke rUpa meM saralatA se samajhA sakate haiM aura ve manana kI bhUmikAe~ haiM isakA spaSTa sUcana prAcIna aMga Agama jJAtAdharmakathA (prathama adhyayana, 35) meM upalabdha hai| vahA~ yaha vAkya AtA hai - tae NaM se sumiNapADhagA seNiyassa raNo evamaTuM soccA Nisamma haTTa jAva hiyayA taM sumiNaM ogiNhaMti / ogiNhaMtA IhAM aNupavisaMti... / (zRtvA... avagRhNanti / avagRhya IhAm anuprvishnti...|) rAnI ko svapna AtA hai| rAnI rAjA ko batAtI hai| rAjA svapnapAThakoM ko bulAvA bhejate haiM, unako svapna se avagata karAte haiM aura arthaghaTana karane ko kahate haiN| sarva prathama svapnapAThaka rAjA-rAnI jo kahate haiM vaha sunate haiM (shrvnn)|

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna pazcAt usakA sAmAnya artha (Meaning) grahaNa karate haiM (avagraha) / pazcAt vizeSa artha (tAtparyArtha) socate haiM jo aneka vikalpa (alternatives) upasthita karatA hai| yaha hai IhA / tat pazcAt una vikalpoM para vizeSa vicAraNA-parIkSA karake eka ke bAda eka vikalpa ko dUra karake antata: eka vikalpa ko nirNaya ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha hai avAya / isa nirNaya-tAtparyArtha ko mana meM dhAraNa karake (dhAraNA) bAda meM anya vastu ke vicAra kI ora bar3hate haiN| uddhRta vAkya meM prathama do bhUmikAoM avagraha aura IhA kA ullekha hai, kintu vAda kI do bhUmikAoM kI hama kalpanA kara sakate haiN| vAkya atyanta spaSTata: sUcita karatA hai ki cAra bhUmikAe~ manana kI haiN| avagraha se prArambha hokara dhAraNA taka samagra prakriyA manana kI hai| isa prakAra avagrahAdi cAra bhUmikAe~ samagra manana kI prakriyA meM ghaTita hotI haiM, kintu manana meM prayukta kisI bhI pramANa meM-indriyapratyakSa atirikta - ghaTita nahIM hotii| jinhoMne manana ko eka viziSTa prakAra ke jJAna-matijJAnameM parivartita kiyA ve jaina cintaka ina cAra bhUmikAoM ko matijJAna meM lAgU karane kI bAta kA tyAga nahIM kara sake, parantu ve matijJAna ke pratyeka prakAra meM na to cAra bhUmikAe~ svIkRta kara sake yA na to ghaTita kara ske| isa prakAra unhoMne manana kI cAra bhUmikAoM kI virAsata avazeSa rUpa meM matijJAna meM kAyama rkhii| uparAnta, manana kI ina cAra bhUmikAoMne indriyapratyakSa ke savistRta siddhAnta kA nirmANa karane meM jaina tArkikoM ko bar3I sahAya kii| avagrahAdi ke bahagrAhI Adi bheda aura manana umAsvAti avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA meM se pratyeka ke bahugrAhI, ekagrAhI, bahuvidhagrAhI, ekavidhagrAhI, kSipragrAhI, akSipagrAhI, nizritagrAhI, anizritagrAhI, saMdigdhagrAhI, asaMdigdhagrAhI, dhruvagrAhI, adhruvagrAhI aise bAraha bAraha bheda ginAte haiN| ina sabhI bhedoM kI samajUtI denA jarUrI nahIM hai, kintu eka nirIkSaNa to karanA cAhie ki ina bhedoM kI dI gaI paramparAgata samajUtI aneka sthaloM para jacatI nahIM hai aura tarka ke sAmane Tika nahIM sktii| udAharaNArtha, avAya ke viSaya meM kahanA ki usakA eka bheda saMdigdhagrAhI avAya hai, yaha to vadatovyAghAta hai - 'mAtA me vandhyA' jaisI bAta hai, yadi vaha avAya hai to saMdigdhagrAhI kaise ho sakatA hai ? aura yadi saMdigdhagrAhI hai to avAya kaise ho sakatA hai ? aisA to nahIM hai ki koI anya ke bheda yahA~ avagrahAdi meM lAgU kara die gaye ho ? 'confused, muddled thinking' jaise zabda pracalita haiN| saMdigdha, aspaSTa cintana-manana saMbhavita hai|

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35 jainadarzana meM matijJAna vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha kA sahI arthaghaTana ____ vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha - indriyapratyakSa rUpa matijJAna kI prathama bhUmikA avagraha kI bhI do avAntara bhUmikAe~ dI gaI haiN| ina meM prathama vyaMjanAvagrahakI bhUmikA hai aura dvitIya arthAvagraha kI bhUmikA / vyaMjanAvagraha arthAt vyaMjana kA avagraha / 20 jaina yahA~ vyaMjana kA artha indriya kA viSaya ke sAtha saMyoga arthAt indriyArthasannikarSa karate haiN| TIkAkAra siddhasenagaNi likhate haiM : tat punaH vyaJjanaM saMzleSarUpaM yadindriyANAM sparzanAdInAmupakaraNAkhyAnAM sparzAdyAkAreNa pariNatAnAM ca ya: parasparaM saMzleSa: tad vyaJjanam / (1-18) saMskRta bhASA kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki kisI bhI zabda meM se usakI vividhavyutpattikSamatA ke kAraNa jise jo artha cAhie vaha usa artha nIkAla sakatA hai - cAhe vaha artha zabdakoza meM milatA hI na ho| isI kAraNa eka hI zloka ke sau artha denevAle zatArthI jaise granthoM kI saMskRta meM racanA huI hai| jaina cintakoMne saMskRta bhASA kI isa vizeSatA kA anucita lAbha UThA kara 'vyaMjana' zabda kA artha 'indriyArthasannikarSa' kiyA hai| vyaMjanAvagraha meM indriyArthasannikarSa kA hI grahaNa hotA hai| pazcAt indriya ke sAtha sambaddha artha-vastu kA sAmAnyata: grahaNa hotA hai| yaha arthAvagraha hai| 'artha' zabda kA artha yahA~ 'vastu' kiyA gayA hai|21 jo indriya ke sambandha meM sannikarSa sambhavita nahIM hai vahA~ sIdhA hI arthAvagraha hotA hai| 'vyaMjana' zabda kA artha 'indriyArthasannikarSa' karanA vicitra sA lagatA hai| yahA~ vyaMjana kA pracalita artha choDa kara isa prakAra artha karanA yaha sUcita karatA hai ki jaina cintaka koI prAcIna svAbhAvika mUla artha ke upara kAlpanika nayA artha thopa rahe haiN| 'vyaMjana' zabda kA pracalita artha hai zabda / prathama zabda kA grahaNa hotA hai aura pazcAt zabdArtha kA grahaNa hotA hai| yaha dikhAtA hai ki arthAvagraha' zabdagata 'artha' zabda kA artha vastu nahIM hai, apitu zabdArtha (meaning) hai| zabdagrahaNa kI prakriyA dIrgha hai| zabda aneka akSaroM se banA hotA hai| akSara to uccAraNa ke sAtha hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| yadi zabdastha sabhI akSara ekasAtha gRhIta nahIM ho sakate to zabda kA grahaNa kaise hogA ? isa prazna ke samAdhAna ke hetu bhAratIya cintakoM ko zabdagrahaNa kI sudIrgha prakriyA samajhAnI par3I hai jisakI carcA yahA~ prastuta nahIM hai| zabdagrahaNa ke pazcAt zabdArthagrahaNa kI bhI prakriyA samajhAne meM AtI hai| zabda ke grahaNa ke bAda saMketa kA smaraNa hotA hai aura pazcAt zabdArtha kA grahaNa hotA hai| zabdArthagrahaNa ke pazcAt vAkyArtha ke grahaNa kI vizeSa prakriyA hai| zabdArthagrahaNa aura vAkyArthagrahaNa donoM arthAvagraha meM samAviSTa haiN| isa prakAra manana jisakA AdhAra le kara Age bar3hatA hai vaha mUla AdhAra vyaMjanAvagraha hai aura pazcAt arthAvagraha se svayaM manana kI

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna prakriyA Age bar3hatI hai| 'vyaMjana' aura 'artha' kA aisA artha jaina paramparA meM bhI prasiddha hai| dekhie nimnalikhita prasiddha gAthA - kAle viNaye bahumANe uvahANe taha anninnhvnne| vaMjaNa attha tadubhae aTThaviho NANamAyAro // jaina paramparA meM jahA~ jahA~ vyaMjana' aura 'artha' kA prayoga sAtha sAtha huA hai vahA~ vahA~ unakA artha kramazaH 'zabda' aura 'meaning' hotA hai| tattvArthasUtrabhASya (1.35) para apanI TIkA meM siddhasena likhate haiM - vyaJjanaM zabdaH, tasyArthaH abhidheyaH vaacyH| ___ taduparAMta jaina paramparA meM adhyApanapaddhati meM prathama ziSya ko sUtra, gAthA ke zabdoM kA hI grahaNa karAyA jAtA hai, use yogya uccAraNa sahita kaMThastha karAyA jAtA hai; tat pazcAt use gAthA ke artha ko samajhAyA jAtA hai, artha kA grahaNa karAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra ziSya prathama vyaMjana aura bAda meM artha kA grahaNa karatA hai| manana ke AdhAra aura Adi aise vyaMjanAvagraha (zabdagrahaNa) aura arthAvagraha (zabdArthagrahaNa) ko indriyArthasannikarSAvagraha aura vastuavagraha meM parivartita karake jaina cintakoMne indriyapratyakSa ke apane siddhAnta meM nirvikalpa pratyakSa pUrva eka bhUmikA dAkhila kI, indriyArthasannikarSa kI carcA dAkhila kI aura pramukhata: to indriyoM ke prApyakAritva-aprApyakAritva kI samasyA kI vicAraNA dAkhila kii| zrutajJAna va matijJAna ke krama evaM viSaya __ matijJAna aura zrutajJAna ke grAhya viSayoM ke sambandha meM nimna sUtra hai : matizrutayoH nibandha: sarvadravyeSu asarvaparyAyeSu / (1.27) arthAt, matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kA vyApAra sarva dravyoM meM hai, parantu sarva dravyoM ke sarva paryAyoM meM nahIM hai, alpa paryAyoM meM hai| yahA~ prazna upasthita hotA hai ki atyanta amUrta dravyoM dharmadravya Adi aura unake paryAya matijJAna ke viSaya kisa prakAra bana sakate haiM ? kyA ve indriyapratyakSa ke viSaya bana sakate haiM ? smRti ke viSaya bana sakate haiM ? pratyabhijJA ke viSaya bana sakate haiM ? cintA (yA tarka) ke viSaya bana sakate haiM ? anumAna ke viSaya bana sakate haiM ? unake lie atyanta amUrta dravyoM ko viSaya banAnA kaThina hai| kintu yadi mati ko manana ke rUpa meM samajhA jAya to samAdhAna sarala ho jAtA hai| gurumukha se mUrta-amUrta sabhI dravyoM ke bAre meM tathA unake parimita paryAyoM ke bAre meM sunane ke bAda (zravaNa pazcAt) ve sabhI dravya aura paryAya manana ke viSaya bana sakate haiM / isa sandarbha meM TIkAkAra siddhasenagaNi

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jainadarzana meM matijJAna 37 kA vacana dhyAnArha hai / ve kahate haiM matijJAnI tAvat zrutajJAnenopalabdheSu artheSu...dravyANi dhyAyati (manute) tadA matijJAnaviSayaH sarvadravyANi na tu sarvA: paryAyAH .... tathA zrutagranthAnusAreNa sarvANi dharmAdIni jAnAti, na tu teSAM sarvaparyAyAn / (1.27) yaha spaSTata: dikhAtA hai ki jise jaina matijJAna kahate haiM vaha mUlata: manana hai aura prathama zravaNa (zruta) hai aura bAda meM hI mati (manana) hai| zruta ke AdhAra para hI manana (mati) calatA hai| umAsvAti likhate haiM : zrutaM matipUrvam / : (1.20) prathama mati hotI hai aura pazcAt zrutajJAna hotA hai| yahA~ mati kA saMkucita artha karake mAtra indriyapratyakSa samajhane meM AtA hai aura kahA jAtA hai ki zabda ke sunane (zrAvaNa pratyakSa) ke pazcAt hI zabdArtha kA jJAna (zrutajJAna) hone se zrutajJAna ke pUrva matijJAna avazya hotA hai| arthAt, pahale zrAvaNa pratyakSarUpa matijJAna hotA hai aura pazcAt zAbdajJAna (zrutajJAna) hotA hai| yadi mati kA artha manana kiyA jAya to krama viparIta ho jAtA hai| upara uddhRta siddhasenagaNivacana 'mati' ke 'manana' artha kA samarthana karatA hai aura svayaM umAsvAti hameM kahate haiM ki mana kA viSaya zruta hai, arthAt gurumukha se jo sunA usa para mana manana karatA hai| zrutamanindriyasya / (2.22) ye saba spaSTata: dikhAte hai ki jainoMne tRtIya sopAna manana ko hI vizeSa prakAra ke jJAna matijJAna meM parivartita kara diyA hai - tathApi mUla manana ke avazeSa raha gaye haiN| - cAra sopAnoM kI yojanA meM zraddhA (darzana) pazcAt zravaNa kA krama hai| zravaNa kA kAraNa zraddhA hai| adhyAtmavidyA meM yaha svIkAra svAbhAvika hai| bhagavatagItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki zraddhAvAn labhate jJAnam / arthAt, jise zraddhA huI hai vaha guru se jJAna prApta karatA hai| yaha zrutajJAna hai| isa prakAra zraddhA ko zrutajJAna kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| isa zrutajJAna ke pUrva zrAvaNa pratyakSa hone para bhI adhyAtmavidyA yA sAdhaka ko usakA koI upayoga nahIM hai - yaha adhyAtma kA sopAna nahIM bana sktaa| ata: usako zrutajJAna kA kAraNa mAnane kI apekSA zraddhA ko hI zrutajJAna kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| adhyAtmavidyA meM zrutajJAna kA kAraNa zrAvaNa indriyapratyakSa nahIM hai apitu zraddhA hI hai| pramANalakSaNa jaina tArkika usa jJAna ko pramANa mAnateM haiM jo avisaMvAdI bhI ho22 aura vyavasAyAtmaka bhI ho / avisaMvAda kA artha hai jJAna aura viSayasvabhAva ke bIca mela arthAt jo dharma viSaya meM ho usakA jJAna meM bhI bhAsamAna honA, evaM jJAna aura tajjanya pravRtti ke bIca saMvAda / avisaMvAditA vyavasAyAtmakatAyatta hai / 24

