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________________ 2055 Aspects of Jainology Vol. 5 - jaina vidyA ke AyAma 3044 khaNDa 5 SRI SVETAMBARA STHANAKAVASI JAINA SABHA HIRAKA JAYANTI SEMINAR VOLUME zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA hIraka jayantI saMgoSThI grantha Editors Prof. Sagarmal Jam Dr. Ashok Kumar singh saccaM logammi sArabhUyaM pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5 PARSVANATHA SODHAPITHA, VARANASI-5 For Private & Psonal Use Only
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________________ Aspects of Jainology Vol. V Sri Shvetambara Sthanakavasi Jaina Sabha, Calcutta Diamond Jubilee Seminar Volume Editors Prof. Sagarmal Jain Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Publisher Pujya Sohanlal Smaraka Parshvanath Shodhapitha Varanasi-221 005.
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________________ Published with Financial Assistance from Sri Shvetambara Sthanakavasi Jaina Sabha Calcutta Published by : Pujya Sohanlal Smaraka Parshvanath Shodhapitha I.T.I. Road, Karaundi P.O. B.H.U., Varanasi-221 005. Phone No. 311462 Ist Edition 1994 Price Rs. 200.00 Printed by : Vardhaman Mudranalaya Jawahar nagar Colony Varanasi-10.
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma granthAGka 5 zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA, kalakattA hIraka jayantI saMgoSThI grantha sampAdaka pro. sAgaramala jaina DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha prakAzaka pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha vArANasI-221005.
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________________ zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA ke Arthika sahayoga dvArA prakAzita prakAzaka: pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha AI.TI.AI. roDa, karaudI po.A. - kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI-221.005. dUrabhASa - 311462 prathama saMskaraNa mUlya ru.200.00 mudrita : vardhamAna mudraNAlaya javAhara nagara kAlonI vArANasI-10
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________________ prakAzakIya jaina vidyA ke paMcama khaNDa (Aspects of Jainology, Vol. V) kA prakAzana zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA, kalakattA ke hIrakajaMvantI evaM pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ke svarNajayantI varSa 1988 ke upalakSya meM zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA kalakattA dvArA Ayojita vidvat saMgoSThI hetu prastuta nibandhoM ke saMkalana ke rUpa meM kiyA jA rahA hai| zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA ne na kevala prastuta saMgoSThI ko Ayojita kiyA apitu usameM prastuta nibandhoM ke prakAzana hetu dasa hajAra rupayoM kA Arthika anudAna bhI diyA "ve hI vyakti evaM saMsthAe~ jIvita rahatI haiM jo dasaroM ke sukha-duHkha meM sahabhAgI banatI haiM evaM satata sevA kArya ke liye prastuta rahatI haiM, isa ukti ko caritArtha karatI huI zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA kalakattA apane zikSA, sevA evaM sAdhanA ke sevA-prakalpoM kA nirantara vistAra karate hue gatimAna hai| san 1928 meM sthApita sabhA kI samAja tathA rASTropayogI evaM loka-kalyANakArI pravRttiyA~ kisI bhI samAja ke liye garva kA viSaya hai| sabhA ne apanI sevA kI paridhi meM samAja ke pratyeka varga ke hita-sAdhana ko dhyAna meM rkhaa| zikSA hetu kampyUTara zikSA kI suvidhA yukta jaina vidyAlaya aura hAbar3A meM sthApita vidyAlaya, garIba chAtroM kI suvidhA ke liye jaina buka baika, rogI evaM pIr3ita janoM kI sevA hetu jaina cikitsAlaya, 4 karor3a rupayoM kI lAgata se bana rahA atyAdhunika suvidhAoM vAlA cikitsAlaya tathA sAtha hI niyamita rUpa se bar3e stara para niHzulka netra zalya cikitsA zivira evaM samaya-samaya para zrI mahAvIra vikalAMga samiti, jayapura ke sahayoga se niHzulka vikalAMga zivira kA Ayojana sabhA karatI rahI hai| sabhA dvArA jaina-zilpa-zikSA-kendra evaM mahilA utthAna samiti ke mAdhyama se nArI utthAna tathA vikAsa kA prazaMsanIya kArya kiyA jA rahA hai| isake atirikta alpa Aya vAle jaina bhAiyoM ko nitAnta kama zulka meM zuddha evaM sAtvika AhAra "jaina bhojanAlaya" ke mAdhyama se upalabdha karAne kA kArya sabhA kara rahI hai| sAtha hI svadharmI bhAiyoM kI sevA sahita prANimAtra kI sevA kA vrata pUrNa karane ke liye jIva dayAkoSa evaM svadharmI sahAyatA koSa kI sthApanA bhI sabhA kara rahI hai| dhArmika utthAna ke lie bhI sabhA prativarSa sthApanA divasa, kSamAyAcanA divasa, mahAvIra jayantI evaM jainAcAryoM kI jayantiyoM ko atyanta utsAhapUrvaka manAtI hai| aSTa divasIya paryuSaNa parva kI ArAdhanA bhI tapa, tyAga evaM pratyAkhyAna pUrvaka sollAsa manAyI jAtI hai| sabhA kalakattA meM hI nahIM apita deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM zikSA evaM sevA se jaDI saMsthAoM ko bhI udAratApUrvaka Arthika sahAyatA pradAna karatI rahI haiN| sabhA dvArA pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ko aneka prasaMgoM para Arthika sahayoga prApta huA hai| saMgoSThI meM prastuta nibandhoM kA yaha saMkalana bhI usake jaina vidyA ke prati anurAga evaM udAra dRSTikoNa kA paricAyaka hai| pArzvanAtha zodhapITha bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI pavitra janmasthalI pavitranagarI vArANasI meM kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke samIpa sthita hai| jaina vidyA ke uccAnuzIlana evaM zodhakendra ke rUpa meM yaha deza kA prathama evaM pratiSThita saMsthAna hai| zodha kArya hetu kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya dvArA mAnyatA prApta yaha zodhapITha, jainadharma, darzana, sAhitya, itihAsa aura saMskRti ke sambandha meM zodhAtmaka pravRttiyoM kA to janmadAtA hI hai| 10 navambara, 1935 ko amRtasara meM pUjya zrI sohanalAla jI ma. sA. kI pAvana smRti meM sthApita isa samiti ne jaina vidyA ke vikAsa evaM pracAra-prasAra hetu sana 1937 meM vArANasI meM apanI zaikSika gatividhiyA~ prArambha kii| isa zodhapITha ke preraka
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________________ aura akAdamika rUpakAra rahe haiM -- svanAmadhanya prajJA cakSu paM. sukhalAla saMghavI aura mUrtarUpadAtA hai -- niSkAma samAja sevI lAlA harajasarAyajI jaina, amRtsr| zodha ke sambandha meM vizuddha akAdamika dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se dUra rahakara jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM zodha-kArya karane ke kAraNa isakA apanA viziSTa sthAna hai| Aja taka zodhapITha se 50 se adhika zodha-chAtra pI-eca.DI. upAdhi prApta kara cuke haiM evaM 22 chAtra isa samaya pI-eca.DI. hetu paMjIkRta hai| saMsthAna dvArA jaina vidyA kA eka varSIya snAtakottaraM prArambhika DiplomA evaM dvivIya snAtakottara uccatara DiplomA pAThyakrama bhI calAyA jA rahA hai| yaha zodha saMsthAna vartamAna meM 25000 pustakoM vAle pustakAlaya, phoTokApiyara, kampyUTara, lejara priMTara Adi atyAdhunika upakaraNoM se susajjita hai| saMsthAna ke pAsa 108860' kA do maMjilA bhavana, nidezaka AvAsa, zikSaka AvAsa, atithigRha, zramaNa-zramaNiyoM tathA chAtra-chAtrAoM ke lie AvAsa kI suvidhA se yukta hai| apane vikAsakrama meM saMsthAna mAnya vizvavidyAlaya (Deemed University) banane kI prakriyA meM agrasara hai| mAnya vizvavidyAlaya kA prastAva u.pra. zAsana dvArA anumodita hokara vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga ke pAsa vicArAdhIna hai| anudAna Ayoga kI vizeSajJa samiti navambara ke prathama saptAha meM saMsthAna kA daurA bhI kara cukI saMsthAna aba taka prAkRta evaM jaina vidyA se sambandhita zodhapUrNa evaM uccastarIya 100 grantha prakAzita kara cukA hai| isake sAtha hI 'zramaNa' nAmaka traimAsika patrikA evaM jaina vidyA ke AyAma kA niyamita prakAzana bhI saMsthAna kara rahA hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma ke prastuta paMcama khaNDa meM nimna vidvAnoM ke Alekha/zodha-nibandha samAhita kiye jA rahe haiM-- pro. sAgaramala jaina, nidezaka, pArzvanAtha zodhapIThaH DaoN. narendra bhAnAvata, bhUtapUrva adhyakSa, hindI vibhAga, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapuraH pro. Ara.ena. mehatA, bhUtapUrva adhyakSa, prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga, mujarAta vidyApITha, ahamadAbAdaH pro. e.ke. caTarjI, itihAsa vibhAga, kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya, kalakattAH DaoN. zItikaNTha mizra, bhUtapUrva prAcArya, DI.e.vI. DigrI kAleja, vArANasIH DaoN. sudarzana lAla jaina, adhyakSa, saMskRta vibhAga, kA.hi. vi. vi., vArANasIH DaoN. vaziSThanArAyaNa sinhA, rIDara, darzana vibhAga, kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasIH DaoN. phUlacanda jaina "premI", adhyakSa, jainadarzana vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI: DaoN. aruNa pratApa siMha, pravaktA, sikandarapura mahAvidyAlaya, sikandarapura, baliyAH DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha pravaktA, pArzvanAtha zodhapIThaH DaoN. zivaprasAda, zodha-adhyetA, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga, kA.hi.vi.vi.; DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya, pravaktA, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha; DaoN. subhASa koThArI, zodhAdhikArI, Agama-ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura evaM DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata, pravaktA, patrakAritA vibhAga, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jypur| jaina vidyA ke AyAma ke paMcama khaNDa ke prakAzana kI belA meM hama ina sabhI vidvAnoM ke AbhArI haiN| unake ina vidvattApUrNa AlekhoM se isa grantha kI garimA meM vRddhi huI hai| isa grantha ke prakAzana meM zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA, kalakattA ne jo 10,000 rupaye kA Arthika sahayoga diyA hai usake liye hama usake prati AbhArI hai| sAtha hI uparokta prastuta AlekhoM ke sampAdana, prUpha saMzodhana, kampojiMga aura mudraNa sambandhI vyavasthAoM ke lie saMgthAna ke nidezaka, pro. sAgaramala jaina, pravaktA, DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha aura DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya ne jo
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________________ sahayoga diyA hai usake lie hama unake prati kRtajJatA jJApita karate hai aura isa grantha ke kampojiMga kA kArya zrI bRjeza kumAra zrIvAstava ne evaM mudraNakArya "vardhamAna mudraNAlaya" vArANasI ne sampAdita kiyA hai etadartha hama ina donoM ke prati bhI apanA AbhAra vyakta karate haiN| 4 navambara, 1994, dIpAvalI vaaraannsii| bhavadIya, bhUpendranAtha jaina, pharIdAbAda saradAramala jI kAMkariyA, kalakattA bhUparAja jI jaina, kalakattA /
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________________ viSaya-sUcI pRSTha saMkhyA 1. sAgaramala jaina : ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya - eka vimarza 2. sudarzana lAla jaina .: jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya - eka adhyayana 3. zrIprakAza pANDeya : niyukti sAhitya - eka paricaya 4. aruNa pratApa siMha : mUlAcAra meM varNita AcAra niyama : zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM 5. zItikaNTha mizra : hindI maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya 6. saMjIva bhAnAvata :: hindI jaina patrakAritA kA itihAsa evaM mUlya 7. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA . : anekAnta, ahiMsA tathA aparigraha kI avadhAraNAoM kA mUlyAMkana : Adhunika vizva samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM 8. azAka kumAra siMha : prAcIna jaina granthoM meM kamasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama 9. zivaprasAda : zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricaya 10. phUlacanda jaina "premI" : digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anvaya 11. narendra bhAnAvata : jainadharma meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA udbhava evaM itihAsa 12. subhASa koThArI. : zrAvakAcAra kA mUlyAtmaka vivecana 13. A.K. Chatterjee : Contribution of Jainism to Indian History 14. R.N. Mehata : Jahangir and Non-Violence 114 132 141 151 157 164
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza - pro. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya saMskRti meM ati prAcInakAla se hI do samAnAntara dhArAoM kI upasthiti pAI jAtI hai-- zramaNadhArA aura vaidikdhaaraa| jaina dharma aura saMskRti isI zramaNadhArA kA eka aMga hai| jahA~ zramaNadhArA nivRttiparaka rahI, vahA~ vaidikadhArA prvRttiprk| jahA~ zramaNadhArA meM saMnyAsa kA pratyaya pramukha banA, vahA~ vaidikadhArA meM gRhsthjiivn| zramaNadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA ko adhika abhivyakti dI aura yaha mAnA ki zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara, ataH usane zarIra aura saMsAra donoM se hI mukti ko apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya maanaa| usakI dRSTi meM jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlya gauNa rahe aura anAsakti, vairAgya aura AtmAnubhUti ke rUpa meM mokSa yA nirvANa ko hI sarvocca mUlya mAnA gyaa| isake viparIta vaidikadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana ko vareNya mAnakara jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM arthAta jIvana ke rakSaNa evaM poSaNa ke prayatnoM ke sAtha-sAtha pAramparika sahayoga yA sAmAjikatA ko pradhAnatA dii| phalataH vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti evaM pArasparika sahayoga hetu prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiM, yathA -- hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI sansAna balipTha ho, hamArI gAyeM adhika dRdha deM, vanaspati evaM anna pracura mAtrA meM utpanna hoM, hamameM paraspara sahayoga ho aadi| jJAtavya hai ki vedoM meM vairAgya evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA anupasthita hai, jabaki vaha zramaNadhArA kA kendrIya tattva hai| isa prakAra ye donoM dhArAyeM do bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM ko lekara pravAhita huI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa inake sAhitya meM bhI inhIM bhinna-bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana pAyA jAtA hai| zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya meM saMsAra kI daHkhamayatA ko pradarzita kara tyAga aura vairAgyamaya jIvana zailI kA vikAsa kiyA gayA, jabaki vaidika sAhitya meM aihika jIvana ko adhika sakhI aura samaddha banAne heta prAya aura sAmAjika-vyavasthA (varNa-vyavasthA) aura bhautika upalabdhiyoM ke hetu vividha karmakANDoM kI sRjanA huii| prArambhika vaidika sAhitya, jisameM mukhyataH veda aura brAhmaNa grantha samAhita hai, meM laukika jIvana ko sukhI aura samRddha banAne vAlI prArthanAoM aura karmakANDoM kA hI prAdhAnya hai, isake viparIta zramaNa paramparA ke prArambhika sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA aura kSaNabhaMguratA ko pradarzita kara usase vairAgya aura vimukti ko hI pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| saMkSepa meM zramaNa paramparA kA sAhitya vairAgya pradhAna hai| zramaNadhArA aura usakI dhyAna aura yoga sAdhanA kI paramparA ke astittva ke saMketa hameM mohanajodar3o aura haDappA kI saMskRti ke kAla se hI milane lagate haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki haDappA saMskRti vaidika saMskati se bhI parvavartI hI rahI hai| aAveda jaise prAcInatama grantha meM bhI vrAtyoM aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ke ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate haiM ki usa yuga meM zramaNadhArA kA astitva thaa| jahA~ taka isa prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya kA prazna hai durbhAgya se vaha Aja hameM upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu vedoM meM usa prakAra kI jIvana dRSTi kI upasthiti ke saMketa yaha avazya sUcita karate haiM ki unakA apanA koI sAhitya bhI rahA hogA, jo kAlakrama meM lupta ho gyaa| Aja AtmasAdhanA pradhAna nivRttimUlaka zramaNadhAga ke sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna aMza yadi kahIM upalabdha hai, to vaha aupaniSadika sAhitya meM hai| prAcIna upanipadoM meM na kevala vaidika karma-kANDoM aura bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kI AlocanA kI gaI hai, apita AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna Atmatattva kI sarvoparitA bhI pratiSThita kI
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza gayI hai| Aja yaha sabase bar3I bhrAnti hai ki hama upaniSadoM ko vaidikadhArA ke pratinidhi grantha mAnate haiM, kintu unameM vaidika karmakANDoM kI spaSTa AlocanA ke jo svara mukharita hue haiM aura tapa-tyAga pradhAna AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI jo pratiSThA huI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki ve mUlataH zramaNa jIvana-dRSTi ke prastotA haiN| yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM meM vaidikadhArA ke bhI kucha saMketa upalabdha hai kintu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki upaniSadoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana dRSTi vaidika nahIM, zramaNa hai| ve usa yuga kI racanA haiM, jaba vaidikoM dvArA zramaNa saMskRti ke jIvana mUlyoM ko svIkRta kiyA jA rahA thaa| ve vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kI kahAnI kahate haiN| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM samanvaya kA yaha prayatna spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai| usameM tyAga aura bhoga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, karma aura karma-saMnyAsa, vyakti aura samaSTi, avidyA (bhautika jJAna) aura vidyA (AdhyAtmika jJAna) ke madhya eka sundara samanvaya sthApita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM kA pUrvavartI evaM samasAmayika zramaNa paramparA kA jo adhikAMza sAhitya thA, vaha zramaNa paramparA kI anya dhArAoM ke jIvita na raha pAne yA unake bRhad hindU paramparA meM samAhita ho jAne ke kAraNa yA to vilupta ho gayA thA yA phira dUsarI jIvita zramaNa paramparAoM ke dvArA athavA bRhad hindU paramparA ke dvArA AtmasAta kara liyA gyaa| kintu usake astitva ke saMketa evaM avazeSa Aja bhI aupaniSadika sAhitya, pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgamoM meM surakSita haiN| prAcIna AraNyakoM, upaniSadoM, AcArAMga (prathama zrutaskandha), sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, isibhAsiyAI, theragAthA, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM ina vilupta yA samAhita zramaNa paramparAoM ke aneka RSiyoM ke upadeza Aja bhI pAye jAte haiN| isibhAsiyAI, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM ullikhita yAjJavalkya, nArada, asitadevala, kapila, pArAzara, AruNi, uddAlaka, nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta Adi RSi ve hI haiM, jinameM se aneka ke upadeza evaM AkhyAna upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI surakSita hai| jaina paramparA meM RSibhASita meM inheM arhat RSi evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM siddhi ko prApta tapodhana mahApurupa kahA gayA hai aura unheM apanI pUrva paramparA se sambaddha batAyA gayA hai| pAlitripiTaka ke dIghanikAya ke sAmaJaphalasutta meM bhI buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaMkaroM --- ajitakezakambala, prakudhakAtyAyana, pUrNakazyapa, saMjayavelaTiThapula, makhaligozAlaka evaM niggaMThanAtaputta kI mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza huA hai, phira cAhe unheM vikRta rUpa meM hI prastuta kyoM na kiyA gayA ho| isI prakAra ke theragAthA, suttanipAta Adi ke aneka thera (sthavira ) bhI prAcIna zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita rahe haiN| isa sabase bhArata meM zramaNadhArA ke prAcInakAla meM astitva kI sUcanA mila jAtI hai| padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne pAlitripiTaka meM ajita, araka aura aranemi nAmaka tIrthaMkaroM ke ullekha ko bhI khoja nikAlA hai| jJAtavya hai ki usameM inheM "titthakaro kAmesu vItarAgo" kahA gayA hai-- cAhe hama yaha mAne yA na mAneM ki inakI saMgati jaina paramparA ke ajita, araha aura ariSTanemi nAmaka tIrthaMkaroM se ho sakatI hai-- kintu itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki ye sabhI ullekha zramaNadhArA ke atiprAcIna astitva ko hI sucita karate haiN| vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgama vaidika sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama hai| vedoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ ullikhita haiN| mImAMsakadarzana ke anusAra veda apauruSeya hai arthAta kisI vyakti vizeSa dvArA nirmita nahIM hai| unake anusAra veda anAdi-nidhana hai, zAzvata hai, na to unakA koI racayitA hai aura nahIM rcnaakaal| naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA isase bhinna hai, ve veda-vacanoM ko Izvara-sRSTa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra veda apauruSeya nahIM, apitu IzvarakRta haiN| IzvarakRta hote hue bhI Izvara ke anAdi-nidhana hone se veda bhI anAdi-nidhana mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu jaba unheM
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina IzvarasRSTa mAna liyA gayA hai, to phira anAdi kahanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki Izvara kI apekSA se to ve sAdi hI hoNge| t jahA~ taka jainAgamoM kA prazna hai unheM artha-rUpa meM arthAt kathya-viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA upaviSTa mAnA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se ve apaurUSeya nahIM haiM ve artha rUpa meM tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadiSTa aura zabda-rUpa meM gaNadharoM dvArA racita mAne jAte haiM, kintu yaha bAta bhI kevala aMga AgamoM ke sandarbha meM hai| aMgabAhya Agama grantha to vibhinna sthaviroM aura pUrvadhara AcAryoM kI kRti mAne hI jAte haiN| isa prakAra jaina Agama pauruSeya (puruSakRta) haiM aura kAla vizeSa meM nirmita haiM / - / kintu jaina AcAryoM ne eka anya apekSA se vicAra karate hue aMga AgamoM ko zAzvata bhI kahA hai| unake isa kathana kA AdhAra yaha hai ki tIrthakaroM kI paramparA to anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai aura anantakAla taka calegI koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM, jisameM tIrthakara nahIM hote haiN| ataH isa dRSTi se jaina Agama bhI anAdi-ananta siddha hote haiM jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara bhinna-bhinna AtmAe~ hotI haiM kintu unake upadezoM meM samAnatA hotI hai aura unake samAna upadezoM ke AdhAra para ravita grantha bhI samAna hI hote haiN| isI apekSA se nandIsUtra meM AgamoM ko anAdi-nidhana bhI kahA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke kathana meM cAhe zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho, kintu artha-rUpa meM bhinnatA nahIM hotI hai| ataH artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se yaha ekarUpatA hI jainAgAmoM ko pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta siddha karatI hai| nandIsUtra (sUtra 58 ) meM kahA gayA hai ki "yaha jo dvAdaza-aMga yA gaNipiTaka hai-vaha aisA nahIM hai ki yaha kabhI nahIM thA, kabhI nahIM rahegA aura na kabhI hogaa| yaha sadaiva thA, sadaiva hai aura sadaiva rhegaa| yaha dhruva, nitya, zAzvat akSaya, avasthita aura nitya hai|" isa prakAra jaina vintaka eka ora pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke upadeza ke AdhAra para unake pramukha ziSyoM ke dvArA zabda rUpa meM AgamoM kI racanA hone kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate haiM to dUsarI ora artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se samarUpatA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki artha rUpa se jinavANI sadaiva thI aura sadaiva rhegii| vaha kabhI bhI naSTa nahIM hotI hai| vicAra kI apekSA se AgamoM kI zAzvatatA aura nityatA mAnya karate hue bhI jaina paramparA unheM zabda rUpa se sRSTa aura vicchinna hone vAlA bhI mAnatI hai| anekAnta kI bhASA meM kaheM to tIrthakara kI anavarata paramparA kI dRSTi se Agama zAzvata aura nitya hai, jabaki tIrthaMkara vizeSa kI zAsana kI apekSA se ve sRSTa evaM anitya haiN| vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgamoM meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki vedoM ke adhyayana meM sadaiva hI zabda-rUpa ko mahattva diyA gayA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki zabda-rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM honA caahie| cAhe usakA artha spaSTa ho yA na ho isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM tIrthakaroM ko artha kA pravaktA mAnA gayA aura isalie isa bAta para bala diyA gayA ki cAhe AgamoM meM zabda rUpa meM bhinnatA ho jAya kintu unameM artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa thA ki zabda rUpa kI isa upekSA ke kAraNa paravartIkAla meM AgamoM meM aneka bhASika parivartana hue aura Agama pAThoM kI ekarUpatA nahIM raha sakI / yadyapi vibhinna saMgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se ekarUpatA banAne kA prayAsa huA lekina usameM pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila skii| yadyapi yaha zabda rUpa parivartana bhI Age nirvAdha rUpa se na cale isalie eka ora unheM lipibaddha karane kA prayAsa huA to dUsarI ora AgamoM meM pada, akSara, anusvAra Adi meM parivartana karanA bhI mahApApa batAyA gyaa| isa prakAra yadyapi AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa ko sthiratA to pradAna kI gayI phira bhI zabda kI apekSA artha para adhika bala diye jAne ke kAraNa jainAgamoM kA svarUpa pUrNatayA aparivartita nahIM raha sakA, jabaki veda zabda-rUpa meM aparivartita rhe| Aja bhI unameM aisI aneka kAyAyeM haiM jinakA koI artha nahIM nikalatA hai| anarthakAri mntraaH)| isa prakAra veda zabda pradhAna hai jabaki jaina Agama artha- pradhAna hai| 3 /
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza veda aura jainAgamoM meM tIsarI bhinnatA unakI viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se bhI hai| vedoM meM bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke prati prArthanAe~ hI pradhAna rUpa se dekhI jAtI hai, sAtha hI kucha khagola-bhUgola sambandhI vivaraNa aura kathAe~ bhI haiN| jabaki jaina ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM AdhyAtmika evaM vairAgyaparaka upadezoM ke dvArA mana, indriya aura vAsanAoM para vijaya pAne ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| isake sAtha-sAtha usameM mani evaM gRhastha ke AcAra sambandhI vidhi-niSedha pramukhatA se varNita haiM tathA tapa-sAdhanA aura karma-phala viSayaka kucha kathAyeM bhI haiN| khagola-bhUgola sambandhI carcA bhI jambUdIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi granthoM meM haiN| jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai usakA prArambhika rUpa hI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM vedoM ke pazcAt kramazaH brAhamaNa-granthoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kA krama AtA hai| inameM brAhamaNa grantha mukhyataH yajJa-yAga sambandhI karmakANDoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| ataH unakI zailI aura viSaya-vastu donoM hI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya se bhinna hai| AraNyakoM ke sambandha meM maiM abhI taka samyaka adhyayana nahIM kara pAyA hU~ ataH unase ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI tulanA kara pAnA mere liye sambhava nahIM hai| kintu AraNyakoM meM vairAgya, nivRtti evaM vAnaprastha jIvana ke aneka tathyoM ke ullekha hone se vizeSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvArA unameM aura jaina AgamoM meM samarUpatA ko khojA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka upaniSadoM kA prazna hai upaniSadoM ke aneka aMza AcArAMga, isibhAsiyAI Adi prAcIna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhI yathAvat upalabdha hote haiN| yAjJavalkya, nArada, kapila, asitadevala, aruNa, uddAlaka, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke ullekha evaM upadeza isibhAsiyAI, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha haiN| isibhAsiyAiM meM yAjJavalkya kA upadeza usI rUpa meM varNita hai, jaisA vaha upaniSadoM meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke aneka AkhyAna, upadeza evaM kathAe~ mAtra nAma-bheda ke sAtha mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM vistArabhaya se vaha saba tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| inake tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu icchuka pAThakoM ko isibhAsiyAiM kI merI bhUmikA evaM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana khaNDa 1 evaM 2 dekhane kI anuzaMsA karake isa carcA ko yahIM virAma detA huuN| pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama __ pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama apane udbhava srota kI apekSA se samakAlika kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki pAlitripiTaka ke pravaktA bhagavAna buddha aura jainAgamoM ke pravaktA bhagavAna mahAvIra samakAlika hI haiN| isalie donoM ke prArambhika granthoM kA racanAkAla bhI samasAmayika hai| dUsare jaina paramparA aura bauddha paramparA donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNadhArA ke aMga haiM ataH donoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi eka hI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi jainAgamoM aura pAlitripiTaka ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se ho jAtI hai| donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se nivRttiparaka jIvana-dRSTi ko apanAyA gayA hai aura sadAcAra evaM naitikatA kI prasthApanA ke prayatna kiye gaye haiM. ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se bhI donoM hI paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM samAnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika evaM kucha prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~ suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi meM mila jAtI haiN| kintu jahA~ taka donoM ke darzana evaM AcAra niyamoM kA prazna hai, vahA~ spaSTa antara bhI dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki jahA~ bhagavAna buddha AcAra ke kSetra meM madhyamamArgIya the, vahA~ mahAvIra tapa, tyAga aura titikSA para adhika bala de rahe the| isa prakAra AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM kI dRSTiyA~ bhinna thiiN| yadyapi vicAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra aura buddha donoM hI ekAntavAda ke samAlocaka the,
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina kintu jhN| buddha ne ekAntavAdoM ko kevala nakArA, vahA~ mahAvIra ne una ekAntavAdoM meM samanvaya kiyaa| ataH darzana ke kSetra meM buddha kI dRSTi nakArAtmaka rahI hai, jabaki mahAvIra kI sakArAtmaka / isa prakAra darzana aura AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM meM jo bhinnatA thI, vaha unake sAhitya meM bhI abhivyakta huI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya pAThaka kI apekSA se donoM paramparA ke granthoM meM kSaNikavAda, anAtmavAda Adi dArzanika prasthAnoM ko chor3akara ekatA hI adhika parilakSita hotI hai| AgamoM kA mahattva evaM prAmANikatA pratyeka dharma paramparA meM dharma grantha yA zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, kyoMki usa dharma ke dArzanika siddhAnta aura AvAra vyavasthA donoM ke lie "zAstra" hI eka mAtra pramANa hotA hai| hindudharma meM veda kA, bauddhadharma meM tripiTaka kA, pArasIdharma meM avestA kA, IsAIdharma meM bAibila kA aura islAma meM kurAna kA, jo sthAna hai, vahI sthAna jainadharma meM Agama sAhitya kA hai| phira bhI Agama sAhitya ko na to veda ke samAna apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai aura na bAibila yA kurAna ke samAna kisI paigambara ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA Izvara kA sandeza hI, apitu vaha una arhatoM va RSiyoM kI vANI kA saMkalana hai, jinhoMne apanI tapasyA aura sAdhanA dvArA satya kA prakAza prApta kiyA thaa| jainoM ke lie Agama jinavANI hai, Aptavacana hai, unake dharma-darzana aura sAdhanA kA AdhAra hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM jainadharma kA digambara sampradAya upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAnatA hai, kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM ina AgamoM meM kucha aisA prakSipta aMza hai, jo unakI mAnyatAoM ke viparIta hai| merI dRSTi meM cAhe vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM kucha prakSipta aMza hoM yA unameM kucha parivartana-parivardhana bhI huA ho, phira bhI ve jainadharma ke prAmANika dastAveja haiN| unameM aneka aitihAsika tathya upalabdha haiN| unakI pUrNataH asvIkRti kA artha apanI prAmANikatA ko hI nakAranA hai| zvetAmbara mAnya ina ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye I.pU. pA~cavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI arthAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa meM jaina saMgha ke car3hAva-utAra kI eka prAmANika kahAnI kaha dete haiN| " ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa vartamAna jo Agama grantha upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai-- 11 aMga 1. AyAra (AcArAMga), 2. sUyagaDa (sUtrakRtAMga), 3. ThANa (sthAnAMga), 4. samavAya (samavAyAMga), 5. viyAhapannatti (vyAkhyAprajJapti yA bhagavatI), 6. nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAta-dharmakathAH ), 7. uvAsagadasAo (upAsakadazAH ), 8. aMtagaDadasAo (antakRddazAH ), 9. anuttarovavAiyadasAo (anuttaraupapAtikadazAH ), 10. pahAvAgaraNAI (praznavyAkaraNAni), 11. vivAgasuyaM (vipAkazrutam ), 12 dRSTivAda (diThivAya), jo vicchinna huA hai| 12 upAMga 1. uvavAiyaM (aupapAtikaM), 2. rAyapaseNaDaja (rAjaprasenajitkaM) athavA rAyapaseNiyaM (rAjapraznIyaM), 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA (prajJApanA), 5. sUrapaNNatti (sUryaprajJapti), 6. jambudadIvapaNNatti (jambUdvIpaprajJapti), 7. caMdapaNNatti (candraprajJapti), 8-12. nirayAvaliyAsuyakkhaMdha (nirayAvalikAzrutaskandha),
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 8. nirayAvaliyAo (nirayAvalikAH ), 9. kappavaDiMsiyAo (kalpAvataMsikAH ), 10. puphiyAo (puSpikAH ), 11. pupphacUlAo (puSpacUlAH ), 12. vaNhidasAo (vRssnnidshaa)| jahA~ taka uparyukta aMga aura upAMga granthoM kA prazna hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAya inheM mAnya karate haiN| jabaki digambara sampradAya inhIM gyAraha aMgasUtroM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki ye aMgasUtra vartamAna meM vilupta ho gaye haiN| upAMgasUtroM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM eka rupatA hai, kintu digambara paramparA meM bAraha upAMgoM kI na to koI mAnyatA rahI aura na ve vartamAna meM ina granthoM ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadyapi jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dIpasAgaraprajJapti Adi nAmoM se unake yahA~ kucha grantha avazya pAye jAte haiN| sAtha hI sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdIpaprajJapti ko bhI unake dvArA dRSTivAda ke parikarma vibhAga ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| 4 mUlasUtra sAmAnyatayA (1) uttarAdhyayana, (2) dazavaikAlika, (3) Avazyaka aura (4) piNDaniyukti -- ye cAra mUlasUtra mAne gaye haiN| phira bhI mUlasUtroM kI saMkhyA aura nAmoM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM ekarupatA nahIM hai| jahA~ taka uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai inheM sabhI zvetAmbara sampradAyoM evaM AcAryoM ne eka mata se mUlasUtra mAnA hai| samayasundara, bhAvaprabhasUri tathA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM pro. vebara, pro. vUlhara, pro. sArapenTiyara, pro. vinTarnitja, pro. zUbriga Adi ne eka svara se Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai, kintu sthAnakavAsI evaM terApanthI sampradAya Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra ke antargata nahIM mAnate haiN| ye donoM sampradAya Avazyaka evaM piNDaniyukti ke sthAna para nandI aura anuyogadAra ko mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne piNDaniyukti ke sAtha-sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra meM mAnA hai| isa prakAra mUlasUtroM ke vargIkaraNa aura unake nAmoM meM eka rupatA kA abhAva hai| digambara paramparA meM ina mUlasUtroM meM se dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka mAnya rahe haiN| tattvArtha kI digambara TIkAoM meM, dhavalA meM tathA aMgapaNNatti meM inakA ullekha hai| jJAtavya hai ki aMgapaNNatti meM nandIsUtra kI bhA~ti hI Avazyaka ke chaha vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| yApanIya paramparA meM bhI na kevala Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavakAlika mAnya rahe haiM, apitu yApanIya AcArya aparAjita (navIM zatI) ne to dazavaikAlika kI TIkA bhI likhI thii| 6 chedasUtra chedasUtroM ke antargata vartamAna meM -- 1. AyAradazA (dazAzrutaskandha), 2. kapya (kalpa), 3. vavahAra (vyavahAra), 4 nisIha (nizItha), 5. mahAnisIha ( mahAnizItha) aura 6. jIyakappa (jItakalpa) ye chaha grantha mAne jAte haiN| inameM se mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko zvetAmbaroM kI terApanthI aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAyeM mAnya nahIM karatI haiN| ve donoM mAtra cAra hI chedasUtra mAnate haiN| jabaki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya upayukta 6 chedasUtroM ko mAnatA hai| jahA~ taka digambara aura yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai unameM aMgabAhya granthoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha kA ullekha milatA hai| yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM na kevala inakA ullekha milatA hai, apitu inake avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| Azcarya yaha hai ki vartamAna meM digambara paramparA meM pracalita mUlataH yApanIya paramparA ke prAyazcita sambandhI grantha "chedapiNDazAstra" meM kalpa aura vyavahAra ke pramANya ke sAtha-sAtha jItakalpa kA bhI pramANya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra digambara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha aura jItakalpa kI mAnyatA rahI hai, yadyapi vartamAna meM digambara AcArya inheM mAnya nahIM karate haiN|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 10 prakIrNaka isake antargata nimna dasa grantha mAne jAte haiM -- 1. causaraNa (catuHzaraNa), 2. AurapaccAkkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna), 3. bhattaparinnA (bhaktaparijJA), 4. saMthAraya (saMstAraka), 5. taMDulaveyAliya (taMdulavaicArika), 6. caMdavejjhaya (candravedhyaka), 7. devindatthaya (devendrastava), 8. gaNivijjA (gaNividyA), 9. mahApaccAkkhANa (mahApratyAkhyAna) aura 10 vIratthaya (viirstv)| zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karate haiN| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM inameM unakI paramparA ke viruddha aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jisase inheM amAnya kiyA jaaye| inameM se 9 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha to nandIsUtra meM mila jAtA hai| ataH inheM amAnya karane kA koI aucitya nahIM hai| hamane isakI vistRta carcA Agama saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita mahApaccakkhANa kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| jahA~ taka dasa prakIrNakoM ke nAma Adi kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM meM bhI kiMcita matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| lagabhaga 9 nAmoM meM to eka rupatA hai kintu bhattaparinnA, maraNavidhi aura vIrastava ye tIna nAma aise haiM jo bhinna-bhinna AcAryoM ke vargIkaraNa meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa se Aye haiN| kisI ne bhaktaparijJA ko chor3akara maraNavidhi kA ullekha kiyA hai to kisI ne usake sthAna para vIrastava kA ullekha kiyA hai| muni zrI. puNyavijayajI ne pahaNNayasuttAI, prathama bhAga kI bhUmikA meM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita lagabhaga nimna 22 granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai inameM se adhikAMza mahAvIra vidyAlaya se paiNNayasuttAiM nAma se 2 bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| aMgavidyA kA prakAzana prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI kI ora se huA hai| ye bAIsa prakIrNaka nimna hai-- __ 1. catuH zaraNa, 2. AturapratyAkhyAna, 3. bhaktaparijJA, 4. saMstAraka, 5. taMdulavaicArika, 6. candravedhyaka, 7. devendrastava, 8. gaNivijjA, 9. mahApratyAkhyAna, 10. vIrastava, 11. RSibhASita, 12. ajIvakalpa, 13. gacchAcAra, 14. maraNasamAdhi, 15. titthogAliya, 16. ArAdhanApatAkA, 17. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, 18. jyotiSkaraNDaka, 19. aMgavidyA, 20. siddhaprAmRta, 21. sArAvalI aura 22. jiivvibhkti| isake atirikta eka hI nAma ke aneka prakIrNaka bhI upalabdha hote haiM, yathA-- "AurapaccakkhAna" ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha hote haiN| unameM se eka to dasavIM zatI ke AcArya vIrabhadra kI kati hai| ___ inameM se nandI aura pAkSikasUtra ke utkAlika sUtroM ke varga meM devendrastava, taMdulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, maraNavibhakti, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna ye sAta nAma pAye jAte haiM aura kAlikasUtroM ke varga meM RpibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti ye do nAma pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra nandI evaM pAkSikasUtra meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka samAja ke kucha AcArya jo 84 Agama mAnate haiM, ve prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA 10 ke sthAna para 30 mAnate haiN| isameM pUrvokta 22 nAmoM ke atirikta nimna 8 prakIrNaka aura mAne gaye haiM -- piNDavizuddhi, paryantaArAdhanA, yoniprAbhRta, aMgacUliyA, vaMgacUliyA, vRddhacatuHzaraNa, jambUpayannA aura klpsuutr| jahA~ taka digambara paramparA evaM yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai, vaha spaSTataH ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karatI haiM, phira bhI mUlAcAra meM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna se aneka gAthAyeM usake saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza aura bRhata-pratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM avatarita kI gaI hai| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti, ArAdhanApatAkA Adi aneka prakIrNakoM kI gAthAyeM avatarita haiN| jJAtavya hai ki inameM aMga bAhayoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| 2 cUlikAsUtra cUlikAsUtra ke antargata nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra ye do grantha mAne jAte haiN| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki sthAnakavAsI paramparA inheM cUlikAsUtra na kahakara mUlasUtra meM vargIkRta karatI hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM ko mAnya rahe haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 mUla, 6 cheda, 10 prakIrNaka, 2 cUlikAsUtra-- ye 45 Agama zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM mAnya haiN| sthAnakavAsI va terApanthI isameM se 10 prakIrNaka, jItakalpa, mahAnizItha aura piNDaniyukti -- ina 13 granthoM ko kama karake 32 Agama mAnya karate haiN| jo loga caurAsI Agama mAnya karate haiM ve dasa prakIrNakoM ke sthAna para pUrvokta tIsa prakIrNaka mAnate haiN| isake sAtha dasa niyuktiyoM tathA yatijItakalpa zrAddhajatikalpa, pAkSikasUtra, kSamApanAsUtra, vandittu, tithi-prakaraNa, kavacaprakaraNa, saMzaktaniyukti aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya ko bhI AgamoM meM sammilita karate haiN| ___isa prakAra vartamAnakAla meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha vargIkaraNa paryApta paravartI hai| 12vIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM isa prakAra ke vargIkaraNa kA kahIM koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai| vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sarvaprathama hameM AcArya zrIcanda kI "sukhabodhAsamAcArI" (I.san.1112) meM AMzika rUpa se upalabdha hotI hai| isameM Agama sAhitya ke adhyayana kA jo krama diyA gayA hai usase kevala itanA hI pratiphalita hotA hai ki aMga, upAMga Adi kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thii| kintu vartamAnakAla meM jisa prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thaa| usameM mAtra aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka itane hI nAma milate haiN| vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nandIsUtra va anuyogadArasUtra ko bhI prakIrNakoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| sukhabodhAsamAcArI kA yaha vivaraNa mukhya rUpa se to Agama granthoM ke adhyayana-krama ko hI sUcita karatA hai| isameM muni jIvana sambandhI AcAra niyamoM ke pratipAdaka Agama granthoM ke adhyayana ko prAthamikatA dI gayI hai aura siddhAnta granthoM kA adhyayana bauddhika paripakvatA ke pazcAt ho aisI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| isI dRSTi se eka anya vivaraNa jinaprabha ne apane grantha vidhimArgaprapA meM diyA hai| isameM vartamAna meM ullikhita AgamoM ke nAma to mila jAte hai, kintu kauna Agama kisa varga kA hai yaha ullekha nahIM hai| mAtra pratyeka varga ke AgamoM ke nAma eka sAtha Ane ke kAraNa yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka cAhe aMga, upAMga Adi kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pUrNataH sthira na huA ho, kintu jaisA padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI kA kathana hai ki kauna grantha kisake sAtha ullikhita honA cAhie aisA eka krama bana gayA thA, kyoMki usameM aMga, upAMga, veda, mUla, prakIrNaka evaM cUlikAsUtroM ke nAma eka hI sAtha milate haiN| vidhimArgaprapA meM aMga, upAMga granthoM kA pArasparika sambandha bhI nizcita kiyA gayA thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM eka matAntara kA ullekha karate hue usameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kucha AcArya candraprajJapti evaM sUryaprajJapti ko bhagavatI kA upAMga mAnate haiN| jinaprabha ne isa grantha meM sarvaprathama vAcanAvidhi ke prArambha meM aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda aura mUla ina vargoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne vidhimArgaprapA ko I. san 1306 meM pUrNa kiyA thA, ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki isake Asa-pAsa hI AgamoM kA vartamAna
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina vargIkaraNa pracalana meM AyA hogaa| AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI isase bhinna rahI hai| isa prAcIna zailI kA sarvaprathama nirdeza hameM nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra (IsvI sana pA~cavIM zatI) meM milatA hai| usa yuga meM AgamoM ko aMgapraviSTa va aMgabAhaya--- ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA thaa| aMgapraviSTa ke antargata AcArAMga Adi 12 aMga grantha Ate the| zeSa grantha aMgabAhya kahe jAte the| usameM aMgabAyoM kI eka saMjJA prakIrNaka bhI thii| aMgaprajJapti nAmaka digambara grantha meM bhI aMgabAhayoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| aMgabAhaya ko punaH do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thA-- 1. Avazyaka aura 2. aavshyk-vytirikt| Avazyaka ke antargata sAmAyika Adi chaH grantha the| jJAtavya hai ki vartamAna vargIkaraNa meM Avazyaka ko eka hI grantha mAnA jAtA hai aura sAmAyika Adi 6 Avazyaka aMgoM ko usake eka-eka adhyAya rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, kintu prAcInakAla meM inheM chaha svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA thaa| isakI puSTi aMgapaNNatti Adi digambara granthoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| unameM bhI sAmAyika Adi ko chaha svatantra grantha mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi usameM kAyotsarga evaM pratyAkhyAna ke sthAnapara vainayika evaM kRtikarma nAma milate haiN| Avazyaka-vyatirikta ke bhI do bhAga kiye jAte the-- 1. kAlika aura 2. utkaalik| jinakA svAdhyAya vikAla ko choDakara kiyA jAtA thA, ve kAlika kahalAte the, jabaki utkAlika granthoM ke adhyayana yA svAdhyAya meM kAla evaM vikAla kA vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra kI AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI yaha sUcI nimnAnusAra hai--
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina zruta (Agama) (ka) aMgapraviSTa (kha) aMgabAhya (ka) Avazyaka (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta 1. AvArAMga 2. sUtrakRtAMga 3. sthAnAMga 4. samavAyAMga 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 7. upAsakadazAMga 8. antakRtdazAMga 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazAMga 10. praznavyAkaraNa 11. vipAkasUtra 12. dRSTivAda 1. sAmAyika 2. caturviMzatistava 3. vandanA 4. pratikramaNa 5. kAyotsarga 6. pratyAkhyAna (ka) kAlika (kha) utkAlika 1. uttarAdhyayana 2. dazAzrutaskandha 3. kalpa 4. vyavahAra 5. nizItha 6. mahAnizItha 7. RSibhASita 8. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 9. dIpasAgaraprajJapti 10. candraprajJapti 11. zullikAvimAna -pravibhakti 12. mahallikAvimAna -pravibhakti 13. aMgacUlikA 14. vaggacUlikA 15. vivAhacUlikA 16. aruNopapAta 17. varuNopapAta 18. garuDopapAta 19. dharaNopapAta 20. vaithramaNopapAta 21. velandharopapAta 22. devendropapAta 23. utthAnazruta 24. samutthAnazruta 25. nAgaparijJApanikA 26. nirayAvalikA 27. kalpikA 28. kalpAvataMsikA 29. puSpitA 30. puSpacUlikA 31. vRSNidazA 1. dazavaikAlika 2. kalpikAkalpika 3. cullakalpazruta 4. mahAkalpazruta 5. aupapAtika 6. rAjapraznIya 7. jIvAbhigama 8. prajJApanA 9. mahAprajJApanA 10. pramAdApramAda 11. nandI 12. anuyogaddhAra 13. devendrastava 14. tandulavaicArika 15. candravedhyaka 16. sUryaprajJapti 17. pauruSImaMDala 18. maNDalapraveza 19.vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya 20. gaNividyA 21. dhyAnavibhakti 22. maraNavibhakti 23. Atmavizodhi 24. vItarAgazruta 25. saMlekhaNAzruta 26. bihArakalpa 27. caraNavidhi 28. AturapratyAkhyAna 29. mahApratyAkhyAna 10
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina isa prakAra nandIsUtra meM 12 aMga, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika evaM 26 utkAlika sahita 78 AgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki Aja inameM se aneka grantha anupalabdha haiN| yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa yApanIya aura digambara paramparAoM meM jaina Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI jo zailI mAnya rahI hai, vaha bhI bahuta kucha nandI sUtra kI zailI ke hI anurUpa hai| unhoMne use umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra se grahaNa kiyA hai| usameM AgamoM ko aMga aura aMgabAhya aise do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| inameM aMgoM kI bAraha saMkhyA kA spaSTa ullekha to milatA hai, kintu aMgabAhya kI saMkhyA kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai aMgabAhya aneka prakAra ke haiM / kintu apane tattvArthabhASya ( 1 / 20 ) meM AcArya umAsvAti ne aMga bAhya ke antargata sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi chaha AvazyakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai usake bAda dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazA, kalpa - vyavahAra, nizItha aura RSibhASita ke nAma dekara anta meM Adi zabda se anya granthoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai| kintu aMgabAhya meM spaSTa nAma to unhoMne kevala bAraha hI diye haiN| isameM kalpa-vyavahAra kA ekIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| eka anya sUcanA se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tattvArthabhASya meM upAMga saMjJA kA nirdeza hai| ho sakatA hai ki pahale 12 aMgoM ke samAna yahI 12 upAMga mAne jAte hoM / tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda, akalaMka, vidyAnandI Adi digambara AcAryoM ne aMgabAhya meM na kevala uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu kAlika evaM utkAlika aise vargoM kA bhI nAma nirdeza (1/20) kiyA hai| harivaMzapurANa evaM dhavalATIkA meM AgamoM kA jo vargIkaraNa upalabdha hotA hai usameM 12 aMgoM evaM 14 aMgabAyoM kA ullekha hai / usameM bhI aMgabAhayoM meM sarvaprathama chaha AvazyakoM kA ullekha hai, tatpazcAt dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa-vyavahAra, kappAkappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka va nizItha kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra dhavalA meM 12 aMga aura 14 aMgabAhyoM kI gaNanA kI gyii| isameM bhI kalpa aura vyavahAra ko eka hI grantha mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki tattvArthabhASya kI apekSA isameM kappAkappIya (kalpikAkalpika), mahAkappIya (mahAkalpa), puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka -- ye cAra nAma adhika haiM / kintu bhASya meM ullikhita dazA aura RSibhASita ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| isameM jo cAra nAma adhika hai-- unameM kappAkappIya aura mahAkappIya kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM bhI hai, mAtra puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka ye do nAma vizeSa haiN| digambara paramparA meM AcArya zubhacandra kRta aMgaprajJapti (aMgapaNNasti) nAmaka eka grantha milatA hai| yaha grantha dhavalATIkA ke pazcAt kA pratIta hotA hai| isameM dhavalATIkA meM varNita 12 aMgapraviSTa va 14 aMgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| yadyapi isameM aMgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa saMkSipta hI hai| isa grantha meM aura digambara paramparA ke anya granthoM meM aMga bAhyoM ko prakIrNaka bhI kahA gayA hai ( 3.10) / isameM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAyika pramukha 14 prakIrNaka aMgabAhya hai| isameM diye gaye viSaya-vastu ke vivaraNa se lagatA hai| ki yaha vivaraNa mAtra anuzruti ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, mUla granthoM ko lekhaka ne nahIM dekhA hai, isameM bhI puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka kA ullekha hai| ina donoM granthoM kA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM mujhe kahIM nahI milA / yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ke sUtrakRtAMga meM eka adhyayana kA nAma puNDarIka avazya milatA hai| prakIrNakoM meM eka sArAvalI prakIrNaka hai| isameM puNDarIka mahAtIrtha (zatruMjaya) kI mahattA kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| sambhava hai ki puNDarIka sArAvalI prakIrNaka kA hI yaha dUsarA nAma ho / phira bhI spaSTa pramANa ke abhAva meM isa sambandha meM adhika kucha kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| 11
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prathama zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka AgamoM ko nandIsUtra kI zailI meM aMga aura aMgabAhya -- punaH aMga bAhayoM ko Avazyaka aura Avazyaka-vyatirikta aise do vibhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thaa| Avazyaka-vyatirikta meM bhI kAlika aura utkAlika aise do vibhAga sarvamAnya the| lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke bAda se aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra yaha vartamAna vargIkaraNa astitva meM AyA hai| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM meM sabhI aMgabAhaya AgamoM ke lie prakIrNaka (paiNNaya) nAma bhI pracalita rahA hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI prAcInatA evaM unakA racanAkAla bhArata jaise vizAla deza meM atiprAcInakAla se hI aneka boliyoM kA astitva rahA hai, kintu sAhityika dRSTi se bhArata meM tIna prAcIna bhApAe~ pracalita rahI hai -- saMskRta, prAkRta aura paali| inameM saMskRta ke do rUpa pAye jAte hai-- chAndas aura sAhityika sNskRt| veda chAndas saMskRta meM hai, jo pAli aura prAkRta ke nikaTa hai| upaniSadoM kI bhASA chAndas kI apekSA sAhityika saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, usameM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAcInatama hai| yahA~ taka ki AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha aura RpibhASita to azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai| ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiN| AcArAMga kI sUtrAtmaka aupaniSadika zailI use upaniSadoM kA nikaTavartI aura svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI siddha karatI hai| bhAva, bhASA aura zailI tInoM ke AdhAra para yaha sampUrNa pAli aura prAkRta sAhitya meM prAcInatama hai| AtmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva sambandhI isake vivaraNa aupaniSadika vivaraNoM ke anurUpa haiN| isameM pratipAdita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta bhI alaukikatA aura atizayatA rahita hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vivaraNa bhI usI vyakti dvArA kahA gayA hai, jisane svayaM unakI jIvanacaryA ko nikaTatA se dekhA aura jAnA hogaa| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM hI sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke chaThe adhyAya, AcArAMgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA kA ullekha hai, kintu ve bhI apekSAkRta rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA paravartI haiM, kyoMki unameM kramazaH alaukikatA, atizayatA aura atiraMjanA kA praveza hotA gayA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita kI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se rahita udAradRSTi tathA bhAva aura bhASAgata aneka tathya use AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara sampUrNa prAkRta evaM pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama siddha karate haiN| pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu aneka tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki RpibhApita, guttanipAta se bhI prAcIna hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA sthalibhadra ke samaya arthAta IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ataH itanA nizcita hai ki usa samaya taka ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thaa| Daga prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla kI uttara sImA I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI siddha hotI hai, jo ki isa sAhitya kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatI hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kii| yaha satya hai ki isa sAhitya ko antima rUpa vIranirvANa samvat 980 meM vallabhI meM sampanna huI vAcanA meM prApta huaa| kintu isa AdhAra para hamAre kucha vidvAna mitra yaha galata niSkarSa nikAla lete haiM ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya IsvI san kI pA~cavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| yadi ardhamAgadhI Agama IsA kI pA~cavI zatI kI racanA hai, to vallabhI kI isa antima vAcanA ke pUrva bhI vallabhI, mathurA, khaNDagiri aura pATalIputra meM jo vAcanAyeM huIM thIM unameM saMkalita sAhitya kauna sA thA ? unheM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki valabhI 12
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina meM AgamoM ko saMkalita, suvyavasthita aura sampAdita karake lipibaddha (pustakAruDha) kiyA gayA thA, ataH yaha kisI bhI sthiti meM unakA racanA kAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| saMkalana aura sampAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai| punaH AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu, bhASA aura zailI kI jo vividhatA aura bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kI pramANa hai ki saMkalana aura sampAdana ke samaya unakI maulikatA ko yathAvata rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, anyathA Aja unakA prAcIna svarUpa samApta hI ho jAtA aura AcArAMga ke prathaga zrutaskandha kI bhASA aura zailI bhI parivartita ho jAtI tathA usake upadhAnazruta nAmaka naveM adhyayana meM varNita mahAvIra kA jIva alaukikatA evaM atizayoM se yukta bana jaataa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kucha prakSipta aMza haiM, kintu prathama to aise prakSepa bahuta hI kama haiM aura dUsare unheM spaSTa rUpa se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| ataH isa AdhAra para sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko paravartI mAna lenA sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogii| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya para kabhI-kabhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara bhI usakI prAcInatA para saMdeha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu prAcIna hastapratoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka prAcIna hastapratoM meM Aja bhI unakA "ta" zrutipradhAna ardhamAgadhI svarUpa surakSita hai| AcArAMga ke prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke adhyayana se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki paravartIkAla meM usameM kitane pAThAntara ho gaye haiN| isa sAhitya para jo mahArASTrI prabhAva A gayA hai vaha lipikAroM aura TIkAkAroM kI apanI bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA "rAmaputte" pATha cUrNi meM "rAmAutte" aura zIlAMka kI TIkA meM "rAmagutte" ho gyaa| ataH ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM, mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara unakI prAcInatA para saMdeha nahIM karanA caahiye| apitu una granthoM kI vibhinna pratoM evaM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke prAcIna svarUpoM ko surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karanA caahiye| vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI surakSita hai| isakI uttara sImA I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI aura nimna sImA I.san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai| vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM kA yA unake kisI aMza vizeSa kA kAla nirdhArita karate samaya unameM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmagrI, dArzanika cintana kI spaSTatA evaM gahanatA tathA bhASA-zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM para prAmANikatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA caahie| isa dRSTi se adhyayana karane para hI yaha spaSTa bodha ho sakegA ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA kauna sA grantha athavA usakA kauna sA aMza vizeSa kisa kAla kI racanA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA meM hameM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra, nandIcUrNI evaM tattvArthabhASya meM tathA digambara paramparA meM tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke sAtha-sAtha dhavalA aura jayadhavalA meM milate haiN| tattvArthasatra kI digambara paramparA kI TIkAoM aura dhavalAdi meM unakI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza mAtra anuzrutiparaka hai, ve granthoM ke vAstavika adhyayana para AdhArita nahIM haiN| unameM diyA gayA vivaraNa tattvArthabhASya evaM paramparA se prApta sUcanAoM para AdhArita hai| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandI Adi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA jo vivaraNa hai vaha una granthoM ke avalokana para AdhArita hai kyoMki prathama to isa paramparA meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA Aja taka jIvita calI A rahI hai| dUsare Agama granthoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kAlakrama meM kyA parivartana huA hai, isakI sUcanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke uparyukta Agama granthoM se hI prApta ho jAtI hai| inake adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kisa kAla meM kisa Agama grantha meM kauna sI sAmagrI jur3I aura alaga huI hai| AcArAMga meM AcAracUlA aura nizItha ke jur3ane aura punaH nizItha ke alaga hone kI ghaTanA, samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMga meM
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza samaya-samaya para hue prakSepa, jJAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya varga meM jur3e hue adhyAya, praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu meM huA sampUrNa parivartana, antakRtdazA, anuttaraupapAtika evaM vipAka ke adhyayanoM meM hue AMzika parivartana-- ina sabakI prAmANika jAnakArI hameM una vivaraNoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karane se mila jAtI hai| inameM praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu kA parivartana hI aisA hai, jisake vartamAna svarUpa kI sUcanA kevala nandIcarNi (IsvI san sAtavIM zatI) meM milatI hai| vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa lagabhaga IsvI san kI pA~cavIM-kaThIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM AyA hai| isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM kisa prakAra nirmita, parivardhita, parivartita evaM sampAdita hotA rahA hai isakI sUcanA bhI svayaM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya aura usakI TIkAoM se mila jAtI hai| vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama vizeSa yA usake aMza vizeSa ke racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai, isa sambandha meM viSaya-vastu sambandhI vivaraNa, vicAroM kA vikAsakrama, bhASA-zailI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se nirNaya karanA hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sthAnAMga meM sAta nihanavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo ki vIranirvANa saM. 584 taka astitva meM A cuke the| kintu usameM boTikoM evaM una paravartI gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM ke ullekha nahIM hai, jo vIranirvANa saM. 609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM Aye, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se sthAnAMga ke racanAkAla kI antima sImA vIranirvANa samvat 609 ke pUrva arthAt IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI kA uttarArdha yA dvitIya zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha siddha hotI hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI viSaya-vastu evaM bhASA-zailI AcArAMga ke racanAkAla ko ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna siddha karatI hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM ina sabhI pakSoM para vicAra apekSita hai| isa prakAra na to hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha dRSTi samucita hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA ke samaya arthAta IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM Aye aura na kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA yaha kahanA hI samucita hai ki sabhI aMga Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA hai aura unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana, parivardhana, prakSepa yA vilopa nahIM huA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya zaurasenI Agama sAhitya se prAcIna hai| zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha kasAyapAhuDasutta bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se prAcIna nahIM hai| usake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNatti, piNDachedazAstra, Avazyaka (pratikamaNasatra) Adi kA krama AtA hai, kintu piNDachedazAstra aura Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) ke atirikta ina sabhI granthoM meM guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI upasthiti se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye sabhI grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAta ke haiN| digambara Avazyaka (pratikramaNa ) evaM piNDachedazAstra kA AdhAra bhI kramazaH zvetAmbara mAnya Avazyaka aura kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha Adi chedasUtra hI rahe haiN| unake pratikramaNa sUtra meM bhI vartamAna sUtrakRtAMga ke teIsa evaM jJAtAdharmakathA ke unnIsa adhyayanoM kA vivaraNa hai tathA piNDachedazAstra meM jItakalpa ke AdhAra para prAyazcitta dene kA nirdeza hai ye yahI siddha karate haiM ki prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI Agama hI prAcInatama hai, cAhe unakI antima vAcanA pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha (I.san 453 ) meM hI sampanna kyoM na huI ho ? isa prakAra jahA~ taka AgamoM ke racanAkAla kA prazna hai use I.pU. pAcavIM zatAbdI se IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyApaka mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki upalabdha AgamoM meM sabhI eka kAla kI gcanA nahIM hai| AgamoM ke sandarbha meM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM ke sambandha meM paramparAgata
