Sramana 2011 07

Author(s): Sundarshanlal Jain, Ashokkumar Singh
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525077/1

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STHUT SRMANA A Quarterly Research Journal of Jainology July-Sept. 2011 Vol. LXII ISSN 0972-1002 No.III Consequences of Worldly Attachment Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI Established: 1937

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Vol. LXII STHUT SRAMANA (Since 1949) A Quarterly Research Journal of Jainology No. III July-September 2011 EDITOR Prof. Sudarshan Lal Jain JOINT EDITOR Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi (Established: 1937) (Recognized by Banaras Hindu University as an External Research Centre)

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ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Shugan C. Jain Prof. Ramjee Singh Chairman, New Delhi Bheekhampur, Bhagalpur Prof. Cromwell Crawford Prof. Sagarmal Jain Univ. of Hawaii Prachya Vidyapeeth, Shajapur Prof. Anne Vallely Prof. K.C. Sogani Univ. of Ottawa, Canada Chittaranjan Marg, Jaipur Prof. Peter Flugel Prof. D.N. Bhargava SOAS, London Bani Park, Jaipur Prof. Christopher Key Chapple Prof. Prakash C. Jain Univ. of Loyola, USA JNU, Delhi EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. M.N.P. Tiwari Prof. Viney Jain B.H.U., Varanasi Gurgaon Prof. K. K. Jain Prof. Gary L. Francione B.H.U., Varanasi USA Dr. A.P. Singh, Ballia ISSN: 0972-1002 SUBSCRIPTION Annual Membership Life Membership For Institutions : Rs. 500.00, $ 50 For Institutions : Rs. 5000.00, $ 250 For Individuals : Rs. 150.00, $ 15 For Individuals : Rs. 2000.00, $ 100 Per Issue Price : Rs. 50.00, $ 5 Membership fee and articles can be sent in favour of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, I.T.I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-5 PUBLISHED BY Shri Indrabhooti Barar for Parshwanath Vidyapeeth I. T. I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-221005, Ph. 0542-2575890 Email: pvpvaranasi@gmail.com, sudarshan.pvvaranasi.jain@gmail.com NOTE: The facts and views expressed in the Journal are those of authors. (ufrah A Tahta 77227 377 faar staan 374881) Theme of Cover : Consequences of Worldly Attachment Type Setting : Raj Graphics, Lanka, Varanasi Printed by : Mahaveer Press, Bhelupur, Varanasi

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CONTENT sampAdakIya Parshwanath Vidyapeeth : At a Glance Our Contributors IV-V VI-VII VIII 1. 2. 5. bhAratIya cintana meM Atma-tattva : eka samIkSA 1-12 pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina aGga Agama meM prayukta dezya zabda : hindI zabdoM ke prAcInatama srota ke rUpa meM 13-24 DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha AgamoM meM pratipAdita SaDjIva-ahiMsA viSayaka avadhAraNA 25-34 DaoN0 navIna kumAra zrIvAstava anekAntavAdapraveza pratipAdita nityatvAnityatvavAda 35-48 DaoN0 rAhula kumAra siMha aGga sAhitya meM varNita pArivArika vyavasthA kA svarUpa 49-58 suzrI zvetA siMha jaina darzana meM icchA-svAtantrya kI samasyA 59-68 DaoN0 rUbI jaina Lord Mahavira's Birthplace : The Need For Denovo Study 69-74 Gp. Capt. V.K. Jain Contribution of sramanas to the Indian Tradition of Exegetical Literature 75-88 Dr. Rajesh Ranjan sthAyI stambha jijJAsA aura samAdhAna pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra jaina jagat / sAhitya-satkAra sAbhAra prApti vidyApITha ke AgAmI prakAzana 89-94 95-102 103-104 105-106 107-108 109-110

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sampAdakIya bhraSTAcAra nivAraNa : aparigraha, ahiMsA siddhAnta kI upAdeyatA mukha pRSTha para diyA gayA citra eka pratIkAtmaka citra hai jo saMsAra-darzana se sambandhita hai jisameM madhu-bindu ke dRSTAnta se sAMsArika prANiyoM kI dazA kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| isa citra meM eka manuSya eka vRkSa kI do zAkhAoM ke sahAre laTakA huA hai aura madhumakkhiyoM ke chatte se TapakatI huI zahada kI bU~doM ke mIThe rasa ko cakhane meM Ananda-magna hai| yaha manuSya saMsAra ke sabhI jIvoM kA pratinidhi hai| use apane cAroM ora vidyamAna mauta ke tANDava kA jarA bhI dhyAna nahIM hai| isa citra meM hAthI yamarAja kA pratIka hai jo per3a ko jar3a se ukhAr3a rahA hai| kAle aura sapheda cUhe rAta aura dina yA kRSNapakSa aura zuklapakSa ke pratIka haiM jo Ayu rUpI per3a kI DAla ko kATa rahe haiM jisake sahAre AdamI laTakA huA hai| nIce eka kuA~ hai jisameM mu~ha khole hue cAra sarpa usa vyakti ko DaMsane ke lie tatpara dikhalAI de rahe haiN| ye cAroM sarpa narakAdi cAra gatiyoM ke pratIka haiN| kahIM-kahIM kue~ meM pA~ca sarpa bhI dikhalAye gae haiM jo saMsAra-bandhana (karma-bandhana) ke pramukha pA~ca kAraNoM ke pratIka haiN| ye pA~ca kAraNa haiM- mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yog| inake kAraNa hI manuSya ko karma-bandhana meM ba~dhanA par3atA hai| kuA~ svayaM mauta kA kuNDa hai| jo do zAkhAe~ vyakti pakar3e hue hai ve zAkhAe~ nahIM apitu rAgadveSa rUpI ajagara haiN| cAroM ora kA pariveza janma, mRtyu, bur3hApA, roga Adi se paripUrNa saMsAra rUpI jaMgala hai| vimAna meM dRzyamAn deva-yugala hitopadezI gurutulya hai jo use isa saMsAra kI musIbatoM se chuTakArA dilAne ke lie apane pAsa bulA rahA hai parantu kSaNika indriya-viSaya sukha rUpI madhu-rasa ke pAna ke lobhavaza vaha usake hitopadeza ko anasunA kara rahA hai| yahI sthiti saMsAra ke prANiyoM kI hai jo Aja kucha adhika vikarAla rUpa lekara dikhalAyI de rahI hai| cAroM ora kSaNika sAMsArika sukhoM kI AkAMkSA se prerita hokara vyakti nAnA prakAra ke aparAdha kara bhraSTAcArI ho rahA hai| ghUsakhorI, corI, DakaitI, chInA-jhapaTI, balAtkAra, naksalI hiMsA, bhraSTAcAra Adi aneka mudde isa deza meM panapa rahe haiM jo kabhI rAma, kRSNa, mahAvIra, buddha, gA~dhI Adi kI janmabhUmi rahA hai| aisI sthiti meM annA hajAre jaise ahiMsAvAdI dezabhakta ne pUre deza ko apane ahiMsaka Andolana tathA anazana ke dvArA hilA diyA hai| prazAsana meM vyApta bhraSTAcAra

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ko samApta karane kA saMkalpa lekara annA hajAre ne saMsada meM jana lokapAla bila pAsa karAne kA jo andolana cher3A hai vaha svAgata ke yogya hai / yahA~ dhyAna dene kI eka bAta yaha bhI hai ki annA hajAre ne mA~geM mAna lI jAne tathA vizAla janasamudAya ke upasthita rahane para bhI apane anazana ko rAtri ke samaya na tor3ate hue dina meM tor3A jo unakI jainavRtti meM AsthA ko prakaTa karatI hai| yadi annA hajAre jainasiddhAntoM (anekAntavAda, aparigrahavAda, syAdvAda, ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya) ke sAtha caleMge to nizcaya hI isa deza se kyA samasta saMsAra se bhraSTAcAra ko samApta kara skeNge| Aja AvazyakatA una jaina siddhAntoM ko prayoga meM lAne kI hai| unako kaise prayoga meM lAyA jAe ? isa para maMthana Avazyaka hai| yaha satya hai ki pUrNa ahiMsA, aparigraha, satya, acaurya aura brahmacarya kA pAlana na to sambhava hai aura na eka gRhastha ke lie Avazyaka kyoMki use kaI Arambhika, audyogika Adi kriyAyeM karanI par3atI haiN| ataH use aNuvratI hokara sImita-parigrahI tathA svapatnI saMtoSavratI honA caahie| mAnavIya mUlyoM kI rakSA ke lie paJcendriyoM kI na to hatyA karanI cAhie aura na unheM satAnA cAhie / corI karake tathA asatya bolakara kisI ko na to kaSTa denA cAhie aura na unheM satAnA caahie| isa AdhyAtmika madhu - bindu dRSTAnta ko vartamAna pariveza meM soceMge to patA calegA ki galata kAryoM ke karane para hameM rAjakIya aura sAmAjika daNDa bhogane hoNge| yaha madhya - bindu dRSTAnta yadi janasamudAya ko samajha meM A jAegA aura vaha yadi vimAnastha deva ke aparigraha, ahiMsA Adi vacanoM kA anusaraNa karegA to nizcaya hI bhraSTAcAra- samApti ke sAtha sukha-zAnti kA sAmrAjya vyApta ho jaaegaa| isa aGka kI vizeSatA hai ki adhikatara lekha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM kAryarata vidvAnoM dvArA likhe gae haiN| isake guNa-doSa kI parIkSA Apa sudhI pAThakoM dvArA prApta karanA hamArA uddezya hai| AgAmI dazaharA aura dIpAvalI ke pAvana tyohAroM para pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parivAra kI ora se Apa sabhI ko hArdika shubhkaamnaaeN| pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina

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1935 1937 1938 1942 1944 1950 1968 1973 1988 1989 Parshwanath Vidyapeeth : At a Glance Formed Shri Sohanlal Jain Dharma Pracharak Samiti, Amritsar. Established as an Institute of Indology in general and Jainology in particular in the memory of Punjab Keshari Sthanakwasi Jainacharya Pujya Sohanlal Ji Maharaj. Formerly known as P.V. Research Institute, after few changes in its name finally named as Parshwanath Vidyapeeth. Established Shatawadhani Ratanchand Library. Established Jagannath Jain Hostel. Started Research activities. Introduced sramana, a Bi-lingual monthly Research Journal of Jainology. Registered Parshwanath Vidyapeeth under Society Registration Act 1860. The main building inaugurated. Recognized as an External Research Center by BHU. Parshwanath Vidyapeeth celebrated its Golden Jubilee. Established Rukmini Devi Deep Chand Gardi Jain Vidya Uchcha Adhyayan Kendra Monthly Journal Sramana made Bilingual Quarterly Research Journal. According to UGC recommendation PG course in four subjects conducted (1996-1997) (i) Undertook a Project on Encyclopedia of Jaina Studies (ii) Established Parshwanath Vidyapeeth Museum with donation from Shri Satyendra Mohan Jain. Parshwanath Vidyapeeth celebrated its Diamond Jubilee. Prof. Cromwell Crawford visited the Institute to explore the possibility of running ISSJS courses. (i) Started at the campus Summer School by ISSJS. (ii) Established Global Centre for Ahimsa and Indological Research (A joint venture of ISJS & PV) (iii) Formed a committee for the financial support of PV nam ed Akhil Bhartiya Shravak Samiti with the blessings of Rev. Acharya Dr. Shivmuniji Maharaj. (iv) Formed New Management Committee headed by Dr. Shugan C. Jain. Started Lala Harjas Rai Jain Lecture Series. 1990 1996 1997 1998 2005 2006 2008

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2011 (i) Published and Released Encyclopaedia of Jaina Studies Vol. I (Art & Architecture). (ii) Established a new branch of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth at Ramavihar, New Delhi. (iii) Sramana made online on our Website. (www.parshwanathvidyapeeth.org) (iv) Upgradation of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth Website 2012 Proposed Celebration of Platinum Jubilee of P.V. Founder : Shri Lala Ratnachand Harjasrai Jain Patrons : Shri Sohan Lalji Duggar, Shri Deepchand Gardi, Shri Neminath Jain, Shri Prakash Chand Jain. Source of Inspiration: Pt. Sukhlal Sanghvi, Pt. Bechardas Doshi, Padmabhusan Pt. Dalsukh Malvania and Prof. Sagarmal Jain. Chairman: Shri Ramesh Chand Barar (2010---) Presidents : Shri Tribhuvan Nath Jain (1935-70), Shri Jangi Lal Jain (1971-76), Shri Shadilal Jain (1977-81), Shri Aridaman Jain (1982-86), Shri Deep Chand Gardi (1987-89), Shri Vijay Kr. Jain (1989-91), Shri Neminath Jain (1991-93, 95-96), Shri Sumati Prakash Jain (1993-99), Shri Nrip Raj Jain (1996-2001), Shri Suresh Dada Jain (2002), Shri Hira Lal Jain (2002-07), Shri Bhupendra Nath Jain (2007-09), Shri Ramesh Chand Barar (2009), Dr. Shugan C. Jain (2010---). Secretaries : Lala Shri Harajas Rai Jain (1935-74), Shri B. N. Jain (19752000), Dr. Sagarmal Jain (2001-09), Shri I. B. Barar (2009--). Jt. Secretaries : Shri Indrabhooti Barar (1995-2009), Shri Mohanlal Khariwal (2000), Shri Ram Kumar Jain (2002-09), Shri Ram Sharan Gupta (2009---). Co-ordinators: Shri Shantibhai V.Shah (1944-49), Muni Krishnachandra (1949-64), Shri Ratan Chand Jain. Directors : Prof. Mohan Lal Mehta (1964-77), Prof. Sagarmal Jain (197997), Prof. Bhag Chand Jain (1999-2000), Prof. Maheshwari Prasad (200206), Prof. Sudarshan Lal Jain (2010 ---). Ph. D. awarded (63): Dr. Nathmal Tatia, Dr. Indrachandra Shastri, Dr. Gulabchand Chaudhari, Dr. Mohanlal Mehta, Dr. Gokul Chand Jain, Dr. Komal Chand Jain, Dr. Sudarshan Lal Jain, Dr. B. N.Sinha etc. * * *

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Our Contributors Prof. Sudarshan Lal Jain Director (Research), Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi-221005 Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Associate Professor, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi-221005 Dr. Navin Kumar Srivastav Research Associate, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi-221005 Dr. Rahul Kumar Singh Research Associate, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi-221005 Miss Shweta Singh Research Scholar, Department of History, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth, Varanasi Dr. Rubi Jain Faculty, Dr. A.V. College, Hoshiyarpur, Punjab Gp. Capt. V. K. Jain 572, Asiad Village, New Delhi- 110049 Dr. Rajesh Ranjan Faculty in Buddhism, Guru Govind Singh Department of Religious Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala- 147002

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bhAratIya cintana meM Atma-tattva : eka samIkSA pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina isa Alekha meM sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM tathA tantra siddhAntoM meM AtmA ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM gambhIra evaM samIkSAtmaka cintana kiyA gayA hai| isa cintana ke mAdhyama se yaha siddha kiyA gayA hai ki AtmA kI nityatA, anityatA, aNurUpatA, vyApakatA, zarIra-parimANatA, sUkSmatA Adi kA samanvaya anekAntadRSTi se kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki binA anekAnta-dRSTi apanAye koI bhI darzana apane mata kI puSTi nahIM kara sktaa| itanA avazya hai ki AtmA cetana hai, jJAnarUpa hai tathA zarIra-indriyAdi se bhinna hai| - sampAdaka bhAratIya darzana meM Atma-tattva (cetana tattva) ke sambandha meM bahuta gambhIratA se cintana huA hai| AtmA zarIra se bhinna hai yA abhinna, eka hai yA aneka, aNurUpa hai yA vyApaka yA zarIra-parimANa, nitya hai yA anitya, jJAna usakA apanA svabhAva hai yA Agantuka dharma? ityAdi praznoM kA samAdhAna vibhinna dharmoM meM vibhinna prakAra se milatA hai1. anAtmavAdI cArvAka darzana zarIra, indriya, mana Adi se cetana tattva ko pRthak svIkAra nahIM karane vAle cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki 'pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu' ina bhUtacatuSTayoM se nirmita zarIra, mana, indriyAdi se bhinna koI pRthaka cetana tattva nahIM hai| zarIra ke utpanna hone para cetanatA utpanna hotI hai aura usake naSTa hone para samApta ho jAtI hai| 'maiM sthUla hU~', 'maiM kRSa hU~' ityAdi anubhUtiyA~ isameM pramANa haiM tathA 'merA zarIra' 'merI indriyA~' ityAdi anubhUtiyA~ kAlpanika haiN| isIlie yaha darzana dehAtmavAdI, bhautikavAdI kahalAtA hai| isa darzana ke praNetA bRhaspati haiM, isIlie ise 'bArhaspatya darzana' bhI kahA jAtA hai| isakA prAcIna nAma 'lokAyata' (loka meM Ayata yA vyApta) hai tathA mIThI bAteM karane vAlA, svarga-naraka Adi kA carvaNa karane vAlA hone se cArvAka (cAru+vAk) prasiddha hai| AtmA ko na mAnane se yaha punarjanma, mokSa, Izvara Adi meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA hai| isakA eka mAtra siddhAnta hai 'yAvajjIvet sukhaM jIvet RNaM kRtvA ghRtaM pivet / __ bhasmIbhUtasya dehasya punarAgamanaM kutaH' / / anumAna ke dvArA (anvaya-vyatirekI) bhI ve apanI bAta ko siddha karate haiM 'zarIra

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2 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara 2011 ke rahane para hI caitanya kA AvirbhAva hotA hai aura zarIra ke na rahane para caitanya kA bhI abhAva ho jAtA hai| isake atirikta anna-pAna ke sevana se zarIra meM prakRSTa caitanya kA abhyudaya hotA hai aura anna-pAna ke grahaNa na karane para cetanatA kA hrAsa hotA hai / jaise- jau, cAvala Adi meM mAdakatA nahIM hai phira bhI jaba usase madirA banAyI jAtI hai to usameM mAdakatA paidA ho jAtI hai usI prakAra bhUtacatuSTaya ke sammizraNa se cetanatA kA AvirbhAva ho jAtA hai / 2. anAtmavAdI bauddha darzana isake upadeSTA gautama buddha haiN| unhoMne manuSyoM meM 'pazu-yajJa se svarga-prApti' Adi duSpravRttiyoM kA kAraNa nitya AtmA ko jAnakara nairAtmyavAda (saMghAtavAda, santAnavAda) kI pratiSThApanA kii| unhoMne kahA AtmA paJca - skandhoM (nAma, rUpa, vedanA, vijJAna aura saMskAra) kA saMghAtamAtra hai| inakI mAnyatA hai ki puNya-pApa karmoM kA phala jarUra milatA hai parantu vaha phala usI santAna paramparA ke naye vyakti ko milatA hai, use nhiiN| ye nirvANa bhI svIkAra karate haiM parantu nirvANa hone para na sukha hotA hai, na duHkha, kevala dIpaka kI lau bujhane ke samAna paJcaskandhAtmaka Atma-santAna paramparA kA anta ho jAtA hai| ye vibhinna mAnasika anubhavoM aura pravRttiyoM ko svIkAra karake bhI AtmA ko nahIM mAnate kyoMki AtmA mAnasa pravRttiyoM kA athavA vijJAna kA piNDa - mAtra hai| yaha darzana cAra sampradAyoM meM vibhakta hai - vaibhASika (bAhyArtha pratyakSavAdI), sautrAntika (bAhyArtha anumeyavAdI), yogAcAra (vijJAnavAdI) aura mAdhyamika (shuunyvaadii)| cAroM hI ye dArzanika sampradAya kSaNikavAdI aura anAtmavAdI haiN| mAdhyamik to bAhya jagat aura Abhyantara jagat donoM ko zUnya athavA mAyArUpa mAnate haiN| inakI kevala vyAvahArika sattA hai, pAramArthika nhiiN| kevala vartamAna kAla meM inakA vizvAsa hai| isa taraha yaha darzana anAtmavAdI hokara bhI pApa-puNya, karma, paraloka, svarga-naraka, punarjanma, mokSa Adi meM vizvAsa karatA hai parantu kSaNikavAdI hone se ye AtmA ko paJcaskandha kA saMghAta kahate haiN| dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki inake paJcaskandha meM vedanA, vijJAna aura saMskAra jaise tattvoM ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| inhoMne nitya AtmA na mAnakara santAna - paramparA ko svIkAra karake duHkha- nivRtti aura mokSa kI vyAkhyA kI hai| yahA~ dhyAtavya hai ki koI nitya AtmA na mAnane para smRti - lopa, kRtakarma-hAni, akRta-karma - bhoga, saMsAra se mukti kA bhaGga Adi doSa upasthita hote haiN| - 3. nyAya- - vaizeSika nyAya darzana ke pravartaka haiM nyAyasUtrakAra maharSi gautama aura vaizeSika darzana ke praNetA haiM maharSi kaNAda / ye donoM zarIra, mana, indriya Adi se bhinna AtmA kI

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bhAratIya cintana meM Atma-tattva : eka samIkSA : 3 svatantra sattA ko svIkAra karate haiN| inhoMne AtmA ko sukhAdyAzraya tathA indriya adhiSThAtA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| inake anusAra jJAnAdi nau vizeSa guNa (jJAna, sukha, duHkha, icchA, dveSa, prayatna, dharma, adharma aura saMskAra ) AtmA ke Azraya meM samavAya sambandha se rahate haiN| jJAnAdi AtmA kA svabhAva nahIM, isIlie jaba AtmA ko mokSa hotA hai taba usameM jJAnAdi guNoM kA abhAva ho jAtA hai / jJAna ke abhAva meM AtmA jar3a ho jAtA hai / isIlie loga isa taraha kI mukti kI apekSA vRndAvana ke jaMgala meM siyAra bananA jyAdA pasanda karate haiM / sAMsArika avasthA meM AtmA jJAtA, draSTA, bhoktA aura karttA bhI hai| yaha nitya hai, vyApaka hai, amUrta hai aura niSkriya bhI hai| vyApaka hone para bhI jJAna- sukhAdi kA anubhava svayaM nahIM karatA apitu aNurUpa mana kI sahAyatA se karatA hai / mana pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna hai, kriyAvAn hone se mUrta tathA aNu hai / ataH AtmA vyApaka hokara bhI zarIra meM hI jJAna- sukhAdi kA anubhava karatA hai, bAhara nhiiN| AtmA pratizarIra meM hone se aneka haiN| jJAna AtmA kA Agantuka dharma hai| kevala Izvara kA jJAna nitya hai, vaha sarvajJa hai, vyApaka hai, sRSTikartA hai aura sarvazaktimAn bhI hai / kucha Izvara ko sazarIrI aura kucha azarIrI mAnate haiN| 'Atmatva' jAti Izvara aura jIvAtmA donoM meM hai| jIvAtmA baddha hai aura Izvara sadA mukt| muktAvasthA meM jJAna - sukhAdi kA abhAva ho jAne se vaha pASANavat ho jAtA hai / zarIra ko AtmA samajhanA mithyA jJAna hai aura mithyAjJAna se rAga-dveSa, pApa-puNya, janma-maraNa tathA duHkha rUpa saMsAra - paribhramaNa hotA hai| mithyAjJAna ke naSTa hone para rAga-dveSa naSTa ho jAtA hai| tadanantara pApa-puNya kI pravRtti bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| pravRtti ke abhAva meM janma kA abhAva ho jAtA hai aura janma kA abhAva hone para duHkha kA abhAva ho jAtA hai| jJAna kI sattA deza aura kAla meM bhI mAnI gaI hai parantu vahA~ jJAna kI sattA kramazaH daizika aura kAlika sambandha se hai, samavAya sambandha se nhiiN| isI se deza aura kAla ke sAtha AtmA kA pArthakya prakaTa hotA hai| prArabdha karmoM ke upabhoga ke binA pUrNa mukti sambhava nahIM hai| ye jIvana- mukti (apara-ni:zreyas ) aura videha mukti (para-ni:zreyas ) donoM mAnate haiN| isa taraha inakI AtmA jJAnAzraya hokara bhI jJAna svarUpa nahIM hai / cArvAka aura bauddhoM ke cintana kI apekSA inakA Atma tattva, jar3a tattva se kucha pRthak hai| 4. sAMkhya- yoga sAMkhya darzana ke praNetA kapila muni haiM tathA yoga darzana ke praNetA maharSi pataJjali | sAMkhya ko nirIzvaravAdI aura yoga ko IzvaravAdI kahA jAtA hai| donoM hI prakRti aura puruSa ina do tattvoM kI sattA ko svIkAra karate haiN| yoga darzana meM Izvara ko kleza, karma

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4 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 Adi se rahita puruSa-vizeSa kahA gayA hai| AtmA ke lie puruSa zabda kA prayoga huA hai jo kUTastha nitya, triguNAtIta (satva, rajas aura tamas se rahita), avikArI, nirlipta, nirgaNa, akartA, aprasavadharmI aura sAkSI hai| puruSoM kI saMkhyA aneka hai| jJAna (buddhi) jar3a prakRti kA pariNAma hai jise mahat tattva kahA gayA hai| isakA sambandha jaba AtmA se hotA hai to vaha puruSa jJAnarUpa ho jAtA hai kintu muktAvasthA meM prakRti se sambandha-viccheda ho jAne ke kAraNa vaha jJAna, sukhAdi se rahita ho jAtA hai| saMsArAvasthA meM AtmA ke sAtha jaba buddhi kA samparka hotA hai taba vaha sukhAdi kA anubhava karatA hai| prakRti kevala kI hai aura puruSa kevala bhoktA hai| puruSa aura prakRti kA bhedakajJAna (viveka jJAna) hone para jIvAtmA kI mukti hotI hai| 'vastuta: bandhana aura mokSa prakRti kA hotA hai' aisA sAMkhyakArikA meM kahA gayA hai| kriyAzIlatA prakRti kA dharma hai, AtmA kA nhiiN| vaha to avikArI hai, niSkriya hai, akartA hai, sarvavyApaka hai, sarvadharmI hai, caitanyarUpa hai parantu jJAna usakA svabhAva nahIM hai, isIlie muktAvasthA meM jJAna nahIM rahatA hai| sAtvika buddhi ke cAra guNa haiM- dharma, jJAna, vairAgya aura aishvry| tAmasa buddhi ke bhI cAra guNa haiM- adharma, ajJAna, avairAgya aura anaishvry| sAtvika buddhi se (mahat) ahaMkAra, mana, aura indriyA~ utpanna hotI haiM aura tAmasa se tanmAtrAe~ aura mahAbhUta paidA hote haiM prakRti kA vikAra hone se svabhAvataH buddhi acetana hai| buddhi meM jaba caitanyAtmaka puruSa pratibimbita hotA hai aura pratibimbita puruSa kA padArthoM ke sAtha samparka hotA hai to use hI jJAna kahate haiN| buddhi meM caitanya puruSa kA pratibimba hone para paraspara upakAra hotA hai aura pratibimbita puruSa jJAtA aura bhoktA kahalAtA hai| puruSa prakRti kA adhiSThAtA hai aura prakRti ke kArya puruSa ke lie hote haiN| puruSa aneka haiN| isa taraha ina donoM darzanoM meM muktAvasthA meM jJAna, sukha Adi kA abhAva hai kyoMki ye prakRti ke sAtha sambandha hone para hote haiN| prakRtilIna puruSa bhI mukta kahalAte haiM parantu ve bhaviSya meM puna: bandhana meM A sakate haiN| sadA mukta Izvara anya muktoM se bhinna hai| saMsArI puruSa OM kA dhyAna karane se Izvara kI kRpA kA pAtra hotA hai tathA use sva-svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra bhI ho jAtA hai| Izvara sRSTikartA nahIM hai| yogadarzana meM cikitsAzAstra kI taraha (roga, roga hetu, Arogya aura auSadha) cAra vyUha haiM- du:khamaya saMsAra, saMsAra kA hetu prakRti-saMyoga, mokSa (prakRti-saMyoga kI Atyantika nivRtti) aura nivRtti kA upAya (samyag darzana, aSTAGga yoga aadi)| bauddha darzana meM bhI isa prakAra ke cAra Arya satya batalAe haiM- du:kha, du:kha ke kAraNa, du:kha se nivRtti aura duHkh-nirodhopaay| citta (anta:karaNa = buddhi, mana

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bhAratIya cintana meM Atma-tattva : eka samIkSA : 5 aura ahaMkAra) kI pA~ca bhUmiyA~ batalAyI haiM - 1. kSipta (rajoguNodreka), 2. mUDha (tamoguNodreka), 3. vikSipta (satva - mizritodreka), 4. ekAgra (satvodreka) aura 5. niruddha (citta nirodh)| isa taraha sAMkhya yoga darzana nyAya-vaizeSika ke Atma-tattva se eka kadama Age to bar3hatA hai parantu jJAna - sukhAdi ko usakA svabhAva nahIM mAnatA hai| puruSa aura prakRti ke sambandha aura usa sambandha se nivRtti bhI eka anasulajhI pahelI banI rahatI hai| 5. mImAMsA (pUrva-mImAMsA) ise pUrva mImAMsA tathA karma-mImAMsA bhI kahate haiN| isake pratipAdaka maharSi jaimini haiN| isa darzana ke tIna pramukha vyAkhyAtA haiM- kumArila bhaTTa, prabhAkara mizra tathA pArthasArathI mishr| ina tInoM ke dArzanika siddhAntoM meM thor3A antara hai| tInoM hI apauruSeya veda ko pramANa mAnate haiN| isa darzana meM AtmA ko karttA - bhoktA tathA pratizarIra meM bhinna hone se aneka mAnA gayA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika kI taraha yahA~ bhI jJAna Adi guNa AtmA meM samavAya sambandha se haiN| pratizarIra meM AtmA ke bhinna hone para bhI AtmA ko vyApaka tathA nitya mAnA gayA hai| inake yahA~ koI sarvajJa nahIM ho sakatA hai| vyakti karmAnusAra zarIra dhAraNa karatA hai, muktAvasthA meM duHkhoM kA atyantAbhAva hotA hai| bhATTa mata ke anusAra AtmA meM pariNamana kriyA pAyI jAtI hai / kriyA do prakAra kI hai 10 spandarUpa (jisameM sthAna - parivartana ho) aura pariNamanarUpa (jisameM rUpa parivartana ho, sthAnaparivartana nhiiN)| isa taraha bhATTa pariNAmI vastu ko bhI nitya mAnate haiN| AtmA ke do aMza haiM - cit aura acit / cidaMza se jJAna kA anubhava hotA hai acidaMza se pariNamana kriyA hotI hai| sukha-duHkhAdi AtmA ke vizeSa dharma haiM jo acidaMza ke hI pariNamana haiN| AtmA caitanyasvarUpa na hokara caitanyaviziSTa hai| anukUla paristhitiyoM meM zarIra evaM viSaya kA saMyoga hone para AtmA meM caitanya kA udaya hotA hai| svapnAvasthA meM viSaya - samparka na hone se AtmA meM caitanya nahIM rahatA hai| isa taraha AtmA cit evaM acit ubhayarUpa hai| AtmA kA mAnasa pratyakSa hai- 'ahaM AtmAnaM jAnAmi isa anubhava ke AdhAra para AtmA ko jJAna aura viSaya donoM kA karttA mAnate haiN| niSkAma karma se aura Atmika jJAna se saba karmoM kA vinAza aura mukti hotI hai / prabhAkara mizra (guru) AtmA meM kriyA nahIM mAnate haiN| AtmA 'ahaM' pratyaya - gamya hai| jJAna kA karttA AtmA hai| prapaJca sambandha - vilaya hI mokSa hai| codanA (vidhi) hI dharma hai| pArthasArathI mizra mokSa meM sukha aura duHkha donoM kA atyantAbhAva mAnate haiN| bhATToM kI eka paramparA mokSa meM zuddhAnanda kA astitva mAnatI haiM 12 /

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6 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 isa taraha kumArila bhaTTa ke anusAra AtmA cit-acit ubhayarUpa hai| 'AtmA kriyAzIla hai athavA nahIM' isa sambandha meM kumArila bhaTTa evaM prabhAkara mizra meM matabheda hai| AtmA ke vyApaka hone se bhATTa spandarUpa kriyA nahIM mAnate haiN| kevala rUpa parivartana ko kriyA mAnate haiN| vastutaH mImAMsA darzana kA uddezya vedavihita-vidhi vAkyoM kA vyAkhyAna karanA hai13| mImAMsA meM mokSa-viSayaka darzana kA vicAra bAda meM laugAkSibhAskara dvArA huA hai| ye Izvara kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| nyAya-vaizeSika AtmA meM kriyA svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| isa darzana kI khAsa vizeSatA hai AtmA ko nitya-pariNAmI svIkAra karanA jaisA ki jainadarzana meM mAnA jAtA hai| AtmA meM cit aura acit donoM mAnanA asaMgata hai| 6. vedAnta (uttara-mImAMsA yA jJAna-mImAMsA) upaniSad vidyA hI vedAnta vidyA (veda+anta) hai| maharSi vAdarAyaNavyAsa kRta brahmasUtra (upaniSadoM para Azrita) kI vyAkhyA kaI AcAryoM ne kI hai jisase vedAnta ke kaI upabheda ho gae haiN| isameM zaGkarAcArya kA advaita-vedAnta pramukha hai| AcArya zaGkara ke anusAra AtmA brahma (paramAtmA) hI hai| brahma nirvikalpaka, nirupAdhika, nirguNa, nirvikAra aura caitanyarUpa hai| nirguNa brahma jaba anirvacanIya mAyA se upahita ho jAtA hai to vaha Izvara yA saguNa brahma kahalAtA hai| vizva kI sRSTi, sthiti, laya kA kAraNa yahI Izvara hai| yaha Izvara nyAya-vaizeSika darzana kI taraha sRSTi kA kevala nimitta kAraNa nahIM hai apitu nimitta aura upAdAna kAraNa donoM hai| vaha caitanya brahma jaba anta:karaNAvacchinna hotA hai to usa caitanya ko jIva kahate haiM arthAt zarIra aura indriyoM kA adhyakSa aura karma-phala-bhoktA AtmA hI jIva hai| usakA caitanya nyAya-vaizeSika kI taraha kAdAcitka (kabhI honA aura kabhI nahIM honA) rUpa nahIM hai apitu sadA (svapna, suSupti aura jAgRta) tInoM avasthAoM meM rahane vAlA hai| brahma kA hI rUpa hone se AtmA bhI vyApaka hai| usameM jo aNurUpatA kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai vaha usake sUkSma rUpa hone ke kAraNa hai| Atma-caitanya ko jAgRta, svapna aura suSupti avasthAoM meM tathA annamaya, manomaya, prANamaya, vijJAnamaya aura Anandamaya ina pA~ca kozoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai parantu AtmA kA zuddha caitanya-rUpa ina paJca kozoM se nitAnta bhinna hai| yaha AtmA nitya hai, vyApaka hai, caitanyasvarUpa hai, eka hai, svayaMsiddha hai| buddhi ke kAraNa isameM caJcalatA pratIta hotI hai anyathA vaha zAnta svabhAva hai| yaha brahma kA vivarta hai, pariNAma nhiiN| vastutaH jJAtA aura jJAna pRthak nahIM haiM, AtmA jJAnarUpa bhI hai aura jJAtA bhI hai| AtmA ke samakSa jaba viSaya upasthita rahatA hai to vaha jJAtA ho jAtA hai anyathA vaha kevala jJAnarUpa rahatA hai arthAt jJAna hI