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38 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna mati prakAra parokSa pramANa jaina tArkikoMne indriyapratyakSa, smRti, pratyabhijJA, tarka aura anumAna ko parokSa pramANa mAne haiM kyoMki indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA AtmA ko sAkSAt honevAlA vastu kA yathArtha jJAna unake matAnusAra pratyakSa hai| ___aba hama matijJAna ke indriyapratyakSa Adi prakAra ke viSaya meM jaina tArkikoM ne jo kahA hai usako saMkSepa meM kahane jA rahe haiN| indriyapratyakSa - indriyapratyakSa ke bAre meM mahattvapUrNa bAtoM kI carcA kI gaI haiN| zeSa katipaya bAta kI noMdha karate haiN| jaina pramANazAstra meM jaina tArkikoMne pramANazAstrIya dRSTi se indriyapratyakSa ko pratyakSa pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA hai - jo ki paramArthata: to vaha parokSa pramANa hai, kintu ve use sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahate haiN|25 ve vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnate haiM ata: avAya ko hI pratyakSa pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| ihA meM to abhI nizcaya nahIM huA hai, parantu nizcaya ke lie mAtra vicAraNA hotI hai| ata: IhA bhI pratyakSa pramANa nahIM mAnI jaatii| aura avagraha meM to nizcaya kI ora le jAnevAlI vicAraNA kA bhI abhAva hai| avagraha nirvikalpa jJAna hai| ata: vaha bhI pramANa kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai| bauddha mAtra nirvikalpa pratyakSa ko hI pratyakSa pramANa mAnate haiN| jaina tArkikoM ne isa bauddhamata kA balapUrvaka samartha khaNDana kiyA hai / 26 smRti - yogya nimittoM kI upalabdhi se pUrvAnubhUta viSaya ke saMskAra jAgrata hone se usa viSaya kA punaH manaHpaTala para AnA smRti hai / 27 ata: smRti ko saMskAramAtrajanya kahI gaI hai| isa prakAra smRti nUtana jJAna nahIM hai, kintu adhigata kA hI jJAna hai| smRti meM hama saMskArobodha dvArA pUrvAnubhava ko tAjA karate haiM aura pUrvAnubhUta viSaya kA smaraNa karate haiN| yaha batAtA hai ki smRti adhigatagrAhI hai aura arthajanya nahIM hai| isI kAraNa adhikAMza ajaina tArkika smRti ko pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM krte| jaina tArkika smRti gRhItagrAhI hone para bhI use pramANa mAnate haiM, kyoMki vaha avisaMvAdI hai|28 agRhItagrAhitva aura gRhItagrAhitva pramANatA yA apramANatA kA kAraNa nahIM hai| pramANatA kA kAraNa to avisaMvAda hai| aura avisaMvAda to anya jJAnoM ke sadRza smRti meM bhI hai| taduparAnta, samasta jagata kA vyavahAra smRtimUlaka hai| mAnavapragati meM anya jJAnoM kI apekSA smRti kA viziSTa pradAna hai| uparAnta, smRti 'tat' zabdollekhapUrvaka viSaya ko grahaNa karatI haiM / 29 'tat' zabdollekha pUrvAnubhava meM hotA nahIM hai / isa prakAra vaha pUrvAnubhUta viSaya ko

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jainadarzana meM matijJAna tattAvacchinna rUpa meM grahaNa karatI hai| pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama Adi pramANoM kI utpatti smRti ke binA saMbhavita nahIM hai| ata: pratyabhijJAna Adi pramANoM kI janaka hone se bhI smRti pramANa haiM / 30 jaise pratyakSa visaMvAdI ho taba use hama apramANa mAnate haiM vaise smRti bhI visaMvAdI ho taba use bhI apramANa mAnanA, anyathA use bhI pratyakSa ke samAna hI pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanI caahie| aura arthajanyatva honA yA na honA pramANatA aura apramANatA kA kAraNa nahIM hai, kyoMki jJAna kA arthajanyatva sArvatrika nahIM hai| ata: avisaMvAdI hone ke kAraNa smRti ko pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAranA hI caahie| yaha hai jaina tArkikoM kA mata / / pratyabhijJA - indriyapratyakSa aura smaraNa se utpanna honevAlA, ekatA, sAdRzya, vaisAdRzya, pratiyogI, ApekSika rUpa se saMkalanA karanevAlA mAnasajJAna pratyabhijJAna hai| 2 jo ki 'vaha hI yaha hai' yaha pratyabhijJAna meM 'vaha' aMza smaraNa kA viSaya hai aura 'yaha' aMza pratyakSa kA viSaya hai, tathApi vaha hI yaha hai' yaha samagra saMkalita viSaya ko - ekatva ko na to smaraNa grahaNa kara sakatA hai yA na to indriyprtykss| ata: isa saMkalita viSaya ko grahaNa karanevAlA smaraNa-pratyakSabhinna eka svataMtra pratyabhijJA nAmaka svatantra pramANa jaina tArkiko ne svIkRta kiyA hai| vartamAnagrAhI pratyakSa aura atItagrAhI smaraNamUlaka jitane saMkalanAtmaka mAnasa jJAna haiM unako pratyabhijJA meM jaina tArkiko ne samAviSTa kiyA hai| jisa ekatva-sthAyitva kI dhurA para jagata kA samasta vyavahAra calatA hai usa ekatva ko pratyabhijJAna avisaMvAdI rUpa se jAnatA hai| 'vaha hI yaha hai' aise jJAna ko indriyapratyakSa nahIM mAna sakate kyoMki indriyA~ mAtra sannikRSTa aura vartamAna viSaya ko hI jAna sakatI hai jaba ki vaha aMza to asannikRSTa aura atIta hai| usI prakAra 'vaha hI yaha hai aise jJAna ko smaraNa bhI nahIM mAna sakate kyoMki smaraNa mAtra atIta aura asannikRSTa ko hI jAna sakatA hai jaba ki 'yaha' aMza to vartamAna aura sannikRSTa hai| indriyapratyakSa aura smaraNa donoM meM se eka bhI vaha aura yaha donoM meM vyApta - atIta aura vartamAna donoM meM vyApta - ekatva ko grahaNa nahIM kara skte| ata: ekatvagrAhI pratyabhijJA ko jaina svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| 3 bauddha ekatva ko - sthAyitva ko asat mAnate haiN| ata: ekatvagrAhI pratyabhijJA unake anusAra nitAnta bhrAnta jJAna hI hai| uparAnta ve pratyabhijJA ko koI eka jJAna nahIM mAnate parantu pratyakSa aura smaraNa donoM kA mizraNa mAtra mAnate haiN| jaina bauddha mata kA khaNDana karate haiN| naiyAyika pratyabhijJA ko indriyajanya pratyakSa hI mAnate haiN| ve use svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unake matAnusAra saMskAra yA smaraNa rUpa sahakArI ke

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40 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna bala se vartamAnamAtragrAhI indriya bhI atItAvasthAviziSTa vartamAna ko grahaNa kara sakatI hai ataH pratyabhijJA kI janaka bana sakatI hai| jaina tArkika naiyAyikoM ke isa mata kA khaNDana karake pratyabhijJA ko svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM sthApita karate haiM | 35 naiyAyika 'upamAna' nAmaka svatantra pramANa svIkAra karate haiM / vRddhajana se jJAtaajJAta do vastuoM ke sAdRzya ko vRddhavAkya dvArA jAnane ke pazcAt ajJAta vastu meM jaba usa sAdRzya kA pratyakSa hotA hai taba vRddhavAkya kA smaraNa hotA hai, pariNAmata: vaha vastu amuka padavAcya hai aisA jo jJAna utpanna hotA hai vaha upamiti hai / isa prakAra sAdRzyapratyakSa aura vRddhavAkyasmaraNa se utpanna honevAlA saMjJAsaMjJisambandha kA jJAna upamiti hai / jaina tArkika naiyAyikasammata isa upamAna pramANa kA pratyabhijJA meM antarbhAva karate haiM, kyoMki jaina tArkika pratyakSa - smaraNamUlaka jitane saMkalanAjJAna haiM una sabhI kA samAveza pratyabhijJA meM karate haiM 136. tarka - upalambha (pratyakSa ) aura anupalambha se utpanna honevAlA aura sAdhya - sAdhana ke avinAbhAva ( vyApti) sambandha ko grahaNa karanevAlA jJAna tarka hai / 37 saMkSepa meM vyAptigrAhI jJAna tarka hai / vyApti sarvopasaMhAravAlI hotI hai / sarva kAla meM sarva deza dhUma hai vaha agni se hI utpanna hotA hai, agni ke abhAva meM kahI bhI kabhI bhI dhUma nahIM ho sakatA - aisA sarvopasaMhArI avinAbhAva tarka pramANa kA viSaya hai / pratyakSa pramANa rasoIghara Adi meM aneka bAra agni ke sambandha ko pratyakSa bhale kare parantu usa sambandha kI traikAlikatA aura sArvatrikatA pratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM hai kyoMki pratyakSa sannikRSTa vartamAna viSaya ko hI jAnatA hai aura vaha mukhyataH avicAraka hai| 28 anumAna pramANa se bhI isa vyApti kA grahaNa sambhavita nahIM hai kyoMki svayaM anumAna kI utpati vyApti ke grahaNa ke pazcAt hotI hai| eka anumAna kI vyApti yadi dUsare anumAna se gRhIta hotI hai aisA mAneM to isa dUsare anumAna kI vyApti ko grahaNa karane ke lie tIsare anumAna kI aura tIsare anumAna kI vyApti ko grahaNa karane ke lie cauthe anumAna kI AvazyakatA hogii| isa prakAra anavasthAdoSa hogA / ata: vyAptigrAhI pramANa ke rUpa meM tarka ko mAnanA Avazyaka hai / 39 bauddha tArkika nirvikalpa pratyakSa ke pazcAt utpanna honevAle savikalpa pratyakSa ko hI vyAptigrAhI mAnate haiM / jaina tArkika bauddha kA pratiSedha karate hue kahate haiM ki savikalpa jJAna svayaM hI bauddha matAnusAra apramANa hai to isake dvArA gRhIta vyApti meM vizvAsa kaise kara sakate haiM ?40 naiyAyika tarka ko na to pramANa mAnate haiM yA na to apramANa / unake matAnusAra tarka to pramANa kA anugrAhaka hai / naiyAyiko ke isa mata kA khaNDana karate hue jaina tArkika kahate

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jainadarzana meM matijJAna 41 haiM ki jo svayaM pramANa na ho vaha anya pramANoM kA anugraha kaise kara sakatA hai ?41 jaina tArkikoM ke anusAra tarka svayaM avisaMvAdI hai evaM avisaMvAdI anumAna kA janaka bhI hai ata: vaha pramANa hai, svatantra pramANa hai| sampUrNata: sAdhya aura sAdhana ke sarvopasaMhArI vyAptisambandha ko grahaNa karanevAle tarka ko svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkRta karanA cAhie / jahA~ jahA~ sAdhana kA pratyakSa hotA hai vahA~ vahA~ sAdhya kA bhI pratyakSa hotA haiM aura jahA~ jahA~ sAdhyAbhAva kA anupalambha se grahaNa hotA hai vahA~ vahA~ sAdhanAbhAva kA bhI anupalambha se grahaNa hotA hai - isa upalambha-anupalambha se tarka utpanna hotA hai| vyAptigrAhI yaha tarka rUpa jJAna avisaMvAdI hone se svatantra pramANa hai, aisA jaina tArkika mAnate haiN| ___ anumAna - bhagavatIsUtra aura anuyogadvArasUtra meM cAra pramANoM meM anumAna pramANa kA ullekha hai| anuyogadvArasUtra tIna prakAra ke anumAna ginAtA hai - pUrvavat, zeSavat aura dRSTasAdharmyavat; bAda meM pratyeka ko sodAharaNa samajhAtA hai|43 vaha, anumAna ke viSaya kI kAlika sthiti ke AdhAra para bhI anumAna ke tIna bheda karatA hai - atItagrAhI, vartamAnagrAhI aura anAgatagrAhI / 44 sthAnAMgasUtra meM cAra prakAra ke hetu ginAye haiM - vidhyAtmaka sAdhyavAlA vidhyAtmaka hetu, niSedhAtmaka sAdhyavAlA vidhyAtmaka hetu, vidhyAtmaka sAdhyavAlA niSedhAtmaka hetu aura niSedhAtmaka sAdhyavAlA niSedhAtmaka hetu 145 anumAna ke avayavoM ke viSaya meM dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM do. tIna. pA~ca aura dasa avayavoM ke cAra vikalpa svIkAre gaye haiN| vahA~ dasa avayavoM kI do alaga tAlikAe~ haiN|46 isa prakAra AgamoM meM anumAna viSayaka vizeSa vicAraNA nahIM hai| ___ bauddha tArkikoM evaM naiyAyikoM ne anumAna viSayaka pukhta vicAraNA karake anumAna siddhAnta kI sthApanA kara dI usake bAda jaina tArkikoMne maMca para praveza kiyA hai aura siddhasena divAkara viracita nyAyAvatAra meM sarvaprathama anumAna kI vyavasthita vicAraNA huI hai tathA akalaMka ke granthoM meM jaina anumAna siddhAMta paripakva aura puSTa banA hai| __ pratyakSa yA zabda (Agama) dvArA jJAta sAdhana (hetu, liMga) se ajJAta sAdhya (liMgI) kA jJAna anumAna hai| hama dhuA~, dUra parvata para dekhate haiN| usa para se hama anumAna karate haiM ki parvata para agni hai| yahA~ dhuA~ agni kA jJAna karAnevAlA jJApaka sAdhana . hai| dhuA~ ke AdhAra para agni kA astitva siddha kiyA jAtA hai| ata: agni ko sAdhya kahA jAtA hai| yadi do vastuoM ke bIca vyApya-vyApakabhAvasambandha ho to hI vyApya vastu vyApaka vastu kA jJAna karAtI hai| sAdhana hamezAM vyApya hotA hai aura sAdhya hamezAM vyApaka hotA hai| isa sambandha ko vyApti kahA jAtA hai| jisa sthAna meM sAdhya

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna ko siddha karanA ho use pakSa kahA jAtA hai| sAdhya ko jahA~ siddha karanA ho vahA~ hI usake sAdhana kA jJAna pakSadharmatAjJAna kahA jAtA hai| anumAna ke lie vyAptijJAna aura pakSadharmatAjJAna Avazyaka hai| una ke binA anumAna nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sapakSa vaha hai jo pakSa ke atirikta aisI vastu hai jahA~ sAdhya kA astitva jJAta hai| vipakSa vaha hai jo pakSa ke atirikta aisI vastu hai jahA~ sAdhya kA abhAva jJAta hai| vyApti arthAt vyApya hone para vyApaka kA honA hI athavA vyApaka hone para jahA~ vyApaka ho vahA~ hI vyApya kA honA / 48 sAdhana kA sAdhya ke binA, niyama se nahIM honA yaha sAdhana kA sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhAvasambandha hai| isa avinAbhAvasambandha hI vyApti hai| jaina matAnusAra vyApti kA grahaNa tarka se hotA hai| aise kitane sambandha haiM jinake sambandhI ke bIca vyAptisambandha ho ? bauddha kahate haiM ki kAryakAraNabhAva aura svabhAvasambandha ye do hI aise sambandha haiM jinake sambandhI ke bIca vyAptisambandha hotA hai| unake matAnusAra tadutpatti aura tAdAtmya ye do hI sambandha vyApti ke niyAmaka haiN| anya zabdoM meM jitanI vyAptiyA~ haiM ve sabakA ina do sambandhoM meM paryavasAna hotA hai| dhuA~ aura agni ke bIca vyAptisambandha hai kyoMki una donoM ke bIca kAryakAraNabhAva hai| vRkSatva aura Amratva ke bIca vyAptisambandha hai kyoMki una donoM ke bIca svabhAvasambandha-tAdAtmyasambandha hai| jaina tArkikoM ke matAnusAra vyApti ko tAdAtmya aura tadutpatti meM sImita karane kI apekSA itanA kahanA hI paryApta hai ki sAdhya-sAdhana donoM ke bIca avinAbhAvasambandha hai| yadi vyApti ko tAdAtmya aura tadutpatti meM sImita kiyA jAya to kAryahetu aura svabhAvahetu ina do hI prakAra ke hetu saMbhavita hoMge; parantu vicAra karane para spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki kAryahetu aura svabhAvahetu ke atirikta aura bhI aneka hetu haiN| kRttikodaya se atIta bharaNyudaya kA anumAna tathA bhaviSyat zakaTodaya kA anumAna hotA hai, kintu inake bIca tAdAtmya yA tadutpatti sambandha nahIM hai| noMdha karanI cAhie ki jaina tArkika tAdAtmya aura tadutpatti ina do sambandhoM ke atirikta jina sambandhoM meM avinAbhAva dekhate haiM una sambandhoM ke mUla meM vAstava meM kAryakAraNabhAva (tadutpattisambandha) hotA hai yaha satya sUkSma vizleSaNa se prakaTa hogaa| __ anumAna ke prakAra - bauddha tArkikoM aura naiyAyikoM ke samAna jaina tArkika bhI anumAna ke svArthAnumAna aura parArthAnumAna jaise do prakAroM kA svIkAra karate haiN| svaprayojana aura paraprayojana ke AdhAra para ye do prakAra hote haiN| svArthAnumAna arthAt 'apane lie anumAna' / svArthAnumAna svapratipatti ke lie hai / vaha mAtra apane bodha yA