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina mAnyatA to yahI hai ki ve gaNadharoM dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa I.pU. pA~cavIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai| kintu dUsarI ora kucha vidvAna unheM vallabhI meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita kiye jAne ke kAraNa IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI kI racanA mAna lete haiN| merI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI mata samIcIna nahIM hai| devadhi ke saMkalana, sampAdana evaM tADapatroM para lekhana kAla ko unakA racanA kAla nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aMga Agama to prAcIna hI hai| IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM jinadvAdaza aMgoM kI vAcanA huI thI, ve nizcita rUpa se usake pUrva hI bane hoNge| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM meM devadhi kI vAcanA ke samaya athavA usake bAda bhI kucha prakSepa hue hoM, kintu una prakSepoM ke AdhAra para sabhI aMga AgamoM kA racanAkAla I.san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki AgamoM kA prAcIna aMza I.pU. cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se lekara I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kA hai| na kevala aMga Agama apitu dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra bhI, jinheM AcArya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai yAkobI aura zUbiMga ke anusAra I.pU. caturtha zatI ke uttarArddha se I.pU. tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM nirmita haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI Adi kI mAnyatA hai ki AgamoM kA racanAkAla pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, chaMdayojanA, viSaya-vastu aura upalabdha Antarika aura bAhaya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga kA prathama zrutarakandhaM apanI bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu, chaMdayojanA Adi kI dRSTi se mahAvIra kI vANI ke sarvAdhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| usakI aupaniSadika zailI bhI yahI batAtI hai ki vaha eka prAcIna grantha hai| usakA kAla kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. caturtha zatI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sktaa| usake dvitIya zrutaskandha ke rUpa meM jo "AyAracUlA" jor3I gayI hai, vaha bhI I.pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga bhI eka prAcIna Agama hai usakI bhASA, chandayojanA evaM usameM vibhinna dArzanika paramparAoM ke tathA RSiyoM ke jo ullekha mile haiM unake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha bhI I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI se bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usake bAda vikasita dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA usameM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai| usameM upalavya vIragnuti meM bhI atiraMjanAoM kA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| aMga AgamoM meM tIsarA krama sthAnAMga kA AtA hai| sthAnAMga, bauddha Agama aMguttaranikAya kI zailI kA grantha hai| grantha lekhana kI yaha zailI bhI prAcIna rahI hai| sthAnAMga meM nau gaNoM aura sAta ninavoM ke ullekha ko chor3akara anya aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jisase use paravartI kahA jA ske| ho sakatA hai ki jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hone ke kAraNa ye ullekha usameM antima vAcanA ke samaya prakSipta kiye gaye hoN| usameM jo dasa dazAoM aura unameM pratyeka ke adhyAyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai, vaha bhI una AgamoM kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA nirdeza karatA hai| yadi vaha vallabhI ke vAcanAkAla meM nirmita huA hotA to usameM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai vaha bhinna hotii| ataH usakI prAcInatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga kI apekSA eka paravartI grantha hai| isake prArambha meM dvAdaza aMgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| sAtha hI isameM uttarAdhyayana ke 36, RSibhASita ke 44, sUtrakRtAMga ke 23, sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutagkandha ke 16, AcArAMga ke cUlikA sahita 25 adhyayana, dazA, kalpa aura vyavahAra ke 26 adhyayana Adi kA ullekha hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha grantha isameM nirdiSTa AgamoM ke svarUpa ke nirdhArita hone ke pazcAta hI banA hogaa| punaH isameM caturdaza guNasthAnoM kA jIvasthAna ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai| yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna kA yaha siddhAnta umAsvAti ke pazcAt arthAt IsA kI caturtha zatI ke bAda hI astitva meM AyA hai| yadi isameM jIvaThANa ke rUpa meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke ullekha ko bAda meM prakSipta bhI mAna liyA jAya to bhI apanI bhASA-zailI aura viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se isakA vartamAna svarupa IsA kI 3-4 zatI se pahale kA nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai usake kucha aMza prAcIna hoM, lekina Aja unheM khoja pAnA ati kaThina kArya hai| jahA~ taka bhagavatIsatra kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra isake aneka stara haiN| isameM kucha stara avazya hI I.pU. ke haiM, kintu samavAyAMga
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza kI bhA~ti bhagavatI meM bhI paryApta prakSepa huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM aneka sthaloM para jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, anuyogadara, nandI Adi paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza huA hai| inake ullekha hone se yaha spaSTa hai ki isake sampAdana ke samaya isameM ye aura isI prakAra kI anya sUcanAyeM de dI gayI hai| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vallabhI vAcanA meM isameM paryApta rUpa se parivardhana aura saMzodhana avazya huA hai, phira bhI isake kucha zatakoM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| kucha pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAna isake prAcIna evaM paravartI staroM ke pRthakkaraNa kA kArya kara rahe hai| unake niSkarSa prApta hone para hI isakA racanAkAla nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| upAsakadazA Agama sAhitya meM zrAvakAcAra kA varNana karane vAlA prathama grantha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyayanoM aura unakI viSaya-vastu meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana hone ke saMketa nahIM milate haiN| ataH maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha grantha bhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM I.pU. kI hI racanA hai aura isake kisI bhI adhyayana kA vilopa nahIM huA hai| zrAvakavatoM ke aNuvrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM vargIkRta karane ke sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra meM spaSTataH isakA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai ataH yaha tattvArtha se arthAt IsA kI tIsarI zatI se paravartI nahIM ho sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki anuttaraupapAtika meM upalabdha vargIkaraNa paravartI hai, kyoMki usameM guNavrata kI avadhAraNA A gayI hai| aMga Agama sAhitya meM antakudadazA kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha hameM sthAnAMgasUtra meM milatA hai| usameM isake nimna dasa adhyAya ullikhita haiM-- nami, mAtaMga, somila, rAmaputta, sudarzana, jamAli, bhagAli, kiMkima, pallatetiya, phAla ambaDaputra / inameM se sudarzana sambandhI kucha aMza ko chor3akara vartamAna antakRddazAsUtra meM ye koI bhI adhyayana nahIM milate haiN| kintu samavayAMga aura nandIsUtra meM kramazaH isake sAta aura ATha vargoM ke ullekha milate haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki sthAnAMga meM ullikhita antakadadazA kA prAcIna aMza vilupta ho gayA hai| yadyapi samavAyAMga aura nandI meM kramazaH isake sAta evaM ATha vargoM kA ullekha hone se itanA taya hai ki vartamAna antakRDhadazA samavAyAMga aura nandI kI racanA ke samaya astitva meM A gayA thaa| ataH isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI kA hai| usake prAcIna dasa adhyAyoM ke jo ullekha hameM sthAnAMga meM milate haiM unhIM dasa adhyayanoM ke ullekha digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM meM yathA akalaMka ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA. aM Adi meM bhI milate haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki isa aMga Agama ke prAcIna svarUpa ke vilupta ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI mAthurI vAcanA kI anuzruti se sthAnAMga meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyAyoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| ho sakatA hai ki isakI mAthurI vAcanA meM ye dasa adhyayana rahe hoge| bahuta kucha yahI sthiti anuttaraupapAtikadazA kI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra kI sUcanA ke anusAra isameM nimna dasa adhyayana kahe gaye haiM-- 1. RSidAsa, 2. dhanya, 3. sunakSatra, 4. kAttika, 5. saMsthAna, 6. zAlibhadra, 7. Ananda, 8. tetalI, 9. dazANabhadra, 10. atimukt| upalabdha anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM tIna varga haiM usameM dvitIya varga meM RSidAsa, dhanya aura sunakSatra aise tIna adhyayana milate haiM inameM bhI dhanya kA adhyayana hI vistRta hai| sunakSatra aura RSidAsa ke vivaraNa atyanta saMkSepa meM hI haiN| sthAnAMga meM ullikhita zeSa sAta adhyAya vartamAna anuttaraupapAtikasUtra meM upalabdha nahIM hote| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki yaha grantha vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya hI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM AyA hogaa| jahA~ taka praznavyAkaraNadazA kA prazna hai itanA nizcita hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu na kevala sthAnAMga meM ullikhita usakI viSaya-vagnu se bhinna hai, apitu nandI aura samavAyAMga kI ullikhita viSaya-vastu se 16
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina bhI bhinna hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI vartamAna Asava aura saMvara dvAra vAlI viSaya-vastu kA sarvaprathama nirdeza nandIcarNi meM milatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNasUtra nandI ke pazcAt I.san. kI pAMcavIM-chaThavIM zatI ke madhya hI kabhI nirmita huA hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki nandI ke racayitA devavAcaka ke sAmane yaha grantha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM nahIM thaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRdazA aura anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM jo parivartana hue the, ve nandIsUtrakAra ke pUrva ho cuke the kyoMki ve unake isa parivartita svarUpa kA vivaraNa dete haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA maine apane eka svatantra lekha meM kI hai jo "jaina Agama sAhitya", sampAdaka DaoN. ke.Ara. candrA. ahamadAbAda, meM prakAzita hai| isI prakAra jaba hama upAMga sAhitya kI ora Ate haiM to usameM rAyapaseNiyasutta meM rAjA paseNIya dvArA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM jo prazna uThAye gaye haiM unakA vivaraNa hameM pAlitripiTaka meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki aupapAtika kA yaha aMza kama se kama pAlitripiTaka jitanA prAcIna to hai hii| jIvAjIvAbhigama ke racanAkAla ko nizcita rUpa se batA pAnA to kaThina hai, kintu isakI viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vaha grantha I.pU. kI racanA honI caahiye| upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra ko to spaSTataH Arya zyAma kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| Arya zyAma kA AcAryakAla vI.ni.saM. 335-376 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| ataH isakA racanAkAla I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI ke lagabhaga nizcita hotA hai| isI prakAra upAMga varga ke antargata varNita candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti aura jambUdIpaprajJapti -- ye tIna prajJaptiyA~ bhI prAcIna hI haiN| vartamAna meM candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti meM koI bheda nahIM dikhAI detA hai| kintu sUryaprajJapti meM jyotiSa sambandhI jo carcA hai vaha vedAMga jyotiSa ke samAna hai, isase isakI prAcInatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yaha grantha kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ina tInoM prajJaptiyoM ko digambara paramparA meM bhI dRSTivAda ke eka aMza -- parikarma ke antargata mAnA hai| ataH yaha grantha bhI dRSTivAda ke pUrNa viccheda evaM sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kA hI honA caahiye| chedasUtroM meM dazAzruta, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ko spaSTataH bhadrabAhu prathama kI racanA mAnA gayA hai ataH isakA kAla I.pU. caturtha-tRtIya zatAbdI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha acela paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM isI prakAra nizItha bhI apane mUla rUpa meM to AcArAMga kI hI eka cUlA rahA hai, bAda meM use pRthak kiyA gayA hai| ataH isakI prAcInatA meM bhI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yAkobI, zUbiMga Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ekamata se chedasUtroM kI prAcInatA svIkAra kI hai| isa varga meM mAtra jItakalpa hI aisA grantha hai jo nizcita hI paravartI hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra yaha AcArya jinabhadra kI kRti hai| ye jinabhadra vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA haiN| inakA kAla aneka pramANoM se I.sana kI sAtavIM zatI hai| ataH jItakalpa kA bhI kAla vahI honA caahiye| merI dRSTi meM paM. dalasukhabhAI kI yaha mAnyatA nirApada nahIM hai, kyoMki digambara paramparA meM indranandi ke chedapiNDazAstra meM jItakalpa ke anusAra prAyazcitta dene kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha grantha spapTa rUpa se sampradAya bheda se pUrva kI racanA honI caahiye| ho sakatA hai isake kartA jinabhadra vizeSAvazyaka ke kartA jinabhadra se bhinna hoM aura unake pUrvavartI bhI hoN| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM jo AgamoM kI sUcI milatI hai usameM jItakalpa kA nAma nahIM hai| ataH yaha usake bAda kI hI racanA hogii| isakA kAla bhI I, yana kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttagarddha honA caahiye| isakI digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA tabhI saMbhava ho sakatI hai jaba yaha spaSTa rUpa se saMghabheda ke pUrva nirmita huA ho| spaSTa saMgha-bheda pA~cavIM 17
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza zatI ke uttarArdha meM astitva meM AyA hai| cheda varga meM mahAnizItha kA uddhAra AcArya haribhadra ne kiyA thA, yaha sunizcita hai| AcArya haribhadra kA kAla I.san kI AThavIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha grantha usake pUrva hI nirmita huA hogaa| haribhadra isake uddhAraka avazya hai kintu racayitA nhiiN| mAtra itanA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne isake truTita bhAga kI racanA kI ho| isa prakAra isakA kAla bhI AThavIM zatI se pUrva kA hI hai| malasatroM ke varga meM dazavakAlika ko Arya zayyaMbhava kI kRti mAnA jAtA hai| inakA kAla mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa bAda hai| ataH yaha grantha I.pU. pAMcavIM-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| uttarAdhyayana yadyapi eka saMkalana hai kintu isakI prAcInatA meM koI zaMkA nahIM hai| isakI bhASA-zailI tathA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne ise I.pa. cauthI-tIsarI zatI kA grantha mAnA hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha pUrva praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka vibhAga thaa| isakI aneka gAthAyeM tathA kathAnaka pAlitripiTaka sAhitya tathA mahAbhArata Adi meM yathAvat milate haiN| dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM mAnya rahe hai ataH ye bhI saMgha bheda yA sampradAya bheda ke pUrva kI racanA hai| ataH inakI prAcInatA meM koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Avazyaka zramaNoM dainandina kriyAoM kA grantha thA ataH isake kucha prAcIna pATha to bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlika hI mAne jA sakate haiN| cUMki dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi vibhAga digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM, ataH inakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya meM nau prakIrNako kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai ataH ye sabhI nandIsUtra se to prAcIna haiM hI, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| punaH AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi Adi prakIrNakoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatIArAdhanA meM pAyI jAtI haiM, mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatIArAdhanA bhI kaTavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ataH ina nau prakIrNakoM ko to I.san kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM mAne jA sktaa| yadyapi vIrabhadra varA racita kucha prakIrNaka navIM-dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ hai| isI prakAra cUlikAsUtroM ke antargata nandI aura anuyogavAra sUtroM meM bhI anuyogadvAra ko kucha vidvAnoM ne AryarakSita ke samaya kA mAnA hai| ataH vaha I.san kI prathama zatI kA grantha honA caahie| nandIsUtra ke kartA devavAcaka devardhi se pUrvavartI haiM ataH unakA kAla bhI pA~cavIM zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upalabdha AgamoM meM prakSepoM ko chor3akara adhikAMza grantha to I.pU. ke haiN| yaha to eka sAmAnya carcA huI, abhI ina granthoM meM se pratyeka ke kAla-nirdhAraNa ke lie svatantra aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se adhyayana kI AvazyakatA banI huI hai| AzA hai jaina vidvAnoM kI bhAvI pIDhI isa dizA meM kArya kregii| AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ ___ yaha satya hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha zvetAmbara mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke antima svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa vallabhI vAcanA meM vi. ni.saMvat 980 yA 993 meM huA kintu usake pUrva bhI AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ to hotI rahI haiN| jo aitihAsika sAkSya hameM upalabdha haiM unake anusAra ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI pA~ca vAcanAe~ hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| prathama vAcanA -- prathama vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt huii| paramparAgata mAnyatA to yaha hai ki madhyadeza meM dAdazavarSIya bhISaNa akAla ke kAraNa kucha muni kAla-kavalita ho gaye aura kucha samudra ke taTavartI pradezoM kI ora cale gye| akAla kI samApti para ve munigaNa vApasa lauTe to unhoMne yaha pAyA ki unakA 18
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina Agama-jJAna aMzataH vismRta evaM vizrRMkhalita ho gayA hai aura kahIM-kahIM pAThabheda ho gayA hai| ataH usa yuga ke pramukha AcAryoM ne pATalIputra meM ekatrita hokara AgamajJAna ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| dRSTivAda aura parva sAhitya kA koI viziSTa jJAtA vahA~ upasthita nahIM thaa| ataH gyAraha aMga to vyavasthita kiye gaye haiM kinta dRSTivAda aura usameM antarnihita sAhitya ko vyavasthita nahIM kiyA jA sakA, kyoMki usake viziSTa jJAtA bhadrabAhu usa samaya nepAla meM the| saMgha kI vizeSa prArthanA para unhoMne sthUlibhadra Adi kucha muniyoM ko pUrva sAhitya kI vAcanA denA svIkAra kiyaa| sthUlibhadra bhI unase dasa pUrvo taka kA hI adhyayana artha sahita kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrvo kA mAtra zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara paaye| isa prakAra pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM dvAdaza aMgoM ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA kintu unameM ekAdaza aMga hI suvyavasthita kiye jA ske| dRSTivAda aura usameM antarbhukta pUrva sAhitya ko pUrNataH surakSita nahIM kiyA jA sakA aura usakA kramazaH vilopa honA prArambha ho gyaa| phalataH usakI viSaya-vastu ko lekara aMga bAhya grantha nirmita kiye jAne lge| dvitIya vAcanA -- AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 300 varSa pazcAt ur3IsA ke kumArI pUrvavat para samrATa khAravela ke kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai -- mAtra yahI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM zruta ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna huA thaa| vastutaH usa yuga meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA guru-ziSya ke mAdhyama se maukhika rUpa se hI calatI thii| ataH dezakAlagata prabhAvoM tathA vismRti-doSa ke kAraNa unameM svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinnatA A jAtI thii| ataH vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se unake bhASAyI svarUpa tathA pAThabheda ko suvyavasthita kiyA jAtA hai| kAlakrama meM jo sthaviroM ke dvArA navIna granthoM kI racanA hotI thI, usa para bhI vicAra karake unheM inhIM vAcanAoM meM mAnyatA pradAna kI jAtI thii| isI prakAra paristhitivaza AcAra-niyamoM meM evaM unake Agamika sandarbho kI vyAkhyA meM jo antara A jAtA thA, usakA nirAkaraNa bhI inhIM vAcanAoM meM kiyA jAtA thaa| khaNDagiri para huI isa dvitIya vAcanA meM aise kina vivAdoM kA samAdhAna khojA gayA thA -- isakI prAmANika jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| tRtIya vAcanA AgamoM kI tRtIya vAcanA vi.ni. 827 arthAt I.san kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM huii| isalie ise mAthurI vAcanA yA skandilI vAcanA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| mAthura vAcanA ke sandarbha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ nandIcUrNi meM hai| prathama mAnyatA ke anusAra sukAla hone ke pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zeSa rahe muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para kAlikasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gyaa| anya kucha kA mantavya yaha hai ki isa kAla meM sUtra naSTa nahIM huA thA kintu anuyogadhara svargavAsI ho gaye the| ataH eka mAtra jIvita skandila ne anuyogoM kA punaH pravartana kiyaa| caturtha vAcanA -- caturtha vAcanA tRtIya vAcanA ke samakAlIna hI hai| jisa samaya uttara, pUrva aura madhya kSetra meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA, usI samaya dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha vallabhI ( saurASTra ) meM Arya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM ekatrita huaa| ise nAgArjunIya vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA samakAlika haiN| nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna ke madhya Arya himavaMta kA ullekha hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki 19
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna samakAlika hI rahe hogeN| nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skaMdila ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA ki unakA anuyoga Aja bhI dakSiNArddha bharata kSetra meM pracalita hai| isakA eka tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake dvArA sampAdita Agama dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita the| aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nigrantha saMgha ke vibhAjana ke phalasvarUpa jisa yApanIya sampradAya kA vikAsa huA thA usameM Arya skaMdila ke dvArA sampAdita Agama hI mAnya kiye jAte the aura isa yApanIya sampradAya kA prabhAva kSetra madhya aura dakSiNa bhArata thaa| AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ne to strI-nirvANa prakaraNa meM spaSTa rUpa se mathurAgama kA ullekha kiyA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya sampradAya jina AgamoM ko mAnya karatA thA, ve mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi yApanIya AgamoM meM vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra saMgrahaNIsUtroM evaM niyuktiyoM Adi kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha ho rahI haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki yApanIyoM ke pAsa mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki yApanIya granthoM meM jo AgamoM kI gAthAe~ milatI hai ve na to ardhamAgadhI meM haiM, na mahArASTrI prAkRta meM, apitu ve zaurasenI meM haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpasUtra, nizItha Adi se jo aneka avataraNa diye haiM ve sabhI ardhamAgadhI meM na hokara zaurasenI meM haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki skaMdila kI adhyakSatA vAlI mAthurI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA para zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| dUsare mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI pATha bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA Adi meM upalabdha hote haiM, unameM vallabhI vAcanA ke vartamAna AgamoM se pAThabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI acelakatva kI samarthaka kucha gAthAe~ aura gadyAMza bhI pAye jAte haiN| kundakunda ke granthoM meM anuyogadArasUtra, prakIrNakoM evaM niyukti Adi kI kucha gAthAe~ kvacit pAThabheda ke sAtha milatI haiM-- sambhavataH unhoMne ye gAthAyeM yApanIyoM ke mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se hI lI hogii| eka hI samaya meM Arya skaMdila dvArA mathurA meM aura nAgArjuna dvarA vallabhI meM vAcanA kiye jAne kI eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki donoM meM kinhIM bAtoM ko lekara matabheda the| sambhava hai ki ina matabhedoM meM vastra-pAtra Adi sambandhI prazna bhI rahe hoN| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa -- pUrva pIThikA (pU. 500) meM mAthurI vAcanA kI samakAlIna vallabhI vAcanA ke pramukha ke rUpa meM devardhigaNi kA ullekha kiyA hai, yaha unakI bhrAnti hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki mAthurI vAcanA kA netRtva Arya skaMdila aura vallabhI kI prathama vAcanA kA netRtva Arya nAgArjuna kara rahe the aura ye donoM samakAlika the, yaha bAta hama nandIsUtra ke pramANa se pUrva meM hI kaha cuke haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna kI vAcanA meM matabheda thaa| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vallabhI vAcanA nAgArjuna kI thI to devardhi ne vallabhI meM kyA kiyA ? sAtha hI unhoMne yaha bhI kalpanA kara lI ki vAdivetAlazAntisUri vallabhI kI vAcanA meM nAgArjunIyoM kA pakSa upasthita karane vAle AcArya the| hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zvetAmbara sAhitya kA samagra evaM niSpakSa adhyayana kiye binA mAtra yatra-tatra uddhRta yA aMzataH paThita aMzoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhrAntiyA~ khar3I kara dii| isake pramANa ke rUpa meM unake dvArA uddhRta mUla gAthA meM aisA kahIM koI ullekha hI nahIM hai, ki zAntisari vallabhI vAcanA ke samakAlika the| yadi hama Agamika vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka varSoM taka nAgArjanIya aura devardhi kI vAcanAyeM sAtha-sAtha calatI rahIM hai, kyoMki inake pAThAntaroM kA ullekha mUla granthoM meM kama aura TIkAoM meM adhika huA hai|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina paMcabha vAcanA -- vI.ni. ke 980 varSa pazcAt I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArddha meM Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAta devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM punaH vallabhI meM eka vAcanA huii| isa vAcanA meM mukhyataH AgamoM ko pustakArur3ha karane kA kArya kiyA gyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki isa vAcanA meM mAthurI aura nAgArjunIya donoM vAcanAoM ko samAnvita kiyA gayA hai aura jahA~ matabheda parilakSita huA vahA~ "nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti" aisA likhakara nAgArjunIya pATha ko bhI sammilita kiyA gyaa| pratyeka vAcanA ke sandarbha meM prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa zramaNasaMgha samudrataTIya pradezoM kI ora calA gayA aura vRddha muni, jo isa akAla meM lambI yAtrA na kara sake kAlagata ho gye| sukAla hone para jaba munisaMgha lauTakara AyA to usane yaha pAyA ki inake zrutajJAna meM vismati aura visaMgati A gayI hai| pratyeka vAcanA se pUrva akAla kI yaha kahAnI mujhe buddhigamya nahIM lagatI hai| merI dRSTi meM prathama vAcanA meM zramaNa saMgha ke vizrRMkhalita hone kA pramukha kAraNa akAla kI apekSA magadha rAjya meM yuddha se utpanna azAMti aura ArAjakatA hI thI kyoMki usa samaya nandoM ke atyAcAroM evaM candragupta maurya ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa magadha meM azAMti thii| usI ke phalasvarUpa zramaNa saMgha sudUra samudrItaTa kI ora yA nepAla Adi parvatIya kSetra kI ora calA gayA thaa| bhadrabAhu kI nepAla yAtrA kA bhI sambhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA hogaa| jo bhI upalabdha sAkSya hai usase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya dvAdaza aMgoM ko hI vyavasthita karane kA prayatna huA thaa| usameM ekAdaza aMga suvyavasthita hue aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda, jisameM anya darzana evaM mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA sAhitya samAhita thA, isakA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isI sandarbha meM sthUlibhadra ke dvArA bhadrabAhu ke sAnnidhya meM nepAla jAkara caturdaza pUrvo ke adhyayana kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| kintu sthUlibhadra bhI mAtra dasa pUrvo kA hI jJAna artha sahita grahaNa kara sake, zeSa cAra pUrvo kA kevala zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara ske| isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM ekAdaza aMgoM kA hI saMkalana aura saMpAdana huA thaa| kisI bhI caturdaza pUrvavid kI upasthiti nahIM hone se dRSTivAda ke saMkalana evaM saMpAdana kA kArya nahIM kiyA jA skaa| upAMga sAhitya ke aneka grantha jaise prajJApanA Adi, chedasUtroM meM AcAradazA, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi tathA cUlikAsUtroM meM nandI, anuyogadvAra Adi -- ye sabhI paravartI kRti hone se isa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM kiye gaye hoNge| yadyapi Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana Adi grantha pATalIputra kI vAcanA ke pUrva ke haiM kintu isa vAcanA meM inakA kyA kiyA gayA, yaha jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke liye inakA svAdhyAya Avazyaka hone ke kAraNa inake vismRta hone kA prazna hI na uThA ho| pATalIputra vAcanA ke bAda ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata (khaNDagiri) para khAravela ke rAjya kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM mAtra itanA hI jJAta hai ki isameM bhI zrata ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA thaa| saMbhava hai ki isa vAcanA meM I.pU. prathama zatI se pUrva racita granthoM ke saMkalana aura sampAdana kA koI prayatna kiyA gayA ho| jahA~ taka mAthurI vAcanA kA prazna hai itanA to nizcita hai ki usameM I. sana kI cauthI zatI taka ke racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana evaM sampAdana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hogaa| isa vAcanA ke kArya ke sandarbha meM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usameM isa vAcanA meM kAlikasUtroM ko vyavasthita karane kA nirdeza hai| nandisatra meM kAlikasatra ko 21
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza aMga-bAhaya, Avazyaka vyatirikta zrutoM kA hI eka bhAga batAyA gayA hai| kAlikasUtroM ke antargata uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazAzruta, kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha tathA vartamAna meM upAMga ke nAma se abhihita aneka grantha Ate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki aMga sUtroM kI jo pATalIputra kI vAcanA calI A rahI thI vaha mathurA meM mAnya rahI ho, kintu upAMgoM meM se kucha ko tathA kalpa Adi cheda sUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA ho| kintu yApanIya granthoM kI TIkAoM meM jo mAdhurI vAcanA ke AgayoM ke uddharaNa milate haiM, una para jo zaurasenI kA prabhAva dikhatA hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA meM na kevala kAlika sUtroM kA apitu usa kAla taka racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana kA kAma kiyA gayA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA acelatA kI poSaka yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI hai| yApanIya granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM isa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke avataraNa tathA ina AgamoM ke prAmANya ke ullekha milate haiN| Arya zAkaTAyana ne apane strI-nirvANa prakaraNa evaM apane vyAkaraNa kI svopajJaTIkA meM na kevala mathurA Agama kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu unakI aneka mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai tathA aneka avataraNa bhI diye haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA kI aparAjita kI TIkA meM bhI AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha Adi ke avataraNa pAye jAte haiM, yaha hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiN| Arya skaMdila kI-mAthurI vAcanA vastutaH uttara bhArata ke nirganya saMgha ke sacela-acela donoM pakSoM ke liye mAnya thI aura usameM donoM hI pakSoM ke sampoSaka sAkSya upasthita the| yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki yadi mAthurI vAcanA ubhaya pakSoM ko mAnya thI to phira usI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM vAcanA karane kI kyA AvazyakatA thii| merI mAnyatA hai ki aneka praznoM para skaMdila aura nAgArjuna meM matabheda rahA hogaa| isI kAraNa se nAgArjuna ko svatantra vAcanA karane kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| isa samasta carcA se paM. kailAzacandrajI ke isa prazna kA uttara bhI mila jAtA hai ki vallabhI kI dUsarI vAcanA meM kyA kiyA gayA ? eka ora muni zrI kalyANavijayajI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko mAtra pustakAsTa kiyA gayA to dUsarI ora paM. kailAzacandrajI yaha mAnate haiM ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko naye sire se likhA gayA, kintu ye donoM hI mata mujhe ekAMgI pratIta hote haiN| yaha satya hai ki vallabhI meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakAsTa kiyA gayA, apitu unheM saMkalita evaM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA kintu yaha saMkalana evaM sampAdana nirAdhAra nahIM thaa| na to digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vallabhI meM zvetAmbaroM ne apanI mAnyatA ke anurupa AgamoM ko naye sire se raca DAlA aura na yaha kahanA hI samucita hogA ki vallabhI meM jo Agama saMkalita kiye gaye ve akSuNNa rUpa se vaise hI the jaise-- pATalIputra Adi kI pUrva vAcanAoM meM unheM saMkalita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sAtha-sAtha aneka Agama grantha bhI kAlakrama meM vilupta hue haiN| vartamAna AgamoM kA yadi samyak prakAra se vizlepaNa kiyA jAya to isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| Aja AcArAMga kA sAtavA~ adhyayana vilupta hai| isI prakAra antakudadazA, anuttaraupapAtika va vipAkadazA ke bhI aneka adhyAya Aja anupalabdha haiN| nandisUtra kI sUcI ke aneka Agama grantha Aja anupalabdha haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA hamane AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki devadhi kI vallabhI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakAsTa kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa sampAdana ke kArya meM unhoMne AgamoM kI avaziSTa upalabdha viSaya-vastu ko apane DhaMga se punaH vargIkRta bhI kiyA thA aura paramparA yA anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ke ve aMza jo unake pUrva kI vAcanAoM meM samAhita nahIM the unheM samAhita bhI kiyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAtAdharmakathA meM sampUrNa dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa varga aura adhyayana isI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye gaye haiM, kyoMki zvetAmbara, yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke pratikramaNasUtra evaM anyatra usake unnIsa adhyayanoM kA hI 22
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina milatA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa vargoM kA kahIM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| isI prakAra antakRdazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA ke sandarbha meM sthAnAMga meM jo dasa-dasa adhyayana hone kI sUcanA hai usake sthAna para inameM bhI jo vargoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI vaha devadhi kI hI dena hai| unhoMne inake vilupta adhyAyoM ke sthAna para anuzruti se prApta sAmagrI jor3akara ina granthoM ko naye sire se vyavasthita kiyA thaa| yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki Aja praznavyAkaraNa kI Asava-sa~vara dvAra sambandhI jo viSaya-vastu upalabdha hai vaha kisake dvArA saMkalita va saMpAdita hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina kArya hai kintu yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki nandIsUtra ke racayitA devardhi na hokara deva vAcaka haiM, jo devardhi se pUrva ke haiM to yaha kalpanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki devardhi ne Asava va saMvara dvAra sambandhI viSaya-vastu ko lekara. praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA jo viccheda ho gayA thA, usakI pUrti kI hogii| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma se lekara vipAkasUtra taka ke cha: aMga AgamoM meM jo AMzika yA sampUrNa parivartana hue haiM, ve devadhi ke dvArA hI kiye hue mAne jA sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha parivartana unhoMne kisI pUrva paramparA yA anuzruti ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hogA yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta devadhi ne eka yaha mahattvapUrNa kArya bhI kiyA ki jahA~ aneka AgamoM meM eka hI viSaya-vastu kA vistRta vivaraNa thA vahA~ unhoMne eka sthala para vistRta vivaraNa thA rakhakara anyatra usa grantha kA nirdeza kara diyaa| hama dekhate haiM ki bhagavatI Adi kucha prAcIna staroM ke AgamoM meM bhI, unhoMne prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadvAra jaise paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza karake AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu ke punarAvartana ko kama kiyaa| isI prakAra jaba eka hI Agama meM koI vivaraNa bAra-bAra A rahA thA to usa vivaraNa ke prathama zabda ke bAda "jAva" zabda rakhakara antima zabda kA ullekha kara use saMkSipta banA diyaa| isake sAtha hI unhoMne kucha mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ jo yadyapi paravartIkAla kI thIM, unheM bhI AgamoM meM de diyA jaise sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAta nihnavoM aura sAta gaNoM kA ullekh| isa prakAra vallabhI kI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakAsda kiyA gayA apitu unakI viSaya-vastu ko suvyavasthita aura saMpAdita bhI kiyA gyaa| sambhava hai ki isa sandarbha meM prakSepa aura vilopana bhI huA hogA kintu yaha saba bhI anuzruti yA paramparA ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA thA anyathA AgamoM ko mAnyatA na miltii| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAcanAoM meM kevala anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ko hI saMkalita kiyA jAtA thA kintu merI dRSTi meM vAcanAoM meM na kevala Agama pAThoM ko sampAdita evaM saMkalita kiyA jAtA apitu unameM navanirmita granthoM ko mAnyatA bhI pradAna kI jAtI aura jo AcAra aura vicAra samvandhI matabheda hote the unheM samanvita yA nirAkRta bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta ina vAcanAoM meM vAcanA sthaloM kI apekSA se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana huA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jo Agama paTanA athavA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata (khaNDagiri) meM suvyavasthita kiye gaye the, unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI, kintu jaba ve Agama mathurA aura vallabhI meM punaH sampAdita kiye gaye to unameM bhApika parivartana A gye| mAthurI vAcanA meM jo AgamoM kA svarUpa taya huA thA, usa para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| durbhAgya se Aja hameM mAtharI vAcanA ke Agama upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu ina AgamoM ke jo udadhata aMza uttara bhArata kI acela dhArA yApanIya saMgha ke granthoM meM aura unakI TIkAoM meM uddhRta milate haiM, unameM hama yaha pAte haiM ki bhAvagata samAnatA ke hote hue bhI zabda-rUpoM aura bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, nizItha, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi se jo aMza bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta haiM ve apane bhASika 23
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza svarupa aura pAThabheda kI apekSA se vallabhI ke AgamoM se kiMcit bhinna haiN| ataH ina vAcanAoM ke kAraNa AgamoM meM na kevala bhASika parivartana hue apitu pAThAntara bhI astitva meM Aye hai| vallabhI kI antima vAcanA meM vallabhI kI hI nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara to liye gaye, kintu mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara samAhita nahIM haiN| yadyapi kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara diye haiN| kintu merA mantavya isase bhinna hai| merI dRSTi meM unakI vAcanA kA AdhAra bhI paramparA se prApta nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pUrva ke Agama rahe hoMge, kintu jahA~ unheM apanI paramparAgata vAcanA kA nAgArjunIya vAcanA se matabheda dikhAyI diyA, vahA~ unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA kA ullekha kara diyA, kyoMki mAthurI vAcanA spaSTataH zaurasenI se prabhAvita thI, dUsare usa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI avataraNa Aja milate haiM unameM kucha vartamAna AgamoM kI vAcanA se mela nahIM khAte haiN| unase yahI phalita hotA hai ki devadhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra skaMdila kI vAcanA to nahIM rahI hai| tIsare mAthurI vAcanA ke jo avataraNa Aja yApanIya granthoM meM milate haiM, unase itanA to phalita hotA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM meM bhI vastra-pAtra sambandhI evaM strI kI tadbhava mukti ke ullekha to the, kintu unameM acelatA ko utsarga mArga mAnA gayA thaa| yAphnIya granthoM meM uddhRta, acelapakSa ke sampoSaka kucha avataraNa to vartamAna vallabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM yathA AcArAga ke prathama zrutaskandha Adi meM milate haiM kintu kucha avataraNa vartamAna vAcanA meM nahIM milate haiN| ataH mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara vallabhI kI devadhi kI vAcanA meM samAhita nahIM hue haiM, isakI puSTi hotI hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki vallabhI kI devadhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama na hokara unakI apanI hI guru-parampara se prApta Agama rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke hI pAThAntara apanI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye -- kyoMki donoM meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM hI dRSTi se kama hI antara thaa| mAdhurI vAcanA ke Agama yA to unheM upalabdha hI nahIM the athavA bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM kI apekSA bhinnatA adhika hone se unhoMne use AdhAra na banAyA ho| phira bhI devardhi ko paramparA se prApta jo Agama the, unakA aura mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM kA mUlasrota to eka hI thaa| ho sakatA hai ki donoM meM kAlakrama meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu kI apekSA kvacit antara A gaye hoN| ataH yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita nahIM hogA ki devadhi kI vallabhI vAcanA ke Agama mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se nitAnta bhinna the| yApanIyoM ke Agama yApanIya saMgha ke AcArya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika, kalpa, nizItha, vyavahAra, Avazyaka Adi AgamoM ko mAnya karate the| isa prakAra AgamoM ke viccheda hone kI jo digambara mAnyatA hai, vaha unheM svIkArya nahIM thii| yApanIya AcAryoM dvArA nirmita kisI bhI grandha meM kahIM bhI yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki aMgAdi-Agama vicchinna ho gaye haiN| ve AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, kalpa Adi ko apanI paramparA ke granthoM ke rUpa meM uddharita karate the| isa sambandha meM AdaraNIya paM. nAthUrAma premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 91) kA yaha kathana draSTavya hai-- "aksara granthakAra kisI mata kA khaNDana karane ke lie usI mata ke granthoM kA havAlA diyA karate haiM aura apane siddhAnta ko puSTa karate haiN| parantu isa TIkA (arthAt bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA) meM aisA nahIM hai, isameM to TIkAkAra ne apane hI AgamoM kA havAlA dekara acelatA siddha kI hai|" AgamoM ke astitva ko svIkAra kara unake adhyayana aura svAdhyAya sambandhI nirdeza bhI yApanIya grantha 2A
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina mUlAcAra meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN| mUlAcAra (5/80-82) meM cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA ullekha hai-- 1. gaNadhara kathita, 2. pratyekabuddha kathita, 3. zrutakevali kathita aura 4. abhinna dazapUrvI kthit| isake sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki saMyamI puruSoM evaM striyoM arthAta muniyoM evaM AryikAoM ke lie asvAdhyAyakAla meM inakA svAdhyAya karanA varjita hai kintu inake atirikta kucha anya aise grantha haiM jinakA asvAdhyAyakAla meM pATha kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise --- ArAdhanA (bhagavatIArAdhanA yA ArAdhanApatAkA), niyukti, maraNAvibhakti, saMgraha (paMcasaMgraha yA saMgrahaNIsUtra), stuti ( deviMdatthu), pratyAkhyAne ( AurapaccakkhANa evaM mahApaccakkhANa), dharmakathA (jJAtAdharmakathA) tathA aise hI anya grnth| yahA~ para cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA jo ullekha huA hai, usa para thor3I vistRta carcA apekSita hai, kyoMki mUlAcAra kI mUlagAthA meM mAtra ina cAra prakAra ke sUtroM kA ullekha huA hai| usameM ina granthoM kA nAma nirdeza nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandi na to yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha the aura na unake sammukha ye grantha hI the| ataH isa prasaMga meM unakI pratyeka-buddhakathita kI vyAkhyA pUrNataH bhrAnta hI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, agalI gAthA kI TIkA meM unhoMne "thudi", "paccakkhANa" evaM "dhammakahA" ko jina granthoM se samIkRta kiyA hai vaha to aura bhI adhika bhrAmaka hai| Azcarya hai ki ve "thudi" se devAgamastotra aura parameSThistotra ko samIkata karate haiM, jabaki mUlAcAra kA mantavya anya hI hai| jahA~ taka gaNadharakathita granthoM kA prazna hai vahA~ lekhaka kA tAtparya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi aMga granthoM se hai, pratyekabuddhakathita granthoM se tAtparya praznavyAkaraNa, uttarAdhyayana aura RSibhASita Adi se hai, kyoMki ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita mAne jAte haiN| ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita haiM, aisA spaSTa ullekha bhI samavAyAMga, uttarAdhyayana niyukti Adi meM hai| zrutakevalikathita granthoM se tAtparya AcArya zayyambhavaracita dazavaikAlika, AcArya bhadrabAhu (prathama) racita bRhatkalpa, dazAzrutaskandha (AyAradasA), vyavahAra Adi se hai tathA abhinna dazapUrvIkathita granthoM se unakA tAtparya kammapayaDI Adi "pUrva" sAhitya ke granthoM se hai| yahA~ smaraNa rakhane yogya tathya yaha hai ki yadi yApanIya paramparA meM ye grantha vicchinna mAne jAte, to phira inake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza lagabhaga IsA kI chaThIM zatAbdI ke grantha mUlAcAra meM kaise ho paataa| digambara paramparA ke anusAra to vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAta arthAta IsA kI dUsarI zatI meM AcArAMga dhAriyoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gaI thI phira vIranirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa pazcAt bhI AcArAMga Adi ke svAdhyAya karane kA nirdeza dene kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mUlAcAra kI yahI gAthA kundakunda ke suttapAhuDa meM bhI milatI hai, kintu kundakunda AgamoM ke uparyukta prakAroM kA ullekha karane ke pazcAt unakI svAdhyAya vidhi ke sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahate haiN| jabaki mUlAcAra spaSTa rUpa se unake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza karatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM mUlAcAra meM AgamoM ke adhyayana kI upadhAna vidhi arthAt tapa pUrvaka AgamoM ke adhyayana karane kI vidhi kA bhI ullekha hai| AgamoM ke adhyayana kI yaha upadhAna vidhi zvetAmbaroM meM Aja bhI pracalita hai| vidhimArgaprapA (pR. 49-51) meM isakA vistRta ullekha hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se pramANita ho jAtA hai ki mUlAcAra AgamoM ko vicchinna nahIM mAnatA thaa| yApanIya parampaga meM ye aMga Agama aura aMgabAhya Agama pracalana meM the, isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki navIM zatAbdI meM yApanIya AcArya apagajita bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM na kevala ina AgamoM se aneka uddharaNa prastuta karate haiM, apita svayaM dazavakAlika para TIkA bhI likha rahe haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, yApanIya paryupaNa ke avasara para kalpasUtra kA vAcana bhI karate the, aiyA nirdeza svayaM digambarAcArya kara rahe haiN| kyA yApanIya AgamaM vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamAM se bhinna the? 25
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza isa prasaMga meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yApanIyoM ke ye Agama kauna se the? kyA ve ina nAmoM se upalabdha zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM se bhinna the yA yahI the? hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne yaha kahane kA atisAhasa bhI kiyA hai ki ye Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se sarvathA bhinna the| paM. kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrva pIThikA, pR. 525) ne aisA hI anumAna kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM "jaina paramparA meM digambara aura zvetAmbara ke samAna eka yApanIya saMgha bhI thaa| yaha saMgha yadyapi nagnatA kA pakSadhara thA, tathApi zvetAmbarIya AgamoM ko mAnatA thaa| isa saMgha ke AcArya aparAjitasUri kI saMskRta TIkA bhagavatIArAdhanA nAmaka prAcIna grantha para hai| jo mudrita bhI ho cukI hai| usameM nagnatA ke samarthana meM aparAjitasUri ne Agama granthoM se aneka uddharaNa diye haiM, jinameM se aneka uddharaNa vartamAna AgamoM meM nahIM milte| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne yahA~ jo "aneka" zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai vaha bhrAnti utpanna karatA hai| maiMne aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta Agamika sandarbho kI zvetAmbara AgamoM se tulanA karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAyA hai ki lagabhaga 90 pratizata sandarbho meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta para zaurasenI prAkRta ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa hue AMzika pAThabheda ko chor3akara koI antara nahIM hai| jahA~ kiMcit pAThabheda hai vahA~ bhI artha-bheda nahIM hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne isa grantha meM bhagavatIArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA (pU. 320-327) se eka uddharaNa diyA hai, jo vartamAna AcArAMga meM nahIM milatA hai| unake dvArA prastuta vaha uddharaNa nimna hai-- tathA dhoktamAdhAraGge-- sudaM Aussatto bhagavadA evamakkhAdA iha khalu saMyamAbhimukha duvihA itthI purisA jAdA hvNti| taM jahA savvasamaNNagade No savvasamaNNAgade cev| tattha je savvasamaNNAgade thiNA* hatthapANIpAde savvidiya samaNNAgade tassa NaM No kappadi egamavi vattha dhAriuM evaM parihiuM evaM aNNatya egeNa paDilehageNa iti| nizcaya hI uparyukta sandarbha AcArAMga meM isI rUpa meM zabdazaH nahIM hai kintu "savvasamannAgaya" nAmaka pada aura ukta kathana kA bhAva AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aSTama adhyayana meM Aja bhI surakSita hai| ataH isa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA karanA anucita hogA ki yApanIya paramparA kA AcArAMga, vartamAna meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha AcArAMga se bhinna thaa| kyoMki aparAjitasUri dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga ke anya sandarbha Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ke isI AcArAMga meM upalabdha hai| aparAjita ne AcArAMga ke "lokavicaya" nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana ke paMcama uddezaka kA ullekhapUrvaka jo uddharaNa diyA hai, vaha Aja bhI usI adhyAya ke usI uddezaka meM upalabdha hai| isI prakAra usameM "ahaM puNa evaM jANejja upAtikate hemaMte-- Thavijja" jo yaha pATha AcArAMga se udadhata hai-- vaha bhI vartamAna AcArAMga ke aSTama adhyayana ke caturtha uddezaka meM hai| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, kalpa Adi ke sandarbho kI bhI lagabhaga yahI sthiti hai| aba hama uttarAdhyayana ke sandarbho para vicAra kregeN| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne jaina sAhitya kI pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA kI nimna do gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM-- paricattesu vatthesuNa puNo celmaadie| adhelapavare bhikkhU jiNarUpadhare sdaa|| sacelago sukhI bhavadi asukhI vA vi acelgo| ahaM to sacelo hokkhAmi idi bhikkhu na ciNte|| paMDitajI ne inheM uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA kahA hai aura unheM vartamAna uttarAdhyayana meM anupalabdha bhI batAyA hai| kintu jaba hamane svayaM paMDitajI dvArA hI sampAdita evaM anuvAdita bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA dekhI to usameM inheM 26
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina spaSTa rUpa se uttarAdhyayana kI gAthAyeM nahIM kahA gayA hai| usameM mAtra "imAni ca satrANi acelatAM darzayanti" kahakara inheM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ko yaha bhrAnti kaise ho gaI, hama nahIM jaante| punaH ye gAthAe~ bhI cAhe zabdazaH uttarAdhyayana meM na hoM, kintu bhAvaspa se to donoM hI gAthAe~ aura zabda-rUpa se inake ATha caraNoM meM se cAra caraNa to upalabdha hI hai| uparokta uddhata gAthAoM se tulanA ke lie uttarAdhyayana kI ye gAthAe~ prastuta haiM-- "parijuNNehiM vatthehiM hokkhAmi tti acele| aduvA "sacelae hokkhaM" idaM bhikkhU na cinte|| "egayA acelae hoi sacele yAvi egyaa|" eyaM dhammahiyaM nacyA nANI no prideve|| -- uttarAdhyayana, 2/12-13 jisa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM hI cUrNi meM Agata pAThoM aura zIlAMka yA abhayadeva kI TIkA meM Agata pAThoM meM ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kI dRSTi se pAThabheda rahA hai, usI prakAra yApanIya paramparA ke Agama ke pATha mAthurI vAcanA ke hone ke kAraNa zaurasenI prAkRta se yukta rahe hoNge| kintu yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki prAcIna stara ke sabhI Agama grantha mUlataH ardhamAgadhI ke rahe haiN| unameM jo mahArASTrI yA zaurasenI ke zabda-rUpa upalabdha hote haiM, ve paravartI haiN| vijayodayA meM AcArAMga Adi ke sabhI Agamika sandarbho ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve pUrNataH zaurasenI prabhAva se yukta hai| mUlataH AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi Agama to nizcita hI ardhamAgadhI meM rahe haiN| yahA~ do sambhAvanAe~ ho sakatI hai, prathama yahI hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya una para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA ho aura yApanIyoM ne use mAnya rakhA ho| dUsare yaha hai ki yApanIyoM dvArA una AgamoM kA zaurasenIkaraNa karate samaya zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AcArAMga Adi se unameM pAThabheda ho gayA ho, kintu isa AdhAra para bhI yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hogA ki yApanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agama bhinna the| aisA pAThabheda to eka hI paramparA ke AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha hai| svayaM paM. kailAzacandrajI ne apane grantha jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa-pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjitasUri kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA se AcArAMga kA jo uparyukta pATha diyA hai, usameM aura svayaM unake dvArA sampAdita bhagavatIArAdhanA kI aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta pATha meM hI antara hai-- eka meM "thINa" pATha hai-- dUsare meM "thIrAMga" pATha hai, jisase artha-bheda bhI hotA hai| eka hI lekhaka aura sampAdaka kI kRti meM bhI pAThabheda ho to bhinna paramparAoM meM kiMcit pAThabheda honA svAbhAvika hai, kintu usase unakI pUrNa bhinnatA kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| punaH yApanIya paramparA dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi ke uparyukta pAThoM kI acelakatva kI avadhAraNA kA prazna hai, vaha zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| isI prasaMga meM uttarAdhyayana kI jo anya gAthAyeM uddhRta kI gaI hai, ve Aja bhI uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyayana meM kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhata ina gAthAoM para bhI zaurasenI kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki mUla uttarAdhyayana ardhamAgadhI kI racanA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane samaya ke avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM ko mAnya karate hue bhI unheM zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, anyathA aparAjita kI TIkA meM mUla AgamoM ke uddharaNoM kA zaurasenI rUpana milakara ardhamAgadhI rUpa hI miltaa| isa sambandha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 60) kA nimna vaktavya vicAraNIya hai-- 27
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza "zvetAmbara sampradAya mAnya jo Agama grantha haiM, yApanIya saMgha zAyada una sabhI ko mAnatA thA, parantu aisA jAna par3atA hai ki donoM ke AgamoM meM kucha pAThabheda thA aura usakA kAraNa yaha ho ki upalabdha vallabhI vAcanA ke pahale kI koI vAcanA (saMbhavataH mAthurI vAcanA) yApanIya saMgha ke pAsa thI, kyoMki vijayodayATIkA meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa haiM ve zvetAmbara AgamoM meM bilkula jyoM ke tyoM nahIM balki kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha milate haiN| yApanIyoM ke pAsa skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the yaha mAnane meM eka bAdhA AtI hai, vaha yaha ki skaMdila kI vAcanA kA kAla vIranirvANa 827-840 arthAt IsA kI tRtIya zatI kA anta aura caturthazatI kA prArambha hai, jabaki saMghabheda usake lagabhaga 200 varSa pahale hI ghaTita ho cukA thaa| kintu paM. nAthUrAmajI yaha zaMkA isa AdhAra para nirasta ho jAtI haiM ki vAstavika sampradAya-bheda IsvI san kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM na hokara pA~cavIM zatI meM huaa| yadyapi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki phalgabhitra kI paramparA kI koI vAcanA thI, kintu isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM spaSTa nirdeza kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki yApanIya Agama vahI the, jo una nAmoM se Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| mAtra unameM kiMcit pAThabheda thA tathA bhASA kI dRSTi se zaurasenI kA prabhAva adhika thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa milate haiM unameM kucha to vartamAna zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM, kucha pAThAntara ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| jo anupalabdha haiM, unake sambandha meM do vikalpa haiM-- prathama yaha ki mUlAgamoM ke ve aMza bAda ke zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne agalI vAcanA meM nikAla diye aura dUsarA yaha ki ve aMza yApanIya mAnyatA ke prakSipta aMza hoN| kintu prathama vikalpa meM isalie vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki yadi paravartI vAcanAoM meM ve saba bAteM, jo usa yuga ke AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM thIM yA unakI paramparA ke viruddha thIM, nikAla dI gaI hotI to vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM meM acelatA ke samarthaka sabhI aMza nikAla diye jAne cAhie the| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki AgamoM kI vAcanAoM (saMkalana) ke samaya kevala ve hI aMza nahIM A pAye the jo vismRta ho gaye the athavA punarAvRtti se bacane ke lie "jAva" pATha dekara vahA~ se haTA diye gaye the| mAnyatA bheda ke kAraNa kucha aMza jAnabUjhakara nikAle gaye hoM, aisA koI bhI vizvasanIya pramANa hameM nahIM milatA hai| kintu yaha ho sakatA hai ki ve aMza kisI anya gaNa kI vAcanA ke rahe hoM, jinake pratinidhi usa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM the| kucha aise pramANa upalabdha haiM ki vibhinna gaNoM meM vAcanA-bheda yA pAThabheda hotA thaa| vibhinna gaNoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa vAcanA bheda bhI mAnA gayA hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM kI nau vAcanAe~ thIM arthAt mahAvIra ke kAla meM bhI vAcanA-bheda thaa| kyoMki pratyeka vAcanAcArya kI adhyApana zailI bhinna hotI thii| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM zabda ke sthAna para artha para bala diyA jAtA thA, tIrthaMkara ko artha kA pravartaka mAnA gayA thA jabaki vaidika paramparA zabda pradhAna thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM ne yaha mAnA ki cAhe zabda-bheda ho, para artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa hai ki vAcanA bheda bar3hate gye| hameM yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika uddharaNoM se vartamAna AgamoM ke pAThoM kA jo pAThabheda milatA hai unakA kAraNa vAcanA-bheda hai, artha-bheda nahIM, kyoMki aise anupalabdha aMzoM yA pAThabhedoM meM viSaya pratipAdana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa antara nahIM hai| kintu isa sambhAvanA se pUrI taraha inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki svayaM yApanIyoM ne bhI apanI mAnyatA kI puSTi ke lie kucha aMza jor3e hoM athavA parivartita kiye hoN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI vallabhI vAcanA meM yA usake pazcAt bhI AmamoM meM kucha aMza jur3ate rahe haiM-- isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| hama paNDita kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrvapIThikA, pR. 527) ke isa kathana se sahamata haiM ki vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya aura usake bAda bhI AgamoM ke svarUpa meM kucha parivartana hue haiN| kintu unake dvArA prayukta "bahuta" zabda Apattijanaka hai| phira bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki inameM prakSepa hI