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bhAratIya cintana meM Atma-tattva : eka samIkSA : 7 jJAtA ho jAtA hai| jJeya viSaya ke na rahane para jJAtA kI kalpanA nahIM rahatI hai| anitya jJAna jo viSaya-sAnidhya se utpanna hotA hai vaha anta:karaNAvacchinna-vRtti mAtra hai| viSaya aura viSayI kA pArthakya vyAvahArika hai, pAramArthika nahIM kyoMki parabrahma hI kabhI viSayI rUpa se, kabhI viSaya rUpa se jJAta hotA hai| vaha eka akhaNDarUpa hai aura nAnAtmaka jagat kAlpanika yA mAyika hai| saguNa brahma usakA taTastha lakSaNa (Agantuka) hai aura cidAnandarUpa nirguNa brahma usakA svarUpa lakSaNa (tAttvika) hai| AcArya zaGkara mAyA ko triguNAtmikA, jJAna-virodhI, bhAvarUpa tathA anirvacanIya brahma kI apRthakbhUtA zakti mAnate haiN| isa taraha zAGkara vedAnta meM Atma-tattva parama zuddha caitanya brahma kA hI rUpa hai| ata: muktAvasthA meM jIva brahmarUpa hI ho jAtA hai| 'ahaM brahmAsmi' tathA 'tattvamasi' ina mahAvAkyoM se brahma kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| muktAvasthA meM jJAna, sukhAdi bhI rahate haiN| isa mata meM samasyA yaha hai ki jaba saba brahma rUpa hai to vaha bandhana meM kaise par3A? aura eka ke mukta hone para sabhI ko mukta kyoM nahIM mAnA gayA? yadi usameM aMza kI kalpanA karate haiM to usakA vibhu (vyApaka) rUpa naSTa hotA hai| 7. vaiSNava darzana isake antargata nimnalikhita pA~ca samudAya pramukha haiM(ka) rAmAnuja darzana yaha darzana viziSTAdvaitavAdI hai| inake mata meM brahma meM sajAtIya aura vijAtIya bheda na hokara svagata bheda hai, jabaki zAGkara vedAnta meM brahma tInoM prakAroM ke bhedoM se rahita hai| yahA~ brahma ke do aMza haiM- cit aura acit| ata: tIna padArtha haiMcit, acit aura iishvr| cit se tAtparya hai bhoktA jIva, acit se tAtparya hai bhogya jagat tathA cit-acit viziSTa se tAtparya hai iishvr| yaha Izvara jagat kA abhinna-nimittopAdAna kAraNa hai| yaha kAraNa-vyApAra na to avidyA karma-nibandhana hai aura na karmayogamUlaka hai apitu svecchAjanya hai| jIva tattva atyanta aNu, nitya, avyakta, acintya, AnandarUpa, niravayava, nirvikAra, jJAnAzraya, ajar3a tathA deha, indriya-mana prANa buddhi se vilakSaNa hai15| (kha) mAdhva darzana'6 AnandatIrtha kA prasiddha nAma thA 'mdhv'| yaha brahma sampradAya kahalAtA hai| inake mata meM 'viSNu' ananta guNa sampanna paramAtmA haiN| 'lakSmI' paramAtmA kI zakti hai| saMsArI jIva ajJAna, moha, duHkha, bhayAdi doSoM se yukta hai| ye tIna prakAra ke haiM- muktiyogya, nityasaMsArI aura tmoyogy| ye tInoM kramaza: uttama, madhyama aura adhama koTi ke hote haiN| mukta jIvoM ke jJAna, AnandAdi guNoM meM tAratamya pAyA

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8 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara 2011 jAtA hai| jainadarzana meM ina tInoM prakAra ke jIvoM ko kramazaH bhavya, bhavyAbhavya aura abhavya kahA hai| caitanyAMza ko lekara hI bhagavAn ke sAtha jIva kI ekatA pratipAdita kI gaI hai| (ga) nimbArka darzana - ise sanatkumAra sampradAya bhI kahA jAtA meM aneka haiN| vaha hari kA aMzarUpa hai hai| isa mata meM jIva aNurUpa tathA saMkhyA aMza kA artha avayava yA vibhAga nahIM aura jJAna svarUpa bhI hai| / hai apitu zaktirUpa hai| jIva karttA bhI hai (gha) vallabha darzana isa darzana ko rudra sampradAya bhI kahate haiN| jIva jJAtA, jJAnasvarUpa, agni ke sphuliGga ke samAna aNurUpa tathA nitya hai| jIva tIna prakAra ke hote haiM- zuddha, mukta evaM sNsaarii| yaha bhaktimArgIya (puSTimArgIya) darzana hai| yahA~ Izvara bhakti hI saba kucha hai| brahma krIr3Artha jagat kA rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai| inakA siddhAnta zuddhAdvaita kahalAtA hai| inake siddhAnta meM brahma mAyA se alipta hone se nitAnta zuddha hai18 | (Ga) caitanya darzana isa mata ke pramukha the mahAprabhu caitanyadeva tathA unake ziSya rUpagosvAmI / ise hama apane kIrtanoM se baGga deza ko rasamaya tathA bhAvavibhora karane vAlA mata kaha sakate haiN| AcArya zaGkara ke samAna brahma meM sajAtIya, vijAtIya aura svagatabheda nahIM haiN| brahma paramAtmA akhaNDa saccidAnanda, sarvajJa, satyakAma, satyasaMkalpa Adi ananta guNoM se yukta hai / bhagavAn kA vigraha (zarIra) tathA guNa usase bhinna nahIM hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se unakA pArthakya kiyA jAtA hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se acintya-bhedAbheda hai19| paramAtmA mUrta hokara bhI vibhu hai / jIva paricchinna svabhAva tathA aNutva zaktika- yukta hai| 8. zaiva darzana (zaiva tantra darzana) yahA~ jIva ko 'pazu' kahA gayA hai, paramezvara ziva ko 'pati', mAyA rUpI jagat ko 'pAza' kahA gayA hai| jIva ziva kA hI aMza mAnA gayA hai parantu vaha aNurUpa aura sImita zakti sampanna hai, saMkhyA meM aneka hai| zivatva - prApti hone para usameM niratizaya jJAna tathA kriyA zakti kA udaya hotA hai / pAsoM ke tAratamya ke kAraNa pazu (jIva) tIna prakAra kA hotA hai - vijJAnAkalpa, pralayAkalpa aura skl| jIvoM ke tIna bhAva haiM- 1. pazubhAva - jinameM avidyA kA AvaraNa na haTane se advaita jJAna kA lezamAtra bhI udaya nahIM hai| inakI mAnasika avasthA pazubhAva hai| ye saMsAra moha meM ba~dhe hone ke kAraNa adhama pazu haiN| satkarmaparAyaNa-bhagavad bhakta

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bhAratIya cintana meM Atma-tattva : eka samIkSA : 9 uttama pazu haiN| 2. vIrabhAva- jo advaitAmRta kI kaNikA kA AsvAdana karake ajJAna-rajju ko kucha mAtrA meM kATakara kRtakArya hote haiM, ve vIrabhAva meM haiN| 3. divyabhAva- jo dvaitabhAva haTAkara advaitAnanda kA AsvAdana karate haiN| ye upAsya devatA kI sattA meM apane ko lIna kara dete haiN| 9. pAJcarAtra darzana (vaiSNava tantra darzana) isa mata meM jIva svabhAvata: sarvazaktizAlI, vyApaka tathA sarvajJa hai parantu Izvara kI tirodhAnAzakti ke kAraNa jIva agu, akiJcitkara aura kiJcijJa ho jAtA hai| Izvara jIvoM kI dIna-hIna dazA ko dekhakara karuNAvaza unapara karuNA kI varSA karate haiN| 10. zAkta-tantra darzana zAktadharma kA uddezya jIvAtmA (upAsaka) kI paramAtmA (upAsya) ke sAtha abhedasiddhi hai| yaha advaitavAda kA sAdhanamAtra hai| saccA zAkta vahI hai jo 'maiM hI brahma hU~, saccidAnanda svarUpa hU~ tathA nityamukta svabhAva vAlA hU~' aisA vicAra karatA hai| kucha zAkta vedAnuyAyI haiM aura kucha veda bAhya haiN| kucha zAktoM ke vAmAcArI (ghRNitAcArI) hone se zAkta badanAma haiM anyathA zAktoM meM parabrahma sarvajJa, ziva, svayaMjyoti, niSphala, anAdi-ananta, nirvikAra tathA saccidAnanda rUpa hai21|| jIva agni-sphuliGgavat usase janya hai| 11. jaina darzana22 isa darzana meM zarIra, mana, prANa Adi se sarvathA bhinna caitanya ko AtmA kahA gayA hai| zuddha AtmA ko ananta catuSTaya (ananta sukha, ananta zakti, ananta jJAna aura ananta darzana) se sampanna mAnA gayA hai| saMsArAvasthA meM ATha prakAra ke karmoM se AvRtta hone ke kAraNa usake cAroM vizeSa guNa AMzika rUpa se prakaTa hote haiN| jaba AtmA karmoM ke AvaraNa ko tapa-sAdhanA ke dvArA pUrNarUpeNa haTA detA hai to usake ye cAroM vizeSa guNa pUrNa rUpa se prakaTa ho jAte haiN| saMsArAvasthA meM AtmA ke ye guNa usI prakAra tirohita rahate haiM jisa prakAra bAdaloM ke dvArA sUrya kA prakAza tirohita ho jAtA hai aura bAdaloM ke haTane para sUrya kA pUrNa prakAza prakaTa ho jAtA hai| ekendriyAdi jIvoM kI suSupti Adi sabhI avasthAoM meM jJAnAdi guNoM kA usake sAtha kabhI bhI abhAva nahIM hotA hai| ata: kahA hai upayoga' jIva kA lakSaNa hai aura vaha do prakAra kA hai- jJAnopayoga aura drshnopyog| jIvoM kI rAzi ananta hai aura usameM pariNAmI-nityatA (utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya) pAyI jAtI hai| isameM Urdhvagamana svabhAva mAnA jAtA hai| ata: jIva mukta hone para lokAnta taka Urdhvagamana karake sthira ho jAtA hai| arUpI hone se vaha hamArI

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10 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 indriyoM ke dvArA dekhA nahIM jA sktaa| nizcaya kI dRSTi se AtmA sadA zuddha, buddha, mukta, akartA aura abhoktA hai parantu saMsArAvasthA meM vyavahAra dRSTi se vaha kartA, bhoktA Adi hai| use jo zarIra prApta hotA hai tadanurUpa ho jAtA hai| isIlie use zarIra-parimANa kahA gayA hai, na vyApaka aura na annu| muktAvasthA meM zarIra kA abhAva ho jAtA hai parantu vaha apane pUrva zarIra ke AkAra ko nahIM chor3atA hai| sAmAnya se sabhI jIvoM kA AkAra lokAkAza kA asaMkhyAtavA~ bhAga kahA gayA hai| saMkoca-vikAsa zakti ke kAraNa vaha choTe-bar3e zarIra meM raha sakatA hai| vaha sUkSma aura arUpI bhI hai| mRtyu ke bAda bhI saMsArAvasthA meM usake sAtha kArmaNa aura taijasa ye do sUkSma zarIra avazya rahate haiN| jJAnAdi guNa AtmA se kabhI pRthak nahIM hote haiM ata: una donoM meM koI bheda nahIM hai phira bhI vyavahAra se (dravya-guNa ke bheda se) unameM bheda kiyA jAtA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana kI taraha jJAna aura AtmA meM sarvathA bheda nahIM hai| anekAntavAdI darzana meM apekSAbheda se bhedAbhedakatva bana sakatA hai| isI taraha AtmA bauddhoM kI taraha kSaNika tathA vedAntiyoM kI taraha sarvathA nitya nahIM hai parantu apekSAbheda se nityAnityAtmaka hai| mukta hone para azarIrI ho jAtA hai parantu muktipUrva ke zarIra kA AkAra (kucha nyUna) banA rahatA hai| karma sambandha na hone se unakA saMkoca-vikAsa nahIM hotA hai| pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu aura vanaspati meM bhI jIvatva kI sattA mAnI jAtI hai| pRthvIkAyika jIvoM kA zarIra pRthvI hotA hai, jalakAyika jIvoM kA zarIra jl| ye jIva ekendriya hote haiM aura isake Age dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya tathA paJcendriya hote haiN| koI nitya Izvara nahIM hai aura jinheM ye Izvara mAnate haiM ve vItarAgI hone se na to krodhAdi karate haiM aura na kRpAdi karate haiN| ye sAMkhya darzana kI taraha sAkSI mAtra hote haiN| sUkSmatA aura arUpatA ke kAraNa eka aNurUpa sthAna meM bhI ananta jIva raha sakate haiN| mana ko inhoMne jar3a (pudgala) svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha mana aNurUpa hai aura caitanya AtmA ke samparka se cetanavat kArya karatA hai| yaha mana paJcendriya jIvoM meM hI sambhava hai| jainadarzana meM mana kI kalpanA vizeSa prakAra se kI gaI hai| isa taraha jaina darzana meM AtmA ke vividha rUpoM kA vistAra se cintana kiyA gayA hai aura use vedAnta kI taraha jJAnarUpa mAnA gayA hai| isIlie muktAvasthA meM jJAna, sukha Adi guNa usake sAtha abhinna rUpa se rahate haiN| upasaMhAra isa taraha ina sabhI darzanoM meM jo Atmatattva kA cintana kiyA gayA hai unameM cArvAka aura bauddhoM ko chor3akara sabhI zarIra Adi se bhinna AtmA ko svIkAra karate haiN| kahIM caitanya usakA svarUpa hai, kahIM Agantuka dharma, kahIM kUTastha nitya

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bhAratIya cintana meM Atma-tattva : eka samIkSA : 11 hai to kahIM pariNAmI nityAnitya / kahIM aNurUpa hai to kahIM vyApaka yA zarIra primaann| kahIM Izvara yA brahma kA aMza hai to kahIM brahma kA vivarta / kahIM muktAvasthA meM ananta jJAna aura sukha hai to kahIM jJAna aura sukha donoM kA sarvathA abhAva yA kevala duHkhAbhAva yA zUnyatA hai / kahIM karttA aura bhoktA hai to kahIM apane kartRtva aura bhoktRtva ke lie svataMtra nahIM hai| kahIM eka hai to kahIM aneka / vaha zarIra se bhinna hai, arUpI hai tathA caitanya ke sAtha usakA yA to guNa-guNIbhAva sambandha hai yA svayaM caitanyarUpa hai| isa viSaya meM sabhI AtmavAdI darzana ekamata haiN| AtmA ko caitanyarUpa tathA jJAnarUpa mAnane meM hI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna hai anyathA ise mAnane kA koI matalaba nahIM hai| isI taraha saMkhyA meM aneka, zarIra - parimANa, sUkSma, pariNAmI nitya aura arUpI mAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai| kisI na kisI rUpa meM sabhI AtmavAdI darzana aura tantravAdI isase sahamata haiM yadi kucha antara hai to apekSAbheda kaa| muktAvasthA meM sva-svIkRta siddhAntAnusAra sabhI ne AtmA kI zuddha - svarUpopalabdhi ko mAnA hai| vijJAna isa viSaya meM nirantara khoja kara rahA hai parantu abhI taka kisI niSkarSa para nahIM pahu~cA hai| sva sandarbha sUcI 1. 3. 4. 5. sarvadarzanasaMgraha pR0 4-8; draSTavya bhAratIya darzana, baladeva upAdhyAya, zAradA mandira, vArANasI 1957, pR0 135 / kiNvAdibhyo madazaktivad vijJAnam / jaDabhUtavikAreSu caitanyaM yattu dRzyate / tAmbUla - pUgacUrNAnAM yogAd rAga ivotthitam // sarva siddhAnta saMgraha, kRta-praNAzAkRtakarmabhoga-bhavapramokSa-smRtibhaGgadoSAn / 2/7 upekSya sAkSAt kSaNabhaGgamicchan aho mahAsAhasikaH paro'sau // anyayogacchedadvAtriMzikA, AcArya hemacandra, zloka 18 tadatyanta-vimokSo'pavargaH / nyAyasUtra 1.1.22 svarUpaikapratiSThAnaH parityakto'khilairguNaiH / UrmiSaTkAtigaM rUpaM tadasyAhurmanISiNaH / saMsArabandhanAdhInaduHkhaklezAdyadUSitam // nyAyamaMjarI, pANDuraGga jAvajI, bambaI 1933, pR0 77, varaM vRndAvane ramye zRgAlatvaM vRNomyaham / vaizeSikoktamokSastu sukhalezavivarjitAt // sa0si0saM0, pR0 28 muktaye yaH zilAtvAya zAstramUce sacetasAm /

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>> . 12. 12 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 gotamaM tamavekSyaiva yathA vittha tathaiva sH|| naiSadhacarita, 17.75 sAkSAtkAre sukhAdInAM kAraNaM mana ucyte| ayogapadyAt jJAnAnAM tasyANutvamiheSyate // bhASApariccheda, kArikA 85 sAMkhyakArikA, kArikA 18 tasmAnna badhyate nApi mucyate nApi saMsarati kazcit / saMsarati badhyate mucyate ca nAnAzrayA prakRtiH // 62 // yajamAnatvamapyAtmA sakriyatvAt prapadyate / na parispanda evaikaH kriyA naH kaNabhojivat / / zlokavArtika, pR0 707 cidaMzena draSTatvaM so'yamiti pratyabhijJA, viSayatvaM ca acidNshen| jJAnasukhAdirUpeNa pariNAmitvam / sa AtmA ahaM pratyayenaiva vedyH|sdaannd, advaitbrhmsiddhi| duHkhAtyantasamucchede sati praagaatmvrtinH| sukhasya manasAbhuktirmuktiruktA kumaarilaiH| mAnameyodaya, pR0 212 tathA dekheM vedAntakalpalatikA, pR0 4 13. codanA lakSaNo'rtho dhrmH| - jaimini, dvAdazalakSaNI, 1.1.2 ahaM brahmAsmi- bRha0 upa0, 1.4.10, ayamAtmA brhm| -mANDUkya upa02, tttvmsi| chA0 upa0, 6.8.7, draSTavya, upaniSatsaMgraha, paNDita jagadIza zAstrI, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI 15. bAlAgrazatabhAgasya zatadhA kalpitasya c| bhAgo jIva: sa vijJeyaH sa cAnantyAya klpte|| zvetAzvataropaniSad, 5.9 // dekheM, bhAgavata-tAtparya-nirNaya, mAdhvabRhadbhASya / jJAna svarUpaM ca hareradhInaM zarIrasaMyoga-viyogayogyam / aNuM hi jIvaM pratidehabhinnaM jJAtRtvavantaM yadanantamAhuH // dazazlokI, 1. kAryakAraNarUpaM hi zuddhaM brahma na mAyikam / zuddhAdvaitamArtaNDa, 28 vizeSanirbhede'pi tattve bhedavyavahAro vizeSabalAt / siddhAntaratna, pR0 23 ahaM devI na cAnyo'smi brahmaivAhaM na zokabhAk / / saccidAnandarUpo'haM nityamuktasvabhAvavAn // kulArNava, 1/6 21. vahI, 1/6-10 22. dekheM, dravyasaMgraha, gAthA 2-14, 50-51 17. ***

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aGga Agama meM prayukta dezya zabda : hindI zabdoM ke prAcInatama sAhityika srota ke rUpa meM DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha yaha sarvamAnya tathya hai ki prAkRta kI vibhinna boliyoM, pAli aura apabhraMza kA Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM- Arya evaM drAvir3a, ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM dvAdazAMgI jaina paramparA kA prAcInatama upalabdha sAhitya hai| aGga sAhitya meM upalabdha dezya zabdoM para dRSTipAta karane se jJAta hotA hai ki kucha dezya zabda yathAvat- artha evaM svarUpa, to kucha kiJcit dhvani-parivartanoM, artha-vistAra aura artha-saMkoca ke sAtha hindI sAhitya aura bolacAla meM prayukta ho rahe haiN| yadyapi ye zabda ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI racanA se pUrva bhI prayoga meM A rahe hoMge, isameM koI saMdeha nhiiN| parantu hindI ke zabdoM kI utpatti, artha-saMkoca, artha-vistAra, dhvaniparivartana kI dRSTi se aGgoM meM upalabdha dezya zabdoM kA adhyayana mahattvapUrNa hai| ullekhanIya hai ki inameM se kucha zabda bhASAgata vizeSatAoM ke sAtha pAli aura apabhraMza meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| isa lekha kA uddezya hindI zabdoM ke prAcInatama sAhityika srota ke rUpa meM sAmAnya rUpa se prAcIna janabhASAoM kI mahattA ke nidarzana ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya saMskRti ke samaya rUpa ko samajhane ke lie ina jana-bhASAoM ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA ko rekhAMkita karanA hai| -sampAdaka 'anekatA meM ekatA' bhAratIya saMskRti kI pramukha vizeSatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kI do pramukha dhArAoM vaidika aura zramaNa meM se vaidika paramparA ne saMskRta ko abhivyakti kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| jabaki zramaNa paramparA kI poSaka jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ lokAbhimukha rhiiN| jana sAmAnya taka apane saMdezoM ko pahu~cAne ke lie prAkRta (aneka boliyoM ke samUha) ko apnaayaa| kAla aura kSetra ke anusAra prAkRta kI vibhinna boliyoM kA prAdurbhAva huA aura una boliyoM meM racita prabhUta sAhitya bhI upalabdha hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane upadeza kA mAdhyama ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ko banAyA to bhagavAna buddha ne pAli ko| jaina paramparA kA prAcInatama sAhitya ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM racita jaina Agama hai| AgamoM kA racanAkAla 5vIM zatI I0 pU0 se IsA kI 5vIM zatI ke madhya mAnA

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14 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 jAtA hai| zramaNa paramparA kA Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, hindI Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kA prArambhika sAhitya prAya: jaina zramaNoM dvArA racita hai| zramaNoM kA kAryakSetra AryabhASAoM taka hI sImita nahIM rahA apitu drAvir3a bhASAoM ko bhI unakA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| tamila aura kannar3a bhASAoM ke prAcIna sAhitya-sarjana meM bhI zramaNoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| jaina zramaNa sAhitya kI eka pramukha vizeSatA isameM lokabhASA ke svAbhAvika mUla tattvoM kI upalabdhatA hai| bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM vidyamAna lokabhASA ke prAcInakAla se lekara Aja taka ke kramika vikAsa ko jJAta karane ke lie ardhamAgadhI Agama evaM pAli tripiTaka ke rUpa meM upalabdha zramaNa sAhitya hI mukhya sAdhana hai| dezya zabdoM ke rUpa meM prAkRta sAhitya meM ye tattva pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha haiN| prAkRta kI zabda-sampatti tatsama (saMskRta zabda) aura tadbhava (saMskRta se niSpanna) aura dezya - ina tIna vargoM meM vibhakta kI gaI hai| dezya zabda vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se niSpanna na hokara jana-sAmAnya kI bolacAla meM pracalita rUr3ha zabda haiN| jaina AgamoM- gyAraha aGga, bAraha upAGga, cAra mUla sUtra, cha: chedasUtra, do cUlikA meM upalabdha dezya zabda Aja bhI yathAvat (usI rUpa meM) yA kucha parivartana ke sAtha hindI bhASA meM prayukta ho rahe haiN| isa lekha kA uddezya aGga sAhitya meM upalabdha ina ina zabdoM kA prArambhika sAhityika srota sunizcita karanA hai| isa dRSTi se pAli-tripiTaka aura veda-saMhitA, brAhmaNa grantha, AraNyaka aura upaniSadoM meM bhI una (Agamopalabdha dezya zabdoM kI) upalabdhatA kA bhI adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi dezya zabdoM ke saMskRta sAhitya meM pAe jAne kI sambhAvanA atyanta kSINa hai| pAlitripiTaka sAhitya meM Agamopalabdha ina dezya zabdoM kI prApti se aise zabdoM ke sAhitya meM sarvaprathama prayoga para prakAza par3a sakatA hai| aise zabdoM se sambaddha sabhI rUpoM ko saGkalita kiyA gayA hai| Agamopalabdha dezya zabdoM kI adhika saMkhyA ko dekhate hue isa lekha meM mAtra aGga sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ko AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| aGga AgamoM meM prApta dezya zabdoM kA saGkalana karate samaya kucha aise zabda upalabdha hue jo usI rUpa meM yA kucha parivartana ke sAtha aMgrajI meM bhI prayoga kie jAte haiN| ina zabdoM kA bhI vivaraNa yahA~ diyA jA rahA haikapha (Cough) - kapha zabda prAkRta aura saMskRta sAhitya meM bhI samAna rUpa meM prayukta huA hai| saMskRta meM isakI vyutpatti 'kena jalena phalati' arthAt jo

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aGga Agama meM prayukta dezya zabda : 15 jala se pariNAma ko utpanna hotA hai, yaha batAyA gayA hai| saMskRta meM kam kA artha jala batAyA gayA hai| sthAnAGgasUtra kI vRtti meM (navAGgIkAra abhayadevasUri) meM kapha kA prayoga milatA hai|' Depa (Deep) - chedasUtra vyavahAra bhASya kI TIkA meM 'Depa' zabda kA prayoga gahare artha meM prApta hotA hai| Depa dezya zabda kI aMgrejI ke 'DIpa' se samAnatA hai| boMdi (Body)-boMdi zabda jaina Agama sAhitya meM aneka bAra prayukta huA hai| AcArAGgacUlA', sUtrakRtAGga va vyAkhyAprajJapti, meM 'bhAsura boMdi' zabda prayukta huA hai| sthAnAGgasUtra.2 meM eka pada kA zIrSaka hI 'boMdi pada' hai| ullekhanIya hai ki sthAnAGgasUtra kA vargIkaraNa sthAna, uddezaka (kisI-kisI sthAna meM), pada (prakaraNa) aura sUtra meM hai| varAMDA (Verandah)-jItakalpa viSamapada vyAkhyA13 meM varANDA aMgrejI zabda verandah (hindI artha barAmadA) ke samAna artha meM hI prayukta huA hai| isa prakAra aMgrejI ke kucha zabda bhI jana sAmAnya dvArA IsA pUrva se hI bola-cAla kI bhASA meM prayukta kiye jAte rahe haiM aura inake prAcInatama sAhityika srota ke rUpa meM ardhamAgadhI aGgasAhitya aura usakA vyAkhyA sAhitya mAnA jA sakatA hai| cAya aura AlU Agama granthoM meM upalabdha dezya zabdoM ke saGkalana ke krama meM 'cAya aura AlU' zabda upalabdha hue jinakI utpatti (770 varSa I0pU0) kramazaH cIna aura cilI evaM peru dezoM meM mAnI jAtI hai| nizcita rUpa se bhArata meM bhI peya ke rUpa meM cAya kA aura sabjI ke rUpa meM AlU kA prayoga bahuta pahale se hotA rahA hogaa| jahA~ taka sAhitya meM 'cAya aura AlU ke upalabdha hone kA prazna hai pAli tripiTaka aura vaidika sAhitya tathA saMskRta kozoM meM 'cAya' zabda kA ullekha nahIM hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM cAya zabda kA ullekha na hone kA kAraNa isakA dezya honA ho sakatA hai yA sambhavata: isa vanaspati kA upayoga to hotA rahA hai para isakA nAma pracalita na rahA ho| vikipIDiyA muktajJAna koza meM 'cAya kI utpatti' zIrSaka ke vivaraNa meM pradatta yaha tathya bhI isakI puSTi karatA haisan 1815 kucha aMgreja yAtriyoM kA dhyAna asama meM ugane vAlI cAya kI jhAr3iyoM para gayA jise sthAnIya AdivAsI eka peya banAkara pIte the| bhArata ke tatkAlIna gavarnara janarala lArDa viliyama baiMTika ne san 1834 meM cAya kI paramparA bhArata meM vikasita karane aura usakA utpAdana karane kI sambhAvanA talAza karane ke lie eka samiti kA gaThana kiyaa| isake bAda san 1835 meM asama meM cAya ke bAga laga ge|

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16 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara 2011 isa sthiti meM prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha Agama mAnya prakIrNaka aMgavijjAM14 'cAya' zabda kA vanaspati vizeSa ke rUpa meM ullekha mahattvapUrNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| AlU (bhagavatI sUtra) 15 amerikI vaijJAnikoM ke anusAra Aja se 7000 varSa se bhI pahale se peru ke kisAna AlU kI khetI kara rahe haiN| solahavIM sadI meM spena ne apane dakSiNI amerikI upanivezoM se AlU ko yUropa pahu~cAyA usake bAda briTena jaise dezoM ne AlU ko duniyA~bhara meM lokapriya banA diyA / jaina aGga Agama meM upalabdha dezya zabdoM kA vivecana grantha krama se isa prakAra hai gola 16 - prAkRta vAGmaya meM 'gola' dezya zabda golA aura jAra se utpanna hone ke artha meM prayukta hone ke sAtha-sAtha sAkSI, niSThuratA, kaThoratA Adi artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai|97 saMskRta meM bhI yaha zabda pAyA jAtA hai| jaina vAGmaya meM saMskRta zabda gola vRkSa - vizeSa, vRttAkAra, maNDalAkAra, kuNDA, geMda Adi Adi arthoM meM prayukta huA hai| 18 | 18 pAli sAhitya meM upalabdha 'golo' zabda bhI gola ke artha meM hI prayukta huA hai| 19 caMgabera DAliyA artha meM isa dezya zabda kA prayoga prApta hotA hai / 10 hindI meM isakA vartamAna pracalita rUpa caMgera, caMgerA, caMgerI hai| apabhraMza sAhitya meM caMgabera kA caMgeDA rUpa milatA hai| 11 caMgabera se caMgera kI yAtrA prAkRta ke dhvani parivartana ke niyamoM ke anusAra hai| caMgabera ke v kA lopa hokara e zeSa rahA hai| g ke a aura e donoM svaroM ke sthAna para 'luka' niyama se pUrva svara kA lopa hokara g+e ge hokara caMgera banA hai| 22 ullekhanIya hai ki AcArAGga se praznavyAkaraNa paravartI grantha hai, usameM caMgerI zabda bhI isI artha meM prayukta huA hai / 23 cAula isa dezya zabda kA prayoga AcArAGga 24 meM sarvaprathama prApta hotA hai jo cAvala, taNDula artha meM prayukta huA hai| apabhraMza meM bhI cAula zabda hI prApta hotA hai| 25 AcArya hemacandrakRta dezInAmamAlA meM bhI cAula kA hI ullekha hai / 26 rAjasthAna meM cAula aura bhojapurI meM cAura zabda pracalita hai / 27 gujarAtI meM cAvala zabda milatA hai / 18 hindI meM Aja cAvala zabda dhAna ke sAra bhAga jo bIja se bhUsI alaga kara dene para zeSa rahatA hai, pakAyA huA cAvala 'bhAta' ke artha meM prayoga kiyA jAtA hai|

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aGga Agama meM prayukta dezya zabda : 17 TAla AcArAMgasUtra29 meM TAla zabda kA prayoga hai| guThalI utpanna hone ke pahale kI avasthA vAle phala ko TAla kahA gayA hai| sambhavataH aise phaloM ke Dhera ke lie bhI TAla zabda prayukta hone lagA ho aura dhIre-dhIre TAla Dhera aura samUha kA vAcaka ho gayA ho| maTTiya AcArAMgacUlA meM 'maTTiya' zabda hindI miTTI ke artha meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta vAGmaya meM maTTiyA aura maTTI zabda bhI miTTI ke artha meM prayoga huA hai| pAiasaddamahaNNavo meM ina donoM ko hI saMskRta zabda mRttikA kA prAkRta batAyA gayA hai|31 apabhraMza meM bhI lagabhaga yahI sthiti hai| yahA~ bhI maTTiyA aura maTTI zabda kA prayoga milatA hai|32 rAjasthAnI bhASA meM Aja bhI maTTiyA aura maTTI zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai| gujarAtI meM mATI zabda pracalana meM hai| hindI meM bhI maTTI, miTTI, mATI sabhI zabda pracalana meM haiN|33 mAla dezya zabda mAla AcArAMga meM ghara ke UparI bhAga, maMjila ke artha meM prayukta huA hai|34 samavAyAMgasUtra meM bhI mAla zabda maJjila ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| dezInAmamAlA6 meM mAla zabda ArAma, bagIcA ke artha meM prayoga meM AyA hai| vahA~ isake artha maJca aura Asana vizeSa bhI batalAe gae haiN| pAli tripiTaka mahAvaMza meM 'maJjila' artha meM 'mAlako' zabda prayukta huA hai| gujarAtI meM mAlo zabda mAla (maJjila) artha meM Aja bhI pracalita hai|39 molla dezya zabda molla kA hindI rUpa 'mola' Aja bhI pracalita hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM molla zabda sarvaprathama upalabdha hotA hai|40 prAkRta vAGmaya meM isake mulla aura mullia rUpa bhI prApta hote haiN| 1 apabhraMza bhASA meM bhI molla, mulla aura molu zabda mUlya artha meM prayukta hue haiN| rAjasthAnI aura mahArASTrI meM bhI mola zabda kA prayoga hotA hai|42 kavalla grAsa artha meM hindI meM kavala zabda kA prAkRta rUpa kavalla sarvaprathama dvitIya aMgagrantha sUtrakRtAGgasUtra meM prApta hotA hai| apabhraMza sAhitya meM isake kavala aura kavalu rUpa prApta hote haiN| isase jJAta hotA hai ki bhASA vijJAna ke prayatnalAghava siddhAnta ke anusAra saMyukta lla ke sthAna para la kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| parantu

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18 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 ukAra bahulA apabhraMza kI pravRtti ke kAraNa akArAnta kavala kA prayoga ukArAnta kavalu ke rUpa meM bhI hone lagA thaa| ghara saMskRta zabda gRha ke lie ghara zabda kA prayoga sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke prathama zrutaskandha meM prApta hotA hai| 5 ghara zabda jaina aGga granthoM meM bahutAyata se prayoga huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA, praznavyAkaraNa aura vipAkasUtra lagabhaga sabhI aGga granthoM meM 'ghara' zabda milatA hai| apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI ghara kA hI prayoga huA hai| gujarAtI meM ghara ke lie 'ghera' zabda milatA hai|47 cilamilI hindI meM prayukta cilamana, cika, pardA Adi ke artha ke vAcaka kaI zabda jaina aGga granthoM meM prApta hote haiN| AcArAMgasUtra 8 meM dezya zabda cilamilI ke atirikta sUtrakRtAMga 9 meM cilamiligA, cilamiliyA zabda milatA hai| oghaniyukti-bhASya50 meM upalabdha cilamiNI se cilamana atyadhika sAmya rakhatA hai aura sambhavata: cilamiNI se hI cilamana pracalana meM aayaa| Dahara Dagara, mArga, rAstA, rAha Adi ke sAtha hindI meM samAna artha meM prayoga kiyA jAne vAlA dezya zabda Dahara aGga granthoM AcArAMgasUtra59, sUtrakRtAMga52 aura antakRddazAMga53 meM zizu, laghu, choTA chudra artha meM prayukta hotA thaa| DaharagrAma kA artha choTA gA~va ke lie hotA thaa| apabhraMza54 aura dezInAmamAlA55 meM bhI isI artha kA vAcaka hai| parantu kAlAntara meM Dahara zabda sAmAnya laghutA kA vAcaka na hokara pagaDaMDI Adi laghu mArga meM prayoga hone lgaa| isa prakAra Dahara zabda ke artha meM saMkoca huA hai| kavAr3a lakar3I, zIze Adi ke palle ke lie saMskRta, hindI meM kapATa, kivAr3a, kivAra Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| sthAnAGgasUtra ke sAtha hI samavAyayAMgasUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazA, antakRddazA aura prazna vyAkaraNa meM kavAr3a zabda kA prayoga hotA hai|56 pAlitripiTaka mahAvaMza57 aura dIghanikAya58 meM kavATakoM, kavATakam kavATo, kavATa zabda milatA hai| apabhraMza vAGmaya meM kavAr3a59 ke sAtha kavANa zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| marAThI meM Aja bhI kavAr3a zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai|

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aGga Agama meM prayukta dezya zabda : 19 maila apabhraMza samavAyAMgasUtra meM 'maila' zabda kA prayoga mailA, gandA artha meM huA hai| meM isake atirikta mailla aura maili rUpa bhI prApta hote haiM / 62 AcArya hemacandrakRta dezInAmamAlA meM bhI maila zabda upalabdha hai / 63 kiliMca Aja se tIna-cAra dazaka pahale choTI kakSAoM meM kiliMca kI lekhanI kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM kiliMca zabda upalabdha hai 6 4 jisakA artha hai choTI lakar3I (lakar3I kA Tukar3A) / dezInAmamAlA meM bhI isa artha meM kiliMca zabda milatA hai / 65 goDDa pA~va, paira artha meM hindI meM gor3a zabda pracalita hai jo bhagavatIsUtra meM upalabdha dezya goDa zabda se niSpanna hai| apabhraMza meM goDa milatA hai jo hindI gor3a ke nikaTa hai| 67 coppAla bhagavatIsUtra' meM coppAla zabda milatA hai jisakA artha pAiasaddamahaNNavo meM varaNDA batAyA gayA hai| hindI meM caupAla zabda hai| poyA bhagavatIsUtra7. meM poyA zabda sA~pa ke bacce ke lie prayukta huA hai| prAkRta vAGmaya meM poa zabda zizu artha meM prayukta hai| 1 apabhraMza bhASA meM poa kA artha eka choTA sA~pa batAyA gayA hai|72 poa aura poya eka hI zabda haiN| a ke sthAna para ya zruti ho gaI hai| 73 bola meM bola zabda hindI meM vacana, jo kucha bolA jAya, bAta, zabda, kisI bAje kI dhvani, saMkhyA, vyaMgya pratijJA Adi arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai|74 sarvaprathama bhagavatIsUtra prayukta dezya zabda 'bola' kolAhala artha meM prayukta huA hai| 75 prAkRta sAhitya samUha artha meM bhI isakA prayoga hotA hai| 76 apabhraMza hindI koza meM bola kA bhASaNa artha liyA gayA hai|" dezInAmamAlA meM bola zabda kA artha tumula arthAt dhvani milatA hai|78 bhusa gehU~, jau Adi kA Tukar3e-Tukar3e kiyA huA DaNThala jo pazuoM ko khilAyA jAtA hai vaha bhUsA hai| bhUsA ke artha kA vAcaka bhusa dezya zabda bhagavatIsUtra meM sarvaprathama upalabdha hai / 79 sthAnAMga meM busa zabda bhI bhUsA ke

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20 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 artha meM hI prayukta hai| * gauDavaho.1 meM phalarahita dhAnya ke lie busa zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| dezInAmamAlA82 meM jau Adi ke kaDaMgara, bhUsA artha meM busiyA kA prayoga huA hai| hallA hindI meM hallA zabda zoragula, lalakAra, dhAvA, hamalA, aneka AdamiyoM kI bAta-cIta artha vAcaka hai|83 yaha zabda sarvaprathama bhagavatIsUtra meM prApta hotA hai|84 jhoDa jora se hilAnA, jhakajhoranA, artha meM hindI meM jhoranA zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharma kathA meM isI artha meM prayukta jhoDa, jhora zabda kA AdhAra hogaa| jJAtAdharmakathA-5 meM jhoDa zabda kA artha per3a se patra Adi kA giranA diyA gayA hai| heTTha heTTha vizeSaNa kama, nIcA, hIna artha meM prayukta huA hai| isa heTha kA upajIvya sUtrakRtAGga-6 meM prApta heTTa hai| yaha zabda jJAtAdharmakathA meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| hindI ke prakhyAt samAlocaka AdaraNIya pro0 nAmavara siMha kA yaha kathana atyanta prAsaGgika hai- 'zramaNa saMskRti kI sAMskRtika virAsata kI vividhatA aura bahulatA para hI hameM dhyAna denA caahie| isI se pUrI bhAratIya saMskRti ke vyApaka svarUpa va itihAsa ko samajhA jA skegaa| tabhI hama prAkRta vAGmaya kI vividhatA aura bahulatA ko surakSita rakha skeNge|' isI prasaGga meM saMskRta ke mUrdhanya vidvAn pro0 kamaleza datta tripAThI kA bhI kathana atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai- 'agara bhAratIyoM ko isakI sAMskRtika vividhatA ko samajhanA hai to hameM saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA nirantara anuzIlana karanA pdd'egaa| prAkRta sAhitya, prAkRta vAGmaya, prAkRta paramparA aura vaha paramparA jo utaratI hai apabhraMzoM se, Adhunika bhASAoM kA dravir3a bhAratIya bhASAoM se kyA sambandha hai isako samajhanA hogaa| sandarbha sUcI 1. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre addhAmAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsai, aupapAtikasUtra DaoN0 ke0 Ara0 candra, bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa aura sAhitya kI samRddhi meM zramaNoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna, prAkRta jaina vidyA vikAsa phaNDa, ahamadAbAda 1979, pR0 6-7 siddha-sAdhyamAna-bheda-saMskRta-yonereva, tasya lakSaNaM na dezasya iti

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11. aGga Agama meM prayukta dezya zabda : 21 jJApanArtham / 8/1/1 (prAkRta vyAkaraNam, AcArya hemacandra, vyAkhyA jJAnamuni, AcArya zrI AtmArAma jaina mADala skUla, dehalI- 1974, prathama khaNDa, adhyAya 8, pAda 1, sUtra 1 kI svopajJavRtti / pAia saddamahaNNavo, prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI, vArANasI, pR0 222 vI0 esa0 ApTe, saMskRta hindI koza, pR0 246 vahI, pR0 235 AgamasuttANi (sthAnAGgasUtra) saTIka, bhAga 3, pR0 311 DepakUpe pratibimbaM marukUpa sadRzamatI voNDaM kUpaM dRSTvetyarthaH- 4/3 vyavahArabhASya-TIkA, vakIla kezavalAla premacanda, ahamadAbAda 1926, pR0 9 'bhAsura boMdI'- AcArAGgacUlA, aGgasuttANi bhAga 1, sampA0 AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~, 1974, 15/9 sUtrakRtAGga, aGgasuttANi, bhAga 1, zrutaskandha 2, adhyAya 2, sUtra 69, 73 vyAkhyAprajJapti, vahI, bhAga 2, zataka uddezaka 2, sUtra 4 12. boMdi viseNaM visa pariNayaM - sthAnAGgasUtra, aGgasUttANi bhAga 1, sthAna 4, uddezaka 4, sUtra 514 evaM Nava sota parissavA boMdi paNNattA, sthAnAGgasUtra, sthAna 1 sUtra 24, vahI, sUtra 73 13. jItakalpa viSamapada vyAkhyA, pR0 34, draSTavya- dezI zabda koza, jaina vizvabhAratI lADanU~, pR0 371 aGgavijjA, prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, vArANasI 1957, pR0 168 bhagavatIsUtra, 23/2,4 hole ti vA gole ti vA- AcArAMgacUlA, 5/12/5 17. pAiasaddamahaNNavo, prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, vArANasI, pR 302 vahI, pR0 320 abhidhammapiTaka, 1088, mahAvaMza, 175 20. AcArAMgasUtra. 4/29 caMgeDA, apabhraMza hindI koza, DaoN0 nareza kumAra, iNDo-vijana prAiveTa limiTeDa, gAjiyAbAda, 1987, bhAga 1, pR0 333 22. prAkRtavyAkaraNa, 8/1/10 / / 23. doNi-caMgeri-khIla- praznavyAkaraNasUtra 1/8 24. cAula vA palambaMvA, AcArAMgasUtra, 1/6,7 25. pauma cariu, 26/12/6 16. 18.