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jainadarzana meM matijJAna nizcaya kA kAraNa hai / parArthAnumAna arthAt 'dUsaroM ke lie anumAna', parapratipatti ke lie prayojita anumAna / 50 hetulakSaNa - bauddha tArkika hetu ke tIna lakSaNa mAnate haiM - pakSadharmatva, sapakSasattva aura vipakSavyAvRtti / naiyAyika ina tIna ke uparAnta anya do lakSaNa - abAdhitaviSayatva aura asatpratipakSatva - milAkara kula pA~ca lakSaNa mAnate haiN| jaina tArkika bauddha tArkika aura naiyAyika ke ina matoM kA khaNDana karake hetu kA eka hI lakSaNa svIkArate haiM aura vaha hai - avinAbhAva yA anythaanupptti| hetuprakAra - akalaMkadeva sAmAnyata: hetu ke upalabdhi aura anupalabdhi ye do bheda karake upalabdhi ke svabhAva, kArya, kAraNa, pUrvacara, uttaracara aura sahacara chaha prabheda karate haiN| AcArya hemacandra ko hetu ke kula pA~ca bheda svIkArya haiN| ye haiM - svabhAva, kAraNa, kArya, ekArthasamavAyI aura virodhI / 52 hetvAbhAsa - sadhetu na hone para bhI jo hetu sadhetu jaisA dikhAI de vaha hetvAbhAsa hai| naiyAyika hetu ke pA~ca lakSaNa mAnate haiM, ata: unake anusAra eka eka lakSaNa ke abhAva meM asiddha, viruddha, anaikAntika, kAlAtyayApadiSTa aura prakaraNasama ye pA~ca hetvAbhAsa banate haiN| jaina hetu kA mAtra eka hI lakSaNa anyathAnupapatti mAnate haiM, ata: vastuta: unake mata meM anyathAnupapatti ke abhAva meM hetvAbhAsa kA bhI sAmAnyata: eka hI prakAra hotA hai aura vaha hai asiddha parantu anyathAnupapatti kA abhAva aneka rIti se hotA hai ata: jaina unake AdhAra para adhikAMzata: tIna hI hetvAbhAsa kA svIkAra karate haiM - asiddha, viruddha aura anaikAntika parantu akalaMka aura unake anuyAyI digambara jaina tArkikoMne ina tInoM ke uparAnta akiMcitkara nAmaka cauthe hetvAbhAsa kA svIkAra kiyA hai|53 avayava - naiyAyika nyAyavAkya (anumAna) ke pA~ca avayava svIkArate haiM, yathA - pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa (vyAptisahita), upanaya aura nigamana / mImAMsaka upanaya aura nigamana ko kramaza: hetu aura pratijJA kI punarukti mAtra mAnakara pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa ina tIna avayavoM kA svIkAra karate haiN| bauddha tArkika adhika se adhika hetu aura udAharaNa (vyApti sahita) do avayava aura kama se kama mAtra eka avayava hetu svIkArate haiN| jaina nyUnatama do avayava pratijJA aura hetu kA svIkAra karate haiM, parantu zrotA kI yogyatA kI apekSA tIna, cAra yA pA~ca avayavoM kA bhI svIkAra karate haiN| dhyAnArha bAta yaha hai ki dRSTAnta ke kathana ko jaina tArkiko ne anumAna kA aMga nahIM mAnA (mAtra vyAptikathana hI anumAna kA aMga hai|) / alabattA, ve zrotA ko samajhAne ke lie dRSTAnta kI upayogitA kA svIkAra karate haiN|54

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44 upasaMhAra isa prakAra jaina cintakoM ne AdhyAtmika cAra sopAnoM meM se eka sopAna manana ko matijJAna meM parivartita karake matijJAna meM indriyapratyakSa, smRti, pratyabhijJA, tarka aura anumAna kA samAveza karane kA AdhAra bhI manana meM se hI prApta kara liyA aura pazcAt pratyeka ko svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM sthApita karake jaina pramANazAstra nirmANa kara diyA | zravaNa ko zrutajJAna meM parivartita karake use bhI svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM sthApita karake jaina pramANazAstra ko pUrNa kiyA / jaina jinako mukhya pratyakSa mAnate haiM ve avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna atIndriya pratyakSa (extrasensory perceptions) haiM aura isalie vastuta: ve pramANazAstra arthAt lojika ke kSetra meM nahIM par3ate haiM / ve pramANazAstra kA viSaya nahIM haiN| ve to parAcittazAstra (Parapsychology) ke kSetrameM par3ate hai, ve usakA viSaya haiM / TippaNa jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna 1. matijJAnaM nAma yadindriyAnindriyanimittaM vartamAnakAlaviSayaparicchedi / tattvArthAdhigamaTIkA, 1.3 2. smRtijJAnam atItavastvAlambanam... / vahI, 1.13 3. saMjJAjJAnaM nAma yat tairevendriyairanubhUtamarthaM prAk punarvilokya sa evAyaM yamahamadrAkSaM pUrvAhNa iti / vahI, 1.13 4. cintAjJAnamAgAmino vastunaH / vahI, 1.13 5. mahendrakumAra jaina sampAdita nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1944, dvitIya bhAga, hindI prastAvanA, pR. 11. 6. tato dhAraNA pramANaM smRtiH phalam / tato'pi smRtiH pramANaM pratyabhijJAnaM phalam / tato'pi pratyabhijJA pramANam UhaH phalam / tato'pi UhaH pramANam anumAnaM phalamiti / pramANamImAMsA - svopajJavRtti, 1.1.39 yahA~ cintA ke lie 'Uha' zabda kA prayoga huA hai aura Uha hI tarka hai| abhinibodha ke lie 'anumAna' zabda kA prayoga huA hai aura abhinibodha hI anumAna hai 1 7. kiM tu matijJAnAvaraNakSayopazamanimittopayogaM nAtivartanta iti ayamatrArtho vivakSitaH / sarvArthasiddhi, 1.13. tattvArthasUtra 1.13 kA paM. sukhalAlajI kA vivecana | 8. tadetat matijJAnaM dvividhaM bhavati indriyanimittam anindriyanimittaM ca / tattvArthabhASya, 1.14 9. evaM caitad draSTavyam - indriyanimittamekam, aparamanindriyanimittam, anyadindriyAnindriyanimittamiti tridhA / tattvArthaTIkA, 1.14

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jainadarzana meM matijJAna 10. tatraikamindriyanimittameva jJAnaM matyAkhyam, yathA'vanivAridahanapavanavanaspatinAmekendriyANAM dvitricaturindriyANAmasaMjJinAM ca paJcendriyANAm manaso'bhAvAt / vahI, 1.14 11. anindriyanimittaM smRtijJAnam / vahI, 1.14 12. indriyAnindriyanimittaM jAgradavasthAyAM sparzanena manasopayupaktaH spRzati uSNamidaM zItaM neti, indriyaM manazcobhayaM tasyotpattau nimittaM bhavatIti / vahI, 1.14. 13. viSayaviSayisannipAtasamanantaramAdyaM grahaNamavagrahaH / sarvArthasiddhi, 1.15. dekhie tattvArthasUtra 1.15 para paNDita sukhalAlajI kA vivecana / 14. avagRhIte'rthe tadvizeSAkAGkSaNamIhA / sarvArthasiddhi, 1.15 dekhie vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 183-184. Studies in Jaina Philosophy. p. 41 Akalanika's Criticism of Dharmakirti's Philosophy, p. 28 15. vizeSanirjJAnAt yAthAtmyAvagamanamavAyaH / sarvArthasiddhi, 1.15 16. tayaNantaraM tayatthAviccavaNaM jo ya vAsaNAjogo / kAlAntare ya jaM puNaranusaraNaM dhAraNA sA || vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 291 17. dekhie tattvArthasUtra 1.15 para paNDita sukhalAlajI kA vivecana / 18. Jaina Philosophy and Religion, Nagin J. Shah (Tr.), Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1998, p. 180-181 19. tattvArthasUtra, 1.16 20. vyaJjanasyAvagraha: / vahI, 1.18 21. arthasya / vahI, 1.17 cakSurAdiviSayo'rthaH / sarvArthasiddhi, 1.17 / dekhie paNDita sukhalAlajI kA vivecana sUtra 1. 17 aura 1.18 22. avisaMvAdakaM pramANam / akalaMkagranthatraya (= akatraya), pR. 4 23. samyagarthanirNaya: pramANam / pramANamImAMsA, 1.1.2 24. avisaMvAdakatvaM nirNayAyattam / akatraya, pR. 20 25. iMdiyamaNobhavaM jaM taM saMvavahArapaccakkhaM / vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 95. 26. Akalanka's Criticism of Dharmakirti's Philosophy. p. 218-226. 27. vAsanodbodhahetukA... smRti: / pramANamImAMsA, 1.2.3 28. sA ca pramANam avisaMvAditvAt / vahI, svopajJavRtti, 1.2.3 29. .. tadityAkArA smRtiH / vahI, 1.2.3 +++ 45 30. kiJca, smRteraprAmANye'numAnAya datto jalAJjaliH, tayA vyApteraviSayIkaraNe tadutthAnAyogAt; liGgagrahaNa-sambandhasmaraNapUrvakamanumAnamiti hi sarvavAdisiddham / tatazca smRti: pramANam, anumAnaprAmANyAnyathAnupapatteriti siddham / vahI, svopajJavRtti, 1.2.3

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46 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna 31. tathA cArthAjanyatvAnna pramANyamasyA iti cet, tat kiM pramANAntare'pyarthajanyatvamavisaMvAdaheturiti vipralabdho'si ?... yogijJAnasyAtItAnAgatArthayocarasya tadajanyasyApi prAmANyaM prati vipratipatterabhAvAt / vahI, svopajJavRtti, 1.2.3 32. darzanasmaraNasambhavaM tadevedaM tatsadRzaM tadvilakSaNaM tatpratiyogItyAdisaGkalanaM pratyabhijJAnam / vahI, 1.2.3 33-36. vahI, svopajJavRtti, 1.2.4 37. upalambhAnupalambhanimittaM vyAptijJAnam UhaH / vahI, 1.2.5 38-41. vahI, svopajJavRtti, 1.2.5 42. bhagavatIsUtra, 5.3 191-92. 43. anuyogadvArasUtra, 144 44. vahI, 144 45. ahavA heU cauvihe pannatte taM jahA-asthittaM atthi so heU, asthittaM Natthi so heU, NatthittaM atthi so heU, NatthittaM Natthi so heU / sthAnAMgasUtra 46. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 89-99, 137, 49. 47. sAdhanAt sAdhyavijJAnam anumAnam / pramANamImAMsA, 1.2.7 48. vyAptiApakasya vyApye sati bhAva eva vyApyasya vA tatraiva bhAvaH / vahI, 1.2.6 49. Akalanka's Criticism of Dharmakirti's Philosophy, p. 255-259 50. tad dvidhA svArthaM parArthaM ca / pramANamImAMsA, 1.2.8 51. Akalanka's Criticism of Dharmakirti's Philosophy. p. 267-270. 52. vahI., pR. 273-276 53. vahI., pR. 270-273 54. vahI., pR. 281-283

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tRtIya vyAkhyAna kevalajJAna kevalajJAna ke svarUpa kI sthira huI jaina mAnyatA ekatvavitarkAvicAra nAmaka dvitIya zukladhyAna ke bala se mohanIya karma kA sampUrNa kSaya hone se antarmuhUrta ke pazcAt sAdhaka vItarAgI banatA hai, bAda meM zIghra hI jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA sampUrNa kSaya hotA hai aura phalata: kevalajJAna kA AvirbhAva hotA hai| kevalajJAna aparokSa arthAt pratyakSa jJAna hai kyoMki vaha indriya aura mana ke mAdhyama se jAnatA nahIM hai kintu sAkSAt jAnatA hai| AtmA indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA sAkSAt jAnatI hai| ata: kevalajJAna meM avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA ina kramika avasthAoM kA sthAna nahIM hai| vaha sabhI dravya aura unake sabhI paryAya ko jAnatA haiM / vaha sabhI dravyoM kI sabhI vyaktiyoM ko aura unakI trikAlavartI sarva avasthAoM ko jAnatA hai| sabhI dravyoM kI sabhI vyakti ananta haiM aura una pratyeka kI avasthAe~ bhI ananta haiN| ananta jJeyoM kA kramaza: grahaNa to nahIM ho sktaa| ataH kevalajJAna ananta jJeyoM ko yugapat jAnatA hai| jise kevalajJAna prApta hotA hai usa AtmA ke sarva pradeza sarvAkSaguNoM se samRddha bana jAte haiN| arthAt, eka eka indriya eka eka guNa ko jAnatI hai, jaise A~kha rUpa ko hI, nAka gandha ko hI ityAdi, jaba ki kevalajJAnI AtmA ke pratyeka pradeza rUpa Adi sabhI viSaya ko jAnatA hai| isa prakAra kevalajJAna sarvajJatva hai| sarvajJatva kI siddhi ke lie diye gaye pramukha tarka kevalajJAna kA sarvajJatva ke sAtha abheda karane ke bAda jaina tArkika sarvajJatva kI siddhi ke hetu mukhya tarka isa prakAra prastuta karate haiM - (1) jo vastu sAtizaya hotI hai arthAt taratamabhAvApanna hotI hai vaha kramaza: vRddhimAna hokara kahIM na kahIM pUrNatA ko prApta karatI hai, jaise parimANa / parimANa choTA bhI hai aura taratamabhAva se bar3A bhI hai| ata: vaha AkAza meM pUrNatA ko prApta karatA huA dikhAI detA hai| yahI dazA jJAna kI bhI hai| jJAna kahIM alpa hai to kahIM adhika hai - isa prakAra taratamabhAvavAlA dikhAI detA hai| ata: vaha kahIM na kahIM sampUrNa bhI honA caahie| jisa meM vaha pUrNakalAprApta hogA, vahI sarvajJa / hemacandrAcAryane pramANamImAMsA meM yaha yukti dI hai|' (2) jo anumeya hotA hai vaha kisI ko to pratyakSa hogA hii| sUkSma, antarita aura dUravartI - kAlika aura daizika dRSTi se - padArtha kisI ko pratyakSa hote hI haiM kyoMki ve padArtha anumeya haiN| (3)