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina adhika huA hai, vismRti ko chor3akara jAna-bUjhakara nikAlA kucha nahIM gayA hai| kintu aisA prakSepa mAtra zvetAmbaroM ne kiyA hai aura digambaroM tathA yApanIyoM ne nahIM kiyA hai-- yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sambhava hai ki yApanIya paramparA ne bhI AgamoM meM apane anukUla kucha aMza prakSipta kiye hoN| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi granthoM ko dekhane se aisA spaSTa lagatA hai ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI hI saikar3oM gAthAyeM zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karake apane ina granthoM ko racanA kI hai, mUlAcAra kA lagabhaga AdhA bhAga prakIrNakoM, niyuktiyoM evaM AgamoM kI gAthAoM se nirmita hai| yaha to nizcita hai ki prAcIna Agama sAhitya ardhamAgadhI meM thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika sandarbha ke sadaiva zaurasenI spahI milate haiM, jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko zaurasenI meM apane DhaMga se spAntarita karane kA prayatna kiyA hogA aura isa prayatna meM unhoMne apane mata kI puSTi kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hogaa| ataH isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yApanIya AcAryoM ne bhI mUla AgamoM ke sAtha cheDachADa kI thI aura apane mata kI puSTi hetu unhoMne unameM parivardhana aura prakSepa bhI kiye| mAtra zvetAmbara aura yApanIya hI AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a karane ke doSI nahIM haiM, balki digambara AcArya aura paNDita bhI isa daur3a meM pIche nahIM rahe haiN| yApanIya granthoM meM digambara paramparA ke dvArA jo prakSepaNa aura parivartana kiye gaye haiM ve to aura bhI adhika vicAraNIya haiM, kyoMki inake kAraNa aneka yApanIya granthoM kA yApanIya svaspa hI vikRta ho gayA hai| hamAre digambara vidvAn zvetAmbara granthoM meM prakSepaNa kI bAta to kahate haiM kintu ve isa bAta ko vismRta kara jAte hai ki svayaM unhoMne yApanIya aura apane granthoM meM bhI kisa prakAra hera-phera kiye haiN| isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara vidvAnoM kA mata prastuta karanA caahuuNgaa| paM. kailAzacandrajI sva-sampAdita "bhagavatIArAdhanA" kI prastAvanA (pR. 9) meM likhate haiM-- "vijayodayA ke adhyayana se prakaTa hotA hai ki unake sAmane TIkA likhate samaya jo mUlagrantha upasthita thA, usameM aura vartamAna mUla ( grantha) meM antara hai| aneka gAthAoM meM ve zabda nahIM milate jo TIkAoM meM haiN|" isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaba digambara AcAryoM ne isa yApanIya grantha ko apane meM samAhita kiyA hogA to isakI mUla gAthAoM ke zabdoM meM bhI hera-phera kara diyA hogaa| yadi paM. kailAzacandrajI ne una sabhI sthaloM kA jahA~ unheM pAThabheda pratIta huA, nirdeza kiyA hotA to sambhavataH hama adhika prAmANikatA se kucha bAta kaha sakate the| TIkA aura mUla ke sAre antaroM ko hama bhI abhI taka khoja nahIM pAye haiN| ataH abhI to unake mata ko hI vizvasanIya mAnakara saMtoSa kreNge| svayaMbhU ke riTThanemicariu (harivaMzapurANa) meM bhI isI prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a huI thii| isa sandarbha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 202) likhate haiM-- "isameM to saMdeha nahIM hai ki isa antima aMza meM muni jasakitti (yazakIrti) kA bhI hAtha hai parantu yaha kitanA hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| bahuta kucha soca-vicAra ke bAda hama isa nirNaya para pahu~ce haiM ki muni jasakitti ko isa grantha kI koI aisI jIrNa-zIrNa prati milI thI jisake antima patra naSTa-bhraSTa the aura zAyada anya pratiyA~ durlabha thIM, isalie unhoMne gopagiri (gvAliyara) ke samIpa kumaranagarI ke jaina mandira meM vyAkhyAna karane ke lie ise ThIka kiyA arthAt jahA~-jahA~ jitanA aMza par3hA nahIM gayA thA yA naSTa ho gayA thA, usako svayaM racakara jor3a diyA aura jahA~-jahA~ jor3A, vahA~-vahA~ apane parizrama ke evaja meM apanA nAma bhI jor3a diyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki kucha digambara AcAryoM ne dUsaroM kI racanAoM ko bhI apane nAma para car3hA liyaa| 29
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza isI prakAra tiloyapaNNatti meM bhI paryApta rUpa se milAvaTa huI hai| jahA~ "tilAyapaNNatti" kA grantha-parimANa 8000 zloka batAyA gayA hai vahA~ vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti kA zloka-parimANa 9340 hai arthAta lagabhaga 1340 zloka adhika haiN| paM. nAthUrAmajI premI ke zabdoM meM -- ye isa bAta ke saMketa dete haiM ki pIche se isameM milAvaTa kI gayI hai| isa sandarbha meM paM. phUlacandrazAstrI ke, jaina sAhitya bhAskara, bhAga 11, aMka prathama meM prakAzita "vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti aura usake racanAkAra kA vicAra" nAmaka lekha ke AdhAra para ve likhate haiM-- "usase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha grantha apane asala rUpa meM nahIM rahA hai| usameM na kevala bahuta sA lagabhaga eka aSTamAMza prakSipta hai, balki bahuta-sA parivartana aura parizodha bhI kiyA gayA hai, jo mUla grantha kartA ke anukUla nahIM hai|" isI prakAra kasAyapAhuDasutta kI mUla gAthAe~ 180 thIM, kintu Aja usameM 233 gAthAe~ milatI hai-- arthAta usameM 53 gAthAe~ paravartI AcAryoM dvArA prakSipta haiN| yahI sthiti kundakunda ke samayasAra, baTTakera ke mUlAcAra Adi kI bhI hai| prakAzita saMskaraNoM meM bhI gAthAoM kI saMkhyAoM meM bahuta adhika antara hai| samayasAra ke jJAnapITha ke saMskaraNa meM 415 gAthAyeM haiM to ajitAzrama saMskaraNa meM 437 gaathaayeN| mUlAcAra ke digambara jainagranthamAlA ke saMskaraNa meM 1242 gAthAe~ haiM to phalaTaNa ke saMskaraNa meM 1414 gAthAe~ haiM arthAta 162 gAthAe~ adhika haiM, yaha saba isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki digambara paramparA ke AcAryoM ne zvetAmbaroM aura yApanIyoM kI apekSA bahuta adhika prakSepa evaM parivartana kiyA hai| ina ullekhoM ke atirikta vartamAna meM bhI isa prakAra ke parivartanoM ke prayAsa hue haiN| jaise "dhavalA" ke sampAdana ke samaya mUla grantha SaTUkhaNDAgama se "saMjada" pada ko haTA denA, tAki usa grantha ke yApanIya svarUpa yA strI-mukti ke samarthaka hone kA pramANa naSTa kiyA jA ske| isa sandarbha meM digambara samAja meM kitanI UhApoha macI thI aura pakSa-vipakSa meM kitane lekha likhe gaye the, yaha tathya kisI se chipA nahIM hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki anta meM mUlaprati meM "saMjada" pada pAyA gyaa| tathApi tAmrapatra vAlI prati meM vaha pada nahIM likhA gayA, sambhavataH bhaviSya meM vaha eka naI samasyA utpanna kregaa| isa sandarbha meM bhI maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara paramparA ke mAnya vidvAn paM. kailAzacandrajI ke zabdoM ko hI uddhRta kara rahA huuN| paM. bAlacandrazAstrI kI kRti "SaTkhaNDAgama-parizIlana" ke apane pradhAna sampAdakIya meM ve likhate haiM-- "samUcA grantha prakAzita hone se pUrva hI eka aura vivAda uTha khar3A huaa| prathama bhAga ke sUtra 93 meM jo pATha hameM upalabdha thA, usameM artha-saMgati kI dRSTi se "saMjadAsaMjada" ke Age "saMjada" pada jor3ane kI AvazyakatA pratIta huI, kintu isase phalita hone vAlI saiddhAntika vyavasthAoM se kucha vidvAnoM ke mana AloDita hue aura ve "saMjada" pada ko vahA~ jor3anA eka anadhikAra cepTA kahane lge| isa para bahuta bAra maukhika zAstrArtha bhI hue aura uttara-pratyuttara rUpa lekhoM kI zrRMkhalAe~ bhI cala par3IM, jinakA saMgraha kucha svatantra granthoM meM prakAzita bhI huaa| isake maukhika samAdhAna hetu jaba sampAdakoM ne tAr3apatrIya pratiyoM ke pATha kI sUkSmatA se jA~ca kagayI taba patA calA ki vahA~ kI donoM bhinna pratiyoM meM hamArA sujhAyA gayA saMjada pada vidyamAna hai| isase do bAteM spaSTa huIM-- eka to yaha ki sampAdakoM ne jo pATha-saMzodhana kiyA hai, vaha gambhIra cintana aura samajhadArI para AdhArita hai aura dUsarI yaha ki mUla pratiyoM se pATha milAna kI AvazyakatA aba bhI banI huI hai, kyoMki jo pAThAntara mUDabidrI se prApta hue the aura tRtIya bhAga ke anta meM samAviSTa kiye gaye the unameM yaha saMzodhana nahIM milaa|" mere uparyukta lekhana kA tAtparya kisI kI bhAvanAoM ko Thesa pahu~cAnA nahIM hai kintu mUlagranthoM ke sAtha aisI cher3a-chAr3a karane ke lie zvetAmbara, digambara, yApanIya-- sabhI samAnarupa se doSI haiN| jahA~ zvetAmbaroM ne apane hI pUrva avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM se aisI cher3a-chAr3a kI, vahA~ yApanIyoM ne zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se aura digambaroM ne yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM se aisI hI cher3a-chAr3a kii| 30
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina niSkarSa yaha hai ki isa prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a prAcIna kAla se lekara vartamAna kAla taka hotI rahI hai| koI bhI paramparA isa sandarbha meM pUrNa nirdoSa nahIM kahI jA sktii| ataH kisI bhI paramparA kA adhyayana karate samaya yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama una prakSipta athavA parivardhita aMzoM para niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM, kyoMki isa cher3a-chAr3a meM kahIM kucha aisA avazya raha jAtA hai, jisase yathArthatA ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| 1 parivardhanoM aura parivartanoM ke bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara AgamoM kI eka vizeSatA hai, vaha yaha ki ve saba bAteM bhI jinakA unakI paramparA se spaSTa virodha hai, unameM yathAvat rUpa se surakSita haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbara Agama jaina dharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kI jAnakArI dene meM Aja bhI pUrNatayA sakSama haiM AvazyakatA hai niSpakSa bhAva se unake adhyayana kI kyoMki unameM bahuta kucha aisA mila jAtA hai, jisameM jainadharma ke vikAsa aura usameM Aye parivartanoM ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| yahI bAta kisI sImA taka yApanIya aura digambara granthoM ke sandarbha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi zvetAmbara sAhitya kI apekSA vaha alpa hI hai| prakSepa aura pariSkAra ke bAda bhI samagra jaina sAhitya meM bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo satya ko prastuta karatA hai, kintu zarta yahI hai ki usakA adhyayana aitihAsika aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se ho, tabhI hama satya ko samajha skeNge| AgamoM ke viccheda kI avadhAraNA Agama ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA jainadharma ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM ullikhita haiN| digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA tiloyapaNNatti, SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa AdipurANa Adi meM milatI hai| ina saba granthoM meM tiloyapaNNatti apekSA kRta prAcIna hai| tiloyapaNNatti kA racanAkAla vidvAnoM ne IsA kI chaThIM sAtavIM zatI ke lagabhaga mAnA hai| isake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi grantha Ate haiM jo lagabhaga I. kI navIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| harivaMza purANa meM Agama-viccheda kI carcA ko kucha vidvAnoM ne prakSipta mAnA hai kyoMki vaha yApanIya paramparA kA grantha hai aura yApanIyoM meM navIM dasavIM zatAbdI taka AgamoM ke adhyayana aura una para TIkA likhane kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| sambhava yaha bhI hai ki jisa prakAra zvetAmbaroM meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA hote hue bhI AgamoM kI paramparA jIvita rahI usI prakAra vApanIyoM meM bhI zruta viccheda kI paramparA kA ullekha hote hue bhI zruta ke adhyayana evaM una para TIkA Adi ke lekhana kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai punaH harivaMzapurANa meM bhI mAtra pUrva evaM aMga grantha ke viccheda kI carcA hai zeSa grantha to the hii| ina granthoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt gautama, sudharmA (lohArya) aura jambU ye tIna AcArya kevalI hue, ina tInoM kA sammilita kAla 62 varSa mAnA gayA hai| tatpazcAt viSNu, nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca AcArya caturdaza pUrvI ke dhAraka zrutakevalI hue| ina pA~ca AcAryoM kA sammilita kAla 100 varSa hai| isa prakAra bhadrabAhu ke kAla taka aMga aura pUrva kI paramparA avicchinna banI rhii| usake bAda prathama pUrva sAhitya kA viccheda prArambha huA / bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt vizAkha, proSThila, kSatriya, jaya, nAga, siddhArtha, dhRtisena, vijaya buddhila, dharmasena aura gaMgadeva ye gyAraha AcArya dasa pUrvoM ke dhAraka hue| inakA sammilita kAla 183 varSa mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke pazcAt 345 varSa taka pUrvadharoM kA astitva rhaa| isake bAda pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sAtha hI pUrva jJAna kA viccheda ho gyaa| inake pazcAt nakSatra, yazapAla, pANDu dhruvasena aura kaMsa ye pA~ca AcArya ekAdaza aMgoM ke jJAtA hue| inakA sammilita kAla 220 varSa mAnA gyaa| isa -- -- 31 /
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa ke 565 varSa pazcAt AcArAMga ko chor3akara zeSa aMgoM kA bhI viccheda ho gyaa| inake bAda subhadra, yazobhadra, yazobAhu aura lohAcArya -- ye cAra AcArya AcArAMga ke dhAraka hue| inakA kAla 118 varSa rhaa| isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke pUrNajJAtA AcAryo kI paramparA samApta ho gii| inake bAda AcArya dharasena taka aMga aura pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA (AMzikajJAtA) AcAryoM kI paramparA clii| usake bAda pUrva aura aMga sAhitya kA viccheda ho gyaa| mAtra aMga aura pUrva ke AdhAra para unake ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM dvArA nirmita grantha hI zeSa rhe| aMga aura pUrvadharoM kI yaha sUcI hamane harivaMzapurANa ke AdhAra para dI hai| anya granthoM evaM zravaNa belagolA ke kucha abhilekhoM meM bhI yaha sUcI dI gayI hai kintu ina sabhI sUciyoM meM kahIM nAmoM meM aura kahIM krama meM antara hai, jisase inakI prAmANikatA saMdehAspada bana jAtI hai| kintu jo kucha sAhityika aura abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha haiM unheM hI AdhAra banAnA hogA anya koI vikalpa bhI nahIM hai| yadyapi ina sAkSyoM meM bhI eka bhI sAkSya aisA nahIM hai, jo sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA ho| ina samasta vivaraNoM se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki digambara paramparA meM zruta viccheda kI isa carcA kA prArambha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM huA aura usameM aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM pUrva jJAna ke viccheda kI carcA to niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi Adi Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM huI hai| kintu aMga-AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA mAtra titthogAliya prakIrNaka ke atirikta anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI hai| titthogAliya prakIrNaka ko dekhane se lagatA hai ki yaha grantha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai| isakA racanA kAla aura kucha viSaya-vastu bhI tiloyapaNNatti se samarUpa hI hai| isa prakIrNaka kA ullekha, nandIsUtra kI kAlika aura utkAlika granthoM kI sUcI meM nahIM hai kintu vyavahArabhASya (10/704) meM isakA ullekha huA hai| vyavahArabhASya spaSTataH sAtavIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai| antataH titthogAliya pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt tathA sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva arthAt lagabhaga IsvI san kI chaThI zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hogaa| yahI kAla tiloyapaNNatti kA bhI hai| ina donoM granthoM meM hI sarvaprathama zruta ke viccheda kI carcA hai| titthogAliya meM tIrthaMkaroM kI mAtAoM ke caudaha svapna, strI-mukti tathA dasa AzcaryoM kA ullekha hone se evaM nandIsUtra, anuyogadAra tathA Avazyakaniyukti se isameM aneka gAthAe~ avatarita kiye jAne se yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha zvetAmbara grantha hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakIrNaka rUpa meM isakI Aja bhI mAnyatA hai| isa grantha kI gAthA 807 se 857 taka meM na kevala pUrvo ke viccheda kI carcA hai apita aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI bhI carcA hai| titthogAliya evaM anya granthoM ke sAkSya se jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra antima caturdazapUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hue| Arya bhadrabAhu svargavAsa ke sAtha hI cartudaza pUrvadharoM kI paramparA samApta ho gyii| inakA svargavAsa kAla vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt mAnA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt sthUlibhadra dasapUrvo ke artha sahita aura zeSa cAra pUrvo ke mUla mAtra ke jJAtA hue| yathArtha meM to ve dasa pUrvo ke hI jJAtA the| titthogAliya meM sthUlibhadra ko dasa pUrvadharoM meM prathama kahA gayA hai| usameM antima dasapUrvI satyamitra pAThabheda se sarvamitra ko batAyA gayA hai, kintu unake kAla kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai| usake bAda usa grantha meM yaha ullekhita hai ki anukrama se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt vAcaka vRSabha ke samaya meM pUrvagat zruta kA viccheda ho jaayegaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt bhI pUrvadharoM kI paramparA calatI rahI hai, zvetAmbaroM meM abhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara aura bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara, aise do prakAra ke vargoM kA ullekha hai, jo sampUrNa dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote, ve abhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara kahe jAte the aura jo AMzika rUpa se dasa pUrvo ke 32
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina jJAtA hote the, unheM bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara kahA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki caturdaza pUrvadharoM ke viccheda kI isa carcA meM donoM paramparA meM antima caturdazapUrvI bhadrabAhu ko hI mAnA gayA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra 162 varSa pazcAt caturdaza pUrvadharoM kA viccheda huaa| yahA~ donoM paramparAoM meM mAtra ATha varSoM kA antara hai| kintu dasa pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sambandha meM donoM paramparAoM meM koI samarUpatA nahIM dekhI jAtI hai! zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra Arya sarvamitra aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra Arya dharmasena yA Arya siddhArtha antima dasa pUrvI hue haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM Arya sarvamitra ko antima dasa pUrvadhara kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA meM bhagavatIArAdhanA ke kartA zivArya ke guruoM ke nAmoM meM sarvaguptagaNi aura mitragaNi nAma Ate hai kintu donoM meM koI samaspatA ho yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| digambara paramparA meM dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt ekadeza pUrvadharoM kA ullekha to huA hai kintu unakI koI sUcI upalabdha nahIM hotii| ataH isa sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI tulanA kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| pUrva sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA ke pazcAta titthogAliya meM aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai, jo nimnAnusAra hai-- usameM ullikhita hai ki vIranirvANa ke 1250 varSa pazcAt vipAkasUtra sahita chaH aMgoM kA viccheda ho jaayegaa| isake pazcAt vIranirvANa saM. 1300 meM samavAyAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1350 meM sthAnAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1400 meM kalpa-vyavahAra kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1500 meM AyAradazA kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1900 meM sUtrakRtAMga kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 2000 meM nizIthasUtra kA viccheda hogaa| jJAtavya hai ki isake pazcAt lagabhaga aThAraha hajAra varSa taka viccheda kI koI carcA nahIM hai| phira vIranirvANa saM. 20,000 meM AcArAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20500 meM uttarAdhyayana kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20900 meM dazavaikAlika mUla kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 21,000 meM dazavaikAlika ke artha kA viccheda hogA -- yaha kahA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki paNDita dalasukhabhAI ne jaina sAhitya ke bRhad itihAsa kI bhUmikA (pR. 61 ) meM AcArAMga kA viccheda vIranirvANa ke 2300 varSa pazcAta likhA hai kintu mUla gAthA se kahIM bhI yaha artha phalita nahIM hotaa| unhoMne kisa AdhAra para yaha artha kiyA yaha hama nahIM jAnate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki unake pAsa isa gAthA kA koI dUsarA pAThAntara rahA ho| __ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki aMga AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI calI hai, kintu isake bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ne aMga sAhitya ko, cAhe AMzika rUpa se hI kyoM na ho, surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathama to prazna yaha hai ki kyA viccheda kA artha tat-tat grantha kA sampUrNa rUpa se vinAza hai ? merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA artha yaha nahIM ki usa grantha kA sampUrNa lopa ho gyaa| merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA tAtparya usake kucha aMzoM kA viccheda hI mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI jo aMga sAhitya Aja avaziSTa hai ve usa spa meM to nahIM hai jisa rUpa se unakI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra Adi meM huA hai| yaha satya hai ki na kevala pUrva sAhitya kA apita aMga sAhitya kA bhI bahuta kucha aMza vicchinna huA hai| Aja AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA sAtavA~ mahAparijJA nAmaka adhyAya
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza anupalabdha hai| bhagavatIsUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA, anutaraupapAtika, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkadazA Adi granthoM kI bhI bahuta kucha sAmagrI vicchinna huI hai, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kyoMki sthAnAMga meM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai, vaha unakI vartamAna viSaya-vastu se mela nahIM khAtI hai| unameM jahA~ kucha prAcIna adhyayana vilupta hue haiM, vahIM kucha navIna sAmagrI samAviSTa bhI huI hai| antima vAcanAkAra devardhigaNi ne svayaM bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki mujhe jo bhI truTita sAmagrI milI hai, usako hI maine saMkalita kiyA hai| ataH Agama granthoM ke viccheda kI jo carcA hai, usakA artha yahI lenA cAhiye ki yaha zruta-saMpadA yathAvat rUpa meM surakSita nahIM raha skii| vaha AMzika rUpa se vismati ke garbha meM calI gii| kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa taka yaha sAhitya maukhika rahA aura maukhika paramparA meM vismRti svAbhAvika hai| vicdeda kA krama tabhI skA jaba AgamoM ko likhita rUpa de diyA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM zruta-viccheda sambandhI yaha jo carcA hai usake sambandha meM yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya hai ki usameM dhRtadharoM ke arthAta zrRta ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai na ki zrRta granthoM ke viccheda carcA huI hai| dUsare yaha ki pUrva aura aMga ke isa viccheda kI carcA meM bhI pUrva aura aMgoM ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kA astitva to svIkAra kiyA hI gayA hai| dharasena ke sambandha meM bhI mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki ve aMga aura pUrvo ke ekadeza jJAtA the| inake bAda aMga evaM pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gayI ho, aisA ullekha hameM kisI bhI digambara grantha meM nahIM milaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA (vahI, pa. 62) Adi kucha vidvAna ina ullekhoM ko zrutadharoM ke viccheda kA ullekha mAnate haiM na ki zruta ke viccheda kA punaH isa carcA meM mAtra pUrva aura aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI hI carcA huI hai| kAlika aura utkAlika sUtroM ke athavA chedasUtroM ke viccheda kI kahIM koI carcA digambara paramparA meM nahIM uThI hai| durbhAgya yaha hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zrutadharoM ke viccheda ko hI zruta kA viccheda mAna liyA aura kAlika, utkAlika Adi AgamoM ke viccheda kI koI carcA na hone para bhI unakA viccheda svIkAra kara liyaa| yaha satya hai ki jaba zruta ke adhyayana kI paramparA maukhika ho to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda mAnanA hogA kintu jaba zruta likhita rUpa meM bhI ho, to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| dUsare maukhika paramparA se cale A rahe zruta meM vismRti Adi ke kAraNa kisI aMza-vizeSa ke viccheda ko pUrNa viccheda mAnanA bhI samIcIna nahIM hai| viccheda kI isa carcA kA tAtparya mAtra yahI hai ki mahAvIra kI yaha zruta-sampadA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura usake kucha aMza vilupta ho gye| ataH AMzika rUpa meM jinavANI Aja bhI hai, ise svIkAra karane meM kisI ko koI vipratipatti nahIM honA caahiye| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sarala hai ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu mukhyataH upadezaparaka, AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai| bhagavatI ke kucha aMza, prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, jo ki apekSAkRta paravartI hai, ko chor3akara unameM prAyaH gahana dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcAoM kA abhAva hai| viSaya-pratipAdana sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bhI bodhagamya hai| vaha mukhyataH vivaraNAtmaka evaM upadezAtmaka hai| isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM meM ArAdhanA aura mUlAcAra ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI grantha dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcA se yukta hai| ve paripakva dArzanika vicAroM ke paricAyaka hai| guNasthAna aura karmasiddhAnta kI ve gaharAIyA~, jo zaurasenI AgamoM meM upalabdha hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM unakA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| kundakunda ke samayasAra ke samAna unameM saiddhAntika dRSTi se adhyAtmavAda ke pratisthApana kA
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina bhI koI prayAsa parilakSita nahIM hotaa| yadyapi ye saba unakI kamI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu cintana ke vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAthamika stara kA hone se prAcIna bhI hai aura sAtha hI vikasita zaurasenI AgamoM ke lie AdhAra bhUta bhii| samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAnoM ke nAma se 14 guNasthAnoM kA mAtra nirdeza hai, jabaki SaTkhaNDAgama jaisA prAcIna zaurasenI Agama bhI unakI gambhIratA se carcA karatA hai| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, kundakunda ke grantha aura gommaTasAra Adi sabhI meM guNasthAnoM kI vistRta carcA hai| cU~ki tattvArtha meM guNasthAnoM kI carcA kA evaM syAbAda-saptabhaMgI kA abhAva hai, ataH ye sabhI racanAe~ tattvArtha ke bAda kI kRtiyA~ mAnI jA sakatI haiN| isI prakAra kaSAyapAhuDa, SaTkhaNDAgama, gommaTTasAra Adi zaurasenI Agama granthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kI jo gahana carcA hai, vaha bhI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM anupalabdha hai| ataH zaurasenI AgamoM kI apekSA ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sarala, bodhagamya evaM prAthamika stara kI vivaraNAtmaka zailI unakI prAcInatA kI sUcaka hai| tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana kiyA gayA hai ataH aneka sthAnoM para saiddhAntika dRSTi se unameM bhinnatAe~ bhI pAyI jAtI hai| vastutaH ye grantha akRtrima bhAva se race gaye haiM aura unheM unake sampAdana kAla meM bhI saMgatiyukta banAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| eka ora utsarga kI dRSTi se unameM ahiMsA ke sUkSmatA ke sAtha pAlana karane ke nirdeza hai to dUsarI ora apavAda kI apekSA se aise aneka vivaraNa bhI hai jo isa sUkSma ahiMsaka jIvanazailI ke anukUla nahIM hai| isI prakAra eka ora unameM muni kI acelatA kA pratipAdana samarthana kiyA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora vastra, pAtra ke sAtha-sAtha muni ke upakaraNoM kI lambI sUcI bhI mila jAtI hai| eka ora kezaloca kA vidhAna hai to dUsarI kSura-muNDana kI anujJA bhI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM vedanIya ke bhedoM meM krodha vedanIya Adi kA ullekha hai, jo ki karmasiddhAnta ke granthoM meM yahA~ taka ki svayaM uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI anupalabdha hai, ukta sAkSyoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya jaina saMgha kA, niSpakSa itihAsa prastuta karatA hai| tathyoM kA yathArtha spa meM prastutIkaraNa usakI apanI vizeSatA hai| vastutaH tathyAtmaka vividhatAoM evaM antarvirodhoM ke kAraNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAla krama kA nirdhAraNa bhI sahaja ho jAtA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jainasaMgha ke itihAsa kA prAmANika rUpa yadi hama ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra evaM vicAra meM dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana hue isako jAnane kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI hai, kyoMki ina parivartanoM ko samajhane ke lie unameM una tathyoM ke vikAsa krama ko khojA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRr3ha-mUla hotA gayA, isakI jAnakArI aSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana se mila jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla, asitadevala, tArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka Adi RSiyoM ko arhat api kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kapila, nami, karakaNDu, naggati, gardabhAlI, saMjaya Adi kA sammAnapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA gayA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inameM se kucha ko AcArabheda ke bAvajUda bhI paramparA-sammata mAnA gyaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA meM nArada kI aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka meM maMkhalI gozAla kI samAlocanA bhI kI gaI hai| isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM anya paramparAoM ke prati
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________________ udAratA kA bhAva kaise parivartita hotA gayA aura sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hote gaye, isakA yathArtha citraNa unameM upalabdha ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha, AcAracUlA, dazavaikAlika, nizItha Adi chedasUtra tathA unake bhASya aura cUrNiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcAra meM kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana huA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, jJAtAdharmakathA Adi ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki pArzvopayoM kA mahAvIra ke saMgha para kyA prabhAva par3A aura donoM ke bIca sambandhoM meM kaise parivartana hotA gayA / isI prakAra ke aneka prazna, jinake kAraNa AjakA jaina samAja sAmpradAyika kaThagharoM meM banda hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke mAdhyama se sulajhAye jA sakate haiN| zaurasenI AgamoM meM mAtra mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA ko, jo apanI viSaya-vastu ke liye ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke RNI haiM, isa koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu zeSa Agamatulya zaurasenI grantha jainadharma ko sImita gheroM meM Abaddha hI karate haiN| ardhamAgadhI - Agama zaurasenI-Agama aura paravartI mahArASTrI vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra ardhamAgadhI - Agama zaurasenI Agama aura mahArASTrI Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra rahe haiN| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM kramazaH niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TabbA Adi likhe gaye haiM, ye sabhI jainadharma evaM darzana ke prAcInatama srota hai| yadyapi zaurasenI Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya meM cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha deza, kAla aura sahagAnI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha aisI sAmagrI bhI hai, jo unakI apanI maulika kaha jA sakatI hai phira bhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko unake aneka granthoM ke mUlasrota ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAtra mUlAcAra meM hI tIna sau se adhika gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniryukti, jIvasamAsa, AturapratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka ( candAvejhAya) Adi meM upalabdha hotI hai| isI prakAra bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI aneka gAthAyeM ardhamAgadhI Agama aura vizeSa rUpa se prakIrNakoM (painnA) se milatI hai| SaTkhaNDAgama aura prajJApanA meM bhI jo samAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI hai, unakI vistRta carcA paNDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne (pro. e. ena. upAdhye vyAkhyAnamAlA meM) kI hai| niyamasAra kI kucha gAthAe~ anuyogadvAra evaM itara AgamoM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai, jabaki samayasAra Adi kucha aise zaurasenI Agama grantha bhI hai, jinakI maulika racanA kA zreya unake kartAoM ko hI hai| tiloyapannati kA prAthamika rUpa vizeSa rUpa se Avazyakaniryukti tathA kucha prakIrNakoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra huA thA, yadyapi bAda meM usameM paryApta rUpa se parivartana aura parivardhana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya hI rahA hai tathApi unameM jo saiddhAntika gaharAIyA~ aura vikAsa parilakSita hote haiM, ve unake racanAkAroM kI maulika dena hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA kRrtatva ajJAta ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM prajJApanA, dazavaikAlika aura chedasUtroM ke kRrtatva chor3akara zeSa ke racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai| vadyapi dazavaikAlika Arya zayambhavasUri kI, tIna chedasUtra AryabhadrabAhu kI aura prajJApanA zyAmAcArya kI kRti mAnI jAtI hai, mahAnizItha kA usakI dImakoM se bhakSita prati ke AdhAra para AcArya haribhadra ne samuddhAra kiyA thA, yaha svayaM usI meM ullekhita hai, tathApi anya AgamoM ke kartAoM ke bAre meM hama andhakAra meM hI haiN| sambhavataH usakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki sAmAnyajana meM isa bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa banA rahe ki ardhamAgadhI Agama gaNadharoM athavA pUrvadharoM kI kRti hai, isaliye kartAoM ne apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyA / yaha vaisI hI sthiti hai jaisI hindU purANoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM kevala veda vyAsa ko jAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi ve aneka AcAryoM kI aura paryApta paravartIkAla kI racanAe~ haiN| 36
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM sabhI granthoM kA kRrtatva sunizcita hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kucha parivartana aura prakSepa paravartI AcAryoM ne kiye haiN| phira bhI isa sambandha meM unakI sthiti ardhamAgadhI Agama kI apekSA kAphI spaSTa hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM to yahA~ taka bhI huA hai ki kucha vilupta kRtiyoM ke sthAna para paryApta paravartI kAla meM dUsarI kRti hI rakha dI gii| isa sambandha meM praznavyAkaraNa kI sampUrNa viSaya-vastu ke parivartana kI carcA pUrva meM hI kI jA cukI hai| abhI-abhI aMgacUliyA aura baMgaliyA nAmaka do vilupta AgamoM kA patA calA, ye bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira meM upalabdha hai, jaba inakA adhyayana kiyA gayA to patA calA ki ve lokAzAha ke pazcAt arthAt solahavIM yA satrahavIM zatAbdI meM kisI ajJAta AcArya ne banAkara rakha diye haiN| yadyapi isase yaha niSkarSa bhI nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha sthiti sabhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI hai| satya to yaha hai ki unake prakSepoM aura parivartanoM ko AsAnI se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki zaurasenI AgamoM meM hue prakSepoM ko jAnanA jaTila hai| AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sambandha meM jisa atizayatA kI carcA paravartI AcAryoM ne kI hai, vaha unake kathana kI vizvasanIyatA para prazna cinha upasthita karatI hai| hamArI zraddhA aura vizvAsa cAhe kucha bhI ho kintu tarka, buddhi aura gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu ko bar3hA-car3hAkara batAyA gyaa| yaha kahanA ki AcArAMga ke Age pratyeka aMga grantha kI zloka saMkhyA eka dUsare se kramazaH dviguNita rahI thI athavA 14veM pUrva kI viSaya-vastu itanI thI ki use caudaha hAthiyoM ke barAbara syAhI se likhA jA sakatA thA, vizvAsa kI vastu ho sakatI hai, kintu buddhigamya nahIM hai| anta meM vidvAnoM se merI yaha apekSA hai ki ve AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA adhyayana zvetAmbara, digambara, mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMthI dRSTi se na kareM apitu ina sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara kareM, tabhI hama unake mAdhyama se jainadharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kA yathArtha darzana kara sakegeM aura prAmANika rUpa se yaha bhI samajha sake ki kAlakrama meM unameM kaise aura kyA parivatana hue hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai paM. becaradAsajI jaisI niSpakSa evaM taTastha buddhi se unake adhyayana kii| anyathA digambara ko usameM vastrasambandhI ullekha prakSepa lageMge, to zvetAmbara sAre vastrapAtra ke ullekhoM ko mahAvIrakAlIna mAnane lagegA aura donoM hI yaha nahI samajha sakege ki vastra-pAtra kA kramika vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM aura kaise huA hai ? isa sambandha meM niyukti bhASya, carNi aura TIkA kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye inake adhyayana kI kuMjiyA hai| zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI unameM nihita satya ko yathArtha spa se Alokita kara skegaa| AzA hai yuvA-vidvAna merI isa prArthanA para dhyAna degeN| * nidezaka, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha
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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana - DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina* bhagavAna mahAvIra (I.pU. chaThI zatAbdI) kI artharUpa vANI se upadiSTa siddhAntoM ke pratipAdaka prAmANika prAcIna granthoM ko jainAgama ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| siddhAntaviSayaka sandeha hone para sandeha-nivAraNArtha inheM Agama prabhAva mAnA jAtA hai| gaNadhara yA zrutajJa RSiyoM ke dvArA praNIta hone se "ArSagrantha" tathA zruta paramparA se prApta hone ke kAraNa "zrutagrantha" ke rUpa meM bhI ye jAne jAte haiN| inheM pramukha rUpa se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai -- 1. aMga praviSTa (aMga) aura 2. aMga baahy| aMga grantha ve hai jo bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAkSAta ziSyoM (gaNadharoM) ke dvArA racita haiM tathA aMgabAhaya grantha ve haiM jo uttaravartI zrutajJa AcAryoM ke dvArA racita haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAkSAt ziSyoM ke dvArA racita hone se aMga grantha sarvapradhAna hai| inheM bauddhoM ke "tripiTaka" kI taraha "gaNipiTaka"2 tathA brAhamaNoM ke vedoM kI taraha "veda"3 bhI kahA gayA hai| inakI saMkhyA bAraha niyata hone se inheM "dvAdazAMga"4 ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| isa taraha aMga aura aMgabAhaya sabhI grantha artharUpa se mahAvIra praNIta haiM tathA zabdarUpa se gaNadhara praNIta yA taduttaravartI zrutajJa AcAryoM ke dvArA praNIta hai| digambara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM.683 taka zruta paramparA calI jo kramazaH kSINa hotI gii| AgamoM ko lipibaddha karane kA koI prayatna nahIM kiyA gayA, jisase sabhI (12 aMga tathA 14 aMgabAhya ) Agama grantha lupta ho gye| itanA vizeSa hai ki ve mUla AgamoM ke naSTa ho jAne para bhI dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahaveM aMga granthAntargata pUrvo ke aMzAMza jJAtAoM dvarA (vIranirvANa 10vIM zatAbdI meM) racita SaTkhaNDAgama aura kaSAyapAhuDa' ko tathA vIranirvANa kI 14vIM zatAbdI meM racita inakI kramazaH dhavalA aura jayadhavalA TIkAoM ko Agama ke rUpa meM mAnate haiN| inake atirikta kucha anya granthoM ko bhI Agama ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra devarddhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI antima valabhIvAcanA (vIranirvANasaM. 980 ke karIba) ke samaya smati-paramparA se prApta Agama.granthoM ko saMkalita karake lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| dRSTivAda nAmaka 12vA~ aMga grantha usa samaya kisI ko yAda nahIM thA jisase usakA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| phalataH usakA lopa svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| isa taraha aMgoM kI saMkhyA ghaTakara 11 raha gii| aMgabAhya Agama kitane haiM ? isa viSaya meM matabheda hai --- 1. digambara paramparA -- 14 aMgabAhaya grantha haiN| jaise -- 1. sAmAyika, 2. caturviMzatistava, 3. vandanA, 4. pratikramaNa, 5. vainayika, 6. kRtikarma, 7. dazavaikAlika, 8. uttarAdhyayana, 9. kalpavyavahAra, 10. kalpAkalpa, 11. mahAkalpa, 12. puNDarIka, 13. mahApuNDarIka aura 14. nissiddhikaa| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra ina 14 aMgabAhaya ke bhedoM meM prathama 6 bheda chaha Avazyaka rUpa haiM, dazavakAlika aura uttarAdhyayana kA mUlasUtroM meM samAveza hai, zeSa 6 bhedoM kA antarbhAva kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha nAmaka chedasatroM meM hai| 2. sthAnakavAsI zvetAmbara paramparA -- 21 aMgabAhya grantha haiN| jaise -- 12 upAMga, 4 mUlasUtra ( uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika, nandI, anuyogadAra), 4 chedasUtra (dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha) tathA 1 aavshyk| 3. mUrtipUjaka zvetAmbara paramparA -- 34 aMgabAhya grantha haiN| jaise -- 12 upAMga, 5 chedasUtra ( paMcakalpa ko 38
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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana chor3akara), 5 mUlasUtra (uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakanandi aura anuyogadvAra), 8 anya grantha (kalpa, jItakalpa, yatijItakalpa, zrAddhajItakalpa, pAkSika, zrAmaNA, vaMdi aura RSibhASita), 30 prakIrNaka, 12 niyuktiyA~ aura vizeSAvazyaka mhaabhaassy| isa taraha zvetAmbara paramparA meM 11 aMgoM ko jor3akara sthAnakavAsI 32, mUrtipUjaka 45 tathA anya mUrtipUjaka 84 AgamoM kI mAnyatA hai| inakI racanA ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA meM kI gaI hai jabaki digambaroM ke Agama grantha jaina zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gaye haiN| Agama-vibhAjana ke prakAra aMga, upAMga Adi ke rUpa meM AgamoM kA spaSTa vibhAjana sarvaprathama bhAvaprabhasUri (18vIM zatAbdI) dvArA viracita jainadharmavarastotra (zloka 30) kI svopajJa TIkA meM milatA hai| prAcIna paramparA meM AgamoM ko prathamataH Avazyaka aura Avazyakavyatirikta ke rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| isake pazcAta Avazyakavyatirikta ke kAlika aura utkAlika ye do bheda kiye gaye haiN| jinakA adhyayana kisI nizcita samaya (dina evaM rAtri ke prathama aura antima prahara) meM kiyA jAtA hai unheM kAlika aura jinakA adhyayana tadatirikta kAla meM kiyA jAtA hai unheM utkAlika kahate haiN| uttarAdhyayana Adi kAlika zruta hai, tathA dazavaikAlika Adi utkAlika / kAlika aura utkAlika kA yaha bheda kevala aMgabAhya granthoM meM thA parantu paravartIkAla meM zvetAmbaroM ne dRSTivAda ko chor3akara zeSa 11 aGaaMga ko kAlika meM ginAyA hai| dRSTivAda ko lupta mAna lene se usako na to kAlika batalAyA hai aura na utkaalik| Avazyaka meM pahale sAmAyika Adi chaH grantha the, jinakA Aja eka AvazyakasUtra meM samAveza hai| Agama granthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya aMga grantha 1. AcArAMga -- isameM vizeSa rUpa se sAdhuoM ke AcAra kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isake do zrutaskandha haiN| prathama zrRtaskandha kA nAma brahamacarya hai jisakA artha hai "saMyama" yaha zrutaskandha dvitIya zrRtaskandha se prAcIna hai| isameM zastraparijJA Adi 9 adhyayana hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha meM cAra cUlAyeM haiM jinakA 16 adhyayanoM meM vibhAjana hai| isakI paMcama cUlA "nizItha" Aja AcArAMga se pRthak grantha ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| prathama zrutaskandha ke "mahAparijJA" nAmaka samagra adhyayana kA lopa ho gayA hai, parantu usa para likhI gaI niyukti upalabdha hai| 2. sUtrakRtAMga -- isameM dhArmika upadezoM ke sAtha jainetara matAvalambiyoM ke siddhAntoM kA khaNDana hai| isake bhI do zrutaskandha haiN| prathama zrutaskandha meM 16 aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM 7 adhyAya hai| prathama zrutaskandha prAcIna hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha prathama zrutaskandha ke pariziSTa ke samAna hai| bhArata ke dhArmika sampradAyoM kA jJAna karAne kI dRSTi se donoM zrutaskandha mahattvapUrNa haiN| 3. sthAnAMga -- isameM eka sthAnika, dvi-sthAnika Adi krama se 10 sthAnika yA adhyayana haiM jinameM eka se lekara 10 taka kI saMkhyA ke arthoM kA kathana hai| isameM vastuoM kA nirUpaNa saMkhyA kI dRSTi se kiyA jAne se yaha saMgraha pradhAna koza zailI kA grantha hai| 4. samavAyAMga -- yaha grantha bhI sthAnAMga kI zailI meM likhA gayA koza grantha hai| isameM 1 se vRddhi karate hue 100 samavAyoM kA varNana hai| eka prakIrNa samavAya hai, jisameM 100 se Age kI saMkhyAoM kA samavAya batalAyA gayA hai| anta meM 12 aMga granthoM kA paricaya bhI hai| digambaroM ke granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga kI zailI meM kucha antara thaa| 39
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________________ DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatI) -- vyAkhyAtmaka kathana hone se ise vyAkhyAprajJapti kahate haiN| pUjya aura vizAla hone se ise zvetAmbara "bhagavatI" bhI kahate haiN| yaha kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| prArambha ke 20 zataka prAcIna haiN| 6. jJAtAdharmakathA -- isake do zrutaskandha haiN| prathama zrutaskandha meM 19 adhyayana hai aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM dharmakathAoM ke 10 varga haiN| isa kathA grantha kI mukhya aura avAntara kathAoM meM AI huI aneka ghaTanAoM se tathA vividha prakAra ke varNanoM se tatkAlIna itihAsa aura saMskRti kI jAnakArI milatI hai| 7. upAsakadazA --- isameM Ananda Adi 10 upAsakoM kI kathAyeM haiN| prAyaH sabhI kathAyeM eka jaisI hai| 8. antakRdazA -- "antakRta" zabda kA artha hai -- saMsAra kA anta karane vaale| isameM aise hI antakRtoM kI kathAyeM haiN| isameM 8 varga haiM jinameM prathama 5 varga kRSNa aura vAsudeva se sambandhita haiM, SaSTha aura saptama varga bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ziSyoM se sambandhita hai tathA aSTama varga rAjA zreNika kI kAlI Adi 10 bhAryAoM kI kathA se sambandhita hai| 9. anuttaropapAtikadazA -- (vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta, aparAjita aura sarvArthasiddhi ke vaimAnika deva anuttara arthAt zreSTha kahalAte haiM) jo upapAda janma se anuttaroM meM utpanna hote haiM, unheM anuttaropapAtika kahate hai| aise vyaktiyoM kA isameM varNana hai| isameM tIna varga haiM jinameM 33 adhyayana haiN| ___10. praznavyAkaraNa -- isameM praznoM ke uttara (vyAkaraNa) nahIM hai apitu pA~ca AsavAra ( hiMsAdi) aura pA~ca saMvaradvAra ( ahiMsAdi) rUpa 10 adhyayana hai| 11. vipAkasUtra--vipAka kA artha hai -- "krmphl"| pAparUpa aura puNyarupa karmoM ke phaloM kA kathana hai| do zrutaskandha hai jinameM 10+10 adhyayana hai| 12. dRSTivAda -- yaha grantha lupta ho gayA hai| isameM svasamaya aura parasamaya kI sabhI prarUpaNAyeM thiiN| yaha 5 bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA -- parikarma, sUtra, pUrvagata, anuyoga aura cuulikaa| yaha vizAlakAya grantha rahA hai| pUrvo ke kAraNa isakA adhika mahattva thaa| digambara Agama granthoM (SaTkhaNDAgama aura kaSAyapAhuDa) kA udgama srota yahI grantha mAnA gayA hai| 11 aGaaMga se pRthak isakA ullekha donoM sampradAyoM meM milatA hai| aMgabAhaya -- inheM pahale prakIrNaka kahA jAtA thaa| nirayAvaliyA meM inheM upAMga bhI kahA gayA hai parantu aba ye donoM nAma dUsare artha meM rur3ha ho gaye haiN| upAMga grantha -- inakI racanA sthaviroM ne kI hai| inakA aGaaMga ke sAtha sambandha nahIM hai| ye svatantra grantha haiN| upAMga zabda kA ullekha prAcIna granthoM meM nahIM hai| 1. auSapAtika -- isameM 43 sUtra hai| campAnagarI ke varNana se grantha kA prArambha hotA hai| isakA sAMskRtika, sAmAjika aura sAhityika dRSTi se mahattva hai| isameM manuSyoM ke bhava sambandhI praznoM kA uttara dete hue bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aneka viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| 2. rAjapraznIya -- isameM 217 sUtra hai aura do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| isakA prArambha AmalakalpA nagarI ke varNana se hotA hai| isameM rAjA parAsI (pradezI) dvArA kiye gaye praznoM kA samAdhAna kezi mani ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai| 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama (jIvAbhigama) -- isameM 9 pratipatti (prakaraNa ) aura 272 sUtra hai jinameM jIva aura ajIva ke bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana hai| 40
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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana 4. prajJApanA -- isameM 349 sUtra hai jinameM prajJApanA, sthAna Adi 36 padoM kA varNana hai| jaise aDaaMga meM bhagavatIsUtra bar3A hai vaise hI upAMgoM meM yaha bar3A hai| 5. sUryaprajJapti -- isameM sUrya, candra aura nakSatroM kI muniyoM kA 108 sUtroM meM ( 20 pAhuDoM meM) vistAra se varNana 6. jambUdvIpaprajJapti -- isameM 7 vakSaskAra (pariccheda) hai janameM 176 sUtra hai| tIsare vakSaskAra meM bhAratavarSa aura rAjA bharata kA varNana hai| jambUdvIpa kI jAnakArI ke lie mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| 7. candraprajJapti -- isakI viSayavastu sUryaprajJapti ke samAna hai| isameM 20 prAbhRta hai| 8. nirayAvaliyA -- isameM 5 upAMga samAviSTa hai -- 1. nirayAvaliyA athavA kalpikA, 2. kalpAvataMsikA, 3. puSpikA, 4. puSpacUlikA aura 5. vRSNidazA / nirayAvaliyA (kalpikA) meM 10 adhyayana hai jinameM rAjA kUNika Adi kI kathAyeM haiN| magadha kA itihAsa jAnane ke lie yaha bahuta upayogI hai| 9. kalpAvataMsikA -- isameM 10 adhyayana haiM jinameM rAjA zreNika ke 10 pautroM ke satkarma kI kathAyeM haiN| 10. puSpikA -- isameM 10 adhyayana hai jinameM candra, sUrya aura zukra ke varNana ke sAtha anya kathAyeM haiN| 11. puSpacUlikA -- isake 10 adhyayanoM meM zrI, hI Adi kI kathAyeM haiN| 12. vRSNidazA -- isameM 12 adhyayana hai jinameM dvArakA ke rAjA kRSNa vasudeva ke varNana ke sAtha vRSNivaMzIya 12 rAjakumAroM kI kathAyeM haiN| mUlasUtra -- sAdhu jIvana ke mUlabhUta niyamoM kA upadeza hone se ye mUlasUtra kahalAte haiN| "mUlasUtra" nAma kA bhI ullekha prAcIna AgamoM meM nahIM miltaa| mUlasUtra nAmakaraNa ke viSaya meM, inakI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM tathA mUlasUtrAntargata Agama nAmoM ke viSaya meM matabheda hai| uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika ko sabhI eka svara se mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| anya nAmoM meM Avazyaka, nandi aura anuyogadvAra pramukha haiN| piNDaniyukti, oghaniyukti aura pAkSikasUtra ko bhI kucha loga mUlasUtroM meM ginate haiN| aisA ina granthoM ke mahattva ke kAraNa hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana -- yaha bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa aura prAcIna grantha hai| isameM 36 adhyayana haiM jinameM kacha AkhyAnapradhAna haiM, kucha upadezAtmaka haiM aura kucha dArzanika siddhAntoM ke pratipAdaka haiN| 2. dazavakAlika -- yaha bhI uttarAdhyayana kI taraha prAcIna aura mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM 10 adhyayana hai tathA vikAla (sandhyAkAla) meM adhyayana kiyA jAne ke kAraNa isakA nAma dazavaikAlika hai| muni kA AcAra pratipAdita karanA isakA mukhya viSaya hai| isake racayitA svayambhava haiN| 3. Avazyaka -- isameM sAmAyika Adi 6 nityakarma pratipAdaka grantha sammilita haiN| (4 - 6.) nandI aura anuyogadvAra -- ye donoM AgamoM ke pariziSTa jaise haiN| nandI dUSyagaNi ke ziSya devavAcaka kI aura anuyogadAra AryarakSita kI racanA hai| (7) oghaniyukti -- ogha kA artha hai saamaany| isameM sAdhu ke sAmAnya AcAra-vicAra kA dRSTAnta zailI meM varNana hai| yaha bhI bhadrabAhu kI racanA hai| (8) pAkSikasatra -- yaha Avazyaka kA aMga hai kyoMki isameM sAdha ke pAkSika pratikramaNa kA varNana hai|
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________________ DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina chedasUtra -- inameM sAdhu evaM sAdhviniyoM ke prAyazcitta vidhi kA varNana hai| AgamoM ke prAcInatama aMza hone se mahattvapUrNa hai| ye saMkSipta zailI meM likhe gaye haiN| bauddhoM ke vinayapiTaka se inakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| inakI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM matabheda hai| ye saMkhyA meM adhika se adhika chaH mAne gaye haiM aura kama se kama caar| chedasUtra jaina AcAra kI kuMjI hai tathA jaina saMskRti kI advitIya nidhi hai| 1. dazAzrutaskandha (AcAradazA) -- isameM 10 adhyayana hai| mukhyatayA yaha gadya meM hai| isake racayitA AcArya bhadrabAhu haiN| 2. bRhatkalpa (kalpasUtra) -- isameM 6 uddezaka haiM jo gadya meM likhe gaye haiN| 3. vyavahAra -- isameM 20 uddezaka haiM jisameM karIba 1500 sUtra haiN| chedasUtroM meM isakA sabase adhika mahattva hai| 5. mahAnizItha -- isameM 6 adhyayana evaM do calAyeM hai| bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se yaha prAcIna nahIM lagatA hai| vastutaH mahAnizItha naSTa ho gayA hai| upalabdha mahAnizItha (jo nizItha se choTA hai) haribhadrasUri kA uddhAra hai| 6. jItakalpa -- isake racayitA bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa haiN| isameM 103 gAthAyeM haiN| kucha vidvAna isake sthAna para paMcakalpa nAma dete haiN| prakIrNaka -- prakIrNaka kA artha hai vividh| inakI saMkhyA hajAroM meM hai, parantu klabhIvAcanA meM 10 prakIrNakoM ko mAnyatA dI gaI thii| vartamAna meM mukhya rUpa se 10 prakIrNaka mAne jAte haiN| yadyapi inake nAmoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai phira bhI nimna 10 prakIrNaka pramukha hai jo mUrtipUjakoM ko vizeSa rUpa se mAnya hai -- 1. catuHzaraNa (kuzalAnubaMdhi ayayayana ) -- isameM 63 gAthAyeM hai| isameM arahaMta, siddha sAdhu aura kevalikathita dharma ko zaraNa mAnA gayA hai| ataH ise catuHzaraNa kahate haiN| 2. AturapratyAkhyAna (antakAla prakIrNaka) -- isameM 70 gAthAyeM tathA kucha gadya bhAga hai| isameM bAlamaraNa aura paNDitamaraNa kA vivecana hai| 3. mahApratyAkhyAna -- isameM 142 gAthAoM dvArA pratyAkhyAna (tyAga) kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 4. bhaktaparizA -- isameM 172 gAthAoM dvArA bhaktaparijJA nAmaka maraNa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 5. tandulavaicArika -- isameM 139 gAthAyeM tathA kucha sUtra hai| isameM nArI jAti ke viSaya meM tathA garbha ke viSaya meM varNana hai| 100 varSa kI Ayu vAlA manuSya kitanA tandula (cAvala) khAtA hai, isakA vicAra hone se isakA nAma tandulavaicArika par3a gayA hai| 6. saMstAraka -- isameM 123 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM mRtyu ke samaya apanAne yogya saMstAraka (tRNa Adi kI zayyA) kA mahattva varNita hai| 7. gacchAcAra -- isameM 137 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM gaccha (samUha) meM rahane vAle sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai| yaha mahAnizItha, kalpa (bRhatkalpa) tathA vyavahArasUtra ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai| 8. gaNividyA --- isameM 82 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM jyotiSa, vidyA kA varNana hai| 9. devendrastava -- isameM 307 gAthAoM dvarA 32 devendroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 10. maraNasamAdhi (maraNavibhakti) --- isameM 663 gAthAyeM haiN| isameM samAdhimaraNa kA 14 dvAroM meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 42
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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana noTa :-- zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka gacchAdhAra aura maraNasamAdhi ke sthAna para nimna do prakIrNaka mAnate hai-- 11. candravedhyaka -- isameM 175 gAthAyeM hai| candravedhyaka kA artha hai -- rAdhAveda / isameM "mRtyu ke samaya thor3A bhI pramAda nahIM karanA cAhie" isakA varNana hai| 12. vIrastava -- isameM 43 gAthAoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI stuti hai| kucha anya prakIrNakoM ke nAma hai -- tIrthodgAlika, ajIvakalpa, ArAdhanApatAkA, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, jyotiSkaraNDaka, aMga vidyA, piNDavizuddhi, tithiprakIrNaka, sArAvali, paryantaArAdhanA, jIvavibhakti, kavacaprakaraNa, yoniprAbhUta aadi| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya mUla Agama granthoM ke rahasya kA udghATana karane ke lie vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya likhA gyaa| inameM granthakAra grantha ke gUDhArtha ko prakAzita karane ke sAtha-sAtha apanI mAnyatA kI bhI pratisthApanA karate haiN| kaI vyAkhyA grantha to itane prasiddha aura mahattvapUrNa ho gaye ki unheM mUla Agama granthoM meM milA liyA gyaa| isase vyAkhyA sAhitya kA mahattva prakaTa hotA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti, kalA, purAtatva, darzana, itihAsa, sAhitya Adi kaI dRSTiyoM se inakA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| isa vyAkhyA sAhitya ko 5 bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai -- 1. niyukti (nijjuti)-- prAkRta bhASA meM padyabaddha vyaakhyaa| 2. bhASya (bhAsa) --prAkRta bhASA meM padyabaddha vyaakhyaa| 3. cUrNi (cuNNi) --saMskRta-prAkRta mizrita gadyAtmaka vyaakhyaa| 4. saMskRta ttiikaayeN| 5. lokabhASA meM racita ttiikaayeN| inake atirikta AgamoM ke viSayoM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya dene vAlI saMgrahaNiyA~ bhI bahuta prAcIna hai| paMcakalpamahAbhASya ke ullekhAnusAra saMgrahaNiyoM kI racanA Arya kAlaka ne kI hai| pAkSikasUtra meM bhI saMgrahaNI kA ullekha milatA hai| niyuktiyA~ inameM pratyeka pada kA vyAkhyAna na karake vizeSa rUpa se pAribhASika zabdoM kA vyAkhyAna hai| inakI vyAkhyAna zailI nikSepa paddhati ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| isa zailI meM kisI eka pada ke kaI sambhAvita artha karane ke bAda unameM se aprastuta artha kA niSedha karake prastuta (prAsaMgika) artha kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| ataH zabdArtha nirNaya (nizcaya) kA nAma niyukti hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM AcArya bhadrabAhu (gAthA 88) ne spaSTa likhA hai ki eka zabda ke kaI artha hote haiM, unameM se kauna sA artha kisa prasaMga ke lie upayukta hai, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezakAla meM kisa zabda se kauna sA artha sambaddha rahA hai, Adi bAtoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara samyak artha nirNaya tathA mUlasUtra ke zabdoM ke sAtha sambandha sthApita karanA niyukti kA uddezya hai| isa taraha pAribhASika zabdoM kI suspaSTa vyAkhyA karanA niyuktiyoM kA prayojana hai| itihAsa, darzana, saMskRti, bhUgola, bhASAvijJAna Adi dRSTiyoM se inakA adhyayana kaI mahattvapUrNa sUcanAoM ko dene vAlA hai| ye padyAtmaka haiM tathA prAkRta bhASA meM likhI gaI haiN| inakA racanAkAla vi.saM. 500-600 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| inake prasiddha racayitA hai -- AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitiiy)| inhoMne nimna dazaniyuktiyoM ko likhA hai-- 1. Avazyakaniyukti -- yaha AcArya bhadrabAhu kI prathama kRti hai| AvazyakasUtra kI yaha niyukti anya niyuktiyoM kI apekSA ati mahattvapUrNa hai| isakA prArambhika upodghAta sabase mahattvapUrNa aMza hai| isa niyukti para jinabhadra, 43
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________________ DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina jinadAsagaNi Adi ne vividha TIkAyeM likhIM hai| bhinna-bhinna vyAkhyAoM meM isakI gAthA saMkhyA bhinna-bhinna hai| mANikyazekhara kI dIpikATIkA meM isa niyukti kI 1615 gAthAyeM haiN| kahIM-kahIM jinabhadrakRta vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI gAthAyeM bhI niyukti gAthAoM meM milI huI haiN| 2. dazavaikAlikaniyukti -- isameM puSpa, dhAnya, ratna, catuSpada Adi padoM ke vyAkhyAna se vividha viSayoM kI samyak jAnakArI milatI hai| 3. uttarAdhyayananiyukti -- isameM vividha padoM kI niyukti ke prasaMga meM aMga kI vyAkhyA karate hue gaMdhAga, auSadhAMga, madyAMga, zarIrAMga, yuddhAMga Adi ke bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana hai| satraha prakAra ke maraNa kI bhI vyAkhyA hai| 4. AcArAMganiyukti -- isake prArambha meM AcArAMga kA aDaaMga meM prathama sthAna mAne jAne kA hetu batalAyA gayA hai| anta meM "AcArAMga kI paMcama cUlA nizItha kI niyukti bAda meM karU~gA" kahakara use chor3a diyA hai| 5. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti -- isameM sUtrakRtAMga zabda kA vivecana karate hue gAthA, puruSa, samAdhi, AhAra Adi vividha padoM kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| 6. dazAzrutaskandhaniyukti -- isameM samAdhi, sthAna, citta, pardUSaNA, moha Adi padoM kI niyuktiyA~ haiN| 7. bRhatkalpaniyukti --- isameM bhASya gAthAyeM mizrita ho gaI hai| isameM tAla, nagara, rAjadhAnI, upAzraya, carma, maithuna Adi kI mahattvapUrNa niyuktiyA~ haiN| bIca-bIca meM dRSTAntaspa kathAnaka bhI haiN| 8. vyavahAraniyukti -- isameM bhI bhASya gAthAyeM mizrita ho gaI haiN| yaha bRhatkalpa kI pUraka rUpa niyukti hai| isameM sAdhuoM ke AcAra-vicAra se sambandhita padoM kI saMkSipta vivecanA hai| 9. sUryaprajJaptiniyukti -- anupalabdha hai| 10. RSibhASitaniyukti -- anupalabdha hai| oghaniyukti, piNDaniyukti, paMcakalpaniyukti aura nizIthaniyukti kramazaH dazavaikAlikaniyukti, bRhatkalpaniyukti aura AcArAMganiyukti kI pUraka haiN| saMsaktaniyukti paravartI kisI anya AcArya kI racanA hai| govindAcArya kI govindaniyukti anupalabdha hai| oghaniyukti aura piNDaniyukti ko mUlasUtroM meM bhI ginAyA jAtA bhASya -- niryaktiyoM ke saMkSipta tathA gaDha hone se unakA vistAra se vicAra karane heta tathA gadArtha ke rahasya ko prakaTa karane ke lie bhASya likhe ge| jisa taraha pratyeka Agama grantha para niyukti nahIM likhI jA sakI, usI prakAra pratyeka niyukti para bhASya bhI nahIM likhe jA ske| kucha bhASya to niyuktiyoM para hai parantu kucha bhASya mUlasUtroM para bhI hai| isa bhASya sAhitya kA kaI dRSTiyoM se ati mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| kucha bhASya bahuta vistRta hai tathA kucha bhASya bahuta saMkSipta haiN| ye bhASya bhI niyuktiyoM kI taraha padyAtmaka zailI meM prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gae haiM jisase kahIM-kahIM bhASya gAthAyeM niyukti gAthAoM meM mila gaI haiN| bhASyakAra ke rUpa meM jinabhadragaNi aura saMghadAsagaNi prasiddha haiN| vizeSAvazyakabhASya aura jItakalpabhASya saMghadAsagaNi kI racanAyeM haiN| sambhavataH saMghadAsagaNi A. jinabhadra ke pUrvavartI haiN| anya bhASyakAroM kI spaSTa jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai| pramukha 10 Agama granthoM ke bhASya nimna haiM-- 1. AvazyakabhASya -- AvazyakasUtra para tIna bhASya likhe gae haiM -- mUlabhASya, bhASya aura vishessaavshykbhaassy| prathama do bhASya atyanta saMkSipta haiM aura unakI gAthAyeM vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM mila gaI haiN| yaha vizeSAvazyakabhASya
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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana pUre AvazyakasUtra para na hokara kevala prathama sAmAyika Avazyaka para hai| isameM 3603 gAthAyeM haiN| jainAgama ke prAyaH sabhI viSayoM kI carcA isa bhASya meM hai| isameM jaina siddhAntoM kA vivecana dArzanika paddhati se kiyA gayA hai jisase jainetara dArzanikoM kI bhI mAnyatAoM kA jJAna isase hotA hai| digambaroM kI kevaladarzana aura kevalajJAna ke yugapad upayoga kI mAnyatA kA isameM khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| 2. dazavaikAlikabhASya -- isameM 63 gAthAyeM haiN| 3. uttarAdhyayanabhASya -- isameM 45 gAthAyeM haiN| 4. bahatkalpabhASya -- bahatkalpa para do bhASya hai -- laghu aura bRhat / laghubhASya meM 6400 gAthAyeM haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI dRSTi se isa laghubhASya kA atimahattva hai| jainazramaNoM ke AcAra kA sUkSma aura tarkasaMgata vivecana isakI vizeSatA hai| brahata-bhASya pUrNa upalabdha nahIM hai| 5. paMcakalpamahAbhASya -- isameM 2574 gAthAyeM haiN| yaha pA~ca kalpoM meM vibhakta paMcakalpaniyukti kA vyAkhyAna rUpa hai| pravajyA ke yogya aura ayogya vyaktiyoM kA, sAdhuoM ke vicaraNa ke yogya Arya kSetra kA bhI isameM varNana hai| 6. vyavahArabhASya -- isameM 4629 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai| 7. nizIthabhASya -- isameM lagabhaga 6500 gAthAyeM haiN| 8. jItakalpabhASya -- isameM 2606 gAthAyeM haiN| isameM bRhatkalpa, laghubhASya Adi kI kaI gAthAyeM akSarazaH uddhRta haiN| isameM prAyazcitta ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kA pramukha rUpa se vivecana hai| 9. oghaniyuktibhASya -- isa para do bhASya hai -- laghu evaM bRht| donoM meM kramazaH 322 aura 2517 gAthAyeM haiN| donoM meM ogha, piNDa, vratAdi kA vicAra hai| 10. piNDaniyuktibhASya -- isameM piNDa, AdhAkarma Adi kA 46 gAthAoM meM varNana hai| cUrNiyA~ jainAgamoM para prAkRta athavA saMskRta mizrita prAkRta meM gadyAtmaka zailI meM jo vyAkhyAyeM likhIM gaIM unheM cUrNiyA~ kahate haiN| isa taraha kI cUrNiyA~ Agametara sAhitya para bhI likhI gaI haiN| carNikAra jinadAsagaNimahattara (vi.saM. 650-750) paramparA se nizIthavizeSacarNi, nandIcarNi. anayogadAracarNi. AvazyakacarNi. dazavaikAlikacarNi. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi tathA sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi ke kartA mAne jAte haiN| inake jIvana se sambandhita vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai| jainAgamoM para likhI gaI pramukha cUrNiyA~ nimna haiM -- 1. AcArAMgacUrNi (niyuktyanusArI), 2. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi (niyuktyanusArI saMskRta prayoga) apekSAkRta adhika hai, 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti yA bhagavatIcUrNi, 4. jIvAbhigamacUrNi, 5. nizIthacUrNi ( isa para do cUrNiyA~ haiM parantu upalabdha eka hI hai, nizIthavizeSacUrNi kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai), 6. mahAnizIthacUrNi, 7. vyavahAracUrNi, 8. dazAzrutaskandhacUrNi, 9. bRhatkalpacUrNi (do cUrNiyA~ haiM), 10. pacakalpacUrNi, 11. oghaniyukticUrNi, 12. jItakalpacUrNi (isa para do cUrNiyA~ haiM parantu upalabdha eka hI hai| upalabdha cUrNi ke kartA siddhasenasUri haiN| yaha sampUrNa prAkRta meM hai), 13. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, 14. AvazyakacUrNi (isameM aitihAsika vyaktiyoM ke kathAnakoM kA saMgraha hai), 15. dazavaikAlikacUrNi (isa para do cUrNiyA~ haiN| eka agastyasiMha kI hai aura dUsarI jinadAsakRta hai), 17. nandIcUrNi ( yaha saMkSipta aura prAkRta bhASA pradhAna hai| mukhyarUpa se jJAna-svarUpa kI carcA hai), 18. anuyogadvAracUrNi (isa para do carNiyA hai| eka ke kartA bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNi haiM aura dUsare ke cUrNikAra jinadAsagaNi), 19. jambadIpaprajJapticarNi aadi| 45