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22 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 dezInAmamAlA, AcArya hemacandra, 3/8 apabhraMza - hindI koza, pR0 352 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. vahI, pR0 52 bahusaMbhUyA vaNaphalA, pakkAtivA . TAlA tivA II, AcArAMgacUlA, 5/31 paNaga-daga-maTTiya....., AcArAMgacUlA 7 / 40 pAiyasaddamahaNNavo, pR0 668 prAkRta apabhraMza koza, bhAga 2, pR0 827 bRhat hindI koza, sampA0 kAlikA prasAda, jJAnamaNDala limiTeDa, vArANasI, aSTama punarmudrita saMskaraNa 2010, pR0 886 thaMbhaMsi vA, maMcaMsi vA, mAlaMsi vA, AcArAMgasUtra, 1 / 87, 2/18 samavAyAMgasUtra, prakIrNaka 241 dezInAmamAlA, AcArya hemacandra, 6 / 146 vahI, 6/146 mahAvaMza, 86, 103, 198, 199 pAiasaddamahaNNavo, draSTavya mAla dezya, pR0 686 mahaddhaNamollAI, AcArAMgasUtra, 5/14 pAiasaddamahaNNavo, pR0 695 apabhraMza hindI koza, bhAga 2, pR0 866, 873 kuraMte sajIvamacche va ayo-kavalle, sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, 2/5/5 jambUcariu, 2/20/5 evaM paumacariu, 20/10/7 jai ANejja paM baMdhitA gharaM, sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, 1 / 2 / 18 Agama zabdakoza, sampA0 AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~, 1980, pR0 272 jasaharacariu, 1/1/3 AcArAMgacUlA, 2/46/, 3/24, 7/3, 24 sUtrakRtAGga, 2/2/25, 30 pAiasaddamahaNNavo, pR0 327 AcArAMgasUtra, 2/11/18, 2/12/15 DaharA buDDhAya patthae, sUtrakRtAGga, 1/2/2,16, 1/4/7 antakRddazA, 6/55,56 apabhraMza - hindI koza, pR0 447

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62. 64. aGga Agama meM prayukta dezya zabda : 23 55. dezInAmamAlA, 4/8 56. Agama zabda koza, sampA0 AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 1980, pR0 212 57. mahAvaMsa, 57, 217 58. dIghanikAya, 372 59. apabhraMza hindI koza, bhAga 1, pR0 210 60. vahI, pR0 210 61. pAvakara maila mai- samavAyAMgasUtra, prakIrNaka 90, aMgasuttANi 1, sampA0 AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizvabhAratI lADanUM 1974, pR0 912 apabhraMza hindI koza, bhAga 2, pR0 821-822 63. mailo kalakalo gatatejAzca- vRtti dezInAmamAlA, AcArya hemacandra, 6/142 kaTThaNa vA kiliMceNa vA- bhagavatIsUtra, 8/223, aMgasuttANi, bhAga 2, sampA0 AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizvabhAratI lADanUM 1974, pR0 319 65. kAliMjaM tathA kilicaM laghudAru-2, dezInAmamAlA svopajJavRtti, AcArya hemacandra, sampA0 muralIdhara banarjI, kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya 1931, pR0 60 66. goDDe pANiyugale- 18/107, bhagavatIsUtra, aMgasuttANi, bhAga 2, lADanUM 1974 67. apabhraMza-hindIkoza, bhAga 9, pR0 315 68. parihattA jeNeva sabhA suhammA jeNeva coppAle paharaNakose teNeva uvAgacchai 3/112 bhagavatIsUtra, aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 69. pAiasaddamahaNNavo, pR0 332 70. pirapiriya saddANi, poyA saddANi, AcArAGgacUlA, 5/64 pAiasaddamahaNNavo, pR0 615 72. apabhraMza hindIkoza, bhAga 2, pR0 753 73. avarNo ya zrutiH, 8-1/180, prAkRtavyAkaraNa 74. bRhat hindIkoza, sampA0 kAlikAprasAda, jJAnamaNDala limiTeDa, laMkA vArANasI 1391 (punarmu0 saM0) 2010 75. ukkiTThasIhanAya-bola-kalakala kheNa, 2/30, 3/258 71.

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78. 80. 81. 83. 24 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 bhagavatIsUtra, aMgasuttANi, bhAga 2 76. pAia-saddamahaNNavo, pR0 639 77. apabhraMza hindIkoza, bhAga 2, pR0 784 tumule ghamAla, bolA ya, dezInAmamAlA, 6/90 79. iMgAle, hArie, bhuse, gomae, 5/54, bhagavatIsUtra, aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 pAiasaddamahaNNavo, pR0 638 vahI, pR0 638 82. dezInAmamAlA, 453 bRhat hindI koza, pR0 1319 84. kiMsaThiyA NaM hallA paNNattA? 15/132 bhagavatIsUtra rukkhA juNNA jhoDA,- 1/11/2,4,6 jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, aMgasuttANi, bhAga 3 86. sahAssie uddhassie heTTha sahassamegaM, sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1/6/110 87. jahA heTThA jAva, jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/16/298 88. DaoN0 nAmavara siMha, prAkRta kI sAMskRtika virAsata, prAkRta sAhitya aura bhAratIya paramparAe~, pradhAna sampA0 AcArya rAdhAvallabha tripAThI, rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna, naI dillI 2010, prastAvanA, pR0 25 pro0 kamaleza datta tripAThI, prAkRta kI sAMskRtika virAsata, prAkRta sAhitya aura bhAratIya paramparAe~, pradhAna sampA0 AcArya rAdhAvallabha tripAThI, rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna, naI dillI 2010, prastAvanA, pR0 23 85. 89.

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AgamoM meM pratipAdita SaDjIva-ahiMsA viSayaka avadhAraNA DaoN0 navIna kumAra zrIvAstava isa zodhAlekha meM prAcIna AgamoM ke anusAra SaDjIvanikAya-ahiMsA ke mAdhyama se paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa aura usake saMtulana meM jaina yogadAna ko citrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| pRthvIkAyika, agnikAyika, apkAyika, vanaspatikAyika, trasakAyika evaM sthAvara jIvoM kI mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika hiMsA kA tInoM karaNoM (kRta, kArita evaM anumodita) se tyAga karane para paryAvaraNa kI rakSA pUrNarUpeNa svayameva ho jAtI hai| vibhinna vRkSoM evaM pazuoM ko tIrthaGkaroM se sambaddha karane ke pIche unakI mahattA evaM unake saMrakSaNa kI dRSTi parilakSita hotI hai| - sampAdaka jainadharma nivRttimArgI zramaNa-paramparA kA dharma hai| sAmAnyatayA ise sAmAjika na mAnakara vyaktivAdI dharma mAnA jAtA hai kintu jainadharma ko ekAnta rUpa se vyaktivAdI dharma nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha satya hai ki usakA vikAsa nivRttimArgI saMnyAsa pradhAna zramaNa-paramparA se hI huA hai kintu mAtra isa AdhAra para use samAja-sApekSa yA vyaktivAdI dharma mAnanA eka bhrAnti hI hogii| jIvana meM duHkha kI yathArthatA aura duHkha-mukti kA jIvana Adarza, yaha jaina paramparA kA atha aura iti hai| kintu duHkha aura duHkha-mukti ke ye sampratyaya mAtra vaiyaktika nahIM haiM, unakA eka sAmAjika pakSa bhI hai| duHkha-mukti kA unakA Adarza mAtra vaiyaktika duHkhoM se mukti nahIM hai apitu sampUrNa prANI jagat ke dukhoM kI vimukti hai aura yahI unheM samAja se jor3a detA hai| zramaNadhArA meM dharma aura nIti ko aviyojya mAnA gayA hai aura dharma tathA nIti kI yaha aviyojyatA bhI usameM sAmAjika sandarbha ko spaSTa kara detI hai| jaina vAGmaya para yadi hama apanI dRSTi DAlate haiM to yaha spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai ki jainadharma isa bhUloka meM rahakara hI nivRtti kA mArga prazasta karatA hai| yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki jainadharma meM bhogavRtti ke prati saMyama, ahiMsA aura aparigraha para sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai| usake inhIM mUlabhUta siddhAntoM ke Aloka meM jainadharma meM aise aneka AcAra niyamoM kA nirdeza huA hai jinakA paripAlana Aja paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke lie Avazyaka hai| jainadharma ke pravartaka AcAryoM ne Aja se DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva yaha udghoSaNA kI thI ki na kevala prANIya jagat evaM vanaspati jagat meM jIvana kI upasthiti hai, apitu unhoMne yaha

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26 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 bhI kahA thA ki pRthvI, pAnI, vAya aura agni meM bhI jIvana hai| eka ora to ve yaha mAnate the ki pRthvI, pAnI evaM vanaspati ke Azrita hokara anekAneka prANI apanA jIvana jIte haiM, ataH inake durupayoga, vinAza yA hiMsA se unakA bhI vinAza hotA hai| dUsare ye svayaM bhI jIvana haiM kyoMki inake abhAva meM jIvana kI kalpanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai| kyA hama jala, vAyu, pRthvItattva evaM UrjA (agnitattva)ke abhAva meM jIvana kI kalpanA bhI kara sakate haiM ? ye to svayaM jIvana ke adhiSThAna haiN| ataH inakA durupayoga yA vinAza svayaM jIvana kA hI vinAza hai| isalie jainadharma meM use hiMsA yA pApa kahA gayA hai| hindUdharma meM pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu ko jo devarUpa mAnA gayA hai unakA AdhAra bhI inakA jIvana kA adhiSThAna rUpa honA hI hai| jaina paramparA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva bhagavAn pArzva ke kAla meM bhI pRthvI, jala, vAyu, agni aura vanaspati meM jIvana hone kI avadhAraNA upasthita thii| pRthvIkAyika, jalakAyika, vAyukAyika, agnikAyika, vanaspatikAyika aura trasakAyika- aise SaDjIvanikAyoM kI carcA prAcIna jaina AgamoM kA pramukha viSaya rahA hai| AcArAMgasUtra (I.pU. 5vIM zatI) kA to prArambha hI ina SaDjIva nikAyoM ke nirUpaNa se tathA unakI hiMsA ke kAraNoM evaM unakI hiMsA se bacane ke nirdezoM kI carcA se hotA hai| ina SaDjIvanikAyoM kI hiMsA nahIM karane ke sandarbha meM jaina AcAryoM ke jo nirdeza haiM, ve paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane kI dRSTi se Aja sarvAdhika mUlyavAna bana gae haiN| jaba hama jaina AgamoM para dRSTi DAlate haiM to pAte haiM ki sampUrNa jaina Agama grantha ekendriya jIvoM se lekara paJcendriyoM jIvoM ke saMrakSaNa aura surakSA ke lie saMkalpita parilakSita hotI hai| jaba hama AcArAMgasUtra kA avalokana karate haiM to hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAMgasUtra ke prathama adhyayana kA nAma hI zastraparijJA hai| zastra kA artha hai 'hiMsA ke upakaraNa yA saadhn'| jo jisake lie vinAzaka yA mAraka hotA hai vaha usake lie zastra hai| cAkU, talavAra Adi hiMsA ke bAhya sAdhana, dravya zastra haiN| rAga-dveSa yukta kaluSita pariNAma bhAva-zastra hai| parijJA kA artha hai jJAna athavA cetnaa| isa zabda se do artha dhvanita hote haiM- jJa-parijJA dvArA vastutattva kA yathArtha parijJAna tathA pratyAkhyAnaparijJA dvArA hiMsAdi ke hetuoM kA tyaag| hiMsA kI nivRtti ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA kA mukhya AdhAra hai aatmaa| AtmA kA jJAna hone para ahiMsA meM AsthA dRr3ha hotI hai tathA ahiMsA kA samyak pAlana kiyA jA sakatA hai| aba hama krama se pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, agnikAyika, vanaspatikAyika, trasa-kAya-hiMsA niSedha kI carcA vistAra se kreNge|

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AgamoM meM pratipAdita SaDjIva-ahiMsA viSayaka avadhAraNA : 27 pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke bAre meM AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai- 'pRthvIkAyika prANI pRthak-pRthak zarIra meM Azrita rahate haiM arthAt ve pratyeka-zarIrI hote haiN| punaH bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate haiM koI vyakti isa jIvana ke lie prazaMsA, sammAna aura pUjA ke lie janma, maraNa tathA mukti ke lie evaM duHkha kA pratIkAra karane ke lie svayaM pRthvIkAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, dUsaroM se hiMsA karavAtA hai tathA hiMsA karane vAle kA anumodana karatA hai vaha (hiMsAvRtti) usake ahita ke lie hotI hai| vaha usakI tribodhi arthAt jJAna-bodhi, darzana bodhi aura cAritra bodhi kI anupalabdhi meM kAraNabhUta hotI hai| pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke hiMsA ke bAre meM Age kahA hai, "vaha sAdhaka (saMyamI) hiMsA ke duSpariNAmoM ko acchI taraha samajhatA huA, AdAnIya-saMyama sAdhanA meM tatpara ho jAtA hai| kucha manuSyoM ko bhagavAn yA anagAra muniyoM ke samIpa dharma sunakara yaha jJAta hotA hai ki yaha jIva-hiMsA granthi hai, yaha mokSa hai, yaha mRtyu hai aura yahI naraka hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ko vanaspatikAya jIvoM kI pIr3A kA pUrNa anubhava thaa| ve to sadaiva kahA karate the jaise hameM pIr3A yA kaSTa anubhava hotA hai vaise hI sabhI aindrika jIvoM ko hotI hai| unhoMne kahA hai, "jaise koI kisI janmAndha vyakti ko (mUsala, bhAlA Adi se) bhede, coTa kare yA talavAra Adi se chedana kare, use jaisI pIr3A kI anubhUti hotI hai vaisI hI pIr3A pRthvIkAya jIvoM ko hotI hai| jaise koI kisI ko gaharI coTa mArakara mUrcchita kare yA prANa-viyojana hI kara de, use jaisI kaSTAnubhUti hotI hai, vaise hI pRthvIkAyika jIvoM kI vedanA samajhanI caahie|" uparyukta uddharaNoM ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mana meM pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke prati asIma dayA thii| apkAya ko sajIva sacetana mAnanA jaina darzana kI maulika mAnyatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIrakAlIna anya dArzanika jala ko sajIva nahIM mAnate the, kintu usameM Azrita anya jIvoM kI sattA svIkAra karate the| taittirIya AraNyaka meM 'varSA' ko jala kA garbha mAnA jAtA hai aura jala ko prajanana zakti ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| prajanana kSamatA sacetana meM hI hotI hai, ataH sacetana kI dhAraNA kA prabhAva vaidika cintana para par3A hai aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu mUlataH anagAra darzana ko chor3akara anya sabhI dArzanika jala ko sacetana nahIM mAnate the| anAgAra meM jala ke tIna prakAra batAye gae haiM- 1. sacita-jIva sahita, 2. acitanirjIva aura 3. sajIva-nirjIva mizrita jl| jaina darzana kevala acit jala ko svIkAra karane para bala detA hai| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai- buddhimAna manuSya yaha jAnakara svayaM jalakAya kA samAraMbha na kareM, dUsaroM se na karavAyeM aura usakA

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28 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 samAraMbha karane vAloM kA anumodana na kreN| punaH kahA hai jisako jala sambandhI samArambha kA jJAna hotA hai, vahI parijJAta karmA (muni) hotA hai| jalakAya jIvoM kI hiMsA ko 'adattAdAna' kahane ke pIche eka vizeSa kAraNa hai| tatkAlIna parivrAjaka Adi kucha saMnyAsI jala ko sajIva to nahIM mAnate the parantu adatta jala kA prayoga nahIM karate the| jalAzaya Adi ke svAmI kI anumati lekara jala kA upayoga karane meM ve doSa nahIM mAnate the| ataH jala ke jIvoM kA prANa-haraNa karanA hiMsA hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki kisI bhI jIva kI hiMsA, hiMsA ke sAtha-sAtha adattAdAna bhI hai| ahiMsA ke sambandha meM yaha bahata hI sUkSma evaM tarkapUrNa cintana hai| jainadharma agnikAyika jIvoM ke prati bhI apanI ahiMsaka dRSTi rakhate haiN| AcArAMga meM kahA hai- vaha (jijJAsu sAdhaka) kabhI bhI svayaM loka (agnikAya) ke astitva kA arthAt usakI sajIvatA kA apalApa (niSedha) na kre| vaha apane AtmA ke astitva kA apalApa na kare kyoMki jo loka (agnikAya) kA apalApa karatA hai, vaha apane Apa kA apalApa karatA hai| jo apane Apa kA apalApa karatA hai vaha loka kA apalApa karatA hai| jo dIrghaloka zastra (agnikAya) ke svarUpa ko jAnatA hai vaha azastra (saMyama) kA svarUpa bhI jAnatA hai| jo saMyama kA svarUpa jAnatA hai vaha dIrghaloka zastra kA svarUpa bhI jAnatA hai| isI krama meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne agnikAyika jIva-hiMsAniSedha para bhI vistRta carcA kI hai| unhoMne kahA hai jo agnikAya jIvoM para zastra prayoga karatA hai, vaha ina Arambha-samAraMbha kriyAoM ke kaTu pariNAmoM se aparijJAta hotA hai, arthAt vaha hiMsA ke duHkhada pariNAmoM se chUTa nahIM sakatA hai| jo agnikAya para zastra-samAraMbha nahIM karatA hai, vAstava meM vaha Arambha kA jJAtA arthAt hiMsA se mukta ho jAtA hai12 tathA jisane yaha agni-karma-samArambha bhalI prakAra samajha liyA hai, vahI muni hai, vahI parijJAta karmA (karma kA jJAtA aura tyAgI) hai| isa prakAra agnikAya-jIvoM para samyak ahiMsaka dRSTi jainadharma meM upalabdha hotI hai| jainadharma meM vanaspatikAya jIvoM para bhI ahiMsaka dRSTi prastuta kI gayI hai evaM inake saMrakSaNa kI bAta kahI gayI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki isa jIvana ke lie prazaMsA, sammAna, pUjA, janma-maraNa, mukti aura duHkha kA pratikAra karane ke lie vaha (tathAkathita sAdhu) vanaspatikAya jIvoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, dUsaroM se hiMsA karavAtA hai, karane vAle kA anumodana karatA hai, yaha usake ahita ke lie hotA

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AgamoM meM pratipAdita SaDjIva ahiMsA viSayaka avadhAraNA : 29 hai, yaha usakI abodhi ke lie hotA hai 15 / punaH bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai-- yaha samajhatA huA sAdhaka saMyama meM sthira ho jaae| bhagavAn se yA tyAgI anAgAroM ke samIpa sunakara use isa bAta kA jJAna ho jAtA hai - yaha hiMsA granthi hai, yaha moha hai, yaha mRtyu hai, yaha naraka hai 16 / punaH bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai-- yaha jAnakara medhAvI svayaM vanaspati- hiMsA kA anumodana na kareM na dUsaroM se samAraMbha karavAe~ aura na samAraMbha karavAne vAloM kA anumodana kreN| phira bhI manuSya isameM Asakta huA, nAnAprakAra ke zastroM se vanaspatikAya kA samAraMbha karatA hai aura vanaspatikAya kA samAraMbha karatA huA anya prakAra ke jIvoM kI bhI hiMsA karatA hai| jainadharma meM isa taraha kI hiMsA kA pUrNa tyAga batalAyA gayA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI paryAvaraNa ke prati vizeSa rUpa se vanaspati jagat ke prati kitanI sajagatA rahI hai, isakA patA isa tathya se calatA hai ki unhoMne pratyeka tIrthaGkara ke sAtha caitya - vRkSa ko jor3a diyA aura isa prakAra ve caitya - vRkSa bhI jainoM ke lie pratIka rUpa pUjya bana gye| samavAyAMgasUtra ke anusAra tIrthaGkaroM ke sUcI isa prakAra hai 98. caitya- - vRkSa kI 1. RSabhadeva - nyagrodha (vaTa ) 2. ajitanAtha - saptaparNa 3. sambhavanAtha- zAla 4. abhinandananAtha- priyAla 5. sumatinAtha - priyaMgu 6. padmaprabha - chatrAha 7. supArzva - zirISa 8. candraprabha- nAgavRkSa 9. puSpadanta - sAlI 10. zItalanAtha - pilaMkhuvRkSa 11. zreyAMsanAtha - tinduka 12. vAsupUjyanAtha- pATala 13. vimalanAtha - jambU 14. anantanAtha - azvattha (pIpala) 15. dharmanAtha- dadhiparNa 16. zAntinAtha - nandIvRkSa 17. kunthunAtha - tilaka

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30 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 18. aranAtha- AmravRkSa 19. mallInAtha (mallinAtha) - azoka 20. munisuvratanAtha - campaka 21. naminAtha- bakula 22. neminAtha- vetrasavRkSa 23. pArzvanAtha- dhAtakIvRkSa 24. mahAvIra (varddhamAna) - zAlavRkSa isa prakAra hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jainaparamparA ke anusAra pratyeka tIrthaGkara jJAnaprApti ke pazcAt azoka vRkSa kI chAyA meM baiThakara hI apanA upadeza dete the isase bhI unakI prakRti aura paryAvaraNa ke prati sajagatA prakaTa hotI hai| azoka vRkSa kI chAyA meM baiThakara upadeza dene kA nihitArtha yahI hogA ki isase vRkSoM ke prati janamAnasa kI zraddhA bar3he jisase ve ina vRkSoM ko saMrakSita karane ke lie prayAsarata hoN| yaha mAnava prakRti hai ki jisa vastu ko hama apanI AsthA se jor3a lete haiM usake lie hama acchA hI socate haiN| kahIM na kahIM tIrthaGkaroM ne janamAnasa kI ina bhAvanAoM ko samajhA aura unakA yaha prakRti - prema, prakRti saMrakSaNa ke rUpa meM vikasita huaa| nizcita rUpa se usa samaya aisI paristhitiyA~ rahI hogIM ki loga vRkSoM, vanoM ke prati nirmama rahe hoM jisake phalasvarUpa vanoM evaM vRkSoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie jainadharma meM pratyeka tIrthaGkara ke sAtha caitya-vRkSoM ko jor3a diyA gayA aura isa prakAra ve caitya-vRkSa bhI jainoM ke lie pratIka rUpa pUjya bana gaye / prAcInakAla meM jainamuniyoM ko vanoM meM hI rahane kA nirdeza thaa| phalataH ve prakRti ke atyadhika nikaTa hote the| kAlAntara meM jaba kucha jainamuni caityoM yA bastiyoM meM rahane lage taba inake do vibhAga ho gaye 1. caityavAsI 2. vnvaasii| kintu isameM bhI caityavAsI kI apekSA vanavAsI muni hI adhika AdaraNIya bane / jaina paramparA meM vanavAsa ko sadaiva hI Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA gyaa| bhArata ke sabhI dArzanikoM ne prAyaH vanaspati ko sacetana mAnA hai kintu vanaspati meM jJAna- cetanA alpa hone ke kAraNa usake sambandha meM dArzanikoM ne koI vizeSa cintana-manana nahIM kiyaa| jaina-darzana meM vanaspati ke viSaya meM bahuta sUkSma evaM vyApaka cintana kiyA gayA hai| mAnava-zarIra ke sAtha jo isakI tulanA kI gaI hai, vaha Aja ke vaijJAnikoM ke lie Azcaryajanaka va upayogI tathya hai| jaba sara jagadIza candra bosa ne vanaspati meM mAnava ke samAna hI cetanA kI vaijJAnika prayogoM dvArA siddhi kara

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AgamoM meM pratipAdita SaDjIva-ahiMsA viSayaka avadhAraNA : 31 batAI thI taba se jaina darzana kA vanaspati-siddhAnta eka vaijJAnika-siddhAnta ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho gayA hai| uparokta dRSTikoNa ko hI dhyAna meM rakhakara jaina tIrthaGkaroM ne samavasaraNa sabhA kI parikalpanA kI hai jo ki arhat bhagavAn kI upadeza dene kI sabhA kA nAma hai| isa sabhA meM tiryaJca, manuSya va deva, puruSa tathA striyA~ saba vahA~ para baiThakara bhagavAn ke upadeza ko sunate haiN| isa sabhA kI racanA vizeSa prakAra se devatAloga karate haiN| isakI prathama sAta bhUmiyA~ bar3I AkarSaka haiM, yathA- puSpavATikAe~, nATyazAlAe~, vApiyA~, caityavRkSa ityaadi| mithyA dRSTi abhavya jIva isI ko dekhane meM ulajha jAte haiM arthAt yahA~ para puSpavATikAe~, caityavRkSa Adi ke manorama dRzya ke prati abhavya jIvoM kI unameM Asakti ke kAraNa paryAvaraNa (vRkSa ityAdi) kI rakSA kI parikalpanA jAgRta hotI hai| atyanta zraddhAlu evaM bhAvuka vyakti aSTamabhUmi meM praveza karake bhagavAn ke darzana pAte haiN| jainendra siddhAnta koza meM varNita hai, 'isameM samasta sura aura asura Akara divya dhvani ke avasara kI pratikSA karate hue baiThate haiM isIlie jAnakAra gaNadharAdi devoM ne isakA samavasaraNa aisA sArthaka nAma kahA hai| 19 vahIM para varNita hai ki vahA~ para jina bhagavAn ke mAhAtmya se AtaMka, roga, maraNa, utpatti, baira, kAmabAdhA tathA tRSNA (pipAsA) aura kSudhA kI pIr3Ae~ nahIM hotI haiN|20 arthAt yahA~ para yaha darzAne kA prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai ki isa sthAna para vaira, tRSNA Adi ke samApta ho jAne se saba jIvoM kA saba jIvoM ke prati samabhAva kA udaya hotA hai jisase ve maitrI-bhAvanA ke sAtha rahate hue ahiMsA ke patha para agrasara hote haiM, jahA~ para vizvabandhutva kI bhAvanA dRSTigocara hotI hai| samavasaraNa kI parikalpanA mukhyataH sabhI jIvoM meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko utpanna karanA hai jisa kAraNa sabhI jIva (pazu-pakSI, mAnava, deva ityAdi) eka hI jagaha para ekatrita hokara jinavANI kA zravaNa karate haiM jo ahiMsA kI mahattA ko darzAtA hai| jainadarzana meM uparyukta paJcakAya jIvoM kI ahiMsA ke atirikta trasa evaM sthAvara jIvoM ke prati bhI ahiMsaka dRSTi kA vistAra se vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma prArambha se hI ahiMsaka dharma rahA hai| isameM pazu-pakSI ityAdi ko pUjya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara inakI rakSA karane kA prasaMga AtA hai| isakA utkRSTa udAharaNa rAjA ariSTanemi (neminAtha) ke vivAha ke prasaMga meM dekhane ko milatA hai| ariSTanemi (neminAtha) ne vivAha kevala isa kAraNa se nahIM kiyA ki unake bArAta meM Aye yaduvaMzI rAjA aura rAjakumAroM ke svAgata-satkAra meM ina pazuoM kA vadha kiyA jAegA aura inake mAMsa se rAjAoM ke bhojana kI sAmagriyA~ taiyAra hoNgii|

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32 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 ariSTanemi se unake sArathI ne kahA- ye sabhI bhadra prANI Apake vivAha kArya meM Aye hue bahuta se logoM (mAMsabhojiyoM) ko khilAne ke lie pakar3e gae haiN|21 ina zabdoM ko sunakara bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke mana meM pazu-pakSiyoM ke prati atyanta vedanA huI aura ve pazu-pakSiyoM ko mukta karAkara, vivAha karane se inakAra kara nirgrantha banane cala pdd'e| aise kaI udAharaNa jainadharma meM milate haiM jinameM tIrthaGkara Age bar3hakara ahiMsA kA eka Adarza prastuta karate haiN| isI krama meM dharaNendra aura padmAvatI (nAga-nAgina) kA prasaMga pArzvanAtha se jor3akara dekhA jAtA hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki kamaTha ke upasargoM se dharaNendra aura padmAvatI ne pArzvanAtha ko bacAyA aura unake kevala jJAnaprApti ke sAdhana bne| bhagavAn pArzva kA kamaTha (mahipAla) se nAga-nAgina ko bacAne kI guhAra karanA unake jIvajantuoM prati ahiMsakavRtti ko darzAtA hai| jainadharma meM yatra-tatra jIva-jantuoM kI rakSA ke lie tIrthaGkaroM ke sAtha unheM rakhA jAtA hai| jaina tIrthaGkara pratimAoM ko eka dUsare se pRthak karane ke lie jina pratIka cihnoM (sAdhanoM) kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai unameM bhI vanya jIvoM ko hI prAthamikatA milI hai, yathAtIrthaGkara lAJchana kSana RSabhadeva baila (vRSabha) ajitanAtha gaja sambhavanAtha azva abhinandananAtha kapi padmaprabha kamala sumatinAtha krauMca puSpadantanAtha makara zreyAnsanAtha geMDA vAsupUjya mahiSa vimalanAtha varAha anantanAtha zyenapakSI zAntinAtha kuMthunAtha chAga alhanAtha (aranAtha) matatsya suvratanAtha kUrma mRga

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sarpa AgamoM meM pratipAdita SaDjIva-ahiMsA viSayaka avadhAraNA : 33 pArzvanAtha mahAvIra siMha ina lAJchanoM ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki jainadharma pazu-pakSiyoM ke lie kitanI zraddhA kA bhAva rakhatA hai| lAJchanoM ke rUpa meM paza-pakSiyoM ko rakhane kA kAraNa inake saMrakSaNa kI bhAvanA ko vikasita karanA hai| uparyukta vivecanoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki ahiMsA kA jitanA sUkSma vivecana jainadharma-darzana meM upalabdha hotA hai utanA anyatra kahIM nhiiN| sUkSma se sUkSma prANiyoM ke saMrakSaNa kI parikalpanA jaina-dharma-darzana meM dRSTigocara hotI hai| svayaM mahAtmA gA~dhI ne apanI AtmakathA meM kahA hai ki unhoMne ahiMsA kA pATha jaina darzana se hI sIkhA hai| ahiMsA kA jitanA saiddhAntika aura vyAvahArika rUpa jainadharma meM dRSTigata hotA hai anyatra kahIM nhiiN| sandarbha sUcI taM pariNNAya mehAvI Neva saMya chajjIva-NikAyaM-satthaM samAraMbhejjA NevaNNehi chajjIva-NikAya-satthaM samAraMbhAvejjA, NevaNNe chajjIva-NikAya-satthaM samAraMbhate smnnujaannejjaa| 1.176- AyAro, pramukha vAcanAkAra, AcArya tulasI, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM (rAja.), 1974 se bemi........saMti pANA udaya-nissiyA jIvA aNegA - vahI, 1/54 AcArAMgasUtra - prathama adhyayana, piNDaiSaNA, madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAja.), 1980 jaM jassa viNAsakAraNaM taM tassa satthaM bhnnnnti| nizIthacUrNi 301, draSTavya abhidhAnarAjendra, bhAga 7, pR0 33 saMti pANA puDho siA AcArAGgasUtra, 1/1/2/11 vahI, sUtra, 1/1/2/13 vahI, sUtra, 1/1/2/14 vahI, sUtra, 1/1/2/15 9. zrI puSkara muni, abhinandana grantha, pR0- 346 taM pariNNAya mehAvI Neva sayaM udayasatthaM samArabhejjA, NevaNNehiM udayasatthaM samArabhaMte vi aNNe Na smssujaannejjaa| AcArAMgasUtra, 1/1/3/30 jassete udayasatthasamAraMbhA pariNNAyA bhavaMti se hu muNI pariNNAtakamme tti bemi| vahI, sUtra 1/1/3/31 3; &24