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna sUryagrahaNa Adi ke jyotirjJAna ke upadeza kI yathArthatA aura avisaMvAditA sarvajJatva siddha karatI hai|' (4) sarvajJa hai kyoMki bAdhaka pramANoM kI asaMbhavitatA kA nizcaya hai|10 sarvajJa kA bAdhaka pramANa pratyakSa nahIM hai| pratyakSa ke AdhAra para jo vyakti kahatA hai ki koI deza yA koI kAla meM koI sarvajJa nahIM hai, vaha vyakti svayaM hI sarvajJa bana jaayegaa| pratyakSa ke bala para sarva deza aura sarva kAla ke sarva puruSoM kA jJAna sarvajJa ke sivA anya kisI ko kaise ho sakatA hai ? sarvajJa kA bAdhaka anumAna bhI nahIM hai| katipaya loga sarvajJa ke bAdhaka anumAna ke rUpa meM isa prakAra anumAna dete haiM - arhanta sarvajJa nahIM hai kyoMki ve vaktA hai aura puruSa hai, rAhadArI sAmAnya AdamI ke smaan| yaha anumAna sarvajJa kA bAdhaka nahIM hai kyoMki sarvajJatva aura vaktRtva kA koI virodha nahIM hai| eka hI vyakti vaktA bhI ho sakatI hai aura sarvajJa bhI ho sakatI hai| yadi jJAna kI vRddhi ke sAtha vacanoM kA hrAsa dikhAI detA hotA to jJAna kI utkRSTatA meM vacanoM kA atyanta hrAsa hotA, parantu vAstava meM to jJAna kI vRddhi ke sAtha vacana kI bhI prakarSatA dikhAI detI hai| sarvajJatA kA puruSa ke sAtha bhI koI virodha nahIM hai, parantu sarvajJatva kA rAga ke sAtha virodha hai| ata: jisa puruSa meM rAga hotA hai vahA~ sarvajJatva nahIM hotaa| sarvajJatva kA vItarAgatA ke sAtha avinAbhAva sambandha hai| ata: jo puruSa vItarAga hogA vaha sarvajJa hogA hii| isa prakAra prastuta anumAna sarvajJa kA bAdhaka vahIM hai| Agama bhI sarvajJa kA bAdhaka nahIM hai| jaina Agama sarvajJa kA samarthana karate haiN| (5) vartamAna meM prAyaH sabhI puruSa rAgI dikhAI dete haiM, koI vItarAgI dikhAI nahIM detA, to atIta yA bhaviSya meM koI pUrNa vItarAgI kI sambhAvanA kaise ho sakatI hai ? aura vItarAgI sambhavita nahIM ho to sarvajJa kahA~ se sambhavita hogA? inakA uttara yaha hai ki AtmA anantajJAnasvarUpa hai| rAgAdi AtmA kA svarUpa nahIM hai| ata: yogasAdhanA aura maitrI Adi bhAvanA se unakA uccheda sambhavita hai aura phalata: AtmA ke anantajJAna kA pUrNa prAkaTya sambhavita hai / ata: sarvajJa sambhavita hai|| sarvajJatva siddhi ke lie diye gaye tarkoM kA khokhalApana sarvajJatva siddha karane ke hetu diye gaye tarka nitAnta khokhale haiM, yathA-(1) jIva meM jJAna kI taratamatA dikhAI detI hai ata: jIva meM jJAna paramotkRSTa koTi ko prApta karatA hai, aisA kahA gayA hai| jIva meM jJAna kI taratamatA ke AdhAra para se jIva meM jJAna paramotkRSTa koTi ko prApta karatA hai, aisA jaina siddha karanA cAhate haiM / ata: jahA~ guNa kI taratamatA ho vahIM vaha guNa paramotkRSTa koTi ko prApta karatA hai, yaha dikhAnA caahie| kintu yaha batAne ki lie parimANa kA jo dRSTAnta diyA gayA hai, vaha svayaM

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49 kevalajJAna hI viparIta siddha karatA hai / jo dravya yA jo jAti ke padArtha meM parimANa kA taratamabhAva hameM dikhAI detA hai vaha dravya yA vaha jAti kA padArtha kabhI bhI paramahatparimANa ko prApta hotA hI nahIM hai| A~valA meM taratama parimANa hotA hai lekina koI bhI A~valA paramamahatparimANa prApta nahIM karatA / paudgalika padArtha meM taratama parimANa hotA hai, lekina koI bhI paudgalika padArtha paramamahatparimANa kisI bhI kAla meM prApta karatA hI nahIM hai| jaina matAnusAra AtmA saMkocavikAsazIla hone se usameM bhI taratama parimANa hai lekina kisI bhI AtmA ko paramamahatparimANa prApta nahIM hai / AkAza meM paramamahatparimANa hai parantu vahA~ AkAza meM pUrva kabhI bhI parimANa meM taratamabhAva thA hI nahIM, AkAza kA paramamahatparimANa to anAdi hai| isa prakAra jahA~ parimANa kA taratamabhAva hai vahA~ vaha parimANa kabhI paramamahatparimANa banatA hI nahIM hai| ata: AtmA meM jJAna kA taratamabhAva hone se jJAna AtmA meM apanI paramotkRSTa koTi prApta nahIM kara sakatA, aisA phalita hotA hai / isa prakAra AtmA meM sarvajJatva kI siddhi karane diyA huA anumAna viparIta siddha karatA huA pratIta hotA hai| dUsarA, jJAna alpaviSayagrAhI, bahuviSayagrAhI dikhAI detA hai ata: vaha sarvaviSayagrAhI bhI saMbhavita hotA hai aura sarvaviSayagrAhI jJAna hI anaMtajJAna hai aisA jaina mAnate haiM, to jaina Upara yaha svIkAra karane kI Apatti AtI hai ki alpaviSayasukha, bahuviSayasukha dikhAI detA hai ata: sarvaviSayasukha saMbhavita hotA hI hai aura sarvaviSayasukha hI anaMtasukha hai| kintu jaina aisA to nahIM mAnate / isake viparIta unake matAnusAra nirviSayasukha hI anaMtasukha hai| ina saba se pratIta hotA hai ki sarvajJatva ko siddha karane ke lie diyA gayA yaha prathama tarka grAhaya nahIM hai| (2) jo anumeya hotA ho vaha pratyakSa honA hI cAhie yaha svIkArya ho to jo anumeya hotA hai vaha kisI ko to pratyakSa honA hI cAhie yaha bAta zAyada svIkArya bane, parantu jo jo anumeya hotA ho vaha pratyakSa honA hI cAhie yahI svIkArya nahIM hai| paramANu ko hama dekha nahIM sakate, lekina usakA anumAna kara sakate haiM, tarka se usakI sthApanA ho sakatI hai, yaha to sarvasammata hai| ata: dusarA tarka bhI sarvajJatva ko siddha karane meM samartha nahIM hai| (3) bhaviSya meM kaba candragrahaNa yA sUryagrahaNa hogA, usakA upadeza sarvajJatva ko siddha nahIM kara sakatA kyoMki yaha to zuddha gANitika AdhAra para asarvajJa bhI batA sakatA hai| ahamadAbAda se muMbaI kA antara jJAta ho aura relagAr3I kI gati kA jJAna ho to ahamadAbAda se abhI chUTI huI relagAr3I kaba muMbaI pahu~cegI yaha koI bhI vyakti ginatI karake batA sakatA hai| usI prakAra jise candra, sUrya, pRthvI Adi kI gati kA jJAna ho vaha khagolazAstrI saralatA se ginatI dvArA kaha

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna sakatA hai ki bhaviSya meM kaba candragrahaNa, sUryagrahaNa yA khagolIya ghaTanA ghaTita hogii| ata: yaha tarka bhI sarvajJatva ko siddha nahIM kara sktaa| (4) sabhI jIva asarvajJa hai, isa vyApti ko grahaNa karane ke lie traikAlika aura sarvadezastha sabhI jIvoM kA aura unakI asarvajJatA kA pratyakSa grahaNa karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| jaina dhUma aura agni kI vyApti ke grahaNa ke lie traikAlika aura sarvadezastha sarva dhUmoM aura sarva agniyoM ke pratyakSa ko Avazyaka nahIM maante| sarva sat vastu utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya yukta hai, yaha vyApti jainoM ko svIkArya hai| kyA isa vyApti ke grahaNa hetu traikAlika aura sarvadezastha sat vastue~ aura unakI utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyayuktatA kA pratyakSa jaina Avazyaka mAnate haiM ? nahIM, jaina matAnusAra vyAptigrahaNa pratyakSa se nahIM, apitu tarka se hotA hai| ata: sarvajJa kI siddhi ke lie diyA gayA cauthA tarka bhI grAhya nahIM hai| (5) rAga Agantuka mala hone se usakA uccheda sarvasvIkRta hai| parantu isase itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki vItarAgI kA jJAna rAgarahita pUrNata: zuddha hotA hai, nahIM ki sarvaviSaya ko jaannevaalaa| jo vItarAga hotA hai vaha sarvajJa hotA hI hai, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / pAtaMjala yogadarzana vItarAga meM sarvajJatva anivArya nahIM maantaa| 'kevalajJAna' pada kA artha 'kevalajJAna' zabda kA artha - 'kevalajJAna' zabdagata 'kevala' pada kA eka artha 'vizuddha hotA hai| ataH kevalajJAna' zabda kA artha 'vizuddha jJAna' itanA hI hogaa| vizuddha jJAna arthAt rAgamala se akliSTa jJAna / kevalajJAna vItarAga kA jJAna hai, isa satya ke sAtha isakI ucita saMgati hai aura yogadarzana meM pataMjali ne jina akliSTa cittavRttioM (jJAnoM) kI bAta kI hai!2 ve akliSTa cittavRtti aura kevalajJAna donoM eka hI paristhiti ko sUcita karate haiN| akliSTa cittavRtti aura kevalajJAna donoM ko abhinna mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai| yahA~ bAhya viSayoM ke jJAnoM kA pratiSedha nahIM haiM, parantu ve jJAna viSayarAga se, kisI bhI prakAra ke rAga se sarvathA mukta hai| sAmAnya jana rAgayukta hone se jaba bhI unako kisI bhI viSaya kA jJAna hotA hai taba usa jJAna ke sAtha hI rAga-dveSa kA bhAva avazya udita hotA hai| isake viparIta, vItarAgI ke bAre meM unako jaba koI bhI viSaya kA jJAna hotA hai taba usa viSaya ke prati rAga-dveSa kA koI bhAva udita nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra vItarAgI kA jJAna rAgarahita vizuddha hai aura vaha kevalajJAna hai| katipaya cintakoM ne socA ki vizuddha jJAna kA rAgarahita honA paryApta nahIM hai, apitu usakA viSayAkArazUnya honA bhI Avazyaka hai| ata: unake anusAra kevalajJAna kA artha hai rAgarahita evaM sAtha sAtha viSayAkArarahita

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kevalajJAna 51 pUrNata: vizuddha jJAna / isa prakAra kevalajJAna yaha vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM ke grAhyagrAhakAkAra vinirmukta vizuddha vijJAna jaisA hogA / vaha rAgamukta to hai hI kintu koI bhI viSayAkAra se bhI mukta hai| yahI bAta ko zrImad rAjacandra aura anya jaina cintakoM ne anya zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA hai| kevala AtmA kA jJAna hI kevalajJAna / / AcArya kundakunda ne apane 'niyamasAra' ke zuddhopayogadhikAra (gAthA 158) meM likhA hai - 'kevalI bhagavAna samasta padArthoM ko jAnate haiM' yaha kathana vyavahAranaya se hai parantu nizcayanaya se ve apane AtmasvarUpa ko jAnate haiM / ata: phalita hotA hai ki kevalI kI parapadArthajJatA vyAvahArika hai, naizcayika nahIM hai, pAramArthika nahIM hai| isa sandarbha meM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki kundakunda vyavahAranaya ko abhUtArtha (asatya) aura nizcayanaya ko bhUtArtha (satya) mAnate haiN| 4 pariNAmataH sarvajJatA kA paryavasAna AtmajJatA meM hI ho jAtA hai| aura isa prakAra, upaniSada ke "Atmano (= ekasya) vijJAnena sarva viditaM bhavati" vAkya ke Azaya ke nikaTatama kundakunda kA vicAra pahu~ca jAtA hai| upaniSada kA yaha sarvajJatva aura kucha nahIM lekina mAtra AtmajJatva hI hai| 'AtmA hI saba kucha hai, sarva kA sArabhUta hai, jisane ise jAna liyA usane saba jAna liyA, arthAt jisane AtmA ko jAnA use anya jAnane kA kucha prayojana nahIM hai yaha bhAva hai| ataH vAstava meM kevalajJAna yaha sarvajJatva nahIM hai| sarvajJatva kA usa para Aropa kiyA gayA hai| kevalajJAna' zabda svayaM sarvajJatva kA artha nahIM detaa| kevalajJAna para sarvajJatva kA Aropa kyoM ? ___ usa kAla meM sarvajJatva kI pratiSThA aneka dharmasampradAyoM meM, dArzanika vicAradhArAoM meM evaM sAmAnya janoM meM dRDhIbhUta huI hogii| arthAt mUlata: sarvajJatva ko asvIkArya mAnanevAle ko bhI usase prabhAvita hokara sarvajJatva ko svIkAra karane kA dabAva mahasUsa huA ho, yaha svAbhAvika hai| aba hama vibhinna dharmaparamparAoM meM sarvajJatva kI vibhAvanA para vicAra kreNge| ___ bauddha paramparA meM sarvaprathama buddha kA dAvA mAtra tIna vidyAoM kA hI hai - (1) pUrvajanmoM kI ghaTanAoM ko pUrNa rUpeNa jAnane kI vidyA, (2) divya cakSu dvArA prANI ko utpanna hote hue, marate hue evaM svargaloka meM jAte hue dekhane kI vidyA tathA (3) AmravoM(doSoM)ke kSaya se citta evaM prajJA kI vimukti kA sAkSAtkAra' / yahA~ dhyAna dene yogya yaha hai ki bhaviSyatviSayaka jJAna kA koI bhI nirdeza nahIM hai| buddha svayaM sarvajJa hone kA dAvA nahIM karate, isake viparIta ve sarvajJatA ko asambhava samajhate ho aisA pratIta hotA hai| kAlAntara meM uparyukta tIna vidyAoM meM anya sAta vidyAoM kA