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________________ DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina saMskRta TIkAyeM saMskRta ke prabhAva ko dekhate hue jainAcAryoM ne jainAgamoM para kaI nAmoM se saMskRta vyAkhyAyeM likhIM haiN| inakA bhI Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| saMskRta vyAkhyAkAroM ne niyuktiyoM, bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM kA upayoga karate hue naye-naye takoM ke dvArA siddhAnta pakSa kI puSTi kI hai| jainAgama para sabase prAcIna saMskRta TIkA AcArya jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa kRta vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI svopajJavRtti hai| TIkAkAroM meM haribhadrasari, zIlAMkasUri, vAdivetAlazAntisUri, abhayadevasUri, malayagiri, maladhArI hemacandra Adi prasiddha haiN| kucha ajJAta TIkAkAra bhI haiN| jJAtanAmA TIkAkAra bhI bahuta haiN| lokabhASAracita TIkAyeM -- hindI, gujarAtI, aMgrejI Adi loka-bhASAoM meM bhI vipula TIkAyeM likhI gaI haiN| samIkSAtmaka zodha-prabandhoM ke dvArA bhI AgamoM ke rahasya ko ina loka bhASAoM dvArA udghATita kiyA gayA hai| inakA bhI kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isa taraha jainAgama aura usakA vyAkhyA sAhitya na kevala jainoM kI amUlya nidhi hai apitu bhAratIya sabhyatA, saMskRti, itihAsa, darzana Adi kI bhI amUlya nidhi hai| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI inakA bar3A mahattva hai| yadi Aja yaha sAhitya hamAre pAsa upalabdha na hotA to hama andhakAra meM par3e rhte| 46
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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana sandarbha-grantha 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 31. 2. samavAyAmasUtra, bhAga 1, pR. 136. 3. prAkRta sAhitya bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 44. vahI, 5. nandIsUtra 43; tatvArthavArtika 1,20,13 Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 92. SaTkhaNDAgama -- yaha 16 bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| isake jIvaTThANa, khudAbaMdha, baMdhasAmittaviSaya, vedanA, vagaNA aura mahAbandha ye 6 khaNDa hai, ataH ise SaTkhaNDAgama kahate haiN| isakA udgama srota dRSTivAda ke dvitIya pUrva AgrAyaNIya ke cayanalabdhi nAmaka 5veM adhikAra ke cauthe pAhuDa karmaprakRti ko mAnA jAtA hai| lekhaka haiM AcArya dhrsen| isa para AcArya vIrasena ne dhavalATIkA likhI hai| mahAbandha nAmaka chaThA khaNDa apanI vizAlatA ke kAraNa pRthaka grantha ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai| kasAyapAhaDa -- yaha 16 bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| isameM rAga (pejja) aura deSa kA nirUpaNa hai| racanAkAra haiM AcArya guNadhara jo dRSTivAda ke 5veM jJAnapravAda pUrva ke 10veM vastu ke usare kaSAyaprAbhUta ke pAragAmI the| yahI aMza isakA udgama srota hai| isa para jayadhavalATIkA AcArya vIrasena aura jinasena ne likhI hai| AcArya yativRSabha ne cUrNi likhI hai| 7. *rIDara, saMskRta vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 47
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________________ niyuktisAhitya : eka paricaya - DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya Agama sAhitya ke guru gaMbhIra rahasyoM ke udghATana ke liye nirmita vyAkhyA sAhitya meM niyuktiyoM kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| jaina Agama sAhitya para sarvaprathama prAkRta bhASA meM jo padyabaddha TIkAe~ likhI gaIM ve hI niyuktiyoM ke nAma se vizruta haiN| niyuktiyoM meM mUlagrantha ke pada para vyAkhyA na karake, mukhya rUpa se pAribhASika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| niyuktiyoM kI vyAkhyA-zailI, nikSepa-paddhati kI hai| nikSepa paddhati meM kisI eka pada ke sambhAvita aneka artha karane ke pazcAt unameM se aprastuta arthoM kA niSedha kara prastuta artha kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| yaha paddhati jaina nyAyazAstra meM atyadhika priya rahI hai| isa zailI kA prathama darzana hameM anuyogadvAra meM hotA hai| niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu ne niyukti ke liye yahI paddhati prazasta mAnI hai| niyukti kA prayojana spaSTa karate huye unhoMne likhA hai -- "eka hI zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM, kauna sA artha kisa prasaMga ke liye upayukta hai, zramaNa mahAvIra ke upadeza ke samaya kauna sA artha kisa zabda se sambaddha rahA hai, prabhRti bAtoM ko lakSya meM rakhakara artha kA samyak rUpa se nirNaya karanA aura usa artha kA mUlasUtra ke zabdoM ke sAtha sambandha sthApita karanA niyukti kA kArya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to sUtra aura artha kA nizcita sambandha batAne vAlI vyAkhyA niyukti hai -- "sUtrArthayoH parasparaM niryojana sambandhana niyuktiH3" athavA nizcaya se artha kA pratipAdana karane vAlI yukti ko niyukti kahate haiN| prasiddha jarmana vidvAna zAnTiyara ne niyukti kI vyAkhyA karate huye likhA hai "niyuktiyA~ apane pradhAna bhAga ke kevala iMDeksa kA kArya karatI haiM--- ve sabhI vistAra yukta ghaTanAvaliyoM kA saMkSepa meM ullekha karatI haiN| anuyogadArasUtra meM niyuktiyoM ke tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiM -- 1. nikSepaniyukti, 2. upodghAtaniyukti, 3. suutrsprshikniyukti| ye tInoM bheda viSaya kI vyAkhyA para AdhArita haiN| DaoN. ghATage ne niyuktiyoM ko nimna tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai -- 1. mUlaniyukti arthAt jisameM kAla ke prabhAva se kucha bhI mizraNa na huA ho| jaise "-- AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga kI niyuktiyaaN| ve niyuktiyA~ jinameM mUlabhASyoM kA sammizraNa ho gayA hai, tathApi ve vyavacchedya haiN| jaise -- dazavakAlika va aavshykniyuktiyaaN| 3. ve niyuktiyA~ jo Ajakala bhASya yA bRhadabhASya meM samAviSTa haiM inake mUla aura bhASya meM itanA sammizraNa ho gayA hai ki una donoM ko pRthak karanA dupkara hai| jaise -- nizItha Adi kI niyuktiyaaN| yaha vibhAjana vartamAna meM prApta niyukti sAhitya ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| racanAkAla -- niryaktiyoM ke kAla nirNaya ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai, phira bhI inakA racanAkAla vikrama saMvat 300 se 600 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| niyuktikAra -- jisa prakAra maharSi yAska ne vaidika pAribhASika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA karane ke liye nighaNTubhASya rUpa nirukta likhA, usI prakAra jainAgamoM ke pAribhASika zabdoM ke vyAkhyArtha AcAryabhadrabAhu dvitIya ne niyuktiyoM kI racanA kii| dhyAtavya hai ki niyuktikAra AcAryabhadrabAhu, caturdazapUrvadhara, chedasUtrakAra, bhadrabAhu se pRthaka hai, 48
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________________ niyuktisAhitya : eka paricaya kyoMki niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu ne aneka sthaloM para chedasUtrakAra zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ko namaskAra kiyA hai| yadi chedasUtrakAra aura niyuktikAra eka hI bhadrabAhu hote to namaskAra kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA kyoMki koI bhI samajhadAra granthakAra apane Apako namaskAra nahIM karatA hai| isa saMzaya kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki bhadrabAhu nAma ke eka se adhika AcArya huye haiN| zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra caturdazapUrvadhara AcAryabhadrabAhu nepAla meM yogasAdhanA ke liye gaye the, jabaki digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra yahI bhadrabAhu nepAla meM na jAkara dakSiNa meM gaye the| ina donoM ghaTanAoM se yaha anumAna ho sakatA hai ki ye donoM bhadrabAhu bhI bhinna-bhinna vyakti the parantu niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu ina donoM se bhinna tIsare vyakti the| ye caturdazapUrvadhara bhadrabAhu na hokara vikrama kI chaThIM zatAbdI meM vidyamAna eka anya hI bhadrabAhu haiM jo prasiddha jyotirvid vArAhamihira ke bhAI mAne jAte haiN| niyuktiyoM meM itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI aneka aisI bAteM AyIM haiM jo zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke bahuta kAla bAda ghaTita huii| ataH niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu dvitIya haiM jo chedasUtrakAra zrutakevalIbhadrabAhu se bhinna haiN| inakA samaya vikrama saM. 562 ke lagabhaga hai| ye aSTAMganimitta maMtravidyA ke pAragAmI arthAt naimittika ke spa meM bhI prasiddha hai, inhoMne apane bhAI ke sAtha dhArmika spardhAbhAva rakhate huye "bhadrabAhu saMhitA" evaM "upasargaharastotra" kI racanA kii| ina do granthoM ke atirikta inhoMne nimna dasa niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI-- 1. Avazyakaniyukti 4. AcArAMganiyukti 7. kalpa( bRhatkalpa)niyukti 10. RSibhASitaniryakti 2. dazavaikAlikaniyukti 5. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti 8. vyavahAraniyukti 3. uttarAdhyayananiyukti 6. dazAzrutaskandhaniyukti 9. sUryaprajJaptiniyukti AcAryabhadrabAhu kI ina dasa niyuktiyoM kA racanAkrama vahI hai jisa krama meM unhoMne Avazyakaniyukti meM niyuktiracanApratijJA kI hai| niyuktiyoM meM jo nAma, viSaya Adi Aye haiM, ve bhI isa tathya ko prakaTa karate haiN| ina dasa niyuktiyoM meM se sUryaprajJapti aura RSibhASita kI niyuktiyA~ anupalabdha hai| oghaniyukti, piNDaniyukti, paMcakalpaniyukti aura nizIthaniyukti kramazaH Avazyakaniyukti, dazavakAlikaniyukti, vRhatkalpaniyukti aura AcArAMganiyukti kI pUraka haiN| saMsaktaniyukti kramazaH Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, vRhatkalpa aura AcArAMganiyukti kI pUraka haiN| saMsaktaniyukti bAda ke kisI AcArya kI racanA hai| govindAcArya praNIta govindAniyukti bhI vartamAna meM anupalabdha hai| Avazyakaniyukti ___ AcAryabhadrabAhu praNIta dasa niyuktiyoM meM Avazyakaniyukti kI racanA sarvaprathama huI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha niyukti kathya, zailI Adi sabhI dRSTiyoM se adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| isa niyukti meM aneka mahattvapUrNa viSayoM kI vizada evaM vyavasthita vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| isake bAda kI niyuktiyoM meM una viSayoM kI saMkSipta carcA karate huye vistRta vyAkhyA ke liye Avazyakaniyukti kI ora saMketa kara diyA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se anya niyuktiyoM ko samajhane ke liye Avazyakaniyukti kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| jaina Agamika sAhitya meM AvazyakasUtra kA vizeSa sthAna hai| isameM chaH adhyayana haiN| prathama adhyayana kA nAma sAmAyika hai| zeSa pA~coM adhyayana ke nAma caturviMzatistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna haiN| Avazyakaniyukti isI sUtra kI AcAryabhadrabAhukRta padyAtmaka prAkRta vyAkhyA hai| isI vyAkhyA ke prathama aMza arthAta sAmAyika adhyayana se sambandhita niryakti kI vistata vyAkhyA AcAryajinabhadra ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya nAma se kI hai| isa bhASya kI bhI aneka vyAkhyAyeM huI haiM, jinameM maladhArI hemacandrakRta vyAkhyA vizeSa prasiddha hai| isake atirikta Avazyakaniyukti para aneka TIkAe~ likhI gaI haiM jo prakAzita bhI haiN| unameM se malayagirikRtavRtti, haribhadrakRtavRtti, maladhArI hemacandrakRta pradezavyAkhyA tathA 49
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________________ DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya candrasUrikRta pradezavyAkhyATippaNa, mANikyazekharakRta AvazyakaniryuktidIpikA, jinadAsagaNi mahattarakRtacUrNi evaM vizeSAvazyaka kI jinabhadra kI svopajJavRtti pramukha haiN| upodghAt Avazyakaniryukti ke prArambha meM upodghAta hai, ise isa grantha kI bhUmikA kahA jA sakatA hai| isameM 880 gAthAe~ haiN| upodghAta meM Abhinibodhika, zruta, avadhi, manaH paryaya aura kevala ina pA~ca prakAra ke jJAna, inake avAntara bheda, pratyeka kA kAla-pramANa, Abhinibodhika jJAna kI nimittabhUta pA~ca indriyA~, Abhinibodhika jJAna ke samAnArthaka zabda, akSara, saMjJI, samyak, sAdika, saparyavasita, gamika, aMgapraviSTa, anakSara, asaMjJI, mithyA, anAdika, aparyavasita, agamika aura aMgabAhya 10 ina caudaha prakAra ke nikSepoM ke AdhAra para zrutajJAna, usake svarUpa va bheda evaM avadhi tathA mana:paryayajJAna ke svarUpa va prakRtiyoM kI vizada vivecanA kI gaI hai| ise jJAnAdhikAra bhI kahate haiN| isake bAda SaDAvazyakoM meM se sAmAyika ko sampUrNazruta ke Adi meM rakhate haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki zramaNa ke liye sAmAyika kA adhyayana sarvaprathama anivArya hai| sAmAyika ke adhyayana ke pazcAt hI anya Agama sAhitya ke par3hane kA vidhAna hai| 11 cAritra kA prArambha hI sAmAyika se hotA hai, isaliye cAritra kI pA~ca bhUmikAoM meM prathama bhUmikA sAmAyika cAritra kI hai| -- ataH jJAna aura cAritra ke pArasparika sambandha kI carcA karate huye, AcArya ne yahI siddha kiyA hai ki mukti ke liye jJAna aura cAritra donoM anivArya hai / cAritravihIna jJAna aura jJAnavihIna cAritra eka-dUsare se dUra Aga se ghire hue andhe aura laMgar3e ke samAna haiM, jo eka-dUsare ke abhAva meM apane mantavya para nahIM pahu~ca skte| 12. jJAna va cAritra ke saMtulita samanvaya se hI mokSa prApti hotI hai| isake bAda AcArya sAmAyika ke adhikArI kI pAtratA, usakA kramazaH vikAsakrama, karmoM ke kSayopazama evaM mokSa prApti kaise hotI hai ? Adi praznoM, evaM tajjanita zaMkAoM ke samAdhAna ke sAtha upazama evaM kSapaka zreNI kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| isake pazcAt AcArya ziSya kI yogyatA ke mApadaNDa kA vyAkhyAna vidhi se nirUpaNa karate hue apane mukhya viSaya sAmAyika kA vyAkhyAna prArambha kiyA hai, jise unhoMne uddezya, nirdeza, nirgama kSetra, kAla, puruSa, kAraNa, pratyaya Adi chabbIsa nikSepoM ke AdhAra para vyAkhyAyita kiyA hai| isa krama meM nirgama kI carcA karate huye bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mithyAtvAdi se nirgamana, unake pUrva bhava, RSabhadeva se pUrva hone vAle kulakara, RSabhadeva ke pUrvabhava, unakI jIvanI evaM cAritra kA varNana karate huye niryuktikAra ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma evaM unake janma se sambandha rakhane vAlI teraha ghaTanAoM garbhApahAra, abhigraha, janma abhiSeka, vRddhi, jAtismaraNajJAna, bhayotpAdana, apatya, dAna, sambodha aura mahAbhiniSkramaNa12 tathA unake indrabhUti Adi gyAraha gaNadharoM 14 kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| svapna, isake pazcAt AcArya ne sAmAyikasUtra ke prArambha meM Ane vAle namaskAra maMtra kI utpatti, nikSepa, pada, padArtha, prarUpaNA, vastu, AkSepa, prasiddhi, krama prayojana aura phala 15 ina gyAraha dvAroM se vyAkhyA kI hai| paMcanamaskAra ke bAda sAmAyika kisa prakAra karanI cAhie 216 sAmAyika kA lAbha kaise hotA hai 217 sAmAyika kA uddezya kyA hai ? 18 Adi praznoM kA vizada vivecana AcArya ne kiyA hai| caturviMzatistava Avazyaka sUtra kA dUsarA adhyayana caturviMzatistava hai / caturviMzati zabda kI nAma, sthApanA, dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ina chaH nikSepoM evaM stava zabda kI cAra prakAra ke nikSepoM se vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| caturviMzatistava ke liye AvazyakasUtra meM "logassujjoyagare" kA pATha hai| isakI niyukti karate huye AcArya bhadrabAhu ne loka zabda kI nAma, sthApanA, kAla, bhAva, dravya, kSetra, bhava aura paryAya 19 ina ATha prakAra ke nikSepoM se vyAkhyA kI hai| isake atirikta do prakAra ke udyota 20, zramaNadharma, dharma ke bheda evaM avAntara bheda, tIrtha, jina, arihanta Adi zabdoM kI vyAkhyA karate huye, anta meM niyuktikAra ne caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI nikSepa paddhati se vyAkhyA kara unake guNoM para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| 21 50 -- --
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________________ DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya vandanA -- tRtIya adhyayana kA nAma vandanA hai| isa adhyayana kI niyukti karate huye sarvaprathama AcArya ne vandanA ke vandanAkarma, citikarma, kRtikarma, pUjAkarma aura vinayakarma ina pA~ca paryAyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa adhyayana meM vandanA kA nau dvAroM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai -- 1. vandanA kise karanI cAhie? 2. kisake barA honI cAhie ? 3. kaba honI cAhie ? 4. kitanI bAra honA cAhie ? 5. vandanA karate samaya kitanI bAra jhukanA cAhie? 6. kitanI bAra sira jhukAnA cAhie ? 7. kitane AvazyakoM se zuddha honA cAhie ? 8. kitane doSoM se mukta honA cAhie ? evaM 9. vandanA kisaliye karanI cAhie ?22 ina baroM kA nirdeza karane ke bAda vandyAvandya kA bhI savistAra vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jo dravya va bhAva se suzramaNa hai vahI vandya hai|23 isa krama meM jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke vibhinna aMgoM kA vicAra karane ke bAda AcArya isI niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki jo darzana, jJAna, cAritra, tapa, vinaya Adi meM hamezA lage rahate haiM, vahI vandanIya hai aura unhIM se jinapravacana kA yaza phailatA hai|24 vandanA karane vAlA paMcamahAvratI, Alasyarahita, mAnaparivarjitamati, saMvigna aura nirjarArthI hotA hai| vandanA ke mUlapATha "icchAmikhamAsamaNo" kI sUtrasparzI vyAkhyA karate huye niyuktikAra ne (1) icchA, (2) anujJApanA, (3) avyAbAdha, (4) yAtrA, (5) yApanA aura (6) aparAdhakSamaNA ina cha: sthAnoM kI niyukti nikSepoM ke AdhAra para karake vaMdanAdhyayana kI niyukti ko yahIM vizrAma de diyA hai| pratikramaNa pratikramaNa nAmaka yaha caturtha adhyayana hai| pratikramaNa kI vyAkhyA karate huye AcArya ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki-- pramAda ke kAraNa AtmabhAva se jo AtmA mithyAtva Adi para-sthAna meM calA jAtA hai, usakA punaH apane sthAna meM AnA pratikramaNa hai|27 praticaraNA, pariharaNA, vAraNA, nivRtti, nindA, garhA, zuddhi-8-- ye pratikramaNa ke paryAya hai| pratikramaNa para tIna dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai-- (1) pratikramaNaspa kriyA, (2) pratikramaNa kA kartA arthAt pratikrAmaka aura (3) pratikamitavya azubhayoga spa karma / jIva pApakarmayogoM kA pratikrAmaka hai| isaliye jo dhyAna Adi prazasta yoga hai, unakA sAdhu ko pratikramaNa nahIM karanA caahie| pratikramaNa, daivasika, rAtrika, itvarika, yAvatkathika, pAkSika, cAturmAsika, sAMvatsarika, uttamArthaka Adi aneka prakAra kA hotA hai| paMcamahAvrata, rAtribhaktivirati, bhaktaparijJA Adi aise pratikramaNa haiM, jo yAvatkAthika yA jIvana bhara ke liye haiN| sAmAnyataH uccAra-mUtra, kapha, nasikAmala, Abhoga, anAbhoga, sahasAkAra Adi kiyAoM ke uparAnta pratikramaNa Avazyaka hai|29 isake atirikta isa adhyayana meM AcArya ne pratiSiddha viSayoM kA AcaraNa karane, vihita viSayoM kA AcaraNa na karane, jinokta vacanoM meM zraddhA na rakhane tathA viparIta prarUpaNA karane para pratikramaNa karane kA nirdeza30 dete hue AlocanA nirapalApa Adi battIsa yogoM kI carcA kI hai| tadanantara asvAdhyAyika kI niyukti, asvAdhyAya ke bheda-prabheda evaM tajjanita pariNAmoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| kAyotsarga -- yaha AvazyakasUtra kA pA~cavA~ adhyayana hai| kAyotsarga kI niyukti karane ke pUrva AcArya ne prAyazcitta ke AlocanA, pratikramaNa, mizra, viveka, vyutsarga, tapa, cheda, mUla, anavasthApya aura pArAMcika ina dasa bhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| kAyotsarga evaM vyutsarga ekArthaka haiN| yahA~ kAyotsarga kA artha vraNacikitsA hai jo kAyottha aura parottha do prakAra kI hotI hai| jaisA vraNa hotA hai, vaisI hI usakI cikitsA hotI hai| kAyotsarga meM do pada haiM -- kAya aura utsrg| kAya kA nikSepa bAraha prakAra se kiyA gayA hai| ye haiM -- (1) nAma, (2) sthApanA, (3) zarIra, (4) gati, (5) nikAya, (6) AstikAya, (7) dravya, (8) mAtRkA, (9) saMgraha, (10) paryAya, (11) bhAra evaM (12) bhaav| utsarga kA nikSepa-- (1) nAma, (2) sthApanA, (3) dravya, (4) kSetra, (5) kAla aura (6) bhAva rUpa se chaH prakAra kA hai| kAyotsarga ke ceSTAkAyotsarga evaM abhibhavakAyotsarga nAmaka do vidhAna hai| bhikSAcaryA Adi meM hone vAlA ceSTAkAyotsarga evaM upasarga Adi meM hone vAlA abhibhavakAyotsarga 51
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________________ DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya hai| 2 abhibhava kAyotsarga kI kAla maryAdA adhikatama eka varSa evaM nyUnatama antarmuhata hai| isake atirikta isa adhyayana meM niyuktikAra ne kAyotsarga ke bheda parimANa34, guNa, dhyAna kA svarUpa evaM bheda35, kAyotsarga ke vividha-aticAra zuddhi-upAya, zaTha evaM azaTha bara20, kAyotsarga kI vidhi, ghoTakalata Adi unnIsa doSa 38, kAyotsarga ke adhikArI evaM kAyotsarga ke pariNAma39 kI vistRta vivecanA kI hai| pratyAkhyAna -- AvazyakasUtra kA SaSTha adhyayana pratyAkhyAna ke rUpa meM hai| AcAryabhadrabAhu ne pratyAkhyAna kA nirUpaNa chaH dRSTiyoM se kiyA hai| (1) pratyAkhyAna, (2) pratyAkhyAtA, (3) pratyAkhyeya, (4) parSada, (5) kathanavidhi evaM (6) phl|40 pratyAkhyAna ke cha: bheda hai-- (1) nAmapratyAkhyAna, (2) sthApanApratyAkhyAna, (3) dravyapratyAkhyAna, (4) AditsApratyAkhyAna, (5) pratiSedhapratyAkhyAna evaM (6) bhAvapratyAkhyAna pratyAkhyAna se Asava kA nirundhana evaM samatA kI saritA meM avagAhana hotA hai| pratyAkhyAtavya, dravya va bhAva spa se do prakAra kA hotA hai| azanAdi kA pratyAkhyAna prathama dravyapratyAkhyANya hai evaM ajJAnAdi kA pratyAkhyAna bhAvapratyAkhyAtavya hai| pratyAkhyAna ke adhikArI ko batAte hue AcArya ne kahA hai ki pratyAkhyAna kA vahI adhikArI hai jo vinIta evaM avyakSiptarUpa ho| anta meM pratyAkhyAna ke phala kI vivecanA kI gaI hai| ___ Avazyakaniyukti ke isa vistRta vivecana se sahaja hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki jainaniyukti granthoM meM Avazyakaniyukti kA kitanA mahattva hai| zramaNa jIvana kI saphala sAdhanA ke liye anivArya sabhI prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kA saMkSipta, suvyavasthita evaM marmasparzI nirupaNa Avazyakaniyukti kI eka bahuta bar3I vizeSatA hai| 2. dazavakAlikaniyukti isa niyukti ke Arambha meM AcArya ne sarvasiddhoM ko namaskAra karake isakI racanA karane kI pratijJA kI hai|41 "daza" aura "kAla" ina do padoM se sambandha rakhane vAle dazavakAlika kI nikSepa paddhati se vyAkhyA karate huye AcArya ne batAyA hai ki "daza" kA prayoga isaliye kiyA gayA hai kyoMki isameM "dasa" adhyayana hai evaM "kAla" kA prayoga isalie hai ki isa satra kI racanA usa samaya huI jabaki pauruSI vyatIta ho cukI thI athavA jo dasa adhyayana pUrvo se uddhRta kiye gaye, unakA suvyavasthita nirupaNa vikAla arthAt aparAhna meM kiyA gyaa| isIlie isa sUtra kA nAma dazavakAlika rakhA gyaa| isa sUtra kI racanA manaka nAmaka ziSya ke hetu AcAryazayambhava ne kii|8 dazavaikAlika meM drumapuSpikA Adi dasa adhyayana hai| prathama adhyayana meM dharma kI prazaMsA karate huye usake laukika aura lokottara ye do bheda evaM unake avAntara bhedoM ko batAyA gayA hai|43 dvitIya adhyayana 4 meM dhRti kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| tRtIya adhyayana 5 meM kSullakAcAra arthAt laghu-AcAra kathA kA adhikAra hai| cauthe adhyayana meM AtmasaMyama ke liye SaDjIvarakSA kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| piNDaiSaNA nAmaka paMcama adhyayana47 kI niyukti meM AcArya ne "piNDa" aura "eSaNA" ina do padoM kI nikSeparUpa se vyAkhyA karate haye bhikSAvizaddhi ke viSaya meM vizada vivecanA kI hai| chaThe adhyayana meM bahada AcAra kathA kA pratipAdana hai| saptama adhyayana vacana vibhakti kA adhikAra hai| aSTama adhyayana prANidhAna arthAta viziSTa cittadharma sambandhI hai| navama adhyayana meM vinaya kA evaM dasaveM 2 adhyayana meM bhikSu kA adhikAra hai| ina adhyayanoM ke atirikta isa sUtra meM do cUlikAe~ haiM -- prathama cUlikA meM saMyama meM sthirIkaraNa kA aura dUsarI meM vivivattacaryA kA varNana hai| dazavakAlikaniyukti para aneka TIkAe~ evaM cUrNi likhI gaIM haiM, jinameM jinadAsagaNimahattara kI cUrNi adhika prasiddha hai| 3. uttarAdhyayananiyukti dazavakAlika kI bhA~ti isa niyukti meM bhI aneka pAribhASika zabdoM kI nikSepa dRSTi se vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| 52
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________________ DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya isameM 607 gAthAe~ haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhagavAna jinendra ke upadeza 36 adhyayanoM meM saMgrahIta hai| uttarAdhyayana ke "uttara" pada kA artha kramottara bata adhyayana pada kA artha batAte huye kahA gayA hai ki jisase jIvAdi padArthoM kA adhigama arthAt pariccheda hotA hai yA jisase zIghra hI abhISTa artha kI siddhi hotI hai, vahI adhyayana 3 hai| cUMki adhyayana se aneka bhavoM se Ate huye karmaraja kA kSaya hotA hai, isalie use bhAvAdhyayana kahate haiN| isake pazcAta AcArya ne zrutaskaMdha54 kA nikSepa karate hue vinayazruta, pariSaha, caturaMgIya, asaMskRta Adi chattIsa adhyayanoM kI vivecanA kI hai| isa niyukti meM zikSAprada kathAnakoM kI bahulatA hai| jaise -- gaMdhAra, zrAvaka, tosaliputra, sthUlabhadra, kAlaka, skandaputra, parAzaraRSi, karakaNDu Adi pratyekabuddha evaM harikeza mRgAputra Adi kI kathAoM kA saMketa hai| isake atirikta nihanava, bhadrabAhu ke cAra ziSyoM evaM rAjagRha ke vaimAra parvata kI guphA meM zItaparISahoM se evaM maccharoM ke ghora upasarga se kAlagata hone kA bhI varNana hai| isameM aneka uktiyA~ sUktoM ke rUpa meM haiN| jaise -- "bhAvAmmi u pavajjA ArambhapariggahaccAo arthAt hiMsA va parigraha kA tyAga hI bhAvapravajyA hai| kAvyAtmaka evaM manohArI sthaloM kA bhI abhAva isa niyukti meM nahIM hai| jaise -- ayirUggayae sUrie vaiyathUma gaya vAyase bhittI gamae va Apane sahi suhio hu jaNo na vujjhaI.56 arthAt sUrya kA udaya ho cukA hai, caityastambha para baiTha-baiTha kara kAga bola rahe haiM, sUrya kA prakAza dIvAroM para car3ha gayA hai kintu phira bhI he sakhi ! yaha abhI so hI rahe haiN| 4. AdhArAMganiyukti uttarAdhyayananiyukti ke pazcAt evaM sUtrakRtAMganiyukti ke pUrva racita yaha niyukti AcArAMgasUtra ke donoM zrutaskandhoM para hai| isameM 347 gAthAe~ haiN| AcArAMganiyukti ke prArambha meM maMgalagAthA hai, jisameM sarvasiddhoM ko namaskAra kara isakI racanA karane kI pratijJA kI gaI hai| tatpazcAt AcAra, aMga zruta, skandha, brahma, caraNa, zastra-parijJA, saMjJA aura dizA kA nikSepa kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMga kA pravartana sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ne tIrtha pravartana ke Adi meM kiyA evaM zeSa gyAraha aMgoM kA AnapUrvI se nirmANa huA, aisA AcArya kA mata hai| AcArAMga dvAdazAMgI meM prathama kyoM hai, isa prazna kA uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki isameM mokSa ke upAya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, jo ki sampUrNa pravacana kA sAra hai| aMgoM kA sAra AdhArAMga hai, AcArAMga kA sAra anuyogArtha, anuyogArtha kA sAra prarUpaNA, praspaNA kA sAra caraNa, caraNa kA sAra nirvANa evaM nirvANa kA sAra avyAbAdha hai, jo sAdhaka kA antima dhyeya hai|00 AcArAMga meM nau brahamacaryAmidhAyI adhyayana, aThAraha hajAra pada evaM pA~ca cUr3Ae~ haiN| nau adhyayanoM meM prathama kA adhikAra jIva saMyama hai, dvitIya kA karmavijaya, tRtIya kA sukha-duHkha titikSA, caturtha kA samyakatva kI dRr3hatA, paMcama kA lokasAraratnatrayArAdhanA, SaSTha kA niHsaMgatA, saptam kA mohasamattha parISahopasarga sahanatA, aSTam kA nirvANa arthAt antakriyA evaM navam kA jinapratipAdita arthazraddhAna hai| dvitIya uddezaka meM pRthvI Adi kA nikSepa paddhati se vicAra karate huye unake vividha bheda-prabhedoM kI carcAe~ kI gaI haiN| isameM vadha ko kRta, kArita evaM anumodita tIna prakAra kA batAte hue apakAya, tejaskAya, vanaspatikAya, sakAya aura vAyukAya jIvoM kI hiMsA ke sambandha meM carcA kI gayI hai| dvitIya adhyayana loka vijaya haiM, jisameM kaSAya vijaya ko hI lokavijaya kahA gayA hai| 2 53
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________________ tRtIya adhyayana zItoSNIya hai, jisameM zIta va uSNa padoM kA nikSepa vidhi se vyAkhyAna karate hue strI parISaha evaM satkAra parISaha ko zIta evaM zeSa bIsa ko uSNaparISaha batAyA gayA hai 163 samyakatva nAmaka caturtha adhyayana ke cAroM uddezakoM meM kramazaH samyak darzana, samyak jJAna, samyak - tapa evaM samyak cAritra kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| 64 niryuktisAhitya : eka paricaya paMcama adhyayana lokasAra ke chaH uddezakoM meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki sampUrNa loka kA sAra dharma, dharma kA sAra jJAna, jJAna kA sAra saMyama aura saMyama kA sAra nirvANa hai| 65 dhUta nAmaka SaSTa adhyayana ke pA~ca uddezaka haiM jisameM vastrAdi ke prakSAlana ko dravya dhUta evaM ATha prakAra ke karmoM ke kSaya ko bhAvadhUta 66 batAyA gayA hai| saptama adhyayana vyavacchinna hai| aSTam adhyayana vimokSa ke ATha uddezaka haiN| vimokSa kA nAmAdi chaH prakAra kA nikSepa karate hue bhAvavimokSa ke dezavimokSa va sarvavimokSa do prakAra batAye gaye haiN| sAdhu dezavimukta evaM siddha sarvavimukta hai| 67 adhyayana upadhAnazruta meM niyuktikAra ne batAyA hai ki tIrthaMkara jisa samaya utpanna hotA hai vaha usa samaya apane tIrtha meM upadhAnazrutAdhyayana meM tapaH karma kA varNana karatA hai| 68 upadhAna ke dravyopadhAna evaM bhAvopadhAna do bheda kiye gaye haiN| dvitIya zrutaskandha -- prathama zrutaskandha meM jina viSayoM para cintana kiyA gayA hai, una viSayoM ke sambandha meM jo kucha avazeSa raha gayA thA yA jinake samasta vivakSita artha kA abhidhAna na kiyA jA sakA, usakA varNana dvitIya zrutaskandha meM hai| ise agrazrutaskandha bhI kahate haiN| cUlikAoM kA parimANa isa prakAra hai "piNDaiSaNA" se lekara "avagraha pratimA" adhyayana paryanta sAta adhyayanoM kI prathama cUlikA, saptasaptatikA nAmaka dvitIya cUlikA, bhAvanA nAmaka tRtIya, vimukti nAmaka caturtha evaM nizItha nAmaka paMca cUlikA hai| 69 5. sUtrakRtAMganiryukti isa niyukti meM 205 gAthAe~ haiN| prArambha meM sUtrakRtAMga 70 zabda kI vyAkhyA ke pazcAt amba, ambarISa, zyAma, zabala, rudra, avarudra, kAla, mahAkAla, asipala, dhanu, kumbha, bAluka, vaitaraNI, kharasvara aura mahAghoSa nAmaka pandraha paramAdhArmikoM ke nAma ginAye gaye haiN| gAthA 119 meM AcArya ne 363 matAntaroM kA nirdeza kiyA hai, jisameM 180 kriyAvAdI, 84 akriyAvAdI, 67 ajJAnavAdI aura 32 vainayika haiN| isake atirikta ziSya aura zikSaka ke bheda-prabhedoM kI bhI vivecanA kI gaI hai| 71 6. dazAzrutaskandhaniryukti yaha niryukti dazAzrutaskandha nAmaka chedasUtra para hai| prArambha meM niyuktikAra ne dazA, kalpa aura vyavahAra zruta ke kartA sakalazrutajJAnI zrutakevalI AcAryabhadrabAhu ko namaskAra kiyA hai| 72 tadanantara dasa adhyayanoM ke adhikAroM kA varNana kiyA hai| prathama adhyayana asamAdhisthAna kI niyukti meM dravya va bhAva samAdhi kI vivecanA kI gaI hai| dvitIya adhyayana zabala kI niyukti meM cAra nikSepoM ke AdhAra para zabala kI vyAkhyA karate huye AcAra se bhinna arthAt aMzataH gire vyakti ko bhAvazabala kahA gayA hai| 1 tRtIya adhyayana AzAtanA kI niyukti meM mithyA pratipAdana sambandhI evaM lAbha sambandhI do AzAtanA kI carcA kI gaI hai| 54
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________________ DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya gaNisaMpadA nAmaka caturtha adhyayana meM gaNi evaM saMpadA padoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue "gaNi" va "guNI" ko ekArthaka batAyA gayA hai| AcAra ko prathama gaNisthAna diyA gayA hai kyoMki isake adhyayana se zramaNa dharma kA jJAna hotA hai| saMpadA ke dravya va bhAva do bheda karate hue AcArya ne zarIra saMpadA ko dravyasaMpadA evaM AcArasaMpadA ko bhAvasaMpadA kA nAma diyA hai| 73 cittasamAdhisthAna nAmaka paMcam adhyayana kI niyukti meM upAsaka evaM pratimA kA nikSepapUrvaka vivecana kiyA gayA hai / citta va samAdhi kI cAra nikSepoM ke AdhAra para vyAkhyA karate hue rAga-dveSarahita citta ke vizuddha dharma- dhyAna meM lIna hone kI avasthA ko bhAvasamAdhi kahA gayA hai| upAsakapratimA nAmaka SaSTha adhyayana meM " upAsaka" aura "pratimA" kA nikSepapUrvaka cintana karate hue upAsaka ke dravyopAsaka, tadarthopAsaka, mohopAsaka evaM bhAvopAsaka rUpa cAra bhedoM evaM zramaNopAsaka kI gyAraha pratimAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| saptam adhyayana bhikSupratimA kA hai isameM bhAva bhikSu kI samAdhipratimA, upadhAnapratimA, vivekapratimA, pratisaMlInapratimA evaM eka bihArapratimA kA ullekha hai| aSTam adhyayana kI niryukti meM paryuSaNAkalpa kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| parivasanA, paryuSaNA, varSAvAsa, prathamasamavaraNa Adi ko ekArthaka kahA gayA hai| navam adhyayana mohanIya sthAna kA hai, jisameM mohanAmAdi bheda se cAra prakAra kA hai| pApa, vaira, varjya, paMka, asAha, saMga Adi moha ke paryAyavAcI haiM, aisA ullekha kiyA gayA hai I ajAti sthAna nAmaka dazam adhyayana meM ajAti arthAt janma-maraNa se vimukti-mokSa kaise prApta hotA hai, kA vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 7. bRhatkalpaniryukti yaha niyuktibhASyamizrita avasthA meM milatI hai| sarvaprathama tIrthaMkaroM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| 74 taduparAnta jJAna aura maMgala meM kathaMcita bheda-abheda karate hue jJAna ke vividha bhedoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| maMgala ke nAmamaMgala, sthApanAmaMgala, dravyamaMgala evaM bhAvamaMgala 75 kI nikSepa paddhati se vyAkhyA karate hue anuyoga, upakrama, anugama aura naya ina cAra anuyoga dvAroM kI carcA kI gaI hai| isake atirikta niyuktikAra ne saparigraha-aparigraha, jinakAlpika evaM sthavirakAlpika ke AhAra-vihAra kI carcA karate hue AryakSetra ke bAhara vicaraNa karane se lagane vAle doSoM kA skandakAcArya ke dRSTAnta ke sAtha digdarzana karAyA hai| sAtha hI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kI rakSA aura vRddhi ke liye Arya kSetra ke bAhara vicaraNa kI AjJA evaM saMpratirAja ke dRSTAnta se usake samarthana76 kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| yaha niyukti svatantra na rahakara bRhatkalpabhASya meM mizrita ho gaI hai| 8. vyavahAraniyukti bRhatkalpa meM zramaNa jIvana kI sAdhanA kA jo zabda-citra prastuta kiyA gayA evaM utsarga va apavAda kA jo vivecana kiyA gayA, unhIM viSayoM para vyavahAra meM bhI cintana kiyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vyavahAraniyukti meM adhikatara unhIM athavA usI prakAra ke viSayoM kA vivecana hai jo bRhatkalpaniryukti meM upalabdha haiN| ataH ye donoM niyuktiyA~ eka-dUsare kI pUraka haiN| 9. sUryaprajJaptiniyukti evaM 10. RSibhASitaniyukti anupalabdha hai, jisakI anya niyuktiyoM ke sAtha saMkSipta paricayAtmaka carcA kareMgeM I 55
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________________ niyuktisAhitya : eka paricaya anya niyuktiyA~ -- upalabdha ina ATha niyuktiyoM ke atirikta kucha aura niyuktiyA~ bhI haiM, jo nimna haiM --- saMsaktaniyukti -- yaha niyukti kisa Agama para likhI gaI hai, isa sambandha meM koI ullekha prApta nahIM hotaa| kitane hI vidvAna ise bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnate haiM, kitane unake bAda ke kisI AcArya kI racanA mAnate haiN| caurAsI AgamoM meM isakA bhI ullekha hai| nizIthaniyukti -- yaha niyukti eka prakAra se AcArAMganiyukti kA eka aMga hai, kyoMki AcArAMganiyukti ke anta meM svayaM niyuktikAra ne likhA hai ki paMcamacUlikAnizItha kI niyukti maiM bAda meM kruuNgaa| yaha niyukti nizIthabhASya meM isa prakAra se samAviSTa ho gaI hai ki ise alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, isameM mukhya rUpa se zramaNAcAra kA ullekha hai| govindaniyukti -- isa niyukti meM darzana sambandhI mantavyoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| AcArya govinda ne ekendriya jIvoM kI saMsiddhi ke liye isakA nirmANa kiyA thaa| yaha kisI eka Agama para na hokara svatantra racanA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya, AvazyakacUrNi evaM nizIthacUrNi meM isakA ullekha milatA hai| yaha vartamAna meM yaha upalabdha nahIM hai| ArAdhanAniyukti -- yaha bhI vartamAna meM upalabdha nahIM hai| caurAsI AgamoM meM "ArAdhanApatAkA" nAmaka eka Agama hai, sambhava hai yaha niyukti usI para ho| mUlAcAra meM vaTTakerasvAmI ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| zaribhASitaniyukti -- caurAsI AgamoM meM RSibhASita kA bhI nAma hai| pratyeka buddhoM dvArA bhASita hone se yaha RSibhASita ke nAma se vizruta hai| isa para bhI bhadrabAhu ne niyukti likhI thIM para vartamAna meM anupalabdha haiN| sUryaprazaptiniyukti -- yaha bhI vartamAna meM upalabdha nahIM hai parantu AcArya malayagiri kI vRtti meM isakA nAma nirdeza huA hai| isameM sUrya kI gati Adi tathA jyotiSazAstra sambandhI tathyoM kA sundara nirUpaNa huA hai| inake atirikta piNDaniyukti, oghaniyukti evaM paMcakalpaniyukti svatantra grantha na hokara kramazaH dazavaikAlika, Avazyaka aura bRhatkalpaniyukti kI hI saMpUraka haiN| isa prakAra jaina paramparA ke mahattvapUrNa viziSTa pAribhASika zabdoM kI spaSTa vyAkhyA jo niyukti sAhitya meM huI hai vaha apUrda hai| inhIM vyAkhyAoM ke AdhAra para bAda meM bhASyakAra, cUrNikAra evaM vRttikAroM ne apane abhISTa granthoM kA sRjana kiyA hai| niyuktiyoM kI racanA karake bhadrabAhu ne jaina sAhitya kI jo viziSTa sevA kI hai, vaha jaina Agamika kSetra meM sarvathA avismaraNIya hai|
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________________ niyuktisAhitya : eka paricaya sandarbha-grantha 1. 2. 8. 9. 12. 15. 16. anuyogadvAra, pR. 18 aura Age Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 88 vahI, gAthA 83 nizcayena arthapratipAdikA yuktiniyukti : AcArAMganiyukti, 1/2/1 uttarAdhyayana kI bhUmikA, pR. 50-51 Dr. Ghatge, Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. 12, p. 270 vaMdAmi bhaddabAhuM pAINaM carimasagalasuyanANi / suttassa kAragamisi dasAsu kappe ya vvhaare|| - dazAzrutaskaMdhaniyukti, 1 Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 79-85 gaNadharavAda prastAvanA, pR. 15-16 Avazvakaniyukti, gAthA 17-19 sAmAiyamAiyAiM ekkArassa ahijji| -- antaHkRtadazAMga prthmvrg| Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 94-103 vahI, gAthA 459 vahI, gAthA 594 vahI, gAthA 881 vahI, gAthA 1023-1034 vahI, gAthA 1035 vahI, gAthA 1059 vahI, gAthA 1064 vahI, gAthA 1066-68 vahI, gAthA 1087-89 vahI, gAthA 110-11 vahI, gAthA 1145-47 vahI, gAthA 1167-1200 vahI, gAthA 1204 vahI, gAthA 1223 svasthAnAtyatparasthAnaM pramAdasya vazAdgahaH / tatraiva kramaNaM bhUyaH prtikrmnnmucyte| - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1236 vahI, gAthA 1238 vahI, gAthA 1244-46 vahI, gAthA 1268 vahI, gAthA 1269-1273 vahI, gAthA 1447 vahI, gAthA 1453 30. 31. 32.
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________________ DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya 42. 48. 49. 34. vahI, gAthA 1454-55 35. vahI, gAthA 1458 36. vahI, gAthA 1536-38 vahI, gAthA 1539-40 38. vahI, gAthA 1541-42 39. vahI, gAthA 1545 40. vahI, gAthA 1550 41.(ka) dazavaikAlikaniyukti, haribhadrIya vivaraNa sahita : prakAzaka devacanda lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra, bambaI, 1918 (kha) niyukti va mUla : sampAdaka E. Leumann ZDMG bhAga 46, pR. 589-663 dazavaikAlikaniyukti, gAthA 12-15 43. vahI, gAthA 26-148 44. vahI, gAthA 152-177 45. vahI, gAthA 178-215 vahI, gAthA 216-231 vahI, gAthA 232-244 vahI, gAthA 245-262 vahI, gAthA 269-286 vahI, gAthA 287-294 51. vahI, gAthA 309-322 2. vahI, gAthA 328-347 53. . uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 5-7 vahI, gAthA 12-26 55. zAstrI, vijayamuni Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya eka parizIlana, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA 1964, pR.60 56. vahI, pR. 61 57. AcArAMganiyukti, gAthA 1 vahI, gAthA 8 59. vahI, gAthA 9 vahI, gAthA 16-17 61. vahI, gAthA 11 vahI, gAthA 175 63. vahI, gAthA 197-213 vahI, gAthA 214-215 vahI, gAthA 244 vahI, gAthA 249-250 67. vahI, gAthA 257-259 vahI, gAthA 275 69. vahI, gAthA 297 58 54. 000
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________________ RE N N N N N 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. sUtrakRtAMganiryukti, gAthA 18-20 vahI, gAthA 127-131 77. dazAzrutaniyukti, 1 jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 3, pR. 121 bRhatkalpaniryukti, gAthA 1 vahI, gAthA 3-5 76. vahI, gAthA 3271, 3289 paMcamacUlanisIhaM tassa ya uvariM bhaNIhAmi / AcArAMganiyukti, gAthA 347 * pravaktA - pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI 59 niryuktisAhitya : eka paricaya
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________________ mUlAcAra meM varNita AcAra-niyama : zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM -DaoN. aruNapratApa siMha jainadharma meM AcAra pakSa para sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai| isake darzana, jJAna evaM cAritra, jinheM mokSa-mArga kahA gayA hai, kI tripuTI meM samyak-cAritra kA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| samyaka-cAritra hI AcAra hai| jJAna evaM zraddhA jaba taka vyavahAra jagat kI kasauTI para khare nahIM utarate, apUrNa mAne gaye haiN| mUlAcAra jisameM mukhyataH AcAra-niyama varNita haiM, digambara paramparA kA sarvamAnya grantha mAnA jAtA hai, yadyapi yaha siddha karane ke lie paryApta pramANa hai ki yaha mUlarUpa se digambara paramparA kA grantha na hokara yApanIya paramparA kA rahA hogaa| yApanIya paramparA eka ora digambaroM ke samAna muni kI nagnatA para bala detI thIM, to dUsarI ora zvetAmbaroM ke anurUpa AgamoM ko evaM strI-mukti kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karatI thiiN| mUlAcAra ke kartA ko bhI strI-mukti kI avadhAraNA aura sAtha hI zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya meM samAna rUpa se vizvAsa thaa| yApanIya zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya se paricita the| ataH zvetAmbara AgamoM kA unake sAhitya meM pratibimbita honA svAbhAvika hai| prastuta lekha meM yaha batAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki mUlAcAra meM zvetAmbara Agama granthoM kI sAmagrI kisa prakAra samAhita hai| sAtha hI AcAra-niyama ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara avadhAraNAoM (concepts) se unakI sAmyatA evaM viSamatA kA bhI avalokana kiyA gayA hai| mUlAcAra 12 adhikAroM ( adhyAyoM) meM vibhakta hai| isakA prathama adhikAra mUlaguNAdhikAra hai| mUlaguNoM kA pAlana karanA pratyeka zramaNa kA prathama kartavya hai| zramaNajIvana kA tAtparya mUlataH pApakarmoM se virata rahanA hai -- isa sandarbha meM ina mUlaguNoM kA jo ki vratoM se sambandhita hai, vizeSa mahattva hai| mUlAcAra meM zramaNa ke 28 mUlaguNa batAye gaye haiM --5 mahAvrata, 5 samitiyoM kA samyaka-pAlana, 5 indriyoM kA saMyama, SaDAvazyaka, kezaluJcana, Acelakya, asnAna, kSitizayana, adantadhAvana aura sthiti bhojn| mUlAcAra ke samAna hI zvetAmbara granthoM meM bhI mUlaguNoM kI carcA hai| yahA~ inakI saMkhyA 27 hai| samavAyAMga meM jo sUcI prApta hai, vaha nimna hai -- pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca iMdriyoM kA saMyama, cAra kaSAyoM kA tyAga, kSamA, virAgatA, bhAvasatya -- karaNasatya evaM yogasatya, mana-vacana evaM kAyA kA nirodha, jJAna-darzana evaM cAritra se sampannatA, kaSTa sahiSNutA, maraNAnta kaSTa kA sahana krnaa| hama dekhate haiM ki donoM paramparAoM meM mUlaguNoM kA bhAva "saMyama" hI hai| yahA~ saMkhyA bheda kA koI mahattva nahIM hai -- antara kevala unakI bAhaya evaM Antarika zuddhatA ko lekara hai| jahA~ mUlAcAra AcaraNa ke bAhya niyamoM para bala detA hai, vahIM zvetAmbara grantha AcaraNa kI Antarika vizuddhatA pr| mUlaguNoM ke sambandha meM sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa antara nagnatA ko lekara hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ko, jo vastra ko mokSa-mArga meM bAdhA nahIM mAnatI, apane granthoM meM nagnatA ko mUlaguNoM ke antargata rakhane kA koI aucitya hI nahIM thaa| mUlAcAra usa paramparA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai jahA~ nirvastratA muni ke AcaraNa kA eka pramukha pakSa thA parantu yahA~ draSTavya hai ki mUlAcArakartA isa sambandha meM adhika kaThora rukha nahIM apnaataa| mUlAcAra aparigraha mahAvrata ke pAlana meM "sakkaccAgo" (zaktyA tyAgaH ) arthAt apanI zakti ke anusAra niyama ke pAlana kA upadeza detA hai| isake viparIta digambara paramparA meM nagnatA ko adhika mahattA pradAna kI gaI aura yaha kahA gayA ki tIrthaMkara bhI yadi vaha vastrarahita nahIM hai, mokSa nahIM prApta kara sktaa| spaSTataH mUlAcAra nirvastratA ko utanI adhika mahattA pradAna nahIM karatA jitanI ki digambara paramparA ke anya grantha karate haiN|
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________________ mUlAcAra meM varNita AcAra-niyama : zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM bRhatpatyAkhyAnasaMstarastvAdhikAra mUlAcAra kA dvitIya adhikAra hai| isa adhikAra meM mukhyataH saMlekhanA sambandhI carcA hai| isa adhikAra kI adhikAMza gAthAe~ AurapaccakkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna) evaM mahApaccakkhANa (mahApratyAkhyAnayaka) nAmaka zvetAmbara prakIrNakoM se lI gaI hai| ina gAthAoM meM bhASA evaM bhAva donoM dRSTiyoM se atyadhika samAnatA hai| inameM jo zAbdika antara parilakSita hotA hai, vaha adhikAMza spa se mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI prAkRta ke antara ke kAraNa hai| hama yahA~ kucha udAharaNoM dvArA isa tathya ko spaSTa kareMge--- savvaM pANAraMbha paccakkhAmi alIyatayaNaM c| sababhadattAdANaM mehUNa pariggahaM vev|| -mUlAcAra, 2/41 savvaM pANAraMbha paccakkhAmI ya aliyavarANaM dh| savvamadinnAdANaM abbabha pariggahaM vev|| -mahApratyAkhyAna, gAthA 33, pR. 167 (2) khamAmi savvajIvANaM savve jIvA khamaMtu me| mittI meM savvabhUdesu veraM majjhaMNa kennvi|| - mUlAcAra, 2143 khAmemi savve jIye, savve jIvA khamaMtu meN| mittI me savvabhUesu, beraM majjhaM na kenni|| - AturapratyAkhyAna, gAthA 8, pR.160 (3) eo me sassao apyA nnaanndNsnnlkssnno| sesA me bAhirA bhAvA savve sNjoglkkhnnaa| - mUlAcAra, 2148 ego me sAsao appA, naanndNsnnsNjo| sesA me bAhigabhAvA savve sNjoglkkhnnaa|| - AturapratyAkhyAna, gAthA 29, pR. 163 (4) saMjoyamUlaM jIveNa pattaM dukkhprNprN| tamhA saMjoyasaMbaMdhaM savvaM tiviheNa vosre|| -mUlAcAra, 2149 saMjogamUlA jIveNa pattA dukkhprNpraa| tamhA saMjogasaMbaMdha savvaM tivihaNa boyire|| -AturapratyAkhyAna, gAthA 30, pR. 162 isa dvitIya adhikAra kA namaskAra zloka bhI mahApratyAkhyAna se hI liyA gayA hai| donoM kI samAnatA darzanIya hai-- savvadukkhappahINANaM siddhANaM arahado Namo sadahe jiNapaNNataM paccakkhAmi ya pAvayaM - mUlAcAra, 2/37 61
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________________ DaoN. aruNapratApa siMha savyadakkhapahINANaM siddhANaM arahao nmo| sadahe jiNapannataM padhdhakkhAmi ya pAvagaM / / - mahApratyAkhyAna, gAthA 2, pR. 164 isa prakAra isa adhikAra kI aura bhI aneka gAthAe~ ina zvetAmbara prakIrNakoM se talanIya haiM -- mUlAcAra kI 2/39 mahApratyAkhyAna kI gAthA 3 se mUlAcAra kI 2/40 mahApratyAkhyAna kI gAthA 4 se mUlAcAra kI 2/44 mahApratyAkhyAna kI gAthA 5 se mUlAcAra kI 2/45 mahApratyAkhyAna kI gAthA 10 se mUlAcAra kI 2/46 mahApratyAkhyAna kI gAthA 11 se mUlAcAra kI 2/50 mahApratyAkhyAna kI gAthA 12 se mUlAcAra kI 2/51 mahApratyAkhyAna kI gAthA 18 se mUlAcAra kI 2/55 mahApratyAkhyAna kI gAthA 8 se mUlAcAra kI 2/56 mahApratyAkhyAna kI gAthA 22 se mUlAcAra kI 2/98 mahApratyAkhyAna kI gAthA 108 se tRtIya adhikAra, jo saMkSepapratyAkhyAnasaMstarastvadhikAra ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai, kI bhI adhikAMza gAthAe~ mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka se lI gaI haiN| isakA prArambhika zloka jo ki jinavandanA hai, mahApratyAkhyAna se tulanIya esa karomi paNAmaM jiNavasahassa vaDThamANassa sesANaM ca jiNANaM sagaNagaNadharANaM ca savvesiM savvaM pANAraMbha paccakkhAmi alIyavayaNaM ca savvamadattAdANaM mehUNapariggahaM gheva - mUlAcAra, 3/108-109 esa karemi paNAmaM tityayarANaM aNuttaragaINaM / savvesiMca jiNANaM siddhANaM saMjayANaM c|| savvaM pANAraMbha paccakkhAmI ya aliyavayaNaM / / sabamadinnAdANaM abbaMbha pariggahaM ghev|| - mahApratyAkhyAna, gAthA saM. kramaza: 1,33 isI prakAra isa adhikAra kI kucha aura gAthAe~ anya zvetAmbara prakIrNakoM se tulanIya haiM -- Nittha bhayaM maraNasamaM jammaNasamayaM Na vijjade dkkhN| jammaNamaraNAdaMka hiMdi mamattiM sriiraado|| -mUlAcAra, 3/119 natthi bhayaM maraNasama, jammaNasarisaM na vijjae dukkhaM / jammaNa maraNAyaMkaM liMda mamattaM sriiraao|| - saMthAraga prakIrNaka, gAthA, 2448, pR. 289 62
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________________ mulAcAra meM varNita AcAra-niyama : zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM mUlAcAra egaM paMDiyamaraNaM chidai, jAIsayANi bhugaanni| taM maraNaM maridabvaM, jeNa madaM summadaM hodi|| - mUlAcAra, 3/117 ekkaM paMDiyamaraNaM viMdA, jAIsayANi bhuyaanni| taM maraNaM mariyavvaM jeNa mao mukkao hoi|| - maraNavibhakti prakIrNaka, gAthA, 994, pR. 121 uparyukta dvitIya evaM tRtIya adhikAroM se ughRta kucha thor3e se udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki kisI eka ne kisI dUsare se grahaNa kiyA hai| sandarbha yaha spaSTa karate haiM ki mUlAcArakartA ne hI ina zvetAmbara prakIrNakoM se upayogI gAthAoM ko lekara apane grantha kA nirmANa kiyA hai| prathama to yaha hai ki ina prakIrNakoM kI bhASA mUlAcAra se prAcIna hai| isakA spaSTIkaraNa hama tRtIya zatAbdI IsA pUrva ke azoka evaM dvitIya zatAbdI IsA pUrva ke khAravela ke lekhoM se kara sakate haiN| donoM meM "Na" kI jagaha "na" kA hI adhika pracalana hai| mUlAcArakartA "Na" kA hI adhika prayoga karatA hai| dUsare mUlAcAra meM spaSTataH ina prakIrNakoM kA nAmollekha huA hai| jisase inakI prAcInatA svayaM siddha ho jAtI hai| caturtha adhikAra samAcAra adhikAra hai| isameM mukhyataH samAcArI kA ullekha hai| mUlAcAra meM nimna 10 samAcAriyoM kA ullekha hai jinakI samatA uttarAdhyayana se kI jA sakatI hai-- uttarAdhyayanasUtra icchAkAra AvazyakI mithyAkAra naSedhikI tathAkAra ApRcchanA AvazyakI pratipRcchalA naSedhikI chandanA ApRcchanA icchAkAra pratipRcchanA mithyAkAra chandanA tathAkAra nimantraNA abhyutthAna upasampadA upasampadA donoM paramparAoM meM krama ke atirikta isa sambandha meM koI mUlataH bheda nahIM hai| inakA mUla-srota eka hI pratIta hotA hai| isa samAcArI adhikAra meM sAdhviyoM ke niyamoM evaM kartavyoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| ina niyamoM se spaSTa hai ki mulAcAra kI paramparA meM sAdhvI saMgha eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka ke rUpa meM vidyamAna thaa| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM kahA thA ki yApanIya paramparA bhikSu kI nirvastratA para bala dete hue bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ke samAna strI-mukti kI avadhAraNA aura sAdhviyoM ko eka vastra dhAraNa karane kI anumati detI thii| mUlAcAra bhI strI-mukti kI avadhAraNA kA samarthaka hai| isakA nimna zloka draSTavya hai-- evaM vidhANacariyaM caritaM je sAdhavo ya ajjaao| te jagapujjaM kitti suhaM ca labhrUNa sijjhti|| - mUlAcAra, 4/196 63
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________________ DaoN. aruNapratApa siMha digambara paramparA ke viparIta mUlAcAra kI yaha spaSTa avadhAraNA use yApanIya paramparA ke aura nikaTa lA detI hai| paMcAdhAra mulAcAra kA paMcama adhikAra hai| isameM kramazaH darzanAcAra, jJAnAcAra, cAritrAcAra, tapAcAra aura vIryAcAra kA varNana hai| isa adhikAra kI adhikAMza gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana se tulanIya hai| duvihA ya hoti jIvA saMsAratthA ya NivbudA yev| chaddhA saMsAratyA siddhagadA NivbudA jiivaa|| - mUlAcAra, 5/7 saMsAratthA ya siddhAya davihA jIvA viyaahiyaa| siddhAuNegavihA vuttA, taM me kittayao suNa / / - uttarAdhyayana, 36148 puDhavI yA bAlugA sakkarA, ya uvale silA ya loNe y| aya taba tauya sIsaya rupya suvaNNe ya vaire y|| - mUlAdhAra, 519 puDhavI ya sakkarA vAluyA ya uvale silA ya lonnse| aya tamba taya sIsaga rupya suvaNNe ya vaire y|| - uttarAdhyayana, 36173 isa prakAra mUlAcAra kI 5/10-12 taka kI tIna gAthA uttarAdhyayana kI 36veM adhyAya kI kramaza: 74, 75 evaM 76vIM gAthA se zabdazaH tulanIya hai tathA mUlAcAra kI 5/13-17 taka kI pA~ca gAthAe~ jIva samAsa nAmaka zvetAmbara grantha kI kramazaH 31vIM se 35vIM gAthA taka tulanIya hai| isa adhikAra kI 33vIM gAthA draSTavya hai, jisakI tulanA uttarAdhyayana ke 36veM adhyAya ke cauthe evaM dazaveM zloka ke pUrvArddha se kI jA sakatI hai| ajIvA viya duvihA svAsvA ya rUviNo cdudhaa| baMdhA ya khaMdhadesA baMdhapadezA aNU ya thaa|| - mUlAcAra, 5/33 ruviNo dhevaruvIya ajIvA davihA bhve|| - uttarAdhyayana, 3614 khaMdhA ya khaMdhadesA ya tappaesA taheva y|| - uttarAdhyayana, 36/10 isI prakAra udAharaNa svarUpa mUlAcAra kI eka anya gAthA bhI draSTavya hai, jisakI tulanA uttarAdhyayana ke do zlokoM ke prArambhika padoM se kI jA sakatI hai-~ AsADhe dupadA chAyA pussamAse cdussydaa| vaDDhade hIyade cAvi mAse mAse duaNgulaa|| - mUlAcAra, 5/75 64
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________________ mUlAdhAra meM varNita AcAra-niyama : zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM AsADhe mAse dupayA pose mAse cuppyaa|| - uttarAdhyayana, 26/13 vaDdae hAyae vAvI mAseNaM cauraM aMgulaM / / - uttarAdhyayana, 26/14 isa adhikAra kI 5/148, 149, evaM 150 gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana ke kramazaH 30/7, 8, evaM 9 se tulanIya haiN| mAtrabhASA meM thor3A sA antara parilakSita hotA hai| kucha aura bhI udAharaNa draSTavya haiM -- mUlAcAra kI 5/155 gAthA uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA 30/26 se mUlAcAra kI 5/159 gAthA uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA 30/27 se mUlAcAra kI 5/160 gAthA uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA 30/28 se mUlAcAra kI 5/162-64 gAthA uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA 30/29-31 se mUlAcAra kI 5/176 evaM 85 gAthA uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA 30/32 se mUlAcAra kI 5/197 gAthA uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA 30/35 se ina gAthAoM meM bhASA evaM bhAva donoM dRSTiyoM se samAnatA hai| chaThA adhikAra piNDazuddhiadhikAra hai| isameM vizeSarUpa se AhAra-zuddhi kA varNana hai| AhAra ke prakAra, AhAra kI zuddhatA evaM azuddhatA kI jA~ca-zvetAmbara paramparA ke prAcIna granthoM ke samAna hI varNita hai| udAharaNasvarUpa isameM bhikSAcaryA kI jo vidhi batAyI gaI hai, usameM bhikSA ke lie kina kramoM se gahoM meM praveza karanA cAhie isakA ullekha hai| yaha bAta uttarAdhyayana ke tapa nAmaka adhyAya meM hai| sAtavA~ SaDAvazyaka nAmaka adhikAra hai| Azcaryajanaka rUpa se isa adhikAra ke prArambha meM hI mUlAcArakartA yaha rahasyodghATana karatA hai ki yaha adhikAra Avazyakaniyukti ko dekhakara yathAkrama saMkSepa (jahAkama samAseNa) meM likhA gayA hai -- AvAsayaNijjuttI vocchAmi jahAkama smaasenn| AyariparamparAe jahAgadA aannupuvviie|| - mUlAcAra, 7/2 uparyukta gAthA ke pazcAt hameM mUlAcAra ke saMgraha grantha hone meM sandeha nahIM karanA caahie| cayanakartA kA yaha spaSTIkaraNa hameM sArI zaMkAoM se mukta kara detA hai| adhikAra ke anta meM vaha punaH kahatA hai -- NijjuttI NijjuttI esA kahidA mae smaasenn| aha vitthAra pasaMgo'Niyogado hodi nnaadbbo|| AvAsayaNijjuttI evaM kadhidA samAsao vihinnaa| jo uvajUMjadi NiccaM so siddhiM jAdi visuddhpyaa|| - mUlAcAra, 7/192-193 AThavA~ adhikAra dvAdazAnuprekSAdhikAra hai| isa adhikAra meM 12 anuprekSAoM kI carcA hai| inake svarUpa ke sambandha meM to donoM paramparAoM meM samAnatA hai| jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai, maraNavibhakti nAmaka prAcIna zvetAmbara grantha meM anuprekSAoM kA kramabaddha suvyavasthita varNana hai| inameM bhAva kI dRSTi se mujhe koI vizeSa bheda parilakSita nahIM hotaa| uttarAdhyayana Adi meM bhI saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA, kSaNikatA, azaraNatA Adi kA ullekha hai| 65
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________________ DaoN. aruNapratApa siMha anagArabhAvanA nAmaka 9 adhikAra meM muni jIvana ke svarUpa kI carcA hai| bhAva kI dRSTi se isa adhyayana kI adhikAMza sAmagrI prAcIna zvetAmbara granthoM meM dekhI jA sakatI hai phira bhI, maiM inake gAthA sAmya ko abhI spaSTa rUpa se khoja nahIM pAyA haiN| dasavA~ adhikAra samayasAraadhikAra ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isameM mukhya rUpa se muni AcAra kA varNana hai| isa adhikAra meM sthAna-sthAna para acelakatA kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| kevala isI rUpa meM yaha zvetAmbara paramparA se bhinna hai, anyathA, isa adhikAra kI bhI adhikAMza gAthAe~ zvetAmbara granthoM se lI gaI pratIta hotI hai jo mUlAcAra ke saMkalana grantha hone ke pramANa ko puSTa karatI haiN| isa adhikAra meM 10 zramaNakalpoM kI carcA hai| kalpa ( kappa) AcAra-vicAra ke niyama se sambandhita haiN| malAcAra meM varNita 10 kalpa nimna haiM-- Acelakya, audadezika, zayyAtara, rAjapiNDa, kRtikarma, vrata, jyeSTha, pratikramaNa, mAsa evaM pryussnn| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI kucha krama sambandhI antara ke sAtha kalpoM kI yahI avadhAraNA svIkRta hai| digambara paramparA jahA~ Acelakya kA artha pUrNa nirvastratA se lagAtI hai, zvetAmbara paramparA usakA artha alpa vastra se lagAtI hai arthAt muni ko kama se kama vastra grahaNa karanA caahie| paryuSaNakalpa kI avadhAraNA meM bhI mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra zvetAmbara paramparA se dUra haTate pratIta hote haiN| TIkAkAra ne paryuSaNakalpa se tAtparya paMca kalyANa sthAna se mAnA hai| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra cAturmAsakAla meM eka sthAna para rahakara tapa, saMyama aura jJAna kI ArAdhanA karanA paryuSaNakalpa hai| cAturmAsa kAla meM isa kalpa (AcaraNa) kA vizeSa mahattva hai| isa adhikAra meM abrahamacarya ke 10 kAraNoM kA ullekha hai| ye 10 kAraNa nimna haiM -- vipulAhAra, kAyazodhana, gandhamAlA kA sevana, gIta, uccazayyA, strI-saMsarga, artha-saMgrahaNa, pUrvarati smaraNa, indriyoM ke viSayoM kA sevana, prnniitrvsevaa|| isakI tulanA uttarAdhyayana ke 16veM adhyAya brahmacaryasamAdhisthAna se kI jA sakatI hai jisameM abrahmacarya ke kAraNoM kA vistRta vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| isa adhikAra kI kaI gAthAe~ vizeSAvazyakabhASya se bhI milatI hai| isa adhikAra meM pApazramaNa12 kI kalpanA hai| isakI tulanA uttarAdhyayana ke 17veM adhyAya pApazramaNIya nAmaka adhyayana se kI jA sakatI hai| gyArahavA~ adhikAra zIlaguNAdhikAra hai| isameM 10 zramaNadharmoM kA ullekha hai| mUlarUpa se ina zramaNadharmoM kA ullekha samavAyAMga meM hai| bArahavA~ evaM antima adhikAra paryAptyAdhikAra hai isameM chaH paryAptiyoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| isa sambandha meM sAmAnya rUpa se zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparA meM koI bheda nahIM hai| isa adhikAra meM zalAkApuruSa (salAgapurisA) kI carcA hai| zalAkApuruSa kI kalpanA bAda meM vikasita huI hai, isa AdhAra para bhI mUlAcAra kI prAcInatA meM saMdeha utpanna hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mUlAcAra meM zvetAmbara Agama granthoM se aneka bAteM lI gaI hai| yadi acelakatva aura zaurasenI prAkRta ke antara ko najara-andAja kara deM to yaha eka zvetAmbara grantha jaisA pratIta hotA hai phira bhI, hameM mUlAcAra ko yApanIya paramparA kA eka saMkalana grantha hone meM sandeha nahIM karanA cAhie kyoMki jahA~ kundakunda ke granthoM meM zvetAmbara Agama granthoM kA bilkula prabhAva yA ullekha nahIM hai, vahA~ isameM yaha prabhAva spaSTa dekhA jAtA hai|
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________________ mUlAcAra meM varNita AcAra-niyama : zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM isa sambandha meM anya bhI pramANa diye jA sakate haiM-- 1. mUlAcAra kI kucha gAthAe~ grantha meM do-do bAra AyIM haiM aura unameM zAbdika rUpa se koI parivartana nahIM hai| jaise -- pA~caveM adhikAra kI 54vIM evaM 62vIM gAthA dvitIya adhikAra kI 77vIM evaM tatIya adhikAra kI 117dI gAthA pA~caveM adhikAra kI 212vIM evaM dasaveM adhikAra kI 117vIM gAthA pA~caveM adhikAra kI 167vIM evaM sAtaveM adhikAra kI 87vIM gAthA isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vibhinna granthoM se chiTapuTa gAthAe~ nahIM balki gAthA samUha uThAkara eka sthAna para rakha diyA gayA hai| yaha isake saMkalana grantha hone kA akATya pramANa hai| yadi yaha kisI eka vyakti kI racanA hotI to gAthAoM kI yaha punarAvRtti sambhava nahIM thii| 2. mUlAcAra meM bhikSuoM ko kucha granthoM ko par3hane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| isameM "patteyabaddhikAthidaM13" kA ullekha hai| isase kisa grantha kA tAtparya hai TIkAkAra AcArya vasunandi spaSTa nahIM kara sakeM haiN| isa grantha se tAtparya spaSTa evaM nissaMkoca rUpa se uttarAdhyayana aura isibhAsiya (RSibhASita) nAmaka zvetAmbara prakIrNaka se liyA jAnA caahie| ye grantha nizcita rUpa se AcArAMga Adi kI taraha prAcIna haisa| RSibhASita meM 45 RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita hai aura pratyeka RSi ko pratyekabuddha mAnA gayA hai| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke adhyAyoM ko bhI pratyekabuddha bhASita mAnA gayA hai| jaise-- nmipvvjjaa| 3. isI prakAra mUlAcAra meM asvAdhyAyakAla meM kucha granthoM ko par3hane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| ye grantha bhI vicAraNIya hai| gAthA isa prakAra hai -- "ArAhaNANijjuttI maraNAvibhattI ya sNghtthudio| padhyakkhANAvAsayadhammakahAo ya priso|| - mUlAdhAra, 5/82 . TIkAkAra ne isa gAthA kA saMdehAspada artha nikAlA hai| TIkAkAra ne ArAhaNANijjattI (ArAdhanAniyukti) ko eka meM kara diyA hai, jo ki galata hai| pratyeka grantha alaga-alaga hai| merI samajha se ArAdhanA se tAtparya bhagavatIArAdhanA evaM niyukti se tAtparya Avazyakaniyukti Adi se hai, jisakA mUlAcAra ke saMkalanakartA ne kaI bAra ullekha kiyA hai| maraNavibhattI (maraNavibhakti) eka prAcIna zvetAmbara prakIrNaka hai jisameM saMlekhanA sambandhI vivaraNa hai| saMgaha (saMgraha) se Azaya saMgrahaNIsUtra se ho sakatA hai| thudio (stutayaH ) se tAtparya devidatyao (devendrastavaH ) nAmaka prakIrNaka se ho sakatA hai| paccakkhANa (pratyAkhyAna) granthoM se do zvetAmbara pratyAkhyAna prakIrNakoM -- AturapratyAkhyAna evaM mahApratyAkhyAna se ho sakatA hai, jinakI aneka gAthAoM ko binA kucha parivartana kiye mUlAcArakartA ne apane grantha meM sthAna diyA hai| Aksaya (Avazyaka) se tAtparya Avazyakasatra se ho sakatA hai| dhammakahA (dharmakathA) se tAtparya jJAtAdharmakathA se hai| 4. dUsare adhikAra meM mUlAcAra caMdayavejjha4 kA ullekha karatA hai ki isase manuSya mokSa-mArga ko prApta hotA hai isakI bhI TIkA saMdehAspada hai| merI samajha se candayavejjha se tAtparya "candrakavedhyA" nAmaka zvetAmbara prakIrNaka se hai| isameM mukhyataH 7 bAteM varNita haiM jinakA pAlana karane para mokSa prApta honA batAyA gayA hai| ina sAta bAtoM meM AdhyAtmika guruoM ke prati sammAna, guru ke guNa, ziSya ke guNa, jJAna, sundara vyavahAra Adi kI carcA
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________________ DaoN. aruNapratApa siMha uparyukta zvetAmbara granthoM kA mUlAcAra meM ullikhita honA kucha Azcaryajanaka nhiiN| zvetAmbara Agama cUMki yApanIya paramparA ko mAnya the ataH unhoMne usakA bharapUra upayoga apane grantha ke lie kiyaa| kAlAntara meM TIkAkAra vasanandi ne ina sandarbho kI jo digambara paramparA mAnya TIkA karane kA prayAsa kiyA, vaha hAsyAspada sI ho gaI hai| 5. mUlAcAra kI strI-mukti kI avadhAraNA use yApanIya paramparA ke hone kA akATya pramANa prastuta karatI hai| sadyaH prakAzita zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa (jo yApanIya paramparA kA eka pramukha grantha hai) nAmaka grantha meM bhI strI-mukti kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| mUlAcAra ke anusAra bhI strI-mokSa ko prApta kara sakatI hai, parantu mUlAcAra kI isa avadhAraNA ke viparIta digambara paramparA yaha mAnatI thI ki strI-mukti prApta nahIM kara sktii| use mukti prApta karane ke lie punaH puruSa ke spa meM janma lenA anivArya hai| isI AdhAra para vaha 19veM tIrthakara mallInAtha ko (jo zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra strI hai) puruSa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatI hai| hI kAraNa hai ki prasiddha digambara grantha sattapAiDa meM strI kI pravajyA kA hI niSedha kiyA gayA hai-- "itthIsu NA pAvayA bhaNiyA" / mUlAcAra isake viparIta, na kevala strI kI pravajyA kA hI vidhAna karatA hai, usake lie niyama banAtA hai, balki usako mukti prApta karane ke yogya bhI mAnatA hai| uparyukta sandarmoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki mulAcAra usa paramparA kA grantha nahIM hai, jisameM strI kI pravrajyA kA hI niSedha kiyA gayA ho| mUlAcAra kI avadhAraNAe~ digambara paramparA kI svIkRta avadhAraNoM se kAphI bhinna aura bemela dikhAyI detI hai| isake atirikta, mUlAcAra meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke granthoM kA adhika mAtrA meM ullekha honA yaha siddha karatA hai ki mUlAcAra kA kartA ina granthoM se bhijJa thA aura unheM svIkAra karane meM use saMkoca nahIM thaa| hama nissaMkoca rUpa se kaha sakate haiM ki mUlAcAra usa paramparA kA grantha hai, jisameM muni kI acelakatA kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai, sAtha hI jise strI-mukti kI avadhAraNA aura zvetAmbara Agama grantha bhI mAnya haiM aura aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke Aloka meM hama jAnate haiM ki vaha paramparA yApanIya paramparA thii| pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga, zrI bajaraMga mahAvidyAlaya, dAdaraAzrama, sikandarapura, baliyA (u.pra.)