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34 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Neva sayaM logaM abmAikkhejjA, Neva attANaM abbhAikhejjA / je logaM abhAikkhati se attANaM abbhAikkhati je logaM abbhAikkhati / AcArAMgasUtra, sUtra 1/1/4/32 ettha satthaM sabhAraMbhamANassa iccete AraMbhA apariNNAtA bhavaMti / ettha satthaM asabhAraMbhamANassa iccete AraMbhA pariNNAtA bhavaMti -- vahI, sUtra 1/1/4/32 jassa ete agaNikammasamAraMbhA pariNNAtA bhavaMti se hu muNI pariNAyakam tti bemivahI, sUtra 1/1/4/39 imassa ceva jIviyassa parivaMdaNa - mANaNapUyaNAe jAtI - maraNa-moyaNA dukkha paDighAtahetu se sayameva vaNassatisatthaM sabhAraMbhati, aNNehiM vA vaNassatisatthaM samAraMbhAveti, aNNe vA vaNassatisatthaM samAraMbhamANe smnnujaannti| taM se ahiyAe, taM se abohIe -- vahI, sUtra 1/1/5/ 43 esa khalu gaMthe, esa khalu mohe, esa khalu mAre, esa khalu Nirae / vahI, sUtra 1/1/5/44 taM pariNNAe mehAvI va sayaM vaNassatisatthaM samAraMbhejjA, Neva'NNehiM vaNassatisatthaM samAraMbhAvejjA, Neva'NNe vaNassatisatthaM samAraMbhate samaNajANejjA- vahI, sUtra 1/1/5/47 samavAyAMgasUtra, saMpA0 madhukara muni, pariziSTa 646, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAja0 ), 1982 jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, naI dillI, 1992, pR0 329 vahI, pR0 330 aha sArahI tao bhAi, ee bhaddA u pANiNo / tujjhaM vivAhakajjaMmi, bhoyAveDaM bahuM jaNaM / / uttarAdhyayana sUtra, adhyAya 22, sUtra 17, saMpA0- amara muni, AtmajJAnapITha, mAnasA maNDI (paMjAba) ***

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anekAntavAdapraveza pratipAdita nityatvAnityatvavAda DaoN0 rAhula kumAra siMha vastu kA svarUpa kyA hai? kyA nitya hai? kyA anitya hai yA prauvya hai? jaina darzana meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki jo vastu utpAda, vyaya aura prauvya se yukta hogI vahI sat hogI- isI ko AdhAra banAkara lekhaka ne apane patra meM vastu ke svarUpa ko AcArya haribhadrakRta 'anekAntavAdapraveza' ke sandarbha meM maNDita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| anya darzanoM meM vastu kI nityAnitya siddhi azakya mAnate haiN| unakA AkSepa hai ki jisa taraha eka hI vastu meM aneka viruddha dharmoM kA rahanA yogya nahIM hai usI taraha nityAnitya svarUpa bhI virodhI hone se asiddha hai| jaina darzana para isa taraha ke AkSepa sAMkhya, bauddha, nyAya Adi dArzanikoM dvArA uThAye jAte rahe haiN| vidvAn lekhaka ne isa Alekha meM ina samasyAoM kA samAdhAna dravya-paryAya, pramANa tathA kAraNa-kArya ke AdhAra para prastuta karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| - sampAdaka jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki jo bhI vastu utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya- ina tInoM se yukta hogI vahI sat kahI jaaegii| pratyeka vastu utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvya- ina tInoM se yukta hai| pratyeka vastu meM kSaNa-kSaNa pariNAma hote rahate haiM, kintu usameM rahane vAle dravyatva kI sthiti dhrauvya hai, ata: pratyeka vastu trayAtmaka hai| vastu kA yaha svarUpa usakI anekAntatA ko darzAtA hai| jo ananta dharmAtmaka nahIM hai, vaha utpAda-vyayadhrauvyAtmaka bhI nahIM hai, jaise aakaash-kusum| ananta dharmAtmaka vastu meM dharma utpanna hote haiM aura naSTa hote rahate haiM, dharmI dravyarUpa se sadA nitya banA rahatA hai| pratyeka vastu meM paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAle aneka yugala pAe jAte haiN| ata: vastu kevala aneka dharmoM kA piNDa nahIM hai, kintu paraspara viruddha se dikhane vAle aneka dharma-yugaloM kA bhI piNDa hai| una paraspara viruddha pratIta hone vAle dharmoM ko hI syAdvAda apanI sApekSa zailI se pratipAdita karatA hai| yadyapi dharma kA artha sAmAnyataH guNa hotA hai, ise zakti bhI kahate haiM, tathApi guNa aura dharma meM antara hai| pratyeka vastu meM ananta zaktiyA~ haiM jinheM guNa yA dharma kahate haiN| unameM se jo zaktiyA~ paraspara viruddha pratIta hotI haiM yA sApekSa hotI haiM, unheM dharma kahate haiM, jaise- nityatvAnityatva, ekatvAnekatva, sattvAsattva aadi| jo

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36 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 zakti virodhAbhAsa se rahita hai, nirapekSa hai use guNa kahate haiM, jaise- AtmA meM jJAna, darzana, sukha Adi; pudgala meM rUpa, rasa gandha aadi| vastu meM guNa to sImita haiM kintu dharma ananta haiN| vastu ke svarUpa ko dekhane ke lie usake nija guNoM ke sAtha anya vastuoM se usameM bhinnatA bhI dekhanI par3atI hai| vastu kA svarUpa aura usake guNa nitya haiM, parantu paryAya badalate rahate haiN| paryAya kA tAtparya hai vastu meM hone vAle parivartana kA aadhaar| kisI bhI vastu meM pariNAma hote haiM to dravya kI aura usake svarUpa kI sthiti vahI rahatI hai| ye Antarika tattva haiN| pariNAma vastu kI bAhya sthiti meM parivartana lAte haiN| ye bAhya rUpa hI badalate rahate haiN| vastu ke jIvana meM Ane vAle ye pariNAma anAdikAla se hote cale A rahe haiM aura ananta kAla taka calate rheNge| paryAya kI dRSTi se bhI vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai| AcArya kundakunda ne guNa aura paryAya ko alaga mAnA hai, jabaki AcArya siddhasena kA mata hai ki guNa aura paryAya sAmAnya vastu ke pAribhASika paryAya haiN| paryAya aura guNa zabda tulyArthaka haiM, ata: guNa aura paryAya eka haiN| yahA~ guNa se tAtparya hai yugapadbhAviparyAya aura paryAya kA artha hai eka sAtha utpanna nahIM hone vAle pryaay'| inakI dRSTi meM yadyapi guNa aura paryAya kathaMcit abhinna haiM tathApi saMjJA, saMkhyA, svarUpa aura arthakriyA ke bheda se unameM kathaMcit bheda bhI hai| donoM ke nAma bhinna haiM, guNa sImita hote haiM aura paryAya ananta haiM, ata: donoM meM saMkhyAkRta bheda bhI haiN| guNa yugapatkAlabhAvi haiM aura paryAya ayugapatkAlabhAvi haiN| guNa dravya ke sahabhAvi dharma haiM aura paryAya dravya ke kAlabhAvi dharma haiM, ata svarUpataH bhI donoM bhinna haiN| ata donoM meM kathaMcit bhinnatA bhI hai| AcArya samantabhadra kA mata hai ki pratyeka dravya paryAyoM ko rakhatA hai, paryAyeM binA dravya ke nahIM hotii| taba yaha bAta svata: siddha hai ki dravya aneka paryAyoM ko rakhane se aneka svarUpa haiN| hama yadi dravya ko mAne aura paryAya ko na mAneM, athavA paryAya ko mAneM aura dravya ko na mAneM to donoM hI nahIM rheNge| isalie eka ko na mAnane se koI bhI nahIM Thahara sakatA hai| jaba koI tattva hI nahIM rahegA to usakA kathana bhI asambhava hogaa| kevala dravya hI vastu nahIM hai, varan vastu dravya paryAyAtmaka hai| jaise samudra kA eka deza samudra bhI nahIM hai aura asamudra bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| pUre samudra ko hI samudra kahA jA sakatA hai| dravya-paryAya ke AdhAra para vastu kI nityAnityatA vastu ko ekAntanitya mAnane para usameM vikAra yA pariNAma nahIM ho skeNge| vikAra nahIM hone se kAraka kA vyApAra vahA~ nahIM hogaa| kAraka kA vyApAra nahIM hone se

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anekAntavAdapraveza pratipAdita nityatvAnityatvavAda : 37 dravya-guNa lakSaNa kArya pratiSThita nahIM hogA ata: vastu ko nityAnitya mAnanA ucita hai| jainadarzana kI sAmAnya mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka vastu dravya kI apekSA se nitya aura paryAya kI apekSA se anitya hai| jaise miTTI ke ghar3e meM miTTI sadA sthira rahatI hai, arthAt isa miTTI se kisI bhI prakAra ke bartana kA nirmANa kiyA jAya, pratyeka bartana meM miTTI kA astitva sadaiva vidyamAna rahegA, kyoMki miTTI dravya hai| ataH yaha samajhanA cahie ki pratyeka vastu dravya kI apekSA se nitya hai aura paryAya kI apekSA se anitya hai| paryAya rUpa se anitya hone kA kAraNa usakA sthira na rahanA, nirantara badalate rahanA hai| jaisa miTTI se ghar3A banAte samaya miTTI aneka paryAyoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai arthAt ghar3e meM kaccApana, moTApana, pakkApana, caur3Apana, nayApana, purAnApana aadi| ye paryAyarUpa paraspara bhinna-bhinna hote haiN| eka ke nAza ke pazcAt dUsare paryAya kI utpatti hotI hai| isalie paryAya rUpa se vastu yA padArtha ko anitya samajhanA cAhie evaM dravya rUpa se nity| ata: vastu ko nityAnitya svarUpa jAnanA caahie| yaha eka jaina mAnyatA hai ki jagata ke cetanAbhAga kA nirmANa anantasaMkhyaka AtmAe~ karatI haiM (jinakA sAmAnya pAribhASika nAma jIva hai)| paramANuoM ke sambandha meM bhI yaha mAnA gayA hai ki unake paraspara saMyoga se jagat kI bhautika vastuoM kA janma hotA hai jabaki 'jIva' eka dUsare se sarvathA pRthak rahate haiN| anya ullekhanIya tathya yaha hai ki pratyeka jIva tathA pratyeka paramANu eka nitya tattva hote hue bhI pratikSaNa rUpAntara dhAraNa karatA rahatA hai| inhIM saba mAnyatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue AcArya haribhadra ne nityatvAnityatva kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM, "jaba sone ke ghar3e ko naSTa karake mukuTa banAyA jAtA hai taba sonA pUrvavat sthiti meM banA rahatA hai aura aisI avasthA meM yaha eka sakAraNa bAta hai ki jisa vyakti ko sone ke ghar3e kI AvazyakatA ho vaha zoka meM par3a jAya, jise mukuTa kI AvazyakatA ho vaha prasanna ho jAya tathA jise sone kI AvazyakatA ho vaha apane mana:sthiti ko pUrvavat banAe rkhe| Azaya yaha hai ki jaba eka hI ghaTanA ko 'ghar3e kA nAza', 'mukuTa kI utpatti' aura 'sone kA jyoM kA tyoM banA rahanA' ina tInoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai taba yahI mAnanA cAhie ki jagat kI pratyeka vastu utpatti, nAza tathA sthiratA ina tIna rUpoM vAlI hai| isI prakAra jisane dUdha para rahane kA vrata liyA hai vaha dahI nahIM khAtA, jisane dahI para rahane kA vrata liyA hai vaha dUdha nahIM pItA aura jisane gorasa na lene kA vrata liyA hai vaha na to dUdha pItA hai aura na hI dahI khAtA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki eka

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38 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 hI vastu kA tAttvika svarUpa tIna prakAra kA hai tathA gorasa kI hI dUdha aura dahI kramika paryAyeM (pariNAma) haiN| Azaya yaha hai ki eka hI ghaTanA 'dUdha kA nAza', 'dahI kI utpatti' aura 'gorasa kA jyoM kA tyoM bane rahanA' ina tIna rUpoM meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| isase bhI niSkarSa yahI nikalatA hai ki jagat kI pratyeka vastu utpatti, nAza tathA sthiratA ina tIna rUpoM vAlI hai| uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki pratyeka vastu vinAzI tathA avinAzI ina donoM rUpoM vAlI tathA dravya evaM paryAya ina donoM rUpoM vAlI hai| jainadarzana kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM 'dravya' eka vastu ke avinAzI pahalU kA nAma hai tathA paryAya isa vastu ke vinAzI pahalU kaa| sUkSma dRSTi se dekhe jAne para cetana jIvoM tathA bhautika paramANuoM ko hI dravya kahA jAnA cAhie tathA isameM pratyeka dravya kI kSaNa-pratikSaNa badalane vAlI avasthAoM ko usa dravya ke pryaay| isase itara vyavahAra meM dainaMdina jIvana kI sthUla vastuoM kA varNana bhI dravya paryAya kI bhASA meM kiyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie jaba sone kA ghar3A tor3akara mukuTa banAyA jAtA hai to kahA jAtA hai ki yahA~ sonA dravya meM ghar3A paryAya kA nAza hokara mukuTa paryAya kA janma ho gyaa| isI taraha jaba dUdha jamakara dahI bana jAtA hai to kahA jAtA hai ki yahA~ gorasa dravya meM dUdha paryAya kA nAza hokara dahI paryAya kA janma ho gyaa| isI taraha eka yuvA vyakti apane bacapana meM kiye gae kAryoM para lajjita hotA hai, yadyapi aba vaha baccA nahIM hai| ThIka hI ye kArya kisI dUsare yuvA vyakti ko lajjita nahIM karate, kyoMki ye kArya isa dUsare yuvAvyakti ke bacapana meM kiye gae kArya nahIM haiN| isI taraha eka yuvAvyakti apane vRddhAvasthA ke suvidhArtha kucha kAma karatA hai yadyapi vaha yuvA vRddha nahIM hai aura na hI koI vyakti kisI dUsare vyakti ke suvidhArtha kucha kAma karatA hai| ata: yaha siddha ho gayA ki vastu anvaya Adi (anvaya evaM vyatireka, sthiratA evaM vinAza) svabhAvoM vAlI hai, anyathA isa vastu kA astitva hI sambhava na hogaa| uparyukta kathana kA Azaya yaha hai ki jaba eka vyakti kI bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA, vRddhAvasthA ko eka dUsare vyakti kI bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA, vRddhAvasthA se pRthak rUpa meM dekhanA sambhava hai to isakA artha yaha huA ki pratyeka vyakti apanI bAlyAvasthA Adi ke bIca, kisI na kisI artha meM eka hI banA rahatA hai| isa prakAra anvaya (sthiratA) evaM vyatireka (nAza) jinheM kramaza: dravya evaM paryAya bhI kahA jAtA hai anivAryataH eka dUsare ke sAtha rahate haiM, eka hI vastu-svarUpa kA nirmANa karate haiM aura isa vastu meM rahate hue ve (eka vilakSaNa prakAra se) paraspara bhinna tathA paraspara abhinna donoM haiN| AcArya haribhadra kA Azaya yaha hai ki eka

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anekAntavAdapraveza pratipAdita nityatvAnityatvavAda : 39 vastu kA bhAvarUpa pahalU tathA usakA abhAvarUpa pahalU paraspara bhinna bhI haiM tathApi ve anivAryata: sAtha-sAtha bhI rahate haiN| anya dArzanika vastu ke nityAnitya svarUpa kI siddhi azakya mAnate haiN| unakA AkSepa hai jisa taraha eka hI vastu meM aneka viruddha dharmoM kA rahanA yogya nahIM hai usI taraha nityAnitya svarUpa bhI virodhI hone se asiddha hai| pratipakSI kA tarka hai ki spaSTa vidhi se vastu ke isa svabhAva kA virodha hai| apracyuta, anutpanna, sthira aura eka svabhAva vAlA jo hai vaha nitya kahalAtA hai aura svabhAva se hI eka kSaNa avasthita rahanA jisakA dharma hai vaha anitya kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra isa mAnyatAnusAra yadi koI vastu nitya hai to vaha anitya nahIM ho sakatI aura anitya hai to nitya nahIM ho sakatI hai| isI sthala para vastu kI pariNAmI nityatA para AkSepa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki yadi dravya ko kUTasthanityatayAnitya nahIM svIkAra karake varan usako pariNAmI nitya svIkAra kara dravya kA paryAya ke samAna uccheda nahIM svIkAra kiyA jAya to yahA~ aisI nityatA sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki paryAya se bhinna dravya asiddha hai| paryAya se vyatirikta dravya kI prApti anubhava se bhI nahIM hotI hai| isIlie kahA bhI gayA hai- "paryAyabhedino nityaM dravyaM syaatttsvruupvt| syAdvAdavinivRttizca nAnAtve sNprsjyte|"13 arthAt paryAya bhinna haiM aura usake svarUpa vAlA dravya nitya hai tathA nAnAtva (dravya-paryAya bhinnatva) se syAdvAda kI vinivRtti hotI hai| isIlie vyatiriktAvyatirikta pakSa bhI virodhAghAtI hone se anuroSya hI hai| aisI sabhI ApattiyoM ke uttara meM AcArya haribhadra kA yahI kahanA hai ki sthAyitva evaM parivartana kA pratyeka vastu meM anivAryata: sAtha-sAtha rahanA eka anubhava siddha bAta hai jabaki akele sthAyitva yA akele parivartana kA kisI vastu meM rahanA pramANasiddha bAta nahIM hai| bheda se rahita kevala abheda kahIM nahIM pAyA jAtA aura na hI abheda se rahita kevala bheda bhI kahIM pAyA jAtA hai| aisI dazA meM (kevala bheda athavA kevala abheda kI sattA sambhava mAnate hue ) jaina siddhAnta para, jisake anusAra bheda tathA abheda anivAryataH sAtha rahate haiM, ApattiyA~ uThAnA kahA~ taka ucita hai? udAharaNArtha jaba pratipakSI dvArA pUchA jAtA hai ki eka vastu jisa AkAra se bheda rUpa vAlI hai usa AkAra se kyA vaha bhedarUpa vAlI hI hai athavA bheda va abheda donoM rUpoM vAlI to jaina dArzanika pratyuttara svarUpa kahate haiM ki "koI vastu kevala bheda rUpa vAlI athavA kevala abhedarUpa vAlI to hotI hI nahIM aura yaha vastu jaisI hai vaha to kahA hI jA cukA hai"14 arthAt yaha vastu bheda tathA abheda donoM rUpoM vAlI hai yaha kahA hI jA cukA hai|

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40 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 pramANa ke AdhAra para vastu kI nityAnityatA isI prakAra AcArya haribhadrasUri anekAntavAda praveza13 meM kahate haiM ki pramANa se bhI vastu kA nityAnitya svarUpa hI gamya hai| udAharaNArtha- pratyakSa se vastu nityAnitya rUpa se jAnI jAtI hai| yadi aisA na mAneM to vastu ke jJAna ke abhAva kA prasaGga upasthita hotA hai, kyoMki agara vastu ko apracyuta, anutpanna, sthira, ekasvabhAva evaM sarvathA nitya mAnA jAya to prazna AtA hai ki vaha vastu vijJAna janana svabhAva vAlI hai ki ajanana svabhAva vAlI hai? arthAt jJAna ko utpanna kara sake aise svabhAva vAlI hai ki na utpanna kara sake aise svabhAva vAlI hai? yadi prathama pakSa ko svIkAra kareM to sabhI ko sarvatra sarvakAla se vaha jJAna honA cAhie kyoMki vaha eka svabhAva vAlI hI hai, kintu aisA prApta nahIM hotA hai kyoMki kucha sthAna para kisI ko kucha bAra hI usakA jJAna hotA hai| yadi kahA jAya ki dezakAlAdi vizeSa ke kAraNa aisA hotA hai to vaha bhI ucita nahIM hai kyoMki jo sarvathA eka svabhAva vAlA hai usako nayA vizeSa hone kA avakAza nahIM hai| yadi avakAza ho to anityatva kA prasaGga upasthita hotA hai| isI taraha yadi yaha kahA jAya ki jJAna ko utpanna karane meM sahakArI kI apekSA hai to yaha bhI sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki jo ekAnta nitya hai usako kisI bhI apekSA kA avakAza hI nahIM hai| yahA~ draSTavya hai ki yadi jJAna utpanna karane meM sahakArI kI apekSA ko svIkAra karate haiM to prazna AtA hai ki sahakArI usameM kucha vizeSa utpanna karatA hai ki nahIM? yadi vaha utpanna karatA hai to vaha arthAntarabhUta hai yA anarthAntarabhUta? yadi arthAntarabhUta hai to vastu ko usase kyA prApta huA? yadi mAnA jAya ki vizeSa arthAntarabhUta vastu kA vizeSa kAraka hai to anavasthA doSa ke kAraNa yaha bhI ucita nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha- jo (mUla vizeSakRta) vizeSa hai vaha vastu se bhinna hai yA abhinna? yaha prazna puna: vaise ke vaise hI prApta hotA hai, ata: anavasthA doSa hai| taba yadi arthAntarabhUta mAneM to prazna AtA hai ki vaha vidyamAna hai ki avidyamAna? yadi vidyamAna hai to kaise karatA hai kyoMki karaNa mAnane para anavasthA prasaGga hai| yadi avidyamAna hai to vaha avidyamAna hone para bhI usase arthAntarabhUta hai yaha kahanA upayukta nahIM hai| anarthAntara rUpa se vizeSa huA mAnA jAya to vastu ke anitya hone kI Apatti AyegI kyoMki jo padArtha hai vaha hI vizeSa huA kahalAtA hai, kAraNa vaha padArtha se bhinna nahIM hai| isa doSa se bacane ke lie 'nahIM hotA' aisA svIkAra kara liyA jAya to sahakArI hI vyartha ho jAegA, kyoMki vaha kucha bhI upakAra nahIM krtaa| yadi aisA kahA jAya ki 'sahakArI hai' to ati prasaGga kI prApti hotI hai| udAharaNArtha

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anekAntavAdapraveza pratipAdita nityatvAnityatvavAda : 41 kucha bhI vizeSa na utpanna hone para bhI sahakArI ko sahakArI kaho to sabhI padArthoM kA sahakArI mAnane kA prasaGga AegA kyoMki vizeSa na hone se saba padArtha samAna haiN| isa prakAra sahakArI kI kalpanA hI vyartha hai| tatpazcAta yadi yaha svIkAra kiyA jAya ki svabhAvata: eka kSaNa sthiti dharma vAlA ekAnta anitya jAnA jAtA hai to aisA mAnane para bhI vastu dvArA vijJAnAdi kArya utpanna na kara sakane ke kAraNa usakA jJAna honA sambhava nahIM hai| jo sarvathA eka kSaNa sthiti dharma vAlA hai, usase vijJAnAdi utpanna honA sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki usa samaya vaha vastu hI nahIM hotii| udAharaNArtha- jisakA dharma kSaNamAtra sthiti svabhAva vAlA hai, arthApatti se dvitIyAdi kSaNoM meM usakI asthiti hai, aisA svIkAra karanA hI par3egA kyoMki yaha nyAyayukta hai| aba yahA~ prazna hotA hai ki yaha sthiti aura asthiti paraspara anya hai yA ananya hai? yaha samAlocita mAnyatA eka bauddha mAnyatA hai| sthiti aura asthiti meM paraspara anyatva mAnA jAya to punaH prazna AtA hai ki sarvathA anyatva yA kathaMcit anyatva hai? yadi sarvathA mAneM to dvitIyAdi kSaNa meM bhI sthiti kA prasaGga AegA kyoMki anya vidhi se prathama kSaNa meM sthiti aura dvitIya kSaNa meM asthiti isa vibhinnatva kI vyavasthA nahIM ho sakatI hai| udAharaNArthaavyavahita dvitIya kSaNa meM jisakI asthiti hotI hai aise bhAva ke ekAntabhinna asthiti se vartamAna samayabhAvI kI sthiti kA virodha nahIM hai| isa taraha dvitIyAdi kSaNa meM jo asthiti hai usakA sthiti se atyanta bhinna hone ke kAraNa, sthiti se asthiti kA kevala avirodha hai, aisI bhAvanA karanI pdd'egii| aba yadi kathaMcit anyatva mAneM to yaha anekAntavAda ke abhISTa kI arthAt nityAnitya pakSa kI siddhi hotI hai| tatpazcAt yadi sthiti aura asthiti meM paraspara ananyatva mAnA jAya to yahA~ bhI puna: yahI prazna AtA hai ki sarvathA yA kathaMcit? sarvathA ananyatva svIkAra kareM to jisa vastu kI prathama kSaNa meM sthiti hogI usI vastu kI dvitIyAdi kSaNa meM asthiti hogii| sthiti bhAvarUpa hai isIlie usase dvitIyAdi kSaNa meM bhI sthiti hI hai, athavA dvitIyAdi kSaNa meM asthiti ke nirUpAkhya hone ke kAraNa vaha hI prathama kSaNa sthiti rUpa huii| ata: prathama kSaNa meM bhI (asthiti rUpa) abhAva kA prasaGga aaegaa| yadi kathaMcit ananyatva svIkAra kareM to pUrvokta doSa aaegaa| (arthAt anekAntavAda kA svIkaraNa hogaa|) isI prakAra dvitIyAdi kSaNa asthiti ke abhAva rUpa hone ke kAraNa prathama kSaNa sthiti ke AdhAra para (bhAvarUpa hone ke AdhAra para) anyAnanyatva kalpanA bhI yuktisaMgata nahIM hogii|

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42 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 kAraNa-kArya ke AdhAra para vastu kI nityAnityatA aba yadi kahA jAya ki dvitIyAdi kSaNa meM asthiti ke parikalpita hone se anyAnanyatva rUpa meM kalpanA nahIM karanI cAhie, to vastu ke kalpita hone se vaha asat hai| isIlie dvitIyAdi kSaNa meM bhI asthiti hI huii| isI taraha yadi kahA jAya ki prathama kSaNa sthiti se bhinna jisakI jo dvitIyAdi kSaNa asthiti hai, vaha parikalpita hai, isIlie jisakI prathama kSaNa sthiti hai vaha hI dvitIyAdi kSaNa asthiti hai| isa taraha bhI jo prathama kSaNa sthiti hai vaha dvitIya kSaNa asthiti hogii| ata: yahA~ bhI pUrvokta doSa prApta hotA hai| isa sthala para kSaNikavAdiyoM dvArA yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki dvitIyAdi kSaNa meM asthiti hone se prathama kSaNa sthiti banatI nahIM hai (prathama kSaNa sthiti kA abhAva hotA hai) aura yadi prathama kSaNa sthiti kA bhAva ho to dvitIya kSaNa asthiti kI anupatti hotI hai tathA pratiyogI (virodhI) kA abhAva hone se anyAnanyatva kI kalpanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai, isIlie usase utpanna doSa Ate hI nahIM haiN| draSTavya hai ki dvitIyAdi kSaNa meM vaha vastu (jo prathama kSaNa meM hai) hai hI nahIM (kyoMki vaha kSaNika hai)| uparyukta tarka bhI ucita nahIM hai kyoMki yadi aisA ho to bhI vaha (sthiti) svayaM asthita hone ke kAraNa sthiti kI taraha se hI asthiti bhI usakA dharma ho jaaegaa| yadi asthiti ko usakA dharma nahIM mAnate to sadA sthiti hI rhegii| draSTavya hai ki dvitIya kSaNa meM usakI (vastu kI) hI sthiti hai aura isalie svahetu dvArA vaha sthiti dharma vAlA evaM asthiti dharma vAlA hai, aisA mAnanA caahie| akramayukta dharma vAle kAraNa se kramayukta dharma vAle kArya kI upapatti ghaTatI nahIM hai| yadi aisA hotA hai to jaba sthiti hogI tabhI asthiti bhI hogii| isI prakAra kSaNasthita dharma kahA~ raheMge? sthiti ho to bhI kSaNika sthiti hone se prathama kSaNa sthiti ke sAtha avirodha hone se prathama kSaNa kI taraha sadA sthiti kA prasaGga aaegaa| isa taraha niraMza aura kSaNasthita dharmaka svabhAva vAle hetu se vaise svabhAva vAlA kArya ho aisA kahanA yuktihIna hone ke kAraNa vidvAnoM ko zobhA nahIM detA, kyoMki kAraNa aura kArya donoM meM svabhAvAntara kalpanA (nitya svabhAva kI kalpanA) bhI kara sakate haiN| yadi pratipakSI yaha kahe ki arthakriyA ke abhAva kA prasaGga hone se yaha svabhAvAntara kalpanA azakya hai to yaha bhI ucita nahIM hai kyoMki vAstava meM kSaNasthiti dharma vAlI vastu ke bAre meM hI arthakriyA ke abhAva kA prasaGga AtA hai| udAharaNArthayathokta svabhAva vAlI vastu hI arthakriyA hai kyoMki kahA gayA hai ki 'jo hone

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anekAntavAdapraveza pratipAdita nityatvAnityatvavAda : 43 vAlA hai vahI usakI kriyA hai' to uparyukta kathana ke anusAra vaha arthakriyA hI nahIM ghaTatI hai| ataH kSaNika vastu kI arthakriyA sambhava nahIM hai| isI prakAra yahA~ bhI vijJAnAdi kArya kI utpatti honA asambhava hai| ataH nityAnitya svabhAva vAlI vastu hI kathaMcit sthiti rUpa hone se nAnA svabhAva vAlI hone se vijJAnAdika paidA karatI hai aura usase usakA jJAna hotA hai| vastu kA jo nityAnityatva hai vaha vastu ke svayaM dravyaparyAyobhaya svarUpa hone se evaM anuvRttAkAra vyAvRttAkAra saMvedana grAhya hone se pratyakSa siddha hai| udAharaNArthamRtpiNDa, zivaka (pazuoM dvArA zarIra khujalAne hetu khambhA), sthAsaka (pAnI kA bulabulA), ghaTa, kapAlAdi ke bAre meM avizeSa rUpa se sarvatra mRttikA ke anvaya kI AvRtti jAnI jAtI hai aura pratibheda meM paryAya kI vyAvRtti jAnI jAtI hai| jaise ki mRttikA piNDa meM jisa AkAra kA saMvedana hai, usa AkAra kA saMvedana zivakAdi meM nahIM hai, kyoMki AkAra bheda kA anubhava hotA hai| mRttikA se vijAtIya agni, jala, pavana Adi kA usase jisa AkAra kA bheda hai vaisA zivakAdi kA paraspara nahIM hai, kyoMki mRttikA usameM anvita hai, aisA anubhava hotA hai| isI taraha aise svasaMvedya saMvedana kA apalApa karanA yogya nahIM hai kyoMki pratIti kA virodha hotA hai| nirAkAra saMvedana se yaha arthAntara hai aisA bhI nahIM kaha sakate, kyoMki nirAkAra saMvedana se vivakSita vastu kA jJAna nahIM hotaa| vastu ke AkAra kA anubhava kie binA anya vastu kA jJAna nahIM hotA kyoMki ati prasaGga AtA hai tathA saba jIva sabhI padArthoM ko jAnane vAle ho jAne kI Apatti AtI hai| aisA bhI nahIM kaha sakate ki yaha saMvedana bhrAnta rUpa hai kyoMki dezAntara, kAlAntara, narAntara, avasthAntara ina saba ke bAre meM vizeSata: pravRtta hai| udAharaNArthadezAntara se, kAlAntara se, narAntara se yA avasthAntara se mRtpiNDAdi kA saMvedana jaisA hai vaisA hI rahatA hai| isI taraha artha se utpanna hae avisaMvAdI saMvedana ko jAnakara jAti vikalpa se padArtha vyavasthA mAnanA yogya nahIM hai, kyoMki pratIti se vaha viruddha ho agrAhya siddha hotA hai| jo ekAnta nitya hai usase yathokta (anuvRtta vyAvRttAkAra) saMvedana sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki vyAvRttAkAra ke nibandhana rUpa jo paryAya bheda hai vaha hI vahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| anyathA (yadi paryAya bheda se ho to) ekAnta nityatA kI hI anupapatti hotI hai| isIlie kahA bhI gayA hai- ekAntanitya bhAvoM dvArA anvaya va vyatireka ubhayAtmaka saMvedana banatA nahIM hai kyoMki dharma (paryAya) bheda kA abhAva hai| isI prakAra ekAnta nitya padArtha se bhI anvaya-vyatirekavat saMvedana hone kA abhAva hai, kyoMki vahA~ anuvRttAkAra ke kAraNa (nibandhana) rUpa dravyAdravya kA

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44 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 abhAva hai| niranvaya anitya padArtha ko svIkAra karane vAle ko usase anya usake jaisI vastu kA prabhAva sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki sarvathA hetu nivRtti mAnane para ahetuka hone kA prasaGga AtA hai| yadi kathaMcit nivRtti mAneM to anvaya siddha hogaa| haribhadra dvArA kahA bhI gayA hai- "sarvathAkAraNocchedAdbhavet kaarymhetukm| tcchktyvyvaadhaarsvbhaavaanaamnnvyaat"22| arthAt sarvathA kAraNa kA uccheda hone se kArya ahetuka hotA hai, kyoMki kAraNagata zakti ke AdhAra para rUpa avayava kA kArya ke sAtha anvaya hai hI nhiiN| isa anvaya-vyatireka vAle saMvedana kA koI bAdhaka pratyaya nahIM hai kyoMki kadApi bhI usakI upalabdhi nahIM hotI hai| yAgaja pratyaya ko yadi bAdhaka kahA jAya to yaha kathana bhI yukta nahIM hai, kyoMki usakA pramANa nahIM hai| kahA bhI gayA hai, "yogI kSaNika ko jAnatA hai aura nitya ko nahIM jAnatA yaha kaisI prathA kahalAtI hai? ziSya ke anukUla upadeza to rIta se bhI pravRtta hai|" arthAt 'yogI ko jagat kA pratikSaNa bhinna vastu samaSTi rUpa meM hI pratyakSa hotA hai aura sthira vastu kA samaSTi rUpa meM pratyakSa nahIM hotA', isameM koI niyAmaka nahIM hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki 'sabhI vastue~ kSaNika haiM' bhagavAn buddha kA yaha kathana hI isa bAta meM pramANa hai ki yogI ko kSaNika rUpa meM jagat kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai, kyoMki vaha vastu ko jisa rUpa meM dekhatA hai usI rUpa meM usakA upedaza karatA hai' to yaha ThIka nahIM hai kyoMki upadeza yogya vyakti kI mAnasika sthiti ke anusAra anugrahArtha vastu kA atadrUpa meM bhI upadeza ho sakatA hai| yaha ThIka usI prakAra hai ki jaise apanI jIvita bhAryA meM Asakta brAhmaNa kI sanyAsa Azrama meM praveza kI icchA pUrti ke lie, koI usakI jIvita bhAryA ko mRta batAtA hai| ata: yogI jJAna se bhI vastu ko anitya (kSaNika) siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa taraha uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha dArzanikoM dvArA uThAye gae ukta AkSepa ucita nahIM haiM, anvaya sahita vyatireka aura vyatireka sahita anvaya aisA hI vyakti kA svarUpa hai| isIlie AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM, 'bheda hai isalie anvaya nahIM hai, anvaya hai isalie bheda nahIM, aisA mRttikA aura bheda ubhaya jo saMsarga vRtti jAtyantara hai, vaha ghaTa kahalAtA hai| isalie vaha jisa taraha se nitya hai usI taraha se anitya bhI hai, kyoMki paryAyoM ke dravya meM abhyantarIkRta ho jAne se (samA jAne se) dravyarUpa se nitya hai| isI prakAra vaha jisa taraha se anitya hai usI taraha se nitya bhI hai kyoMki vaha paryAya rUpa se anitya hai aura dravya paryAyoM meM abhyantarIkRta hai| ata: vastu kA ubhayarUpatva anubhavasiddha hai|

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anekAntavAdapraveza pratipAdita nityatvAnityatvavAda : 45 AcArya kahate haiM ki dravya paryAya se rahita aura paryAya dravya se rahita kahA~, kaba, kisane, kauna se svarUpa se aura kauna se pramANa se dekhA hai' aadi25| yahA~ yaha zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki paryAya kI nivRtti hone se dravya kI bhI nivRtti hotI hai yA nahIM hotI hai? yadi nivRtti ho to vaha (dravya) anitya huA kyoMki vaha paryAya ke svarUpa ke samAna hI nivRtti vAlA hai| yadi nivRtti na ho to dravya aura paryAya kA bheda ho jaaegaa| yahA~ draSTavya hai ki paryAya se dravya bhinna hai aura paryAya kI nivRtti se dravya kI nivRtti nahIM hotI hai| jisa prakAra ghor3A Adi se U~Ta bhinna hai usI taraha yaha bhI bhinna hai| AcArya haribhadra isa zaMkA ke samAdhAnArtha kahate haiM ki uparyukta kathana bhI ayukta hai kyoMki hama kathaMcit nivRtti ko svIkAra karate haiN| yaha anubhava siddha bhI hai| udAharaNArtha- ghaTa paryAya kI nivRtti hone se kapAlakAla meM bhI kapAlabuddhi se mRttikA kA anubhava to hotA hI hai, kyoMki mRttikA kI yadi ekAnta nivRtti hotI ho to UrdhvAdi paryAya ke jaise usakA anubhava nahIM hogaa| UrdhvAdi AkAra kI nivRtti se hI bheda kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki na UrdhvAdi dvArA hI mRttikA kA sarvathA bheda hai aura na hI kapAla kI mRttikA ghaTa kI mRttikA se sarvathA bhinna hai| yadi aisA saMbhava ho to vaha mRttikA hI amRttikA ho jaaegii| jaise pAnI mRttikA nahIM hai aura kapAla kI mRttikA se atyanta bhinna hai usI taraha vaha mRttikA hI amRttikA ho jAegI kyoMki pAnI se vaha avizeSa hai| yadi yahA~ para yaha kahA jAya ki vastu sajAtIya aura vijAtIya se vyAvRtta svarUpa vAlI hai aura sabhI padArthoM meM (kapAlAdi meM) pratiniyata eka svabhAva vAlI hai, isalie 'mRtsvabhAva ke na ghaTane kA doSa nahIM AtA hai| udAharaNArtha- jisa prakAra kapAlabhAva, udakAdi (pAnI Adi) se vyAvRtta ho, mRtsvabhAva hai, vaise hI ghaTAdi se vyAvRtta ho mRtsvabhAva hai, kyoMki vaha ekasvabhAva vAlA hai aura eka svabhAva se hI vyAvRtta hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra uparyukta kathana anubhava viruddha hone se ayukta hai| yahA~ draSTavya hai ki yadi kapAlabhAva jisa svabhAva se amRtsvabhAva se vyAvRtta hai usI svabhAva se mRtsvabhAva se bhI vyAvRtta ho to vaha jisa prakAra se amRtsvabhAva vAle padArtha (pAnI) kA ekAntabhinna avabhAsa meM hetu banatA hai, usI taraha mRtsvabhAva vAle padArtha (kapAlAdi) kI apekSA se bhI hogaa| parantu aisA hotA nahIM hai kyoMki mRtsvabhAva kA hI anubhava hotA hai aura usa svabhAva kI hI kapAlarUpa se pariNati huI hai| anubhava kA apalApa nahIM ho sakatA hai kyoMki 'arthAdhigama ke bAre meM satpuruSa anubhava ko pramANa mAnate haiN| pratiniyata eka svabhAvAnubhava ke nibandhana