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna samAveza karake kulamilAkara dasa vidyAoM ke dhAraka buddha ko mAnA gyaa| ina dasa vidyAoM ko dasabala kahA jAtA hai| samAviSTa sAta vidyAe~ isa prakAra hai - (1) ucita ko ucita rUpa meM aura anucita ko anucita rUpa meM jAnanevAlA jJAnabala (2) karmoM ke phala jAnanevAlA jJAnabala (3) sAdhanAmArga kisa ora le jAte haiM yaha jAnanevAlA jJAnabala (4) loka ke vividha aura aneka ghaTaka tattvoM ko jAnanevAlA jJAnabala (5) jIvoM ke abhiprAyoM ko jAnanevAlA jJAnabala (6) jIvoM kI zaktiyA~ manda haiM yA tIvra haiM, ityAdi jAnanevAlA jJAnabala (7) dhyAna, vimukti, samAdhi aura samApatti ina cAra kI zuddhi, azuddhi aura vRddhi ko jAnanevAlA jJAnabala / ina dasa bala kI sUcI para se phalita hotA hai ki abhI bhI buddha ke sarvajJa hone kI mAnyatA upasthita nahIM huI hai| 7 lekina bAda meM alpa samaya meM hI buddha ke sarvajJa hone kA svIkAra pratIta hotA hai| majhimanikAya ke kaNNatthalasutta meM buddha ke mukha meM nimna do vidhAna rakhe haiM : (1) natthi so samaNo vA brAhmaNo vA yo sakideva sabbaM assati sabbaM dakkhiti... na taM ThANaM vijjati / ("aisA koI zramaNa yA brAhmaNa nahIM hai, jo yugapat sarva ko jAnatA ho, dekhatA ho;... yaha asambhava hai') (2) yete evamAhaMsu... samaNo gotamo evamAha natthi so samaNo vA brAhmaNo vA yo sabbaJjU sabbadassAvI aparisesaM jANaM dassanaM paTijAnissati, na taM ThAnaM vijjatI ti na me te vuttavAdino abbhAcikkhanti ca pana maM te asatA abhUtenAti / (" aisA koI zramaNa yA brAhmaNa nahIM hai jo sarvajJa aura sarvadarzI ho tathA ananta jJAna evaM darzana prApta ho, kyoMki yaha asambhava hai esA zramaNa gautama ne kahA hai' - esA jo mere viSaya meM kahatA hai vaha satya nahIM kahatA hai aura jo asatya aura jUThA hai usakA mujha para Aropa karake mujhe kalaMkita karatA hai|") ina do vidhAnoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki yugapat sarva ke jJAna kA aura yugapat sarva ke darzana kA buddha svIkAra nahIM karate, phira bhI kisI anya artha meM sarva kA jJAna aura sarva kA darzana svIkAra karate haiN| nizcita kisa artha meM sarva kA jJAna aura sarva kA darzana buddha svIkAra karate haiM yaha ina do vidhAnoM para se anumAna karanA kaThina nahIM hai| do vidhAnoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara hama kaha sakate haiM ki sarva kA jJAna aura sarva kA darzana svIkAra karane meM aba do hI vikalpa zeSa rahate haiM : (1) krama se sarva kA jJAna karanA aura krama se sarva kA darzana karanA; (2) jo kucha jAnanA-dekhanA ho use yogya dhyAna karake jAnanA-dekhanA / prathama vikalpa asvIkArya hai kyoMki jJeya ananta hone se sarva jJeyoM ko krama se jAnanA asambhava hai| ata: svAbhAvikarUpa se phalita hotA hai ki buddha sarvajJatva aura sarvadarzitva kA isa artha meM svIkAra karate haiM

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53 kevalajJAna ki jisa vastu ko jAnanA-dekhanA ho use upayukta dhyAna lagAkara jAnanA-dekhanA / isakA tAtparya yaha ki AdhyAtmika sAdhanA se isa artha meM sarva ko jAnane aura dekhane kI zakti (labdhi, siddhi) sAdhaka prApta karatA hai| parantu vaha kabhI sarva ko yugapat jAnatA-dekhatA nahIM hai / vaha vahI vastu ko jAnatA-dekhatA hai jise vaha usa samaya jAnanA dekhanA cAhatA ho aura vaha bhI yogya dhyAna lagAne ke pazcAt hI vaha usa vastu ko jAnatA dekhatA hai| isa arthaghaTana ko uttarakAlIna bauddha granthoM meM bhI samarthana milatA hai| 'milindaprazna' meM nAgasena kahatA hai : bhagavA sabbaJjU, na ca bhagavato satataM samitaM ANaM dassanaM paccupaTTitaM, AvajjanapaTibaddhaM bhagavato sabbatrutatrANaM, AvajjitvA yadicchati jAnAtIti / (saMpA. vADekara, muMbaI, 1940, pR. 105) yahA~ spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki bhagavAna buddha sarvajJa haiM, parantu ve sarva vastuoM ko satata jAnate nahIM hai, kintu jise jAnanA cAhate haiM use dhyAna lagAkara jAnate haiN| apane 'tattvasaMgraha' grantha meM zAntarakSita likhate haiM : yad yadicchati borbu vA tat tadvetti niyogataH / zaktirevaMvidhA hyasya prahINAvaraNo hysau|| zloka 3626 (buddha ko jo jo vastu jAnane kI icchA hotI hai vaha vaha vastu ko ve avazya jAnate haiM, aisI unameM zakti hai kyoMki unake AvaraNa naSTa ho cuke haiN|) parantu samakAla yA kucha pazcAt mahAsAMghika bauddhoMne to yugapad sarva ko jAnane ke artha meM sarvajJatva kA svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra jo jAnanA ho use hI jAnane ke artha meM sthaviravAda meM sarvajJatva kA svIkAra huA thA, usa artha ko parivartita kara ke eka sAtha sarva vastuoM ke jJAna ke artha meM sarvajJatva kA mahAsAMghikoM ne svIkAra kiyaa| sAMkhya paramparA aura usake samAnatantra yoga kI paramparA ati prAcIna hai| yaha hakIkata hai ki buddha sAMkhyAcArya AlAra kAlAma ke aura yogAcArya rudraka rAmaputra ke kucheka samaya taka ziSya rahe the| parantu sAMkhya aura yoga ke vyavasthita likhita prAcIna grantha upalabdha nahIM haiM / sAMkhya kA vyavasthita nirUpaNa karanevAlA saba se prAcIna upalabdha grantha IzvarakRSNakRta 'sAMkhyakArikA' karIba I.sa. kI prathama zatAbdI kA hai, jaba ki yoga kA vyavasthita nirUpaNa karanevAlA saba se prAcIna upalabdha grantha I.sa. pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI kA hai, aura vaha hai pataMjali viracita 'yogasUtra' nAmaka grantha / tathApi sAMkhya-yoga paramparA ati prAcIna hai| hama ina prAcIna upalabdha granthoM ke AdhAra para usa paramparA meM sarvajJatva kI vibhAvanA kA nirUpaNa kreNge| sAMkhya-yoga kI prAcIna paramparA anusAra vivekakhyAti (vivekajJAna) pUrNa hone para arthAt pUrNataH siddha hone para

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna sAdhaka ko dharmameghasamAdhi kA lAbha hotA hai| isI kAraNa yogI dharmameghasamAdhi ko vivekakhyAti kI hI parAkASThA samajhate haiN| dharmameghasamAdhi klezoM evaM karmoM kA samUla nAza karatI hai, pariNAmataH sAdhaka jIvanmukta banatA hai, aba usakA punarjanma sambhavita nahIM hai| usane janma ke kAraNoM kA nAza kiyA hai| aise jIvanmukta ko vivekajJAnajanya tArakajJAna nAma kI siddhi prApta hotI hai| yaha tArakajJAna hI sarva ko jAnanevAlA jJAna (sarvajJajJAna) hai| tArakajJAna hI sarva viSayoM ko aura unakI atIta, anAgata, vartamAna sabhI avasthAoM ko akrama se eka kSaNa meM jAna letA hai|22 tArakajJAnarUpa siddhi jisa vivekI jIvanmukta ko prApta huI hai vaha, yadi kSaNa aura kSaNakrama para saMyama (= dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi) kare to, yugapat eka hI kSaNa meM sarva jJayoM ko jAnatA hai| isa prakAra sarva ko jAnane ke lie pramukhata: do zartoM kA pAlana Avazyaka haiM - (1) dRDha vivekajJAna prApta karanA cAhie jisake phalasvarUpa sarva ko jAnane kI siddhi, labdhi, zakti prApta hotI hai| (2) kSaNa aura kSaNakrama para saMyama karanA caahie| isa prakAra prAcIna sAMkhya-yoga cintakoM ne yugapat sarva kA jJAna svIkAra karane para bhI satata ananta kAla taka use pravartamAna rahatA hai esA nahIM mAnA hai| kintu IsA kI tRtIya-caturtha zatAbdI meM yogabhASyakAra vyAsane nityamukta24 eka Izvara kA khyAla pAtaMjala yoga paramparA meM dAkhila karake yugapat sarva kA jJAna hamezAM Izvara meM pravartamAna rahatA svIkAra kiyA hai.5 / unheM kSaNa aura kSaNakrama para saMyama karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| unakA sarvajJatva anAdi-ananta hai, nitya hai| yogabhASyakAra pUrva nityamukta eka Izvara kA khyAla yogadarzana meM bhI nahIM thaa| 'Izvara' pada kA prayoga tArakajJAna (sarvajJatva) kI siddhi prApta jIvanmukta meM hotA thA aura isa artha meM Izvara aneka the aura anitya (pUrva baddha) the| sarva jIvanmuktoM ko isa tArakajJAna kI siddhi nahIM hotii| ata: svayaM bhASyakAra kahate haiM ki jIvanmukta Izvara (tArakajJAnasiddhirUpa aizvaryayukta) ho yA na ho, vaha dehavilaya ke pazcAt videhamukta hotA hI hai26 1 jIvanmukta ko videhamukta hone se pUrva sarvajJa bananA Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA hai| yaha eka dhyAna dene yogya bAta hai| sAMkhya-yoga anusAra citta hI jJAtA hai| citta kI viSayAkAra meM pariNati hI jJAna hai| citta ke isa viSayAkAra pariNAma ko cittavRtti kahate haiN| arthAt cittavRtti hI jJAna hai / ata: tArakajJAna yA sarvajJajJAna kA artha hogA yugapat eka hI kSaNa meM citta kI sarva jJeyoM ke AkAra meM pariNati / citta eka sAtha ananta viSayoM ke AkAra meM kaise pariNata ho sakatA hai aura yaha pariNAma kaisA hogA isakI kalpanA karanA bhI kaThina hai| parantu sAMkhya-yoga ne aisA mAnA hai| jaba jIvanmukta videhamukta banatA

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kevalajJAna hai taba usakA citta apanI mUla kAraNabhUta prakRti meM vilIna ho jAtA hai, citta ke abhAva meM cittavRtti arthAt jJAna kA abhAva ho jAtA hai, ata: videhamukta ko jJAna hotA hI nahIM / puruSa (AtmA) sAkSAt cittavRtti kA darzana karatA hai aura ghaTapaTAdi viSayoM kA darzana cittavRtti dvArA karatA hai| ata: mokSa meM puruSa ko darzana bhI nahIM hai, mAtra darzanazakti hai| nyAya-vaizeSika paramparA bhI prAcIna hai| gautama ke upalabdha nyAyasUtra meM I.sa. pU. 300 se I.sa. 400 taka ke stara dikhAI dete haiN| vAtsyAyana kRta nyAyabhASya I.sa. pA~cavI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha kI kRti pratIta hotI hai| gautama aura vAtsyAyana donoM 'Izvara' pada se jIvanmukta samajhate haiN| Izvara adharma, mithyAjJAna aura pramAda kA nAza kara ke dharma, jJAna aura samAdhirUpa sampatti prApta karatA hai| vaha parama upadeSTA hai| vAtsyAyana jIvanmukta ko viharanmukta kahate haiN|28 ve unako sarvajJa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate hue pratIta hote haiN| jIvanmukta yogI Rddhibala se aneka yogaja sendriya zarIra nirmANa kara ke aura muktAtmAoM dvArA tyakta aNu manoM ko grahaNa karake sarva jJeyoM ko yugapad jAnatA hai aisA svIkAra karate hue vAtsyAyana pratIta hote haiN| unhoMne 'jJeya' pada ke pUrva 'sarva' vizeSaNa rakkhA nahIM hai kintu unako vaha abhipreta ho esA lagatA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika matAnusAra jJAna AtmA kA vizeSa guNa hone para bhI vaha usakA svabhAva nahIM hai| zarIrAvacchinna AtmamanaH sannikarSarUpa nimittakAraNa se utpanna ho kara jJAna kUTasthanitya AtmA meM samavAya sambandha se rahatA hai, mAtra itanA hI / mokSa meM AtmA ko zarIra nahIM hai aura mana bhI nahIM hai, ata: nimittakAraNa ke abhAva meM jJAna hI nahIM hai, to phira sarvajJatva to kahA~ se hogA ? I.sa. chaTThI zatAbdI meM prazastapAdane zaiva-pAzupata sampradAya ke nityamukta mahezvara ko nyAya-vaizeSika paramparA meM dAkhila kiyA aura usake sAtha nitya sarvajJa Izvara jo jagatakartA hai - kA svIkAra uttarakAlIna sarva nyAya-vaizeSika cintakoM ne kiyA hai, itanA hI nahIM usakI prabala sthApanA bhI kI hai| vartamAna meM vilupta AjIvika paramparA meM bhI sarvajJatva kI svIkRti dikhAI detI hai| jaina Agama bhagavatIsUtra ke nirdeza anusAra jaba gozAlaka ko unakA ziSya ayaMpula milatA hai taba vaha gozAlaka kA sarvajJa ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai| jaina paramparA kA AjIvika paramparA ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha thaa| ina saba se nirdeza milatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya se sarvajJatva meM zraddhA aura sarvajJatva kI pratiSThA meM vRddhi hotI rahI hai| aisI paristhiti meM jaina paramparA sarvajJatva kA svIkAra kie binA kaise raha sakatI

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56 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna hai ? usake pAsa utkRSTa kevalajJAna to thA hii| usane usI para sarvajJatva kA Aropa kara diyaa| isa prakAra kevalajJAna svayaM hI sarvajJatva meM parivartita ho gyaa| vItarAgatA aura dharmajJatA ke viruddha sarvajJatva kI hAnikAra pratiSThA kA pratikAra pAtaMjala yoga meM yogabhASyakAra ne spaSTata: svIkAra kiyA ki mokSa prApta karane ke lie vItarAga bananA hI Avazyaka hai, sarvajJa bananA Avazyaka nahIM hai| vItarAga bane binA mokSa nahIM milatA, jaba ki sarvajJa bane binA mokSa milatA hai| katipaya jaina cintakoMne balapUrvaka pratipAdana kiyA ki mAtra AtmA kA jJAna hI kevalajJAna hai| unhoMne sarvajJa kA artha hI AtmajJa kiyaa| unhoMne aisA bhI kahA ki bhagavAna kA sarvajJatva to vyavahAra hai jabaki unakA AtmajJatva hI paramArtha hai|| bhAratIya dharma-darzana kI paramparAoM meM mokSa ko hI parama puruSArtha ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| ata: yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki mokSaprApti ke lie kauna se krama se sAdhanA karanI cAhie yaha koI sAkSAt anubhava se jAnatA hai ? anya zabdoM meM kyA koI dharma ko sAkSAt jAnatA hai ? mumukSuoM ke lie yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai| mImAMsako kA yaha mata hai ki koI manuSya kabhI bhI dharma kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM kara sakatA, dharma to veda dvArA hI jAnA jA sakatA hai, veda apauruSeya hai, dharma ke viSaya meM veda kA nirbAdha aura antima adhikAra hai| mImAMsaka ne sarvajJatva kA niSedha bhI isI kAraNa kiyA hai| koI manuSya sarvajJa nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki kisI bhI manuSya ko dharma kA pratyakSa (sAkSAt anubhavAtmaka jJAna) sambhava nahIM hai| ata: kumArila kahate haiM - dharmajJatvaniSedhazca kevalo'trApi yujyate / sarvamanyadvijAnaMstu puruSa: kena vAryate / / - tattvasaMgraha pUrvapakSa' pR. 844 vaidika paramparA meM anya dArzanika cintakoMne Izvara meM nitya sarvajJatA aura anya yogIoM meM yogaja sarvajJatA mAnakara bhI vedoM ko IzvarapratipAdita yA Izvarani:zvasita kaha kara dharma meM veda kA hI aMtima adhikAra svIkAra kiyaa| isake viparIta, zramaNa paramparA ne vItarAgI aura tattvajJAnI manuSya kA dharma ke viSaya meM prAmANya svIkRta kiyaa| manuSya svayaM sAdhanA karake pUrNa vItarAgI aura zuddhajJAnI bana sakatA hai aura mokSa tathA mokSopAyoM kA sAkSAtakAra kara sakatA hai| use mokSa mArga kA pratyakSa anubhava hai| vaha svayaM sAkSAt anubhUta mokSamArga kA, mokSopAyoM kA, arthAt dharma kA upadeza detA hai| dharma kA upadeza dene meM vahI adhikArI hai| bauddhAcArya dharmakIrti ne likhA hai ki buddha