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________________ mUlAcAra meM varNita AcAra-niyama : zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM sandarbha-grantha mUlAcAra (do bhAgoM meM) prakAzana -- mANikacandra digambara jainagrantha mAlA samiti, hIrAbAga, giragAva, bmbii| paMcaya mahavvayAiM samidIo paMca jinnvrudditttthaa| paMceviMdiyarohA chappi ya AvAsayA loco|| accelakamaNhANaM khidisayaNamadaMtadhasaNaM ceva ThidibhojaNeyabhattaM mUlaguNA aTTavIsA du|| - mUlAcAra, 1/2-3 samavAyAMga, samavAya, 27sUtra 178 3. jIvaNibaddhAbaddhA parigahA jIvasaMbhavA cev| tesiM sakkacyAgo iyaramhi ya nnimmo'sNgo|| - mUlAcAra, 1/9 4. suttApAhur3a, 23 5. paiNNayasuttAI, mahAvIra vidyAlaya, bambaI ArAhaNANijjuttI maraNavibhattI ya sNghtthudio| paccakkhANAvAsayadhammakAhAo ya eriso|| - mUlAcAra, 5/82 vahI, 4/125 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 26/2-4 mUlAcAra, 10/18 10. vahI, bhAga 2, pR. 105 11. vahI, 10/105 12. vahI, 10/68-73 13. vahI, 5/80 14. vahI, 2/85 15. dekheM-- prakIrNaka-candayavejjha, 16. zAkaTAyanavyAkaraNam, - bhAratIya jJAnapITha, prakAzana, pariziSTa, pU 121-127
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________________ hindI (maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya - DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra viSaya praveza maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya apabhraMza aura Adhunika hindI, rAjasthAnI tathA gujarAtI sAhitya kI madhyavartI kar3I hai| ina bhASAoM ke sAhitya ko bhASA, zailI, bhAva, rasa, chanda, kAvya-rUpa Adi kI dRSTi se maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya se eka samRddha aura sampanna paramparA virAsata meM milI hai| ataH ina bhASAoM meM likhita sAhitya kA prAmANika adhyayana karane ke lie maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA manana karanA aparihArya hai| aisA na karane para vikAsa kI bahuta sI kar3iyoM kA krama bhaMga ho jAtA hai aura unakI saMgati baiThAne ke lie vidvAnoM ko bar3A drAvir3a-prANAyAma karanA par3atA hai| duHkha ke sAtha svIkAra karanA par3atA hai ki isake adhyayana kI tarapha jitanA dhyAna apekSita thA, vidvAnoM ne aba taka nahIM diyA hai| jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai, hindI meM maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA sarvAMgINa evaM prAmANika itihAsa sulabha nahIM hai| isake alaga-alaga aMgoM para aneka vidvAnoM ne AlocanA, zodha aura itihAsa grantha likhe haiN| maru aura gurjara ke paMDitoM ne apanI-apanI bhASA ke sAhitya kA alaga-alaga adhyayana bhI kiyA hai, jinameM zrI candradharazarmA "gulerI" kRta purAnI hindI, zrI kAmatAprasAda jaina kRta hindI jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, zrI nAthUrAma "premI" kRta hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, zrI motIlAla menAriyA kRta rAjasthAnI sAhitya kI rUpa-rekhA, zrI narottamasvAmI kRta rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya, zrI mohanalAla dalIcanda desAI kRta jainagurjara kaviyoM aura gurjara sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, zrI agaracandanAhaTA kRta rAjasthAnI jaina sAhitya Adi ullekhanIya haiN| pichale dazaka meM prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura se rAjasthAna kA jaina sAhitya nAmaka eka aura uttama pustaka prakAzita huI hai, kintu ina sabake bAvajUda jaisA pahale nivedana kiyA gayA hai, maru-gurjara ke vividhatAmaya vipula sAhitya kA samaveta, sarvAMgINa aura vaijJAnika bRhat itihAsa hindI meM likhA jAnA abhI zeSa hai| isa udAsInatA ke kAraNoM para vicAra karane se pUrva "maru-gurjara" pada para yahIM thor3A vicAra kara lenA samIcIna hogaa| maru-gurjara kA abhiprAya maru-gurjara eka sAmAsika pada hai jisameM maru aura garjara do zabda sammilita haiN| isa pada ke tIna AyAma haiN| yaha zabda maru aura gurjara nAmaka pradeza, una pradezoM kI bhASA aura usa bhASA meM likhe gaye jaina sAhitya kA vAcaka hai| ataH isakA sahI abhiprAya samajhane ke lie ina tInoM AyAmoM ko dhyAna meM rakhanA apekSita hai| sarvaprathama isake bhASA sambandhI pakSa para dRSTipAta karanA ucita hai| apabhraMza ke pazcAt (vi.saM. 12vIM zatAbdI) aura hindI, rAjasthAnI tathA gujarAtI bhASAoM ke vikAsa se pUrva (vi.saM. 15vIM zatAbdI) kI saMkramaNakAlI saMyukta kAvya-bhASA kA nAma maru-gurjara hai, isameM likhA gayA jaina sAhitya hI maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya hai| zrIcandradharazarmA "gulerI", mahApaMDita rAhula-sAMskRtyAyana prabhRti vidvAn isa zabda ke sthAna para purAnI hindI zabda kA prayoga karate the| vidvAnoM ne maru-gurjara bhASA kA vikAsa zaurasenI apabhraMza kI pazcimI zAkhA - nAgara apabhraMza se honA prAmANita kiyA hai| yaha bhASA 12vIM zatAbdI se prAyaH 16vIM zatAbdI taka madhyapradeza, rAjasthAna, gujarAta, mAlavA Adi kI kAvya-bhASA ke rUpa meM vyavahRta hotI rhii| rAjapUtoM kA utthAna aura unake rAja-darabAroM meM isake kaviyoM kA sammAna rAjasthAna, gujarAta, mAlavA Adi pradezoM meM jainadharma kA vyApaka pracAra-prasAra aura isa dharma ke sAdhuoM, zrAvakoM, kaviyoM aura AcAryoM dvArA ise kAvya kA mAdhyama svIkAra karanA, isake vyApaka pracAra evaM pratiSThA ke kucha pramukha kAraNa haiN| 70
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________________ hindI (maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya isake pUrva isI prakAra kaI zatAbdiyoM taka apabhraMza kA kAvya-bhASA ke rUpa meM vyApaka pracAra evaM sammAna thaa| prasiddha rAjasthAnI vidvAna zrI gulerIjI kA kathana hai ki -- apabhraMza eka sthAna kI bhASA nahIM thI, vaha deza bhara kI bhASA thI, jo ziSTabhASA rUpI naharoM ke samAnAntara bahatI jAtI thii| isI pariniSThita apabhraMza se utpanna isa saMkramaNakAlIna bhASA ko purAnI hindI, purAnI rAjasthAnI, jUnI gujarAtI, maru-sauraTha Adi kaI nAma die gaye haiM, kintu isa bhASA ke lie sarvAdhika upayukta nAma maru-gurjara hai, jisa para yathA-sthAna vicAra kiyA jAyegA yahA~ dhyAna dene kI vizeSa yaha bAta hai ki ina sabhI zabdoM kA prayoga vidvAnoM ne paryAyavAcI artha meM hI kiyA hai| vikrama kI 12vIM se 15vIM zatAbdI taka ina bhASAoM meM mUlataH bhASAI-stara para koI antara nahIM dikhAI par3atA hai| isa kAlAvadhi meM purAnI hindI aura maru (rAjasthAnI) tathA gurjara (gujarAtI) bhASAyeM prAyaH eka hI thiiN| maru aura gurjara kI ekatA ke sambandha meM prasiddha bhASAzAstrI griyarsana ne likhA hai ki -- ye donoM eka hI bhASA kI do boliyA~ hai, inakA alagAva hAla kI bAta hai| prasiddha bhASA vaijJAnika DaoN. sunIti kumAra cATuA kA bhI kathana hai ki-- ina donoM kA mUla-srota eka hI hai aura donoM eka samAna haiN| isI prakAra prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI aura purAnI hindI kA ghaniSTha sambandha DaoN. ela.pI. tessItorI Adi vidvAna bhI mAnate haiM, kyoMki ve inakA mUla-srota zaurasenI ko hI mAnate haiN| ve isI se eka ora hindI kI braja, bAgaru, khar3I bolI Adi boliyoM kA aura dUsarI ora gujarAtI tathA rAjasthAnI kA vikAsa svIkAra karate haiN| jisa taraha zaurasenI aura nAgara apabhraMza zabda kA prAyaH payAryavAcI artha meM kabhI prayoga kiyA jAtA thA, usI prakAra Age calakara purAnI hindI aura maru-gurjara zabdoM kA paryAyavAcI artha meM hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| inakI mUlabhUta ekatA ko iMgita karate hue prasiddha gujarAtI vidvAna zrI mo.da. desAI ne likhA hai ki-- "jUnI hindI, jUnI gujarAtI aura jUnI rAjasthAnI zabda kRtrima aura bheda-buddhi ko bar3hAne vAle haiN| kavitA kI bhASA isa samUce kSetra kI prAyaH eka hI rahI hai| jisa taraha nAnaka se lekara dakSiNa ke haridAsa kI bhASA kabhI brajabhASA kahalAtI thI, usI prakAra apabhraMza ke pazcAta aura brajabhASA se pUrva kI sAhitya bhASA ko purAnI hindI yA jUnI gujarAtI kahA gyaa| yadi chApekhAnoM kA pracAra, prAntIyatA kA atirikta moha aura musalamAnoM dvArA phArasI zabdoM ko lAdane kA Agraha na hotA, to hindI anAyAsa samasta deza kI bhASA bana cukI hotii|"3 udAharaNAsvarUpa ve kahate haiM ki -- mIrAbAI kI kAvya-bhASA ko gujarAtI, mAravAr3I aura hindI tInoM kahA jAtA hai| zrI gulerIjI ne A. hemacandra ke siddhahemAnazAsana se eka dohA uddhRta karake use purAnI hindI kA namUnA batAyA hai| usake pracalita rAjasthAnI rUpa se tulanA karane para hama use AsAnI se rAjasthAnI dohA kaha sakate haiN| dohA isa prakAra hai -- "vAyasu uDDAvantiaMe piu diTThau sahasatti, addhayA valaya mahihigaya, addhA phuTTa tddtti| isakA pracalita rAjasthAnI rUpa isa prakAra hai -- kAga ur3AvaNa jAMvatI piya dITho sahasatti, AdhI cUr3I kAgagala AdhI dUTi tddtti| arthAta AkasmAta priya ko AtA dekhate hI nAyikA phala kara aisI kuppA ho gaI ki usake sIMkiyA hAthoM kI cUr3I TUTakara zakuna bolane vAle kauve ke gale meM calI gii| galerIjI apanI vyaMgya-vinodapUrNa zailI meM kahate haiM ki-- "AdhI cUr3I kAgagala meM jAne se azubha kA bhaya bhI khatma ho gayA aura nizAnA bhI ThIka baiTha gyaa|" AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI ne bhI likhA hai ki-- usa samaya kI hindI aura rAjasthAnI meM itanA rUpabheda nahIM ho gayA thA, jitanA Ajakala hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki ve eka hI thIM, to atyukti na hogii| rAjasthAnI sAhitya kA sambandha eka ora hindI se hai, to dUsarI ora isakA ghaniSTa sambandha gujarAtI se bhI hai| isIlie 71
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________________ DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra kabhI-kabhI eka hI racanA ko eka vidvAna purAnI hindI, to dUsarA purAnI rAjasthAnI aura tIsarA purAnI gujarAtI kI racanA batAtA hai| isa purAnI rAjasthAnI yA jUnI gujarAtI meM donoM hI pradezoM kI bhASA ke pUrva rupa to milate hI haiM, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke rUpa bhI inameM mile rahate haiN| isI mizra-bhASA meM jainakaviyoM ne apanA puSkala sAhitya sRjita kiyA hai| kAphI pahale A. rAmacandrazukla ne bhI kahA thA ki-- AdikAla meM jo kucha asaMdigdha sAmagrI prApta hai, usakI bhASA apabhraMza arthAt prAkRtAbhAsa hindI hai| isa prAkRtAbhAsa hindI kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki yaha usa samaya ke kaviyoM kI bhASA hai| kaviyoM ne kAvya paramparA ke anusAra sAhityika apabhraMza ke purAne zabda to lie hI hai, vibhaktiyA~, kArakacinha, kriyAoM ke rUpa Adi bhI bahuta kucha purAne rakheM gaye hai| vastutaH kAvya-bhASA vistRta kSetra meM prayukta hone vAlI ziSTa yA pariniSThita bhASA hotI hai, jisameM aneka bhASA-boliyoM ke prayoga sammilita hote haiN| vaha eka sthAnIya bolI mAtra nahIM hotii| usame kaI kSetrIya boliyoM ke pUrva spa bhI prApta hote haiM, kintu usa kAvya-bhASA se bhAvI boliyoM kA udbhava aura vikAsa nahIM siddha hotaa| jisa prakAra khar3I bolI se Adhunika hindI kA aura laMdana kI bolI se aMgrejI bhASA kA vikAsa huA hai, usI prakAra kaI sthAnIya boliyoM ke sahayoga se maru-gurjara bhASA kA vikAsa huA thaa| ataH maru-gurjara meM ina sabhI dezI-bhASAoM kI mUla pravRttiyA~ milatI haiM aura isake adhyayana dvArA hameM hindI, rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI bhASA kA vikAsa krama samajhane meM AsAnI hotI hai| maru-gurjara kA yahI bhASA-vaijJAnika mahattva hai| vastutaH kAvya-bhASA kA saMyukta svarUpa yA SaTbhASA rUpa prAcInakAla se pracalita rahA hai| sAhitya kI bhASA kisI pradeza vizeSa ke prayogoM taka hI parimita nahIM raha sktii| apabhraMza isI prakAra kI pariniSThita kAvya-bhASA thii| Age calakara kabIra Adi nirguNa saMtoM kI sadhukkar3I bhASA bhI isI prakAra kI mizra-bhASA zailI thii| yahI svaspa brajabhASA kA rahA, jisake sambandha meM kAvya nirNayakAra zrI bhikhArIdAsa ne likhA hai -- "brajabhASA bhASA rucira kahaiM samati saba koii| milai saMskRta pArasyau pai ati pragaTa juhoi| ve isa SaTbhASA ke pramANasvarUpa tulasI aura gaMga kA udAharaNa dete haiM -- "tulasI gaMga duvau bhaye sukavina ke srdaar|" inake kAvya meM milI bhASA vividha prakAra kI hai| isa "vividha prakAra" kI kAvya-bhASA kA sahI svarUpa samajhane ke lie maru-gurjara yA purAnI hindI kA sahI svarUpa jAnanA Avazyaka hai, anyathA Adhunika dezI-bhASAoM ke janma aura vikAsa kI managaDhanta kahAniyoM ke AdhAra para prAdezikatA ko anAvazyaka prazraya diyA jAtA rhegaa| sadhukkar3I kA artha AcArya zukla ne batAyA hai ki-- "rAjasthAnI, paMjAbI milI khar3I bolii|" kintu kabIra kI ramainI aura sabad kI bhASA meM braja aura pUrabI prayogoM kA puTa bhI paryApta prApta hotA hai arthAt usameM kaI bolI, bhASAoM kA prayoga sammilita hai| isa sadhukkar3I kA pUrva rupa maru-gurjara bhASA hI hai| hindI kA AdikAlIna sAhitya jo adhikatara rAjasthAna meM racA gayA, maru-gurjara bhASA se prabhAvita hai| DiMgala aura piMgala isI kI kAvya-zailiyA~ hai| dharmasUrikRta jambUsvAmIrAsA kI bhASA ko sva. dalAla ne jUnI gujarAtI aura zrI premIjI ne purAnI hindI kahA hai kyoMki ye do bhASAyeM nahIM thiiN| saptam hindI sAhitya sammelana ke avasara para zrI premIjI ne jabalapura meM kahA thA ki-- purAnI hindI aura pazcimI yA jUnI gujarAtI to prAntabheda se eka hI bhASA ke alaga-alaga paryAyavAcI nAma haiN| vi.saM. 15vIM-16vIM zatAbdI taka kA jaina sAhitya ina tInoM prAntoM kA eka hI hai| zrI agaracandanAhaTA ne vi.saM.13vIM zatAbdI kI jaina racanAoM kI bhASA para vicAra karate hue likhA hai, 'inameM se kucha kI bhASA apabhraMza prabhAvita rAjasthAnI hai aura kucha bolacAla kI rAjasthAnI hai| inameM se kucha rAjasthAna 72
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________________ hindI (maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya aura kucha gujarAta meM racI gaI, parantu donoM sthAnoM meM likhI gaI racanAoM kI bhASA meM kucha antara nahIM hai| sArAMza yaha hai ki ve bhI donoM bhASAoM kA abheda asvIkArate haiN| ve maru-gurjara zabda ko spaSTa karate hue Age likhate haiM-- tatkAlIna rAjasthAnI, mAlavA, gujarAta taka pracalita thii| isalie use marU-gurjara kahanA adhika upayukta hai| ise hI purAnI hindI aura maru-gurjara.kahanA adhika ucita hai| rAjasthAna, gujarAta aura madhyadeza meM dUra-dUra taka prayukta hone vAlI isa kAvya-bhASA kA maru-gurjara nAma hI sarvAdhika upayukta bhI hai kyoMki purAnI hindI nAma meM ativyApti doSa pratIta hotA hai| zrI gulerI aura zrI rAhula jaise vivan ina pradezoM meM racita dasavIM zatAbdI taka kI samasta racanAoM ko purAnI hindI meM parigaNita karate haiM, kintu sabhI vidvAn isa mata se sahamata nahIM ho paate| saca to yaha hai ki thor3I sI jainetara prApta racanAoM jaise -- uktivyaktiprakaraNa, prAkRtapAlama, kIrtilatA Adi ke AdhAra para purAnI hindI nAma diyA gayA thA, kintu bAda meM jaina bhaNDAroM se apAra jaina sAhitya prApta huA, jo maru-gurjara bhASA meM racita hai| isa samasta sAhitya kA upayukta nAma maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya hI hai| isa bhASA kI ekatA kA mukhya kAraNa ina pradezoM kI bhaugolika, dhArmika aura sAMskRtika ekatA hai| yaha to pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki ina pradezoM kI boliyoM kA mUla-srota eka hI hai| isake alAvA vaivAhika sambandha, vyApAra, tIrthayAtrA Adi ke dvarA ina sthAnoM kI bhASA-bolI eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka phailatI rhii| vastutaH gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI zreSThivarga aura jaina sAdhu samAja ne isa bhASA kI ekatA ko sudRr3ha kiyaa| gujarAta aura mAravAr3a kI.sImAyeM milI huI hai| jainamuni ina pradezoM meM nirantara vihAra karate the| jainadharma ke kucha gacchoM kA prabhAva ina donoM prAntoM meM samAna rUpa se aba bhI pAyA jAtA hai| ataH ina gacchoM ke lekhakoM kI bhASA meM gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI kA prayoga samAna rUpa se hotA rahA hai| jaina zrAvaka bhI AjIvikA ke lie eka se dUsare pradeza meM prAyaH Ate-jAte rahate the aura bhASAI ekatA ko majabUta karate rahate the| yahI kAraNa hai ki ina pradezoM meM likhe gaye jaina kAvya kI eka sAmAnya bhASA-zailI kA vikAsa aura prasAra dUra-dUra taka ho gayA aura tIna-cAra zatakoM taka yahI bhASA adhikAMza jaina-kAvya kA mAdhyama rhii| maru-gurjara bhASA kA svarUpa vi.saM. 11vIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza janatA ke bolacAla kI bhASA rhii| isake kucha samaya bAda A. hemacandra ne isako vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM bAMdha diyA aura yaha pariniSThita bhASA ke rUpa meM maryAdita ho gii| isakA eka sAhityika rUpa rUr3ha ho gyaa| jisameM kavijana Age bhI sAhitya sRSTi karate rahe, parantu janatA kI bolI nirantara parivartita aura vikasita hotI rahatI hai| A. hemacanda ke kucha hI dazakoM bAda bhAratIya rAjanIti meM bar3A uthala-puthala ho gyaa| musalamAnI AkramaNa ke phalasvarUpa rASTrIya paristhiti meM ghora parivartana huaa| vibhinna pradezoM kA pArasparika sambandha chinna-bhinna ho gyaa| janatA kA Apasa meM milanA-julanA, vyApAra-kArobAra karanA bAdhita huA, isalie apane-apane pradezoM kI rAjanItika sImA ke antargata vahA~ kI bhASAoM kA ekAntika vikAsa hone lgaa| lekina eka bhASA se dUsarI bhASA ke vikAsa meM zatAbdiyA~ bIta jAtI hai| isa saMkrAntikAla meM isI milI-julI bhASA kA sAhitya meM vyavahAra hotA rhaa| ataH dezI-bhASAoM ke vikAsa kA sUtra isI meM upalabdha ho sakatA hai| A. hemacandra ne apane vyAkaraNa meM tatkAlIna bhASA ke padyoM kA namUnA diyA hai, unako par3hakara hama tatkAlIna maru-gurjara kA svarUpa samajha sakate haiN| jaise -- "viTTie mai bhaNiya tuI mAM kuru baMkI diditth| dutti sakANI malli jiva mArai hiyai pitttthi| 73
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________________ DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra isameM hindI, rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI ke lakSaNa AsAnI se DhU~Dhe jA sakate hai aura koI bhI bhASA-bhASI ise apanI bhASA kA pUrvarupa ghoSita kara sakatA hai| Adhunika dezI-bhASAoM kI vikAsa prakriyA vi.saM. 15vIM-16vIM zatAbdI taka apanA cakra pUrA kara letI hai aura naI bhASAoM ke rUpa sAmane A jAte haiM, jaise-- prAcIna ai, au ke sthAna para navIna rUpa ai, au pratiSThita ho cale haiN| jaina-kAvya kI bhASA prAcInakAla se yathAsambhava jana-bhASA ke karIba rahI hai| inake lokasAhitya -- carcarI, phAgu Adi meM tatkAlIna lokabhASA kA vAstavika svarUpa surakSita hai| Adhunika AryabhASA yuga meM bhASAyeM saMyogAtmaka avasthA pAra kara viyogAtmaka ho giiN| jUnI gujarAtI purAnI hindI yA maru-gurjara meM yaha pravRtti spaSTa lakSita hotI hai| mukha-sukha ke kAraNa prAkRta se apabhraMza aura apabhraMza se dezI-bhASAe~ lagAtAra samAsa se vyAsaparaka hotI gaIM aura yaha itanA bar3A antara hai ki antataH apabhraMza aura maru-gurjara bhinna-bhinna bhASAyeM ho gii| svayaMbhU aura puSpadaMta, apabhraMza ke kavi hai, kintu puSpadaMta ke prAyaH cAlIsa varSa pazcAt racita zrI candakRta kathAkoSa maru-gurjara kI racanA mAnI jAtI hai| kucha kAla taka apabhraMza aura maru-gurjara meM samAnAntara sAhitya sRjana hotA rhaa| jinadattasUri kI carcarI meM apabhraMza ke bIca-bIca maru-gurjara ke prayoga bhI yadAkadA mila jAte haiM, usI prakAra jinapadmasUri kRta sthUlibhadra phAgu meM maru-gurjara bhASA ke bIca kahIM-kahIM apabhraMza ke prayoga jhalaka jAte haiN| jaise -- "sIyala komala surahivAya, jima jima vAyaMte, mADa maDaphphara mANaNiya tima tima naacte| mahApaMDita rAhula ne svayaMbhU kI racanAoM meM aneka hindI rUpoM ke AdhAra para unakI racanA ko hindI-bhASA kI racanA siddha kI hai, kintu thor3I samAnatA ke AdhAra para donoM ko eka bhASA nahIM siddha kiyA jA sktaa| isa mithra-bhASA zailI kA samaya isaliye vi.saM. 15vIM zatAbdI taka samApta samajhanA cAhiye kyoMki taba taka apabhraMza ke kaI pradhAna lakSaNa isase haTa cuke the| jaise-- ukAra bahulA pravRtti prAyaH samApta ho cukI thii| isIlie vi.saM. 12vIM se 15vIM zatAbdI taka kA samaya maru-gurjara kA sabhaya sarvamAnya hai| maru-gurjara sAhitya kA mahattva isa bhASA meM vizAla jaina sAhitya kA sampanna bhaNDAra hai, jo vividha kAvyarUpoM meM likhA gayA hai| isakI sampannatA aura vizeSatA kI mahAmanA paM. madanamohana mAlavIya, vizva kavi ravi ThAkura, DaoN. sunIti kumAra cATuA Adi manISiyoM ne muktakaMTha se prazaMsA kI hai| griyarsana ne isakI prazaMsA karate hue likhA hai ki-- "isameM aitihAsika mahattva kA vipula sAhitya bharA par3A hai|" vi.saM. 12vIM zatAbdI meM zaivamata kA deza meM vyApaka pracAra thA, kintu pUrvI bhArata meM tantra-mantra vAle vajrayAnI sampradAya kA aura pazcimI bhArata meM saMyama pradhAna jainadhA pracura prabhAva thaa| isa dhArmika vividhatA meM adbhuta ekatA thii| dharma ke nAma para koI upadrava nahIM hotA thaa| sarvadharma samabhAva yahA~ ke saMskRti kI prAcIna vizeSatA rahI hai, kintu usI samaya dharma ke nAma para musalamAnI AkramaNa aura atyAcAra hone lge| isa azAnti ke samaya madhyadeza kA AdikAlIna sAhitya arakSita hone ke kAraNa prAyaH naSTa ho gyaa| usa samaya kAnyakubja pradeza para gAhar3avAloM kA rAjya thaa| ve svayaM bAharI hone ke kAraNa sthAnIya bhASA kaviyoM ke bajAya saMskRta ko adhika sammAna dete the, isalie vahA~ kI bhASA meM likhe sAhitya ko rAjyAzraya nahIM milA aura jo kucha sAhitya janAthaya meM likhA gayA, vaha musalamAnI AkramaNa ke samaya prAyaH naSTa ho gyaa| A. rAmacandra zakla ne apane hindI-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM hindI ke AdikAla kA vivaraNa jina pustakoM ke AdhAra para diyA hai, unameM se adhikatara bAda meM aprAmANika yA jAlI siddha ho gae haiN| jo zeSa prAmANika grantha haiM, ve prAyaH rAjasthAna ke vibhinna rAja-darabAroM meM likhe gaye haiM, jinakI bhASA maru-gurjara kI vividha zailiyA hai| ataH
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________________ hindI (maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya hindI kA vikAsa-krama evaM usake sAhitya kA vAstavika itihAsa jAnane kA eka mAtra prAmANika sAdhana maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya hI hai| . koI bhASA aura usakA sAhitya rAjyAzraya, dharmAzraya yA janAzraya meM vikasita hotA hai aura surakSita rahatA hai| jaisA kahA gayA hai ki hindI ko kevala janAzraya para nirbhara karanA par3A, kintu maru-gurjara kI kahAnI usase bhinna rhii| isa bhASA-sAhitya ko gujarAta, mAlavA aura rAjasthAna meM rASTrakUTa, paramAra aura solaMkI zAsakoM kA saMrakSaNa prApta huA thaa| mAnyakheTa ke rASTrakUTa rAjAoM ke maMtrI bhI prAyaH jaina huA karate the, jinake yahA~ jaina muniyoM aura kaviyoM kA sammAna hotA thaa| barAra meM una dinoM jaina vaizyoM kA prAdhAnya thaa| unhoMne bhI maru-gurjara sAhitya ko paryApta protsAhana diyaa| rASTrakUToM ke patana ke pazcAt gujarAta ke solaMkI zAsakoM ke samaya jainadharma kI mAnyatA rAjadharma ke rUpa meM ho gayI thii| isalie yadi svayaMbhU aura puSpadaMta rASTrakUToM kI chatra-chAyA meM panape, to hemacandra Adi paravartI AcAryoM ko solaMkI zAsaka siddharAja aura kumArapAla kA rAjyAzraya prApta thaa| jaina dharmAcAryoM ne maru-gurjara ke pracAra evaM usake sAhitya ke sRjana evaM saMrakSaNa meM anupama yogadAna kiyaa| jainadharma meM dAna ke sapta kSetroM meM tRtIya kSetra-zAstralekhana evaM saMrakSaNa kA bar3A mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isake anusAra pratyeka sAdhu evaM zrAvaka ke lie zAstrAdhyayana, lekhana aura saMrakSaNa usakA Avazyaka kartavya batAyA gayA hai| ataH jaina mandiroM aura zAstrabhaNDAroM meM hastapratiyoM ke lekhana tathA saMrakSaNa kA bar3A uttama prabandha kiyA gyaa| jainasaMgha tarA sthApita saMcAlita grantha-bhaNDAra isa kSetra meM aneka haiM jinameM jaisalamera aura bIkanera ke vizAla jJAnabhaNDAroM ke atirikta abhayajaina granthAlaya, anUpa pustakAlaya, prAcyavidyA pratiSThAna Adi ullekhanIya haiN| ina bhaNDAroM meM adhikAMza jaina sAhitya surakSita hai| jaina dharmAvalambI apane udAra aura sahiSNu dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa kabhI saMgharSa meM nahIM pdd'e| adhikatara jainasAdhu saMyamI aura prabhAvazAlI hue| jainazrAvaka evaM zreSThI bhI itane sakSama the ki unakI musalamAnI darabAroM meM acchI sAkha thI, jisake kAraNa ina zAstrabhaNDAroM para musalamAnoM kI krUra dRSTi zAyada hI kabhI pdd'ii| isalie yaha sAhitya rAjyAzraya aura dharmAzraya prApta kara vikasita huA aura surakSita rhaa| ina harata-pratiyoM meM samasta uttarabhArata ke mahattvapUrNa itihAsa kI prAmANika sAmagrI ke sAtha hI bhASA-vikAsa evaM sAhityika pravRttiyoM kI kramika kar3iyA~ surakSita haiM, jinake AdhAra para hama uttara-bhArata ke itihAsa, bhASA, sAhitya aura saMskRti kA sahI svarUpa samajha sakate haiN| inake sambandha meM aprAmANikatA kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA kyoMki ye dharma buddhi se prerita atyanta zraddhApUrvaka likhI gaI aura surakSita rakhI gaI haiM, jabaki anya sAhitya kI utanI prAcIna evaM prAmANika pratiyA~ upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa mUla-grantha kA vAstavika pATha aura usakI bhASA kA sahI svarUpa nirdhArita karanA kaThina kArya hai| isalie maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kI sarvAdhika mahattA hai kyoMki usake AdhAra para hama apanI bhASA aura sAhitya kA kramika itihAsa aura vikAsa-krama DhUMDha sakate haiN| isa sambandha meM eka bAta yaha sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai ki ye hastapratiyA~ pratyeka zatAbdI ke pratyeka caraNa kI sana-saMvatavAra upalabdha hone ke kAraNa aitihAsika evaM vaijJAnika adhyayana kA Thosa AdhAra prastuta karatI haiN| yaha kheda kI bAta hai ki isa vizAla prAmANika sAhitya ke prati hindI ke itihAsakAra udAsIna rahe haiN| AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne apabhraMza meM likhita bauddha evaM jaina dhArmika sAhitya para vicAra prakaTa karate hue likhA -- "siddhoM aura jogiyoM kI racanAoM kA jIvana kI svAbhAvika saraNiyoM, anubhUtiyoM aura dazAoM se koI sambandha nahIM hai| ve sAmpradAyika-zikSA mAtra haiN| ataH zuddha sAhitya kI koTi meM nahIM aatii| una racanAoM kI paramparA ko hama kAvya yA sAhitya kI koI dhArA nahIM kaha skte| ataH dharma sambandhI racanAoM kI carcA chor3a kara aba hama sAmAnya sAhitya kI jo kucha sAmagrI milatI hai usakA ullekha kreNge|" isa ullekha ke antargata unhoMne hemacandra, somaprabhasUri, merutuMga, vidyAdhara aura zAAdhara kA atisaMkSipta paricaya dekara isa vizAla sAhitya kA khAtA banda kara diyaa| vastutaH isa sAhitya meM jainadharma kI korI upadezaparaka racanAyeM hI nahIM haiM balki isameM 75
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________________ DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra vipula sarasa kAvya-sAhitya bhI hai, jo sahadayoM ke sahAnubhUti kI pratIkSA kara rahA hai| A. hajArI prasAda dvivedI ne jora dekara kahA hai ki -- isa sAhitya ko aneka kAraNoM se itihAsa granthoM meM sammilita kiyA jAnA caahiye| korA dharmopadeza samajha kara chor3a nahIM denA caahiye| dharma vahA~ kevala kavi ko preraNA de rahA hai| jisa sAhitya meM kevala dhArmika upadeza ho usase vaha sAhitya nizcita rUpa meM bhinna hai, jisameM dharma bhAvanA preraka zakti ke rUpa meM kAma kara rahI ho aura sAtha hI jo hamArI sAmAnya manuSyatA ko Andolita, mathita aura prabhAvita kara rahI ho| unakA vicAra hai ki dhArmika preraNA yA AdhyAtmika upadeza ko hamezA kAvyatva kA paripaMthI nahIM samajhA jAnA cAhiye anyathA hamAre sAhitya kI viphala sampadA cAhe vaha svayaMbha. puSpadaMta yA dhanapAla kI ho yA jAyasI, sara, tulasI kI ho, sAhitya kSetra se alaga kara dI jaayegii| isalie dhArmika hone mAtra se koI racanA sAhitya kSetra se khArija nahIM kI jA sktii| laukika kahAniyoM ko Azraya karake dharmopadeza denA isa deza kI prathA rahI hai| madhyayuga ke sAhitya kI pradhAna preraNA dharma sAdhanA hI rahI hai aura dharma buddhi ke kAraNa hI Aja taka prAcIna sAhitya surakSita raha sakA hai| jaina sAhitya ke sambandha meM A. dvivedI kA yaha abhimata zata-pratizata sahI hai| jaina-kAvya kA lakSya jIvana aura jagat ke prati jainAcAryoM kA eka vizeSa dRSTikoNa hai| saMsAra kI nazvaratA, samatvadRSTi, ahiMsA, jIvadayA aura naitika saMyama-niyama para unakA vizeSa dhyAna rahatA hai| isalie unhoMne sAhitya ko kevala kalA yA sAhitya ke lie nahIM maanaa| mAnava ke cAra puruSArthoM meM paramapuruSArtha-mokSa ko ve sAhitya kA sAdhya mAnate haiN| isIlie unhoMne sAhitya meM zrRMgAra kA rasarAjatva nahIM svIkAra kiyaa| ratiyA zrRMgAra manuSya ko uttejita karatA hai, bhoga-vilAsa kI jvAlA uddIpta karatA hai| isakI ora to manuSya svataH AkarSita hotA hai| isake zikSA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| yaha manuSya ko nirantara vyagra rakhatA hai, jabaki manuSya svabhAvataH zAntipriya hai, isalie jIvana meM zAnti yA zama hI kAmya hai| manuSya ko vAstavika zAnti, sukha-duHkhAdi drandoM se Upara uThakara prANimAtra ke prati samatva dhAraNa karane para hI milatI hai| ataH maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA pradhAnasvara zAnti yA zama kA hai, jisakI Aja saMsAra ko sarvAdhika AvazyakatA hai| isIlie yaha sAhitya Aja bhI utanA hI prAsaMgika hai, jitanA zatAbdiyoM pUrva thA aura utanA hI zatAbdI bAda taka rhegaa| yaha maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA sArvabhauma mahattvapUrNa pakSa hai aura sAhitya jagat ko yaha isakI anUThI bheMTa hai| inakA kathana hai ki zrRMgAra aura zama ke svastha samanvaya se hI mAnava ko jIvana kA caramalakSya prApta ho sakatA hai| isalie jaina lekhaka jIvana kI mAdakatA, indriya-lipsA aura kAmuka udvegoM kA parihAra antataH zama meM karate haiN| ina kAvyoM meM nAyaka apane yauvana meM yuddha, bhoga Adi meM avazya lipta hote haiM aura kavi vIra, zrRMgAra Adi ke vimarza kA avasara nikAla lete haiM, kintu anta meM ghaTanA krama apane carama para pahu~ca kara zAntarasa meM paryavasita ho jAtA hai| yaha bhAva bar3e-bar3e logoM ko kusamaya meM sahArA detA hai| parama-cariu meM lakSmaNa ke zakti lagane ke aksara para svayam padma zrIrAma jaba karuNAsamudra meM UbhacUbha kara rahe hote haiM, tabhI unheM jIvana kI nazvaratA aura zarIra kI kSaNabhaMguratA kA bodha hotA hai aura ve tatkSaNa paramazAnti prApta kara lete haiN| isI prakAra jaina muni sthUlibhadra ghora zrRMgArI nAyaka the kintu anta meM koza-vezyA ke prasaMgoMparAnta ve bhI paramasaMyamI, niSkAma tathA anAsakta ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra sAhitya dvarA vyaSTi evaM samaSTi ke mukti kI sAdhanA kI gaI hai| isalie sAmpradAyika-sAhitya samajha kara ise sAhitya kI koTi se khArija karanA apane pairoM meM hI kulhAr3I mAranA hai| bhAva kI dRSTi se saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza athavA maru-gurjara meM prApta samasta jaina sAhitya nizcaya hI eka zreNI kA hai| usameM sarvatra eka viziSTa dhArmika vAtAvaraNa milatA hai, kintu jaina kaviyoM ne sabase mahattvapUrNa yaha kArya kiyA hai ki unhoMne dharma kA sAhitya ke sAtha saphala samanvaya kiyaa| jisa samaya jainakavi kAvyarasa kI 76
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________________ hindI (maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya tarapha jhukatA hai, usa samaya usakI kRti sarasa evaM zreSTha kAvya kA spa dhAraNa kara letI hai| apabhraMza kavi svayaMbha puSpadaMta, jogindu, rAmasiMha aura dhanapAla ke pazcAt maru-gurjara ke zAlibhadrasUri, vinayaprabhasUri, ambadevasUri merunandana, bhaTTAraka sakalabhUSaNa, samayasundara, hIravijaya, yazovijaya Adi aneka ullekhanIya zreSTha kavi hai| dharmopadeza kA prasaMga jaba pradhAna bana jAtA hai, usa samaya vaha racanA avazya padyavaddha upadezAtmaka kRti bana jAtI hai| aisI bhI tamAma racanAyeM haiM, jinameM zrAvakoM ke lie AcAra, niyama-vrata Adi kI vyAkhyA padya meM kI gaI hai| jaise-- devasenakRta sAvayadhamma dohA, jinadattasUri kRta upadezarasAyana rAsa Adi, kintu samasta jaina sAhitya nizcaya hI isI koTi kA nahIM hai| vaha vipula aura bahu-AyAmI hai| unhoMne dhArmika evaM dArzanika viSayoM para pracura sarasa-kAvya, nATaka, rAsa Adi likhe haiN| isake sAtha hI sAhityazAstra, jyotiSa, Ayurveda, koSa, vyAkaraNa, gaNita, rAjanIti, purANa, zakuna, svapna vicAra ityAdi nAnA prakAra ke viSayoM para bhI vipula sAhitya vividha kAvyaspoM aura nAnA prakAra ke chaMdoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yaha vizAla sAhitya bahuta samaya taka zAstrabhaNDAroM meM banda par3A rahA aura bAharI duniyA ke lie anajAna thaa| isakI jAnakArI bRhattara pAThaka samAja ko dene kA sarvaprathama zreya yUropIya vidvAnoM ko hai| san 1845 meM aMgreja vidvAn ne varuruci ke prAkRta-prakAza kA susaMpAdita saMskaraNa prakAzita karake isakA zrIgaNeza kiyaa| usake bAda jarmana paMDita pizela ne 1877 I. meM hemacanda ke siddha-haima kA sampAdana prakAzana karake prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke adhyayana kI nIMva ddaalii| jarmanI ke hI anya vidvAn jaikobI ne samarAiccakahA, paumaracita Adi kI vidvatApUrNa bhUmikAoM ke sAtha unakA sampAdana prakAzana karake inake anupama kAvya-pakSa kI tarapha logoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| bhaviSyadatta aura sanatkumAra ke saMskaraNoM ke prakAzana ne usa kSetra meM adhyayana kI vyApaka saMbhAvanAoM se logoM ko paricita kraayaa| bhAratIya vidvAnoM meM haraprasAda zAstrI, pI.DI. guNe, pro. hIrAlAla jaina, rAhula sAMskRtyAyana Adi ke pazcAt sarvazrI bAgacI, bhAyANI, desAI, dalAla, munijinavijaya, upAdhye, nAhaTA Adi ne bar3A mahattvapUrNa kArya isa kSetra meM kiyA hai| aba to idhara aneka viddhana kAryarata ho gaye hai aura jainabhaNDAroM meM bhI purAnI sar3hivAditA tathA gopana-vRtti nahIM raha gaI hai| ataH AzA hai ki nirantara naye-naye granthoM kI zodha, unake sampAdana aura prakAzana se isake adhyayana kA kSitija kramazaH vistRta hotA jaayegaa| mUlyAtmakatA sAmAnya manuSya kI pratiSThA aba hama isa sAhitya ke mUlya para vicAra kreNge| isa sAhitya kI kucha bahumUlya vizeSatAyeM hai, jinhoMne ise samagra bhAratIya sAhitya meM viziSTa mahattva pradAna kiyA hai, inameM sarvapradhAna vizeSatA hai kAvya meM sAmAnya manuSya ko sammAna denaa| saMskRta sAhitya meM sAmAnya vyakti ko prAyaH kAvya kA nAyaka nahIM banAyA jAtA thaa| kAvya kA sAdhAraNa vyakti ke sAtha sarvaprathama sambandha jaina sAhitya meM hI jor3A gyaa| niyama saMyama kA pAlana karane vAlA koI bhI AcAravAna zrAvaka yA zreSThi athavA sAdhAraNa zramika kAvya kA caritanAyaka banAyA jAne laga krAntikArI udAra dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya ko sacce artha meM janatA kA sAhitya mAnA jAnA caahie| Aja ke janavAdI aura pragatizIla sAhitya kI nIMva jaina sAhitya meM surakSita hai| dezI-bhASAoM ke Adhunika sAhitya ko maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya se yaha bahuta bar3I virAsata prApta huI hai| dhArmika sahiSNutA Amataura para jaina sAhitya meM kisI zalAkA puruSa kA caritra-citraNa kiyA jAtA hai athavA kisI vrata-niyama Adi kA mAhAtmya batAyA jAtA hai lekina apane mata kA pratipAdana karate hue bhI anekAntavAdI jainAcArya 77
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________________ DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra sAmpradAyika kaTTaratA ke vega meM kabhI sahiSNutA aura udAratA ko tilAMjali nahIM de detA hai| yaha udAratA isa sAhitya kI mahatI vizeSatA hai, jisake anupAlana kA saMketa-saMdeza jainakavi kisI bhI dharmopadezaka ko de sakatA hai kyoMki vaha korA para-upadeza kuzala nahIM hotA balki svayaM usakA AcaraNa niSThApUrvaka karatA hai| syAdvAda aura karmavAda ina racanAoM kA mUlAdhAra hai| karmavAda kI pratiSThA karmavAda meM aTUTa AsthA ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya DaMke kI coTa para kahatA hai ki manuSya apane karma kA phala avazya pAtA hai| karma se hI vaha bandhana meM par3atA hai aura apane karma se hI vaha mukta ho sakatA hai| koI dUsarA na use bA~dhatA hai, na chor3atA hai| manuSya ke puruSArtha para aisA dRr3ha vizvAsa saMsAra ke anya dharmAzrita sAhitya meM durlabha hai| vaiSNava-bhakti ke antargata bhI zrIkRSNa aura zrIrAma, brahma se manuSya ke rUpa meM avatarita hote haiM, kintu jaina arahanta apane karmoM dvArA manuSya se bhagavAna banate haiN| ve bhagavAna ko nIce avatarita karAne meM vizvAsa nahIM karate varan manuSya ko hI apane satkarmo dvArA mukta, zuddha caitanya bhagavAna banAne meM vizvAsa karate haiN| manuSya ke puruSArtha aura karma ke mahattva kI yaha ghoSaNA saMsAra ke anya dharma aura sAhitya ke lie maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya se prApta eka mahattvapUrNa preraNA hai| "karma pradhAna vizva kari rAkhA, jo jasa karai so tasa phala cAkhA" -- saMta tulasI kI ina paMktiyoM meM vahIM preraNA mukhara huI hai| bhakta se bhagavAna isIlie jainadharma meM bhagavAna aura bhakti kA svarUpa vaiSNavabhakti sAhitya se kucha bhinna prakAra kA hai| jaina bhakta vItarAga bhagavAna se apanI bhakti ke badale dayA, anugraha, prema Adi kI yAcanA nahIM krtaa| bhakta vItarAga para rIjha kara usase bhakti yA zraddhA karatA hai| karmoM kA kartA aura usake phala kA bhoktA svayaM jIva hai| isalie vaha apanI zraddhAbhakti ke badale vItarAga se dayA kI yAcanA nahIM krtaa| bhakti kA svarUpa samajhAte hue zrI devacanda jI kahate haiM ki-- ajakula gata kezarI lahere, nija pada siMha nihAla / tima prabhu bhakti bhavI lahere, Atama zakti smbhaal| jisa prakAra ajakula meM pAlita siMha - zAvaka siMha ke darzana mAtra se apane susupta siMhatva ko prApta kara letA hai, usI prakAra sAdhaka tIrthaMkara ke guNa, kIrtana, stavana ke dvArA nija meM jinatva kA bodha kara letA hai| stutisAdhaka kI antazcetanA ko jAgrata karatI hai aura vaha svayaM usa Adarza ko prApta karane kA prayatna karatA hai| vaha usake guNa kA smaraNa karake apane durguNoM se mukti ke lie sat prayatna meM svayaM laga jAtA hai| gItA kI ghoSaNA "sarvadharmAn parityajya mAmekaM zaraNaM vrj|" "ahaMtvAm sarva pApebhyo mokSayisyAmi mA zucaH" meM jaina bhakta vizvAsa karake apane kartavyoM aura dharmoM kI tilAJjali nahIM de detA balki apane karma para bharosA rakha kara nirantara saMyama, niyama aura dharmAcaraNa dvArA apanI mukti kA mArga svayaM prazasta karatA hai| bhakti kI pUrva paramparA hindI sAhitya meM bhakti kA praveza vaiSNava bhakti Andolana ke sAtha vi.saM. 14vIM-15vIM zatAbdI meM huA, kintu maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya meM "jayatihuana" stotra aura isI prakAra ke anya aneka stotra, stavana jaisI bhaktiparaka racanAyeM kAphI pahale se prApta hotI haiN| ataH hindI bhakti sAhitya kI aneka pUrvavartI vizeSatAyeM isa meM upalabdha hotI haiN| jainabhakti kAvya ko bhI niSkAma sakAmabhakti dhArA meM usI prakAra vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai jaise hindI kA nirguNa aura saguNa bhakti kAvya hai| vastutaH jainadharma sAhitya meM ThIka usI prakAra nirguNa aura 78
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________________ hindI (maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahatva aura mUlya saguNa kA bheda nahIM hai, jaisA hindI bhakti sAhitya meM hai balki inameM samanvaya milatA hai| ve AtmA aura paramAtmA ko eka svIkAra karate haiM appA so prmppaa| inakA brahma nirguNa aura saguNa se pare zuddha premasvarUpa hai| yaha sAhitya sacce artha meM sat sAhitya kA anuvartI hai| rahasyavAda, guru ko bhagavAna mAnanA, bAhyADambara kA virodha, cittazuddhi, saMsAra kI asAratA aura AtmA-paramAtmA ke prati priya-premIrUpa meM vizvAsa isa sAhitya se hI saMta sAhitya taka pahuMcA hai| ataH isake adhyayana dvArA hindI kA saMta sAhitya jyAdA suvidhApUrvaka samajhA jA sakatA hai| ina logoM ne zAntarasa pradhAna dhArmika sAhitya dvArA vastutaH sAhitya ko hI usake uccatama Asana para pratiSThita kiyA hai aura usake mAdhyama se mAnava ko sahiSNutA, saMyama evaM Adarza kA saccA mArga dikhAyA hai| jaina bhakta kaviyoM meM AnaMdaghana, bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa, banArasIdAsa Adi aneka uccakoTi ke kavi ho gaye haiN| Age calakara jainadharma meM tIrthaMkaro yakSa-yakSI ke rUpa meM vibhinna devI-devatAoM kA praveza hindU-bhakti paramparA kA prabhAva ho sakatA hai| devI-devatAoM ke prati bhakti aura unase apane duHkhoM se mukti kI prArthanA bhI bhAgavata paramparA kA hI prabhAva hai| isa prakAra ke stotra aura stavana bhI bar3I saMkhyA meM maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha haiM, parantu ve nizcaya hI paravartI haiN| prArambhika jaina stotra sAhitya meM aise bhAva nahIM milte| stotra-stavana kI paramparA jaina sAhitya meM kAphI purAnI hai kyoMki jainadarzana ke SaDAvazyakoM meM ise dUsarA Avazyaka kahA gayA hai| yaha bhakti kisI uddhArakartA ke bharose baiThakara Alasya kI anumati nahIM detI balki svayaM apanI mukti ke lie sAdhaka ko saMyama aura kaThora sAdhanA kI preraNA detI hai| isa bhakti meM vastutaH jJAna aura karma kA saccA samanvaya hai| samasta jainazAstra cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta hai (1) prathamAnuyoga, (2) karaNAnuyoga (vizva kA bhaugolika varNana), (3) caraNAnuyoga (sAdhuoM aura zrAvakoM kA anuzAsana) aura (4) dravyAnuyoga (ttvjnyaan)| inameM se prathamAnuyoga kA sambandha sAhitya se hai| samasta dhArmika kathA sAhitya prathamAnuyoga ke antargata ginA jAtA hai| jaina sAhitya meM prApta mahApurANa, purANa, caritakAvya, rUpakakAvya, kathAkAvya, sandhikAvya, rAso, stotra-stavana Adi vividha rUpa prathamAnuyoga ke antargata Ate haiN| purANa zabda prAcIna kathA kA sUcaka hai| purANa meM eka hI mahApuruSa kA jIvana aMkita hotA hai, jabaki mahApurANa meM aneka mahApuruSoM kA jIvana aMkita hotA hai| mahApurANa meM 24 tIrthaMkara, 12 cakravartI, 9 vAsudeva, 9 prativAsudeva aura 9 baladeva kula 63 mahApuruSoM (trizaSTizalAkA puruSoM) kA varNana hotA hai| jaina purANoM meM rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke pAtroM tathA ghaTanAoM kA varNana bhI jaina dharmAnusAra kiyA jAtA hai| prAyaH carita kAvyoM meM Azcarya tattva, camatkAra, vidyAdhara, gandharva, yakSa, deva Adi ........: kA samAveza milatA hai| taMtra-maMtra, svapna-zakna Adi kA bhI prabhAva dikhAyA jAtA ... bhA~ti inameM camatkAra dvArA pAThaka ko upadeza diyA jAtA hai| inake za meM samartha aura nAnA camatkArI vidyAoM meM pAraMgata hote haiN| ... / atimAnavIya pAtroM ko Adarza yA mAdhyama banAkara sAmAnya kathAnaka rUDhi . AvazyakatAnusAra tyAga aura grahANa bhI AvazyakatAnusAra prAcIna sani .... yaha pUrva tathA uttara ke sAta ..... . .... kathAnaka saDhiyoM kA ... .... ... .... maru-garjara jaina . .... .. .. bananA -... 10 - . . .