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46 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 ko svIkAra karane para samAna pariNAma hI svIkAra hotA hai, isalie yahA~ koI virodha nahIM hai| isa prakAra kI ekAnta anivRtti mAnane se kapAlabhAva ghaTa se vilakSaNa buddhi kA abhAva hogA aura isa taraha kapAlarUpa kI buddhi hI nahIM hogI kyoMki vahA~ vizeSa kA abhAva hai (kucha vizeSatA sambhava nahIM hotI) aura vastu apracyuta, anutpanna aura sthira eka svabhAva hai| isa taraha yadi vastu kA svabhAva apracyuta, anutpanna, sthira eka svabhAva hai to kapAla se vilakSaNa buddhi ke abhAva ke hetu vizeSa kA bhI abhAva hone se vaha ghaTavastu sambhava nahIM hai|| isa prakAra niSkarSa ke rUpa meM AcArya haribhadra ke zabdoM meM uparyukta vivecana ko isa prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra jo prArambha meM pUrvapakSI ke dvArA AkSepa kiyA gayA thA, 'kUTasthanitya rUpa se padArtha nahIM hai, evaM paryAya se bhinna dravya asiddha hai, ityAdi' ye saba AkSepa ayukta haiN| ata: vastu ko nityAnitya svarUpa mAnanA caahie| AcArya kA bhI kathana hai ki dravya aura paryAya kA bhedAbheda pramANa se siddha hai kyoMki vastu kA saMvedana sabako anvayavyatirekavat (nityAnitya rUpa meM) hI hotA hai| ataH svasaMvedana siddha bAta meM virodha darzAnA mAnava kI vyasanatA yA buddhi kI jar3atA mAtra ko hI darzAtA hai| isa prakAra hama pAte haiM ki kevala bheda tathA kevala abheda yA ekAnta nitya tathA ekAnta anitya ina do dharmoM ko vastu kA svarUpa mAnane ke siddhAnta kI tulanA meM 'bheda tathA abheda donoM kA sAtha rahanA' isa eka dharma ko vastu kA svarUpa mAnane kA siddhAnta kucha vilakSaNa hI hai| isa prakAra hama pAte haiM ki anvaya evaM vyatireka (sthiratA evaM nAza) jinheM kramaza: dravya evaM paryAya bhI kahA jAtA hai anivAryataH eka dUsare ke sAtha rahate hue hI vastu kA nirmANa karate haiM tathA vastu meM rahate hue ve (eka vilakSaNa prakAra se) paraspara bhinna tathA paraspara abhinna donoM haiN| sandarbha sUcI 1. yenotpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM ytttsdissyte| anantadharmakaM vastu tenoktaM maangocrH||- SaDadarzanasamuccaya, AcArya haribhadra, kA0 57, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, san 1981, dvitIya saMskaraNa, pR0 347 DaoN0 hukumacanda bhArilla, tIrthaGkara mahAvIra aura unakA sarvodaya tIrtha, paNDita ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, jayapura, 1974, pR0 143 pravacanasAra, AcArya kundakunda, gA0 87, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, AgAsa, 1964, pR0 98

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anekAntavAdapraveza pratipAdita nityatvAnityatvavAda : 47 sanmatitarka, AcArya siddhasena, gA0 3/8-14, jJAnodaya TrasTa, ahamadAbAda, 1963, pR0 63-66 vahI, gA0 15 abhydevsuurittiikaa| yathA- na ca guNAnAM paryAyatve vAcakamukhyasUtram- guNaparyAyavad dravyam (tattvArthasUtra 5/37) iti viruddhayate, yugapad-ayugapadbhAviparyAyavizeSa-pratipAdanArthatvAttasya, - draSTavya anekAntavAda eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, DaoN0 rAjendra lAla DosI, gaMgAnAtha jhA saMskRta vidyApITha, prayAga, 1982, pR0 86 anekamekaM ca tadeva tattvaM bhedAnvayajJAnamidaM hi satyam mRSopacAro'nyatarasya lope taccheSalopo'pi tatonupAkhyam - svayambhUstotra, AcArya samantabhadra, zloka 22, zrI gaNezavarNI di0 jaina zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993, pR0 52, AptamImAMsA, zloka 73, zrI gaNezavarNI di0 jaina zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1975, pR0 248, AptamImAMsA, AcArya samantabhadra, pUrvokta, pR0 248 svayambhUstotra, zloka 24, pUrvokta, pR0 55, AptamImAMsA, zloka 37, pUrvokta, pR0 196 ghaTamaulIsuvarNArthI nAzotpAdasthitiSvayam / zokapramodamAdhyasthaM jano yAti sahetukam || - zAstravArtAsamuccaya, AcArya haribhadra, 7/2, divyadarzana TrasTa, mumbaI, vIra0saM0 2510, vikrama saM0 2040 payovrato na dadhyatti, na payo'ti ddhivrtH| agorasavato nobhe tasmAttattvaM trayAtmakam // - zAstravArtA samuccaya, pUrvokta, 7/3 anvayo vyatirekazca drvypryaaysNjnyitau| anyonyavyAptito bhedAbhedavRttyaiva vastu tau|| - pUrvokta, 7/31 anekAntavAdapraveza, AcArya haribhadra, dvitIya pUrvapakSa, bhogIlAla laheracanda zAha, pATana, gujarAta 1919 I0, pR0 4 vahI, pR0 5 zAstravArtAsamuccaya, pUrvokta, 7/40 anekAntavAdapraveza, pUrvokta, pR0 22 vahI, pR0 23 vahI, pR0 23 vahI, pR0 25 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

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48 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 anekAntavAda praveza, pR0 26 vahI, pR0 26-27 bhAveSvekAntanityaSu nAnvayavyatirekavat / saMvedanaM bhaved dharmamedAbhAvAdiha sphuTam // 1 // ityAdi / - vahI, pR0 30 vahI, pR0 30 vahI, pR0 30 evaM zAstravArttAsamuccaya, pUrvokta, 7/63 19. 20 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. nAnvayaH sahabheditvAnna bhedo'nvayavRttitaH / mRdbhedadvayasaMsargavRttijAtyantaraM ghaTaH // 21 // ityAdi / - anekAntavAdapraveza, pUrvokta, pR0 31 vahI, pR0 31 vahI, pR0 32 dravyaparyAyayoH siddho bhedAbhedaH pramANataH / saMvedanaM yataH srvmnvyvytirekvt|| svasaMvedanasiddhe ca virodhodbhAvanaM nRNAm / vyasanaM dhIjaDatvaM vA prakAzayati kevalam // - vahI, pR0 34 ***

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aGga sAhitya meM varNita pArivArika vyavasthA kA svarUpa zvetA siMha isa zodha-patra ke mAdhyama se aGga sAhitya meM varNita tatkAlIna pArivArikavyavasthA kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM mukhya rUpa se AcArAGgasUtra, sthAnAGgasUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazA, antakRddazA evaM vipAkasUtra se sandarbha uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| ina uddharaNoM ke mAdhyama se saMyukta parivAravyavasthA ko rekhAGkita kiyA gayA hai| tatkAlIna pArivArika-vyavasthA ko samajhane ke lie Alekha kI upayogitA hai| - sampAdaka jaina aGga sAhitya jaina saMskRti kI prAcInatama va anamola nidhi hai| jaina saMskRti meM ise vahI sthAna prApta hai, jo brAhmaNa saMskRti meM veda, bauddha saMskRti meM piTaka tathA isAI saMskRti meM bAibila ko prApta hai| isakI viSayagata vizeSatA evaM vistAra ke kAraNa ise dvAdazAGga, aGga praviSTa Adi nAmoM se bhI saMjJApita kiyA gayA hai| sAmAjika adhyayana kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to isameM samAja ko AdhAra pradAna karane vAle sabhI pakSoM pariveza, varNa, jAti-vyavasthA, pArivArika saMsthA Adi vistRta ullekha milatA hai| prastuta zodha patra meM aGga sAhitya meM varNita uddharaNoM ke AdhAra para pArivArika saMsthA kA vivecana kiyA gayA haimAnava nirmita sAmAjika saMsthAoM meM parivAra eka aisA AdhAra hai, jisake binA gRhastha jIvana kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| manuSya kA utkarSa bhI usake pArivArika jIvana ke mAdhyama se hI hotA hai| vAstava meM parivAra mAnava nirmita sAmAjika saMsthA kI mUlabhUta ikAI hI nahIM balki AdhArazilA bhI hai jisameM manuSya kI janma se lekara mRtyu taka kI sArI avasthAe~ vyatIta hotI haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti meM parivAra ko mAnava samAja ke vikAsa evaM pragati kA dyotaka mAnA jAtA hai| parivAra eka aisA prAthamika samUha hai jisameM pati-patnI, mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahana, nanada-devara, sAsa-zvasura Adi saMyukta rUpa se premapUrvaka eka hI chata ke nIce nivAsa karate haiM jo Apasa meM rakta sambandhI bhI hote haiN|'

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50 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 jaina aGga sAhitya meM bhI aise hI anuzAsita va saMskArita pArivArika sadasyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo premapUrvaka rahate the| aGga sAhitya ke anusAra tatkAlIna samAja meM saMyukta parivAra-prathA pracalita thI jisake antargata mAtA-pitA se lekara sage-sambandhI va dAsa-dAsI Ate the| mAnava ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha parivAra meM sahayoga, tyAga, utkarSa evaM balidAna tathA paraspara unnati evaM sahakAra kI bhAvanA uttarotara balavatI hotI gaI jisase samAja meM saMyukta parivAra praNAlI kA sUtrapAta huaa| jaina aGga sAhitya ke anusAra parivAra meM mAtA-pitA, putra-putrI, bhAI-bahana aura pati-patnI ke madhya paraspara premapUrNa sambandha hote the| inake sAtha-sAtha putravadhue~, putrI, bhaginI, mAtA kI bahineM, mahAmAtA, mahApitA, jamAtA, mAmAmAmI, dAsa-dAsI, mitra, sage-sambandhI Adi bhI sAtha-sAtha rahate hue samasta pArivArika dAyitvoM kA nirvahana karate the| eka hI parivAra meM tIna pIr3hI ke loga saralatA se rahate the| vayovRddha yA bar3A sadasya mukhiyA hotA thaa| parivAra ke sabhI sadasya isake prati Adara bhAva rakhate the| sAmAnya rUpa se vibhinna kuloM meM rahane vAle sadasyoM ko bhinna-bhinna kula, parivAra, vaMza yA jAti kA sUcaka mAnA jAtA thaa| jaina aMga sAhitya meM kaI sthAnoM para vyakti ke jAtisampanna, uttama mAtRpakSa tathA pitRpakSa se sampoSita parivAra meM janma lete hue vyakta karane kI paramparA usake gotra va vaMza viSaya mata kI puSTi karatA hai| nizIthacUrNi meM parivAra ke sabhI sadasyoM ko nAbhi ke dvArA (nAlabaddha) sambandhita batAte hue unheM paraspara sambandhI kahA gayA hai| vipAkasUtra meM solaha sadasyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo Apasa meM rakta sambandhI hote the| laghupitA (cAcA), laghumAtA (cAcI), mahApitA (pitA ke jyeSTha bhrAtA-tAU), mahAmAtA (tAI), putra, putravadhU, jamAtA, lar3akiyoM, navtAoM (pautroM va dauhitroM), lar3ake aura lar3akiyoM kI putriyA~ (pautriyoM aura dauhitriyoM), nRptRkApatiyoM (pautriyoM va dauhitriyoM ke patiyoM), pitA kI bahinoM ke pati (phUphA), pitA kI bahineM (buA), mAtA kI bahineM (mausI), mAtA kI bahinoM ke pati (mausA), mAmA aura unakI patniyA~, bhAI-bhAbhI, dAsa-dAsI, mitra tathA sage-sambandhI va prijn| jaina aGga sAhitya ke anusAra parivAra do prakAra ke hote the| parivAra ke sadasya va unake sambandhaparivAra meM mAtA-pitA na kevala bhAratIya saMskRti meM balki vizva kI pratyeka saMskRti meM mAtA-pitA ko sammAnajanaka va pUjanIya sthAna prApta rahA hai| kisI bhI pArivArika saMsthA kI AdhArazilA mAtA-pitA hote haiM jinapara pArivArika sadasyoM kI nIMva AdhRta rahatI

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aGga sAhitya meM varNita pArivArika vyavasthA kA svarUpa : 51 hai| jaina aGga sAhitya jJAtAdharmakathA meM donoM kI tulanA merudaNDa se kI gaI hai| ina donoM kI parivAra meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI thii| pitA parivAra kA saMcAlaka, kAryoM kA saMyojaka aura dhana-sampatti kA vyavasthApaka parivAra kA sabase variSTha sadasya hotA thaa| usakI sthiti parivAra meM usa dhurI kI bhA~ti hotI thI jo parivAra ke vikAsa evaM saMvardhana meM sahAyaka hotA hai| udAharaNArtha- upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM Ananda ke pitA kI tulanA usa mer3hI se kI gaI hai jisako khalihAna ke madhya gAr3akara usase bailoM ko bA~dhakara anAja nikAlane hetu cAroM ora ghumAyA jAtA hai| parivAra meM pitA ko Izvaratulya mAnA jAtA thaa| putra-putriyA~ prAtaHkAla pitA kI pAda vandanA karatI thii| vaha sabhI pArivArika sadasyoM kA pAlanakartA va pArivArika sampatti kA svAmI hotA thaa| putroM dvArA mAtA-pitA ke cintita ho jAne para devArAdhanA karake unake manoratha ko pUrNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA thaa| aGga sAhitya meM kucha uddharaNa aise bhI haiM jo mAtApitA tathA putroM ke paraspara premapUrNa sambandhoM ko prastuta karate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA ke vivaraNa ke anusAra-saMkaTa ke samaya prANa-rakSA hetu pitA ke bhakSaNa hetu putroM ne svayaM ko bhojana ke rUpa meM grahaNa karane kA Agraha kiyA thA lekina anta meM pitA ke nirdezAnusAra apanI mRta bhaginI ke mAMsa ko khAkara una sabane apane prANoM kI rakSA kI thii| bhAratIya saMskRti meM pitA kI bhA~ti mAtAoM ko bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta rahA hai| jaina sAhitya ke anusAra, "mAtA parivAra kI vaha aTUTa kar3I hotI thI jo parivAra ke sabhI sadasyoM ko jor3e rahatI thii| samAja meM mAtAyeM ghaniSThatA, apanatva, sneha kA pratIka mAnI jAtI thiiN| " DaoN0 rUDolpha ke matAnusAra- " jisa prakAra hindU paramparA meM devaguru vRhaspati vizeSa pUjanIya hote haiM, usI prakAra mAtAyeM bhI putroM va putriyoM dvArA pUjanIya hotI thiiN| vipAkasUtra meM eka aise putra puSyanandI kA ullekha milatA hai, jisane apanI mAtA kI sevA meM apanA pUrA jIvana vyatIta kara diyA thaa| prAtaHkAla vaha apanI mAtA kI caraNa vandanA karatA tathA roga-grasta avasthA meM unheM snAna karAkara zatapAka va sahastrapAka (sau auSadhoM ke tathA hajAra auSadhoM ke sammizraNa se bane) teloM se zarIra kI mAliza kara unheM pahale bhojana karAtA tatpazcAt svayaM bhojana grahaNa karatA thaa| eka uddharaNa ke anusAra- usane apanI mA~ kA vadha karane vAlI apanI patnI kA bhI vadha kara diyA thaa| isI prakAra sAdhanA meM lIna zramaNopAsaka culanIpitA apane sAdhanA ke samaya putra-vadha kI bAta sunakara utanA digbhramita nahIM huA jitanA apane mA~ ke vadha kI bAta sunakara huA thaa| yadi uparyukta caritroM kI tulanA brAhmaNa paramparA ke sAhitya

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52 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 meM varNita rAma va zravaNa kumAra se kI jAya to atizayokti na hogii| isa prakAra uparyukta prasaMgoM se mAtA-pitA va unake baccoM ke madhya madhura sambandhoM kA bodha hotA hai| pati-patnI prAcIna kAla se hI hindU parivAroM meM pati-patnI ko sAtha-sAtha A~kalita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| ye donoM saMyukta rUpa se gRhastha-sambandhI dAyitvoM kA nirvahana karate va eka dUsare ke sukha-duHkha meM bhAgIdAra banate the| jaina aGga sAhitya meM pati-patnI ke madhya madhura sambandhoM kA bodha hotA hai| pati ke lie gRhasvAmI va patnI ke lie gRhasvAminI zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| jahA~ pati ghara ke bAhya kAryoM ko dekhatA, vahIM patnI ghara ke Antarika kAryoM ko dekhatI thii| parivAra ke prati donoM kA vyavahAra udAra aura sahAnubhUtipUrNa hotA thaa| prAyaH patniyA~ apanI maryAdA va vinamratA kA pAlana karate hue sabhI kAryoM ko patiyoM ke manonukUla karatI thiiN| pati bhI patnI kI icchAoM kA pUrA dhyAna rakhatA thA tathA usake jarA sA cintita hone para kAraNoM kA spaSTIkaraNa karake usakA nivAraNa karatA thaa| patnI bhI pati ke lie kAnta, priya, manojJa, vizvAsapAtra tathA ratnajar3ita AbhUSaNoM ke samAna hotI thI jise pati sardI-garmI, macchara, sarpa, cora tathA rogAntaka khataroM se surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karatA thaa| pati evaM patnI donoM ko eka dUsare kI icchAoM kA sammAna karanA evaM kisI kArya meM eka mata honA hI usa samaya dAmpatya jIvana ke sarvocca Adarza the| sAtha hI aGga sAhitya meM kucha aise bhI prasaGga milate haiM jisase pati-patnI ke eka dUsare ke prati saccaritratA evaM guNavAna hone kI puSTi hotI hai| isa prakAra patniyoM ko bhI parivAra meM sabhI sadasyoM kA apAra sneha prApta hotA thaa| isake atirikta patniyA~ parivAra meM anya sadasyoM ke sAtha zabda, sparza, rUpa, gandha aura rasa- ina pA~ca prakAra ke bhogoM kA sevana karatI thiiN| ucca kuloM kI patniyA~ apane patiyoM ke sAtha gandhahastI para savAra hokara vicaraNa karatI thiiN| parivAra meM sAsa-zvasura dvArA patniyA~ vadhU kI saMjJA se upadiSTa kI jAtI thiiN| vadhU ke rUpa meM inheM sasurAla meM putrI sadRza sthAna prApta thaa| prAyaH pati ke pravrajyA ke samaya sAsa-zvasura hI unake prati dAyitvoM kA nirvahana karate va AjIvana usakI dekhabhAla karate the| vadhuyeM bhI unakA pUrA khyAla rakhatI thiiN| aGga sAhitya meM kulavadhuoM ke kAryoM kA vibhAjana unake jyeSThatva ke AdhAra para kiye jAne kA saMketa milatA hai| yahA~ jyeSThatva kA AdhAra unakI Ayu ko na mAnakara kAryoM ke

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aGga sAhitya meM varNita pArivArika vyavasthA kA svarUpa : 53 niSpAdana meM cAturya, viveka tathA baddhi ko nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharma ke anusAra-" vadhuoM ke kAryoM kA vibhAjana parivAra ke mukhiyA ke dvArA manovaijJAnika parIkSA ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA thA, pariNAmasvarUpa unheM kramazaH parivArasaMcAlikA, koSAgAra-niyAmikA tathA bhojana banAne evaM saphAI ke kAryoM meM niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa|" isa taraha ke uddharaNa sAsa-zvasura va vadhuoM ke madhya bhI madhura sambandhoM kA bodha karAte haiN| isa prakAra uparyukta prasaGgoM se yaha parilakSita hotA hai ki pati-patnI donoM kA parivAra meM samAna mahattva thaa| donoM hI apanI sadvRttiyoM aura rItiyoM se parivAra ko sukhamaya banAye rakhane meM tatpara rahate the| badalate hue naitika mUlyoM aura parivartanazIla kAloM ke saMdarbha meM pati-patnI kA yaha Adarzamaya rUpa sadaiva preraNAspada rhegaa| santAna kisI bhI saMskRti ke kuTumba kA udbhava to vivAha se hotA hai kintu usakA vikAsa santAna se hotA hai| santAna hI parivAra kI abhivRddhi meM sahAyaka hote haiM jisase parivAra kI pUrNatA kA lakSya pUrA hotA hai| santAna ke antargata putra va putrI donoM hI Ate haiN| kisI saMskRti meM putra ko adhika mahattA pradAna kiyA gayA hai to kisI meM putrI ko| kintu jaina saMskRti meM donoM ko hI samAna dRSTi se dekhA gayA hai| brAhmaNa paramparA kI bhA~ti putroM ko hI vizeSa mahattA nahIM pradAna kiyA gayA hai| brAhmaNa sAhitya meM putroM ko vaitaraNI nadIpAraka, pitR RNa se mokSa pradAna kartA tathA kula va vaMza kA vardhaka batalAyA gayA hai| jaina aGga sAhitya meM isa taraha ke kisI bhI tathya kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| jaina aGga sAhitya ke uddharaNa ke anusAra- "samAja meM putra-prApti kA uddezya parivAra kI rakSA, poSaNa va uttarAdhikArI sambandhI dAyitvoM ke nirvahana karane se thaa| aGga sAhitya meM aise aneka prasaGga milate haiM, jisameM pitA kI pravrajyA ke samaya putra hI uttarAdhikArI manonIta hote haiM jinameM jyeSTha putroM ko vizeSa adhikAra prApta thaa| uttarAdhyayanasatra meM patra kI mahattA ke saMdarbha meM varNita hai- "jisa prakAra zAkhAoM se rahita vRkSa, paMkhoM se rahita pakSI, yuddha meM senA se rahita rAjA tathA jalapota para dhanarahita vyApArI asahAya hotA hai, usI prakAra putra ke bagaira pitA bhI asahAya hotA hai| prAyaH putroM ke janma ke avasara para kaI prakAra ke saMskAroM kA bhI Ayojana kiyA jAtA thA, jaise- annaprAzana, paMcakraya, karNavedhana, cUlonayana Adi jisameM pratyeka

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54 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara 2011 pArivArika sadasya va mitragaNa sammilita hote the / pratyeka saMskAra zubha nakSatra - graha dekhakara vidhi-vidhAna se sampanna karAyA jAtA thaa| jahA~ annaprAzana meM use anna grahaNa karAyA jAtA thA vahIM nAmakaraNa meM nAma rakhA jaataa| yahA~ dhyAtavya hai ki nAma bhI guNoM ke AdhAra para rakhe jAte the| udAharaNArtha- "bhagavAn mahAvIra jisa dina trizalA ke garbha meM Ae unake kula meM sone-cA~dI, ratna, maNiyoM, motiyoM, mUMgoM kI varSA huI arthAt unake rAjasva meM apAra vRddhi huI, jisase unakA nAma varddhamAna rakhA gyaa13|" vipAkasUtra ke anusAra - "gotrAsa (pazuoM ko trAsa na dene vAlA), abhagnasena (mA~ ke dohada ko bhagna na hone dene meM sahAyaka), zakaTa (janma lete hI sagar3a ke nIce rakha diyA jAne vAlA) Adi bAlakoM ke nAma unake guNoM ke AdhAra para rakhe gaye the 14 / sthAnAGgasUtra meM dasa prakAra 15 ke putroM ke nAmollekha milate haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM- Atmaja, kSetraja, dattaka, vaidhaka-vidyA, gurukAlika, aurasa, maukhara, zauNDIra, samabandhita aupayAcitaka, dharmAntevAsI / - aGga sAhitya ke anusAra putroM ko mAtA-pitA kA apAra sneha prApta thaa| eka anya vivaraNa ke anusAra- "putra mAtA - pitA hetu priya, kAnta, ratna- AbhUSaNoM, gulara ke phUloM sadRzya thA / " jJAtAdharmakathAnusAra- "mahAvIra bhagavAn kA upadeza sunakara jaba meghakumAra ne zramaNadIkSA svIkAra kI to usakI mAtA aceta hokara lakar3I ke laTThe kI bhA~ti gira par3I, hoza Ane para karuNAjanaka zabdoM meM vaha apane putra ko saMsAra ke viSaya-bhogoM kA tyAga na karane ke lie bAra-bAra anurodha karane lagI 16 / isa prakAra ke aneka prasaGga aGga sAhitya meM milate haiM, jo mAtA-pitA va baccoM ke madhya madhura sambandhoM ko darzAte haiN| putrI putrI nArI jIvana kA prArambhika rUpa hotI hai jisase vaha samAja meM praveza karatI hai / jaina paramparA meM vaha sammAnita thI / putroM kI bhA~ti mAtA-pitA kA putrI ke prati bhI apAra sneha hotA thaa| yadyapi uttarAdhikAra ke sambandha meM use putroM kI apekSA kama adhikAra prApta thA parantu isakA artha yaha na thA ki vaha pUrNataH upekSita thI / putroM kI bhA~ti putriyoM ke janma para aneka utsavoM kA Ayojana kiyA jAtA thaa| saMskAra sambandhI sabhI dAyitva bhI pUrI niSThA ke sAtha sampanna kiyA jAtA thA / prAyaH jAtakarma saMskAra, nAmakarma, aThAI mahotsava Adi kA Ayojana bar3e dhUmadhAma se kiyA jAtA thaa17| varSagA~Tha ke avasara para kanyAoM ko puSpoM va naye vastrAbhUSaNoM se susajjita kara sammAnita kiyA jAtA thA / putriyA~ svataMtrApUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karatI thiiN| yauvanAvasthA (kizora vaya) ke pUrva taka kanyAyeM lar3ake tathA lar3akiyoM

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aGga sAhitya meM varNita pArivArika vyavasthA kA svarUpa : 55 ke sAtha samAna rUpa se khelA karatI thIM18 kintu yuvatI ho jAne para unheM lar3akoM ke sAtha khelane para pratibandha lagA diyA jAtA thaa| isa samaya ve ghara meM hI A~gana yA chata para dAsiyoM ke sAtha geMda Adi krIr3Akara manabahalAva karatI thiiN| rAjakula kI kanyAyeM ghara ke bAhara aura rAjapatha para vicaraNa karane hetu pUrNataH svatantra thiiN| isa samaya kI kanyAyeM saMskAravAna va guNI hotI thiiN| kanyAoM ke vivAha kI cintA unake mAtA-pitA ko usI prakAra se cintita karatI thI, jisa prakAra koI nirdhana vyakti apane svalpa-sampatti ke naSTa hone para cintA karatA hai| mAtA-pitA putrI kA duHkha eka kSaNa bhI bardAzta nahIM karate the| zAyada isIlie unheM svayaMvara vivAha kI bhI chUTa pradAna thii| ve apanI kanyAoM kA vivAha aise puruSa se karanA cAhate the jo AjIvana usakA ghara-jamAtA banakara raha skeN| kintu isakA artha yaha kadAcit na thA ki anya vivAha prakAroM para vicAra hI nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| zikSA ke kSetra meM bhI unheM pUrNa svataMtratA prApta thii| jaina aGga sAhitya meM kucha aisI kanyAoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jinhoMne dIkSA lekara pUrA jIvana bhikSuNI sadRza vyatIta kara diyA thA jinameM mallI, candanA Adi kA nAma vizeSa sammAna ke sAtha liyA jAtA thaa| prAyaH aisI kanyAyeM pitR-sampatti kI bhI adhikAriNi hotI thiiN| kanyAyeM bhI mAtA-pitA kI prAtaHkAla caraNa-vandanA karatI thiiN| uparyukta prasaGgoM se kanyAoM kI saMtoSaprada sthiti kA jJAna hotA hai jo Aja bhI preraNAspada hai| bhAI-bahana jaina aGga sAhitya meM bhAI-bhAI va bhAI-bahana ke madhya bhI madhura sambandha parilakSita hote haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti meM isa sambandha meM madhuratA evaM pragAr3hatA banAe rakhane hetu rakSAbandhana jaise parva kA bhI Ayojana hotA hai| yadyapi aGga sAhitya meM isa taraha ke parva ke Ayojana kA ullekha to nahIM milatA hai kintu isa rizte meM madhuratA va pragAr3hatA ke bhAva avazya prApta hote haiN| aMga sAhitya meM yadi bhAI-bhAI ke sambandhoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAe to inake madhya madhura sambandha hI parilakSita hote haiM, jinakI tulanA brAhmaNa paramparA ke caritra rAma aura lakSmaNa ke madhya sambandhoM se kI jAya to koI atizayokti na hogii| jJAtAdharmakathA ke anusAra- "kSudhApIr3ita avasthA meM jyeSTha bhrAtA dvArA apane bhAiyoM ke kSudhAzamana hetu prastuta kiye jAne para anya bhAI usake prati prema ke kAraNa usakA virodha karate haiM aura unakI jyeSThatA ke kAraNa unake

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56 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 prati sammAna bhI vyakta karate haiN22|" aGga sAhitya meM bhAI-bhAI ke sAtha-sAtha bhAI-bahana ke madhya bhI madhura sambandhoM ke uddharaNa milate haiN| prAyaH bhAI choTI yA bar3I sabhI bahanoM ke dAyitvoM kA nirvahana pUrI niSThA se karate the| ve bahanoM ke lie pitA kI bhA~ti hote the| pitA kI pravrajyA ke pazcAt AjIvana bahana kI jimmedAriyoM ko nibhAte the| prAyaH choTe bhAI bar3I bahana ko mA~ ke sadRza hI Adara dete the| jJAtAdharmakathA ke anusAra- "mallI kA choTA bhAI apanI bar3I bahana (mallI) ke citra ko dekhakara lajjita hokara usake samakSa zraddhA se vazIbhUta ho natamastaka hotA hai23|" kucha uddharaNoM ke anusAra- pravajyA ke samaya bhAI ko bahana ke vivAha va parivAra ke jimmedAriyoM kA smaraNa karAkara use rokane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA thaa| madhura sambandhoM ke bAvajUda bhI bhAI, bahana ke ghara eka dina bhI nahIM ThaharatA thA24 aura na hI bhojana karatA thA, phira bhI vaha bahanoM ke prati sabhI dAyitvoM kA nirvahana pUre mana va prema se karatA thaa| aGga sAhitya meM kucha aise bhI prasaMga milate haiM, jinameM bhAiyoM dvArA pitRbhaginiyoM ke dAyitvoM ke nirvahana kA ullekha milatA hai| yahA~ pitRbhaginiyoM se tAtparya pitA kI bahanoM se hai| prAyaH pitA kI pravrajyA ke pazcAt bhAI hI ina bhaginiyoM ke khAna-pAna, rahana-sahana sambandhI dAyitvoM kA nirvahana AjIvana karate the25| inake lie apane khuda ke bhAiyoM ke sadRza hote the| uparyukta prasaGga se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki parivAra meM zAnti va khuzahAlI kA mAhaula hotA thaa| choTe-bar3e sabhI eka-dUsare kA sammAna evaM dekha-bhAla karate the| dAsa-dAsI jaina aGga sAhitya ke anusAra upayukta pArivArika sadasyoM ke sAtha-sAtha dAsadAsI bhI sammAnita rUpa se ghara meM rahate the| jo ghara ke pratyeka choTe-bar3e kAryoM ko sampAdita karate the| rAjA dvArA inheM 'devAnupriya'26 kI saMjJA se saMjJApita kiyA jAtA thaa| inheM parivAra ke sadasyoM dvArA apAra sneha va prema milatA thaa| vizeSa utsavoM jaise- vivAha, saMskAra, varSagA~Tha Adi ke avasara para sundara vastrAbhUSaNoM se sammAnita bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| ye ghara ke Antarika kAryoM ko dekhatI tathA apane svAmI kI kanyAoM kA bacapana se yuvAvasthA taka khyAla rakhatI thiiN| vivAha Adi avasaroM para maNDapa taka unake sAtha-sAtha calatI thiiN| dAsiyoM ko parivAra kA Antarika kArya hI sauMpA jAtA thaa| dAsa, svAmI ke sAtha vana-gamana karate, zikAra para jAte, ratha calAne Adi kAryoM ko dekhate the|

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aGga sAhitya meM varNita pArivArika vyavasthA kA svarUpa : 57 dAsiyoM kI bhA~ti gharoM meM dhAyamAtA yA dhAtriyA~ bhI rahatI thIM jinheM dAI bhI kahA jAtA hai| prAyaH ye sampanna parivAra meM navajAta zizuoM ke pAlana-poSaNa, saMrakSaNa, saMvarddhana evaM vikAsa hetu rakhI jAtI thiiN| ye pA~ca koTiyoM meM vibhakta thIM- (1) kSIradhAtrI, (2) maNDanadhAtrI, (3) bhajjanadhAtrI, (4) aMbadhAtrI tathA (5) kriiddaadhaatrii| inakI sthiti bhI saMtoSajanaka hotI thii| ye bAlyAvasthA se yuvAvasthA taka baccoM kA unakI mAtAoM kI bhA~ti khyAla rakhatI thiiN| aGga sAhitya meM kucha aise prasaGga bhI milate haiM jisase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki inakI sthiti mAtAoM kI bhA~ti hotI thii| udAharaNa ke lie meghakumAra kI pravrajyA ke samaya meghakumAra kI mA~ ke sAthasAtha usakI dhAyamAtA bhI rajoharaNa va pAtra lekara zivikA para ArUr3ha hokara meghakumAra ke bAyeM pArzva meM baiTha jAtI hai| sage-sambandhI jaina aGga sAhitya ke anusAra saMyukta parivAra ke antargata mitra va sage-sambandhI bhI Ate the28| pArivArika sadasyoM kI bhA~ti ve parivAra meM rahate hue vibhinna AyojanoM ke sahabhAgI hote the jisameM unheM sammAnita kara vizeSa vyaMjanoM kA pAna karAyA jAtA thaa| uparyukta prasaGgoM se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki jaina saMskRti meM pArivArika vyavasthA uccakoTi kI hotI thii| sabhI sadasyoM ke madhya prema, sammAna, anuzAsana kA bhAva thA jo kisI bhI pArivArika saMsthA hetu Avazyaka hotA hai| choTe se lekara bar3e sabhI ko sammAnajanaka sthAna prApta thaa| isa prakAra jaina aGga AgamoM meM varNita saMyukta parivAra kA pratyaya Adhunika samAja ke lie bhI preraNAspada hai| - sandarbha sUcI jagadIza canda jaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1965, pR0 234 2. vipAkasUtra, saM0 madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, rAjasthAna 1981, 3/8, pR0 43 3. jJAtAdharmakathA, saM0 madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, rAjasthAna 1982, 1/7/4, pR0 198 upAsakadazAMga, saM0 madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, rAjasthAna 1980, 1/6, pR0 11 jJAtAdharmakathA, byAvara, pUrvokta, 1/18/37, pR0 507 3