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kevalajJAna caturAryasatya kA sAkSAtkAra karate haiM aura usI lie ve karuNA se prerita hokara kaSAyasaMtapta saMsArIoM ke uddhAra ke hetu svAnubhUta mArga kA upadeza dete haiN| ve jagata kI anya sabhI vastuoM ko jAnate haiM yA nahIM, isa nirarthaka bAta kA hameM koI prayojana nahIM hai| hameM to yahI dekhanA cAhie ki unhoMne iSTa tattva kA arthAt dharma kA, mArga kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai yA nahIM ? ve sAkSAt dharmajJa haiM yA nahIM ? mokSamArga meM anupayogI cIMTImakoDe kI saMkhyA ke jJAna kA dharma ke sAtha kyA sambandha ?32 pratiSThita sarvajJatva kA sarvathA niSedha karanA kaThina hone se dharmakIrti siddhAntataH usakA virodha nahIM karate tathApi usako nirarthaka to avazya kaha dete haiN| ve kumArila ko kahate haiM ki bhale koI manuSya sarvajJa na bane, lekina use dharmajJa to bananA caahie| ve sarvajJatA ke samarthakoM ko kahate haiM ki unheM mImAMsako ke sAmane sarvajJatA para bala dekara usakI sthApanA meM par3ane kI bajAya dharmajJatA kI sthApanA meM paDanA cAhie / vAstavika vivAda to isa prazna paratve hai ki manuSya ko dharma kA sAkSAt pratyakSa anubhavarUpa jJAna hotA hai yA nahIM ? dharma ke viSaya meM dharmajJa manuSya ko pramANa mAnanA cAhie yA apauruSeya veda ko ? tAtparya yaha hai ki jahA~ kumArila ne pratyakSAnubhavajanya dharmajJatA kA niSedha karake dharma ke viSaya meM apauruSeya veda kA hI avyAhata adhikAra siddha kiyA vahA~ dharmakIrti ne pratyakSAnubhavajanya dharmajJatA kA samarthana karake vItarAgI dharmajJa manuSya ko hI dharma ke viSaya meM antima pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA aura usakA hI adhikAra maanaa| dharmakIrtine sarvajJatva kI anucita jUThI pratiSThA ko tor3akara dharmajJatva kI ucita saccI pratiSThA ko sthApita karane meM mahattvapUrNa ucita kArya kiyA hai, usako sarva dharmanetAoM ko gambhIra rUpa meM dhyAna meM rakhanA caahie| sarvajJatva aura karmasiddhAnta kA paraspara virodha ___ jainoMne kevalajJAna kA sarvajJatva ke sAtha abheda kara ke aura sarvajJatva kA artha saba dravyoM aura unakI bhUta, vartamAna aura bhAvI sabhI avasthAoM ko yugapad jAnanevAlA pratyakSa jJAna, aisA karake pIchale dvAra se AtyaMtika niyativAda kA anajAna meM svIkAra kara liyA, jo AtyaMtika niyativAda karmasiddhAnta kA bilakula virodhI hai| jo koI isI vakta pratyeka bhAvI kSaNoM meM honevAlI merI mAnasika, vAcika, kAyika dazAoM ko aura kriyAoM ko sandarbho sahita sampUrNata: jAnatA hai, mere pratikSaNa honevAle sabhI bhAvI adhyavasAyoM ko, manobhAvoM ko jAnatA hai, bhAvI pratyeka kSaNa meM kahA~ kisake sambandha meM kisa prakAra kina sAdhanoM se maiM kyA karanevAlA hU~, una saba ko vaha jAnatA hai, to usa se nitAnta yahI phalita hotA hai ki merA bhAvI AtyaMtika rUpa meM niyata

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58 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna (absolutely predetermined and unalterably fixed) hai, usameM kiMcit bhI parivartana kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai aura maiM apane bhAvI ko apanI icchAnusAra nirmita kara sakatA hU~, yaha apanI mAnyatA kA kAraNa to merA apane bhAvI kA ajJAna hI hai, jo jo pasaMdagI meM karatA hU~ usa pasaMdagI ko mujhe karanA hI hai yaha niyata hI thA, ajJAna ke kAraNa maiM mAnatA hU~ ki vaha pasaMdagI maiMne svatantrarUpa se apanI icchAnusAra kii| sarvajJatva meM se aisA Atyantika niyativAda anivAryarUpa se phalita hotA hI hai| katipaya digambara paNDita aisA svIkAra bhI karate haiN| paNDita hukumacanda bhArila kA kramabaddha paryAyavAda Atyantika niyativAda hI hai| kintu jaina AgamoM meM to bhagavAna mahAvIra ko gozAlaka ke Atyantika niyativAda kA dRDhatApUrvaka pratiSedha karate hue varNita kiyA hai| sarvajJatva svIkAra karane se Atyantika niyativAda apane Apa AtA hI hai| aura Atyantika niyativAda karmavAda meM svIkRta puruSa prayatna, svatantra icchAzakti, naitika uttaradAyitva, AtmasudhAraNA aura sAdhanA kA pUrNata: virodhI hai evaM pariNAmata: karmavAda kA bhI pUrNarUpeNa virodhI hai| jo karmasiddhAnta ko barAbara nahIM samajhate ve AkSepa karate haiM ki karmasiddhAnta Atyantika niyativAda kI ora le jAtA hai, usameM svatantra icchAzakti ityAdi ko avakAza hI nahIM hai| pUrva karmoM ke kAraNa jIva vartamAna meM jo kucha hai aura karatA hai vaha hai aura karatA hai, vartamAna karma usake bhAvI vyaktitva aura kriyAoM ko niyata kareMge aura isa prakAra calatA hI rhegaa| jIva sampUrNarUpeNa pUrva karmoM se baddha hai, itanA hI nahIM unase usakA cetasika aura zArIrika vyavahAra-usakA sampUrNa vyaktitva-niyata hai| isameM puruSasvAtantrya yA svatantra icchAzakti ko avakAza hI kahA~ ? aura bhI, isameM mukti kI sambhAvanA bhI kahA~ hai ? yaha zaMkA ucita nahIM hai| yaha karmasiddhAnta kI apUrNa samajha se upasthita huI hai| pUrva karma anusAra jIva ko bhinna bhinna zaktivAle mana, zarIra aura bAhya sAdhana prApta hote haiM evaM vaha bhinna bhinna vAtAvaraNa aura paristhiti meM A paDatA hai itanA hI, parantu prApta sAdhanoM kA upayoga kaise aura kaisA karanA tathA vAtAvaraNa aura paristhiti vizeSa meM kaisA pratyAghAta denA vaha usake hAtha kI bAta hai, usameM vaha svatantra hai, aisA karmasiddhAnta mAnatA hai| aura bhI, jIva apane prayatna se pUrvakarmoM ke prabhAva ko nyUnatama yA naSTa kara sakatA hai, aisA bhI karmasiddhAnta meM svIkRta hai| jIva para karma kA nahIM api tu karma para jIva kA Adhipatya svIkRta hai / isa prakAra karmasiddhAnta Atyantika niyativAda kA virodhI hai| ata: usase hI sarvajJatva kA bhI virodhI hai| sarvajJatva aura karmasiddhAnta kA sahAvasthAna saMbhavita nahIM hai| ve donoM sAtha meM nahIM raha sakate / donoM

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kevalajJAna meM se eka kA tyAga karanA hI hogaa| koI cintaka yA darzana donoM kA hI svIkAra nahIM kara sktaa| mujhe lagatA hai ki sarvajJatva kA tyAga karanA cAhie, kyoMki jainoM ne to kevalajJAna para sarvajJatva kA Aropa kiyA hai aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ne Atyantika niyativAda kA asvIkAra kiyA hai| kucheka loga kaheMge ki jaina darzana bhI kArya kI kAraNasAmagrI meM niyati kA svIkAra karatA hI hai| hA, lekina yaha niyati AMzika hai| yahA~ niyati kA artha hai vyvsthaa| vizva meM aMdhAdhuMdhI (chaos) nahIM hai, para vyavasthA hai, jise tarkazAstra meM Uniformity of Nature kahate haiM / prakRti ke niyama (Laws of Nature) anusAra jagata meM ghaTanAe~ ghaTita hotI haiM / ina niyamoM meM kAryakAraNa kA niyama pramukha hai| jisa kisI meM se jisa kisI kI utpatti nahIM hotI, kintu amuka meM se amuka kI hI utpatti hotI hai| yaha vyavasthA hai, Uniformity hai| tathApi jagata kI sabhI ghaTanAe~ kahA~ aura kaba ghaTita hoMgI vaha Atyantika rUpeNa niyata nahIM hai| sarvajJatva to aisI Atyantika niyati svIkAra kie binA ghaTita hI nahIM hotaa| jJAna kA Anantya svataH jJeyAnantyanirapekSa jaina sarvajJatva ko anantajJAna bhI mAnate haiM aura nirAvaraNajJAna bhI mAnate haiN| nirAvaraNa jJAna svayaM svata: ananta hai| usakA Anantya jJeyo (viSayoM) ke Anantya para nirbhara nahIM hai| aura bhI, pataMjali ne apane yogasUtra meM eka vicAraNIya bAta kahI hai| unake anusAra sabhI hI jJeya viSayoM ko sammilita karo to bhI nirAvaraNa jJAna ke Anantya kI tulanA meM ve alpa haiM / tadA sarvAvaraNamalApetasya jJAnasya AnantyAt jJeyamalpam / (yogasUtra 4.31) / tAtparya yaha ki trilokavartI aura trikAlavartI sarva jJeyo ko sammilita karane se una sabhI jJeyoM kA jo Anantya hotA hai ve cAhe jitanA bhI ho, parantu unakA usa Anantya nirAvaraNa zuddha jJAna ke Anantya ke Age tuccha hai| ata: ananta jJeyoM ko jAnane ke kAraNa nirAvaraNa zuddha jJAna kA Anantya jo sthApita karate haiM ve bar3I bhUla karate haiN| uparAnta, yadi ananta sukha kA Anantya viSayanirapekSa ho to ananta jJAna kA Anantya viSayanirapekSa kyoM na ho ? mahAvIra ko sarvajJa mAnane se dharmahAni mahAvIra sarvajJa the aisA mAnA gayA isalie una ke nAma para khagola, bhUgola, jyotiSa Adi kI bAteM Aropita kI gii| ye bAteM aisI haiM jo Adhunika vaijJAnika khojoM ke viruddha haiM / mahAvIra kI sarvajJatA ko cipakanevAle loga vijJAna kI khojeM galata haiM aura mahAvIra kI (mahAvIra ke nAma para Aropita) bAteM satya haiM yaha siddha karane

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna ke hetu hAsyAspada prayatna karane meM juTa gye| vaijJAnika khojoM se mahAvIra kI sarvajJatA khaNDita hotI hai, itanA hI nahIM kintu mahAvIra kI vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA kA jo saccA upadeza hai, usake prati bhI saMzaya aura avizvAsa yuvA pIDhI meM utpanna hotA hai| mahAvIra ko kevalajJAnI meM se sarvajJa banAkara jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA nahIM api tu hAni kI gaI hai| mahAvIra mokSamArga ke, vItarAgamArga ke sarvotkRSTa upadeSTA the / khagola, bhUgola, Adi ke upadeSTA nahIM hI the| nirmohI kA alpajJeyoM kA jJAna bhI pUrNajJAna jaina zAstroM meM bArabAra kahA gayA hai ki alpamohI ko kama jJAna ho to bhI vaha jJAnI hai, jaba ki bahamohI ko sarva zAstroM kA jJAna ho to bhI vaha ajJAnI hai| yaha dikhAtA ki jaina matAnusAra saMkhyA kI dRSTi se kitanI vastue~ vyakti jAnatA hai, usakA mahattva nahIM hai| kintu usakI Antarika zuddhi kitanI hai, usakA mahattva hai| aisA hone se jo nirmohI hai yA vItarAgI hai use saMkhyA kI dRSTi se alpa vastuoM kA jJAna ho to bhI vaha pUrNa jJAnI hai, aisA phalita hotA hai| isa prakAra hamane pIche kahA hai usI prakAra jo jJAna akliSTa hai, jo jJAna rAga se asaMspRSTa hai, vaha jJAna pUrNajJAna hai, aisA spaSTata: phalita hotA hai| anya tarkadoSa jainoM ne sarvajJatva ko sabhI dravyoM kA aura unake sabhI paryAyoM kA sAkSAtkArAtmaka anubhavAtmaka jJAna mAnA hai| isa kAraNa se sarvajJa mAnane meM kaisI tArkika ApattiyA~ AtI haiM, isakA vicAra kreN| hama to azlila, jugupsApreraka, ghRNAjanaka adarzanIya dRzyoM dekhane se bacane ke lie A~kheM banda kara dete haiM, dUra cale jAte haiM, usa ora jAte hI nahIM haiN| parantu sarvajJa ko to aise dRzya dekhane hI par3ate haiM, inameM se ve baca nahIM sakate, ve jo sarvajJa tthhre| hama to durgandha ke anubhava se bacane ke lie nAka banda karate haiM yA sthAna kA tyAga kara dete haiM parantu sarvajJa ko to ananta prakAra kI, sira cakarAnevAlI durgandhoM kA anubhava karanA hI par3atA hai kyoMki ve sarvajJa bane haiN| isI prakAra unheM sabhI prakAra ke kharAba spoM kA, rasoM kA aura zabdoM kA bhI anubhava karanA hI pddegaa| aura bhI, ve sarvajJa hone ke kAraNa anyoM ko jina jina anubhava hote haiM una sarva anubhavoM kA bhI sAkSAt anubhava unheM karanA hI hogA na ? anyathA, ve sarvajJa kaise kahalAte ? isa prakAra anya ke anubhava jaisA hI anubhava unheM karanA hI par3egA, kyoki unakA sarva jJAna anubhava rUpa hI hai| anya strIsparza kA anubhava karatA hai to sarvajJa ko bhI strIsparza kA anubhava A par3atA hai|