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________________ DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra se unakA punarmilana prAyaH samasta sUphI aura anya sAhitya meM milatA hai| isI prakAra vimAtA kA roSa, devI-devatAoM kI kRpA, zApa Adi kathAnaka sadiyoM kA pUrvaspa bhI hameM maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya meM pracura spa se prApta hotA hai| kathAzilpa isI prakAra hameM maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya se kathAzilpa, kAvyaspa aura chanda Adi kA bhI avadAna prabhUta mAtrA meM prApta huA hai| adhikatara jaina kAvya saMdhiyoM meM vibhakta hai| pratyeka saMdhi aneka kar3akkoM se milakara banatI hai| kar3avaka kI samApti dhattA se hotI hai| isa prakAra kI zailI sUphI premAkhyAnoM meM khUba pracalita huii| A. zukla ne likhA hai ki caritakAvya ke lie jaina kAvya meM adhikatara caupAI aura dohoM kI paddhati grahaNa kI gaI hai| puSpadanta (vi.saM.1029).ke Adi purANa aura uttara-purANa se preraNA lekara yaha paramparA sUphiyoM ke premAkhyAna aura tulasI ke mAnasa tathA chatraprakAza, brajakliAsa Adi paravartI AkhyAna granthoM meM calatI rhii| isI prakAra kAvya zilpa ke kSetra meM bhI hindI, rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI para jaina maru-gurjara sAhitya kA bar3A RNa hai| dekhate haiM ki rasa, bhAva, bhASA ke alAvA sAhitya ke anya aMgoM jaise-- chanda, kAvyarUpa Adi para bhI maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA vyApaka prabhAva par3A hai aura ina bhASAoM kA sAhitya isa RNa ko svIkAra kara hI apanA astitva pramANita kara sakatA hai| chanda-yojanA chandoM ke kSetra meM apabhraMza aura maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kI maulika dena hai| mAtrika chandoM meM tuka athavA antyAnuprAsa ke dvarA laya aura saMgIta kA saMcAra pahalI bAra yahIM kiyA gyaa| antyAnuprAsa kA prayoga na to saMskRta kAvya meM milatA hai aura na prAkRta meN| ataH yaha maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kI paravartI bhASA sAhitya ko mahatI dena hai| jisa prakAra zloka kA sambandha saMskRta se, gAthA yA gAhA kA prAkRta se, usI prakAra dUhA yA dohA kA sambandha apabhraMza se jAnA jAtA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki dohA, chanda aura apabhraMza bhASA AbhIroM ke sAtha yahA~ aayii| apabhraMza se hokara dohA, caupAI, soraThA, chappaya Adi mAntrika chanda maru-gurjara meM aaye| ataH mAtrika chandoM kA hindI Adi Adhunika bhASAoM meM antyAnuprAsa ke sAtha pracura prayoga maru-gurjara kA hI prabhAva hai| kAvyarUpa kAvyaspoM kI dRSTi se jaina maru-gurjara sAhitya bar3A sampanna evaM vividhatApUrNa hai| jaina kaviyoM ne loka gItoM se dezI-dhunoM aura toM ko lekara DhAleM banAI aura unake prayoga dvarA unhoMne kAvya ko saMgIta se samanvita kiyaa| maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya meM kAvya-rUpoM kI saMkhyA saikar3oM haiN| inheM kaI prakAra se vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| jaise-- chandoM ke AdhAra para rAsa, phAgu, caupar3a, veli, carcarI, chappaya, dohA AdiH rAgoM kI dRSTi se bArahamAsA, jhUlaNA, lAvaNI, badhAvA, prabhAtI, gIta, pada AdiH nRtya kI dRSTi se garabA, DAMDiyA, dhavala, maMgala Adi ullekhanIya hai| isI prakAra kathA prabandha ke AdhAra para prabandha, khaNDa, pavADo, carita, AkhyAna, kathA, saMvAda, janmabhiSeka Adi tathA saMkhyA ke AdhAra para aSTaka, bIsI, caubIsI, bahottarI, chattIsI, bAvanI, sattarI, zataka Adi aneka bheda milate haiN| upAsanA ke AdhAra para bhI nAnA prakAra ke kAvyarUpa milate haiM, jaise -- vinatI, namaskAra, stuti, stavana, stotra aadi|isii prakAra aitihAsikatA ke AdhAra para paTTAvalI, gurvAvalI, talaharA Adi aneka bheda upalabdha hote haiN| kAvyarUpoM kI aisI samRddha vividhatA zAyada hI kisI bhASA-sAhitya meM upalabdha ho| yaha sampUrNa sampadA hindI, gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI bhASA sAhitya ko maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya se anAyAsa prApta ho gaI hai, jisake lie inakA sAhitya maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya kA sadaiva AbhArI rhegaa| 80
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________________ hindI ( maru-gurjara) jaina sAhitya kA mahatva aura mUlya uparokta daSTiyoM se vicAra karane para yaha sAhitya atyanta mUlyavAna aura mahattvapUrNa hai, kintu isakA vAstavika mUlyAMkana abhI taka nahIM ho sakA hai| jisake kAraNa na kevala maru-gurjara jaina sAhitya pUrNatayA prakAza meM nahIM A pAyA, apitu hindI bhASA aura sAhitya ke aneka mahattvapUrNa pakSa bhI aMdhere meM raha gaye haiN| unake sambandha meM jo aTakala-paccU anumAna kie gaye haiM, ve eka ke bAda eka aprAmANika siddha hote jA rahe haiN| ataH AvazyakatA hai ki hama apanI bhUla kA parimArjana kareM aura lagana tathA ImAnadArI se isa vizAla evaM prAmANika sAhitya ke vividha pakSoM kA vistata evaM vaijJAnika adhyayana kreN| sandarbha-grantha - 2. laM 4. 5. 6. George Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. I, p. 170 Dr. Suniti 'Chatterjee Origin and Development of Bengali Language', p. 9. zrI mo.da. desAI 'marugurjara kavio', bhAga 1, pR. 14 A. gulerI 'purAnI hindI', pR. 76 agaracanda nAhaTA, rAjasthAnI sAhitya kA AdikAla ( paramparA vizeSAMka), pR. 167 There is enormous mass of Literature in various froms in Rajasthani of considerable historical importance. G.A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, p.10. * 3, mahAmanApurI, AI.TI.AI. roDa, bI.eca.yU., vArANasI
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________________ hindI jaina patrakAritA kA itihAsa evaM mUlya - DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata* manuSya kI jijJAsA aura utsukatA kI mUlabhUta pravRtti kI patrakAritA ke janma aura vikAsa kA mahattvapUrNa kAraNa hai| apane pariveza ke Asa-pAsa ghaTita ghaTanAoM se paricaya prApta karane kI lAlasA Aja vRhattara sRSTi taka jA pahu~cI hai| manuSya kI isa jijJAsA pravRtti kA hI yaha pariNAma hai ki sampUrNa sRSTi dhIre-dhIre eka mAnava parivAra ke spa meM pariNita hotI jA rahI hai| samaya ke spandanoM ko mahasUsa karane kI cAhata ne hI patrakAritA ke phalaka ko jIvanta aura cetanAyukta banA diyA hai| "mastiSka aura AtmA" kI svAdhInatA ke nAma para jemsa hikkI dvArA 29 jUna, 1780 ko "baMgAla gajaTa" yA kalakattA janarala eDavaraTAIjara" nAmaka sAptAhika patra kA prArambha kiyA gyaa| vastutaH isI dina se bhArata meM patrakAritA kA vidhivat prArambha mAnA jAtA hai| alpakAla taka jIvita isa patra ne damana ke viruddha saMgharSa kA jo sAhasa dikhAyA, vaha Ane vAle kAla meM patrakAritA jagata ke lie Adarza bana gyaa| isa patra ke prakAzana ke sAtha bhArata meM patra-prakAzana kI paramparA zurU ho gyii| hindI bhASA kA pahalA patra 30 maI, 1826 ko kalakattA se prakAzita "udanta mArtaNDa" thaa| isake saMpAdaka zrI yugala kizora zukla the| isake lagabhaga 54 varSoM bAda san 1880 meM prathama hindI jaina patra kA prakAzana huA thaa| jaina patrakAritA ke prArambha hone se pUrva deza ke sAmAjika, rAjanItika va Arthika jIvana meM mahattvapUrNa parivartana hone lage the| varSoM kI gulAmI se mukti prApta karane ke lie bhAratIya jana mAnasa chaTapaTA rahA thaa| pahalA jaina patra hindI jaina patroM kI vikAsa yAtrA kA prArambha san 1880 meM prayAga se prakAzita "jaina patrikA" se mAnA jAtA hai| zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ne vaikaTalAla ojhA dvArA saMpAdita "hindI samAcAra patra sUcI, bhAga 1" ke AdhAra para ise pahalI jaina patrikA mAnA hai| ambikA prasAda vAjapeyI ne "samAcAra patroM kA itihAsa" meM bhI san 1880 meM prakAzita isa patrikA kA ullekha kiyA hai| isI bhA~ti DaoN. rAmaratana bhaTanAgara ke zodha grantha meM dI gayI patrikAoM kI sUcI se bhI isa patrikA ke prakAzana kI sUcanA milatI hai| ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki prayAga se sana 1880 meM prakAzita "jaina patrikA" hindI bhASA kI prathama jaina patrikA hai| kAla-vibhAjana adhyayana kI suvidhA ke lie jaina patrakAritA ke itihAsa ko tIna khaNDoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai-- 1. prathama yuga - san 1880 se 1900 2. dvitIya yuga - san 1901 se 1947 3. tRtIya yuga - san 1948 se Aja taka 1. prathama yuga (san 1880 se 1900) jaina patrakAritA kI itihAsa yAtrA ke ina do dazakoM kI patrakAritA meM aise tevara dekhane ko nahIM milate. jinase prakhara rASTrIya bhAvanA athavA utkaTa sAmAjika sudhAra kI lAlasA prakaTa hotI ho| kintu jaina patrakAritA 82
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________________ kA yaha zaizavakAla bhAvI vikAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa sAbita huaa| ina patroM kA mukhya uddezya apane dharma va matoM kA pracAra-prasAra to thA hI kintu sAmAjika jAgaraNa kI dizA meM bhI ye patra socane lage the| "jaina gajaTa" tathA " jaina mitra" jaise patra jo Aja bhI prakAzita ho rahe haiM, isI yuga kI dena haiN| prathama jaina patra "jaina patrikA" ke bAre meM vizeSa vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai| san 1884 meM do hindI jaina patroM kA prakAzana huA "jIyAlAla prakAza" aura "jain"| "jIyAlAla prakAza" kA prakAzana pharrukhanagara (hariyANA) se huaa| ina donoM patroM kA mukhya uddezya jaina mata kA pracAra-prasAra karanA thaa| jainadharma para anya vicAradhArAoM dvArA kiye jAne vAle prahAra kA vizeSakara svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI dvArA ina patroM dvArA virodha kiyA gyaa| hindI jaina patrakAritA kA itihAsa evaM mUlya 11 isI varSa zolApura se rAvajI sakhArAma dozI, gorAlAla zAstrI aura pannAlAla sonI ke sampAdakatva meM hindI, marAThI bhASA kA pAkSika "jaina bodhaka" prArambha huaa| yaha patra akhila bhAratIya digambara jaina zAstrIya pariSad kA patra thA (san 1891 meM ajamera se "jaina prabhAkara" kA prakAzana huA, jisakA saMpAdana chogAlAla bilAlA karate the| san 1892 meM "jaina hitaiSI" nAmaka mAsika patra murAdAbAda se bAbU pannAlAla ne nikaalaa| pahale "deza hitaiSI" san 1903 meM paM. pannAlAla bAkalIvAla ne prakAzita kiyA, jise san 1904 meM "jaina hitaiSI" ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diyA gyaa| ataH "jaina hitaiSI" kA janma bhI paM. pannAlAla bAkalIvAla ke hI sampAdana evaM prabandha meM huaa| isakA pramukha uddezya jaina saMskRti evaM itihAsa viSayaka anusaMdhAna thaa| yaha jainoM kA pahalA zodha mAsika thaa| isane jagaha-jagaha para prApta jainAgama se sambaddha prAcIna hastalikhita aprakAzita pANDulipiyoM kI sUcI prakAzita kii| "2 bAbU pannAlAla bAkalIvAla kI "jaina hitaiSI" patrikA hindI aura urdU lipiyoM meM nikalatI thii| DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina ke zabdoM meM bAkalIvAla jaina jAgaraNa ke agradUtoM kI prathama paMkti meM the.... chApe ke Andolana ko unhoMne saphala banAyA, aneka saMsthAoM kI sthApanA kii| "jaina hitaiSI" kA unhoMne dasa varSa taka sampAdana kiyA / "3 bAkalIvAla jI ke bAda paM. nAthUrAma premI isake saMpAdaka hue| inake kuzala sampAdana meM yaha eka utkRSTa sAhityika patra bana gayA thA sAmAjika viSayoM ko bhI isa patra meM paryApta sthAna diyA jAtA rahA yaha patra vastutaH zodha evaM anusandhAnAtmaka lekhoM ke prakAzana ke kAraNa usa yuga kI "sAhityika prayogazAlA" kA prathama evaM starIya sAhityika patra bana gayA thaa| san 1891 meM ajamera se "jaina prabhAkara" kA prakAzana huaa| isake saMpAdaka chogAlAla bilAlA the| isI samaya bAbU jJAnacanda jainI ne " jaina patrikA" nikAlanI zuru kii| bAbU jJAnacanda bahuta hI sAhasI aura nirbhIka the / jaina samAja meM sabase pahale zAyada unhoMne hI vidhavA vivAha kI carcA ber3I thii| 4 isa samaya sAmpradAyika aura jAtIya patroM ke prakAzana kA silasilA prArambha ho gayA thaa| isameM aneka patrI kA mUla svara samapradAya vizeSa ke vicAroM kA prasAra karanA hI rhaa| ajamera se disambara 1895 meM bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina mahAsabhA ne sAptAhika "jaina gajaTa" kA prakAzana prArambha kiyaa| jainadharma va darzana se sambaddha lekhoM ke prakAzana ke sAtha-sAtha isameM jaina samAja kI gatividhiyoM ke samAcAra bhI prakAzita kiye jAte the bAbU sUrajabhAna jaina ke sampAdana meM prArambha hue isa patra kA mukhya uddezya digambara jaina mahAsabhA kI nItiyoM kA pracAra-prasAra karanA thA / isa patra ne bhArata ke jaina matAvalambiyoM ko eka sUtra meM saMgaThita karane tathA unako unnati ke mArga para agrasara karane kI dizA meM bhI mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| zrI 83 /
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________________ DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata ghAsIrAma, bAbU devakumAra, paM. vardhamAna zAstrI evaM harakavanda seThI isa patra ke ullekhanIya saMpAdaka rahe haiN| "jaina gajaTa" mukhyataH paramparAvAdI tathA sthitipAlaka nIti kA patra hai, jo hindI ke vartamAna samAcAra patroM meM sabase adhika purAnA patra hai| yaha isa samaya lakhanaU se prakAzita ho rahA hai| isake pradhAna saMpAdaka paM. zyAma sundaralAla zAstrI hai| san 1897 meM pharrukhanagara se mAsika "jaina bhAskara" kA prakAzana huaa| janavarI san 1900 meM bambaI se mAsika "jaina mitra" kA prakAzana huaa| yaha patra rAyala aThapejI sAija ke solaha pejoM para nikalatA thA aura DAka kharca sahita savA rupayA usakA vArSika mUlya thaa| prArambha meM yaha patra digambara jaina sabhA, bambaI kI ora se nikalatA thA kintu eka varSa bAda yaha prAMtika sabhA kA mukha patra bana gyaa| ___"jaina mitra" paM. gopAladAsa baraiyA ke sampAdana meM prakAzita hotA thaa| cauthe varSa se paM. nAthUrAma premI bhI isake sahAyaka sampAdaka ho gye| san 1908 meM isake saMpAdana kA bhAra zItalaprasAda jI para A gyaa| aThArahaveM varSa se isa patra kA prakAzana sAptAhika rUpa se hone lgaa| san 1917 meM yaha sUrata se chapane lgaa| ___"jaina mitra" sadA sAmAjika burAiyoM kA virodhI rhaa| sAhitya, darzana, zikSA, dharma tattvajJAna sahita dhArmika, AdhyAtmika tathA sAmAjika viSayoM para isa patra meM aneka lekha prakAzita hote haiN| isake sampAdakIya prAyaH vicAra pradhAna huA karate the| svatantratA pUrva deza kI rAjanItika avasthA para "jaina mitra" ne kAphI likhaa| "jaina mitra" ke saMsthApaka mUlacanda kisanadAsa kApaDiyA the| inakA citra Aja bhI "jaina mitra" ke pratyeka aMka para prakAzita hotA hai| isa patra ke sampAdana se gopAladAsa baraiyA, paM. nAthUrAma premI, bra. zItalaprasAda, paM. parameSThidAsa Adi jur3e rhe| vartamAna meM isakA sampAdana zaileza DAhathAbhAI kApaDiyA kara rahe haiN| hindI jaina patrakAritA kA yaha prathama yuga zaizavakAla mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha vaha samaya thA jaba jaina patrakAritA apanI vikAsa kI sambhAvanAoM ko khoja rahI thii| rAjA rAmamohana rAya se lekara dayAnanda sarasvatI, vivekAnanda, enIbesenTa Adi samAja sudhArakoM ke svara ke sAtha hI apanI zaizavAvasthA meM jaina patrakAritA ne samAja kI dhar3akana ko sunane kA prayatna kiyaa| isa daura meM bAbU pannAlAla bAkalIvAla, paM. nAthUrAma premI, jugalakizora mukhtAra, bAbU jJAnacanda Adi jaise tejasvI vyaktiyoM ne "jaina hitaiSI", "jaina patrikA", "jaina mitra" Adi patroM ke sAtha samAja sudhAra tathA jana-jAgaraNa kI dizA meM prayatna karane prArambha kara diye the| ina jaina patrakAroM ne zikSA-pracAra, striyoM kI dazA meM sudhAra tathA sAmAjika saMgaThanoM kI AvazyakatA pratipAdita karate hue sudhAravAdI pravRttiyoM kA pracAra-prasAra karane ke lie prayatna kiyaa| dvitIya yuga ( san 1901 se 1947 I. taka) jaina patrakAritA kA dUsarA caraNa san 1901 se 1947 taka mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa daura meM deza meM svAdhInatA Andolana pUre jora para thaa| tilaka aura usake bAda gA~dhI ne deza kI janatA ko rAjanaitika adhikAroM se paricita karAkara svatantra bhArata kA svarNima svapna dikhaayaa| isa kAla ke adhikAMza patra bhArata kI AjAdI ke saMgharSa ke prati samarpita the| svatantratA kA zaMkhanAda karane vAle ina patroM kI AjAdI ko pratibandhita karane kA bhI prayAsa samaya-samaya para briTiza sarakAra dvArA kiyA jAtA rahA, jisakA sazakta virodha bhI inake sampAdakoM aura prakAzakoM ne kiyaa| tilaka ke bAda AjAdI ke saMgharSa kI bAgaDora gA~dhIjI ke hAthoM meM A gyii| vyAvasAyika patrakAritA se dUra rahate hue gAMdhIjI ne sadA janahita tathA mizanarI bhAvanA se kArya kiyaa| gA~dhIjI ne apanI lar3AI kA mukhya AdhAra ahiMsA ko bnaayaa| sAmAjika kurItiyoM aura dUSita paramparAoM ke khilApha jahA~ gAMdhIjI ne patrakAritA 84
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________________ hindI jaina patrakAritA kA itihAsa evaM mUlya ke mAdhyama se AvAja uThAI vahIM bhAratamAtA kI paratantratA kI ber3iyoM ko tor3ane ke lie deza meM cala rahe Andolana ko netRtva diyA tathA satyAgraha, asahayoga aura bhArata chor3o Andolana ko sakriyatA pradAna kii| Arya samAja ke itihAsakAroM ne isa yuga ko "saMsthA yuga" kA nAma diyA hai| jaina samAja kI bhI lagabhaga yahI sthiti rhii| isa kAla meM aneka jaina dhArmika tathA sAmAjika saMgaThana sthApita kiye gye| ina saMgaThanoM ne apane mukha patroM kA prakAzana kiyaa| isa yuga kI jaina patrakAritA meM tilaka kI bhA~ti tejasvI aura pradIpta svara to dekhane ko nahIM milatA kintu gAMdhI kI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| ahiMsA jaina darzana kA mukhya tattva hai| gAMdhIjI ke kAryakramoM aura nItiyoM ko aneka jaina patroM ne apanA samarthana diyaa| isa kAlakhaNDa ke pramukha jaina patra isa prakAra haiM-- "sthAnakavAsI jainI bhAiyoM ko dharma, nIti, vyavahAra savadAcAra, batAne vAlA mAsika "jaina hitecchu" bambaI se agasta 1901 meM prakAzita huaa| isake saMpAdaka motIlAla manasukhalAla zAha the| ye "spekTeTara" upanAma se likhate the| yaha patra "vicAra patra" adhika thaa| lagabhaga DhAI varSoM taka yaha gujarAtI bhASA meM prakAzita hotA rahA thA kintu dakSiNa, paMjAba, mevAr3a, mAravAr3a Adi pradezoM ke sthAnakavAsI jaina bhAiyoM ke lAbhArtha ise hindI meM "hindI jaina hitecchu" ke nAma se prakAzita kiyA jAne lgaa| isI samaya "jaina Aditya" nAmaka pAkSika patra bhI sthAnakavAsI jainiyoM ne prakAzita kiyA, jo Arthika saMkaTa ke kAraNa do mAha meM hI banda ho gyaa| san 1905 meM gulAbacanda DhaDhDhA ke saMpAdana meM zrI jaina zvetAmbara kAnphareMsa prakAza Aphisa, mumbaI dvArA mAsika "zrI jaina zvetAmbara kAnrensa heralDa" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| isa patra kA prakAzana aMgrejI, hindI tathA gujarAtI bhASA meM hotA thaa| mArca 1906 ke bAda ke aMkoM meM adhikAMza sAmagrI gujarAtI meM prakAzita hone lagI thii| san 1910 meM jaina striyoM ke lie devabanda sahAranapura se "jaina nArIhitakArI" patra nikalA, jisake sampAdaka bA. jyotiprasAda the| janavarI 1912 meM hindI, gujarAtI bhASA meM "zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina kAnphareMsa prakAza" kA prakAzana prArambha huaa| julAI 1912 meM ArA (bihAra) se zrI jaina siddhAnta bhavana ne apanA mukhapatra "zrI jaina siddhAnta bhAskara" kA prakAzana kiyaa| isa traimAsika patrikA ke sampAdaka padamarAja rAnIvAlA the| jainadharma aura saMskRti se sambandhita zodha evaM gaveSaNApUrNa lekha isa traimAsika patrikA meM prakAzita hote haiN| isa patra ne sirpha prAcIna surakSita zAstroM kI aitihAsika carcA karane kA saMkalpa apane prathama saMpAdakIya meM vyakta kiyaa| rAjanaitika tathA sAmAjika viSayoM se yaha patra dUra hI rhaa| jUna 1937 se aMgrejI vibhAga "da jaina eMTIkverI" nAma se prArambha huaa| "zrI jaina siddhAnta bhAskara" kA prakAzana san 1913 se 1935 tathA 1956 se 1962 taka banda rhaa| isake saMpAdana se pro. hIrAlAla, pro. e.ena. upAdhye, bAbU kAmatAprasAda, paM. bhujabalI zAstrI, DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina Adi jur3e rhe| dvitIya mahAyuddha ke samaya ghora Arthika saMkaTa ke kAraNa disambara 1940 se ise SaTmAsika kara diyA gyaa| san 1913 meM "jaina prakAza" sAptAhika kA prakAzana hindI-gujarAtI bhASA meM zuru huaa| yaha a.bhA. zvetAmbara jaina kAnphareMsa kA mukhapatra hai| san 1913 se 1936 taka yaha patra sAptAhika rUpa se niyamita nikalatA rhaa| jUna 1937 se ise pAkSika kara diyA gyaa| janavarI 1938 se yaha punaH sAptAhika ho gyaa| 1941 meM liye gaye eka nirNaya ke anusAra "jaina prakAza" ko hindI va gujarAtI meM eka sAtha prakAzita na kara pRthaka-pRthaka rUpa se prakAzita kiyA jAne lagA tathA prati saptAha inakI eka-eka AvRtti DanikAlI jAne lgii| isa prakAra punaH yaha pAkSika ho gyaa| san 1954 se punaH hindI va gujarAtI bhASA meM ise saMyukta rUpa se sAptAhika kiyA gayA, kintu kucha samaya bAda punaH gujarAtI va hindI bhASA meM isake pRthaka-pRthaka aMka pAkSika rUpa se prakAzita hone 85
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________________ DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata lge| "jaina prakAza" prArambha meM ajamera se patA thaa| bAda meM yaha surata se chapane lgaa| "jaina prakAza" ke Adi saMpAdaka DaoN. dhArasIbhAI gulAbacanda saMghANI the| inake atirikta jhaveracandajAdava kAmadAra, paM. bAlamukunda zarmA, ratanalAla bathelavAla, paM. dukhamocanajhA, durgAprasAda jauharI, sUrajamala lallUbhAI jaina, tri.bI. hemaNNI DAyAlAlamaNilAla mehatA, harSacandamapharacanda dozI, naTavaralAlakapUracanda zAha, gulAbacandanAnacanda seTha, ramaNikalAla turakhiyA, evaM je. desAI, ratnakumAra jaina "ratneza", zAntilAlavanamAlI seTha, AnandarAja surANA, DaoN. e.pI. paTeriyA, rAmAnanda jaina Adi bhI isake sampAdana se jur3e rhe| vartamAna meM isakA prakAzana ajitarAja surANA ke sampAdana meM dillI se ho rahA hai| gujarAtI "jaina prakAza" kA prakAzana bambaI se ho rahA hai| san 1914 meM bambaI se mAlavA digambara jaina prAMtika sabhA kA sacitra mAsika mukha patra "jaina prabhAta" kA prakAzana sUrajamala jaina ke saMpAdana meM huaa| isI varSa "jaina pradIpa" ke prakAzana ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| sana 1915 meM rAdhAvallabha jasodiyA ke sampAdana meM "khaMDelavAla jaina hitaiSI" nikaalaa| isI varSa bambaI se "jaina hitecchu" nAmaka traimAsika patra kA prakAzana huaa| sana 1916 meM hAtharasa (u.pra.) se mizrIlAla sAMgAnI ne "jaina mArtaNDa" nAma se hindI mAsika prakAzita kiyaa| apraila 1917 ko bambaI se Tekacanda siMghI ke saMpAdana meM mAsika "jainasamAja" kA prakAzana huaa| yaha eka sudhAravAdI patra thaa| jodhapura se jUna 1918 meM osavAla yaMgamensa sosAyaTI ne "mAravAr3a aura osavAla" nAma se mAsika patra prakAzita karanA prArambha kiyA thaa| bAda meM isakA nAma osavAla ho gyaa| osavAla jAti kI unnati ke lie samarpita isa patra ne svayaM ko tatkAlIna rAjanaitika evaM dhArmika vivAdoM se dUra rkhaa| jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kI eka prazAkhA khaNDelavAloM kA mukhapatra "khaNDelavAla jaina" gautamapurA (indaura) se 1918 meM prakAzita huaa| isI varSa indaura se zyAmalAla pANDavIya ke sampAdana meM jainiyoM kI eka patrikA "jIvadayA" niklii| san 1918 meM hI AgarA se zrI mahendra ke sampAdana meM mAsika "jaisavAla jaina", zrI vIra bhavana, AgarA se mAsika" jaina patha pradarzaka", zrI vIrabhakta ke saMpAdana meM kalakattA se mAsika "padmAvatI puravAla" tathA iTAvA se mAsika "satyodaya" kA prakAzana huaa| apraila san 1902 meM "jaina itihAsa, sAhitya, tattva jJAna Adi viSayaka" uddezya ko lekara jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka samAja kI ora se munirAja zrI jinavijaya jI ke saMpAdana meM sacitra traimAsika patrikA "jainasAhitya saMzodhaka" kA prakAzana pUnA se huaa| jaina dharma, itihAsa, kalA-saMskRti tathA sthApatya Adi kSetroM meM zodha evaM anusaMdhAna kI pravRtti ko protsAhana dene tathA Ama pAThakoM ke samakSa lAne kA prayAsa "jainasAhitya saMzodhaka" ne kiyaa| isa varSa prakAzita anya pramukha patra the -- pUnA siTI se "mahAvIra", maMDIkaTarA, sAgara se munnAlAlarAdhelAla kAvyatIrtha ke saMpAdana meM "golApUrva jaina", sivanI se kastUracanda vakIla ke saMpAdana meM "paravAra", dillI se cANasI gulAbacanda saMghANI ke saMpAdana meM "jaina jagata", nandabAI, indaura se ratanalAlabaghelalAla jaina ke sampAdana meM "jaina divAkara", dillI se "jaina bandhu" tathA solApura ( mahArASTra) se paM. gaurIlAla zAstrI ke saMpAdana meM "jaina siddhaant"| maI 1921 meM surata se mAsika "jaina mahilAdarza" kA prakAzana bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina mahilA pariSada kI ora se zrImatI paMDitAcandAbAI, ArA ke saMpAdana meM kiyA gyaa| jaina samAja kI nAriyoM meM sAmAjika cetanA ke jAgaraNa aura dhArmika bhAvoM ke raphuraNa meM isa patra kI ullekhanIya bhUmikA rhii| nArI jAti ke manobala ko banAye rakhane meM "jaina mahilAdarza" kA vizeSa sahayoga rhaa| paM. candAbAI 52varSa taka isa patra kA sapAdana karatI rhiiN| kAlAntara meM isakA prakAzana sthagita ho gayA kintu sana 1988 meM mahAvIra jayantI ke avasara para isakA 86
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________________ hindI jaina patrakAritA kA itihAsa evaM mUlya punaHprakAzana bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina mahAsabhA kI ora se lakhanaU se DaoN. kusumazAha ke saMpAdana meM kiyA jAne lagA hai| akhila bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina pariSada kI ora se bijanaura meM bra. zItalaprasAda ke saMpAdana meM san 1923 meM pAkSika "vIra" kA prakAzana prArambha kiyA gyaa| zIghra hI isa patra ke saMpAdana se paM. parameSThIdAsa jaina kA nAma jur3a gyaa| inakI saMpAdana kuzalatA se "vIra" ne kucha hI samaya meM yuvA varga meM apanI acchI pahacAna kAyama kara lii| yaha patra sAmAjika vikRtiyoM kA kaTu Alocaka tathA navIna cetanA kA agradUta bana gyaa| vartamAna meM isakA prakAzana dillI se ho rahA hai| isa varSa meM prakAzita hone vAle patroM meM pramukha haiM -- ajamera se durgAprasAda ke saMpAdana meM sAptAhika "ahiMsA pracAraka", solApura se paM. ajita kumAra zAstrI ke saMpAdana meM mAsika "jaina prabhAdarza", kalakattA se dulIcanda paravAra ke saMpAdana meM mAsika "paravAra hitaiSI" / san 1924 meM AbUroDa se "mAravAr3a jainasudhAraka" mAsika kA prakAzana huaa| san 1925 meM prakAzita patroM meM "khaNDelavAla jainahitecchu", "jaina jagata", "pyArI patrikA", "zrI mAravAr3a jainasudhAkara", "hamaDa bandhu" tathA "zvetAmbara jaina" pramukha haiN| "khaNDelavAla jaina hitecchu" sAptAhika patra "khaNDelavAla jaina mahAsabhA", ajamera kA mukhapatra thA, jo bAda meM pAkSika ho gayA aura paM. nAthUlAla zAstrI ke saMpAdana meM indaura se prakAzita hone lgaa| samAja sudhAra tathA rur3hiyoM ke viruddha AvAja bulanda karane meM isa patra ne vizeSa bhUmikA nibhaaii| isI varSa kapUracanda pATanI ke saMpAdana meM pAkSika "jaina jagata" kA prakAzana phatahacanda seThI ne ajamera se kiyaa| isa patra meM darabArI lAla nyAyatIrtha ke krAMtikArI aura tejasvI vicAroM kA prakAzana kiyA jAtA thaa| san 1926 se patra kA saMpAdana bhAra bhI unhIM ke kaMdhoM para A gyaa| inake saMpAdana sparza ke bAda to yaha patra tatkAlIna samAja kA eka aisA prakhara patra bana gayA, jo dUSita paramparAoM, rUr3hiyoM aura aMdhavizvAsoM para kar3e prahAra karatA thaa| san 1934 meM darabArIlAla jI ne satyazodhaka samAja kI sthApanA kii| sana 1935 meM unhoMne "jaina jagata" ko pAkSika "satya saMdeza" ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diyaa| sana 1927 meM prakAzita patroM meM dIpacanda jaina ke saMpAdana meM dillI se hindI mAsika "vardhamAna" tathA paM. zrIlAla ke saMpAdana meM kalakattA se hindI mAsika "vinoda" the| "Adarza jaina caritra", "samantabhadra", "jaina yuvaka" tathA "osavAla-navayuvaka" san 1928 meM prakAzita pramukha patrikAe~ haiN| "Adarza jaina-caritra" mAsika kA prakAzana bijanaura se paM. mUlacanda vatsala ke saMpAdana meM huaa| sarasAvA se isI varSa paM. jugalakizora mukhtAra ke saMpAdana meM "samantabhadra" mAsika kA prakAzana zuru huA, jo zIghra hI "anekAnta" meM mila gyaa| mArca 1928 meM mAsika "jaina yuvaka" kA prakAzana kalakattA se zrI vijayasiMha bhAMDiyA ke saMpAdana meM huaa| yaha patra jaina samAja meM cetanA evaM ojasvI bhAvanAoM kA prasAra karane vAlA patra thaa| samAja-sudhAra, samAja saMgaThana, achUtoddhAra, zuddhi-saMskAra sambandhI tathA rAjanaitika lekhoM kA prakAzana isa patra meM hotA thaa| janavarI 1928 meM kalakattA se osavAla navayuvaka samiti ne mAsika "osavAla navayuvaka" kA prakAzana prArambha kiyaa| isa mAsika kA mUla svara sAmAjika sudhAra thaa| sAmAjikatA ke sAtha-sAtha saMpAdakIya vaktavyoM meM rASTrIya bhAvanAoM kI bhI jhalaka dikhAI detI thii| isa patra ke saMpAdana se zrIcandarAmapuriyA, mohanalAla, jeThamala bhaMsAlI, motIlAla nAhaTA, siddharAja DhaDhDhA, gopIcanda copar3A, vijayasiMha nAhara tathA bhaMvaramala siMghI jaise prabuddha vicAraka jur3e rhe| svataMtratApUrva ke usa kAla meM vicAra abhivyakti kI svatantratA para koI samajhautA na karane kA sundara udAharaNa isa patra ke saMpAdakoM-- zrI vijayasiMha nAhara tathA bhaMvaramala siMghI ne prastuta kiyaa| "sAdhutva" viSaya para prakAzita eka lekha para huI tIkhI AlocanA para jaba patra saMcAlakoM ne unheM bhaviSya meM aise lekha na chApane kI pratijJA kA Agraha kiyA to donoM ne apanA tyAgapatra de diyaa| isI varSa ratanalAla mehatA ke 87
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________________ DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata saMpAdana meM zrI uttamajaina sAhitya prakAzaka maNDala, udayapura kI ora se mAsika "jaina jJAna prakAza" kA prakAzana huaa| 21 apraila, 1929 ko paM. jugalakizora mukhtAra ne dehalI meM samantabhadrAzrama kI sthApanA kI aura disambara 1929 meM mAsika "anekAnta" kA prakAzana kiyaa| eka varSa taka niyamita prakAzana banda ho gayA aura ATha varSa bAda punaH prakAzana zuru ho skaa| AgAmI kucha varSoM taka prakAzana kI niyamitatA meM bAdhAe~ AtI rhiiN| san 1956 se 1962 taka isakA prakAzana sthagita rahA kintu usake bAda se yaha anavarata rUpa se prakAzita ho rahA hai| san 1953 taka mukhtAra sA. hI isakA saMpAdana karate rhe| usake bAda choTelAla jaina, jayabhagavAna jaina, paramAnanda zAstrI, AdinAtha nemInAtha upAdhye, ratanalAla kaTAriyA, DaoN. premasAgara jaina, yazapAla jaina, gokulaprasAda jaina Adi isake saMpAdana se sambaddha rhe| sAmAjika vAda-vivAdoM tathA sampradAyavAda se rahita "anekAnta" eka aisA mAsika patra hai, jo satya, zAnti aura lokahita kA saMdezavAhaka banakara jaina patra-patrikAoM meM pramukha sthAna rakhatA hai| itihAsa, purAtattva, darzana, sAhitya Adi kI yaha eka pramukha zodhapUrNa evaM AlocanAtmaka traimAsikI hai| isa patrikA ke vikAsa meM paM. jugalakizora mukhtAra kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rhaa| "anekAnta" ke mAdhyama se mukhtAra sA. ne jaina patrakAritA ke sAhityika va anusaMdhAnAtmaka pakSa ko atyadhika puSTa kiyaa| DaoN. jyoti prasAda jaina ne unheM jaina patrakAritA kA "mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI batAyA hai| vardhA se 16 navambara 1919 ko pAkSika patra "sanAtana jaina" kA prakAzana prArambha huaa| sAmAjika sudhAroM kI dRSTi se yaha patra ullekhanIya hai| zItalaprasAda jI ke saMpAdana meM isa patra ne bAla-vivAha, vRddha-vivAha sahita aneka sAmAjika kurItiyoM kA tIkhA virodha kiyaa| hindI mAsika "vIravANI" kA prakAzana san 1929 meM dulIcanda paravAra ke saMpAdana meM kalakattA se huaa| san 1930 meM AtmAnanda jaina mahAsabhA kI ora se ambAlA nagara se zrI kIrtiprasAda jaina ke sampAdana meM mAsika "AtmAnanda" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| yaha sAmAjika-sAMskRtika aura naitika vicAroM kI pramukha patrikA thii| san 1932 meM lalitapura (u.pra.) se mAsika "siddhi" kA prakAzana rA.vai. siddhasAgara ke saMpAdana meM tathA jayapura se rAyasAhaba kesaramala ajamerA ke saMpAdana meM mAsika "sudhAraka" kA prakAzana huaa| sana 1914 meM prakAzita mAlavA di. jaina prAMtika sabhA ke mukhapatra mAsika "jaina prabhAta" kA punaHprakAzana maI, 1933 meM zrI di. jaina mAlavA prAMtika sabhAzrita auSadhAlaya, baDanagara (ujjaina) dvArA kiyA gyaa| isake saMpAdaka lAlA bhagavAnadAsa the| isI varSa julAI meM mulatAna se pAkSika "jaina darzana" zuru kiyA gayA, jo paM. cainasukhadAsa jaina ke saMpAdana meM prakAzita hotA thaa| yaha zrI bhAratavarSIya di. jaina zAstrArtha saMgha kA mukhapatra thaa| bijanaura se agasta 1933 meM zrI bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina zAstrArtha pariSada kA mukhapatra "jaina darzana" pAkSika kA prakAzana zuru huaa| 2 julAI 1934 meM AgarA se cA~damala caurasiyA aura saryavarmA ke saMpAdana meM "osavAla sudhAraka saMgaThana" nAma se pAkSika patra kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| eka varSa bAda isakA nAma "osavAla sudhAraka" kara diyA gyaa| yaha patra pragatizIla cetanA kA pratIka thaa| pharavarI 1935 meM jaina zikSaNa pariSada, byAvara ne byAvara ke zrI jaina gurukula se hindI mAsika "jaina zikSaNa saMdeza" kA prakAzana prArambha kiyaa| isake saMpAdaka zobhAcandra bhArilla aura zAMtilAla vanamAlI seTha the| yaha patra "zikSaNa saMsthAoM kA sakhA tathA mAtA-pitAoM kA mArgadarzaka" thaa| "zikSA, zikSaka aura zAlA" se sambandhita isa patrikA ne baccoM ko sadamArga para calane kI preraNA dI tathA unheM burAI se bacane kA bhI saMdeza diyaa| isI varSa kalakattA se pAkSika "jaina bandhu" kA prakAzana paM. cainasukhadAsa ke saMpAdana meM prArambha huaa| yaha patra kalakattA ke pAkSika svatantra sAmAjika patra ke rUpa meM prasiddha huA, jo prakhara sAmAjika cetanA kA patra bnaa| bhaMvaralAla nyAyatIrtha bhI isake saMpAdana se bAda meM jur3a gye| sana
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________________ hindI jaina patrakAritA kA itihAsa evaM mUlya 1935 meM hI nAgapura se pAkSika "tAraNapaMtha" tathA ajamera se sujAnamala sonI ke saMpAdana meM "candrasAgara" kA prakAzana huaa| 10 maI 1936 ko AgarA se "vIra saMdeza" pAkSika kA prakAzana javAharalAla lor3hA ke saMpAdana meM huaa| 10 apraila 1936 meM ajamera se rAjamala lor3hA ke saMpAdana meM "jaina dhvaja" kA prakAzana huaa| bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina saMgha kI ora se maI 1937 meM sAptAhika "jaina saMdeza" kA prakAzana prArambha huaa| isake Adi saMpAdaka kapUracanda jaina the| san 1958 meM zodha sAmagrI yukta traimAsika "zodhAMka" bhI isa patra ke sAtha prakAzita honA zuru huaa| zodhAMka kA prakAzana san 1981 taka DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina ke saMpAdana meM hotA rhaa| isI varSa "zAnti sindhu" nAmaka pAkSika patra kA prakAzana huaa| san 1938 meM prakAzita patrikAoM meM a.bhA.di. jaina paravAra sabhA kA mAsika "paravAra bandhu", a.bhA. tAraNapaMthI navayuvaka maNDala kA mAsika "tAraNabandhu Adi san 1939 meM "jaina bhAratI" kA prakAzana kalakattA se zuru huaa| zrI jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI mahAsabhA ke isa mAsika mukhapatra tathA sAptAhika vivaraNa patrikA kA prakAzana janavarI 1952 se banda kara diyA gayA thA tathA inake sthAna para -- "jaina bhAratI" sAptAhika kA prakAzana 5 pharavarI, 1953 meM zrIcanda rAmapuriyA ke saMpAdana meM zuru huaa| vartamAna meM isakA prakAzana ku. haMsA dastANI ke saMpAdana meM kalakattA se ho rahA hai| vijayasiMha nAhara tathA bhaMvaramala siMghI ne janavarI 1940 meM "taruNa osavAla" kA prArambha kalakattA se kiyaa| yaha sAmAjika sudhAroM tathA krAMti va saMgharSa ke pradIpta svaroM se yukta prakhara patra thaa| eka varSa bAda yahI patra "taruNa jaina" ke nAma se prakAzita hone lgaa| isI varSa ThAkura prabhudayAla jaina ke saMpAdana meM bhiNDa, gvAliyara se mAsika "khaNDelavAla jaina hitaiSI" prakAzita huaa| cimanasiMha lor3hA ne 1940 meM hI pAkSika "jhalaka" kA prakAzana kiyaa| san 1942 meM indaura se bAbU amolakacanda siMghavI ke sampAdana meM "maMgala" kA prakAzana huaa| janavarI 1943 meM AcArya zrI hastImala jI ma.sA. kI preraNA se zrI ratna vidyAlaya, bhopAlagar3ha (jodhapura) dvArA phUlacanda jaina sAraMga "vidyAlaMkAra" ke saMpAdana meM itihAsa, saMskRti aura dharma kI mAsikI "jinavANI" kA prakAzana huaa| vartamAna meM yaha patrikA DaoN. narendra bhAnAvata ke saMpAdana meM jayapura se prakAzita ho rahI hai, jisameM dhArmika, dArzanika, sAmAjika aura sAhityika dharAtala se AdhyAtmika navacetanA ko jAgRta karane vAlI sAmagrI prakAzita kI jAtI hai| isa patrikA ke saMpAdana-dAyitva se basanta kumAra jaina, zazikAnta jhA, paM. ratnakumAra jaina "ratneza", kesarIkizora "kezava", prakAzacandra botharA, zAnticanda mehatA, lAlacanda jaina, miTThAlAla muraDiyA, madana lAla jaina, pArasamala prasUna, jinendra kumAra jaina, jatanarAja mehatA, DaoN. zAntA bhAnAvata Adi jur3e rhe| ajamera se isI varSa prakAzamala jaina ke saMpAdana meM traimAsika "jaina jyoti" kA prakAzana huaa| 6 apraila 1944 meM vijaya mohana jaina ke saMpAdana meM mAsika sUcanA patra "vIra lokAzAha kA prakAzana zuru kiyA gyaa| maI 1945 meM Atmadharma kAryAlaya (suvarNapurI) sonagar3ha-kAThiyAvAr3a se hindI mAsika "Atmadharma" kA prakAzana prArambha huaa| yaha zrI digambara jaina svAdhyAya mandira TrasTa, sonagar3ha (saurASTra) kA mukhapatra hai| yaha patra kAnajI svAmI ke mAMgalika pravacanoM ko pramukhatA se prakAzita karatA rahA hai| isake Adi saMpAdaka rAmajIbhAImANakacanda dozI the| san 1976 se isa patra kI mudraNa vyavasthA jayapura se hone lgii| kintu 1983 meM punaH sonagar3ha se prakAzita hone lgaa| apraila 1947 ko vardhA se zrI bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala ke mukhapatra "jaina jagata" kA prakAzana huaa| isake prakAzaka tathA saMpAdaka hIrAsAba cavar3e the| vartamAna meM isakA prakAzana candanamala cA~da ke saMpAdana meM bambaI se ho 89
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________________ DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata rahA hai| isa patra ke saMpAdana se riSabhadAsa rAMkA, jamanAlAla jaina, agaracanda nAhaTA, dhIrajalAladhanajIbhAI zAha, zaMkara jaina, ratana pahADI, ratanalAla jozI Adi jur3e rhe| "jaina jagata" sAmAjika cetanA kA pramukha patra hai| zrI vIra presa, jayapura paM. cainasukhadAsa nyAyatIrtha evaM bhaMvaralAla nyAyatIrtha ke saMpAdana meM pAkSika "vIravANI" kA prakAzana apraila 1947 meM huaa| vartamAna meM isakA prakAzana bhaMvaralAlajaina nyAyatIrtha tathA DaoN. kastUracanda kAsalIvAla ke saMpAdana meM ho rahA hai| zrI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra, zrI mahAvIrajI (jayapura sTeTa) ke sacitra pAkSika mukhapatra "mahAvIra saMdeza" 25 maI 1947 se prArambha huaa| dhArmika patra hote hue bhI yaha mAnava kalyANa ke prati samarpita thaa| 15 agasta 1947 ko sAgara se paM. pannAlAla sAhityAcArya ke saMpAdana meM mAsika "jaina prakAza" kA prakAzana huaa| bhArata kI svAdhInatA ke sAtha hindI jaina patrakAritA ke dUsare yuga kA itihAsa pUrA ho jAtA hai| hindI jaina patrakAritA ke prathama yuga meM hama jisa sAmAjika cetanA ke darzana karate haiM vaha atyanta prakharatA ke sAtha dUsare yuga meM ubharatI hai| vRddha-vivAha, bAla-vivAha, kanyAvikaya Adi kurItiyoM kA tIkhA virodha isa yuga kI vizeSatA hai| yaha kAla-khaNDa jaina patrakAritA ke yuvAvasthA kA kAla mAnA jA sakatA hai yaha vaha samaya thA jaba deza meM rAjanaitika Andolana pUre jora para thaa| sarvatra pUrNa svatantratA kI mA~ga kI jA rahI thii| aise kaThina samaya meM jaina patrakAritA ne dhArmika-sAmAjika sudhAroM ke sAtha-sAtha gAMdhIjI kI ahiMsAtmaka lar3AI ko apanA naitika evaM racanAtmaka samarthana diyaa| tRtIya yuga (san 1948 se Aja taka ) jaina patrakAritA kA tIsarA yuga san 1948 se Aja taka mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa kAla meM deza rAjanItika dRSTi se svatantra thA aba hameM apane svapnoM kA bhArata banAnA thaa| nava nirmANa ke isa mahAyajJa meM patra-patrikAoM ne bhI hissA bNttaayaa| isa yuga ke pramukha patra isa prakAra haiM - 31 janavarI 1948 meM kalakattA se purAtattva vizeSajJa munizrI kAMtisAgara ke saMpAdana meM "nava nirmANa", AgarA se hajArImala jaina ke saMpAdana meM "paMkaja", jodhapura se sAptAhika "ahiMsA" kalakattA se sAptAhika "janapatha" Adi isa yuga ke kucha prArambhika pramukha patra the| janavarI 1949 meM hiMsA ke viruddha AvAja bulanda karane vAlA "hiMsA virodha" kA prakAzana ahamadAbAda se huaa| bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI ne 9 julAI 1948 ko mAsika "jJAnodaya" kA prakAzana kalakattA- dillI se kramazaH kiyA prArambha meM yaha patrikA bhramaNa saMskRti kI pramukha patrikA thii| lagabhaga cAra varSoM taka "jJAnodaya" kA svarupa jaina vAGmaya ke zodha anusaMdhAna para vizeSa kendrita rhaa| navambara 1949 meM hI a. bhA. zrI zAntivIra di. jaina siddhAnta saMrakSiNI sabhA ke sAptAhika mukhapatra "jaina darzana" kA prakAzana zurU huaa| I - janavarI 1950 meM alIgaMja (eTA) se kAmatAprasAda jaina ke saMpAdana meM "ahiMsA-vANI" kA prakAzana huA janavarI meM hI sailAnA (ma.pra.) se mAsika "samyak darzana" kA prakAzana ratanalAla dozI ke saMpAdana meM huaa| "jinavANI" ke maI 1950 ke aMka se koTA se dainika "nirbhIka " ke prakAzana kI sUcanA milatI hai| san 1951 meM zrI mahAvIrajI meM sva. kRSNAbAI ne zrI di. jaina mumukSu mahilAzrama ke mukhapatra "mahilA jAgaraNa" kI sthApanA kii| san 1952 meM sva. bAbU padmasiMha jaina ne jodhapura meM "taruNa jaina" nAma se sAptAhika patra prArambha kiyaa| yaha patra akhila bhAratavarSIya zve. sthA. jaina samAja kA sAptAhika mukhapatra hai isI varSa jayapura se indralAla zAstrI ne pAkSika "ahiMsA" kA prakAzana kiyaa| san 1952 meM nimbAheDA se sva. zrImadvijayayatIndra sUrIzvara jI kI preraNA evaM bhAvanA se mAsika "zAzvata dharma" kA prakAzana huaa| vartamAna meM 90 /
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________________ hindI jaina patrakAritA kA itihAsa evaM mUlya isakA prakAzana puNe (mahArASTra) se ho rahA hai| san 1954 meM ajamera se "jaina kalyANa" mAsika prakAzita huaa| san 1951 meM "aNuvrata" tathA "sanmati saMdeza" kA prakAzana huaa| "aNuvrata" AcArya tulasI ke AdarzoM kI anupAlanA karate hue ahiMsA pradhAna samAja racanA tathA naitika jAgaraNa ke lie aNuvrata abhiyAna kA mukhapatra hai| vartamAna meM isakA prakAzana dharamacanda copar3A ke saMpAdana meM naI dillI se ho rahA hai| janavarI 1955 meM dillI se mAsika "sanmati saMdeza" kA prakAzana huaa| isake saMpAdaka paM. prakAzahitaiSI zAstrI haiN| isI varSa bIkAnera se "abhaya saMdeza" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| bIkAnera se hI "jaina AvAja" kA prakAzana 1955 ke anta meM prArambha huaa| san 1956 meM aMbAlA zahara se zrI AtmAnanda jaina mahAsabhA ke mAsika mukhapatra "vijayAnanda" kA prakAzana huA, jo kAlAntara meM ludhiyAnA se prakAzita hone lgaa| isa patra ke Adi saMpAdaka pro. pRthvIrAja jaina the| isa varSa ke anya pramukha patra the -- "jaisavAla jaina", "bandhu", "marudhara", "kesarI" tathA "sumti"| zrI jaina sabhA, kalakattA kI ora se pannAlAla nAhaTA ke saMpAdana meM sAptAhika jaina kA prakAzana 1958 meM kiyA gyaa| 1958 meM hI bhAratavarSIya varNI jaina sAhitya mandira, mujaphpharanagara kI ora se mAsika "varNI pravacana" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| 15 agasta 1959 ko ahamadanagara se mAsika "sudharmA" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| AcArya Ananda RSi jI kI preraNA se saMsthApita zrI tilokaratna sthA. jaina dhArmika parIkSA borDa kI yaha mAsika mukha patrikA hai| isa patrikA ke saMsthApaka zAha kezavajI javeracanda the| vartamAna meM yaha paM. candrabhUSaNa maNi tripAThI ke saMpAdana meM prakAzita ho rahI hai| 1959 meM dillI se "vizvadharma" mAsika kA prakAzana huaa| 1961 meM phirojAbAda se "jaina jAgaraNa" tathA 1962 meM jayapura se "jaina saMgama" kA prakAzana huaa| rAjasthAna jaina sabhA, jayapura ne san 1962 meM mahAvIra jayantI ke avasara para vArSika "mahAvIra jayantI smArikA" kA prakAzana Arambha kiyaa| isa smArikA meM jaina sAhitya, saMskRti, itihAsa, purAtatva va siddhAnta Adi viSayoM para mahattvapUrNa gaveSaNApUrNa Alekha prakAzita hote haiN| san 1963 meM prakAzita patroM meM "zramaNopAsaka" zrI a.bhA. sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha kA pAkSika mukhapatra hai jo vartamAna meM jugarAja seThiyA tathA DaoN. zAntA bhAnAvata ke saMpAdana meM bIkAnera se prakAzita hotA hai| "zrI amara bhAratI" kA prakAzana sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA se pAkSika rUpa se zuru huA thA, jo 1965 se mAsika ho gayI hai| kAlAntara meM isakA prakAzana vIrAyatana, rAjagaha se hone lgaa| yaha patrikA mukhya rUpa se kavi zrI upAdhyAya amara muni ke krAntikArI vicAroM kI tejasvI patrikA hai| san 1964 meM ajamera se "osavAla samAja" kA prakAzana huaa| jUna 1964 ko bAr3amera jile ke bAlotarA gA~va se "zrI nAkoDA adhiSThAyaka bhairava" nAmaka mAsika patrikA kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| san 1965 meM janavarI mAha meM "satyArtha" tathA "dharmavANI" mAsika patrikAoM kA prakAzana huaa| pharavarI 1966 meM ajamera se "jaina bAlaka" mAsika patrikA kA prakAzana huaa| 23 janavarI san 1967 ko rAMcI se zrI jinendra kumAra jaina ke saMpAdana meM sAptAhika "jaina jAgaraNa" kA prakAzana huaa| isI varSa pAkSika "karuNA dIpa" eTA se prakAzita huii| / san 1968 meM prakAzita jaina patrikAoM meM "dharmajyoti" tathA "kathAloka" pramukha patra haiN| "dharma jyoti" kA prakAzana janavarI mAha meM bhIlavAr3A se pAkSika rUpa meM kiyA gyaa| kAlAntara meM yaha mAsika ho gyii| yaha dharma jyoti pariSad kI mukha patrikA hai| kathAoM ke mAdhyama se dhArmika sAMskRtika cetanA ko jAgRta karane ke uddezya se muni jI zrI mahendra kumAra "prathama" kI preraNA se jayapura se mahendra jaina ke saMpAdana meM mAsika "kathAloka" kA prakAzana agasta 1968 meM prArambha kiyA gyaa| nIti kathAoM tathA prAdezika loka kathAoM ke mAdhyama se yaha patra bhAratIya saMskRti ke ujjvala pakSa ko prakaTa kara rahA hai| vartamAna meM "kathAloka" kA prakAzana dillI se 91
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________________ DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata harSacanda ke sampAdana meM ho rahA hai| san 1969 meM prakAzita patroM meM ludhiyAnA se sAptAhika "Arya saMskAra", udayapura se mAsika "mahAvIra nandana", jodhapura se mAsika "osavAla hitaiSI" Adi pramukha hai| san 1970 meM AcArya zrI AtmArAma jaina prakAzana samiti, ludhiyAnA kI ora se mAsika "Atma razmi" kA prakAzana huaa| isI varSa digambara jaina saMskRti sevaka samAja, dillI kI ora se mAsika "jaina saMskRti" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| isakA prakAzana mathurA se hotA thaa| apraila 1970 meM hI "jaina darpaNa" kA prakAzana jayapura se huaa| phirojAbAda se "padmAvatI saMdeza" tathA jodhapura se "jaina zAsana" kA prakAzana bhI isI varSa meM huaa| 15 maI 1971 se indaura se DaoN. nemIcanda jaina ke sampAdana meM "tIrthaMkara" mAsika kA prakAzana zuru huaa| "tIrthakara" vastutaH eka vicAra mAsika hai, jisakA prakAzana "vikRtiyoM se vicAra ke stara para jUjhane aura manuSya ko manuSya ke spa meM pratiSThita kiye jAne kI svAbhAvika sambhAvanAoM ko DhUMr3ha nikAlane ke prayatna ke saMkalpa ke sAtha huaa| pharavarI 1971 meM a.bhA. digambara jaina samiti, dillI meM parasAdI lAla pATanI ke saMpAdana meM 2500vA~ nirvANa mahotsava baleTina" prakAzita huaa| bAda meM isakA prakAzana meraTha se digambara jaina mahAsamiti "buleTina" ke nAma se hone lgaa| isake saMpAdaka akSaya kumAra jaina ho gye| vartamAna meM yaha patrikA "digambara jaina mahAsamiti patrikA" ke nAma se pAkSika rUpa se jayapura se phUlacanda jaina ke saMpAdana meM prakAzita hotI hai| sana 1971 meM indaura se mAsika "sanmati vANI" kA prakAzana kiyA gayA, sana 1972 meM bIkAnera se "aNuvIkSaka" sAptAhika kA prakAzana huaa| 1972 meM hI dhArmika pAkSika patrikA "zAMtijyoti" kA prakAzana jodhapura se huaa| isI varSa disambara mAha meM jayapura se rAmaratana kocara ke saMpAdana meM mAsika "vallabha saMdeza" kA prakAzana huaa| yaha patra jainAcArya vallabha vijayajI dvArA pratipAdita samanvaya va sarvadharma samabhAva kI bhAvanA lekara prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| vartamAna meM isake saMpAdaka vimala candrakocara hai| san 1923 meM mevAr3a kAnphareMsa kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| sitambara 1973 meM a.bhA. terApaMtha yuvaka pariSad, lADanUM ne kamaleza caturvedI tathA vijayasiMha koThArI ke saMpAdana meM mAsika "yuvAloka" kA prakAzana kiyaa| bAda meM isakA nAma "yuvAdRSTi" ho gyaa| vartamAna meM isakA prakAzana gaMgAzahara (bIkAnera) se kamaleza caturvedI ke saMpAdana meM ho rahA hai| janavarI san 1973 meM jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM kI traimAsika patrikA "anusaMdhAna patrikA" kA prakAzana huaa| isake pradhAna saMpAdaka DaoN. mahAvIrarAja gelar3A tathA saMpAdaka rameza jaina the| janavarI 1975 meM isakA nAma "tulasI prajJA" ho gyaa| vartamAna meM yaha lADanUM se DaoN. nathamala TATiyA ke saMpAdana meM prakAzita ho rahI hai| isameM zodha evaM cintana pradhAna lekhoM kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| isameM aMgrejI bhASA ke lekhoM kA bhI prakAzana kiyA jAtA hai| san 1973 meM "yugavIra" mAsika kA prakAzana paTanA se huaa| isI varSa digambara jaina triloka zodha saMsthAna ke mukhapatra "samyak jJAna" kA prakAzana hastinApura (meraTha) se huaa| san 1974 meM dillI se "vizva dharma" mAsika, kalakattA se pAkSika, "maMgalajyoti", haidarAbAda se "jaina sevA saMgha saMdeza", gohATI se "pArSada", dillI se sAptAhika "mahAvIra mizana", mAsika "vardhamAna", lakhanaU se mAsika "jJAnakIrti", sAgara se mAsika "jJAna maMjUSA", giraDIha se mAsika "pArasavANI" Adi patroM ke prakAzana hue| jUna 1974 meM hI bhagavAna mahAvIra 2500veM nirvANa mahAsamiti ke mAsika prakAzana ke rUpa meM dillI se "vIra parinirvANa" patrikA prakAzita huii| isake pradhAna saMpAdaka akSayakumAra jaina the| janavarI 1975 meM prakAzajaina bAMThiyA ke saMpAdana meM mAsika "vizvezvaramahAvIra" kA prakAzana jodhapura se huaa| mArca 1975 meM AcArya zrI hastImala jI ma. kI preraNA se zrI mahAvIra jaina zrAvikA samiti, jodhapura kI ora se mAsika "vIra-upAsikA" kA prakAzana prArambha huaa| isakI prathama saMpAdikA zrImatI ratana caurar3iyA thiiN| 92
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________________ hindI jaina patrakAritA kA itihAsa evaM mUlya vartamAna meM yaha patrikA DaoN. narendra bhAnAvata tathA zrImatI suzIlA bhaMDArI ke saMpAdana meM madrAsa se prakAzita ho rahI hai| san 1975 meM hI mANDolInagara (jAlora) se zrI zAntisevA saMgha kI ora se pAkSika "zAnti jyoti" kA prakAzana huaa| 1975 meM hI indaura se "jaina samAja ke rIti rivAja", baMgalaura se "samatA saMdeza", dillI se "aparigraha" Adi mAsika patroM kA prakAzana huaa| navambara 1975 se pharavarI 1976 taka jodhapura se "vizva kalyANa" kA prakAzana huA, jo kAlAntara meM "arihanta" se mila gyaa| aba yaha mehasANA (gujarAta) se chapatA hai| akTUbara 1976 meM AgarA se zrImatI uSArAnI lor3hA ke saMpAdana meM mAsika "zramaNa bhAratI" kA prakAzana huaa| san 1983 meM mAsika "zramaNa bhAratI" ke sAtha-sAtha sAptAhika "zramaNa bhAratI" kA bhI prakAzana zrImatI lor3hA ke saMpAdana meM hone lgaa| akTUbara 1976 meM hI jaina divAkara zrI cauthamala jI ma.sA. ke zatAbdI varSa meM jaina divAkara navayuvaka maNDala, ratalAma se mAsika "jaina divAkara" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| je.ema. dastAnI ke saMpAdana meM dillI se isI varSa terApanthI samAja kA pAkSika patra "terApaMthI" prArambha huaa| caMDIgar3ha se janavarI 1977 meM "yuvA stambha" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| janavarI 1977 meM hI dillI se "samanvaya saMdeza" nAmaka traimAsika zurU huaa| mArca 1977 meM a.bhA.jaya guMjAra prakAzana samiti ne byAvara se "jaya gujAra" mAsika kA prakAzana kiyaa| vartamAna meM DaoN. tejasiMha gaur3a isake saMpAdaka haiN| apraila 1977 meM vidizA (ma.pra.) se paM ratanacanda bhArilla ke sampAdana meM "jaina patha pradarzaka" samiti kI ora se pAkSika "jaina patha pradarzaka" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| agasta 79 se isakA prakAzana jayapura se ho rahA hai| maI 1977 meM mAsika patra "titthayara" kA prakAzana kalakattA se huaa| isake saMpAdaka gaNeza lalavAnI tathA rAjakumArI begAnI haiN| isI varSa pAkSika "terApaMtha bhAratI" kA prakAzana kalakattA se huaa| julAI 1977 meM zrI sudharma pracAraka maNDala, jodhapura kI ora se mAsika "sudharma pravacana" kA prakAzana huaa| sitambara 1977 meM dhAra (ma.pra.) se "osavAla jaina" kA prakAzana huaa| isa varSa ke anya pramukha patra the -- "suzIla samAcAra", "jaina ekatA" (jAlaMdhara), "baMdhana tor3o" (udayapura), "samAcAra patraka" (kalakattA) tathA "tAraNa bandhu" (bhopaal)| janavarI 1978 meM rAyapura se "jaina zrI" mAsika kA prArambha huaa| pharavarI 1978 meM bAmaniyA (ma.pra.) se mAsika "zrI rAjendra vidyAprakAza" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| 15 agasta 1978 ko bADamera se bhUracanda jaina kI preraNA se prakAzacanda boharA ke sampAdana meM "jaina tIrthaMkara" nAmaka pAkSika patrikA kA prakAzana huaa| sana 1979 meM udayapura se pAkSika "jagata vallabha" tathA "samyak bodha" kA prakAzana huaa| jUna 1979 ko baMgalaura se a.bhA. ahiMsA pracAra saMgha kI ora se mAsika "ahiMsA darzana" kA prakAzana prArambha kiyA gyaa| isa patrikA ke saMpAdaka esa. zrI kaSThUmUrti haiN| isI varSa mahAvIra mitra maNDala, rAyapura kI ora "mitramahAvIra" kA prakAzana huaa| 1979 meM hI sAdar3I (mAravAr3a) se mohana kumAra punamiyA ke saMpAdana meM sAptAhika "munighoSa" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| san 1985 meM yaha pAkSika ho gyaa| san 1980 meM kalakattA se "terApaMtha prakAza" kA prakAzana huaa| isI varSa ratalAma se mAsika "jainamaNI" prakAzita huI, jisakA nAma "jaina navodaya" kara diyA gyaa| jUna 1980 meM madrAsa se "vicakSaNa jyoti" nAmaka sAptAhika patrikA prArambha kI gyii| tulasI adhyAtma nIDam, lADanUM kI mukha patrikA "prekSAdhyAna" kA prakAzana bhI isI varSa huaa| san 1980 meM sonAgira (datiyA) se "syAdavAda jJAna gaMgA" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| mArca 181 meM bundelakhaNDa se "vItarAga vANI" kA prakAzana huaa| apraila 1981 meM bambaI se sAvitrI kocara ke saMpAdana meM osavAla mitra maNDala kI traimAsikI "osavAla jagata" prakAzita huii| 5 apraila 1981 ko jayapura se akhila baMsala ke saMpAdana meM "samanvaya vANI" kA prakAzana huaa| apraila 1981 meM hI dillI se nemIcanda jaina ke 93
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________________ DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata saMpAdana meM sAptAhika "ahiMsA samIra" kA prakAzana huaa| apraila 1981 meM hI "vandevIram" nAmaka eka anya mAsika patra kA prakAzana AcArya amRtakumAra jaina ke saMpAdana meM huaa| navambara 1981 meM munizrI mahendramuni "kamala" ke dizA-nirdezana meM jIvana siMha caudharI ke saMpAdana meM bhIlavADA se mAsika "tapodhana" kA prakAzana huaa| isI varSa zrI vItarAga sAMskRtika saMgha, ahamadanagara kI ora se bAla mAsika "Ananda dIpa" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| baccoM ko kuvyasanoM se dUra rakhane aura saMskAravAna banAne kI dRSTi se yaha patrikA ullekhanIya hai| san 1982 meM jinendra kumAra jaina ne jayapura se "jaina samAja" nAma dainika kA prakAzana prArambha kiyaa| jaina patrakAritA kI itihAsa yAtrA kA yaha pramukha bindu hai, jaba eka samagra rUpa se jaina dainika ke prakAzana kI yojanA ne sAkAra rupa liyaa| isI varSa gAjiyAbAda se "arihanta TAimsa" tathA ajamera se "bar3hate kadama" nAmaka sAptAhika patroM kA bhI prakAzana huaa| 1983 meM DaoN. hukumacanda bhArilla ke saMpAdana meM "vItarAga vijJAna" mAsika kA prakAzana jayapura se huaa| agasta, 83 meM pAkSika "mahAprANa" dillI se prakAzita huaa| mArca, 1984 meM zrI zve.sthA. jaina svAdhyAya saMgha, gulAbapurA kI ora se traimAsika "sambodhi" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| mArca 85 se patrikA kA nAma "svAdhyAya saMdeza" ho gyaa| janavarI 1988 se yaha dvaimAsika ho gyii| mArca 1984 meM hI ludhiyAnA se bAla mAsika "nUtana jaina patrikA" kA prakAzana huaa| apraila 1984 meM jaina vidyA saMsthAna, mahAvIrajI dvArA arddhavArSika zodha patrikA "jaina vidyA" kA prakAzana pro. pravINacanda jaina ke saMpAdana meM huaa| isa varSa prakAzita anya patra the-- puSpadanta dhArA (bhilAInagara), jinapratibhA (jodhapura), zramaNa (mahAvIra) bAda meM zramaNa svara, AkolA (cittaur3agar3ha), bhAtRsabhApatrikA (bambaI), "Agama Aloka" (AbU parvata), "samatA yuvA saMdeza" ( ratalAma), dharmacakra bAda meM saMgama dhArA (jypur)| san 1985 meM prakAzita patroM meM ahiMsA (jayapura), syAdvAda (dImApura, nAgAlaiNDa), kharatara saMdeza (vADamera), pArzvajyoti (bijanaura), vicAravANI (byAvara) Adi pramukha haiN| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra smRti kendra samiti, u.pra., lakhanaU 1986 meM jayapura se samyAjJAna pracAraka maNDala dvArA dvaimAsika "svAdhyAya zikSA" kA prakAzana kiyaa| DaoN. nemIcandra jaina ke sampAdana meM indaura se "zAkAhAra krAMti" kA prakAzana mArca-apraila 1987 meM huaa| isase pUrva janavarI-pharavarI 1987 meM isakA prakAzana "zAkAhAra samAcAra" ke rUpa meM huaa| isI varSa vallabhanagara (udayapura) se "samAja darpaNa" kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| jUna 1987 meM "gommaTavANI" kA prakAzana huaa| akTUbara 1987 meM udayapura se "taruNa osavAla" prakAzita huaa| janavarI 1988 meM jayapura se "vimaladharma AkhyAyikA" kA prakAzana huaa| disambara, 1988 meM indaura se "jinopAsaka" mAsika tathA indaura se hI "samaya" traimAsika kA prakAzana huaa| mUlyAMkana jaina patrakAritA kA eka zatAbdI kA itihAsa apane udbhava aura vikAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| sAmAjika, rAjanItika sudhAroM evaM AjAdI prApta karane kI utkaTa abhilASA kI pRSThabhUmi meM aMkurita-pallavita hindI jaina patrakAritA Aja svatantra bhArata meM na sirpha rASTrIya nirmANa ke lie jana-cetanA jAgRta karane kI dizA meM mahattvapUrNa kArya kara rahI hai varan rASTrIya caritra aura saMskAra nirmANa ke pavitra saMkalpa ke prati pratibaddha bhI hai| sArvajanika patrakAritA kI bhA~ti tIkhA svara tathA tejasvitA aura prakharatA kA bAhya bhAva bhale hI jaina patrakAritA meM dRSTigocara na hotA ho kintu usameM apanI Antarika tejasvitA hai, tapa evaM sAdhanA kA kaThora bala hai, jisakI pradIpta bhAvabhUmi para jaina patrakAritA vikAsita huI aura vyakti evaM rASTrIya caritra ke nirmANa tathA sarala, sahaja sAtvika jIvana ke Adarza ke lie saMgharSarata rhii| 94