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58 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara 6. 7. 8. 10. 11. 12. vahI, 1/7/4, pR0 198 antakRddazA, saM0 madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, rAjasthAna, varga 6, vivecana AcArAMgasUtra, saM0 madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, rAjasthAna, 2/15 / 740, pR0 370 vipAkasUtra, pUrvokta, 2/ 13, pR0 33 14. 15. sthAnAMgasUtra, saM0 madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 13. 16. 2011 upAsakadazAMga, byAvara, pUrvokta, 3/133, pR0 108 vipAkasUtra, byAvara, pUrvokta, 1981, 9/24, pR0 106 upAsakadazAMga, pUrvokta, 3/133, pR0 108 jJAtAdharmakathA, pUrvokta, 1/2/47, pR0 128 vahI, 1/1/16, pR0 13-16 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. rAjasthAna, 10/137/ pR0 732 jagadIzacanda jaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pUrvokta, pR0 235 jJAtAdharmakathA, pUrvokta, 1/8/31, pR0 224 vahI, 1/14/5, pR0 359 vahI, 1/14/5, pR0 359 antakRddazA, pUrvokta, 3/ 16, pR0 59 jJAtAdharmakathA, pUrvokta, 1/16/42, pR0 407 vahI, 1 / 3 / 20, pR0 205 vahI, 1/18/37, pR0 507 vahI, 1/8/100, pR0 25 antakRddazA, pUrvokta, varga 6, jJAtAdharmakathA, pUrvokta, 1/7/6, pR0 199 vivecana 103 vahI, 1/1/146, pR0 69 vahI, 1/16/163, pR0 447 AcArAMgasUtra, pUrvokta, 2/1/391, pR0 92 ***

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jaina darzana meM icchA-svAtantrya kI samasyA DaoN0 rUbI jaina jaina karmavAda ke siddhAnta ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda kA samanvaya isa Alekha meM kiyA gayA hai| karmavAda vyaktisvAtantrya ko rokatA hai, aisI dhAraNA sahI nahIM hai apitu isameM puruSArtha yA vyakti svAtantrya pUrNataH parilakSita hotA hai| - sampAdaka icchA-svAtantrya kI samasyA prAcInakAla se hI manISiyoM ke samakSa rahI hai| isakA sambandha na kevala nItizAstra, vidhizAstra tathA dharmazAstra kI prAsaGgikatA se hai apita isa prazna se bhI hai ki jIva kA isa samagra brahmANDa meM kyA sthAna hai? vaha eka reMgane vAlA kIr3A mAtra hai yA ki vaha svezvara hai, jo svayaM apanA bhAgya likha sakatA hai?1 vaha koI svatantra IkAI hai jo apanI unnati athavA avanati kA nirdhAraNa svayaM kara sakatA hai yA ki vaha isa vizAla jagat rUpI yantra kA eka kala-purjA mAtra hai? isa viSaya para vicAra karane vAle dArzanika paraspara do vargoM meM vibhakta haiN| udAharaNa ke liye yadi hama mAna leM ki eka vyakti koI kArya kisI vivazatA athavA kisI prakAra ke dabAva meM kara rahA hai to prazna uThatA hai ki kyA usa vyakti ko kArya ke liye kisI prakAra ke daNDa athavA puraskAra kA bhAgI mAnanA cAhiye athavA nahIM? 2 eka vidhizAstrI kI dRSTi se jo bhI kArya kisI dabAva ke antargata kiyA jAtA hai usake liye karane vAle ko pUrNata: doSI nahIM ThaharAyA jA sktaa| na hI use nyAyocitta DhaMga se daNDita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI AdhAra para kucha vijJajana tarka dete haiM ki yadi sabhI svaicchika kArya kinhIM pUrva niyata ghaTanAoM (kAraNoM) kA avazyambhAvI pariNAma hote haiM to isake liye kAma karane vAle vyakti ko uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jAnA chiye| jaba kAraNoM para usakA koI niyantraNa hI nahIM hai tathA kArya unhIM kAraNoM kA pariNAma hai to kAryoM meM usa kartA kA hAtha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai? ataH isake liye use daNDita karanA anyAyapUrNa hai| kucha isI prakAra kI sthiti nItizAstra kI bhI hai| nItizAstrI acche tathA bure, ThIka tathA galata meM antara karate haiN| ve batAte haiM ki hameM jo ThIka hai vahI

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60 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 karanA cAhiye tathA jo bhI galata hai use chor3anA caahiye| 'hameM karanA cAhiye' yaha vAkyAMza tabhI sArthaka ho sakatA hai yadi hama na kavela karaNIya ko kara sakane meM samartha hoM balki hamAre sAmane kucha tadbhina paristhitiyA~ bhI upasthita raheM, hama jinake anusAra kArya kara sakate hoM arthAt karaNIya tathA akaraNIya donoM ke upasthita hone para cunAva kI sthiti kI apekSA se hI 'karanA cAhiye' aisA vAkyAMza sArthaka hotA hai| isa prakAra vikalpoM kI upasthiti naitikatA kI Avazyaka zarta hai| jaba hamAre sAmane aise vikalpa hoM jinameM se kucha ucita tathA kucha anucita pratyeka samAna rUpa se sambhava sAdhya bana sakeM to nItizAstrajJoM ke anusAra taba vaha cunanA cAhiye jo ThIka ho| kANTa ke zabdoM meM "naitika cetanA kA artha icchA-svAtantrya hai'| parantu yadi eka vyakti ke sabhI vyavahAra athavA kriyAkalApa pUrvaniyata kAraNoM dvArA niyamita hoM to phira yaha pariNAma nikalatA hai ki isa vizeSa paristhiti meM usane jo kiyA vaha usase bhinna prakAra se vaha kArya nahIM kara sakatA thaa| yadi usake sabhI vyavahAra eka andhaprakriyA athavA AvazyakatA ke dabAva ke antargata kiye jAne haiM to 'use karanA cAhiye' aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki aisA karanA to usake liye asambhava hI hai| yadi eka vyakti dvArA kiye jAne vAle kAryoM ke sAtha eka aparihArya 'karanA hai' jur3A hai to vahA~ usa balAt ke hote huye 'use karanA cAhiye' vAkya vRthA va nirarthaka ho jAtA hai| arastU ne ThIka hI kahA hai "naitika AcaraNa aicchika, prayojanAtmaka tathA svatantratApUrvaka cunI huI kriyA hai''|' isI prakAra dharmazAstra kI dRSTi se manuSya galata tathA sahI meM se eka kA cunAva karane meM asamartha ho to pApa kI avadhAraNA ko usake caritra para lAgU nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kisI bhI vyavahAra ko pApapUrNa kahA jAne kA artha hai ki yaha kArya athavA vyavahAra nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhiye thaa| isI prakAra jaba kisI vyakti ko hama usake kisI kArya vizeSa dvArA hone vAlI kSati kI pUrti ke liye kahate haiM to usakA bhI yahI artha hai ki vaha kArya usakI icchA-svAtantrya kA prakaTIkaraNa hai| hama use aise kisI kArya dvArA huI kSatipUrti ke liye nahIM kaha sakate jisa para usakA koI niyantraNa nahIM hai| isa svAtantrya kI anupasthiti meM pazcAttApa kI bhAvanA bhI nirmUla evaM ni:ceSTa ho jAtI hai| koI pazcAttApa taba karatA hai jaba vaha samajhatA hai ki usane jo kiyA vaha use nahIM karanA cAhiye thaa| isI meM yaha bhAvanA bhI

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jaina darzana meM icchA - svAtantrya kI samasyA : 61 antarnihita hai ki bhaviSya meM usa kRtya kI punarAvRtti nahIM hogI / yaha sAre vicAra isa dhAraNA se jur3e haiM "yadi maiM cAhatA to yaha kArya nahIM krtaa| parantu svatantratA ke abhAva meM yaha vizvAsa kevala eka bhrama banakara raha jaayegaa| yadi icchA-svAtantrya na ho to vyakti kA vartamAnakAlika pazcAttApa usakI bhaviSyakAlika kAryapaddhati meM koI parivartana nahIM lA skegaa| ataH pazcAttApa kI bhAvanA vyartha ho jaayegii| yadi phira vahI duSkRtya ko utpanna karane vAle kAraNa evaM paristhitiyA~ sAmane hoMgI to usakA yaha duSkRtya bhI punarAvRtta hogA phira cAhe vaha kitanA bhI pazcAttApa kyoM na kreN| " isa prakAra svatantratA kA artha huA- "apanI icchA ke anusAra isa icchA - prasara meM binA kisI rukAvaTa ke saba kucha kara DAlane kA sAmarthya" / " parantu yadi icchA-svAtantrya ke isa prakAra ke artha ko mAnyatA de dI jAye to kaI vaijJAnika evaM dArzanika kaThinAiyA~ utpanna ho jAtI haiN| vaijJAnika mAnate haiM ki isa vizva meM sarvatra 'kAraNa- kAryabhAva' kA niyama vyApta hai| manuSya prakRti kA hI eka bhAga hai| ataH usake vyavahAra ke samasta pahalU isI niyama ke antargata Ate haiN| yadyapi abhI taka vaijJAnika mAnavIya vyavahAra ke samasta pahaluoM ko pUrNatayA samajha nahIM pAye haiM, tathApi ve AzA karate haiM ki vijJAna zIghra hI isa dizA meM AzAtIta pragati kara legA tathA una niyamoM ko anAvRtta kara pAyegA jinake dvArA vyakti ke vyavahAra vizeSa ke kAraNoM para prakAza par3egA jisase bhaviSya meM mAnavIya vyavahAra ke sambandha meM bhaviSyavANI kI jA skegii| isaliye icchA - svAtantrya kI kalpanA vijJAna ke isa pUrvaniyatatA kI mAnyatA ke viparIta hone se avaijJAnika hai| aisI hI sthiti dArzanika kSetra meM karmavAda ke siddhAnta kI hai jo ki kAraNa- kAryabhAva ke niyama para AdhArita hai| ataH yahA~ bhI icchA-svAtantrya ke liye koI sthAna nahIM rhegaa| karmavAda ke siddhAnta ke anusAra rAga-dveSa se saMyukta isa saMsArI jIva ke bhItara prati samaya jo parispandarUpa eka prakAra kI kriyA hotI rahatI hai usake nimitta se AtmA ke bhItara eka prakAra kA bIjabhUta acetana dravya AtA hai aura vaha rAgadveSa rUpa pariNAmoM kA nimitta pAkara AtmA ke sAtha ba~dha jAtA hai| samaya pAkara vahI bIjabhUta sukha-duHkha rUpa phala dene lagatA hai ise hI karma kahate hai| jJAtavya hai " karma pradezoM kA AtmA ke pradezoM ke sAtha eka kSetrAvagAhI ho jAnA bandha hai" / 91 athavA AtmA aura karmoM kA eka dUsare meM praveza karanA arthAt paraspara mila jAnA bandha hai / 12 O

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62 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 bandha kA vivecana isa prakAra haibandha : - kArmaNa pudgaloM ke grahaNa evaM bandha ke hone ke sAtha hI AtmA ke yoga aura kaSAya ke anusAra piMDIbhUta pudgaloM kI, svabhAva, kAla, phala-dAna aura pariNAma rUpa karmabandha kI cAra aGgabhUta avasthAyeM niSpanna ho jAtI hai| ye cAra avasthAyeM kramaza haiM : a. prakRtibandha ba. sthiti bandha sa. anubhAgabandha da. pradezabandhA prakRtibandha : jIva dvArA gRhIta karmapudagaloM dvArA AtmA ke jJAnAdi guNoM ko DhaMkanA Adi svabhAva arthAt zakti kA paidA honA prakRtibandha hai|15 yaha bandha yoga tathA kaSAya ke nimitta se hotA hai| prakRti bandha mUlaprakRti, uttara-prakRti tathA utarottara prakRti ke prakAra se tIna prakAra kA hai| . mUlaprakRtiyA~ ATha prakAra kI haiM jo prANI ko vividha prakAra ke anukUla evaM pratikUla phala pradAna karatI haiM :1- jJAnAvaraNIya 2- darzanAvaraNIya 3- vedanIya 4- mohanIya 5- AyuSya 6- nAma 7- gotra 8- antraay|16 sthiti banya : pratyeka karma AtmA ke sAtha nizcita samaya taka hI raha sakatA hai| sthiti pUrNa hone para vaha AtmA se alaga jA par3atA hai| yaha sthiti bandha hai| yaha sthiti jIvoM ke kaSAyAdi pariNAmoM kI tIvratA-mandatA kI taratamatA ke anusAra aneka prakAra kI hotI hai| anubhAga banya : karmoM ke phala dene kI zakti kI hInatA athavA adhikatA ko anubhAga kahate haiN| jIva ke kaSAya rUpa pariNAmoM ke nimitta se gRhIta kArmaNavargaNA ke pudgala rasa yukta hokara vipAka kAla meM usa rUpa meM apanA-apanA phala dekara jIva ko sukha-duHkha Adi kA anubhava karavAte haiN| pradeza banya : grahaNa ke samaya karma-pudgala avibhakta hote haiN| grahaNa ke pazcAt ve AtmapradezoM ke sAtha ekIbhUta ho jAte hai|8 karma rUpa pudgaloM kA AtmA ke pradezoM se sambandha honA pradeza bandha hai| jainadarzana meM karmabandha kI dasa avasthAyeM mAnI gaI haiM- 1- bandha, 2-sattA, 3udaya, 4- udIraNA, 5- udvartanA, 6- apavartanA, 7- saMkramaNa, 8- upazamana, 9- nidhatti, 10- nikaacnaa| inakA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai

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jaina darzana meM icchA-svAtantrya kI samasyA : 63 1- banya - yaha karma kI pahalI AvasthA hai| isake binA Age Ane vAlI dUsarI koI bhI avasthA sambhava nahIM hai|20 karmoM kA bandha hote hI vaha phalonmukhI nahIM ho jaate| nizcita avadhi ke pazcAt hI usameM vipAka pradarzana kI zakti paidA hotI hai|21 ata: karmoM kA AtmA ke sAtha sambandha krnaa| 2- sattA- AtmapradezoM se saMzliSTa karmapudgala jaba taka AtmA se pRthak nahIM ho jAte taba taka ve AtmA se hI sambaddha rahate haiN| isa avasthA kA nAma sattA hai| isa avasthA meM karma apanA phala pradAna na karate huye bhI vidyamAna rahate haiN|22 karma kA udaya do prakAra se hotA haika. karmaphala-prApti kA samaya Ane para udy| kha. karmaphala-prApti kA samaya Ane ke pUrva udaya = udiirnnaa| 3- udaya - kAlamaryAdA pUrNa hone para karma kA vedana athavA bhoga Arambha ho jaanaa| jaba ba~dhe huye karma-pudgala apanA kArya karane meM samartha ho jAte haiM, taba unake niSeka arthAt karmadala anubhava ke liye prakaTa hone lagate haiM, yaha udaya hai| 4- udIraNA - jo karmadala bhaviSya meM Ane vAle haiM unheM viziSTa tapAdi ke dvArA udayAvali meM lAkara bhoga lenA udIraNA hai| sAmAnyatayA jisa karma kA udaya ho cukA hai usake sajAtIya karma kI hI udIraNA sambhava hotI hai|25 / / 5- udvartanA- sthiti tathA anubhAga ke bar3hane ko udvartanA kahate haiN| yaha kriyA karmabandha ke pazcAt hotI hai| udAharaNArtha azubhakarma bA~dhane ke pazcAt jIva kI bhAvanA yadi aura adhika kaluSita ho jAye to ba~dhe huye azubhakarmoM kI sthiti bar3ha jAtI hai tathA phala dene kI zakti bhI tIvra ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra adhyavasAya vizeSa ke kAraNa usa sthiti ke anubhAga meM vRddhi ho jAnA udvartanA hai| isa sthiti ko utkarSaNa bhI kahate haiN|26 6- apavartanA- apavartanA ke dvArA karmasthiti kA alpIkaraNa (sthitighAta) aura rasa kA mandIkaraNa (rasa-ghAta) hotA hai|27 yaha avasthA udvartanA ke ThIka viparIta hai| ise apakarSaNa bhI kahate haiN| 7- saMkramaNa- jisa adhyavasAya se jIva karma prakRti kA bandha karatA hai, usakI tIvratA ke kAraNa yaha pUrvabaddha sajAtIya prakRti ke dalikoM ko badhyamAna prakRti ke dalikoM ke sAtha saMkrAnta kara detA hai, pariNata yA parivartita kara detA hai- vaha

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64 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 saMkramaNa hai| isake cAra prakAra haiM- prakRti saMkramaNa, sthiti saMkramaNa, anubhAga saMkramaNa tathA pradeza saMkramaNa / 18 prakRti - saMkramaNa meM pahale ba~dhI huI karma prakRti vartamAna meM ba~dhane vAlI prakRti ke rUpa meM badala jAtI hai / 29 parantu yaha saMkramaNa kisI eka mUla prakRti kI uttara prakRtiyoM meM hI hotI hai, vibhinna mUla prakRtiyoM meM nhiiN| parantu AyuSya karma kI cAroM prakRtiyoM meM saMkramaNa nahIM ho sktaa| jaise devAyu kA saMkramaNa manuSya athavA tiryaJca Ayu meM nahIM ho sktaa| isI prakAra sthiti, anubhAva aura pradeza kA parivartana hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki udIraNA, apavartanA, udvartanA, tathA saMkramaNa ye sabhI udayAvalikA ke bahisthita karma pudgaloM ke hI hote haiN| udayAvalikA meM praviSTa karma pudgala ke udaya meM koI parivartana nahIM hotA hai / 3 8- upazamana- karma kI jisa avasthA meM udaya athavA udIraNA sambhava nahIM hotI, use upazamana kahate haiM / 34 karma ko bhasmAcchanna agni kI bhA~ti yadi dabA diyA jAye to vaha upazamana hai| 35 isa avasthA meM udvartanA, apavartanA aura saMkramaNa kI sambhAvanA banI rahatI hai / upazamana kevala mohanIya karma kA hotA hai|36 9 - nidhatti - karma kI udIraNA aura saMkramaNa ke abhAva kI sthiti ko nitti kahate haiN| isa sthiti meM udvartanA tathA apavartanA kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai / 37 10- nikAcanA- Aga meM tapAkara nikAlI gaI sUiyoM ko ghana se kUTane para jaise ve ekAkAra ho jAtI haiM usI prakAra karmapudgaloM ke AtmA ke sAtha atyanta pragAr3ha sambandha ho jAne ko nikAcanA yA nikAcita bandha kahate haiN| isa avasthA meM karma kA jisa rUpa meM bandha hotA hai, usI rUpa meM use anivAryataH bhoganA hI par3atA hai| 38 kucha vijJoM ke matAnusAra yaha karmavAda bhI icchA - svAtantrya kA hanana karane vAlA hai| unakA mAnanA hai ki karmavAda kA siddhAnta isa parikalpanA para AdhArita hai ki pratyeka kriyA (kAraNa) Avazyaka rUpa se pariNAmoM (kAryoM) ko utpanna karane vAlI hai4* tathA jIva kI vartamAna avasthA usake pUrva janma ke karmoM kA pariNAma hai tathA Aja kiye jAne vAle karma agale jIvana kA kAraNa bneNge| yaha kAraNa kArya zRMkhalA yaMtravat calatI rahatI hai| isake liye kisI sakriya athavA kisI svaicchika udyama kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / ataH isa prakAra se yaha

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jaina darzana meM icchA-svAtantrya kI samasyA : 65 bhI eka prakAra kA niyativAda hai jo mAnavIya prayAsa ko paMgu banA detA hai| yaha naitikatA kI prAsaGgikatA ke viparIta hai| vastuta: yaha samajha kAraNatA ke niyama tathA vivazatA kI avadhAraNA ko paraspara gaDDamaDDa karane se utpanna huI hai| isaliye kucha vijJoM ne ise "chadma samasyA" athavA "mithyA samasyA" (Pseudo-problem) kahA hai|42 ___ una vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai 'icchA-svAtantrya tathA niyatatA' kA yaha samasta tathA kathita vivAda vastuta: padArthoM ko galata tarIke se samajhane ke kAraNa hai| ve dRr3hatApUrvaka kahate haiM ki vAstavika virodha svatantratA tathA niyatatA meM nahIM apitu svatantratA tathA bAdhyatA meM hai| ve tarka karate haiM ki yadi koI niyamoM kI bhUmikA (role) tathA vijJAna ke anusAra kAraNa kI avadhAraNA ko samajha le to vaha turanta isa bAta ko samajha jAyegA ki vastuta: kAraNatA ke niyama kI upasthiti tathA svatantratA meM paraspara koI asaMgati nahIM hai|4 kucha vijJajanoM kA mAnanA hai ki yadi koI vyakti vAstava meM jAnanA cAhatA hai ki mAnava svatantra hai athavA kinhIM paristhitiyoM meM bAdhya yA vivaza hai to isa prakriyA meM use pahale kAraNa kI avadhAraNA tathA siddhAntoM ko avazya samajha lenA caahiye| ___ jaba kisI vizeSa prakAra kI ghaTanA ke ghaTita hone ke pazcAt dUsarI ghaTanA ghaTita hotI pAI jAye tathA aisA aneka bAra ho to prayogoM, parIkSaNoM evaM nirIkSaNoM dvArA una do ghaTanAoM meM pArasparika sambandha mAna liyA jAtA hai| isI ko kAraNa-kArya bhAva kahA jAtA hai| yaha kAraNa-kArya bhAva do ghaTanAoM athavA vastuoM kA paraspara avinAbhAva sambandha hai jo sAhacarya ke niyama para AdhArita hotA hai arthAt eka ke hone para dUsarA hotA hai tathA na hone para nahIM hotaa| eka bAra aise sambandha kA nirIkSaNoM evaM parIkSaNoM dvArA puSTi ho jAne para isake AdhAra para hI vaijJAnika samaya-samaya para bhaviSyavANiyA~ karane meM samartha ho pAte haiN| yaha isaliye sambhava ho pAtA hai kyoMki vahA~ eka niyatatA vartamAna rahatI hai, jo batAtI hai ki yadi 'a' hogA to 'ba' bhI hogaa| parantu 'a' ke hone yA na hone meM kisI ko koI hastakSepa nahIM hotaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki ye niyama vaijJAnika banAte nahIM balki khojate haiN| isa prakAra vijJAna ke dRSTikoNa se niyatatA ko kisI bhI prakAra se svatantratA kA virodhI nahIM mAnanA caahiye| niyatatA ke

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66 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara 2011 binA svatantratA kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii|47 isI prakAra dArzanika kSetra meM bhI svatantratA kA artha niyatatA kI anupasthiti nahIM hai balki svAdhIna niyatatA hai arthAt eka svatantrakartA bAhara se nahIM varan apane Apa ke dvArA hI niyata hotA hai isa prakAra karmavAda tathA svatantratA paraspara virodhI nahIM haiN| karmavAda kA siddhAnta bhI kAraNatA kA niyama hai jise kisI ne banAyA nahIM hai, apitu manISiyoM ne ise khojA hai, isakA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| yaha siddhAnta sadA se isI prakAra pravartamAna hai" jisake anusAra 'yadi jIva aisA karma karegA to aisA phala milegA aisI bhaviSyAvANI kI jA sakatI hai / parantu isa kAraNa- kArya kI niyatatA ko na to vivazatA kahA jA sakatA hai tathA na hI koI baahy-dbaav| mAnava ke karma usake svabhAva ko nirdhArita karate haiM parantu ye usake apane karma haiM usakI apanI pravRttiyoM ko janma dene vAle apane kriyAkalApa jo bhaviSya meM use phala dete hai / 49 jainadarzana kA jIva svayaM apane dvArA kRta karma kI zrRMkhalA meM ba~dha kara una karmoM ke vipAka kA anubhava karatA hai| vaha usa kAraNa-kArya-niyatatA se utpanna bandha kI sthiti, anubhAga Adi ko ghaTAne - bar3hAne meM bhI samartha hai / yahIM nahIM apitu jIva cAhe to ucita parAkrama ke dvArA karmoM kI isa zrRMkhalA ko tor3a bhI sakatA hai, chinna-bhinna kara sakatA hai tathA isase mukta bhI ho sakatA hai|5deg isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki jainadarzana jIva ke icchA - svAtantrya tathA niyatavAda kA samanvaya sthApita karatA hai| sandarbha sUcI : 1 2 - 3 4 5 6 S. E. Forest, The Basic Teaching of Great Philosophers, p. 56. A Modren Introduction to Ethics, p. 356, The Fress Press Glenocode, Illinos. Ibid, p. 358. Ibid, p. 357. "Moral Consciousness implies freedom of will", A History of Philosophy-Frank Thilly, p. 444. DA. DI. Ara. jATava, pramukha pAzcAtya dArzanika, rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI, jayapura, pR0 38 /

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14 jaina darzana meM icchA-svAtantrya kI samasyA : 67 Modrent Introduction to Ethics, p. 358, Illinos. 'svAtaMtrya ca nAma yathecchaM tatrecchAprasarasya avighaat:'|- pratyAbhijJAhRdayam - (upodghAta) jayadeva siMha, pR0 16 / 9- A Modrent Introduction to Ethics, p. 358, Illinos. karma prakRti, AcArya nemicandra, saM0 gokula candra, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1968, pR0 20 / 11- jinendra varNI, jainendra siddhAMta koza- bhAga-3, pR0 169 / pUjyapAda, sarvArthasiddhi, 1.4.14.4 / / ___ karma-siddhAnta (bindu meM sindhu), zrI devendra muni zAstrI, zrI tAraka jaina granthAlaya, udayapura (rAja.), pR0 58 / (1) sthAnAGgasUtra, 4.2.63, (2) tattvArthasUtra, 8.3, (3) karmaprakRti (AcArya nemicandra) sUtra 15, pR0 3, (4) karma prakRti (abhayacandra siddhAnta cakravartI) sUtra 2 / 15- karma prakRti (abhayacandra siddhAnta cakravartI) sUtra 3, puurvokt| (1) sthAnAGgasUtra, 8.3.482, (2) bhagavatIsUtra, 6.3.10.22, (3) gommaTasAra (karmakANDa), gAthA 8, pR0 4, (4) karma-prakRti (abhayacandra siddhAnta cakravartI), sUtra 5 / gommaTasAra (karmakANDa), pR0 41 / 18- AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, Adarza sAhitya saMgha, curu (rAja.), pR0 306 / gommaTasAra (karmakANDa), gAthA 185, zrI mannemicandrAcArya, paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImad rAmacandra Azrama, AgAsa, pR0 75 / muni zrI nyAya vijaya, jaina darzana, pR0 455 / AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pUrvokta, pR0 313 / karma grantha, bhAga-1, marudhara kesarI prarvataka muni mizrImala, zrI marudhara kesarI sAhitya prakAzana samiti, jodhapura (vyAvara), pR0 62 / AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pUrvokta, pR0 313 / 24- vahI, pR0 313 / 25- karma grantha, bhAga-1, pUrvokta, pR0 62 / / 26- vahI, pR0 62 / 27- devendra muni zAstrI, jaina darzana svarUpa aura vizleSaNa, zrI devendra muni zAstrI, zrI tAraka jaina granthAlaya, udayapura (rAja.), pR0 445 / 17 22

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h h 68 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 28- AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pUrvokta, pR0 321 / 29- vahI, pR0 321 / / 30- karma grantha bhAga-1, pUrvokta, pR0 63 / 31- AcArya zrI AtmArAma, jaina tattvakAlikA chaThI kalikA, pR0 180 / AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina darzana mamana aura mImAMsA, pUrvokta, pR0 321 / 33- vahI, pR0 321 / / karma grantha bhAga-1, pUrvokta, pR0 63 / 35- muni zrI nyAya vijaya, jaina darzana, zrI hemacandrAcArya jaina sabhA, 1956, pR0 460 / 36- AcArya zrI AtmArAma, jaina tattvakAlikA chaThI kalikA, pR0 180 / 37- karma grantha, bhAga-1, pUrvokta, pR0 63 / 38- karma grantha, bhAga-1, pUrvokta, pR0,64| 39- W. Schuvring, The Doctorine of the Jainas, Trans. by W. Beurlen, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi, 1962, p. 172. 40- Mohal Lal Mehta, Jaina Psychology, Sohan Lal Jain Dharm Pracharak Samiti, Amritsar; p. 2. 41- Ibid, p. 4. Moriz Shick, Problem of Ethics, Tran David Ryn Publication, Newyork, p. 143. 43- California Associates in Philosophy & P.H. Nowell Smith 44- A Modern Introduction of Ethics, Illinos p. 353. Ibid, p. 360. 46- Ibid, p. 353. 47- "Freedom as everything else, involves determination and is inconceivable withou it", Ibid, p. 353. 48- sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, 2.2.17 49- Bimal Krishna, The Central Philosophy of Jainism, L.D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad, 1981, p. 24 budhyet troTayet bandhanaM parijJAya, sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, (1) 1.1.1.1 (2) 1.15.6 42 45 50 ***

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Lord Mahavira's Birthplace: The Need for a "Denovo' Study Gp. Capt. V. K. Jain This article deals with the problem of location of birth - place of Lord Mahavira. It is a sort of an evaluation of the approach to the problem taken by modern scholars. He has mainly focussed on the analysis of the Videha as term and as a geopraphical area, in the light of original texts and its interpretation by modern scholarship. He emphasized the need to take all available evidences collectively and analyse it thoroughly before arriving at any conclusion which has not been done yet, hance the need of a new and concerted effort on this problem. - Editor Introduction: Over the past many decades and more, a number of scholars, holy persons and others have written about the actual location of birthplace of Lord Mahavira, the 24th Jaina Tirthankara. However there is no consensus on any place. Primarily there are three places which are claimed as the birthplace by different protagonists. Svetambaras by and large claim that "Ksatriyakunda', a part of Kundgram near Lichhuar in Jamui Distt. is the birthplace. The Digambaras, on the other hand traditionally claim Kundpura or Kundalpura near Nalanda as the birthplace. A third group, cutting across Svetambara/Digambara divide, and primarily initiated by Western scholars like Jacobi and Hoernle believe that Kundpur/ Kollaga, the birthplace was a suburb of Vaishali Ganatantra. There is a tendency on the part of every protagonist to claim hoary tradition attached with the place of their choice without apparently producing any concrete evidence.

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70: Sramana, Vol 62, No. 3, July-September 2011 The uncertainty about the places of important events in the life of any histoic person is a matter of great concern. There is no such ambiguity about another contemporary of Mahavira viz, Lord Buddha. Over long periods of time, such ambiguity may even lead to doubting the very existence of Mahavira as a real person in life and blood. The Shortcomings A brief survey of the written material, books and articles, on the issue shows the following shortcomings: a. b. C. d. e. References/resources picked selectively to suit one's contention, leading to biased conclusions. Ignoring the context or situation in Mahavira's times. Not accounting for "Poetic exaggeration" in narration. In this regard it is important to remember that, with passage of time, a great deal of myth starts building up around famous personalities. Greatest weightage must, therefore, be given to the sources which are chronologically closest to the event under consideration. Later sources may be given corroborative status. Similarly 'original sources' take precedence over the commentaries or secondary sources. Sometimes the latter introduce a few things which do not occur in the original. Take the case of Satkhandagama and Kasayapahuda. They donot contain any reference of Mahavira's birthplace but the later commentaries such as Dhavala or Jaidhavala do. This has to be kept in mind. Also to be kept in mind are the changes that take place in meaning of words or the changes in the geographical territories of states, or in names.of places, specially when centuries elapse during the intervening period. f Misinterpretation or wrong translation of original sources. Lack of professional knowledge. Insufficient search for all relevant material.

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Lord Mahavira's Birthplace : 71 Interpretation of 'Videha' One of largest single factor in contributing to the above confusion is the word 'Videha'. Traditionally it has been the name of a state with Mithila as its capital. It is also the name of an important clan amongst the 'Asta Kulas' existing in the Vijji (Vajji) Ganatantra during Mahavira's time. Three other important clans being Jnatrik, Licchavi and Vajji. According to Jaina canon it is also one of the 'Aryadesa' amongst the 25-1/2 Aryadesas. Finally, it is also a word of the language assigned different meanings as follows: Vi-deh i.e. a state of total detachment from things 'physical'. Vi-deh i.e. a person with a special (Visista) body. An alien (Vi-desa) The most quoted reference where Videha has been used in Mahavira's context is Acaranga Sutra and also Kalpa Sutra. The word 'Videha' and its derivatives have been used five times in the following sutra from the oldest Agama - Acaranga (Sutra 746, Beawar Publication), 3rd century BC. It has been repeated almost in the same words in Kalpasutra (Sutra 110, Kalpasutra, Prakrit Bharati Jaipur). Saman Bhagvam Mahavira, gnate, gnatputte, gnaykulvinivatte, Videhe, Videhdinne, Videlyacche, Videinsumale, teesam vasaain, videlhe tii kattu Here the word 'Jnata' clearly indicates the patriarchic clan or the 'kula' of Mahavira. This is undisputed. However, it is the word 'Videha' and its derivatives which need to be examined in depth since these have been translated variously. Take for instance 'videhjaccae', In the Beawar edition of Acaranga, it has been translated as the son of' Videhdatta' although jacca' primarily

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72: Sramana, Vol 62, No. 3, July-September 2011 means superior or 'Srestha'. In the same edition while translating 'Videhahsumale', Videha has been translated a 'a person with special or vissta' body. Dr. Sagarmal Jain, translates 'Videhjacce' as born in Videha, a geographical region. Similarly he translates 'Videhdinne' as the son of 'Videhdinna' which is one of the names of Mahavira's mother; Trisala. He has not examined as to why Trisala was called 'Videhdinna'. Is it because she hailed from 'Videha region' or Videha clan', or for that matter because she was given away to, or given away by 'Videhans' in marriage dinna is prakrit of datta (having given). Being the sister of Chetaka the Licchavi ruler of Vaishali, her paternal clan could only be Licchavi. Videha as a Geographical Area We next come to 'Videha' as a geographical region. It is noteworthy that chronicles of that period donot mention 'Videha' as one of the "Janapadas'. Both 'Anguttar Nikaya' and 'Bhagvati Sutra' mention sixteen Jana / Mahajana padas. Although they differ in detail, Vajji is mentioned by both and Videha is absent in both. If it was the Videha region which was later termed as Vajji, then why 'Videha' has been used instead of 'Vajji' in Mahavira's context? Mahavira as per the narrative in 'Sthananga Sutra spent four 'varsavasa' at Mithila and quite a few at Vaishali clearly indicating Mithila as a distinct place, which, in various contemporaneous literature is mentioned as the capital of'Videha'. Vaishali, before it became an independant 'Ganatantra', is also mentioned as the capital of 'Videha' at other places. At some places, Mithila has been used for a kingdom of which Vaishali became a part. All these point to the prevailing confusion about geographical territories. Chronicles of that time mention 'Videha' as a clan, being one of the 'Asta Kulas'. Then where was their territory? It could not have been the area with Vaishali as its capital, because that was a 'Licchavi' stronghold where 'Chetak brother of Trisla held away. Some of the authors have quoted 'Sakti Sangam Tantra (Sundari Khanda) and Behadvisnupurana (Mithilamahatmya, 2/5) to define

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Lord Mahavira's Birthplace : 73 the boundaries of 'Videha' from the Ganges to the Himalayas and from, Gandaki to Champaran etc. and the grand status of Mithila, its capital. If Videha was such a great kingdom at the time of our consideration i.e. Mahavira's birth, then how come it does not find a place in the chronicles relevant to that period. Does this Videha really belong to Mahavira's time or it is the land of some other period? Even if we assume that Mahavira was born and brought up in Videha, there is a need to establish beyond doubt the boundaries of this Videha at the time of Mahavira's birth. In view of above, our linguists need to clearly establish the meaning of each of the Videh derivatives in the above text from Acaranga Sutra (No 746-Ach 2/15) repeated more or less in the same words in Kalpasutra (No 110) and we also need to establish whether a state called Videha existed at that time and what were its boundaries, capital etc. We similarly need to examine Ksatriyakunda a part of Kundagrama, where Mahavira is considered to have been born by Svetambaras. Jamali, the son-in-law of Mahavira, is stated to be a prince of Ksatriyakunda who renounced the world alongwith 500 other princes. Did Siddhartha, the king of Kundagrama have his seat of power at Ksatriyakunda a suburb of Kundagram and Jamali was the son of the Chieftain (called Raja) of this suburb "Ksatriyakunda"?. And also the possible derivation of the name 'Licchuad from the clan Licchavi which was greatly decimated during the 12 years war waged upon Vaishali by Kunika (ajat atru) the king of Magadh and son of 'Srenika' (Bimbisar). May be some of the Licchavis migrated to the place which came to be known as Licchuad due to their presence. Various texts mention the birthplace as Ksatriyakunda, Kundapur, Kundal, Kundalpur etc. The earliest literature, Acaranga, etc refer to it as Kundapurgram Nagar also. We need not necessarily be carried away by grandiose description of the kingdom of Siddhartha

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74: Sramana, Vol 62, No. 3, July-September 2011 or that of Kundapur because of the well-known phenomenon of "Poetic exaggeration". Conclusion We can say that, so far, various relevant facts such as descriptions of Mahavira's sojourns, accounts of topography/area, archaeological finds, meanings attached with various words, etc. have been used in isolation. It is necessary to take all available evidence collectively and analyse it thoroughly before arriving at any conclusions. The Jaina community owes it to itself to muster a team of specialists in various disciplines such as History, Archaeology, Linguistics and Jainism. This team of independant experts must scout all the available literature, Jaina and others, rate it chronologically and match it with evidence available through other sources such as archaeological, topographic/geographical,similarity of modern place names etc. There is no doubt that if an honest attempt is made we should be able to zero on to a single place as the most likely place of Mahavira's birth. References. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Kalpa Sutra - Pub: Prakrjt Bharati - Jaipur Acaranga - Beawar Pt. H. L. Dubey Jain, Sramana Bhagavana Ka Janamasthana, Prachin Sahitya Prakashan, Delhi. Dr. Rishabh Chand Faujdar, Bhagavana Mahavira Ka Janmasthana. Aryika Chandanamati, Bhagavana Mahavira Ki Janmabhumi, Kundalapur - Ek Vastavika Tathya. Dr. Sagarmal Jain, Bhagvana Mahavir Ke Janma, Kaivalya Evam Nirvana Sthal - Tithayar-29/2 and Tuisi Prajna. Prof. Yogendra Misra, Bhagvana Mahavir Ki Janma Bhumi - Vaishali, Brahmcharini Pandita Chandabai Abhinandan Granth, 1954. ***

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Contribution of Sramanas to the Indian Tradition of Exegetical Literature Dr. Rajesh Ranjan This articles deals exhaustively and systematically in historical perspective with the origin and evolution of enormous exegetical literature, available on the scriptures, of Jaina and Buddhist tradition, written in Ardhamagadhi and Pali. The author has given the salient features of these commentaries, peroid of their writing along with their languages. The author has quoted the ancient as well as modern authorities to substantiate his view. He has also given as illustrations the names of the texts on which a particular type of commentary has been written. -Editor What is known as Indian Culture today is the sum total of the contributions made towards the enrichment and betterment of each and every sphere of life by the two ancient Indian traditions of recluses i.e. Sramanas and Brahamanas. Giving much credit to one and ignoring the contributions of the other is unfair and unjust. Whether it be the field of Art and Architecture, Language and Literature, Knowledge and Philosophy and so on and so forth, the contributions made by the Sramanas are in no way less than the Brahamanas. However, keeping in mind the time and space at our disposal a humble attempt has been made to delineate and discuss the unique contribution of the Sramana tradition, Buddhism and Jainism occupying the foremost place there, towards the development of Indian tradition of exegetical literature in Pali, Prakrit, Apabhramsa and Sanskrit languages. Origin of Exegetical Literature Origin of exegetical literature in Indian tradition is almost as old as the literature itself. It is, therefore, natural that the Brahamanic, the Jaina and the Buddhist religious literature possess enormous of exegetical literature for their respective canons in Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pali. The most popular and standard denominations such for

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76: Sramana, Vol 62, No. 3, July-September 2011 literature are Njjuti Bhasya, genre of and Atthakatha respectively sika is another term for commentarial literature of the type of gloss prevalent commonly among them. Curni, a term used for a special type of this literature is peculiar to the Jainas alone. Vitti is again a term common to both, the Brahmanic and Jaina traditions, used for exegetical literature of a special nature. Bhasya literature is available in large quantity in the Jaina tradition as well. The Atthakatha is the most popular and standard term used for exegetical literature in Pali. Besides it, the term used for such literature are Vibhanga (descriptive exposition), Niddesa (exposition), Veyyakarana (explanation), Vannana (description), Attavannana (description of meaning), Atthasamvannana (description of meaning fully), Tika (gloss), Anutika (sub gloss) etc. Exegetical Literature of the Jainas So far as the evolution of the exegetical literature on the Jaina canons is concerned, Prof. Kapadia? seems to have surmised as underaccording to the Jaina tradition, the Ganadharas compose dvadasangis, and each of them teaches his own dvadasangi to his pupils. Consequently, while doing so, each must be offering some explanation or other, at least regarding knotty points. But, strange to say, there seems to be no record maintained regarding thes explanations of the dvadasangis. This state of affair exists not only in connection with the dvadasangis composed prior to the birth of Lord Mahavira, but also in the case of the eleven dvadasangis composed by his own eleven Ganadharas. He, further remarks "A student conversant with the Jaina system of education knows it fully well that first of all, the meaning (attha) of a sutta is explained, then is given an explanation associated with Nijjutti, and this is followed by a detailed exposition which is not necessarily confined to what is explicitly expressed in the sutta." Finally he infers "a similar process must have been followed at least by the eleven Ganadharas of Lord Mahavira. This means that several types of literature may have been then evolved."