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kevalajJAna 61 eka vyakti ke vyaktitva se dUsarI vyakti kA vyaktitva pRthak hone kA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki eka vyakti ke jJAna, cetasika bhAva, adhyavasAya Adi kA sAkSAt anubhava yA saMvedana dUsarI vyakti nahIM kara sakatI, yaha hakIkata hai| agara ina kA saMvedana dUsarI vyakti kare to vaha dUsarI vyakti prathama vyakti ke vyaktitva ko dhAraNa kara le aura eka hI vyakti meM do vyaktitvoM kA dvandva (dual personality) ho jAya, jo iSTa nahIM mAnA jaataa| sarvajJa kA jJAna anubhavAtmaka arthAt sAkSAtkArAtmaka hotA hai aura isI lie sarvajJa saba jIvavyaktiyoM ke jJAna, bhAva aura adhyavasAyoM kA saMvedana karatA hai, pariNAmasvarUpa usameM ananta vyaktiyoM ke vyaktitvoM kA dhAraNa A par3egA, vaha multi-personality bana jAyagA, yaha to atyanta aniSTa kahalAtA hai| jainoM ne sarvajJatva kI jo vyAkhyA kI hai vaha kisI bhI taraha svIkArya bane aisI nahIM hai| ata: jaina cintakoM ne usa para pukhta vicAra kara usa vyAkhyA ko badala denA caahie| dUsarA, jainoM ne cakSu ityAdi indriyoM ke binA rUpa Adi kA anubhava karane ke lie sarvajJa kI AtmA ke pratyeka pradeza ko, aMza ko sarvAkSaguNasampanna mAnA hai, to sAtha sAtha unako yaha bhI mAnanA par3egA ki sarvajJa kI AtmA sarva loka meM vyApta rahatI hai, anyathA sarvAkSaguNasampanna AtmapradezoM dvArA ve samuce loka meM vyApta rUpI dravyoM ke sarva rUpa Adi guNoM kA anubhava kaise kara sakeMge ? mukta sarvajJa ko antima zarIra se kiMcit nyUna parimANavAlA hokara siddhazilA meM virAjamAna nahIM honA cAhie, aura mukti pUrva to sarvajJa kI AtmA unake zarIra ke parimANa jitanA hI parimANavAlI hotI hai, usake badale usako lokavyApI parimANa dhAraNa karanA caahie| isa taraha ye saba nirAdhAra, vicitra aura paraspara mela rahita, tarka hIna korI kalpanAe~ jainoMne kI haiN| vicArazIla jainone unakA virodha karanA cAhie, samarthana nhiiN| sarvajJatva kA artha kyA honA cAhie? ina sabhI ApattiyoM se bacane ke lie sarvajJatva kA artha badalanA Avazyaka hai| artha nIce diye gaye haiM - - (1) jaina dharmadarzana adhyAtmavidyA hai, ata: isa adhyAtma ko dRSTi meM rakha kara adhyAtmavidyA ke AdarzarUpa pUrNatA para pahu~cane ke lie jo kucha jAnanA Avazyaka hai, una saba ko jAnanevAlA jJAna hI sarvajJatva / sarvajJatva kA isa prakAra artha karane se sarvajJatva aura dharmajJatva donoM samAnArthaka bneNge| isa prakAra adhyAtmavidyA meM dharmajJatva hI sarvajJatva hai| isa sandarbha meM paNDita sukhalAlajI ne jo likhA hai vaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| ve likhate haiM : "isalie merI rAya meM jaina paramparA meM sarvajJatva kA asalI

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna artha AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM upayogI saba tattvoM kA jJAna yahI honA cAhie, nahIM ki traikAlika samagra bhAvoM kA sAkSAtkAra / '34 (2) 'sarva' kA eka artha 'akhaNDa' hotA hai| jo jJAna akhaNDa vastu ko jAnatA hai vaha jJAna sarvajJa kahA jAtA hai| arthAt jo jJAna vastu ko khaNDaza: nahIM api tu akhaNDa rUpa meM jAnatA hai vaha jJAna sarvajJa / aisA jJAna zukla dhyAna kI ekatvavitarkanirvicAra bhUmikA siddha karanevAle sAdhakako sambhavita hotA hai| arthAt zukladhyAna kI yaha koTi jisane siddha kI ho usako sarvajJa kahA jA sakatA hai| ___'sarvajJa' zabda kA eka prAcIna artha dhyAna meM rakhanA rasaprada hai| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM vAtsyAyana ne AtmA ko sarvajJa kahA hai| pratyeka kI AtmA sadA sarvajJa hai| cakSu kA viSaya mAtra rUpa hai, zrotra kA viSaya kevala zabda hai, ityAdi / cakSu rUpa kA grahaNa karatI hai, zrotra zabda ko grahaNa karatA hai, ityAdi / parantu AtmA cakSu dvArA rUpa ko, zrotra dvArA zabda ko, sparzanendriya dvArA sparza ko, rasanendriya dvArA rasa ko, aura ghrANendriya dvArA gandha ko, isa prakAra pA~coM ko grahaNa karatI hai, ata: AtmA sarvajJa hai| isa prakAra AtmA kA indriya se bheda hai| indriyA~ eka eka niyata viSaya ko grahaNa karatI haiM jaba ki AtmA sarva (rUpa Adi pA~coM) viSaya ko grahaNa karatI hai|5 upasaMhAra samagra carcA para se itanA to spaSTa hai ki kevalajJAna ke upara sarvajJatva kA Aropa AsapAsa ke vAtAvaraNa ke dabAva meM A kara kiyA gayA hai| dUsarA, sarvajJatva meM se Atyantika niyativAda nitAnta phalita hotA hai isa lie sAdhanA aura karmasiddhAnta meM visa rakhanevAle sarvajJatva kA svIkAra nahIM kara sakate, nahIM karanA caahie| uparAnta, sarvajJAtva ke svIkAra meM aneka tArkika doSa aura ApattiyA~ haiN| ata: kevalajJAna para se sarvajJatva kA Aropa dUra kara ke kevalajJAna ko rAgarahita vizuddha jJAna, AtmajJAna yA dharmajJAna ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA caahie| TippaNa 1. ekatvavitarkAvicAradhyAnabalena niHzeSatayA jJAnAvaraNAdInAM ghAtikarmaNAM prakSaye sati... 'kevalam' ityAgame prasiddham / pramANamImAMsAsvopajJavRtti, 1.1.15. mohakSayAt jJAnadarzanAvaraNAntarAyakSayAcca kevalam / tattvArthasUtra, 10.1 mohakSayAditi pRthakkAraNaM kramaprasiddhyartham / yathA gamyeta pUrvaM mohanIyaM kRtsnaM kSIyate / tato'ntarmuhUrtaM chadmasthavItarAgo bhavati / tato'sya jJAnadarzanAvaraNAntarAyaprakRtInAM tisRNAM yugapat kSayo bhavati / tattvArthabhASya, 10.1.

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63 kevalajJAna 2. tattvArthasUtra, 1.9-12. akSNoti vyApnoti jAnAtItyakSa AtmA tameva prAptakSayopazamaM prakSINAvaraNaM vA pratiniyataM pratyakSam / sarvArthasiddhi, 1.12. 3. so Neva te vijANadi uggahapunvAhi kiriyAhiM / pravacanasAra, 1.21 4. sarvadravyaparyAyeSu kevalasya / tattvArthasUtra, 1.29. 5. jo Na vijANAdi jugavaM atthe tikkAlige tihuvnntthe| ___NAtuM tassa Na sakkaM sapajjayaM davyamegaM vA // pravacanasAra, 1.48 6. Natthi parokkhaM kiMci vi samaMta svvkkhgunnsmiddhss| akkhAtIdassa sadA sayameva hi NANajAdassa / / pravacanasAra, 1.22 7. prajJAyA: atizaya: tAratamyaM kvacid vizrAntam, atizayatvAt, parimANAtizayavat / pramANamImAMsAvRtti, 1.1.16. 8. sUkSmAntaritadUrArthAH pratyakSA: kasyacid ythaa| ___anumeyatvato'gnyAdiriti sarvajJasaMsthitiH / / AptamImAMsA, zloka 5 9. dhIratyantaparokSe'rthe na cet puMsAM kutaH punaH / jyAtirjJAnAvisaMvAdaH zrutAccet sAdhanAntaram / / siddhivinizcayaTIkA, pR. 526 10. asti sarvajJaH sunishcitaasNbhvbaadhkprmaanntvaat| vahI, pR. 537 11. jaina darzana, mahendrakumAra, pR. 313. 12. vRttayaH paJcatayya: kliSTA akliSTAH / yogasUtra, 1.5. 13. kevala nijasvabhAvanuM akhaNDa varte jJAna; kahIe kevaLajJAna te deha chatAM nirvANa / / AtmasiddhizAstra, gAthA 113 14. vavahAro'bhUdattho bhUdattho desido du suddhnnyo| samayasAra, 13 15. bhayabhekhasutta, majjhimanikAya (ma.ni.) 16. tevijjavacchasutta, ma.ni. 17. History of Buddhist Thought, E. J. Thomas, p. 149. 18. Studies in the Origins of Buddhism, G. C. Pande, 1983, p. 458 in, 77 19. ... sarvathA vivekakhyAte: dharmamegha: samAdhiH / yogasUtra, 4.29. 20. taddharmameghAkhyaM dhyAnaM paramaM prasaGkhyAnaM vivekakhyAtereva parAkASThA iti yogino vadanti / yogavArtika, 5.2 21. tata: klezakarmanivRtti: / yogasUtra, 4.30 tallAbhAdavidyAdaya: klezA: samUlakASaM kaSitA bhavanti, kuzalA akuzalAzca karmAzayA: samUlaghAtaM hatA bhavanti, klezakarmanivRttau jIvanneva vidvAn vimukto bhavati / yogabhASya, 4.30. 22. tArakaM sarvaviSayaM sarvathAviSayamakramaM ceti vivekajaM jJAnam / yogasUtra, 3.54. ___ sarvaviSayatvAnnAsya kiJcidaviSayIbhUtamityarthaH / sarvathAviSayamatItAnAgatapratyutpannaM sarvaM paryAyaiH sarvathA jAnAtItyarthaH / akramamityekakSaNopArUDhaM sarvaM sarvathA grahNAtItyarthaH / etad vivekajaM jJAnaM paripUrNam / yogabhASya, 3.54

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna 23. kSaNatatkramayo: saMyamAd vivekajaM jJAnam / yogasUtra 3.52. 24. kaivalyaM prAptAstarhi santi ca bahavaH kevalinaH / te hi trINi bandhanAni chittvA kaivalyaM prAptAH / Izvarasya ca tatsambandho na bhUto na bhaavii| sa tu sadaiva mukta: sadaivezvaraH / yogabhASya, 1.24 25. ....prakRSTasattvopAdAnAdIzvarasya zAzvatika: utkarSaH... / vahI, 1.24 26. etasyAmavasthAyAM kaivalyaM bhavatIzvarasyAnIzvarasya vA vivekajajJAnabhAgina itarasya vA / yogabhASya, 3.55. 27. adharma-mithyAjJAna-pramAdahAnyA dharma-jJAna-samAdhisampadA ca viziSTamAtmAntaramIzvaraH / nyAyabhASya, 4.1.21. 28. bahizca viviktacitto viharanmukta ityucyte| nyAyabhASya, 4.1.64 29. yogI khalu Rddhau prAdurbhUtAyAM vikaraNadharmA nirmAya sendriyANi zarIrAntarANi teSu yugapad jJeyAni upalabhate / nyAyabhASya, 3.2.19. jayanta bhaTTa ke vacana isa sandarbha meM dhyAna dene yogya haiM: yogI hi yogarddhisiddhyA vihitanikhilanijadharmAdharmakarmA nirmAya tadupabhogayogyAni teSu teSUpapattisthAneSu tAni tAni sendriyANi zarIrANi, khaNDAnta:karaNAni ca muktairAtmAbhirupekSitAni gRhItvA sakalakarmaphalamanubhavati prAptaizvaryaH ... / nyAyamaJjarI, kAzI saMskRta sirijha, bhA. 2, pR. 88 30. bhagavatIsUtra, abhayadeva TIkA sahita, muMbaI 1918-21, pR. 62. 31. tAyaH svadRSTamArgoktiH vaiphalyAd vakti nAnRtam / dayAlutvAt parArthaM ca srvaarmbhaabhiyogtH| tasmAt pramANaM tAyo vA catu:satyaprakAzanam // pramANavArtika, 1.147-48 32. tasmAdanuSTheyagataM jJAnamasya vicAryatAm / / kITasaGkhyAparijJAnaM tasya na: kvopayujyate / / heyopAdeyatattvasya sAbhyupAyasya vedakaH / ya: pramANamasAviSTaH na tu sarvasya vedakaH / / dUraM pazyatu vA mA vA tattvamiSTaM tu pazyatu / pramANaM dUradarzI cedetad gRghrAnupAsmahe / / pramANavArtika, 1.33-35 33. caMdAvejjhayapaINNayaM, gAthA 64-66 (paINNayasuttAI, bhAga 1, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya saMskaraNa) 34. darzana aura cintana, pR. 556 35. yasmAt tu vyavasthitaviSayANIndriyANi tasmAt tebhyo'nya: cetana: sarvajJa: sarvaviSayagrAhI viSayavyavasthimatIto'numIyate / nyAyabhASya, 3.1.3

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14 sAmAnyasUcI akalaMka, 41, 43 avadhijJAna, 26 akliSTacittavRtti, aura kevalajJAna 50 avAya, 31-32, 34, saMdigdhagrAhI, 34 ajIva, 16-17 aveccappasAdA, 8 adharmadravya, 17 astikAya, 17 adhigamaja zraddhA, 9-12 'AkAra' zabdakA artha, 8 adhyAtmaprasAda, 9, 21n AkAzadravya, 17 adhyAtmavidyA, 4 AcArAMgasUtra, 5 anantajJAna, 9, 49, 59 AjIvika, 15 anantasukha, 20, 49, 59 Atmadravya (jaina), aura cittasantAna (bauddha), anAtmavAdI, 13 anukampA, 11 AtmavAdI, 13 anuprekSA, 19 AtmasAkSAtkAra, 4 anubhAvabandha, 18 AtmA, 12-16, kA svabhAva 13-4, kI anumAna, 28, 31, 41-42, ke prakAra pariNAmitA 1A kA kartatva 14 kA 42-43, ke avayava 43 bhoktRtva 14, pratikSetra bhinna 15, anuyogadvArasUtra, 41 dehaparimANa 15, paugalikAdRSTavAn anekAntavAdI, 3-4 15, aura karma kA sambandha 15-16, abhijAti, 15 AdinAtha, 3 abhinibodha, 27-28 AdhyAtmika cAra sopAna, 4, 26-27, abhidharmakozabhASya, 6 29-30, aura bauddha 4-5, aura jaina abhidharmadIpavRtti, 6 ratnatrayI, 5-6 ayaMpula, 55 AnaMdaghanajI, 3 artha, 35-36 Arya aSTAMgika mArga, 6 arthAvagraha, 35-36 Aryasatya, 12 alokAkAza, 17 AlAra kAlAma, 53 avagraha, 31-32, 34, Astikya, 12 avagrahAdi, manana kI bhUmikAe, 33-34, 10 aura smRti, pratyabhijJAna, 33, ke indriyapratyakSa, 30-36, 38 bahugrAhI Adi bheda, 34