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________________ DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata jaina patrakAritA kI eka zatAbdI kI vikAsa yAtrA kA adhyayana isa bAta ko saMketita karatA hai ki yaha vyAvasAyikatA se Aja taka achUtI rahI hai| jaina patroM kA prakAzana lAbhArjana athavA anya saMkIrNa hitoM kI pUrti ke lie nahIM kiyA gyaa| ye patra vizaddha rUpa se samAja sudhAra ke saMkalpa tathA apane dhArmika AdarzoM aura sAMskRtika jAgaraNa ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie prakAzita kiye jAte rahe haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina patroM meM prakAzita sAmagrI mukhyataH vicAra pradhAna tathA naitika sAmAjika udbodhanoM se yukta hotI hai| isa prakAra kI sAmagrI se jaina patra "samAcAra patra" (News paper ) kama hai tathA "vicArapatra" (Vicews paper ) adhika haiN| jaina patrakAritA vaiyaktika caritra va saMyama sAdhanA para vizeSa bala detI hai| ataH inase jur3e samAcAra vizeSa sthAna prApta karate haiN| vyasana mukti, brahmacarya pAlana, vrata, dAna Adi ke samAcAra vaiyaktika jIvana zuddhi kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hote haiN| isI prakAra saMtoM kI vihAra caryA se sambandhita samAcAra bhI ina patroM meM pramukhatA se prakAzita hote haiN| jaina patroM meM prakAzita samAcAroM meM jahA~ sAmAjikatA ke darzana hote haiM, vahIM ve dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika jAgaraNa ke prati bhI samarpita hote haiN| jaina patrakAritA ke udbhava aura vikAsa kI kahAnI isa samAja ke sAmAjika, dhArmika aura sAMskRtika jAgaraNa kI kahAnI hai| jaina patrakAritA kI yaha vikAsa yAtrA sarala va sahaja nahIM rhii| nAnAprakAra ke saMgharSoM ko jhelakara hI jaina patrakAritA kA tapa evaM sAdhanAmaya spa ubhara sakA hai| Arthika kaThinAiyoM, ucita mudraNa suvidhAoM kA abhAva, avaitanika saMpAdaka, saMpAdakIya TIma va kAryAlayI suvidhAoM kA abhAva Adi kaThinAiyoM ke bAvajUda jaina patrakAritA apane AdarzoM va uddezyoM kI pUrti meM ImAnadArI se samarpita rahI hai| jaina patrakAritA ne hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ko zuddha evaM saMskAravAna banAne kI dRSTi se vibhinna sAmAjika vikRtiyoM para kar3e prahAra kiye haiN| nArI jAti ke sAmAjika stara para usake adhikAroM kA samarthana kara usake gauravamaya caritra ko jaina patroM ne prakaTa kiyA hai| samAja meM pichar3I aura nimna jAtiyoM ke vikAsa va unake jIvana stara ko sudhArane kI preraNA bhI jaina patroM meM bhI hai| isa prakAra sAmAjika kSetra meM jaina patrakAritA ne samatAvAdI, sadivihIna, caritraniSTha va vyasanamukta samAja kI kalpanA kA Adarza hamAre sAmane prastuta kiyA hai| jaina patrakAritA kA mukhya dharAtala dhArmika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika tathA naitika mUlyoM ke vikAsa ke sAtha sambaddha rahA hai| rAjanItika kSetra meM bhI jaina patrakAritA ne inhIM mUlyoM kI pratiSThApanA para bala diyA hai| ahiMsAvAdI mUlyoM kI saMvAhikA jaina patrakAritA ne rASTrIya surakSA va akhaNDatA jaise saMvedanazIla praznoM para kAyaratA kA paricaya nahIM diyA varan jana-mAnasa ko sAhasa aura zaurya ke sAtha ina khataroM se jUjhane kI preraNA dI hai| gAMdhIjI ke svadezI tathA bhArata chor3o jaise AndolanoM ko jaina patrakAritA ne sadA apanA racanAtmaka sahayoga diyaa| svAtantryottara bhArata meM deza ke punarnirmANa ke sAtha bhI jaina patrakAritA jur3atI hai aura mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM para vicArottejaka TippaNiyA~ likhakara apanI rAjanItika cetanA ke prakhara pakSa kA paricaya detI hai| bhAratIya saMvidhAna meM nihita mAnavIya mUlyoM yathA -- vaicArika svatantratA, sAmAjika samAnatA, dharmanirapekSatA Adi ko Ama jana se jor3ane aura unakA pracAra-prasAra karane kI dRSTi se jaina patrakAritA sadA prayatnazIla rhii| vaicArika dRSTi se jaina patrakAritA dhArmika tattvadarzana ke vivecana-vizleSaNa se jur3akara apane vyApaka arthoM meM Atma kalyANa, vizvazAnti va vizva maitrI kI bAta karatI hai| jaina patrakAritA kI yaha dhArmika, AdhyAtmika cetanA mUlataH vyakti cetanA ko vikasita karatI huI use vyApaka sAmAjika-rASTrIya hitoM se jor3atI hai| sAhityika sAMskRtika cetanA ke vikAsa meM bhI jaina patrakAritA kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| jaina patrakAritA ne eka ora yadi sAhitya kI vividha vidhAoM ke racanAtmaka lekhana ko prakaTa kiyA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora saMskRta kI gauravamaya paramparAoM ko bhI banAye rakhA hai| prAcIna jaina sAhitya ke anveSaNa, samIkSaNa va saMrakSaNa kI dizA meM jaina patroM ke 95
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________________ DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata prayAsoM se Aja na sirpha jaina sAhitya varana hindI sAhitya bhI samRddha huA hai| niSkarSataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina patrakAritA kI yaha gaira vyAvasAyika dhArA avicchinna rUpa se vyAvasAyika patrakAritA ke samAnAntara calI A rahI hai jo aneka bAdhAoM va saMkaToM ke bAvajUda bhI apanI Antarika tejasvitA ke kAraNa sAmAjika, rAjanItika, dhArmika, AdhyAtmika, sAhityika tathA kalA evaM purAtattva ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha kara rahI hai| aba taka sAr3he cAra sau se adhika jaina patra-patrikAoM kA prakAzana ho cukA hai| ina patroM kI sAmagrI kA vivecana-vizleSaNa isa bAta kA jIvanta pramANa hai ki gaira vyAvasAyika, dhArmika tathA loka sevAparaka patrakAritA meM jaina patrakAritA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| Adhunika bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa lekhana meM jaina patrakAritA eka prabhAvI, prAmANika aura vizvasanIya srota hai, isase iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| #C-235 e, dayAnanda mArga, tilaka nagara, jayapura-302004 96
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________________ anekAnta, ahiMsA tathA aparigraha kI avadhAraNAoM kA mUlyAMkana : Adhunika vizva samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM - DaoN. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA jainadharma-darzana kA vikAsa I.pUrva 6ThIM zatAbdI meM jaina paramparA ke 24veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke barA huA, kintu isakA upayoga sirpha usI yuga ke lie thA, aisA mAnanA sarvathA anucita hogA kyoMki jainadharma-darzana ne apane ko jina-jina rUpoM meM prastuta kiyA hai, ve Aja bhI saMgata haiM aura Age bhI mAnava hI nahIM balki prANimAtra ke lie kalyANakArI sAbita hoNge| jainadarzana samanvayavAdI hai kyoMki isameM vibhinna mata-matAntaroM ko samAhita dekhA jAtA hai| yaha mAnavatAvAdI hai kyoMki yaha sampUrNa mAnavasamAja kA hitakArI hai| yaha prANIvAdI hai kyoMki isakI cintana praNAlI meM samasta prANiyoM ke sukha sannihita hai| yaha samatAvAdI hai kyoMki yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki sabhI jIva ananta-catuSTaya ke dhAraka hote haiN| saba ke sukha-duHkha samAna hote haiM, itanA hI nahIM balki jainadarzana svatantratAvAdI hai kyoMki yaha mAnava ko IzvarIya dAsatA se mukta karatA hai| jainadarzana samanvayavAdI hai, isameM koI zaka nahIM parantu AzaMkA isa bAta ko lekara hotI hai ki samanvaya isakI sahajatA hai athavA uddezya ? isakA jaisA bhI svarUpa hai usase svabhAvataH samanvaya prasphurita hotA hai yA samanvaya ko uddezya mAnakara usake anukUla isakA spa khar3A kiyA gayA hai| adhika loga yaha mAnate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jisa tattvamImAMsA yA jJAnamImAMsA yA AcAramImAMsA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, usameM svabhAvataH samanvaya aMkurita hotA hai, jo samAja ko sadbhAva evaM zAnti pradAna karatA hai| samanvaya lAne ke uddezya se mahAvIra ne siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| parantu bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jisa yuga meM prAdurbhAva huA aura jisa samAja meM unakA pAlana-poSaNa huA, unheM dekhate hue yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne apane samAja evaM vAtAvaraNa ko samajhate hue samanvayavAda kA pratipAdana kiyaa| aisA mAnanA bhI koI amaryAdita nahIM jAna par3atA kyoMki samAja meM sadabhAva sthApita karane ke lie eka mahAtmA kA kisI ki siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karanA usake svabhAvAnukUla hI hai| jainAgamoM ke anusAra mahAvIra ke samaya meM jainamata ke atirikta bhArata meM 363 matoM kA pracAra-prasAra ho rahA thaa| bauddhatripiTaka bhI batAte haiM ki buddha ke samaya meM bauddha-darzana ke atirikta 62 cintana praNAliyA~ thiiN| una siddhAntoM meM koI sAmAnyavAdI thA to koI vizeSavAdI, koI nityatAvAdI thA to koI anityatAvAdI, koI advaitavAdI thA to koI dvaitavAdI, koI pUrNataH bhautikavAdI thA to koI sarvAMzataH adhyaatmvaadii| una vividhatAoM ke bIca TakarAva ke kAraNa samAja hAsonmukha thaa| kyA usa samaya kI sAmAjika sthiti ne bhagavAna mahAvIra jaise loka-hitaiSI vyakti ko samAjoddhAra karane ko prerita nahIM kiyA hogA ? yadi apanI paristhiti se prerita evaM prabhAvita hokara mahAvIra ne apanA darzana prastuta kiyA, to aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki samanvayavAda unakA uddezya thaa| bhagavatIsUtra kI yaha ukti ki mahAvIra ne svayaM meM sva-citra-vicitra puskokila ko dekhA, jisake kAraNa ve sva-para-siddhAntoM kI samAnatA pratiSThita karane ko prerita hue| puMskokila unake anekAntavAda athavA sApekSatAvAda ko hI iMgita karatA hai| svapna vyakti kI manasA kA dyotaka hotA hai| svapna meM purakokila ko dekhanA yaha batAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke mana meM vibhinna mata-matAntaroM ke bIca sAmaMjasyatA lAne kI bAta thI arthAta unakA samanvaya sodadezya thaa| aise to samanvayavAda ke kAraNa jainadarzana aura pAzcAtya Adhunika cintaka kANTa ke vicAra bahuta nikaTa hai, para yadi yaha mAna liyA jAe ki mahAvIra kA samanvayavAda soddezya hai, to donoM ke bIca aura adhika sAmIpya dRSTigocara hone lagatA hai kyoMki apane samaya ke 97
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________________ anekAnta, ahiMsA tathA aparigraha kI avadhAraNAoM kA mUlyAMkana : Adhunika vizva samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM do virodhI matoM -- buddhivAda tathA anubhavavAda kI ApasI kaTutA ko dUra karane ke lie hI unhoMne apanA samIkSAvAda prastuta kiyA thA, jisameM buddhivAda tathA anubhavavAda sahabhAgI ke rUpa meM samanvita hote haiN| jainadarzana mUlataH sApekSatAvAdI hai| anekAnta, syAdvAda, ahiMsA, aparigraha sabhI sApekSatAvAda ke hI vividha rUpa haiN| yadi ina siddhAntoM se sApekSatA haTA lI jAe to ye arthahIna ho jaaeNge| mAnavasamAja meM sApekSatA kA baDA hI mahattva hai| vaktA bolatA hai aura zrotA sunatA hai| vaktA zrotA ke binA aura zrotA vaktA ke binA koI artha nahIM rkhtaa| vaktA aura zrotA eka dUsare ke sApekSa haiM, para yaha sApekSatA bhagavAna mahAvIra kI cintana praNAlI meM kisa taraha prabhAvita evaM puSpita hotI hai use samajhane ke bAda hI hama nirNaya kara sakate haiM ki Adhunika yuga ke lie inake pAsa koI mUlya hai athavA nhiiN| sApekSatA ko tattvamImAMsA meM anekAnta kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| aneka apekSAoM, aneka sImAoM, aneka dRSTiyoM meM vizvAsa karane vAlA siddhAnta anekAntavAda ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| anekAntavAda kA apanA eka AdhAra hai jo tattva ke vivecana se nirUpita hotA hai| jainamata meM kisI bhI vastu yA tattva ke ananta dharma hote haiM jinameM kucha vidhi spa tathA anya niSedha ruup| vidhi aura niSedha bhI eka-dUsare kI apekSA rakhate haiN| vidhi ke binA niSedha nahIM, niSedha ke binA vidhi nhiiN| vidhi aura niSedha dharmoM ke AdhAra para hI kisI vastu kA sahI bodha ho pAtA hai| kisI vastu ke sabhI dharmoM kA bodha sAmAnya vyakti ko nahIM hotaa| jo sarvajJa yA kevalI hote haiM, ve hI kisI vastu ko pUrNataH jAna pAte haiN| sAdhAraNa vyakti kisI vastu ke eka dharma ko yA aneka dharmoM ko jAna pAtA hai jo kramazaH naya aura pramANa kI dRSTiyA~ mAnI gaI haiN| sAdhAraNa vyakti kA jJAna sImita evaM sApekSa hotA hai| jainAcAryoM ne sApekSatA ke siddhAnta ko spaSTa karane ke lie andhagajanyAya kA udAharaNa diyA hai| andhoM ne hAthI kA jJAna use sparza karake prApta kiyaa| una logoM kA jJAna sImita thA tathA apanI-apanI apekSAoM se thA, kintu una logoM ne apane jJAna ko pUrNa aura nirapekSa btaayaa| jaba una logoM se hAthI ke sambandha meM pUchA gayA to kisI ne kahA hAthI rassI kI taraha hotA hai, to kisI ne kahA ki hAthI khambhe kI taraha hotA hai kyoMki una logoM ne kramazaH hAthI kI duma tathA usake paira sparzita kie the| AMzika jJAna ko pUrNa tathA sApekSa jJAna ko nirapekSa batAne kI galatI andhoM kI taraha A~kha vAle loga bhI karate haiN| eka vyakti kisI vastu ke sambandha meM jitanA jAnatA hai usI ko pUrA jJAna mAnakara dUsare ko galata ThaharAne kI koziza karatA hai| vaha aisA nahIM samajhatA hai ki vastu ke ananta dharmoM meM se kinhIM sau, do sau, pA~ca sau yA hajAra dharmoM ko vaha jAnatA hai to anya sau, do sau, pA~ca sau, hajAra dharmoM ko dUsarA vyakti bhI jAna sakatA hai| jaba koI vyakti apane ko sahI aura dUsare ko galata batAtA hai to yahIM vivAda zuru hotA hai, jo Age calakara kalaha evaM yuddha kA rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai| jhagar3A parivAra, samAja, rASTra evaM vizva kisI bhI stara para ho usake pIche vaicArika mataikya kA abhAva hI dekhA jAtA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki jaisA vicAra vaisA aacaar| yadi vicAra ke virodha nahIM haiM, to AcAra meM bhI virodha sambhava nahIM hai| AdamI kA yaha svabhAva to nahIM kahA jA sakatA, parantu Adata jarUra kahI jA sakatI hai ki vaha dUsare kI sahI bAta ko mAnanA nahIM cAhatA hai aura apanI galata bAta ko bhI tarka yA kutarka se sahI pramANita karanA tathA dUsare para lAdanA cAhatA hai| anekAntavAda hameM vaicArika-sahiSNutA kA pATha par3hAtA hai| parivAra meM pitA-putra, sAsa-bahU samAja meM phaile hue vibhinna dharma tathA vizva meM aneka rASTra eka-dUsare ke vicAra se asahamata dekhe jAte haiN| sarvatra pArivArika, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika azAnti vyApta hai| yadi hama anekAntavAda ke mArga para calate haiM, to hameM yaha svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti nahIM hogI ki hamAre vicAra ke sAtha hI hamAre mitra, par3osI, par3osI-rASTra, par3osI-dharma ke bhI vicAra sahI hai yA ho sakate haiN| aisA mAna lene para ApasI sadbhAva jAgata hotA hai aura sukha-zAnti kI upalabdhi hotI hai| apanI AcAra-mImAMsA meM jainadarzana ahiMsAvAda kA pratipAdana karatA hai| ahiMsA zabda niSadhAtmaka hai, kintu prema, sadbhAva, sahAyatA, dAna Adi isake vidheyAtmaka rUpa bhI haiN| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM ahiMsA kA vistArapUrvaka 98
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________________ DaoN. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA vivecana milatA hai| usa vivecana meM ahiMsA ke jo sATha nAma batAe gae haiM, unase sApha jAhira hotA hai ki prANimAtra ke kalyANa ke jo bhI rUpa ho sakate haiM, ve sabhI isameM samAhita hai| yadyapi jainadarzana anekAntavAdI hai parantu jaba ahiMsA kI bAta AtI hai, to yaha advaitavAdI yA abhedavAdI jAna par3atA hai kyoMki yaha sabhI prANiyoM ko eka jaisA mAnatA hai| samAnatA ko dekhate hue hI yaha vyakta karatA hai ki AtmA eka hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai -- "jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU zAsita karanA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU paritApa denA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| upAdhyAya amaramunijI ke zabdoM meM -- "bhagavAna mahAvIra kA ahiMsAdharma eka uccakoTi kA AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika dharma hai| yaha mAnava jIvana ko andara aura bAhara donoM ora se prakAzamAna karatA hai| mahAvIra ne ahiMsA ko bhagavatI kahA hai| mAnava kI antarAtmA ko ahiMsA bhagavatI, binA kisI bAharI dabAva, bhaya, AtaMka athavA pralobhana ke sahaja antaHpreraNA detI hai ki mAnava vizva ke anya prANiyoM ko bhI apane samAna samajhe, unake prati binA kisI bhedabhAva ke mitratA evaM bandhutA kA premapUrNa vyavahAra kre| mAnava ko jaise apanA astitva priya hai, apanA sukha abhISTa hai, vaise hI anya prANiyoM ko bhI apanA astitva tathA sukha, priya evaM abhISTa hai -- yaha paribodha hI ahiMsA kA mUla svara hai| ahiMsA "sva" aura "para" kI, "apane" aura "parAeM" kI, "ghaNA" evaM "baira" ke AdhAra para khar3I kI gaI bheda-rekhA ko tor3a detI hai| ahiMsA kA siddhAnta racanA meM vizvAsa karatA hai, dhvaMsa meM nhiiN| vizva meM jo bhI racanAtmaka evaM kalyANakArI gatividhiyA~ hai, unake pIche kisI na kisI rUpa meM ahiMsA hI kAma karatI hai| hiMsA nAzakArI hotI hai| baira, Sa, ghRNA, lobha, krodha Adi hiMsA ke hI rUpa haiM aura inhI se samAja kA vidhvaMsa hotA hai| isake viparIta ahiMsA prema, sneha, apanApana evaM sadbhAva kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jinase sukhamaya sAmAnya kI rUparekhA banatI hai| yadi ahiMsA nahIM hotI to Aja kA samAja yA vizva cAhe vaha jisa rUpa meM bhI kyoM na ho, dikhAI nahIM detaa| yadi manuSyoM ke bIca ApasI sneha, sadbhAva evaM apanApana nahIM hote to.riztenAte bhI nahIM bana paate| riztenAtoM ke abhAva meM parivAra nahIM banatA parivAra ke abhAva meM samAja, samAja ke abhAva meM rASTra aura rASTra ke abhAva meM vizva nahIM hotaa| vizva ahiMsA para hI AdhArita hai| ahiMsA ke abhAva meM isakA hAsa ho sakatA hai, vikAsa nhiiN| ataH vizva-kalyANa ke lie ahiMsA anivArya hai| hiMsA se hiMsA ko nahIM jIta sakate, kintu ahiMsA se hiMsA ko apane vaza meM kara sakate haiN| isIlie masIha ne kahA thA-- "jaba tumheM koI vyakti tumhArI gAla para eka tamAcA mAratA hai to usake sAmane apanI dUsarI gAla bhI kara do|" sneha aura sevA ke kAraNa hI Aja masIhIdharma vizva ke kone-kone meM phailA huA hai| ahiMsA ke abhAva meM vizva-zAnti kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| upAdhyAya amaramunijI ke hI zabdoM meM-- "Aja jo vizva nAgarika kI kalpanA kucha prabuddha mastiSkoM meM ur3Ana le rahI hai, "jaya jagat" kA udghoSa kucha samartha cintakoM kI jihavA para mukharita ho rahA hai, kintu usako mUrtarupa ahiMsA ke dvArA hI milanA sambhava hai| aparigraha jainadarzana kI eka mahattvapUrNa vidhA hai| aparigraha ke binA ahiMsA kA pAlana nahIM ho sktaa| yadi ahiMsA kA pAlana nahIM hotA hai to samAja kA kalyANa sambhava nahIM hai| AvazyakatA se adhika saMcaya karanA parigraha hai aura AvazyakatAnusAra evaM saMyamita DhaMga se saMgraha karanA aparigraha hai| bauddhadarzana meM aSTAMgamArga ko 99
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________________ anekAnta, ahiMsA tathA aparigraha kI avadhAraNAoM kA mUlyAMkana : Adhunika vizva samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM batAte hue "samyagAjIva" kI carcA hotI hai| vyakti ko saMyamita DhaMga se apanI AjIvikA ko upalabdha karanA caahie| aparigraha kA AdhyAtmika mahattva ke sAtha hI sAmAjika, Arthika tathA rAjanaitika mahattva bhI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM isake AdhyAtmika mahattva ko batAne ke lie dhana-saMgraha kI nindA kI gaI hai| ___"dhana na to loka meM zaraNa detA aura na hI paraloka meN|" dIpaka ke bujha jAne para andhakAra meM dekhA huA mArga bhI nahIM dikhAI par3atA hai| usI taraha paudagalika vastu ke moha meM ucita mArga ko dekhanA na dekhanA ke barAbara ho jAtA hai| dharma kA pAlana to mamatA ke tyAga se hotA hai| jaba samAja meM eka vyakti AvazyakatA se adhika saMcaya karane lagatA hai, to anya logoM kI sukha-suvidhAe~ china jAtI haiN| koI khAte-khAte maratA hai, to koI khAye binA maratA hai| koI vyakti apane beTe-pote ke lie saMgraha karatA jAtA hai aura koI apane peTa ko bharane meM bhI asamartha rahatA hai| parigraha asamAnatA ko janma detA hai| isake kAraNa hI rAjatantra banatA hai, jisameM rAjA aura prajA ina do vargoM meM samAja ba~Ta jAtA hai| pU~jIvAda meM mAlika aura majadUroM kA samAja parigraha ke kAraNa hI banatA hai| samAja meM aneka prakAra ke durAcAra, anAcAra, atyadhika dhana-saMcayaM kI vajaha se hI hote haiN| aparigraha se samAnatA AtI hai, jisase samAjavAda ko bala milatA hai| samAjavAda aparigraha ke hI phalasvarUpa janma letA hai aura vikasita hotA hai| isalie prAcInakAla se Aja taka cintakoM ne aparigraha ko apanAne kA upadeza diyA hai| aparigraha kA hI eka rUpa prasiddha Adhunika samAjavAdI cintaka kArlamArksa kI cintana paddhati meM milatA hai| zoSaNa karane vAle pU~jIpatiyoM se zoSita majadUroM ko chuTakArA tathA garIboM ko samAna adhikAra dilAne ke lie unhoMne atirikta mUlya kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai| pahale atirikta mUlya ke adhikArI pU~jIpati huA karate the, kintu mArksa ne kahA ki atirikta mUlya meM majadUroM ko bhI. samAna adhikAra milanA cAhie arthAt majadUra bhI atirikta mUlya ke bhAgIdAra ho sakate haiN| isase pU~jIpatiyoM dvArA kie jAne vAle parigraha para niyantraNa hotA hai| isameM eka bAta dhyAna dene kI hai ki jainadarzana dvArA pratipAdita aparigraha siddhAnta parigrahavRtti ke tyAga ko pradhAnatA detA hai, jabaki kArlamArksa kA siddhAnta kAnUnI taura para saMgraha ko rokanA cAhatA hai| yadi kAnUnI DhaMga se parigraha ko roka diyA jAtA hai, to vaha samAja ke lie lAbhadAyaka hotA hai, parantu yadi mana se saMgrahavRtti ko rokane kA prayAsa hotA hai, to vaha vyakti aura samAja donoM ke liye zreyaskara hai| sandarbha-grantha 1. ciMtana kI manobhUmi, pR. 251 2. vahI, pR. 251 3. uttarAdhyavanasUtra,414 * rIDara, darzana vibhAga, kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI-2 100
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________________ prAcIna jainagranthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama - DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha bhAratIya cintana meM karmasiddhAnta kA atimahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara bhArata kI sabhI dArzanika paramparAoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| jainadarzana meM karmasiddhAnta kA jo suvyavasthita evaM suvikasita rUpa prApta hotA hai vaha anyatra durlabha hai| zramaNa paramparA ke vizruta vidvAn padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA kA yaha kathana atyanta prAsaMgika hai -- "karmavAda kI jaisI vistRta vyavasthA jainoM meM dRSTigocara hotI hai vaisI vistRta vyavasthA anyatra durlabha hai| karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa vastutaH vizva-vaicitrya ke kAraNoM kI khoja meM hI huA hai| vizva-vaicitrya ke kAraNoM kI vivecanA ke rUpa meM zvetAzvatara upaniSada meM kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, puruSArtha Adi kA ullekha huA hai| kintu vicArakoM ko vizva-vaicitrya kI vyAkhyA karane vAle ye sabhI siddhAnta santoSa pradAna nahIM kara ske| prArambhika jaina granthoM meM (sUtrakRtAMga) bhI vizva-vaicitrya ke kAraNatA sambandhI ina vibhinna siddhAntoM kI samIkSA kI gaI aura ina siddhAntoM kI nihita akSamatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue zramaNa paramparA meM karmasiddhAnta kA AvirbhAva huaa| isa siddhAnta meM sarvaprathama yaha mAnA gayA ki vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM, vyakti kI sukha-duHkhAtmaka anubhati aura sadasada pravattiyoM meM usakI svAbhAvika ruci ke kAraNa vyakti ke apane hI pUrvakarma hote hai| yaha mAnyatA nirgantha, bauddha aura AjIvika paramparA meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta rhii| nyAya-vaizeSika jaise prAcIna darzanoM ne bhI Izvara-kartatva kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI vaiyaktika vibhinnatA ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM Izvara ke sthAna para adRSTa yA karma ko hI pradhAnatA dI hai| phira bhI yaha sunizcita hai ki zramaNa paramparAoM meM karmasiddhAnta ko jo pradhAnatA milI vaha IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM sambhava nahIM thI kyoMki ve karma ke Upara Izvara kI sattA ko sthApita kara rahI thiiN|| prAcIna bhArata kI zramaNa paramparAoM meM AjIvika paramparA vilupta ho cukI hai aura usakA koI sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hai ataH usameM karmasiddhAnta kisa rUpa meM thA yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai| bauddhoM ne yadyapi jagata-vaicitrya kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM vyakti ke zubhAzubha karmoM ko hI kAraNa mAnA hai phira bhI unakI dRSTi meM karma citta-santati kA hI pariNAma rhaa| ataH unhoMne karma ko caitasika hI mAnA jabaki nirgantha paramparA ne karma ke caitasika aura bhautika donoM hI pakSoM ko svIkAra kara eka suvyavasthita karmasiddhAnta kI vivecanA prastuta kii| prastuta nibandha meM hamArA vivecya jaina karma siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA na hokara mAtra itanA hI hai ki jaina paramparA meM yaha siddhAnta kramika rUpa meM kisa prakAra vikasita huaa| DaoN. ravIndranAtha mizra ne apanI pustaka "jaina karmasiddhAnta udbhava evaM vikAsa"3 meM kAla-krama kI dRSTi se jaina karmasiddhAnta ke vikAsa-krama ko tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kara pratyeka varga kI mukhya vizeSatAoM ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai| unake anusAra ye tIna krama nimnavat hai -- 1. jaina karma siddhAnta kA prArambhika kAla yA udbhava kAla (I.pU. chaThI zatAbdI se IsA pUrva tIsarI shtaabdii|) 2. jaina karma siddhAnta kA vyavasthApana kAla -- I.pU. dUsarI zatI se IsA kI tIsarI shtaabdii| 3. jaina karma siddhAnta kA vikAsa kAla -- I. kI cauthI zatI se bArahavIM shtii| DaoN. mizra ke anusAra prArambhika kAla yA udbhava kAla taka yaha avadhAraNA bana cukI thI -- 1. karmoM kA zubhAzubha phala milatA hai| 2. karma saMcita hote haiM, dUsare zabdoM meM ve kAlAntara meM phala dene kI sAmarthya rakhate haiN| karma yA karma bandha kA kAraNa rAga-dveSa, kaSAya aura moha hai| 3. saMcita karmoM ke kAraNa punarjanma hotA hai| 4. ina saMcita karmoM se arthAta saMsAra-paribhramaNa se mukti prApta kI jA sakatI hai| 101
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________________ prAcIna jainagranthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama tAtparya yaha ki prArambhika kAla meM yadyapi karma siddhAnta kI sabhI mUlabhUta bAteM apane astitva meM A cukI thIM phira bhI ina prAcInatama granthoM meM suvyavasthita rUpa se jaina karma siddhAnta kA pratipAdana nahIM hai| na to inameM karmaprakRtiyoM kI carcA hai| na karma aura guNasthAnoM ke pArasparika sambandhoM kI carcA hai aura na karmoM kI udaya, udIraNA Adi vibhinna avasthAoM kA hI carcA hai| 2. karmasiddhAnta kA vyavasthApana kAla DaoN. mizra ke zabdoM meM isa kAla meM karma-siddhAnta ke sambandha meM nimna bAtoM kA praveza huA --1. karma kI mUla evaM uttara prakRtiyoM kA vargIkaraNa, 2. karma kI mUla evaM unakI prakRtiyoM ke bandhana ke alaga-alaga kAraNoM kA vivecana 3. bandhana ke 5 hetuoM kA vivecana aura unakA prakRtibandha, sthitibandha, anubhAgabandha evaM pradezabandha se sambandha aura karma kI udaya, udIraNA Adi dasa avasthAoM kA ullekha, vibhinna.karma prakRtiyoM kI nyUnatama aura adhikatama sattA kI kAlAvadhi tathA karmaprakRtiyoM ke alaga-alaga phala-vipAka kI carcA / 3. jaina karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa kAla IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI terahavIM zatAbdI taka vyApta isa kAla kI pramukha vizeSatAyeM nimnavat haiM -- 1. karma siddhAnta para.svatantra granthoM kI racanA, 2. karmasiddhAnta kA anya jaina dArzanika avadhAraNAoM jaise guNasthAna, jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, lezyA Adi se sambandha, 3. karmaprakRtiyoM kA guNasthAna aura mArgagAsthAna meM udaya, udIraNA Adi kI dRSTi se vistata vivecana, 4. jaina karmasiddhAnta ke sandarbha meM utpanna dArzanika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna aura 5. jaina karmasiddhAnta ko gaNitIya svarUpa pradAna kiyA jaanaa| yadyapi jaina paramparAgata rUpa meM AgamoM ko aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga-AgamoM ko artha ke rUpa meM mahAvIra kI aura zabda ke rUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA mAnate haiM kintu vidvatsamudAya aneka kAraNoM se sabhI AgamoM yahA~ taka ki sabhI aMga AgamoM ko bhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM maantaa| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha mAnA gayA hai| vidvAna ise lagabhaga I.pU. caturtha zatAbdI kI racanA mAnate haiN| isake samakAlIna athavA kicita paravartI granthoM meM sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana kA krama AtA hai| ye tInoM grantha I.pU. lagabhaga tIsarI zatAbdI kI racanA ke rUpa meM mAnya haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki pAzrvApatya paramparA ke AgamoM meM jinheM hama pUrvo ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM "karmaprAbhUta" nAmaka eka grantha thA jisase 'karmaprakRti Adi karma sAhitya ke svatantra granthoM kA vikAsa huaa| kintu karmasiddhAnta ke ye sabhI grantha vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM I.sana kI 5vIM zatAbdI ke bAda ke hI mAne gaye hai| cUMki hamArA uddezya karmasiddhAnta ke aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko dekhanA hai ataH ina granthoM ko vivecanA kA AdhAra na banAkara ardhamAgadhI Agama ke kucha prAcIna granthoM ko hI apanI vivecanA kA AdhAra bnaayeNgeN| isa dRSTi se hamane AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga meM nihita karma-siddhAnta ke tattvoM para vicAra kiyA AcArAMga kI karmasiddhAnta sambandhI avadhAraNAyeM sAmAnyatayA karmazabda kA artha prANI kI zArIrika athavA caitasika kriyA mAnA gayA hai| kintu karmasiddhAnta kI vyAkhyA meM isa zArIrika kriyA yA mAnasika kriyA ke kAraNa kI aura usake pariNAma kI vyAkhyA ko pramukhatA dI gayI ataH karma ke tIna aMga bane -- 1. kriyA kA preraka tattva 2. kriyA. 3. kriyA kA pariNAma 102
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________________ DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha jahA~ bauddha paramparA ne kriyA ke preraka tattva ke rUpa meM caitasika vRttiyoM ko hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA vahA~ jaina paramparA ne kriyA ke mUla meM rahI huI caitasika vRtti ke sAtha-sAtha usake pariNAma para bhI vicAra kiyaa| isa prakAra karma kI avadhAraNA ko eka vyApakatA pradAna kii| kisI kriyA ke mala meM rahe hue caitasika bhAvadhArA ko pAribhASika dRSTi se bhAvakarma kI saMjJA dI gii| kintu koI bhI kriyA cAhe vaha caitasika ho yA daihika apane pariveza meM eka halacala avazya utpanna karatI hai| isI AdhAra para yaha mAnA gayA ki ina kriyAoM ke pariNAma svarUpa karmadravya AkarSita hotA hai aura AtmA ko bandhana meM DAla detA hai| jaina paramparA meM kisI kriyA-vizeSa ke dvArA jisa paudgalika dravya kA AtmA kI ora saMsaraNa hotA hai use dravya karma kahA jAtA hai| AcArAMga meM dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma jaise suspaSTa zabda kA prayoga hameM nahIM milatA kintu karma ke caitasika pakSa ke sAtha-sAtha hameM karmazarIrI aura karmaraja jaisI avadhAraNAyeM spaSTa rUpa se milatI haiN| vastutaH yahI karmazarIra aura karmaraja dravyakarma kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra bane haiN| AcArAMga spaSTa rUpa se karmaraja aura usake Asrava kI bAta karatA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha karma ke bhautika pakSa yA dravyapakSa ko svIkAra karatA hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma kI spaSTa avadhAraNA bhale hI nahIM rahI ho unake bIja ke rUpa meM karmaraja aura karmazarIra kI avadhAraNAyeM upalabdha thiiN| AcArAMga meM anyatra 'jo guNa hai vahI Avarta haiM aura jo Avarta hai vahI guNa hai' yaha kahakara sAMsArikatA ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM guNoM kI carcA kI gaI hai aura yahA~ AcArAMgakAra kA guNoM se tAtparya prakRti ke tIna guNoM se hI rahA huA hai| ye guNa prAcIna sAMkhya darzana meM bhautika tattva ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiM aura unakI prakRti se ekAtmakatA pratipAdita kI gaI hai| ataH isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki AcArAMgakAra ke samakSa karma kA paudgalika pakSa spaSTa rUpa se upasthita thA cAhe usa kAla taka dravya karma aura bhAva karma jaisI pAribhASika zabdAvalI kA vikAsa na huA ho| karma ko saMsAra-paribhramaNa yA bandhana kA kAraNa mAnanA yaha siddhAnta bhI AcArAMga ke kAla taka spaSTa rUpa se astitva meM A cukA thaa| AcArAMgakAra spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahatA hai ki jo AtmA kI punarjanma kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai vahI AtmavAdI hai, lokavAdI hai aura karmavAdI hai| isa prakAra AcArAMga kI dRSTi meM punarjanma kI avadhAraNA ke spaSTa tIna phalita haiM-- AtmavAda, lokavAda aura krmvaad| punaH karmavAda bhI AtmA aura saMsAra kI sattA ko svIkAra kiye binA sambhava nahIM hai ataH karmavAda ke lie AtmA aura saMsAra kA astitva anivArya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM AcArAMga ke kAla meM karmavAda, punarjanma kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha saMyojita kara liyA gayA thaa| AcArAMga kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI parilakSita hotI hai ki vaha karma ko hiMsA yA Arambha ke sAtha saMyojita karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM karma yA kriyAyeM hiMsA ke sAtha jur3I huI haiM aura ve saMsAra ke paribhramaNa kA kAraNa haiN| isIlie usameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo kriyA (Arambha) ke svarUpa ko nahIM jAnatA hai vaha saMsAra kI vividha jIvayoniyoM meM paribhramaNa karatA hai kintu jo karma yA hiMsA ke svarUpa ko jAna letA hai vaha parijJAta karmA muni sAMsArika janma-maraNa ke caka se Upara uThatA hai| isa kathana kA spaSTa tAtparya hai ki karma yA kriyA bandhana kA kAraNa hai| karma yA kriyA se Asava hotA hai aura vaha Asrava bandhana kA kAraNa banatA hai| isIlie AcArAMgakAra spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahatA hai ki jo bhI sAMsArika vividhatAyeM haiM ve karma se utpanna hotI haiN| AcArAMga meM apTakarma prakRtiyoM kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai| karma kI zubhAzubhatA ke AdhAra ko lekara bhI AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se koI vistRta vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotA kintu,AcArAMgakAra karma aura akarma tathA pApakarma aura puNya kI carcA avazya karatA hai| AcArAMga meM akammassa10, nikkamadaMsI11, zabdoM kA prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki 103
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________________ prAcIna jainagranthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama AcArAMgakAra ke samakSa yaha avadhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se A gayI thI ki sabhI karma bandhaka nahIM hote haiN| puNya (zubha) aura pApa (azubha) karma ke sAtha-sAtha akarma kI yaha avadhAraNA hameM gItA meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| cAhe AcArAMga meM karma prakRtiyoM kI carcA na ho parantu karma-zarIra kI carcA hai -- 'dhuNe kammasarIragaM12 kahakara do tathyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai -- eka to yaha ki karma se yA karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM se zarIra kI racanA hotI hai| usa zarIra ko tapa Adi ke mAdhyama se dhunanA sambhava hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AvArAMga meM karma kI paudgalikatA, karmapudgaloM kA Asava aura usakA AtmA ke lie bandhana-kAraka honA -- ye avadhAraNAyeM spaSTa rUpa se astitva meM A gayI thiiN| isake sAtha hI karma se vimukti ke lie saMvara aura nirjarA kI avadhAraNAe~ spaSTa rUpa se upasthita thiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM AcArAMga meM karma, karmabandha karma-Asava, karma-nirjarA ye zabda prApta hote haiN| karmabandha ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM AcArAMga meM moha, hiMsA aura rAga-dveSa kI carcA bhI upalabdha hotI hai| usameM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki moha ke kAraNa hI prANI garbha aura maraNa ko prApta hotA hai| jo karma moha aura rAga-dveSa se niHsRta nahIM haiM ve karma bhI yadi hiMsA yA parapIr3A ke sAtha jur3e hue haiM to bhI unase bandha hotA hI hai| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki guNa samitivAna apramAdI muni ke zarIra kA saMsparza pAkara bhI kucha prANI paritApa prApta karate haiN| muni ke isa prakAra ke karma dvarA use isa janma meM vedana karane yogya karma kA bandha hotA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki AcArAMgakAra kI dRSTi meM rAga-dveSa aura pramAda kI anupasthiti meM bhI yadi hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hotI hai to usase karma bandha to hotA hI hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki AcArAMga meM IryApathika karma kI jo avadhAraNA vikasita huI hai usake bhI mUlabIja upasthita haiN| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bandhana ke mithyAtva Adi pA~ca kAraNoM kI carcA, aSTakarma prakRtiyoM kI carcA, karma kI dasa avasthAoM kI carcA AcArAMga ke kAla taka anupasthita rahI hogii| AcArAMga meM karmasiddhAnta ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa tathya yaha upalabdha hotA hai ki eka ora AcArAMgakAra kisI ke nimitta se hone vAlI hiMsA kI ghaTanA se hI apramatta muni ko isa janma meM vedanIya karma kA bandha mAnatA hai kintu vaha dUsarI ora isa siddhAnta kA spaSTa rUpa se pratipAdana karatA hai ki bAhya ghaTanAoM kA adhika mUlya nahIM hai| vaha spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahatA hai ki 'jo Asava haiM ve hI parizrava haiN|0, arthAta karma-nirjarA ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAte haiM jo parizrava arthAt karmanirjarA ke hetu haiM vahI Asava ke hetu bana jAte haiN| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki kauna sA karma Asava ke rUpa meM aura kauna sA karma parizrava ke rUpa meM rUpAntarita hogA isakA AdhAra karma kA bAhya pakSa na hokara kartA kI manovRtti hI hogii| isa prakAra AcArAMga karmabandha aura karma-nirjarA meM ghaTanA ke bAhaya svarUpa ke sthAna para kartA ke manobhAvoM ko pradhAnatA detA hai| sUtrakRtAMga kI karma sambandhI avadhAraNA : AcArAMga kI apekSA sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko vidvAnoM ne kiMcita paravartI mAnA hai| karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki AcArAMga kI apekSA sUtrakRtAMga meM karma sambandhI avadhAraNAoM kA kramika vikAsa huA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki prANI isa saMsAra meM apane-apane svakRta karmoM ke phala kA bhoga kiye binA unase mukta nahIM ho sakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM sUtrakRtAMgakAra kI yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki jo vyakti pUrva meM jaise karma karatA hai usI ke anusAra vaha bAda meM phala prApta karatA hai|17 vyakti kA jaisA karma hogA vaisA hI use phala prApta hogaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta kA bhI pratipAdana hai ki vyakti apane hI kiye karmoM kA phala bhogatA hai| vyakti ke sukha-duHkha kA kAraNa usake svakRta karma haiM anya vyakti yA parakRta karma 104
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________________ DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha nahIM 19 karmabandha ke kAraNoM kI carcA ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga meM hameM do mahattvapUrNa ullekha prApta hote haiN| sUtrakRtAMga ke prArambha meM to parigraha yA Asakti ko hI hiMsA yA duSkarma kA ekamAtra kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| Age calakara prathama adhyayana ke dvitIya uddezaka meM yaha kahakara ki antaHkaraNa meM vyApta lobha, samasta prakAra kI mAyA, ahaMkAra ke vividha rUpa aura krodha kA parityAga karake hI jIva karmabandhana se mukti prApta kara sakatA hai, sUtrakRtAMga meM cAroM kaSAyoM ko bhI karmabandhana ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai| bandhana ke kAraNoM kI isa carcA meM sUtrakRtAMga meM prakArAntara se prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda, adattAdAna aura maithuna se avirati ko bhI karmabandhana kA kAraNa mAnA hai|22 isa prakAra cAhe spaSTa rUpa se nahIM parantu prakArAntara se usameM mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda aura kaSAya ko yoga ke sAtha bandhana kA kAraNa mAna liyA gayA hai| ataH bandhana ke jina pA~ca kAraNoM kI carcA paravartI sAhitya meM upalabdha hai usakA mUlabIja sUtrakRtAMga meM upalabdha hai| yahA~ smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki kaSAyoM kI yaha carcA 'je kohaM daMssi se mANaM dassi Adi ke rUpa meM AcArAMga meM A gayI hai| sUtrakRtAMga kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha ina kAraNoM se karmabandhana ko svIkAra karatA hai|23 karmasiddhAnta ke sandarbha meM sUtrakRtAMga isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai ki vyakti svakRta karmoM ke phala kA hI bhoktA hotA hai| vaha na to apane karmoM kA vipAka dUsaroM ko de sakatA hai na dUsaroM ke karmoM kA vipAka svayaM prApta kara sakatA hai| karma ke dravya aura bhAvapakSa kI ina nAmoM se carcA isameM nahIM milatI hai kintu 'karmaraja24 aura karma kA tvacA ke rUpa meM tyAga jaise ullekhoM se spaSTa rUpa se hameM lagatA hai ki usameM karma ke dravya pakSa kI svIkRti rahI huI hai| punaH 'pramAda karma hai aura 'apramAda akarma hai yaha kahakara- sUtrakAra ne karma ke bhAvapakSa ko bhI spaSTataH svIkAra kara liyA hai| karma ke puNya-pApa, karma aura akarma0, aise tIna pakSoM kI carcA bhI satrakatAMga meM upalabdha hotI hai| jahA~ taka karmaprakRtiyoM kI carcA kA prazna hai satrakatAMga meM mAtra darzanAvaraNa kA ullekha milatA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki sUtrakRtAMga meM karmaprakRtiyoM kI carcA ke mUlabIja dhIre-dhIre prakaTa ho rahe the| karma ke I-pathika28 aura sAmparAyika29 ina do spoM kI carcA kA prazna akarma aura karma se jur3A huA hai kintu ina pAribhASika zabdoM kA prayoga hameM sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMga meM milatA hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM sAmparAyika aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM teraha kriyAsthAnoM kI carcA ke sandarbha meM IryApathika kA ullekha AyA hai|29a karma kI dasa avasthAoM meM se hameM udaya, udIraNA aura karmakSaya kI carcA milatI hai| karmanirjarA ke sambandha meM ullekha hai ki tapa ke dvArA karmakSaya sambhava hai aura sampUrNa karma kA kSaya ho jAne para parama siddhi prApta hotI hai|33 isaprakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sUtrakRtAMga meM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA karmasiddhAnta kA kramika vikAsa huA hai| RSibhASita kI karmasambandhI avadhAraNAyeM : karmasiddhAnta ke isa kramika vikAsa kI carcA meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga kI apekSA RSibhASita meM karmasiddhAnta paryApta rUpa se vikasita avasthA meM milatA hai| karma, akarma4 kI carcA ke sAtha-sAtha zubhAzubha karma kI carcA tathA zubhAzubha karmoM se atikramaNa kI carcA RSibhASita meM hI sarvaprathama milatI hai| RSibhASita hI aisA grantha hai jisameM svarNa aura loha-ber3I kI upamA dekara puNya-pApa karma se atikramaNa kI carcA hai| sarvaprathama aSTakarma granthi38 kI carcA karane vAlA bhI yahI grantha hai| RSibhASita meM karma ke 5 AdAna yA kAraNa39 spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita hai| 105
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________________ isameM yadyapi karma kI dasa avasthAoM kI carcA nahIM hai phira bhI sopAdAna, nirAdAna, vipAkayukta upakramita aura anudita karmoM kA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| 40 sAtha hI upakramita, utkarita, baddha, spaSTa aura nidhatta karmoM ke saMkSepa evaM kSaya hone evaM nikAcita karmoM ke avazya hI bhogane kA ullekha hai| 41 prAcIna jainagranthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama RSibhASita isa bAta para spaSTa rUpa se bala detA hai ki koI vyakti apane svakRta zubhAzubha karmoM kA hI phala bhogatA hai| 42 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki RSibhASita ke kAla taka jaina karmasiddhAnta paryApta rUpa se vikasita avasthA ko prApta ho jAtA hai| bhale hI isameM aSTakarma prakRtiyoM ke alaga-alaga nAmoM kA ullekha na ho kintu aSTakarma granthi kA ullekha hone se yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki karmoM kI aSTamUla prakRtiyoM kI carcA usa yuga taka A cukI thI / yadi hama karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to aisA pratIta hotA he ki RSibhASita AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga kI apekSA paryApta rUpa se vikasita grantha hai| kintu kucha vidvAnoM ne ise AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA samakAlIna mAnA hai| isa sandarbha meM eka vikalpa yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki RSibhASita mukhya rUpa se pArzvapatya paramparA kA grantha rahA ho aura pArzvapatya paramparA meM karmasiddhAnta kI vikasita carcA bhI upalabdha huI hai kyoMki isa grantha meM karmasiddhAnta kA jo vikasita rUpa milatA hai vaha mukhyarUpa se isake 'pArzvaM nAmaka adhyayana meM upalabdha hotA hai| sAtha hI karmasiddhAnta ke caitasika pakSa aura karmasantati kI jo vizeSa carcA usa grantha meM pAyI jAtI hai, vaha bhI mukhya rUpa se mahAkazyapa sAriputra, vajjiputra Adi bauddha RSiyoM ke upadezoM ke rUpa meM hI hai| isalie yaha sambhAvanA pUrI taraha se asatya nahIM ho sakatI ki pArzvapatya paramparA meM mahAvIra kI apekSA eka vikasita karmasiddhAnta upalabdha thA / uttarAdhyayana kI karmasambandhI avadhAraNA : aMga Agama sAhitya meM AcArAMga ke pazcAt sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga aura bhagavatI sUtra aise grantha haiM jinameM karmasiddhAnta kA vikasita rUpa upalabdha hotA hai| kintu vidvAnoM ke anusAra ina tInoM granthoM meM paravartIkAla kI sAmagrI ko antima vAcanA ke samaya saMkalita kara liyA gyaa| isalie karmasiddhAnta ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se ina granthoM kI carcA na kara uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha karma sambandhI vivaraNoM kI carcA karanA caaheNgeN| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM 33veM adhyayana ko chor3akara anya adhyayanoM meM jo karmasiddhAnta sambandhI carcAyeM milatI haiM ve AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga kI apekSA kiMcita vikasita pratIta hotI haiN| kintu unameM unhIM saba tathyoM kI carcA hai jo sUtrakRtAMga meM upalabdha hotI hai| karma karttA kA anusaraNa karatA hai| 43 sabhI jIvoM ko apane karma ke anusAra phala bhoganA par3atA hai 44 kAmabhogoM kI lAlasA ke kAraNa karmaparamANuoM kA AtmA ke sAtha-bandha hotA hai kintu jo rAgAdi bhAvoM se rahita hotA hai vaha bandha meM nahIM AtA hai| 45 karma apane zubhAzubha adhyavasAyoM evaM vipAkoM ke anusAra puNya aura pApa rUpa hotA hai 46 ye carcAyeM aisI haiM jo prakArAntara se AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI upalabdha haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM karma ko karma-granthi, karmakaMcuka, karmaraja, karmaguru, karmavana Adi kahane ke jo ullekha upalabdha hai47 ve saba bhI hamAre samakSa navIna tathya prastuta nahIM karate haiN| uttarAdhyayana kA mAtra 33vA~ adhyAya aisA hai jisameM AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita kI apekSA karmasiddhAnta ke vikasita rUpa milate haiN| isa adhyAya kI prAcInatA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai phira bhI yaha adhyAya I.pU. kA hI mAnA jAtA hai| RSibhASita meM jo aSTakarmagranthi kA ullekha AyA hai, 48 isakI bhI vistRta vyAkhyA uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha hai| Agama sAhitya meM aSTamUla prakRtiyoM aura unake avAntara bhedoM kI carcA karane vAlA yaha prathama grantha hai| sambhavataH uttarAdhyayana meM hI sarvaprathama aSTakarma prakRtiyoM ko ghAtI aura aghAtI karma meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| 48a isameM jJAnAvaraNIya kI 5, darzanAvaraNIya kI 9, vedanIya kI do, mohanIya kI 28, AyuSya kI cAra, nAma karma kI do, gotra kI do aura 106
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________________ DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha antarAya karma kI pA~ca uttarakarma prakRtiyoM kA ullekha hai|49 uttara karmaprakRtiyoM ke vivaraNa kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki darzanAvaraNIya kI uttara prakRtiyoM ke krama meM Aja kI dRSTi se antara hai| vedanIya kI sAtA-asAtA meM se donoM ke aneka bheda batAye gaye haiN| mohanIya karma ke darzana evaM cAritra mohanIya do bhedoM meM cAritra mohanIya ke upabheda nokaSAya mohanIya ke sAta yA bheda batAye gaye haiN| nAma karma ke pahale zubha aura azubha bheda kiye gaye phira ina donoM ke aneka bhedoM kI sUcanA dI gii| gotra karma ke donoM bhedoM ucca aura nIca ke ATha-ATha bheda batAye gaye haiN| __isameM mUla prakRtiyoM aura uttaraprakRtiyoM kA varNana karane ke pazcAt pradezoM kA parimANa, unakA kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kA nirUpaNa hai| isameM karma kI mUlaprakRtiyoM kI adhikatama aura nyUnatama sthiti kI carcA hai| ina karmaprakRtiyoM kI kAlAvadhi ke sambandha meM eka mahattvapUrNa carcA yaha hai ki vedanIya karma kI jaghanya sthiti eka antarmuhUrta kI batAyI gayI hai vahA~ anyatra 12 antarmuhUrta batAyI gayI hai| AtmA ke dvArA karmapudagaloM ke grahaNa karane aura unakI saMkhyA kA vivaraNa bhagavatI meM vistAra se milatA hai yahA~ kevala eka hI gAthA meM 2 isakA varNana hai| ataH hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki uttarAdhyayana meM 33veM adhyayana meM yadyapi karmasiddhAnta kA vyavasthita vivaraNa hai phira bhI paravartI sAhitya meM aura bhI vistRta vivecanA kI gaI hai| udAharaNa ke lie isameM nAmakarma kI do zubha aura azubha karma kI do hI uttaraprakRtiyoM kA ullekha hai jabaki Age calakara isake 42, 67,93 evaM 103 bhedoM kI carcA milatI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAta bhI jaina karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa hotA gyaa| sthAnAMgasUtra AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita evaM uttarAdhyayana kI tulanA meM sthAnAMga meM karma-siddhAnta kA vikasita rUpa prApta hotA hai| sthAnAMga ke Arambha meM ullekha hai ki isa jIvana yA agale jIvana meM karmoM kA phala avazya milatA hai| sthAnAMga meM devatAoM, nArakoM, manuSyoM Adi ke karmaphala ke upabhoga ke kAla kA nirdhAraNa karate hue vartamAna bhava evaM anya bhava meM hone vAle karmaphala vipAka kI carcA hai| isameM karma kI avAntara prakRtiyoM se sambandhita vivaraNa do prakAra ke milate haiN| isake dvitIya sthAna ke caturtha uddeza:4 meM AThoM mUlaprakRtiyoM kA do-do avAntara prakRtiyoM meM hI vargIkaraNa hai-- deza evaM sarva, jJAnAvaraNIya evaM darzanAvaraNIya kI, sAtA aura asAtA vedanIya karma kI evaM darzana aura cAritra, mohanIya karma kii| AyuSya karma adAyuSya ( kAyasthiti kI Ayu) aura bhavAyuSya ( usI bhava kI Ayu), nAma karma-zubha aura azubha, gotra karma- ucca aura nIca tathA antarAya karma -- pratyutpanna vinAzi evaM pihita-Agamipatha do prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga meM hI anyatra isase bhinna jJAnAvaraNIya ke 556. darzanAvaraNIya ke 957 evaM nokaSAya vedanIya ke 958 bhedoM kA ullekha hai| prasaMgavaza vedanIya karma kI do anya avAntara prakRtiyoM kSudhA vedanIya aura lobha vedanIya karma60 kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| sthAnAMga kA uttara karma prakRtiyoM kA vargIkaraNa yaha iMgita karatA hai ki vartamAna paddhati se bhinna eka anya paramparA bhI uttara prakRtiyoM ke vargIkaraNa kI vidyamAna thii| usa vargIkaraNa meM saralIkaraNa dikhalAI par3atA hai| jaise jJAnAvaraNIya aura darzanAvaraNIya ke deza arthAta azataH aura sarva aise do bheda the| isI prakAra AyuSya karma kI bhI vartamAna janma kI Ayu aura bhaviSya meM hone vAle janma kI Ayu ke vicAra kI dRSTi se do hI bheda kiye jAte the tathA antarAya karma kA bhI vibhAjana vartamAna meM prApta vastu kA vinAza aura bhaviSya meM hone vAle lAbha ke mArga meM bAdhA-- ye do bheda the| ullekhanIya hai ki karma prakRti ke dvividha vargIkaraNa meM se mAtra vedanIya kI sAtA aura asAtA tathA gotra karma kI ucca aura nIca hI pracalita paramparA meM vyavasthita hai| zeSa kI saMkhyA meM parivartana 107
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________________ prAcIna jainagranthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama huA hai| ___ AgamoM ke granthabaddha hone ke pUrva mUlaprakRtiyoM ke isa prakAra vargIkaraNa ke pIche sambhavataH smaraNa suvidhA kI dRSTi mukhya rahI hogii| avAntara prakRtiyoM kA jo ullekha sthAnAMga ke alaga-alaga sthAnoM meM prApta hotA hai usameM jJAnAvaraNIya kI 5, darzanAvaraNIya kI 9, vedanIya kI do aura gotrakarma kI do avAntara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha pracalita paramparA ke hI anurUpa hai, parantu usameM nokaSAya vedanIya karma ke jo bheda batAye gaye haiM ve paramparAgata vargIkaraNa meM nokaSAya mohanIya karma ke 9 bheda mAne jAte haiM na ki nokaSAya vedanIya karma ke| yadyapi inake nAma Adi meM samarUpatA hai kintu inheM nokaSAya vedanIya karma kyoM kahA gayA hai yaha vicAraNIya hai| sthAnAMga meM dasa kI saMkhyA vAle tathyoM kA hI saMkalana karane ke kAraNa mohanIya karma kI 28 aura nAma karma kI uttara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha sthAnAMga meM na honA svAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai parantu antarAya karma kI 5 avAntara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha na honA vicAraNIya hai| yahA~ yaha ullekha karanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki uttarAdhyayanA ke 33veM adhyayana meM antarAya kI dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga aura vIrya ye 5 avAntara prakRtiyA~ nAma sahita nirdiSTa haiM isasase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki uttarAdhyayana kA yaha adhyayana sthAnAMga kA uttaravartI hai aura sAtha hI uttara prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA meM kramika vikAsa huA hai| karma ke pradeza aura anubhAva do prakAra batAye gaye haiN|62 hiMsA Adi duSTakarmoM ko duzcIrNa karma (ducciNNa), tapa Adi karmoM ko sucIrNa (suciNNa)63 kahA gayA hai| yadyapi inakA saiddhAntika dRSTi se vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai kyoMki inakA artha kramazaH duSTakarma yA pApakarma aura puNyakarma hai aura karmoM ke puNya aura pApa hone kI avadhAraNA AcArAMga meM A cukI thii| sthAnAMga meM karma ke zubhatva azubhatva04 para bhI samyak vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ise prakRti aura bandha ke cAra bhaMgoM ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA gayA hai -- 1. zubha aura zubha 2. zubha aura azubha 3. azubha aura zubha 4. azubha aura ashubh| bhaMgoM meM prayukta prathamapada prakRti aura dvitIya pada anubandha ke lie hai| isI prakAra prakRti aura vipAka kI dRSTi se cAra bhaMgoM meM karma kA zubhatva aura azubhatva batAyA gayA hai| kriyA sthAno ke sambandha meM karma ke IryApathika aura samparAyika karma kA bhI ullekha eka sAtha AyA hai| yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM IryApathika aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM sAmparAyika karma kI carcA hai parantu sUtrakRtAMga kA dvitIya zrutaskandha, prathama zrutaskandha se bAda kA mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yadi sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ko sthAnAMga se paravartI mAnA jAya to sthAnAMga kA yaha ullekha mahattvapUrNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| sthAnAMga meM karmabandha ke cAra prakAroM prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga aura pradeza kA tathA bandha ke do prakAroM preya aura dveSa bandha kA ullekha hai|04caarkssaay aura pramAda kA alaga-alaga nirdeza hone ke sAtha-sAtha Asava ke 5 kAraNoM ke spa meM mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga kA eka sAtha bhI nirdeza kara diyA gayA hai| parantu isase pUrvavartI RSibhASita meM ina pA~ca kAraNoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai ataH karma siddhAnta ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se isameM ullekha honA vizeSa mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| ___ isameM kina-kina kAraNoM se manuSya alpAyuSyakarma, dIrgha-AyuSyakarma kA bandha karatA hai isakA sarvaprathama ullekha milatA hai| yahI nahIM sthAnAMga meM nAraka, tiryaMca manuSya aura devAyu bA~dhane ke kAraNoM para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jo karma-siddhAnta ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| nairayika jIvoM se lekara vaimAnika taka ke sabhI daNDakoM ke jIvoM ke chaH prakAra kA Ayubandha batAyA gayA hai|4 parabhavika Ayurbandha ke prasaMga meM nairayika se lekara vaimAnika taka ke sabhI jIvoM ke bhujyamAna Ayu ke cha: mAsa ke avaziSTa rahane para nArakIya jIva niyama se parabhava kI Ayu kA bandha karate haiN| yaha ullekha hai| sthAnAMga kI yaha avadhAraNA digambara mAnyatA ke viparIta hai ki asaMkhyAta varSa kI Ayu vAle manuSya aura tiryaMca vartamAna bhava kI Ayu ke nau mAha zeSa rahane para parabhava kI 108
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________________ DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha Ayu kA bandha karate haiN|76 jIvoM ko sadA pratikSaNa mohanIya karma kA bandhana hone kA ullekha hai| mohanIya karma ke udaya se unmAdI aura pramAda hone tathA maithana saMjJA utpanna hone kA nirdeza hai|80 lobha vedanIya karma ke udaya se parigraha saMjJA hone kA ullekha hai|81 sthAnAMga meM karma kI avasthAoM meM upacaya, bandha, udIraNA, vedanA aura nirjarA kA ullekha hai| 2 eka sthala para jIvoM dvArA ATha karma prakRtiyoM kA saMcaya, upacaya, bandha, udIraNA, vedana aura nirjaraNa kA ullekha hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM carcita udaya, bandha kI apekSA karma kI avasthAoM kI dRSTi se atirikta sUcanA bhI milatI hai| parantu sthAnAMga sahita pUrvavartI sabhI granthoM meM karma kI dasoM avasthAoM kA abhAva yaha iMgita karatA hai ki inakA vikAsa kramazaH huA hai aura sthAnAMga ke kAla taka dasoM avasthAoM kI avadhAraNA nahIM banI thii| sthAnAMga meM karma-prakRtiyoM ke vedana aura kSaya kA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi isa dRSTi se kucha bikhare hue sUtra hI prApta hote haiM--kSINamoha vAle arhanta ke tIna satkarma eka sAtha naSTa hote haiM -- jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya aura antraay| prathama samayavartI kevalI jina ke jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, moha aura AntarAyika ye cAra karma kSINa ho cuke hote haiN|84 prathama samayavartI siddha ke cAra satkarma eka sAtha kSINa hote haiM -- vedanIya, Ayu, nAma aura gotr|85 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki karma kI avAntara prakRtiyoM ke pUrNa vyavasthApana se pUrva kI sthiti kA jJAna sthAnAMga se hotA hai| isameM karmabandha aura unake kAraNoM Adi ke sambandha meM sUkSmatA se vicAra kI prakriyA Arambha ho cukI thii| karma kI avasthAoM ke sambandha meM bhI pUrvavartI granthoM kI apekSA vikAsa parilakSita hotA hai| sAtha hI AyuSya karma ke sambandha meM parabhava kI Ayu bA~dhane kA niyata samaya bhI ullikhita hai| samavAyAMga yaha sAmAnya avadhAraNA hai ki samavAyAMga eka saMgraha grantha hai| ise grantha-baddha karate samaya usa kAla paryanta vidyamAna jaina dharma-darzana sambandhI aneka avadhAraNAoM ko isameM saMgrahIta kara liyA gayA hai| isameM karmasiddhAnta sambandhI ullekhoM kA avalokana karane se bhI isI avadhAraNA kI puSTi hotI hai| samavAyAMga meM karma-siddhAnta sambandhI jo ullekha milate haiN| saMkSepa meM unheM isa prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| uttara prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA, vibhinna karmoM kI uttara prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA kA alaga-alaga yoga, karmabandha ke kAraNa, mohanIya karma ke bandha ke 30 kAraNa, mohanIya karma ke 52 nAma aura vibhinna AdhyAtmika jIvoM kI dRSTi se avAntara karma prakRtiyoM kI sattA aura bandha kA nirdeza / uparokta tathyoM ke atirikta bhI jaina karma siddhAnta ke yatra-tatra kucha bikhare hue sUtra milate haiM jinakA vivecana Age kiyA jA rahA hai| samavAyAMga ke Arambha meM bandhana ke do prakAroM -- rAga aura vSa kA00, 5 kAraNoM mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga kA ullekha hai jisakI carcA RSibhASita aura sthAnAMga meM A cukI hai| darzanAvaraNIya kI 9 aura mohanIya karma kI 28 avAntara prakRtiyoM, nAma karma kI 42 avAntara prakRtiyoM kA nAma nirdeza isameM milatA hai| sambhavataH samavAyAMga meM antima do ke nAma pahalI bAra nirdiSTa haiN| jahA~ taka darzanAvaraNIya karma kI avAntara prakRtiyoM kA nAma-nirdeza pUrvaka ullekha kA sambandha hai isase pUrva uttarAdhyayana aura sthAnAMga meM ye A cukI hai| nAma karma kI uttara prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA kI dRSTi se samavAyAMga ke grantha-baddha hone ke bAda bhI isakA vikAsa hotA rahA kyoMki Age calakara nAma karma kI avAntara prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 67, 93 aura 103 taka prApta hotI hai| mohanIya karma ke 52 nAmoM kA bhI ullekha hai jisameM krodha kaSAya ke 10, mAnakaSAya ke 11, mAyA kaSAya ke 109