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Contribution of Sramanas to the Indian ..... : 77 From this conjecture of Prof. Kapadia about the evolution of the exegetical literature of the Jainas, it is evident that the most ancient and popular name given to the exegetical literature of the Jainas thus evolved is Nijjutti. M. Winternitz, who calls Nijjuttis as "concise metrical explanations", seems to have supported Prof. Kapadia's views as regards the process of evolution of the exegetical literature of Jainas and the Nijjutti type of the explanatory literature being the earliest in the following words, "It may be assumed as certain that, long before the final compilation of the canon under Devarddhi, the Jaina monks began to write explanations of the sacred texts. The earliest commentaries, the Nijjuttis or Niryuktis, are in some instances very closely interwoven with the Sutras, or they even supplanted the latter. The Pinda-Nijjutti and the Ogha Nijjuti appear in the canon itself and the Ogha-Nijjutti is even supposed to have been taken from one of the Purvas.S". Out of the several meanings and definitions of the word Nijjutti extant in the Jaina texts, the meaning of Silanka Sun occurring in his Nijjutti on the Ayarangasuttam seems to be most appropriate which is as follows - "The art of interpretation of the meaning with certainty is known as Niryukti." Prof. Kapadia introduces the Nijjutti literature as. "For, the very first type of the Jaina explanatory works on the Agama which form a part of our valuable legacy, is known as Nijjutti in Prakrit and Niryukti in Sanskrit, and that its authorship is attributed to Bhadrabahusvamin, who died in Vira Samvat 170. He has composed ten Nijjuttis. But we do not know their specific names except those like Avassayanijutti etc., coined by taking into account the work of which it is the Nijjutti. Further, we do not know the exact dates of their composition. All the same, we may say almost with certainty that none of them is composed after Vira Sarvat 170.". The Nijjuttis, consist of very concise explanation in Arya-verses and are Jaina-Maharastri. These are probably verses, which served

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78: Sramana, Vol 62, No. 3, July-September 2011 as an aid to the memory of the teachers in their oral interpretation of the sacred texts." Nijjutti was followed by Bhasya, a name given to a new type of explanatory literature written in Prakrit verses; and Cunni, a designation for a special type of such literature written in Prakrit, sankrit mixed and peculiar to the Jainas alone. Bhasya and Cunni, in turn, gave rise to descriptive types of explanatory literatures written in Sanskrit on Prakrit texts known as Tika and Vrtti. M.Winternitz infers the same." It may also be noted that there is intermixture of some of the verses of the Bhasa with those of the Nijjuttis. For example, some verses belonging to its Bhasa are also seen in the Avassayanijjutti. Similar is the case with Dasaveyaliyanijjutti and Kappanijjutti in which some verses of their respective Bhasas have been incorporated in the corresponding Nijjuttis.'12 Besides, a work like Pancakappa seems to have been carved out both from the Kappanijjutti and Kappabhasa as it consists of gathas taken from the Nijjutti and Bhasa on the Kappasuyam respectively. "Under these circumstances" remarks Prof. Kapadia13 almost all the extant Nijjuttis and Bhasas may be defined as- "Nijjuti contains verses really belonging to it and some of the corresponding Bhasa consists of verses which legitimately belong to it, and, in addition it has some verses of the relevant Nijjutti as well; but the former exceed the latter in number." That Nijjuttis and Bhasas, i.e. versified commentaries on the canonical texts and this common feature of the Nijjutti and Bhasa literature, i.e. being composed in Prakrit verses, became, instrumental for their intermixture is explicit enough from the foregoing discussion. It may be noted that Bhasas are, very likely, older than the Cunnis. Bhasa is called Gaha, while Cunni is known as Paribhasa. Cunnis were written at least on twenty Agamic texts, in some cases, there being two Cunnis. As for example, Nisiha and Jiyakappa possess two Cunnis each. Jinadasa Gani, the author of Nisihavisesacunni

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Contribution of Sramanas to the Indian .... : 79 also refers to the name of his vidyguru, Pradyumna Ksamasramana along with his own name as its author. The Cunnis on Anuyogaddara, Dasaveyaliya, and Uttarajjhayana appear to have been written by Jinadasa Gani Mahattara. The Cunni on various Agamas are believed to have been written in the period commencing from the fourth century to the eighth century of the Vikrama Era. Before dealing with the Tika, we may note that out of the terms Nijjutti. Bhasa and Cunni, the first does not appear to have been used for a commentary on any of the non-Agamic texts. Such is not however the case with Bhasa and Cunni; for these are used for other works too, though seldom. Thus, it will be seen that the nonAgamika works of which the commentaries are styled as Bhasa, and Cunni are few and far between, and at least, so far as the Svetambara literature is concerned, these terms seem to have been used for works of sufficient antiquity."14 Kapadia's sums up his discussion on the evolution, development and the fundamental as well as the most distinguishing features of the different types of the exegetical literature in following words, "All the Nijjuttis attributed to Bhadrabahusvami must have been concise and written in gathas as can be inferred from the eight printed ones. They were surely compiled before the redaction of the Jaina canonical works. It is certain that these Nijjuttis were later on followed by several other commentaries. Out of them the two types of commentaries known as Bhasa and Cunni seem to be the oldest. After their composition, there came an age when the commentaries began to be freely composed in Sanskrit, thus making the exegetical literature on the Agamas of the Jainas of four type: (1) Nijjuttis, (2) Bhasa, (3) Cunni and (4) Tika. I use this last word to denote Sanskrit commentaries. These Nijjuttis etc. are mostly in the chronological order of development. For, Cunni seems to be an intermediate stage between Bhasa on the one hand and Tika on the other, on the ground that it is neither entirely in Prakrit like its predecessors Nijjuttis and Bhasa, nor mostly or completely in Sanskrit like its successor Tika; but it is a mixture of Prakrit and

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80: Sramana, Vol 62, No. 3, July-September 2011 Sanskrit so much so that not only one and the same sentence contains portions written in two languages, but even a Sanskrit stem has Prakrit terminations at times, Cunni is written in prose, and this is another respect in which it differs from Nijjutti and Bhasa. Bhasa is styled as Gaha, too, since it is composed in gathas in Prakrit. Besides, there are (1) Vstti, (2) Vivsti, (3) Vivarana, (4) Vivecana, (5)Vyakkhya, (6) Vartika, (7) Dipika, (8) Phakkika, (9) Avacuri, (10) Avacurni, (11) Arthalava, (12) Aksarartha, (13) Balavabodha, (14) Panjika, (15) Tippanaka, (16) Paryaya and (17) Chaya types of commentarial literature on Agamic as well as on non-Agamic texts. Exegetical Literature of the Buddhists So far as the origin of the Buddhist commentarial literature is concerned, it led us to the fact that the need for an accurate interpretation of the Buddha's teachings, the guiding principle of life and action of the members of the Samgha, was felt from the very beginning while the Master was alive. During the life time of the Buddha there was the advantage of referring a disputed question for solution to the Master himself and herein we met with the first stage in the origin of the comments). But after his Parinibbana, the chief and revered disciples were used to be approached for dispelling the disputes and their comments must have been considered decisive and authentic and hence they were no doubt preserved orally by the disciples from generation to generation. When the commentaries were compiled these oral comments were embodied in the great Atthakathas of Sinhala, which have been quoted by Buddhaghosa in his commentaries. The lineage of the exegetical literature of the Theravada Buddhism, which starts right from the lifetime of the Buddha, was pursued and cultivated in the Buddhist Viharas for a pretty long time. Naturally, marked with vast differences in methodology, style and technique of treatment, the exegetical literature contains a number

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Contribution of Sramanas to the Indian ..... : 81 of strata, which are named according to the group or time to which they belong. Thus Vibhanga, Niddesa, Veyjyakarana, Vannana, Atthavannana, Atthasamvannana, Tika, Anutika etc. are the terms, which were coined by the commentators from time to time to name their respective works. Veyyakarana From the Anga point of view, the entire Buddhavacana are of nine types. Veyyakarana occupies the third place in this classification, the other two preceding it being Sutta and Geyya. As its spelling differs from Vaiyakarana, the derivative of the word Vyakarana, it should not mean grammarian or pertaining to grammar. It, however, seems difficult to arrive at the etymological meaning of the term, as Acarya Buddhaghosa too does not lay his finger on it. He only defines it as follows, "The entire Abhidhammapitaka, the suttas which are without verses and all remaining Buddhavacanas which are not included in any of the eight Angas should be regarded as Veyyakarana'.16 It may be noted that Brahmajalasutta designates itself as Veyyakarana at the end. 17 Dr. Law is inclined to include Cullavedalla and Mahavedalla Suttas of the Majjhimanikaya in the group and he points out two layers of Veyyakarana as Suttantabhajaniya and Abhidhammabhajaniya'1 Vinicchaya There is one more term used in the sense of brief exposition. That term is Vinicchaya, which is appended by Buddhadatta to the title of his works on the Vinaya. It seems to have been formed by adding the prefix 'vi' to the term "nicchaya" (Skt. Niscaya). The term Vinicchaya is seen used in the Pali canon in various contexts, of which the following few may prove purposeful in so far as our attempt to ascertain its meaning is concerned. Firstly, it is used in the sense of 'thorough knowledge' as in 'Papakamma-vinicchaya' and secondly, in the sense of decision or ascertainment as in 'labham paticcavinicchayo, vinicchayam paticca chhandarago'1. As Buddhadatta's works, namely, Vinayavinicchaya and

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82: Sramana, Vol 62, No. 3, July-September 2011 Uttaravinicchaya explain, though briefly, but in a convincing manner, the rules of the Vinaya, specially the rules of the Patimokkha, the term Vinicchaya seems to denote a special type of commentarial literature written in verse. In this way though Buddhadatta introduced writing commentaries in verse successfully, it could not be popular so far as Pali literature is concerned. Vibhanga The term Vibhanga, which is, very likely peculiar to the Buddhists alone, seems to have been coined by adding Vito the term Bhanja, Bhang or Bhaja meaning to break up or divide.20 Accordingly, the term Vibhanga may be said to stand for a detailed exposition of a promulgation or statement of the Buddha by breaking up or dividing its component parts fully. In order to substantiate this meaning, a brief mention of the Vibhanga literature of the Pali Tripitaka would be most desirable. It may be noted that the Vibhanga type of literature is more or less seen in all the three Pitakas. Vibhanga or Sutta-vibhanga is name of one of the three main divisions of the Vinayapitaka. Similarly, the fourteenth Vagga of the Majjhimanikaya'?' consisting of twelve suttas (131-142) and six Suttas of the Samyuttanikaya?? are named as Vibhanga and Vibhanga sutta respectively. So also the second book of the Abhidhammapitaka is entitled Vibhangappakarana. When examined, one would find that the former is exegetical literature in the true sense of the term, while the rest appear to be simply interpretatory literature. Accordingly, one would be constrained to be satisfied with the observations of G. P. Malalasekera with regards to both Vibhanga as exegetical literature and Vibhanga as interpretatory literature. "Vibhanga" remarks Mr. Malalasekera.23 "The collective name for two closely connected works of the Vinayapitaka, which, in manuscripts, are generally called Parajika and Pacittiya. The collection is considered to be an extensive treatise on the Patimokkha rules, giving the occasion for the formulation of each rule, with some explanation or illustration of various terms

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Contribution of Sramanas to the Indian ..... : 83 employed in the wording of the rule. The rule is sometimes further illustrated by reference to cases, which come within it, and to others, which form exceptions to it. The collection is also called Suttavibhanga and is divided into two parts, the Bhikkhuvibhanga and Bhikkhuni-vibhanga." The second book of the Abhidhammapitaka is known as Vibhangappakarana. As regards it Malalasekera again opines. "It deals in a general way with the different categories and formulas given in the Dhammasanaha, though different methods of treatment are used. The book is divided into eighteen chapters, each of which is called a Vibhanga. Each chapter has three portions: Suttatabhajaniya, Abhidhammabhajaniya and Panhapuccha or list of questions. The commentary on the Vibhanga is called Sammohavinodini". 24 Niddesa The term Niddesa is the name of a commentarial work ascribed to Sariputta. It is included in the canon as the eleventh book of the Khuddakanikaya. Rhys Davids, without suggesting any etymology of the term gives two meaning as follows - (a) Description and (b) Descriptive exposition by way of question and answer. The Niddesa, which explains certain suttas of the Suttanipata, consists of two parts - Cullaniddesa and Mahaniddesa. The former contains exposition of the Khaggavinana sutta of the Uragavagga and the sixteen Suttas of the Parayanavagga, while the latter comprises comments on the sixteen Suttas of the Atthakavagga. It may be noted that the Cullaniddesa deals, on the one hand, with the third Sutta of the first Vagga (Uragavagga) and also comments on the sixteen Suttas of the last Vagga, i.e. the Parayanavagga, on the other. But it is really surprising as it does make no mention of the fifty six introductory verses (Vatthugatha) prefixed to the Parayanavagga. These aspects of the Niddesa prompted

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84: Sramana, Vol 62, No. 3, July-September 2011 Malalasekera to suggest, "that at the time the Cullaniddesa was written, the Parayanavagga was a separate anthology and that the Khaggavisanasutta did not belong to any particular group. Similarly with the Mahaniddesa and the Atthakavagga.25 "In case his suggestion is accepted, then the Suttanipata, at the time of the composition of the Niddesas, comprised of the eleven Suttas of the Uragavagga, fourteen Suttas of the Cullavagga and twelve Suttas of the Mahavagga only. Minus the Vatthugatha, the Parayanavagga formed an independent anthology and so also Khaggavisanasutta. Whatever have been the size of the Suttanipata and whether the Parayanavagga formed a separate anthology or not, it is at least certain that the Niddesa literature is one of the earliest types of exegetical literature which was, in due course, incorporated in the canon. Malalasekera not only subscribes to this view but also points out the sources of the Niddesa when he remarks - "The comments in the Niddesa seem to have been modeled on exegetical explanations such as are attributed here and there in the Pitakas to Mahakaccana and Sariputta.26" Atthakatha The word Atthakatha has been formed by adding the term Katha to the Attha (also Pali attha, Skt. artha), the term aliha carrying the sense of 'meaning' and the term Katha 'story' or 'episode'. Thus the word Atthakatha does not stand for a simple exposition. On the contrary, it is a word conveying the sense of elaborate exposition of a Sutta (Skt. Sutra = a condensed statement) or an intricate point with a detailed account of events revealing it's meaning with reference to it's all aspects fully. Buddhaghosa implies this meaning or definition of the word when he declares, "With a view to make the meaning intelligible, I shall relate stories regarding those Suttas whose meaning is feared to be unintelligible without them.""7 In the last lines of his prologue to the Sumangalavilasini, he defines Atthakatha as below, "The Atthakatha on the four Nikayas are to be read with reference to the Visuddhimagga, as many important philosophical issues which came up in the former have heen

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Contribution of Sramanas to the Indian ..... : 85 elaborately explained in the latter.28 Thus in the light of this acknowledgement Buddhaghosa's comment, - "Commentators have often digressed in the course of their explanations and various narratives and episodes have found their way into the commentaries," seems to be unwanted. It is the literal meaning of the word Atthakatha. Let us try to find out its special meaning or its use or meaning that is generally implied or followed. As it will help us a lot in arriving at the right implication of the word Authakatha, it is advisable to quote the following - "Although Atthakatha refers to all commentarial literature, as it did during the Anuradhapura period (third century B. C. - tenth century A. D.) when it had even a wider application and included all literary works other than the Tripitaka, today it is used when referring to the commentaries on the Tripitaka. 29?? The sentence implies to say that while formerly all literary works other than the Tripitaka came under its purview, today it refers to the commentaries on the Tripitaka only. It is to be noted that it's first meaning or definition is based on it's meaning as it comes in the Saratthadipani - "Athakatha is that which states the meaning." As such it has been interpreted as "a general term meaning exposition of the sense, explanation, commentary." But truly speaking, nowa days, it stands for the meaning just pointed out above. Thus, the word Auhakatha had/has been an epithet used as a name given to exegetical literature on an individual text or a group of texts belonging to the same discipline. Not only the commentators or compilers of the Sihalatthkatha always remained vigilant to maintain this tradition, but Buddhaghosa also stuck to this practice as he did not name his work Visuddhimagga as Atthakatha even though being the outcome of the exposition of two verses from the Samyuttanikaya. The name Patimokkha-atthakatha, Jatakaatthkatha, and Vibhangappakarana-atthakatha; and Vinayaatthakatha, Suttata-atthakatha and Abhidhamma-atthakatha may be put forward as illustrations. The first three as examples of exegetical literature on the specifically named texts and the next three on group

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86: Sramana, Vol 62, No. 3, July-September 2011 of texts belonging to the same discipline. So also Buddhadatta does not designate two of his works-Vinayavinicchaya and Uttaravinicchaya, as atthakatha, for they deal with the Vinaya in general, rather than being a commentary on one or the other text of the Vinaya; while he calls his treatise Madhuratthavilasini atthakatha as it is a delineation on an specified text, the Buddhavamsa. Thus it is clear that the Atthakathas are the expositary treatises on the different individual texts of the Pali canon, each text having its own commentary. Moreover, the Atthakathas are distinguished from Bhasyas in Sanskrit literature in more that one respect. The later bring out the intended meaning by exclusively explaining the meaning of words. If we take for example the commentary of Sayanacarya it will be clear that the usual method followed by him in bringing out the meaning is to explain the meaning of words by giving synonyms quoting from Yaska's Nurukta. The second is to refer to the rules of Panini and to Unadisutras in order to explain the formation of words. The third method followed very rarely is to refer to the Vanants in the text. Sayanacarya adopted this method in his famous commentary on the Rgveda. In later times the celebrated commentator Mallinatha also followed, more or less, the same method and while giving a list of synonyms he quotes from Amarakosa, Halayudha and other cognate works. (Suttanipata A, II, Intro. P. 111) Reference: According to the tradition preserved in the Tamil literature Sramana represents three sects, viz. Anuvadins (Pakudha-Kaccayana's sect), Ajivikas (Ajivaksa) and Jams. Quoted from The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. 1, p.389. "Attham bhasati araha suttam ga.nthamti ganahara niunam. Sasanassa hiyatthae tao suttam pavattati." Quoted in Nandisutra - Anuyogadvarasutra from Avassaya-Nijjutti - k 92 HCL J, p. 171 HIL, ii, p. 444 HCL J, p. 172

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Contribution of Sramanas to the Indian ..... : 87 "Niacayenarthapatipadaka Yuktinniryuktih." Other meaning and definitions come thus in different Jaina texts: "Nijjutti the attha jam baddha tena hoi nijjutti. Tahavi ya icchavei, vibhasium suttaparivadi." "Jam nicchaya nUjutta, sutta attha imie vakkhaya. Tenyam nijjuti, Nijuttatthabhihano." - Visesavassaya "Niryuktayuktiriti vacyeyuktasabdalopanniryuktih,"- Haribhadrasuri's commentary (p. 2b) to Dasaveyaliya and its Njijutti. "Nitaram yuktah - sutrena saha lolibhavena sambaddha biryukta arthastesam yuktih - sphutarupatapadanam, ekasya yuktasabdasya lopanniryuktih." - Maladharin hemacandra Suri's commentary (p. 258b) to Anuogadvara (s. 151) "Na vaso avaso avasassa kammamcwasyam ti bidhabba. Jutti tti uvaya ttiya niravayava hoti nijjutti." - Mulayara, S. 515 H CL J, p. 172 Nijjutis on only eight canonical texts namely, Avassaya, Dasaveyaliya, Uttarajjhayana, Ayara, Dasasuyakkhandha, Kappa, Vavahara and Nisitha are believed to have been written by Bhadrabahusvamin. HIL, 11, p. 464 Vide HCLJ, p. 186-87 HIL, 11, P. 464 VideHCLJ,p. 183 Vide Ibid, pp. 172-73 "HCLJ, p. 444 1511 CLJ, II, pp. 186-87 Sakalampi abhidhammapitakam, niggathakam suttam, yam ca annam pi atthahi angehi asangahitam buddhavacanam, tam veyyakaranam ti veditabbam. DNA, I, p. 26 17 Vide DN, I, Brahamajalasutta. 18 L W B, p. 58 VidePED Vide PED, cf. Vibhanga p. 629 OP. Cit., 187-257 SN, II, 2f, V, 8f, V, 183f, V, 196f, V, 209f, V, 276f. Out of these two observations, the first seems to be an ideal example of Vibhanga as exegetical literature, while the second that of Vibhanga as interpretatory literature. It is because "the collection (i.e. the Vibhanga) is considered to be an extensive treatise on the Patimokkha rules," while the Vibhanga of the Abhiddhammapitaka "deals in a general

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88 : Sramana, Vol 62, No. 3, July-September 2011 way with the different categories and formulas as given in the Dhammasangani." PP N, 11, pp. 887-88. PPN, II, pp. 287-88 PPNII, p. 74 Ibid., II, p. 74 Suttam pana attha, na vina vatthuhi ye pakasanti, Tesam pakasanattham, vatthuni pi dassayissami. Prologue to MP Majjhe visuddhimaggo, esa catunnam pi agamanam hi, Thatva pakasayissati tattha yathabhas itam att ham. Icceva halo tasma, tam pl gahetvana saddhimetaya, Atthakathaya vihanatha, dighagamanissitam attham li. Prologue to S V; also Prologue to MP EB, p. 335 Etthaca attho kathiyati etayati atthakatha, sayeva atthakatha thakarassa thakaram katva dukkhassa pilanattho'ti adisu viya. Op.cit., (Srilankan ed.), p. 17 E B, p. 335 31. EB HCLJ HIL Abbreviations Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, 5 vols., Ed., G.P. Malalsekera, Ceylon, Government of Ceylon, 1961-1971. History of the Canonical Literature of the Jainas, H.R. Kapadia, Ahemadabad, Sharadaben Chimanbhai Educational research Centre, 2000 (Reprint). A History of Indian Literature, M. Winternitz, 2vols., Delhi, Motilal Banarasidass, 1990 (Reprint). Life and Works of Buddhaghosa. Delhi, Naga Publishers, 1976. Pali English Dictionary, Rhys Davids & William Stede, Pali Text Society, London, 1925. Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Samyutta Nikaya LWB PED PPN SN ***

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jijJAsA aura samAdhAna Question .Why do Digambaras and Svetambaras perform their worship (puja) and how ? Christopher Fleming, Fullbright Scholar (U.S.A.) Answer. Each religion has its own code of conduct which is the essence or the heart of the religion keeping it alive. There are some essentials prescribed for Jaina house-holders. Among these worship of deity (Deva-Puja) is the foremost. Puja is usually performed in the presence of an idol of Seer (Arihanta) by offering some materials (dravya). Sometimes, it can also be performed in the absence of the idol without materials. Puja is usually performed in the temple in front of the idol of Seer (Arihanta) but it can also be performed at home with or without the idol. Normally when material is offered, it is called Dravya Puja and when it is performed without offering materials, it is called Bhava Puja. Importance of worship (puja) Puja is the most important ritual among the idol-worshipper (Murtipujaka) Jainas. Digambara and Svetambara perform puja according to their rituals. Some differences are there but the main aim is same i.e. to destroy their karmas and to attain the liberation (moksa). In Jaina religion the Supreme God (Tirthankara) is not the ultimate cause of creation, maintainance and destruction of the world. The Seer neither pleases nor angers. Therefore he neither gives blessings to the worshipper nor punishes anyone out of anger. According to Jaina religion Paramatma (Arhanta, Siddha) is the supreme spirit reaching the ultimate state of spiritual evolution by gradual destruction of karma through penance etc. Each Atma becomes Paramatma and sustains its individuality. Paramatma has nothing to do with the worldly life.

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90 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 Reason of worship (puja) Why do Jainas worship their Tirthankaras etc? They claim that Tirthankaras are desireless. They are Vitaragi (detached). Worshippers worship them not to fulfill their worldly desires. Worldly desires of the worshipper are automatically fulfilled owing to the destruction of karma. Method of worship (puja) Now we have to discuss how Digambara and Svetambara perform puja? First of all worshippers take bath. After taking bath they go to the temple for puja and put on their special purified clothes which are usually kept in the temples. Before entering the temple one must wash one's hands and feet. Having entered the temple one should ring the bell slowly and utter three times 'Nissihi' (renunciation), three times 'Om' and three times 'Namoasiu'. Then after the recitation of 'Namokara Mantra' for the three times and bowing before the idol one should make circumvallation around the altar (vedi) in clockwise direction. Idol worshippers of both the Jaina sects (Digambara and Svetambara) perform their pujas. Though their methods of puja differ to some extent yet their aim is the similar. In both traditions puja is the most important ritual. According to Svetambara tradition worship is offered in three different ways(1) First worship is called Anga-Puja, this is done by anointing for different path of an idol or Arihanta with water, sandal wood and flowers. (2) Second worship is called Agra-Puja, which is done by placing, incense, lamp, rice, fruits and sweets in front of idols. (3) Third worship is Bhavapuja, which is done by Caitya Vandana. Note : The first and second worships are called Draya Puja (Material Worship). These two pujas collectively together are called

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jijJAsA aura samAdhAna : 91 Asta Prakari Puja. The Asta Prakari Puja is done by offering eight different types of substances. Jain puja symbolizes various aspects of our religion. There are different types of puja being performed at the occassion of various religious ceremonies. The following eight materials are used in performing pujas in both traditions Svetambara Tradition (1) Jala (Water) paja (2) Candana (Sandal wood) paja (3) Puspa (Flower) paja (4) Dhupa(Incense) puja (5) Dipaka(lamp) paja (6) Aksata (Rice) puja (7) Naivedya (Sweets) paja (8) Fala (Fruits) puja Note : Other functions are - (1) Darpana (Mirror) paja : Jains see the reflection of the idol on the mirror by turning their own neck. At that time they think that the God is reflecting in their heart. (2) Camvara puja (3) Fan puja (4) Vandana / Bhava paja (5) Arati paja-Specially performed in evening, symbolizes the joy after performing all religious activities. It destroys all karmas and brings happiness. Other Special paja(a) Snatra paja- It symbolises bathing of the new born tirthankaras by gods and goddesses over Meru Mountain. It is always performed prior to any puja. This is birthday celebration of God. Digambars

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92 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 perform this worship daily. (b) Panca kalyanaka puj (Garbha, Janma, Diksa, Jnana, Nirvana) (c) Nava pada paja (Five Parmeshthi, Ratnatraya and Tapa). (d) Baraha vrata paja (Twelve vows). (e) Navvanu paja (99 types). Digambara Tradition (1) Jala (Water) Puja (2) Candana (Water which is coloured by sandal wood) Puja (3) Akshata (White Rice) Puja (4) Puspa ( Rice coloured by sandal wood) Puja (5) Naivedya (Small pieces of white coconut) Puja (6) Dipa (Coloured pieces of coconut) Puja- It is a symbol of Dipaka (7) Dhupa (Incense) Puja (8) Fala (Dry Fruits) Puja Note : Before starting puja, they perform Jalabhiseka or Praksala of Idol and then Asta Prakari Puja. After offering fruits, they offer Arghya (mixture of all the eight materials). First of all they worship Deva, Sastra and Guru, after then worship by adoration (Jaimala) is performed. At the end, they read santipatha and Visarjanapatha. Some Digambaras (Bisapanthi) use green fruits, flowers and sweets also. They also perform abhiseka by sandal wood, mixed water, curd, milk etc. but other (Terapanthi) use only pure water. This bathing water is called Gandhodaka ( holy water) and they touch this holy water on their foreheads and faces too. Having performed all these worships, they end with Arati. Other special Pujas(a) Navagraha Puja (b) Ratnatraya Puja (c) Pancameru Puja

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jijJAsA aura samAdhAna : 93 (d) Siddhacakra Puja (e) Tirthankara Puja (f) Indradhvaja Puja (g) santi Natha Vidhana Puja (i) Dasa Laksana Puja Objectives of worship (puja) in both traditions Now we are going to discuss the objectives of puja. These areJala (Water) Puja-To remove all the karmas and impurities from soul or to get rid oneself of the cycle of birth and death. Candana (Sandal-wood) Puja-To make our soul tranquil (calm) or to subside the suffering of the world (Samsaratapavinasanaya). Puspa (Unbroken flowers) Puja-To live like flowers, full of love and compassion to all worldly living beings or to conquer our sexual desires and passions which are the root cause for the accumulation of karmas. Dhupa (Incensed) Puja-To destroy the bad odor (smell) or false faith (mithyatva) and to manifest our pure soul or to destroy all the eight karmas. Dipa (Lamp) Puja- To attain the knowledge in the form of kevalajnana (omniscience) or to destroy the darkness of ignorance and false belief (Mohandhakaravinasanaya). Aksata (White Rice) Puja- Not to be born again or to end the cycle of birth, life and death. Naivedya (Sweet) Puja- To attain that position where, there remains no desire for food or to eliminate the desire for food. Fala (Fruit) Puja-To attain liberation, the ultimate goal of every living being. Arghya Puja- (Mixture of all eight puja substances). To attain anarghyapada that is moksa (nirvana). Jaimala (Adoration) Puja-By reciting the virtues of Tirthankaras

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94 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 to possess similar virtues in our soul. santipatha (Wishing peace) Puja-Wishing peace and happiness for all living beings. Visarjana (Conclusion)-Asking for forgiveness for any mistake or negligence committed during the puja. Arati-To show our respect to lord. The whole purpose of Puja is that by reciting the virtues of Tirthankara, Arhanta, Siddha or Paramesthi, we also remind ourselves that these same virtues are also to be possessed by us and that by taking the path of Tirthankara, we also can attain the liberation. Prof. Sudarshan Lal Jain ***

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra 1. ISJS ke adhyetAoM kA jainavidyA-prazikSaNa kAryakrama sampanna pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parisara meM 4 jUna 2011 se 8 julAI 2011 taka AI0esa0je0esa0 (iNTaranezanala skUla phaoNra jaina sTaDIja) ke tattvAvadhAna meM jainavidyA ke vibhinna viSayoM para prazikSaNa kAryakrama Ayojita hue| isa prazikSaNa kAryakrama meM kula 29 videzI vidvAnoM ne jainadharma-darzana kA adhyayana kiyaa| isameM jainadharma-darzana ke vibhinna viSayoM para pro0 pArasamala agravAla (amerikA) ne dravya va tattva-vicAra evaM karmasiddhAnta, pro0 mAruti nandana tivArI (vArANasI) ne jaina pratimA-vijJAna tathA jaina kalA, pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina (vArANasI) ne jaina dhArmika anuSThAna, parva, pUjA, maMtra, tIrthasthAna, jaina dArzanika sAhitya evaM ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, DaoN0 priyadarzanA jaina (cenaI) ne uttarAdhyayanasUtra evaM dazavaikAlikasUtra, DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha (vArANAsI) ne jainadharma meM sahiSNutA aura pro0 vinaya jaina (dillI) ne lezyA siddhAnta para vyAkhyAna prastuta kiyaa| dinAGka 8 julAI 2011 ko isa kAryakrama kA samApana samAroha Ayojita kiyA gyaa| samAroha ke mukhya atithi the pro0 bI0 DI0 siMha, rekTara, kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0, vArANasI, adhyakSa the DaoN0 oma prakAza kejarIvAla, pUrva mukhya sUcanA nidezaka, bhArata sarakAra tathA samAroha ke sArasvata atithi the pro0 kamalazIla, saGkAya pramukha, kalA saMkAya, kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0, vaaraannsii| kAryakrama kA prArambha pa0 pU0 muni prazamarati vijaya jI ke dvArA kie gae maMgalAcaraNa se huaa| pro0 sudarzanalAla jaina, nidezaka, ne vidyApITha kA paricaya dete hue sabhI AgantukoM kA svAgata kiyaa| AI. esa. je. esa. ke nidezaka DaoN0 zugana canda jaina ne kAryakrama kI saphalatA para santoSa vyakta kiyA tathA AI. esa. je. esa. dvArA bhaviSya meM Ayojita kie jAne vAle vibhinna kAryakramoM ke viSaya meM apane vicAra vyakta kie| adhyakSa pada se bolate hue DaoN0 o0 pI0 kejarIvAla ne jainadharma kI prAcIna hastapratoM evaM mahattvapUrNa abhilekhoM ko sandarbhita kiyA tathA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA zikSA ke kSetra meM kiye jA rahe kAryoM kI sarAhanA kii| unhoMne jainadharma ke siddhAntoM ko 21vIM zatI ke lie atyanta upAdeya btaayaa| mukhya atithi pada se bolate hue pro0 bI0 DI0 siMha ne kahA ki Aja videzoM meM jaina dharma kAphI lokapriya ho rahA hai tathA usake siddhAnta pazcima meM kAphI tejI se apanAye jA rahe