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66 indriyArthasannikarSAvagraha, 36 iryApathika karmabandha, 18 Izvara, 54 56 IzvarakRSNa, 53 IhA, 31-32, 34 upaniSad, 3, 7, 10, 26, 51 upaniSavidyA, 4 upamAna, 40 upAdhye, e. ena., 16 umAsvAti 11, 30-31, 34, 37 kaSAya, 18-19 kArla mArksa, kAladravya, 17 kAlAma, 7 Uha 28 Rgveda, 2 RSabhadeva 2-3 ekatvavitarkAvicArazukladhyAna, 47 kaThopaniSad, 13 karma, aura AtmA kA sambandha, 15 - 16, cetoparyajJAna, 26 paugalika, 15 - 16, ke raMga, 15 karmasiddhAnta, sarvajJatva kA virodhI 57 59 chAndogyopaniSad, 4 1 4 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna kSaNa, 17, aura paryAya, 13 kSaNikavAda, 13 gupti, 19 guru, 7 gozAlaka, 55, 58 gautama (nyAyasUtrakAra), 55 granthi, 1-2 granthibheda, 9 cakradhara, 2 caturvyUha, 12 cArvAka, 4 citta, aura jaina AtmA, 13, 15 cittaprasAda, 8-9 cittazuddhi, 6-9 cittavRtti, 50, 55 cintA, 27-28 jina, jIva, 12-16 jIvanmukta, 54-55 jIvaraMga, 15 jIvavarNa, 15 kundakunda, 51 kumArila, 56 jaina Agama, 2-3 1-3 kevalajJAna, 26, sarvajJatva ke sAtha abheda, jaina dharmasampradAya, 47, vizuddha jJAna, 50, jaina sAta tattva, 12-13 akliSTacittavRtti ke sAtha abheda, jJAtAdharmakathA, 33 50, viSayAkArazUnya jJAna, 50, jJAtRputra, 3 kevala AtmA kA jJAna, 51 kevalajJAna, 26 jhImara, prAdhyApaka, tattvajJAna 3 15

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sAmAnyasUcI tattvasaMgraha, 7, 53, 56 tattvArthasUtra, 27, 31 tattvArthasUtrabhASya, 11, 36 tapa, 19 tarka, 7-8, 28, 31, 40-41 tArakajJAna, 54 tIrthaMkara, 1-3 darzana, 4-5, 9, 13 darzanamohanIya karma, 9 dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 41 dasabala, 52 divyacakSujJAna, 26 dRSTirAga, 6, 11 devagupta, AcArya, 11 dravya, aura santAna, 13 dravyaguNaparyAyarAsa, 13 dvAtriMzadvAtriMzikA, 8 dharma, 19, 56 dharmakIrti, 56-57 dharmajJatva, 56-57, 61-62 dharmameghasamAdhi, 9, 54 dharmadravya, 17 dhavalATIkA, 12 dhAraNA, 28, 31-32, 34 dhArAvAhI pratyakSa, 32 nagnatA, 2 nandisUtra, 27 nAgasena, 53 nAthasampradAya, 3 nitya, 14 nididhyAsana, 4-6 niyati, 59 niyativAda, aura karmasiddhAnta, 57-58, aura sarvajJatva, 57-59 niyamasAra, 51 nirAvaraNajJAna, 59 nirjarA, 19 nirgrantha, 1-2 nirmohI, aura jJAna, 60 nirvikalpa pratyakSa, 30-31 nirvitarkanirvicArAtmaka dhyAna 8 nirveda, 11 nizcayanaya, 51 naizcayika zraddhA, 11 naisargika zraddhA, 9-12 nyAyamaMjarI, 2 nyAyamaMjarIgraMthibhaMga, 2 nyAya-vaizeSikadarzana, 62 nyAya-vaizeSika paramparA, 55 nyAyasUtra, 55 nyAyAvatAra, 41 pataMjali, 53 paracittajJAna, 26 paramANu, 16-17 paramANuvAda, 16-17 parAcittazAstra, 44 parISahajaya, 19 paryAya, aura kSaNa, 13 pazu (jAti), 3 pANini, 3

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jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna pAtaMjalayoga, 9, 15, 26, 50, 56 matijJAna, 26, ke prakAra, 27, indriyapratyakSa, pArzvanAtha, 3 smRti Adi ko matijJAna ke eka hI piTaka, 1-2 varga meM rakhane kA kAraNa, 29, meM zruta pudgala, 16-17 kA samAveza kyoM nahIM, 29-30, kA pUjyapAda, 5, 10, 26 nimittakAraNa, 30-31, ke prakRti, 55 avagrahAdi bheda, 31-32, kA prakRtibandha, 18 viSaya, 36-37, aura zrutajJAna, pratyakSa, 30-36, 38, 44 36-37 pratyabhijJA, 28, 31, 39-40 matiprakAra, parokSapramANa, 38 pradeza, 16-17 mana, 13, 37 pramANalakSaNa, 37 manana, 4, kAma hattva, 7-8, kA matijJAna meM pramANamImAMsA, 47 parivartana, 26-30, kA nimittakAraNa, pramANamImAMsAsvopajJavRtti, 28 31, aura avagrahAdi bheda, 33-34, prazama, 11 aura arthAvagaha 35-36, prazastapAda, 55 mana:paryAyajJAna, 26 prasAda, 6, 21-22 mahAbhArata, 15 prasaMkhyAna, 9 mahAvIra, 3, 55, 58-59 prApyakAritva-aprApyakAritva, 36 mahendrakumAra, jaina, 28 bandha, 18-19 mahezvara, 55 buddha, 3, 7, 52-53, 56 milindapazna, 53 bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 4-5 mohanIya karma, 47 bauddhadharmadarzana, aura cAra sopAna, 4-5 mokSa, 12, 19-20 bauddhaparamparA, aura sarvajJatva, 51-53 yazovijayajI, upAdhyAya, 11, 13 bhagavatIsUtra, 41, 55 yoga (pravRtti), 18 bhagavadgItA, 10 yogabhASya, 12 bhAgavata, 2 yogabhASyakAra, 56 majjhimanikAya, 4, 52 yogasUtra, 53 'mati', kA artha, 26 yogijJAna, 26 mati, aura manana, 5, 26-30, 37 rasabandha, 18-19 mati (indriyapratyakSa), 28 rAjacandra, zrImad, 51

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sAmAnyasUcI rudraka rAmaputra, 53 lezyA, 15 loka, 17 lokAkAza, 17 vAtarazanA muni, 2 vAtsyAyana (nyAyabhASyakAra), 55, 62 vAdidevasUri, 13 vijJAnavAdI, 51 videhamukta, 54-55 vidyA, tIna, 51, dasa, 52 vivaraNaprameyasaMgraha, 4 vivekakhyAti, 53-54 . vItarAga, aura sarvajJatva, 50 veda, 56 vaidika paramparA, 56 vaizAradya, 22 vyavahAranaya, 51 vyaMjana, kA artha, 35-36 vyaMjanAvagraha, 35-36 vyApti, 42 vyAvahArika zraddhA, 11 vyAsa (yogabhASyakAra), 54 vrata, 19 SaTkhaMDAgama, 12 SaDdarzana, 4 zabdagrahaNa, 35 zabdArthagrahaNa, 35 zAkyaputra, 3 zAntarakSita, 7, 53 zukladhyAna, 9, 26, 47 zerabATskI , 15 zaiva-pAzupata sampradAya, 55 zraddhA, 4, 6-21, kI bauddha vyAkhyA, 6 nirAkAra, 6, sAkAra, 7, AkAravatI, 8, aura jJAna, 9, aura gurUpadeza, 9, kI bhUmikAe~, 6-9, zravaNa kA kAraNa, 37, ke viSaya (jainamata), 12-20, ke pAMca liGga (jainamata) zramaNa, 2 zramaNasampradAya, 1-2 zramaNaparamparA, 56 zravaNa, 4, 33, 37, manana kI pratiSThA, 8, zruta, mana kA viSaya, 37 zrutajJAna, 26, aura zravaNa, 5, kA viSaya, 36-37 santAna, aura dravya, 13 samaya, 17 samiti, 19 sammAdiTTi, 6 samyaktva, 11 sarvajJatva, kA kevalajJAna se abheda, 47. kI siddhi, 47-48, siddhi ke tarkoM kA khokhalApana, 48-49, bauddha paramparA meM, 51-53, sAMkhya-yoga paramparA meM, 53-55, nyAya-vaizeSika paramparA meM, 55-56, AjIvika paramparA meM, 55, aura mImAMsA, 56, ke sAtha karmasiddhAnta kA virodha, 57-59, aura AtyaMtika niyativAda, 57

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70 jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana matijJAna kevalajJAna 59, aura dharmajJatva, 61-62, aura siddhazilA, 61 AtmajJatva, 50-51, meM tarkadoSa, siddhasenagaNi, 28, 31, 36-36, 41 60-61, ke vividha artha, 61- siddhasena divAkara, 7, 41 62, aura jIvanmukta, 54 sIla, bI. ena., 16 sarvArthasiddhi (tattvArthaTIkA), 5, 10 sukhalAlajI, paMDita, 28, 61 savikalpa pratyakSa, 30-31 suttanipAta, 5 savitarkasavicArAtmaka dhyAna, 8 skaMdha, 16 saMjJA, 27-28 sthAnAMgasUtra, 41 saMyama, 54 sthitibandha, 18-19 saMvara, 19, ke upAya, 19 sphuTArthA, 6 saMvega, 11 smRti, 27-28, 31, 38-39 saMsAra, 12 haribhadra, 7 sAkhya, 15 hindu purANa, 3 sAMkhyakArikA, 53 hetuprakAra, 43 sAMkhyacintaka, aura citta kA saMkoca- hetulakSaNa, 43 vikAsa, 15 hetvAbhAsa, 43 sAMparAyika karmabandha, 18 hemacandrAcArya, 6, 28, 43, 47 . siddha, 2-3, anyaliMga, 2

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SANSKRIT-SANSKRITI GRANTHAMALA GENERAL EDITOR NAGIN J. SHAH Publications 1. A Study of Jayanata Bhatta's Nyayamanjari, Rs. 90=00 A Mature Sanskrit Work on INDIAN LOGIC Part I by Nagin J. Shah (1993) 2. Jaina-Darsana ane Saukliya-Yoga-mam Jnana-Darsana Rs. 150=00 Vicarana (Gujarati) by J. D. Sheth (1994) 3. A Study of Jayanta Bhatta's Nyayamanjari on Rs. 225=00 INDIAN LOGIC Part II by Nagin J. Shah (1995) 4. A Study of Jayanta Bhatta's Nyayamanjari on Rs. 198=00 INDIAN LOGIC Part III by Nagin J. Shah (1997) 5. Bharatiya Tattvajnana - Ketalika samasya (Gujarati) Rs. 99=00 by Nagin J. Shah (1998) 6. Essays in Indian Philosophy by Nagin J. Shah (1998) Rs. 120=00 7. Samantabhadra's Aptamimamsa. - Critique of An Rs. 108=00 Authority (along with English translation, notes and Akalanka's Sanskrit Commentary Astasati) by Nagin J. Shah (1999) 8. 479267 PPT (HPG), HASTA 31 de A POHITH Rs. 50-00 A of . ME (2000) About A study of Nyayamanjari "The book under review is a mature contribution of a mature scholar." Prof. V. N. Jha, Director, Centre of Advanced Studies in Sanskrit, Poona University, in Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. LXXVI. "This is just an illustration of how interesting and revealing is the study which Dr. Shah has presented not only from a logical but also from a cultural point of view. Dr. Shah has presented an important text in its wide ranging context with full mastery. He is at home in the different philosophical schools discussed, and his mastery of the language and tradition of Nyaya and Buddhism enables him to create before the reader a fascinating panorama of ancient philosophical discussion. ...His work will undoubtedly remain a standard work of reference for a long time to come.". Prof. G.C. Pande. Former Vicechancellor Universities of Rajasthan and Allahabad, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay Volume 72 (1997).

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"Dr. Shah has meticulously followed each and every point presented in NM. It is indeed a comprehensive study of NM for the first time and provides a fascinating reading." Prof. Vasant Parikh in Journal of the Oriental Institute, Baroda, Vol. 45 Nos 3-4 "...The work has a clear style and can be recommended to advanced students before tackling the original work of Jayanta himself." Prof. Kerel Werner in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. - About Essays in Indian Philosophy "The author is critical, unbiased and he quite often gives unorthodox and controversial solutions. This, to my mind, is the strength of the book and it is for this questioning nature of the discussion and unorthodox character of its conclusions supported by sound evidence from the original sources that I would like to recommend this book to the advanced students and scholars of the classical Indian Philosophy." Prof. S. S. Antarkar in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay Volume 74 (1999). About Samantabhadra's Aptamimamsa - Critique of an Authority "Prof. Dr. Nagin J. Shah has now brought out Samantabhadra's Aptamimamsa along with English translation, introduction, Notes-comments and Akalanka's Sanskrit commentary Astasati. He has rightly selected the Aptamimamsa for his scholarly treatment as Samantabhadra's work served as a model for later Jaina thinkers and writers while criticising what they considered one-sided philosophical views. In the Introduction Dr. N. J. Shah has made a detailed and objective survey of Nayavada and Anekantavada and their evaluation of other philosophical views. ...Dr. Shah has fully appreciated the force of Samantabhadra's arguments and shown the importance of his contribution to Jaina logic and philosophy. At the same time Dr. Shah has not hesitated to point out the anomaly in the arguments advanced by the author wherever he has noticed it." Prof. Esther A. Solomon in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay Volume 74 (1999).

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lekhaka paricaya DaoN. nagInadAsa jIvanalAla zAha kA janma sana 1931 meM surendranagara jile ke sAyalA zahara meM huA thaa| ve ela.DI. insTiTayUTa oNpha inDolojI (ahamadAbAda) ke adhyakSapada para the| aba nivRtta haiN| Apa saMskRta ke prasiddha vidvAna haiN| bhAratIya tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM Apa kA pradAna bahumUlya hai| Apa ke dvArA paM. sukhalAlajI ke mArgadarzana meM taiyAra kiyA evaM gujarAta yunivarsiTI dvArA mAnya mahAnibandha Akalanka's Criticism of Dharmakirti's Philosophy - A Study 1968 meM prakAzita huA hai, jisakI AntararASTrIya vidvAnoM ne bhUri prazaMsA kI hai| isake atirikta AMgla bhASA meM Apa ne tIna bahumUlya evaM svatantra grantha kI racanA kara dArzanika jagata kI anupama sevA kI hai| ye tIna grantha hai : (1) A Study of Nyayamanjari, a Mature Sanskrit Work on INDIAN LOGIC (in three parts), (2) Essays in Indian Philosophy and (3) Samantabhadra's Aptamimamsa - Critique of an Authority. isake atirikta Apane munizrI nyAyavijayajI kA vizAlakAya prasiddha gujarAtI graMtha 'jainadarzana' kA vizada aMgrejI anuvAda (Jaina Philosophy and Religion) kiyA hai| Apane gujarAtI meM (1) sAGkhyayoga, (2) nyAya-vaizeSika, (3) bauddhadharmadarzana, (4) bhAratIya tattvajJAna-keTalIka samasyA jaise cAra cintanapradhAna grantha likhakara dArzanikoM kI bar3I prIti sampAdana kI hai| sAtha hI Apa ke dvArA kiyA gayA saMskRta graMtha nyAyamaJjarI kA gujarAtI anuvAda (pAMca bhAgoM meM) bhAratIya tattvajJAna ke gujarAtIbhASI adhyApakoM aura adhyetAoM ko atyanta upayogI siddha huA hai| taduparAnta, nyAyamaJjarI kI hastaprata meM upalabdha eka mAtra TIkA nyAyamaJjarIgranthibhaGga jo aba taka aprakAzita thI usakA Apane uccastarIya sampAdana saMzodhana kiyA jise lA.da. bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira ne prakAzita kiyA hai| mahAmahopAdhyAya vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcAryajI kI Basic Conception of Buddhism nAmaka pustaka kA vizada gujarAtI anuvAda bhI Apane diyA hai| nivRtti ke bAda bhI Apa sadaiva manana-cintanazIla dArzanika granthoM kA lekhana sampAdana evaM anuvAda kA kArya kara rahe haiN| Apane svatantra rUpa se saMskRta-saMskRti granthamAlA kI sthApanA kI hai| isa granthamAlA se Apake dvArA nirmita ATha grantha prakAzita ho cuke haiN|