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96 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 haiN| pro0 siMha ne kahA ki yadi bhaviSya meM pArzvanAtha vidyApATha, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke sAtha milakara isa prakAra ke adhyayana kAryakrama kI yojanA banAtA hai to kAzI hinda vizvavidyAlaya usakA svAgata kregaa| AI. esa. je. esa. kA pUrva aura pazcima ko jainavidyA ke mAdhyama se jor3ane kA prayAsa sarAhanIya hai| sArasvata atithi pro0 kamalazIla ne pArzvanAtha vidyApITha AI. esa. je. esa. ke dvArA videzI vidvAnoM ko jainavidyA kI zikSA dene ke prayAsa ko eka abhinava prayAsa batAyA aura AyojakoM kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kii| kAryakrama kA saMcAlana DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha ne tathA dhanyavAda jJApana saMsthAna ke saMyukta nidezaka DaoN0 zrI prakAza pANDeya ne kiyaa| isa prazikSaNa kAryakrama meM laghu zodha-prabandha lekhana, zodhapatroM kI prastuti evaM paricarcA huii| 2. prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke pramANa-patra pAThyakrama kA adhyApana kArya sampanna rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya dvArA mAnyatA prApta tathA apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura dvArA patrAcAra ke mAdhyama se saMcAlita prAkRta evaM apabhraMza bhASAoM ke pramANa-patra pAThyakrama kA adhyApana dinAGka 25 julAI 2011 se 31 julAI 2011 taka vidyApITha ke prAGgaNa meM sampanna huaa| DaoN0 maJjU jaina tathA zrImatI amitA jaina, jayapura se Akara vidyArthiyoM ko viSaya ke adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha parIkSA sambandhI sampUrNa jAnakArI upalabdha kraayii| unhoMne batalAyA ki yadi jaina vAGmaya kA sampUrNa evaM vistRta adhyayana karanA hai to prAkRta evaM apabhraMza bhASAoM kI jAnakArI Avazyaka hai kyoMki jainadharma-darzana ke mUla grantha prAkRta evaM apabhaMza meM hI upalabdha haiN| 3. jaina bhUgola : eka navIna avadhAraNA' viSaya para viziSTa vyAkhyAna DaoN. vimala candra jaina, sevAnivRtta prAcArya, zAsakIya mahAvidyAlaya, bArA, rAjasthAna, ne pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke sabhAgAra meM 15 sitambara 2011 dina guruvAra ko 'jaina bhUgola : eka navIna avadhAraNA' viSaya para vyAkhyAna diyaa| isameM unhoMne batalAyA ki jaina bhUgola prakRti ke sAtha sakArAtmaka sambandha banAne kA pakSadhara hai| manuSya kI manovRttiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara bhaugolika vAtAvaraNa ko kaise surakSita rakhA jA sakatA hai? aura use kaise jIvanopayogI banAyA jA sakatA hai isa sandarbha meM jainadharma-darzana ke siddhAntoM kI upayogitA ko rUpAyita kiyaa|

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra : 97 vyAkhyAna ke pUrva vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina ne abhyAgata atithiyoM kA svAgata karate hue vidyApITha kA paricaya diyA tathA jaina bhUgola kI rUparekhA para jainAgamoM ke Aloka meM prakAza ddaalaa| kAryakrama kI adhyakSatA suprasiddha vidvAn pro0 Ara0esa0 yAdava, bhUgola vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, ne kii| apane adhyakSIya udbodhana meM unhoMne batalAyA ki jaina siddhAnta Adhunika bhUgola ke adhyayana meM apanI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rakhate haiN| inakA vizvavidyAlayIya stara para adhyayana-adhyApana honA caahie| kAryakrama kA saMcAlana evaM dhanyavAda jJApana DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha ne kiyaa| 4. 'bhagavAn mahAvIra kA vartamAna samAja ko avadAna' viSaya para viziSTa vyAkhyAna jaina vizvabhAratI lADanUM se padhArI viduSI samaNI zAradAprajJA jI kA 'bhagavAn mahAvIra kA vartamAna samAja ko avadAna' viSaya para 20 sitambara 2011 ko vyAkhyAna sampanna huaa| unhoMne batalAyA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke loka-tattva, upabhoga-paribhoga niyama, parigraha niyama parimANa ke pAlana se sAmAjika viSamatA kA sarvathA anta ho sakatA hai| naksalavAda Adi samasyAoM kA bhI anta ho jaaegaa| mahAvIra kA dharma vyaktiniSTha hokara bhI mAnava kalyANa kA siddhAnta hai| AtmA apane puruSArtha se uccatama lakSya mokSa prApta kara sakatA hai| mahAvIra ne bhAgyavAda ko puruSArthavAda meM badala diyaa| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha tathA brahmacarya ina pA~ca vratoM ke pAlana kA upadeza diyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne mana, vacana aura kAya kI pravRtti ko saMyamita karane kA bhI upadeza diyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne tyAga ko pUjya batAyA, Rddhi aura samRddhi ko nhiiN| sAmAjika-vyavasthA meM jAti-pAti ke AdhAra kA khaNDana kiyaa| kAryakrama ke adhyakSa the pro0 Ara0 sI0 paNDA, saGkAya pramukha, saMskRta vidyA dharma vijJAna saGkAya, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI tathA mukhya atithi the pro0 kRSNakAnta zarmA, pUrva saGkAya pramukha, saMskRta vidyA dharma vijJAna saGkAya, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vaaraannsii| kAryakrama kA Arambha pa0pU0 mahArAja prazamarati vijaya jI ke maGgalAcaraNa se huaa| vidyApITha kI gatividhiyoM para prakAza vidyApITha ke saMyukta nidezaka (sthApana) DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya ne ddaalaa| saMsthAna ke nidezaka (zodha) pro0 sudarzana lAla

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98 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 jaina ne atithiyoM kA paricaya evaM viSaya para prakAza ddaalaa| kAryakrama kA saMcAlana vidyApITha ke zodha adhyetA DaoN0 navIna kumAra zrIvAstava aura dhanyavAda jJApana esosieTa prophesara DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha ne kiyaa| 5. vidyApITha nidezaka dvArA phirojAbAda saGgoSThI meM patra-vAcana evaM adhyakSatA dinAGka 24 sitambara 2011 ko chadAmIlAla jaina mandira, phirojAbAda ke sabhAgAra meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina ne pa0pU0 upAdhyAya muni zrI nirbhaya sAgara jI ke sAnnidhya meM '21vIM zatAbdI aura zramaNacaryA : eka maulika cintana' para vizAla janasamudAya tathA deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM se samAgata zIrSastha vidvAnoM kI upasthiti meM patra pddh'aa| vidvAnoM ke praznoM kA nidezaka mahodaya ne sayuktika samAdhAna kiyaa| isa Alekha meM nidezaka jI ne digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM sampradAyoM kI zramaNacaryA ko lete hue Adhunika samaya meM kyA karanA cAhie jisase zramaNacaryA meM vyApta zithilAcAra ko rokA jA sake, sujhAva die| unhoMne apane vaktavya meM Agama-paramparA ko na chor3ate hue samayAnukUla bAhya kriyAoM meM kaise parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai tathA zrAvakoM kA isameM kyA kartavya hai? isa para jora dete hue kahA ki zramaNacaryA meM zrAvakoM kA bhI aparAdha hai kyoMki ve sAdhuoM ko aneka prakAra kI sukha-suvidhAe~ pradAna karate haiM tathA sAMsArika prapaJcoM meM ghasITate haiN| aparizuddha bhojanAdi kI vyavasthA karake unake zithilAcAra ko bar3hAte haiN| zrAvakoM ko bhI apanI caryA meM badalAva lAnA hogA aura saMghaTita hokara zithilAcArI sAdhuoM kA bahiSkAra karanA hogA kyoMki ve sAdhu 'Atma-kalyANArtha' bane haiN| bAhya-kriyAoM meM aisI pAradarzitA ho jisase unake vItarAga svabhAva, samatAbhAva, ahiMsaka-vyavahAra, aparigraha-vRtti Adi guNoM kA samAveza ho| isake atirikta nidezaka mahodaya ne rAtrikAlIna saGgoSThI ke paJcama satra meM adhyakSatA bhI kii| 6. paMjAbI vizvavidyAlaya, paTiyAlA ke chAtroM kA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha Agamana dinAGka 28 sitambara 2011, dina budhavAra ko DaoN0 pradyumna zAha siMha, esosieTa prophesara, guru govinda siMha DipArTameNTa oNpha rilijiyasa sTaDIja, paMjAbI vizvavidyAlaya, paTiyAlA, ke netRtva meM jaina tIrthoM evaM saMsthAnoM ke bhramaNa para nikale 12 chAtra-chAtrAe~ pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke prAGgaNa meM phuNce| saMsthAna ke

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra : 99 nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina ne AgaMtukoM kA svAgata kara saMsthA kI gatividhiyoM se unheM avagata kraayaa| chAtroM ke samUha ke sAtha eka paricarcA bhI huii| 7. krisTophara phlemiMga dvArA saMskRta evaM ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra kA adhyayana dinAGka 24 agasta 2011 ko amerikA se padhAre samAgata phulabrAiTa skaoNlara krisTophara phlemiMga ko DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha, esosieTa prophesara, dvArA saMskRta tathA ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra kA adhyApana AMglAbhASA ke mAdhyama se karAyA jA rahA hai| yaha adhyApana kArya disambara 2011 taka clegaa| adhyayana ke pazcAt phlemiMga pUnA ke lie prasthAna kreNge| saMsthAna ke nidezaka pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina dvArA zvetAmbara evaM digambara pUjAdi vividha dhArmika kriyAoM kI saiddhAntika evaM prAyogika vidhi batalAyI jA rahI hai jise vaha sIkha rahe haiM tathA anya Avazyaka zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA jA rahA hai| 8. prAkRta evaM apabhraMza patrAcAra pAThyakrama ke adhyApana evaM parIkSA tithi kI ghoSaNA apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura, dvArA saMcAlita prAkRta tathA apabhraMza pAThyakrama kI parIkSA kramazaH 19 se 20 disambara 2011 tathA 21 se 22 disambara 2011 ko sampanna hogii| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI se jinhoMne phArma bharA hai unakI parIkSAe~ vidyApITha meM hI hoNgii| sabake pAsa parIkSA phArma bheja diyA gayA hai| jinheM parIkSA phArma prApta nahIM huA hai ve vidyApITha ke nidezaka se samparka kreN| phArma bhejane kI antima tithi 31 akTUbara 2011 hai| parIkSA kI taiyArI hetu pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM 5 navambara 2011 se 11 navambara 2011 taka apabhraMza kI kakSAe~ tathA 12 navambara 2011 se 18 navambara 2011 taka prAkRta kI kakSAe~ dopahara 1 baje se cleNgii| parIkSArthI saMsthAna ke nidezaka se samparka karake Avazyaka kAryavAhI pUrI kreN| 9. U.S.A. Academic Tour of PV President and ISJS India Chairman Dr. Shugan C. Jain (1M to 17th Sept. 2011) Dr. Shugan Jain, ISJS India Chairman and President of PV, visited USA, Sept. 15 to 17th 2011, to participate in Paryushan Festival at Jain Centre of Greater Boston and promote Jain studies at US Universities.

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100 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 Inauguration of the First ISJS Centre of Jain Studies at Claremont Lincoln University California The first ISJS Centre of Jain Studies was inaugurated at Claremont Lincoln University on Sept 6th 2011. The program started with a formal welcome lunch hosted by Prof. to ISJS team consisting of Dr. Sulekh Jain, Dr. Shugan Jain, Mrs. Pramoda Behn and Shree Dilip Shah and attended by Prof. Dan Smith (VCU), President of CLU and Ms Brianne Donaldson, Chairperson Jain Centre exploratory committee of CLU. The formal inauguration started with a welcome breakfast at 8AM on Sept 61h, followed by the inaugural function attended by hundreds of Jains from Los Angeles area, faculty, ISSJS alumni on CLU, Chairman and President of CLU and a large pool of Media representatives.On that occasion, ISJS also presented over 100 Jain books for CLU library with promise of more to follow. CLU also expressed their sincere thanks for the first non-Abrahamic Religion Centre to be opened at CLU. Lecture on 'Peace, Harmony and Development through AAA Doctrine of Jainism' at South Asia Institute of Harvard University on Sept 8th 4PM Prof. Parimal Patil, head of the SAI organized a lecture on the above subject by Dr. Shugan Jain. The lecture dealt with the application of the principles of Ahimsa, Anekanta and Aparigraha (AAA) of Jains to achieve peace, social harmony and all round sustainable development and how historically Jain Spiritual leaders and luminaries applied these principles to achieve these objectives. Visiting Yale University Dept of Religious Studies, New Haven Connecticut ISJS team consisting of Dr. Shugan Jain, Dr Khasgiwala and Shree Kulbhusan Jain visited Yale University on Sept 12'h to enhance cooperation between ISIS and the prestigious Yale University. The ISJS delegation met Prof. Phyllis Granoff (Head, Dept of Religious

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__pArzvanAtha vidyApITha samAcAra : 101 studies and a renowned Jain Scholar), Ms Ellen Gogh and Ms Lynna Dhanani both ISSJS alumni and now completing their Ph.D. studies at Yale in Jainism and some Yale students interested in Jain studies. ISJS extended a warm invitation to Prof Granoff to ISSJS 2012 as expert faculty and some students as participants as well. Lectures at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Richmond Virginia (Sept 13th and 14 h) Dr. Shugan Jain delivered two lectures on 'Introduction to Jainism' and Religion and Non violence based ethics of Jainism' to students of VCU. The lectures were attended by over two hundred students from VCU and several Jain Community members from Richmond also. Both the lectures were followed by extensive discussions with the students as well. The lectures were also taken as an opportunity to introduce ISSJS 2012 programs. These lectures were organized by Prof. Dan Smith of VCU who is an alumnus of ISJS 2010. Dasalaksana Pujas and lectures at Jain Centre of Greater Boston During the stay at Boston, ten days program consisted of guiding the host Jain community as well as participate in the special poojas of Dasalaksana. In the evening there were delivered a series of

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102 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 lectures. These lectures, consisted of two parts, namely explain the Spiritual Virtue identified /associated on that particular day (e.g. Supreme Forgiveness, humility, straightforwardness, cleanliness, truth, self restraint, austerities, giving up, solitariness and celibacy) and the texts Astapahula by Acarya Kund Kund. Overall all and one expressed joy and satisfaction with the entire program. ISJS and Shugan Jain thanked the management of Jain Centre of Greater Boston, particularly their president Smt. Arti Shah, Dr. Chandra Khasgiwal, Mr. Kul Bhushan Jain (along with his wife, children and mother particularly for their excellent hospitality at their home) and Mr. Rasik Vagadia for making the visit happened and provide extraordinary hospitality throughout. Other important meetings On Sept 15th important meetings were held with Dr. Sushil Jain, President JAINA and Shree Narendra Jain Chairman, IDJO, USA to exchange notes about the working of ISJS and the present scenario of Jain studies and JAINA in USA. ISJS thanked Shree Akinchan Jain and his wife Namrata Jain to make these meetings and stay at Washington extremely enjoyable. On Sept 16, meetings were held in Philadelphia with Prof. Gary. Francione, an expert speaker /faculty resource of ISJS and member of ISJS, USA AC and Shree Dilip Shah, a senior functionary of ISJS USA and exPresident of JAI, USA to apprise each other about ISJS and academic studies in USA along with ways and means to enhance the reach of ISJS. * * *

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jaina jagat 1. yuga puruSa zivAcArya zrI jI kA bhavya cAturmAsa praveza AtmajJAnI, sadguru zramaNa saMghIya AcArya zrI zivamuni jI ma.sA0 Adi ThANA 7 kA bhavya cAturmAsa praveza 7 julAI 2011 ko DerAvala nagara dillI meM sampanna huaa| Adharvashimuni Ji AcArya bhagavan ne apane saMdeza meM kahA ki Aja kA yaha pAvana divasa Apa sabake lie maGgalakArI ho| pUre dezabhara meM vItarAgatA kA vAtAvaraNa bane, sabhI apane lakSya siddhAlaya ke lie puruSArtha kreN| bhagavAn mahAvIra se lekara vartamAnakAlIna sabhI sAdhu-sAdhvIvRnda cAturmAsa meM cAra mAha eka sthAna para rahakara ArAdhanA meM rata rahate haiN| isa kAla meM eka sthAna para rahakara trigupti kI vizeSa ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai| mumukSu AtmA zrI dharmapAla jaina ko dIkSA pradAna karate hue unhoMne dIkSA ke mahattva ko btlaayaa| 2. vaizAlI meM jagadIza candra mAthura smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA sampanna 15 apraila 2011 ko prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI meM vaizAlI mahotsava evaM mahAvIra jayantI ke avasara para jagadIza candra mAthura smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA 2011 kA Ayojana saMsthAna ke sabhAgAra meM kiyA gyaa| vyAkhyAnamAlA kA viSaya thA 'janamAnasa meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA prbhaav'| vyAkhyAnamAlA kA viSaya samasAmayika evaM mahattvapUrNa thaa| 3. digambara jaina tIrtha nirdezikA kA lokArpaNa paramapUjya AcArya zrI vizuddhasAgara jI mahArAja ke pAvana sAnidhya meM 15 julAI 2011 ko samavazaraNa digambara jaina maMdira kaJcanabAga, indaura (ma0pra0) ke parisara meM bane vizAla sabhA-maNDapa meM digambara jaina tIrtha nirdezikA ke naye saMskaraNa kA lokArpaNa samAroha sampanna huaa|

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104 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 nirdezikA ke saMyojaka evaM sampAdaka zrI ha~samukha gA~dhI ne batAyA ki isa tIrtha-nardezikA kI 30,000 pratiyA~ aba taka vibhinna saMskaraNoM meM prakAzita kI jA cukI haiN| prastuta navIna saMskaraNa meM 225 tIrthoM kI adyatana jAnakArI dene ke sAtha hI deza ke 44 pramukha nagaroM evaM paryaTana sthaloM meM sthita dharmazAlAoM evaM atithi nivAsoM kI jAnakArI saMkalita kI gaI hai jisase vahA~ samIpavartI tIrthoM kI yAtrA kI jA ske| 4. lakSmImalla siMghavI smRti grantha kA rASTrapati dvArA lokArpaNa pAMcAla zodha saMsthAna ke tattvAvadhAna meM 15 maI 2011 ko naI dillI meM 'DaoN0 lakSmImalla siMghavI digdarzana grantha samiti' ke dvArA prakAzita briTena meM pUrva bhAratIya uccAyukta, padmabhUSaNa DaoN0 lakSmImalla siMghavI smRti grantha 'dRSTi meM sRSTi' kA mahAmahima rASTrapati pratibhA devI siMha pATila dvArA lokArpaNa huA evaM isakI prathama prati unako samArohapUrvaka bheMTa kI gii| 16 maI 2011 ko deza ke gauravazAlI rASTrapati bhavana ke bhavya 'yelo DrAiMga rUma' meM deza ke variSTha evaM gaNamAnya vyaktiyoM kI upasthiti meM eka garimAmaya samAroha ke madhya yaha bhavya evaM garimAmayI Ayojana sampanna huaa| smRti-grantha zodhapUrNa sAmagrI, aitihAsika citroM Adi se susajjita hai| anta meM eka TippaNI hai- DaoN0 lakSmImalla siMghavI ke jIvana va kAryoM ko kisI grantha meM sameTa pAnA sAgara ko aMjurI se ulIcane jaisA hai| vastuta: yaha anta nahIM, eka Arambha hai.......| 5. jJAnodaya puraskAra kI ghoSaNA dinAGka 28 sitambara 2011, dina budhavAra ko jJAnodaya puraskAra nirNAyaka maNDala dvArA pro0 jagadIza candra upAdhyAya, indaura (ma0pra0) ko jaina itihAsa ke kSetra meM zodha, mArgadarzana evaM lekhana hetu tathA zrI zAntilAla jAgar3A, udayapura ko RSabhadeva kezariyAjI mandira evaM isakI paramparA ke lie jJAnodaya puraskAra kI ghoSaNA kI gii| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI tarapha se vijetAoM ko bdhaaii| ***

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sAhitya-satkAra 1. maNibhadramahAkAvyam kavi- muni prazamarativijayajI, prakAzaka- pravacana prakAzana, 488 ravivAra peTha, pUnA-2, mUlya- ru0175/-, pR0 186 / maNibhadramahAkAvya saMskRta bhASA meM likhA gayA sarvaprathama mahAkAvya hai| maNibhadrajI kI kathA para zrI nandalAla devaluka ne acchA saGkalana kiyA hai| usameM se eka paramparA ko AdhAra banAkara muni prazamarativijaya jI ne yaha kAvya nau sargoM meM likhA hai| maNibhadra nAmaka yakSa pUrva bhava meM mANikacanda nAmaka eka mUrtipUjaka zrAvaka thA jo padmanAbha nAmaka yati ke prabhAva se mUrtipUjA-virodhI ho gayA thaa| kAlAntara meM zrI Anandavimala sUri jI ke prabhAva se punaH jaina zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka ho jAtA hai aura prAyazcitta hetu zatruJjaya kI yAtrA hetu paidala cala par3atA hai| rAste meM luTere use mAra dete haiM parantu dharmayAtrA ke puNya prabhAva se maNibhadra nAmaka yakSa (vyantaradeva) bana jAtA hai| idhara nArAja hokara padmanAbha nAmaka yati zrI Anandavimala sUri para bhairava ke mAdhyama se upasarga karanA prArambha kara detA hai| eka dina Anandavimala sUri kA sAkSAtkAra maNibhadra se hotA hai| maNibhadra yakSa zrI Anandavimala sUri jI ke sAdhuoM para samAgata upasarga ko dUra karatA hai aura upasargakartA bhairava ko parAjita karatA hai| isa vijaya ke phalasvarUpa maNibhadra yakSa kI tapAgaccha ke adhiSThAtA rUpa meM sthApanA ho jAtI hai aura use bahumAna diyA jAtA hai| isIlie tapAgaccha meM jo sAdhu hote haiM unake nAma ke sAtha 'vijaya' zabda jor3A jAne lgaa| isa kAvya meM dharma-prabhAvanA ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| vIra, zAnta, raudra, karuNa aura bhayAnaka rasoM kA isameM samAveza hai| yamaka aura anuprAsa alaGkAroM kA sundara prayoga hai| prakRti-citraNa aura Rtu-varNanAdi mahAkAvyocita hai| sahAyaka kathA prasaGgoM kA bhI citraNa hai| bhASA praur3ha hai| maNibhadra ke sambandha meM jAnane ke lie yaha kAvya paThanIya hai| 2. varaMgacariu (varAGgacaritam) mUla lekhaka- paM0 tejapAla, sampAdana evaM hindI anuvAda- DaoN0 sumata kumAra jaina, prAkRta adhyayana zodha kendra, rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna, jayapura, prakAzaka- zrI kundakunda kahAna pAramArthika TrasTa, mumbaI-56, mUlya- ru0 120, pR0 238 / aprakAzita durlabha pANDulipi kA yaha prathama prakAzana hai| varaMgacariu ke mUla nAyaka varAGgakumAra kA janma jaina tIrthaGkakara neminAtha ke samaya huA thaa| sarvaprathama sAtavIM zatAbdI meM jaTAsena nandi ne unake vyaktitva para saMskRta meM mahAkAvya likhaa| apabhraMza bhASA ke kavi tejapAla kI yaha apUrva kRti hai| dhana kI pratiSThA karane vAlA yaha uttama carita kAvya hai| sAmAjika mUlyoM kI rakSA kaise kareM isakI

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106 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 preraNA isa kAvya se milatI hai| caurAsI peja kI vistRta prastAvanA hai jisameM apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kI paramparA kA digdarzana kiyA gayA hai| anta meM do parizaSTa haiM aura sandarbha grantha sUcI bhI dI gaI hai| grantha atyanta upayogI hai| kAvya cAra sandhiyoM meM vibhakta hai| 3. pAia-gajja-pajja-saMgaho sampAdaka- DaoN0 jinendra jaina, prakAzaka- jaina adhyayana evaM siddhAnta zodha saMsthAna, zrI pisanahArI mar3hiyA, jabalapura, madhyapradeza, mUlya- ru0 120 / isa saGkalana meM prAkRta kI kucha cunI huI kathAoM kA saGkalana kiyA gayA hai| ATha kathAe~ gadya meM haiM aura tIna padya meN| inake atirikta padya meM do saGkalana prAkRta ke mahattva aura subhASita se sambandhita haiN| jainadharma se sambandhita ye kathAe~ rocaka, zikSAprada aura mahattvapUrNa haiN| sampAdaka DaoN0 jinendra jaina ne 15 pRSTha kI bhUmikA meM prAkRta bhASA, usake svarUpa evaM vikAsa para vicAra kiyA hai jo mahattvapUrNa hai| kathAe~ jIvanopayogI haiM jo saMyama, dAna, tapa, viveka Adi se sambandhita haiN| jaise; lobha kA kahIM anta nahIM, mAGgalika puruSa kI kathA, viduSI putravadhu kI kathA, madhubindu dRSTAnta, agaradatta kI kathA, zilpIputra kI kathA ityaadi| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se prAkRta bhASA sIkhane ke lie yaha grantha upayogI hai| grantha meM hindI anuvAda, zabdArtha aura abhyAsa diye gae haiN| 4. akkhANayamaNikosaM (mUla evaM hindI anuvAda) lekhaka- nemicandrasUri, sampAdaka- DaoN0 jinendra jaina, prakAzaka- jaina adhyayana evaM siddhAnta zodha saMsthAna, zrI pisanahArI mar3hiyA, jabalapura, madhyapradeza, mUlya- ru0 75 / zrI nemicandrasUri dvArA lagabhaga bArahavIM zatAbdI meM yaha grantha likhA gyaa| isameM 52 gAthAoM ke mAdhyama se jainadharma-darzana ke vividha viSayoM kA pAlana karane ke lie sodAharaNa kathAoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isameM kathAoM kA kevala nAmamAtra hai, pUrI kathA nahIM hai| una kathAoM kA vistAra unake ziSya AntadevasUri ne 14000 zloka prAkRta bhASA meM padyAtmaka vyAkhyA grantha meM kiyA hai jisakA nAma hai aakhyaanmnnikoshvRtti| anuvAdaka ne apanI 34 pRSTha kI prastAvanA meM jaina-sAhitya, prAkRta-kathA, kathA-sAhitya, gantha-granthAkAra Adi se sambandhita vistRta vicAra kiyA hai| anta meM gAthAnukramaNikA aura kathAsUtra anukramaNikA dI gaI haiN| kathAsUtra-anukramaNikA meM yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki kisa kathA se sambandhita kitanI gAthAe~ milatI haiN| kathAsUtra anukramaNikA se yaha jAnA jA sakatA hai ki kisa kathA kA kitanI gAthAoM se vRtti meM vistAra kiyA gayA hai|

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sAbhAra prApti pravacana prakAzana, 488, ravivAra peTha, pUnA-2 sepustaka lekhaka/sampAdaka 1. zrAddhavidhikaumudI munizrI vairAgyarativijayajI 2. sarvadarzana pravezaka munizrI vairAgyarativijayajI 3. aSTasahanItAtparya- munizrI vairAgyarativijayajI vivaraNam 4. yogadRSTisaMgraha munizrI prazamarativijayajI mUlya ru090 ru.100 ru0200 ru07 seo 0 seTha bherUlAlajI kanhaiyAlAlajI koThArI rili0 TrasTa, candanabAlA vAlakezvara, mumbaI sepustaka lekhaka/sampAdaka mUlya 1. nayAmRta munizrI vairAgyarativijayajI ru070 2. pAtaJjalayogasUtrANi munizrI vairAgyarativijayajI ru080 3. zrIharibhadrasUrikRta munizrI vairAgyarativijayajI ru060 SaDdarzana-samuccayaH (saTIkaH) seo 0 seo 0 inake atirikta anya nimnalikhita pustakeM bhI sAbhAra prApta huIM1. zrI hemacandrasUrikRta kAvyAnuzAsanam saTIkam, prakAzaka- zrI jhAlAvADa jaina zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka tapAgaccha saMgha, surendranagara (gujarAta), mUlya ru0 80 2. tarkasaMgraha phakkikA, lekhaka- munizrI vairAgyarativijayajI, prakAzaka- zrI zaMkhezvara pArzvanAtha ArAdhaka TrasTa, sukharAja rAyacandra ArAdhanA bhavana, sAbaramatI, ahamadAbAda, mUlya ru035 3. mahAvIra ApakI aura Aja kI hara samasyA kA samAdhAna, lekhaka- zrI candraprabha, prakAzaka- zrI jitayazA phAuNDezana, bI-7, anukampA dvitIya, ema0AI0 roDa, jayapura (rAja0), mUlya ru050 4. zrImad-vAgbhaTTaviracitaM kAvyAnuzAsanam, prakAzaka- zrI cintAmaNi pArzvanAtha mahArAja jaina zve0 mU0 saMgha, pArasanAtha lena, nAsika, mUlya ru. 80 5. apragaTa prAcIna gurjara sAhitya saMcaya, sampA0- sAdhvI vIrArasAzrIjI, DaoN0 kavina zAha, prakAzaka- AcArya oMkArasUri ArAdhanA bhavana, gopIpurA, sUrata, mUlya ru.150

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108 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 6. zrIpradyumna sUrikRta samarAdivyasaMkSepa, sampA0- harmana jekobI, prakAzakazrI jhAlAvADa jaina zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka tapAgaccha saMgha, surendranagara (gujarAta), mUlya ru090 7. zrIlaghvAcAryaracita tripurAbhAratIstavaH ( saTIka :), lekhaka - muni vairAgyarativijayajI, prakAzaka - zrI hasamukhalAla cunIlAla modI cairiTebala TrasTa, tAradeva roDa, muMbaI, mUlya ru060 8. maMgalavAdasaMgraha, sampA0 - munizrI vairAgyarativijayajI, prakAzaka- zrI pArzvanAtha jaina maMdira TrasTa, 267, TiMbara mArkeTa, bhavAnI peTha, pUnA, mUlya ru0100 9. zrIsaMvegaratiH, lekhaka - munizrI prazamarativijayajI, prakAzaka- kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, mUlya ru0250 10. jJAna-dhArA, sampA0 - DaoN0 navanIta kumAra jaina, DaoN0 sudhAkara kumAra mizrA, prakAzaka- zruta saMvarddhana saMsthAna, prathama tala, 247, dillI roDa, meraTha ( u0pra0) mUlya ru01600 11. zrImadabhayadevaviracitaM jayantavijayamahAkAvyam, prakAzaka- bhadraMkara prakAzana, ahamadAbAda, mUlya ru0 300 12. praznottara ratnamAlikA (nIti patha), lekhaka - muni praNamyasAgara, prakAzakadharmodaya sAhitya prakAzana, khuraI roDa, sAgara (ma0pra0) mUlya ru020 13. zrI jainakathA sUcI (bhAga 1 se 3), sampA0 - zrI zrutasamuddhArakaparama pUjya zrI vijaya jinendra sUrIzvara mahArAja, prakAzaka- zrI harSapuSpAmRta jainagranthamAlA, zantipurI saurASTra, samagra mUlya ru01500 14. Jainism In Panjab, Dr. Pradyumna Shah Singh, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, Price 250 15. kArikAvalI - siddhAntamuktAvalI, lekhaka - zrI vizvanAthanyAyapaJcAnana bhaTTAcAryeNa, prakAzaka - pravacana prakAzana, pUnA, mUlya ru020 ***

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vidyApITha ke AgAmI prakAzana 1. jainakumArasambhava anuvAdikA- DaoN0 (zrImatI) nIlamarAnI zrIvAstava jainoM ne vizAla sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai| unhoMne na kevala dArzanika aura dhArmika sAhitya likhA hai apitu samAjopayogI vividha viSayoM para bhI vipula sAhitya likhA hai| saMskRta kAvya sAhitya meM jainoM kA bar3A yogadAna rahA hai| vikrama kI 15vIM zatAbdI ke aJcalagacchIya zvetAmbara jaina muni zrI jayazekhara sUri ne 'jaina kumArasambhava' likha kara usa kar3I meM eka naga aura jar3a diyA hai| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke kumArasambhava ko par3hane vAloM ko jaina kumAra sambhava avazya par3hanA caahiye| DaoN. (zrImatI) nIlama rAnI zrIvAstava ne yaha hindI anuvAda Aja se kaI varSa pUrva kara liyA thA parantu isake prakAzana meM katipaya kAraNoM se vilamba huaa| isake pUrva isake tIna saMskaraNa prakAzita ho cuke the1. I.san 1900 meM zrAvaka zrI bhImasiMha mANeka muMbaI se paM. zrAvaka hIrAlAla vi. haMsarAja kRta gujarAtI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita huaa| 2. I. san 1946 meM hIrAcanda kastUracanda jhaverI tathA motIcanda maganabhAI cokazI sUrata se zrI dharmazekhara sUri kRta saMskRta TIkA ke sAtha prakAzita huaa| 3. I. san 2003 meM DaoN. ramezacanda jaina, vardhamAna kAleja, bijanaura ke hindI anuvAda ke sAtha prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura tathA zrI Arya jaya kalyANa kendra TrasTa, mumbaI ne saMyukta rUpa se prakAzita kiyaa| lekhikA ke samakSa DaoN. ramezacanda jaina kA saMskaraNa nahIM thA ata: unhoMne isa grantha ko apane guruvara pro. jagadambA prasAda sinhA, nivartamAna adhyakSa, saMskRta tathA prAkRta vibhAga, lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya ke nirdezana meM taiyAra kiyA jo kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| yaha kevala hindI anuvAda mAtra nahIM hai apitu jaina saMskRta kAvya sAhitya ke itihAsa kA paricAyaka bhI hai| vividha pariziSToM ke sAtha isa saMskaraNa meM grantha kI vistRta samIkSA bhI hai| lekhikA kA prayAsa sarAhanIya hai| hama isakI saMskRta TIkA bhI prakAzita karanA cAhate the kintu aparihArya kAraNoM se abhI nahIM kara pA rahe haiN| isa kamI ko hama agale saMskaraNa meM pUrA kreNge| 2. jaina evaM vaidika paramparA meM draupadI : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana lekhikA- DaoN0(zrImatI) zIlA siMha 'jaina evaM vaidika paramparA meM draupadI : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana' zIrSaka kRti DaoN0(zrImatI) zIlA siMha kA uparyukta viSaya para likhA gayA pI-eca0DI0

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110 : zramaNa, varSa 62, aMka 3 / julAI-sitambara - 2011 upAdhi (kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya) hetu zodha-prabandha hai| DaoN0 zIlA siMha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI nyUkema zodhachAtrA rahI haiM aura unhoMne DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha ke nirdezana meM zodha kiyA thaa| bhAratIya saMskRti kI pramukha paramparAoM vaidika aura zramaNa meM paraspara prabhUta vinimaya huA hai| Aja AvazyakatA vividha paramparAoM meM antarnihita ekatA ke tattvoM kA samIkSAtmaka evaM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta karane kI hai| draupadI kA caritra jaina evaM vaidika paramparA meM sAmAnya rUpa se lokapriya hai| paranta apanIapanI pRthak pRSThabhUmiyoM ke kAraNa donoM paramparAoM meM draupadI kA citraNa-pariveza pRthak-pRthak hai| jainAcAryoM kI pravRtti jaina siddhAntoM ko dRSTAntoM ke mAdhyama se sahaja banAkara prastuta karane kI rahI hai| isa kAraNa hiMsA, asaMyama aura nidAna ke bhayAvaha pariNAmoM kA upadeza dekara sanmArga para lAne ke lie draupadI kathA ko AdhAra banAyA gyaa| isa kRti meM vaidika evaM jaina donoM hI paramparAoM meM upalabdha pracura sAhitya ke samyak adhyayana ke AdhAra para draupadI kathA kA tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa kRti ke mAdhyama se draupadI ke kathAnaka para vyApaka prakAza pdd'egaa| 3. karmagrantha : zataka, bhAga 5 (mUla, hindI anuvAda evaM vyAkhyA) anuvAdaka evaM vyAkhyAtA- paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI jainadarzana meM karma ko eka vizeSa prakAra kA jar3a padArtha (kArmaNa vargaNA) mAnA gayA hai jo jIva kI rAga-dveSAtmaka kriyA se AkRSTa hokara AtmA ke sAtha ghulamila jAtA hai| jIva kI kriyA ke phalasvarUpa AkRSTa hokara vaha jIva se ba~dhatA hai, ata: bhautika padArtha hote hue bhI arUpI AtmA ke sAtha eka vizeSa prakAra ke bandha ko prApta hotA hai| Azaya yaha hai ki jahA~ anya darzana rAga aura dveSa se AviSTa jIva kI pratyeka kriyA ko karma kahate haiM vahA~ jainadarzana kA mantavya hai ki rAga-dveSa se AviSTa jIva kI pratyeka kriyA ke sAtha eka prakAra kA dravya AtmA meM AtA hai, jo usake rAga-dveSa rUpa pariNAmoM kA nimitta pAkara AtmA se ba~dha jAtA hai| kAlAntara meM yahI dravya AtmA ko zubha-azubha phala detA hai| pUrva meM yaha grantha zrI vardhamAna sthAnakavAsI jaina dhArmika zikSA samiti, bar3auta, meraTha, dvArA vIranirvANa samvat 2468 (san 1941) meM prakAzita huA thaa| grantha kI mahattA evaM upAdeyatA ko dekhate hue pArzvanAtha vidyApITha isake sabhI khaNDoM kA ati Avazyaka saMzodhana kara puna: prakAzana kara rahA hai| * **

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