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________________ prAcIna jainagranthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama 17 aura lobha kaSAya ke 14 nAma sammilita haiN| samavAyAMga meM vibhinna jIvoM kI dRSTi se avAntara karma prakRtiyoM kI sattA kA bhI nirdeza 4 sthaloM para AyA hai| 21veM samavAya meM ullekha hai ki darzanamohatrika ko kSaya karane vAle nivRttibAdara ko mohanIya karma kI 21 avAntara prakRtiyoM kI sattA rahatI hai|88 26veM samavAya meM abhavya siddhika jIvoM ko mohanIya karma ke 26 karmAza prakRtiyoM kI sattA rahatI hai|89 27veM samavAya meM vedaka samyaktva ke bandha rahita jIva ke mohanIya karma kI 27 prakRtiyoM kI sattA kahI gaI hai| isI prakAra 28veM samavAya meM yaha ullikhita hai ki kitaneka bhavyasiddhika jIvoM ke mohanIya karma kI aTThAIsa prakRtiyoM kI sattA hotI hai| yadyapi samavAyAMga meM guNasthAna pada nahIM AyA hai parantu caudaha jIvasthAna kahakara caudaha guNasthAna ginA diye gaye hai| karmoM kI vizuddhi kI gaveSaNA karane vAle upAyoM kI apekSA caudaha jIvasthAna kahe gaye haiN| isa prakAra samavAyAMga taka bhale hI vartamAna caudaha guNasthAnoM kA astitva A cukA thA para ve abhI jIvasthAna nAma se jAne jAte the| vibhinna AdhyAtmika vikAsa vAle jIvoM ko ba~dhane vAlI karma prakRtiyoM kA bhI ullekha samavAyAMga meM milatA hai -- sUkSma samparAya bhAva meM vartamAna sUkSma samparAya bhagavAn kevala satraha karma prakRtiyoM ko bA~dhate haiN|93 pariNAma vAle aparyAptaka mithyAdRSTi vikalendriya (drIndriya, trIndriya, catarindriya) jIva nAma karma kI 25 uttara prakRtiyoM ko bA~dhate haiN|94 devagati, narakagati ko bA~dhane vAle jIva dvArA 28 karma prakRtiyoM ko bA~dhane kA bhI nirdeza hai| isI krama meM prazasta adhyavasAya se yukta samyagdRSTi bhavya jIva dvArA tIrthaMkara nAma karma ke atirikta nAma karma kI 28 karma prakRtiyoM ko bAMdhakara niyamapUrvaka vaimAnika devoM meM utpanna hone kA ullekha hai| samavAyAMga meM AThoM mUla prakRtiyoM kI avAntara prakRtiyoM meM se kucha ko samaviSTa kara aura kucha ko chor3akara unakA yoga batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi isakA karma-siddhAnta ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai| ina para dRSTipAta karane se isI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai ki nAma karma ko chor3akara zeSa sAta karma-prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA niyata ho cukI thii| isake atirikta mohanIya karma ke bandha aura sthiti se sambandhita kucha prakIrNa sUcanAyeM milatI hai| samavAyAMga meM mohanIya karma-bandha ke tIsa kAraNa ginAye hai jinakA nirdeza uttarAdhyayana99, AvazyakasUtra100 aura dazAzrutaskandhA meM bhI milatA hai| chedasUtra dazAzruta ke naveM adhyAya (dazA) meM inakA vistAra se ullekha hai| samavAyAMga kI prastAvanA meM zrI madhukara muni ne batAyA hai ki TIkAkAroM ke anusAra mohanIya zabda se sAmAnya rUpa se AThoM karma aura vizeSa rUpa se mohanIya karma grahaNa karanA caahie|102 tAtparya yaha hai ki mohanIya karma ke iMgita kAraNoM ko sAmAnya karma-bandha ke kAraNoM ke rUpa meM bhI liyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki samavAyAMga meM avAntara prakRtiyoM kI dRSTi se nAma karma kI 42 uttara prakRtiyoM kA nAma sahita nirdeza honA, mohanIya karma ke 52 nAma, mohanIya karma bandha ke 30 kAraNa, jIvasthAnoM (guNasthAnoM) kI dRSTi se jIvoM ko ba~dhane vAlI karmaprakRtiyoM kI sUcanA ye kucha aisI vizeSatAyeM haiM jo karma-siddhAnta ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiM aura karma-siddhAnta ke vikAsakrama ko dyotita karatI haiN| 110
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________________ DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha sandarbha-grantha 1. paM. dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA, "AtmamImAMsA" - jaina saMskRti.saMzodhana maNDala, banArasa-5, 1953, 95 2. saM. DaoN. tulasI rAma zarmA - IsTarna buka liMkarsa, dillI, 1976, 1/2/2 3. DaoN. ravIndranAtha mizra - jaina karma siddhAnta udbhava evaM vikAsa, 65, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5,1993, 6-18 4. muNI moNaM samAdAya dhuNe kammasarIraMga, 1/2/6/163 AcArAMga-aMgasuttANi prathama, muni nathamala, jaina vizvabhAratI lADanU, prathama saM. 1974 5. DaoN. parameSThIdAsa jaina - AcArAMgasUtra eka adhyayana, pArzvanAtha zodhITha, vArANasI-5, 1987, 130 6. je guNe se AvaTe, je AvaTTe se guNe, 1/1/5/93 - AcArAMga - muni nathamala 7. se AyAvAI, logAvAI, kammAvAI, kiriyAvAI. 1/1/5.vhii| 8. apariNAya kamme khalu ayaM purise... aNegaruvAo joNIo saMghaI, 1/1/1/8, vahI, evaM se hu muNI pariNNAya kamma, 1/1/1/12, vhii| 9. kammuNA uvAhI jAyai, 1/3/1/8/9, vhii| 10. akammassa, 1/3/1/18, vhii| 11. NikkammadaMsI, 1/3/2/35, vhii| 12. .vahI, sandarbha 3 13. kammamUlaM ca jaM chaNa, 1/1/3/21, kAmesugiddhANicayaM karoti, 1/1/3/31, vhii| moheNa gabbha maraNAi eti, 1/5/1/7, vhii| 15. egayA guNa samiyassa rIyatA kAyasaMphAsa samaNuciNsasA egatiyA pANA uddaayNti| ihaloga-veyaNa vejjAvaDiyaM / / 1/5/4/71-72, vhii| 16. je AsavA te parissavA, je parissavA te AsavA, 1/4/2/134, vhii| 16a. sayameva kaDehiM gAhaMti, saM. madhukara muni-sUtrakRtAMga-jaina Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, 1982, 2/1/4 17. jaM jArisaM puvvamakAsi kammaM tamava Agacchati samparAeM evaM jahAMkaDaM kammatahAsibhAre, vahI, 5/2/23 evaM 5/1/26 18. savve samayakammakappiyA, vahI, 2/3/17 19. vahI, 2/3/17 va 2/1/4 20. se jAijAI bahukUrakamme, jaM kuvvai bhijjai teNa vaale| 21. vahI, 1/2/26-27 22. vahI, 23. vahI, 24. vahI, 2/21 25. pamAyaM kammamAhaMsu, appamAyaM thaa'vrN| vahI, 8/3 26. vahI, 8/3 27. daMsaNAvaraNaMtae -- vahI, 15/1 28. vahI, 7/7 29. vahI, 8/8
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________________ DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha 29a. vahI, dvitIya zrutaskandha, 2 adhyayana 30. vahI, 2/1/6 31. vahI, 5/1/8 32. vahI, 2/1/15 33. asesakammaM visohaittA aNuttaraNaM paramasiddhiM, 6/18, vhii| 34. saM. mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara - RSibhASita - prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 1988, 4/7 35. vahI, 4/12,13 36. vahI, 4/11, 12, 1349/2-3-4 37. vahI, 4/12, 13 38. vahI, 9/7 39. vahI, kramazaH 38/8,9, 9/5, 9/7, 31/9 40. vahI, 9/9 41. vahI, 9/2-3 42. gacchaMti kammehiM -- se sakammasitte, vahI, 2-3, 4/12-13 43. uttarAdhyayana, saM. madhukara muni - Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, 1984, 13/23-24 44. vahI, 4/3 45. vahI, 25/41-43 46. vahI, 4/3 va 3/10-11 47. vahI, kramazaH 29/31. 17.9.22.3/11. 10/3. 7/9 va 18/49 48. vahI, 33/1-18 48a. uttarAdhyayana, vyAvara 49. vahI, 33/1-16 50. vahI, 33/17 51. vahI, 33/18 52. vahI, 25/43 53. saM. madhukara muni - sthAnAMgasUtra - Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, 1981, 2/2/77 54. vahI, 2/4/424-431 55. vahI, 2/4/431 56. vahI, 5/2/9 57. vahI, 9/14 58. vahI, 9/69 59. vahI, 4/4/579 60. vahI, 4/4/582 61. vahI, 33/15 62. 'sthAnAMgasUtra, vyAvara, 2/3/265 63. vahI, 4/250 64. vahI, 4/602-603 65. vahI, 2/1/4 112
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________________ DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha 66. vahI, 67. vahI, 4/290 68. vahI, 2/393 69. vahI, 2/394 70. vahI, 4/92-94 71. vahI, 5/109 72. vahI, 3/1/17-18 73. vahI, 4/628-31 74. vahI, 6/116-118 75. vahI, 6/119-123 76. gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa) 5/7 kI TIkA 77. sthAnAMga, 78. vahI, 2/75 va 6/43 79. vahI, 80. vahI, 4/4/581 81. vahI, 2/1/4 82. vahI, 4/658 83. vahI, 83/4/527 84. vahI, 4/1/142 85. vahI, 4/1/144 86. saM. madhukara muni- samavAyAMga - Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, 1982, 2/9 87. vahI, 52/284 88. vahI, 21/145 89. vahI, 26/175 90. vahI, 27/180 91. vahI, 28/187 92. vahI, 14/95 93. vahI, 17/122 94. vahI, 25/169 95. vahI, 28/184 96. vahI, 29/193 97. vahI, 39/238, 52/286, 55/297, 58/303 Adi 98. vahI, 30/196 99. . uttarAdhyayana, vyAvara, 31/19 100. saM. madhukara muni AvazyakasUtra - Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, 1985, adhyAya 4. 101. dazAzrutaskandha - anu. AtmArAma, jainazAstramAlA kAryAlaya, lAhaura, adhyAya 9, 1936 102. samavAyAMga - madhukaramuni - bhUmikA, 34 pravaktA, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5. 113
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________________ zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricaya - zivaprasAda vizva ke sabhI dharma evaM sampradAya apane udbhava ke pazcAt kAlAntara meM aneka zAkhAoM-upazAkhAoM Adi meM vibhAjita hote rahe haiN| jainadharma bhI isakA apavAda nahIM hai| yaha vibhAjana aneka kAraNoM se hotA rahA hai aura inameM sabase pradhAna kAraNa rahA hai -- deza aura kAla kI parivartanazIla paristhitiyA~ evaM privesh| inhIM ke phalasvarUpa paramparAgata prAcIna vidhi-vidhAnoM ke sthAna para navIna vidhi-vidhAnoM aura mAnyatAoM ko prazraya dene se mUla paramparA meM vibheda utpanna ho jAtA hai| kabhI-kabhI yaha matabheda vaiyaktika ahaM kI puSTi aura netRtva ke prazna ko lekara bhI hotA hai, phalataH eka naI zAkhA astittva meM A jAtI hai| punaH inhIM kAraNoM se usameM bhI bheda hotA hai aura naI-naI upazAkhAoM kA udaya hotA rahatA hai| nirganya zramaNa saMgha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM hI gozAlaka evaM jAmAline saMghabheda ke prayAsa kiye, parantu gozAlaka AjIvaka saMgha meM sammilita ho gayA aura jAmAli kI ziSya-paramparA Age nahIM cala skii| vIranirvANa ke bAda kI zatAbdiyoM meM nirgantha zramaNa saMgha vibhinna gaNa, zAkhA, kula aura anvayoM meM vibhakta hotA gyaa| kalpasUtra aura nandIsUtra kI sthavirAvaliyoM meM vIranirvANa samvat 980 arthAt vikrama samvat kI 5vIM-6ThIM zatAbdI taka uttara bhArata kI jaina paramparA meM kauna-kauna se jaina AcAryoM se kauna-kauna se gaNa, kula aura zAkhAoM kA janma huA, isakA suvistRta vivaraNa saMkalita hai| ye sabhI gaNa kula aura zAkhAyeM guru-paramparA vizeSa se hI sambaddha rahI hai| inake dhArmika vidhi-vidhAnoM meM kisI prakAra kA matabheda thA yA nahIM, yadi matabheda thA, to kisa prakAra kA thA ? ina bAtoM kI jAnakArI hetu hamAre pAsa koI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai| nirgrantha zramaNa saMgha ke jo zramaNa dakSiNa meM cale gaye the, ve bhI kAlAntara meM gaNoM evaM anvayoM meM vibhAjita hue| yaha paramparA digambara sampradAya ke rUpa meM jAnI gyii| uttara bhArata ke nirgantha saMgha meM lagabhaga dUsarI zatI meM vastra ke prazna ko lekara saMgha bheda huA aura eka navIna paramparA kA udbhava huA jo Age calakara boTika yA yApanIya nAma se prasiddha huii| pIche se jo saMghabheda hue unake mUla meM saiddhAntika vidhi-vidhAna sambandhI bheda avazya vidyamAna rahe, kintu yahA~ ina saba kI carcA na karate hue mAtra zvetAmbara sampradAya meM samaya-samaya para utpanna evaM vikasita hue vibhinna gacchoM kI carcA prastuta kI gayI hai| uttara aura pazcima bhArata kA zvetAmbara saMgha prArambha meM to vAraNagaNa, mAnavagaNa, uttaravallisahagaNa Adi aneka gaNoM aura unakI kula-zAkhAoM meM vibhakta thA, kintu kAlAntara meM koTika gaNa ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kula aura zAkhAyeM samApta ho gyiiN| Aja ke zvetAmbara munijana svayaM ko isI koTikagaNa se sambaddha mAnate haiN| isa gaNa se bhI aneka zAkhAyeM astitva meM aayiiN| unameM uccanAgarI, vidyAdharI, vajI, mAdhyamikA, nAgila, padmA, jayaMti Adi zAkhAyeM pramukha rUpa se pracalita rhiiN| inhIM se Age calakara nAgendra, nivRtti, candra aura vidyAdhara ye cAra kula astittva meM aaye| pUrva madhyayugIna zvetAmbara gacchoM kA inhIM se prAdurbhAva huaa| IsvI sana kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI se hI zvetAmbara zramaNa paramparA ko pazcimI bhArata [gujarAta aura rAjasthAna meM rAjAzraya prApta hone se isakA vizeSa pracAra-prasAra huA, phalasvarUpa vahA~ aneka naye-naye jinAlayoM
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________________ zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricaya.pt 12me kA nirmANa hone lgaa| jaina muni bhI aba vanoM ko chor3akara jinAlayoM ke sAtha saMlagna bhavanoM [caityAlayoM meM nivAsa karane lge| sthiravAsa evaM jinAlayoM ke svAmitva prApta hone ke phalasvarUpa ina zramaNoM meM anya doSoM ke sAtha-sAtha paraspara viSa evaM ahaMbhAva kA bhI aMkuraNa huaa| inameM apane-apane anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi karane kI hor3a sI lagI huI thii| inhIM paristhitiyoM meM zvetAmbara zramaNasaMgha vibhinna nagaroM, jAtiyoM, ghaTanAvizeSa tathA AcAryavizeSa ke AdhAra para vibhAjita hone lgaa| vibhAjana kI yaha prakriyA dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM tejI se prArambha huI, jisakA krama Age bhI jArI rhaa| zvetAmbara zramaNoM kA eka aisA bhI varga thA jo zramaNAvasthA meM suvidhAvAda ke panapane se utpanna zithilAcAra kA kaTTara virodhI thaa| AThavIM zatAbdI meM hue AcArya haribhadra ne apane samaya ke caityavAsI zramaNoM ke zithilAcAra kA apane grantha sambodhaprakaraNa meM vistRta varNana kiyA hai aura inake viruddha apanI AvAja uThAyI hai| caityavAsiyoM para isa virodha kA pratikUla asara par3A aura unhoMne suvihitamArgIya zramaNoM kA taraha-taraha se virodha karanA prArambha kiyaa| gurjara pradeza meM to unhoMne cAvar3A vaMzIya zAsaka vanarAja cAvar3A se rAjAjJA jArI karA suvihitamArgIyoM kA praveza hI niSiddha karA diyaa| phira bhI suvihitamArgIya zramaNa zithilAcArI zramaNoM ke Age nahIM jhuke aura unhoMne caityavAsa kA virodha jArI rkhaa| antataH caulukya nareza durlabharAja [vi.saM. 1066-10821 kI rAjasabhA meM candrakulIna varddhamAnasUri ke ziSya jinezvarasUri ne caityavAsiyoM ko zAstrArtha meM parAjita kara gurjarabhUmi meM suvihitamArgiyoM ke vihAra aura pravAsa ko niSkaMTaka banA diyaa| kAladoSa se suvihitamArgIya zramaNa bhI paraspara matabheda ke zikAra hokara samaya-samaya para bikharate rahe, phalasvarUpa naye-naye gaccha ( samudAya) astitva meM Ate rhe| jaise candrakula kI eka zAkhA vaDagaccha se pUrNimAgaccha, sArdhapUrNimAgaccha, satyapurIyazAkhA Adi aneka zAkhAyeM-upazAkhAyeM astitva meM aayiiN| isI prakAra kharataragaccha se bhI kaI upazAkhAoM kA udaya huaa| jaisA ki lekha ke prArambha meM kahA jA cukA hai eka sthAna para sthAyI rUpa se rahane kI pravRtti se muniyoM evaM zrAvakoM ke madhya sthAyI samparka banA, phalasvarUpa unakI preraNA se naye-naye jinAlayoM evaM vasatiyoM kA drutagati se nirmANa hone lgaa| sthAnIyakaraNa kI isI pravRtti ke phalasvarUpa sthAnoM ke nAma para hI kucha gacchoM kA bhI nAmakaraNa hone lagA, yathA koraTA nAmaka sthAna se koraMTagaccha, nANA nAmaka sthAna se nANakIyagaccha, brahmANa (Adhunika varamANa) nAmaka sthAna se brahmANagaccha, saMDera (vartamAna sAMDerAva) nAmaka sthAna se saMDeragaccha, harasora nAmaka sthAna se harSapurIyagaccha, pallI (vartamAna pAlI) nAmaka sthAna se pallIvAlagaccha Adi astittva meM aaye| yadyapi sthAnavizeSa ke AdhAra para hI ina gacchoM kA nAmakaraNa huA thA, kintu sampUrNa pazcimI bhArata ke pramukha jaina tIrthoM evaM nagaroM meM ina gacchoM ke anuyAyI zramaNa evaM zrAvaka vidyamAna the| yaha bAta sampUrNa pazcimI bhArata ke vibhinna sthAnoM meM inake AcAryoM dvArA pratiSThApita pratimAoM para utkIrNa lekhoM se jJAta hotI hai| kucha gaccha to ghaTanAvizeSa ke kAraNa hI astitva meM aaye| jaise candrakula ke AcArya dhanezvarasUri [vAdamahArNava ke racanAkAra abhayadevasari ke ziSya] sAdhujIvana ke pUrva kardama nAmaka rAjA the, isI AdhAra para unake ziSya rAjagacchIya khlaaye| isI prakAra AcArya udyotanasUri ne AbU ke samIpa sthita TelI nAmaka grAma meM vaTavRkSa ke nIce sarvadevasUri Adi 8 muniyoM ko eka sAtha AcAryapada pradAna kiyaa| vaTavRkSa ke AdhAra para ina munijanoM kA ziSya parivAra vaTagacchIya khlaayaa| vaTavRkSa ke samAna hI isa gaccha kI aneka zAkhAyeM-upazAkhAyeM astittva meM AyIM, ataH isakA eka nAma bRhadgaccha bhI par3a gyaa| isI prakAra kharataragaccha, Agamikagaccha, pUrNimAgaccha, sArdhapUrNimAgaccha, aMcalagaccha, pippalagaccha Adi bhI ghaTanAvizeSa se hI astitva meM aaye| 115
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________________ zivaprasAda cAhamAnanareza arNorAja [I.san 1139-11531 kI rAjasabhA meM digambara AcArya kulacandra ko zAstrArtha meM parAjita karane vAle AcArya dharmaghoSasUri rAjagacchIya AcArya zIlabhadrasUri ke ziSya the| cU~ki ye apane jIvanakAla meM yatheSTha prasiddhi prApta kara cuke the, ataH inakI mRtyu ke pazcAt inakI ziSya saMtati dharmaghoSagacchIya khlaayii| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM vibhinna kAraNoM se zvetAmbara zramaNasaMgha kA vibhAjana hotA rahA aura naye-naye gaccha astitva meM Ate rhe| ina gacchoM kA itihAsa jainadharma ke itihAsa kA eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa adhyAya hai, parantu isa ora abhI taka vidvAnoM kA dhyAna bahuta kama hI hai| Aja se lagabhaga 40 varSa pUrva mahAn sAhityasevI sva. zrI agaracanda jI nAhaTA ne yatIndrasUri abhinandanagrantha meM "jaina zramaNoM ke itihAsa para saMkSipta prakAza" nAmaka lekha prakAzita kiyA thA aura lekha ke prArambha meM hI vidvAnoM se yaha apekSA kI thI ki ve isa kArya ke liye Age aayeN| sva. nAhaTA jI ke ukta kathana ko Adeza mAnate hue pro. ema.e. DhAMkI aura pro. sAgaramala jaina kI preraNA aura sahayoga se maiMne zvetAmbara zramaNoM ke gacchoM ke itihAsa lekhana kA kArya prArambha kiyA hai| yadyapi maiMne sAhityika aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para vibhinna gacchoM kA itihAsa likhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, kintu prastuta lekha meM gacchoM kA mAtra paricayAtmaka vivaraNa Avazyaka hone se nAhaTA jI ke ukta lekha kA anusaraNa karate hue gacchoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| aMcalagaccha aparanAma vidhipakSa vi.saM. 1159 yA 1169 meM upAdhyAya vijayacandra [bAda meM AryarakSitasari barA vidhipakSa kA pAlana karane ke kAraNa unakI ziSya-saMtati vidhipakSIya khlaayii|1 pracalita mAnyatA ke anusAra isa gaccha ke anuyAyI zrAvakoM dvArA muMhapattI ke sthAna para vastra ke kora (aMcala) se vandana karane ke kAraNa aMcalgaccha nAma pracalita huaa| isa gaccha meM aneka vidvAn AcArya aura munijana hue haiM, parantu unameM se kucha AcAryoM kI kRtiyA~ Aja upalabdha hotI haiN| isa gaccha se sambaddha bar3I saMkhyA meM pratimAlekha prApta hote haiN| inameM prAcInatama lekha vi.saM. 1206 kA hai| apane udaya se lekara Aja taka isa gaccha kI avicchinna paramparA vidyamAna hai| ___ Agamikagaccha13 pUrNimApakSIya zIlaguNasUri aura unake ziSya devabhadrasUri dvArA jIvadayANaM taka kA zakrastava, 67 akSaroM kA parameSThImaMtra aura tInastati se devavaMdana Adi bAtoM meM AgamoM kA samarthana karane ke kAraNa vi.saM. 1214 yA vi.saM. 1250 meM Agamikagaccha yA tristutikamata kI utpatti huii| isa gaccha meM yazobhadrasUri, sarvANaMdasUri, vijayasiMhasUri, amarasiMhasUri, hemaratnasUri, amararatnasUri, somaprabhasUri, AnandaprabhasUri Adi kaI prabhAvaka AcArya hue jinhoMne sAhityasevA aura dhArmika kriyAkalApoM se zvetAmbara zramaNasaMgha ko jIvanta banAye rakhane meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhaayii| Agamikagaccha se sambaddha vipula parimANa meM Aja sAhityika aura abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha hote haiN| sAhityika sAkSyoM ke antargata isa gaccha ke munijanoM dvArA likhe gaye granthoM kI prazastiyA~ tathA kucha paTTAvaliyA~ Adi haiN| isa gaccha se sambaddha lagabhaga 200 pratimAlekha prApta hote haiM jo vi.saM. 1420 se lekara vi.saM. 1683 taka ke haiN| upalabdha sAkSyoM se isa gaccha kI do zAkhAoM-dhaMdhUkIyA aura vilAbaMDIyA kA patA calatA hai| upakezagaccha14 pUrvamadhyakAlIna aura madhyakAlIna zvetAmbara paramparA meM upakezagaccha kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| jahA~ anya sabhI gaccha bhagavAna mahAvIra se apanI paramparA jor3ate haiM, vahIM upakezagaccha apanA sambandha bhagavAna pArzvanAtha se jor3atA hai| anuzruti ke anusAra isa gaccha kA utpatti sthala upakezapura (vartamAna osiyA-rAjasthAna) mAnA jAtA hai| paramparAnusAra isa gaccha ke Adima AcArya ratnaprabhasUri ne vIra samvata 70 meM osavAlagaccha kI sthApanA kI, parantu kisI bhI prAcIna aitihAsika sAkSya se isa bAta kI puSTi nahIM hotii| aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para osavAloM kI sthApanA aura isa gaccha kI utpatti kA samaya I. sana kI 116
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________________ zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricaya AThavIM zatI ke pUrva nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| upakezagaccha meM kakkasUri, devaguptasUri aura siddhasUri ina tIna paTTadhara AcAryoM ke nAmoM kI prAyaH punarAvRtti hotI rahI hai, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki isa gaccha ke anuyAyI zramaNa caityavAsI rahe hoNge| isa gaccha meM kaI prabhAvaka aura vidvAn AcArya ho cuke haiM jinhoMne sAhityopAsanA ke sAtha-sAtha navIna jinAlayoM ke nirmANa, prAcIna jinAlayoM ke jIrNoddhAra tathA jinapratimAoM kI pratiSThApanA dvarA pazcima bhArata meM zvetAmbara zramaNa paramparA ko jIvanta banAye rakhane meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| anyAnya gacchoM kI bhA~ti upakezagaccha se bhI kaI avAntara zAkhAoM kA janma huaa| jaise vi.saM. 1266/I.san 1210 meM dvivaMdanIka zAkhA, vi.saM. 1308/I. san 1252 meM kharatapAzAkhA tathA vi.saM. 1498/I.san 1442 meM khAdirIzAkhA astittva meM aayii| isake atirikta isa gaccha kI do anya zAkhAoM-kakudAcAryasaMtAnIya aura siddhAcAryasaMtAnIya kA bhI patA calatA hai, kintu inakI utpattikAla ke sambandha meM koI jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotii| upakezagaccha ke itihAsa se sambaddha paryApta saMkhyA meM isa gaccha ke munijanoM ke kRtiyoM kI prazastiyA~, munijanoM ke adhyayanArtha yA unakI preraNA se pratilipi karAyI gayI prAcIna granthoM kI dAtAprazastiyA~ tathA do prabandha [ upakezagacchaprabandha aura nAbhinandanajinoddhAraprabandha- racanAkAla vi.saM. 1393/I.san 13361 aura upakezagaccha kI kucha paTTAvaliyA~ upalabdha hai| isa gaccha ke munijanoM dvArA pratiSThApita bar3I saMkhyA meM jinapratimAyeM prApta hotI haiM jinameM se adhikAMza lekhayukta hai| isake atirikta isa gaccha ke munijanoM kI preraNA se nirmita sarvatobhadrayaMtra, paMcakalyANakapaTTa, tIrthaGkaroM ke gaNadharoM kI caraNapAdukA Adi para bhI lekha utkIrNa haiN| ye saba lekha vi.saM. 1011 se vi.saM. 1918 taka ke haiN| upakezagaccha ke itihAsa ke lekhana meM ukta sAkSyoM kA viziSTa mahattva hai| upakezagacchIya sAkSyoM ke adhyayana se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki vi.saM. kI 10vIM zatAbdI se lekara vi.saM. kI 16vIM zatAbdI taka isa gaccha ke munijanoM kA samAja para vizeSa prabhAva rahA, kintu isake pazcAt isameM nyUnatA Ane lagI, phira bhI 20vIM zatI ke prArambha taka nirvivAdarUpa se isa gaccha kA svatantra astitva banA rhaa|15 kAzahRda-gaccha arbudagirI kI talahaTI meM sthita kAzahada (vartamAna kAsIndrA yA kAyandrA) nAmaka sthAna se isa gaccha kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai| jAliharagaccha ke devaprabhasUri dvArA racita padamaprabhacaritAracanAkAla vi.saM. 1254/I.san 11981 kI prazasti se jJAta hotA hai ki kAzahada aura jAlihara ye donoM vidyAdharagaccha kI zAkhAyeM haiN| yaha gaccha kaba astitva meM AyA, isa gaccha ke Adima AcArya kauna the, isa bAre meM koI sUcanA prApta nahIM hotii| praznazataka aura jyotiSacaturvizatikA ke racanAkAra naracandra upAdhyAya isI gaccha ke the| praznazataka kA racanAkAla vi.saM. 1324/I.san 1268 mAnA jAtA hai| vikramacarita [racanAkAla vi.saM. 1471/I.san 1415 ke Asa-pAsa ke racanAkAra upAdhyAya devamUrti isI gaccha ke the|17 isa gaccha se sambaddha kucha pratimAlekha bhI prApta hote haiM jo vi.saM. 1222 se vi.saM. 1416 taka ke haiN| upalabdha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para vikrama samvata kI 13vIM zatI se 15vIM zatI ke anta taka isa gaccha kA astitva siddha hotA hai| isa gaccha se sambaddha sAkSyoM kI viralatA ko dekhate hue yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki anya gacchoM kI apekSA isa gaccha ke anuyAyI zrAvakoM aura zramaNoM kI saMkhyA alpa thii| 16vIM zatI se isa gaccha se sambaddha sAkSyoM ke nitAnta abhAva se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa gaccha ke anuyAyI munijana aura zrAvaka kinhIM anya bar3e gaccha meM sammilita ho gaye hoNge| 117
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________________ zivaprasAda kRSNarSigaccha prAkmadhyayugIna aura madhyayugIna zvetAmbara AmnAya ke gacchoM meM kRSNarSigaccha bhI eka hai| AcArya vaTezvara kSamAzramaNa ke praziSya aura yakSamahattara ke ziSya kRSNamuni kI ziSya saMtati apane guru ke nAma para kRSNarSigacchIya khlaayii| dharmopadezamAlAvivaraNa [racanAkAla vi.saM. 915/I.san 859] ke racayitA jayasiMhasUri, prabhAvakaziromaNi prasannacandrasUri, nispRhaziromaNi mahendrasUri, kumArapAlacarita [vi.saM. 14221 I.san 13661 ke racanAkAra jayasiMhasUri, hammIramahAkAvya [ racanAkAla vi.saM. 1444/I.san 1386 ] aura rambhAmaMjarInATikA ke kartA nayacandrasUri isI gaccha ke the| isa gaccha meM jayasiMhasUri, prasannacandrasUri, nayacandrasUri ina tIna paTTadhara AcAryoM ke nAmoM kI punarAvRtti milatI hai, jisase anumAna hotA hai ki yaha caityavAsI gaccha thaa| isa gaccha se sambaddha paryApta saMkhyA meM abhilekhIya sAkSya bhI prApta hue haiM jo vi. saM. 1287 se vi.saM. 1616 taka ke haiN| abhilekhIya sAkSyoM se isa gaccha kI kRSNarSitapAzAkhA kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| isa zAkhA ke vi.saM. 1450 se 1473 taka ke lekhoM meM puNyaprabhasUri, vi.saM. 1483-1487 ke lekhoM meM ziSya jayasiMhasUri tathA vi.saM. 1503-1508 ke lekhoM meM jayasiMhasUri ke prathama paTTadhara jayazekharasUri tathA vi.saM. 1510 ke eka lekha meM unake dvitIya paTTadhara kamalacandrasUri kA pratimApratiSThApaka ke rUpa meM ullekha prApta hotA hai, kintu isa zAkhA ke pravartaka kauna the, yaha zAkhA kaba astitva meM AyI, isa sambandha meM koI sUcanA prApta nahIM hotii| vi.saM. kI 17vIM zatI ke pazcAt kRSNarSigaccha se sambaddha sAkSyoM kA abhAva hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki isa samaya taka isa gaccha kA astitva samApta ho cukA thaa| koraMTagaccha9 AbU ke nikaTa koraTA [prAcIna koraMTa] nAmaka sthAna se isa gaccha kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai| upakezagaccha kI eka zAkhA ke rUpa meM isa gaccha kI mAnyatA hai| isa gaccha ke paTTadhara AcAryoM ko kakkasUri, sarvadevasUri aura nannasUri ye tIna nAma punaH punaH prApta hote rhe| isa gaccha kA sarvaprathama ullekha vi.saM. 1201 ke eka pratimAlekha meM aura antima ullekha vi.saM. 1619 meM pratilipi kI gayI rAjapraznIyasUtra kI dAtAprazasti meM prApta hotA hai| isa gaccha se sambaddha mAtra kucha dAtAprazastiyA~ tathA bar3I saMkhyA meM pratimAlekha prApta hote haiN| ye lekha vi.saM. 1612 taka ke hai| lagabhaga 400 varSoM ke apane astitvakAla meM isa gaccha ke anuyAyI zramaNa zAstroM ke paThana-pAThana kI apekSA jinapratimA kI pratiSThA meM adhika sakriya rhe| khaMDilagaccha20 isa gaccha ke kaI nAma milate haiM yathA bhAvaDAragaccha, kAlikAcAryasaMtAnIya, bhAvar3agaccha, bhAvadevAcAryagaccha, khaMDillagaccha aadi| prabhAvakacarita meM candrakala kI eka zAkhA ke rUpa meM isa gaccha kA ullekha milatA hai| isa gaccha meM paTTadhara AcAryoM ko bhAvadevasUri, vijayasiMhasUri, vIrasUri aura jinadevasUri ye cAra nAma punaH punaH prApta hote rhe| pArzvanAthacarita [ racanAkAla vi.saM. 1412/I.san 13561 ke racanAkAra bhAvadevasari isI gaccha ke the| isakI prazasti ke anrtagata unhoMne apanI guru-paramparA dI hai, jo isa prakAra hai-- bhAvadevasUri vijayasiMhasUri vIrasUri jinadevasUri 118
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________________ zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricaya bhAvadevasUri vijayadevasari vIrasari jinadevasUri yazobhadrasari bhAvadevasUri [vi.saM.1412/I.sana 1356 meM pArzvanAthacarita ke racanAkAra kAlakAcAryakathA, yatidinacaryA, alaMkArasAra, bhaktAmaraTIkA Adi ke kartA bhAvadevasari ko brAuna ne pArzvanAthacarita ke kartA uparokta bhAvadevasari se abhinna mAnA hai| isa gaccha se sambaddha aneka pratimAlekha mile haiM jo vi.saM. 1196 se vi.saM. 1664 taka ke haiN| niSkarSa ke spa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki vi.saM. kI 12vIM zatI meM yaha gaccha astitva meM AyA aura vi.saM. kI 17vIM zatI ke antimacaraNa taka vidyamAna rhaa| isake pazcAta isa gaccha kA koI ullekha na milane se yaha pratIta ho isa gaccha ke anuyAyI anya kinhIM gacchoM meM sammilita ho gaye hoNge| kharataragaccha candrakula ke AcArya vardhamAnasUri ke ziSya jinezvarasUri ne caulukya nareza durlabharAja kI rAjasabhA meM zAstrArtha meM caityavAsiyoM ko parAsta kiyA, jisase prasanna hokara rAjA dvArA unheM 'kharatara kA viruddha prApta huaa| isa ghaTanA se gurjarabhUmi meM suvihitamArgIya zramaNoM kA vihAra prArambha ho gyaa| jinezvarasari kI ziSya-santati kharataragacchIya khlaayii| isa gaccha meM aneka prabhAvazAlI aura prabhAvaka AcArya hue aura Aja bhI haiN| isa gaccha ke AcAryoM ne sAhitya kI pratyeka vidhAoM ko apanI lekhanI dvArA samRddha kiyA, sAtha hI jinAlayoM ke nirmANa, prAcIna jinAlayoM ke punarnirmANa evaM jinapratimAoM kI pratiSThA meM bhI sakriyarUpa se bhAga liyaa|21 yugapradhAnAcAryaguvilI22 meM isa gaccha ke 11vIM zatI se 14vIM zatI ke anta taka ke AcAryoM kA jIvanacaritra diyA gayA hai jo na kevala isa gaccha ke apitu bhAratavarSa ke tatkAlIna rAjanaitika itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| isake atirikta isa gaccha se sambaddha aneka vijJaptipatra, paTTAvaliyA~, gurvAvaliyA~, aitihAsika rAsa, aitihAsika gIta Adi milate haiM jo isake itihAsa ke adhyayana ke liye atyanta upayogI haiN| anyAnya gacchoM kI bhA~ti isa gaccha kI bhI kaI zAkhAyeM astitva meM AyIM. jo isa prakAra haiM -- 1. madhukarA zAkhA -- AcArya jinavallabhasUri ke samaya vi.saM. 1167/I.sana 1111 meM yaha zAkhA astitva meM aayii| 2. rudrapallIyazAkhA -- vi.saM. 1204 meM AcArya jinezvarasUri se yaha zAkhA astittva meM aayii| isa zAkhA meM aneka vidvAna AcArya hue| zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ke anusAra vi.saM. kI 17vIM zatI taka isa zAkhA kA astitva rhaa| 3. laghukharatarazAkhA -- vi.saM. 1331/I.san 1275 meM AcArya jinasiMhasari se isa zAkhA kA udaya 119
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________________ zivaprasAda huaa| anyAnya granthoM ke racanAkAra, sultAna muhammada tugalaka ke pratibodhaka zAsanaprabhAvaka AcArya jinaprabhasUri isI zAkhA ke the| vi.saM. kI 18vIM zatI taka isa zAkhA kA astitva rhaa| 4. begar3a zAkhA -- vi.saM. 1422 meM yaha zAkhA astitva meM aayii| jinezvarasUri isa zAkhA ke prathama AcArya hue| 5. pippalakazAkhA -- vi.saM. 1474 meM jinavardhanasUri barA isa zAkhA kA udaya huaa| zrI nAhaTA ke anusAra pippalaka nAmaka sthAna se sambaddha hone se yaha pippalakazAkhA ke nAma se jAnA gyaa| isI nAma kI eka zAkhA vaDagacchIya zAMtisari ke ziSya mahendrasari, vijayasiMhasari Adi ke dvarA vi.saM. 1181/I.san 1125 meM astitva meM aayii| 6. AdhapakSIyazAkhA -- vi.saM. 1564 meM AcArya jinadevasUri se yaha zAkhA astitva meM aayii| isa zAkhA kI eka gaddI pAlI meM thii| ____7. bhAvaharSIyAzAkhA -- vi.saM. 1621 meM bhAvaharSasUri se isakA udaya huaa| isa zAkhA kI eka gaddI bAlotarA meM hai| ___8. laghuAcAryazAkhA -- AcArya jinasAgarasUri se vi. saM. 1686 meM yaha zAkhA astitva meM aayii| isakI gaddI bIkAnera meM vidyamAna hai| 9. jinaraMgasUrizAkhA -- yaha zAkhA vi.saM. 1700 meM jinaraMgasUri se prArambha huii| isakI gaddI vartamAna meM lakhanaU meM hai| ___10. zrIsArIyazAkhA -- vi.saM. 1700 ke lagabhaga yaha zAkhA astitva meM AyI, parantu zIghra hI nAmazeSa ho gyii| ____11. maMDovarAzAkhA -- jinamahendrasUri barA vi. saM. 1892 meM maMDovarA nAmaka sthAna se isakA udaya huaa| isakI eka gaddI jayapura meM vidyamAna hai| zrIagaracanda nAhaTA aura zrI bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA ne isa gaccha kI sAhityika aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM kA na kevala saMkalana aura prakAzana kiyA hai, apitu unakA samyak adhyayana bhI samAja ke sammukha rakhA hai| candragaccha candrakula hI Age calakara candragaccha ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| rAjagaccha, vaDagaccha, kharataragaccha, pUrNatallagaccha, bhAvaDAragaccha, pUrNimAgaccha Adi kaI gaccha candrakula se hI astitva meM aaye| isa gaccha se sambaddha kaI pratimAlekha milate hai jo vi.saM. 1072 se vi.saM. 1552 taka ke hai| munipatidharitra [ racanAkAla vi.saM. 1005] evaM jinazatakakAvya [ racanAkAla vi.saM. 10251 ke racayitA jambUkavi aparanAma jambUnAga isI gaccha ke the| sanatkumAracarita ke racanAkAra candrasUri bhI isI gaccha ke the| isI gaccha ke zivaprabhasUri ke ziSya zrItilakasUri ne vi.saM. 1261 meM pratyekabuddhacarita kI racanA kii| vasantavilAsa ke racanAkAra bAlacandrasUri, prasiddha grantha saMzodhaka pradyumnasUri, zIlavatIkathA ke racanAkAra udayaprabhasUri isI gaccha ke the|23 isa gaccha ke sambandha meM vizeSa vivaraNa anveSaNIya hai| caitragaccha madhyayugIna zvetAmbara gacchoM meM caitragaccha bhI eka hai| caitrapura nAmaka sthAna se isa gaccha kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai| isa gaccha ke kaI nAma milate haiM yathA -- caitravAlagaccha, citravAlagaccha, citrapallIyagaccha, citragaccha aadi| dhanezvarasUri isa gaccha ke Adima AcArya mAne jAte haiN| inake paTTadhara bhuvanacandrasUri hue jinake praziSya 120
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________________ zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricaya aura devabhadrasUri ke ziSya jagaccandrasUri se vi.saM. 1285/I. san 1229 meM tapAgaccha kA prAdurbhAva huaa| devabhadrasUri ke anya ziSyoM se caitragaccha kI avicchinna paramparA jArI rhii| samyakatvakaumudI / racanAkAla vi.saM. 1504/I. sana 1448] aura bhaktAmarastavaTIkA ke racanAkAra guNAkarasUri isI gaccha ke the|24| caitragaccha se sambaddha bar3I saMkhyA meM abhilekhIya sAkSya prApta hote haiM, jo vi.saM. 1265 se vi. saM. 1591 taka ke haiN| isa gaccha se kaI avAntara zAkhAoM kA janma huA, jaise -- bhartRpurIyazAkhA, dhAraNapadrIyazAkhA, caturdazIyazAkhA, cAndrasAmIyazAkhA, salaSaNapurAzAkhA, kamboiyAzAkhA, aSTApadazAkhA, zArdUlazAkhA aadi| jAlyodharagaccha vidyAdharagaccha kI dvitIyazAkhA ke rUpa meM isa gaccha kA udaya huaa| yaha zAkhA kaba aura kisa kAraNa astitva meM AyI, isake purAtana AcArya kauna the, sAkSyoM ke abhAva meM ye prazna anuttarita haiN| isa gaccha se sambaddha mAtra do prazastiyA~ -- nandipadadurgavRtti kI dAtAprazasti [pratilekhanakAla vi.saM. 1226/I.sana 11601 aura padamaprabhacarita racanAkAla vi.saM. 1254/I.san 11981 kI prazasti hI milatI hai| padamaprabhacarita kI prazasti se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha gaccha vidyAdharagaccha kI eka zAkhA thii| __isa gaccha se sambaddha kucha abhilekhIya sAkSya bhI milate haiM jo vi.saM. 1213 se vi.saM. 1423 taka ke haiN|26 grantha prazastiyoM aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para isa gaccha ke munijanoM ke guru-paramparA kI eka tAlikA banatI hai, jo isa prakAra hai -- bAlacandrasUri guNabhadrasUri [vi. saM. 1226 kI naMdIdurgapadavRtti meM ullikhita] sarvANaMdasUri pArzvanAthacarita-anupalabdha ke racanAkAra] dharmaghoSasUri devasUri [vi.saM. 1254/I. san 1198 meM padmaprabhavarita ke racanAkAra haribhadrasUri / vi.saM. 1296/I.san 1240 pratimAlekha - ghoghA] hariprabhasUri candrasUri vibudhaprabhasUri [vi.saM. 1392 pratimAlekha] lalitaprabhasUri [vi.saM. 1423/I.sana 1367 pratimAlekha] jIrApallIgaccha rAjasthAna prAnta ke arbudamaNDala ke antargata jIrAvalA nAmaka prasiddha sthAna hai| yahA~ pArzvanAtha kA eka mahimna jinAlaya vidyamAna hai jo jIrAvalApArzvanAtha ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| bRhadgaccha 121
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________________ zivaprasAda paTTAvalI meM usakI eka zAkhA ke rUpa meM isa gaccha kA ullekha milatA hai| jIrAvalA nAmaka sthAna se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa yaha zAkhA jIrApallIgaccha ke nAma se prasiddha huii| isa gaccha se sambaddha kaI pratimAlekha milate haiM jo vi.saM. 1406 se vi.saM. 1515 taka ke haiN| isake sambandha meM vizeSa adhyayana apekSita hai| tapAgaccha caitragacchIya AcArya bhuvanacandrasari ke praziSya aura devabhadrasari ke ziSya jagaccandrasari ko AghATa meM ugra tapa karane ke kAraNa vi.saM. 1285/I. san 1229 meM 'tapA' virud prApta huA, isI kAraNa unakI ziSya santati tapAgacchIya khlaayii|27 apane janma se lekara Aja taka isa gaccha kI avicchinna paramparA vidyamAna hai aura isakA prabhAva uttarottara bar3hatA hI jA rahA hai| isa gaccha meM aneka prabhAvaka AcArya aura vidvAn munijana ho cuke haiM aura Aja bhI haiN| isa gaccha se sambaddha bar3I saMkhyA meM sAhityika aura abhilekhIya sAkSya prApta hote haiM jinakA samyak adhyayana Avazyaka hai| anya gacchoM kI bhA~ti isa gaccha kI bhI kaI avAntara zAkhAyeM astittva meM AyIM, jaise-- vRddhapoSAlika, laghupoSAlika, vijayANaMdasUrizAkhA vimalazAkhA, vijayadevasUrizAkhA, sAgarazAkhA, ratnazAkhA, kamalakalazazAkhA, kutubapurAzAkhA, nigamazAkhA aadi| thArApadragaccha prAkmadhyayugIna aura madhyayugIna nirganthadharma ke zvetAmbara AmnAya ke gacchoM meM isa gaccha kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| thArApadra (vartamAna tharAda, banAsakAMThA maNDala - uttara gujarAta) nAmaka sthAna se isa gaccha kA prAdurbhAva huaa| isa gaccha meM 11vIM zatI ke prArambha meM hue AcArya pUrNabhadrasUri ne vaTezvara kSamAzramaNa ko apanA pUrvaja batalAyA hai, parantu isa gaccha ke pravartaka kauna the, yaha gaccha kaba astitva meM AyA, isa bAre meM ve mauna haiN| isa gaccha meM jyeSThAcArya, zAMtibhadrasUri 'prathama', zIlabhadrasari 'prathama', siddhAntamahodadhi sarvadevasUri, zAntibhadrasari 'dvitIya', pUrNabhadrasUri, suprasiddha pAiyaTIkA ke racanAkAra vAdivetAla zAntisUri, vijayasiMhasUri Adi aneka prabhAvaka aura vidvAn AcArya hue haiN| SaDAvazyakavRtti [racanAkAla vi.saM. 11221 aura kAvyAlaMkAraTippana ke kartA namisAdhu isI gaccha ke the| isa gaccha se sambaddha abhilekhIya sAkSya bhI paryApta saMkhyA meM prApta hue haiM, jo vi.saM. 1011 se vi.saM. 1536 taka ke haiN| isa prakAra isa gaccha kA astitva prAyaH 16vIM zatI ke madhya taka pramANita hotA hai| cUMki isake pazcAta isa gaccha se sambaddha sAkSyoM kA abhAva hai| ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ukta kAla ke bAda isa gaccha kA astitva samApta ho gayA hogaa| devAnandagaccha devAnandasari isa gaccha ke pravartaka mAne jAte haiN| zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ke anusAra vi.saM. 1194 aura vi.saM. 1201 kI grantha prazastiyoM meM isa gaccha kA ullekha milatA hai|30 zrI mohanalAla dalIcanda desAI aura zrI lAlacanda bhagavAna gAMdhI ne prasiddha grantha saMzodhaka aura samarAdityasaMkSepa ke kartA pradyamnasari ko devAnandagaccha se sambaddha batAyA hai jaba ki hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApar3iyA aura zrI gulAbacandra caudharI ne unheM candragacchIya batalAyA hai| kyA devAnandagaccha candragaccha kI hI eka zAkhA rahI yA usase bhinna thI, isa sambandha meM adhyayana kI AvazyakatA hai| campakasenarAsa [racanAkAla vi.saM. 1630/I.san 1574] ke racayitA mahezvarasUriziSya isI gaccha ke the| isa prakAra vi.saM. kI 12vIM zatI se 17vIM zatI taka isa gaccha kA astitva siddha hotA hai, phira bhI sAkSyoM kI viralatA ke kAraNa isa gaccha ke bAre meM vizeSa vivaraNa de pAnA kaThina hai| dharmaghoSagaccha52 rAjagacchIya AcArya zIlabhadrasUri ke eka ziSya dharmaghoSasUri apane samaya ke atyanta prabhAvaka AcArya the| narezatraya pratibodhaka aura digambara vidvAna gaNacandra ke vijetA ke rUpa meM inakI khyAti rhii| inakI prazaMsA meM likhI gayI aneka kRtiyA~ milatI haiM, jo inakI paramparA meM hue uttarakAlIna munijanoM dvArA racI gayIM hai| dharmaghoSasUri ke mRtyoparAnta inakI ziSyasantati apane guru ke nAma para dharmaghoSagaccha ke nAma se vikhyAta huii| isa gaccha meM yazobhadrasUri, raviprabhasUri, udayaprabhasUri, pRthvIcandrasUri, pradyumnasUri, jJAnacandrasUri Adi kaI prabhAvaka aura vidvAn AcArya hue, jinhoMne vi.saM. kI 12vIM zatI se vi.saM. kI 17vIM zatI ke anta taka apanI 122
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________________ zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricaya sAhityopAsanA, tIrthoddhAra, natana jinAlayoM ke nirmANa kI preraNA, jinapratimAoM kI pratiSThA Adi barA madhyayuga meM zvetAmbara zramaNa paramparA ko cirasthAyitva pradAna karane meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| isa gaccha se sambaddha lagabhaga 200 abhilekha mile haiM jo vi.saM. 1303 se vi.saM. 1691 taka ke hai| ye lekha jinamandiroM ke stambhAdi aura tIrthaMkara pratimAoM para utkIrNa haiM, jo dharmaghoSagaccha ke itihAsa ke adhyayana ke liye atyanta upayogI haiN| nAgapurIyatapAgaccha vaDagacchIya AcArya vAdidevasUri ke eka ziSya padmaprabhasUri ne nAgaura meM vi.saM. 1174 yA 1177 meM ugra tapa kA 'nAgaurItapA virud prApta kiyaa| unakI ziSya saMtati 'nAgapurIyatapAgaccha ke nAma se vikhyAta huii|33 munijinavijaya dvArA saMpAdita vividhagacchIyapaTTAvalIsaMgraha aura zrI mohanalAla dalIcanda desAI dvArA likhita jainagurjarakavio bhAga-2 meM isa gaccha kI paTTAvalI prakAzita huI hai| isI gaccha meM 16vIM zatI meM pArzvacandrasUri hue jinake nAma para pAvacandragaccha kA udaya huA jo vartamAna meM bhI astittvavAna hai| ina gacchoM kA viziSTa adhyayana apekSita hai| ___ nAgendragaccha jisa prakAra candrakula bAda meM candragaccha ke nAma se prasiddha huA, usI prakAra nAgendrakula bhI nAgendragaccha ke nAma se vikhyAta huaa| pUrva madhyayugIna aura madhyayugIna gacchoM meM isa gaccha kA viziSTa sthAna rhaa| isa gaccha meM aneka vidvAn AcArya hue haiN| aNahilapurapATana ke saMsthApaka vanarAja cAvar3A ke guru zIlaguNasUri isI gaccha ke the| unake ziSya devacandrasUri kI eka pratimA pATana meM vidyamAna hai| akoTA se prApta I. san kI sAtavIM zatAbdI kI do jinapratimAoM para nAgendrakula kA ullekha milatA hai|4 mahAmAtya vastupAla tejapAla ke guru vijayasenasUri isI gaccha ke the| isI kAraNa unake dvArA banavAye gaye mandiroM meM mUrtipratiSThA unhIM ke kara-kamaloM se huii| jinaharSagaNi dvArA racita vastupAlacarita [racanAkAla vi.saM. 1497/I. san 14411 se jJAta hotA hai ki vijayasenasari ke upadeza se hI vastupAla-tejapAla ne saMghayAtrAyeM kI aura granthabhaMDAra sthApita kiye tathA jinamaMdiroM kA nirmANa kraayaa| inake ziSya udayaprabhasUri ne dharmAbhyudayamahAkAvya [ racanAkAla vi.saM. 1290/I.san 1234] aura upadezamAlATIkA [racanAkAla vi.saM. 1299/I.san 12431 kI racanA kii| inakI prazasti meM unhoMne apanI guru-paramparA kA sundara vivaraNa diyA hai jo isa gaccha ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| vAsupUjyavarita / racanAkAla vi.saM. 1299/I.san 12431 ke racayitA vardhamAnasUri aura prabandhacintAmaNi ke racayitA merutuMgasUri bhI isI gaccha ke the| isa gaccha se sambaddha pratimAlekha bhI bar3I saMkhyA meM prApta hue haiN| vi.saM. 1455 ke eka dhAtupratimAlekha ke AdhAra para zrI agaracandanAhaTA ne yaha mata vyakta kiyA hai ki usa samaya taka yaha gaccha upakezagaccha meM vilIna ho cukA thaa| isa gaccha kA bhI samyaka adhyayana honA aparihArya hai| nANakIyagaccha zvetAmbara caityavAsI gacchoM meM nANakIya gaccha kA pramukha sthAna hai| isake kaI nAma milate haiM, jaise -- nANagaccha, jJAnakIyagaccha, nANAvAlagaccha aadi| jaisA ki isake nAma se spaSTa hotA hai ki arbudamaNDala meM sthita nANA nAmaka sthAna se yaha gaccha astittva meM aayaa| zAMtisUri isa gaccha ke Adima AcArya mAne jAte haiN| unake paTTapara krama se siddhasenasUri, dhanezvarasUri aura mahendrasUri ye tIna AcArya pratiSThita hue| yahI 4 nAma isa gaccha ke paTTadhara AcAryoM ko punaH-punaH prApta hote rhe| isa gaccha ke munijanoM kI preraNA se vi.saM. 1272 meM bRhatsaMgrahaNIpustikA aura vi.saM. 1592 meM SaTkarmaavacUri kI pratilipi karAyI gyii| yaha bAta unakI dAtAprazasti se jJAta hotI hai| gaccha se sambaddha yahI sAhityika sAkSya Aja prApta hote haiN| isake viparIta isa gaccha se sambaddha bar3I saMkhyA meM jinapratimAyeM milI haiM jo vi.saM. 1102 se vi.saM. 1599 taka kI hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki isa gaccha ke munijana paThana-pAThana kI ora se prAyaH udAsIna rahate hue jinapratimA kI pratiSThA 123
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________________ zivaprasAda aura caityoM kI dekharekha meM hI pravatta rahate the| zrAvakoM ko natana jinapratimAoM ke nirmANa kI preraNA denA hI inakA pramukha kArya rhaa| suvihitamArgIya munijanoM ke bar3hate hue prabhAva ke bAvajUda caityavAsI gacchoM kA lambe samaya taka bane rahanA samAja meM unakI pratiSThA aura mahattva kA paricAyaka hai| nivRttigaccha nirgantha darzana ke caityavAsI gacchoM meM nivRttikula (bAda meM nivRttigaccha) bhI eka hai| paryuSaNAkalpa kI sthavirAvalI meM isa kula kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| isase pratIta hotA hai ki yaha kula bAda meM astitva meM aayaa| isa kula kA sarvaprathama ullekha akoTA se prApta dhAtu kI do pratimAoM para utkIrNa lekhoM meM prApta hotA hai| umAkAnta pI. zAha ne ina lekhoM kI vAcanA isa prakAra dI hai37-- 1. OM devadharmoyaM nivAra)tikule jinbhdrvaacnaacaarysy| 2. U~ nivArvatikule jinbhdrvaacnaacaarysy| zAha ne ina pratimAoM kA kAla I.san 550 se 600 ke madhya mAnA hai| dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra vAcanAcArya aura kSamAzramaNa samAnArthaka zabda haiM, ataH jinabhadravAcanAcArya aura prasiddha bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa eka hI vyakti mAne jA sakate haiN| upamitibhavaprapaMcAkathA [racanAkAla vi.saM. 962/I.sana 9061, saTIkanyAyAvatAra, upadezamAlATIkA ke racanAkAra siddharSi, caupannamahApuruSacariyaM / racanAkAla vi.saM. 925/I.san 8691 ke racanAkAra zIlAcArya aparanAma vimalamati aparanAma zIlAr3aka, prasiddha granthasaMzodhaka droNAcArya, sUrAcArya Adi bhI isI kula se sambaddha the| yadyapi isa kula yA gaccha se sambaddha abhilekha vi.saM. kI 16vIM zatI taka ke haiM, parantu unakI saMkhyA nyUna hI hai| isa gaccha ke Adima AcArya kauna the, yaha gaccha kaba astitva meM AyA, isa bAre meM upalabdha sAkSyoM se koI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| yadyapi paTTAvaliyoM meM nAgendra, candra aura vidyAdhara kuloM ke sAtha isa kula kI utpatti kA bhI vivaraNa milatA hai, kintu uttarakAlIna evaM bhrAmaka vivaraNoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa ye paTaTAvaliyA~ kisI bhI gaccha ke prAcIna itihAsa ke adhyayana ke liye yatheSTha prAmANika nahIM mAnI jA sakatI haiN| mahAvIra kI paramparA meM nivRttikUla kA ullekha nahIM milatA, ataH kyA yaha pApityoM kI paramparA se lATadeza meM niSpanna huA, yaha anveSaNIya hai| pallIvAlagaccha pallI [vartamAna pAlI, rAjasthAna] nAmaka sthAna se pallIvAla jJAti aura zvetAmbaroM ke pallIvAlagaccha kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai| isa gaccha se sambaddha sAhityika aura abhilekhIya donoM prakAra ke sAkSya prApta hote haiN| kAlikAcAryakathA [racanAkAla vi.saM. 1365] ke racanAkAra mahezvarasUri, piMDavizaddhidIpikA [racanAkAla vi.saM. 1627], uttarAdhyayanabAlAvabodhinITIkA [ racanAkAla vi.saM. 1629] aura AcArAMgadIpikA ke racayitA ajitadevasari isI gaccha se sambaddha the| pallIvAlagaccha se sambaddha jo pratimAlekha prApta hue haiM ve vi.saM. 1383 se vi.saM. 1681 taka ke haiN|38 isa gaccha kI eka paTTAvalI bhI prApta huI hai, jisake anusAra yaha gaccha candrakula se utpanna huA hai| pUrNatallagaccha candrakula se utpanna gacchoM meM pUrNatallagaccha bhI eka hai| isa gaccha meM jinadattasUri, yazobhadrasUri, pradyumnasUri, guNasenasUri, devacandrasUri, kalikAlasarvajJa hemacandrasUri, azokacandrasUri, candrasenasUri, rAmacandrasUri, guNacandrasUri, bAlacandrasUri Adi kaI AcArya hue|39 tilakamaMjarITippaNa, jainatarkavArtikavRtti Adi ke racanAkAra zAMtisUri isI gaccha ke the| devacandrasUri ne svaracita zAMtinAthacarita [ racanAkAla va.saM. 1160/I.sana 1104] kI prazasti meM apanI guru-paramparA kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo isa prakAra hai-- 124
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________________ zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya pariSada yazobhadrasUri pradyumnasUri guNasenasUri devacandrasUri[vi.saM. 1160/I.san 1104 meM zAMtinAthacarita ke racanAkAra] isake atirikta devacandrasUri ne sthAnakaprakaraNaTIkA aparanAma mUlazuddhiprakaraNavRtti kI bhI racanA kii| caulukyanareza kumArapAlapratibodhaka, kalikAlasarvajJa AcArya hemacandrasUri, utpAdAdisiddhiprakaraNa [racanAkAla vi.saM. 1205/I. san 11491 ke racayitA candrasenasUri tathA azokacandrasUri ukta devacandrasUri ke ziSya the| hemacandrasUri kI ziSya paramparA meM prasiddhanATyakAra rAmacandra-guNacandra, anekArthasaMgraha ke TIkAkAra mahendrasUri, snAtasyA nAmaka prasiddha stuti ke racayitA bAlacandrasUri, devacandrasUri udayacandrasUri, yazazcandrasUri, vardhamAnagaNi Adi hue| pippalagaccha vaDagacchIya AcArya sarvadevasUri ke praziSya aura nemicandrasUri ke ziSya AcArya zAMtisUri ne vi.saM. 1181/I.san 1125 meM pIpalavRkSa ke nIce mahendrasUri, vijayasiMhasUri Adi ATha ziSyoM ko AcArya pada pradAna kiyaa| pIpalavRkSa ke nIce unheM AcAryapada prApta hone ke kAraNa unakI ziSyasantati pippalagacchIya khlaayii|40 siMhAsanadvAtriMzikA [racanAkAla vi.saM. 1484/I.sana 14281 ke racanAkAla sAgaracandrasati vastupAlatejapAlarAsa [ racanAkAla vi.saM. 1484/I.san 1428], vidyAvilAsapavADo Adi ke kartA prasiddha granthakAra hIrAnandasUri, kAlakasaribhAsa ke kartA Anandameru isI gaccha ke the| isa gaccha kI do avAntara zAkhAoM kA patA calatA hai -- 1. tribhavIyAzAkhA 2. tAladhvajIyAzAkhA abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para vi.saM. 1778 taka isa gaccha kA astitva siddha hotA hai| pUrNimAgaccha yA pUrNimApakSa madhyayugIna zvetAmbara gacchoM meM pUrNimAgaccha kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| candrakula ke AcArya jayasiMhasUri ke ziSya candraprabhasUri dvArA pUrNimA ko pAkSika parva manAye jAne kA samarthana karane ke kAraNa unakI ziSya santati pUrNimApakSIya yA pUrNimAgacchIya khlaayii| vi.saM. 1149 yA 1159 meM isa gaccha kA AvirbhAva mAnA jAtA hai|41 isa gaccha meM AcArya dharmaghoSasUri, devasUri, cakrezvarasUri, samudraghoSasUri, vimalagaNi, devabhadrasUri, tilakAcArya, muniratnasUri, kamalaprabhasUri, mahimAprabhasUri Adi kaI prakhara vidvAn AcArya ho cuke haiN| isa gaccha kI kaI AvantarazAkhAyeM astittva meM AyIM, jaise -- pradhAnazAkhA yA DhaMDheriyAzAkhA, sArdhapUrNimAzAkhA, kaccholIvAlazAkhA, bhImapallIyazAkhA,vaTapadrIyazAkhA, borasiddhIyazAkhA, bhRgukacchIyazAkhA, chApariyAzAkhA aadi| isa gaccha ke munijanoM dvArA racita granthoM kI prazastiyoM, unakI preraNA se lipibaddha karAye gaye prAcIna granthoM kI dAtAprazastiyoM evaM paTTAvaliyoM meM isa gaccha ke itihAsa kI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI saMkalita hai| yahI bAta isa gaccha se sambaddha bar3I saMkhyA meM prApta pratimAlekhoM ke sambandha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| brahamANagaccha arbudamaNDala ke anrtagata vartamAna varamANa [prAcIna brahmANa] nAmaka sthAna se isa gaccha kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai| isa gaccha se sambaddha bar3I saMkhyA meM pratimAlekha prApta hote haiM jo vi saM. 1124 se pratimAlekha prApta hota hapaja vi isa gaccha kI 125
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________________ zivaprasAda 16vIM zatI ke anta taka ke haiN| ina lekhoM meM vimalasUri, buddhisAgarasUri, udayaprabhasUri, municandrasUri Adi AcAryoM ke nAma punaH punaH Ate haiM, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki isa gaccha ke munijana caityavAsI rahe hoNge| isa gaccha se sambaddha sAhityika sAkSyoM kA prAyaH abhAva hai, ataH isake bAre meM vizeSa bAteM jJAta nahIM hotI haiN| vaDagaccha suvihitamArgapratipAlaka aura caityavAsavirodhI gacchoM meM vaDagaccha kA pramukha sthAna hai| paramparAnusAra candrakula ke AcArya udyotanasari ne vi.saM. 994 meM AbU ke nikaTa sthita TelIgrAma meM vaTavRkSa ke nIce sarvadevasari sahita 8 ziSyoM ko AcAryapada pradAna kiyaa| vaDavRkSa ke nIce unheM prApta hone ke kAraNa unakI ziSyasantati vaDagacchIya khlaayii| vaTavRkSa ke samAna isa gaccha kI bhI aneka zAkhAyeM-prazAkhAyeM astittva meM ArI, ataH isakA eka nAma bRhadgaccha bhI par3a gyaa| gurjarabhUmi meM vidhimArgapravartaka vardhamAnasUri, unake ziSya jinezvarasUri aura buddhisAgarasUri, navAGgIvRttikAra abhayadevasUri, AkhyAnakamaNikoza ke racayitA devendragaNi aparanAma nemicandrasUri, unake ziSya AmradevasUri, prasiddha granthakAra municandrasUri, unake paTTadhara prasiddha vAdI devasUri, ratnaprabhasUri, haribhadrasUri Adi aneka prabhAvaka aura vidvAn AcArya ho cuke haiN| isa gaccha kI kaI avAntara zAkhAyeM astitva meM AyIM, jaise vi.saM. 1149 yA 1159 meM yazobhadra-nemicandra ke ziSya aura municandrasari ke jyeSTha gurubhrAtA candraprabhasUri se pUrNimAgaccha kA udaya huaa| isI prakAra vaDagacchIya zAMtisUri dvarA vi.saM. 1181/I. san 1125 meM pIpalavRkSa ke nIce mahendrasUri, vijayasiMhasUri Adi 8 ziSyoM ke AcAryapada pradAna karane ke kAraNa unakI ziSyasantati pippalagacchIya khlaayii| abhilekhIya sAkSyoM dvArA vi.saM. kI 17vIM zatI ke anta taka vaDagaccha kA astitva jJAta hotA hai| ___ maladhArigaccha yA harSapurIyagaccha harSapura (vartamAna harasaura ) nAmaka sthAna se isa gaccha kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai| jinaprabhasUri viracita kalpapradIpa [racanAkAla vi.saM. 1389/I. san 1333] ke anusAra eka bAra caulukyanareza jayasiMha siddharAja ne harSapurIyagaccha ke AcArya abhayadevasUri ko malamAlina vastra evaM unake malayuktadeha ko dekhakara unheM 'maladhAri nAmaka upAdhi se alaMkRta kiyaa| usI samaya se harSapurIyagaccha maladhArigaccha ke nAma se vikhyAta huaa|44 isa gaccha meM aneka granthoM ke praNetA hemacandrasUri, vijayasiMhasUri, zrIcandrasUri, lakSmaNagaNi, vibudhaprabhasUri, jinabhadrasUri, municandrasUri, devaprabhasUri, naracandrasUri, narendraprabhasUri, rAjazekharasUri, sudhAkalaza Adi prasiddha AcArya aura vidvAn munijana ho cuke haiN| isa gaccha ke munijanoM dvArA bar3I saMkhyA meM racI gayI kRtiyoM kI prazastiyoM evaM gaccha se sambaddha vi.saM. 1190 se vi.saM. 1699 taka ke pratimAlekhoM meM itihAsa sambandhI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| modamaccha gujarAta rAjya ke mehasANA jile meM avasthita moDherA [prAcIna modera nAmaka sthAna se modajJAti evaM moDhagaccha kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai| I.san kI 10vIM zatAbdI kI dhAtu kI do pratimAo para utkIrNa lekhoM meM isa gaccha kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| isase pramANita hotA hai ki ukta tithi ke pUrva yaha gaccha astitva meM A cukA thaa| prabhAvakacarita se bhI ukta mata kI puSTi hotI hai| I.san 1171/vi.saM. 1227 ke eka lekha meM bhI isa gaccha kA ullekha milatA hai| zrI pUranacanda nAhara ne isakI vAcanA isa prakAra dI hai -- __saM. 1227 vaizAkha sudi 3 gurau naMdANi grAmenyA zrAvikayA AtmIyaputra lUNade zreyortha caturviMzati paTTaH kAritAH / / zrImoDhagacche bappabhaTTisaMtAne jinabhadrAcAryaiH pratiSThitaH / jainalekhasaMgraha bhAga 2, lekhAMka 1694 vi.saM. 1325 meM pratilipi kI gayI kAlakAcAryakathA kI dAtA prazasti meM moDhaguru hariprabhasUri kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| yadyapi isa gaccha se sambaddha sAkSya sImita saMkhyA meM prApta hote haiM, phira bhI unake AdhAra para isa gaccha kA lambe kAla taka astitva siddha hotA hai| pro. ema.e. DhAMkI kA mata hai ki jainadharmAnuyAyI moDha jJAti dvArA sthAnakavAsI (amUrtipUjaka) jainadharma athavA vaiSNavadharma svIkAra kara lene se isa zvetAmbara mUrti pUjaka 126
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________________ zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricaya paramparA meM gaccha kA astitva samApta ho gyaa| rAjagaccha candrakula se samaya-samaya para aneka gacchoM kA prAdurbhAva huA, rAjagaccha bhI unameM eka hai| vi.saM. kI 11vIM zatI ke Asa-pAsa isa gaccha kA prAdurbhAva mAnA jAtA hai| candrakula ke AcArya pradyumnasUri ke praziSya aura abhayadevasUri ke ziSya dhanezvarasUri 'prathama' dIkSA lene ke pUrva rAjA the, ataH unakI ziSya-santati rAjagaccha ke nAma se vikhyAta huii| isa gaccha meM dhanezvarasUri 'dvitIya, aneka kRtiyoM ke kartA pArzvadevagaNi aparanAma zrIcandrasUri, siddhasenasUri, devabhadrasUri, mANikyacandrasUri, prabhAcandrasUri Adi kaI prabhAvaka aura vidvAn AcArya hue haiN| isI gaccha ke vAdIndra dharmaghoSasUri kI ziSya santati apane guru ke nAma para dharmaghoSagacchIya khlaayii| yadyapi rAjagaccha se sambaddha abhilekhIya sAkSya bhI milate haiM jo vi.saM. 1128 se vi.saM. 1509 taka ke haiM, tathApi unakI saMkhyA nyUna hI hai| sAhityika sAkSyoM dvArA isa gaccha kA astitva vi.saM. kI 14vIM zatI taka hI jJAta ho pAtA hai kintu abhilekhIya sAkSyoM dvArA vi.saM. kI 16vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha taka isa gaccha kA astitva pramANita hotA hai| rudrapallIyagaccha yaha kharataragaccha kI eka zAkhA hai jo vi.saM. 1204 meM jinezvarasUri se astitva meM aayii| rudrapallI nAmaka sthAna se isa gaccha kI utpatti huii| isa gaccha meM devasundarasUri, somasundarasUri, guNasamudrasUri, harSadevasari, harSasundarasari Adi kaI AcArya hue haiN| vi.saM. kI 17vIM zatAbdI taka isa gaccha kI vidyamAnatA kA patA calatA hai|47 vAyaDagaccha gujarAta rAjya ke pAlanapura jile meM avasthita DIsA nAmaka sthAna ke nikaTa vAyaDa nAmaka grAma hai jahA~ se chaThavIM-sAtavIM zatI meM vAyaDajJAti aura vAyaDagaccha kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai| isa gaccha meM paTTadhara AcAryoM ko jinadatta, rAzilla aura jIvadeva ye tIna nAma punaH punaH prApta hote the, jisase patA calatA hai ki isa gaccha ke anuyAyI caityavAsI rhe| bAlabhArata aura kAvyakalpalatA ke racanAkAra amaracandrasUri, vivekavilAsa va zakunazAstra ke praNetA jinadattasUri vAyaDagaccha ke hI the| sukRtasaMkIrtana kA racanAkAra Thakkura arisiMha isI gaccha kA anuyAyI eka zrAvaka thaa|48 vidyAdharagaccha nAgendra, nivRtti aura candra kula kI bhA~ti vidyAdharakula bhI bAda meM vidyAdhara gaccha ke rUpa meM prasiddha huaa| isa gaccha se sambaddha kucha pratimAlekha prApta hue haiN| jAliharagacchIya devaprabhasari dvArA racita padmaprabhacarita [racanAkAla vi.saM. 1254/I.san 1198] kI prazasti se jJAta hotA hai ki kAzahada aura jAlihara ye donoM vidyAdhara gaccha kI zAkhAyeM haiN|49 vidyAdharagaccha ke sambandha meM vizeSa vivaraNa anveSaNIya haiN| saMDeragaccha madhyayugIna zvetAmbara caityavAsI gacchoM meM saMDeragaccha kA bhI pramukha sthAna hai| jaisA ki isake nAma se spaSTa hotA hai saMDera (vartamAna sAMDerAva - rAjasthAna) nAmaka sthAna se yaha gaccha astitva meM aayaa| IzvarasUri isa gaccha ke Adima AcArya mAne jAte haiN| zAlisari, sumatisUri, zAMtisUri aura IzvarasUri ye cAra nAma punaH punaH isa gaccha ke paTTadhara AcAryoM ko prApta hote rhe| saMDeragacchIya munijanoM dvArA likhita granthoM kI antya prazastiyoM evaM unakI preraNA se likhAye gaye granthoM kI dAtA prazastiyoM meM isa gaccha ke itihAsa kI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI saMkalita hai| yahI bAta isa gaccha se sambaddha pratimAlekhoM--jo vi.saM. 1039 se vi.saM. 1732 taka ke haiM, ke bAre meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| sAgaradattarAsa [racanAkAla vi.saM. 15501, lalitAMgadharita, zrIpAlacaupAi, sumitracaritra Adi ke racanAkAra IzvarasUri isI gaccha ke the| prAcIna granthoM ke pratilekhana kI puSpikAoM ke AdhAra para I.sana kI 18vIM zatI taka isa gaccha kA astitva jJAta hotA hai| saravAlagaccha pUrvamadhyayugIna zvetAmbara caityavAsI gacchoM meM saravAlagaccha bhI eka hai| candrakUla kI eka zAkhA 127
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________________ zivaprasAda ke rUpa meM isa gaccha kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| isa gaccha se sambaddha vi.saM. 1110 se vi.saM. 1283 taka ke kucha pratimAlekha prApta hue haiN| piNDaniyuktivRtti [ racanAkAla vi.saM. 1160/I. san 11041 ke racayitA vIragaNi aparanAma samudraghoSasUri isI gaccha ke the| isa gaccha ke pravartana kauna the, yaha gaccha kaba astitva meM AyA, isa bAre meM koI jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotii|51 saravAla jainoM kI koI jJAti thI athavA kisI sthAna kA nAma thA jahA~ se yaha gaccha astitva meM AyA, yaha anveSaNIya hai| 128 .
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________________ zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricaya.pt 12mu sandarbha-grantha 1. bhagavatIsUtra, 15/1/539-61. 2. vahI, 9/33/386-7. 3. kalpasUtrasthavirAvalI, 205-223. 4. nandIsUtrasthavirAvalI, 25-48. 5. vizeSAvazyakabhASya 3053 aura Age, AvazyakabhASya 145 aura Age, AvazyakapUrNI, prathama bhAga, pR. 427,586. 6. kalpasUtrasthavirAvalI, 216-221. 7. vahI, 8. sambodhaprakaraNa, 9. kharataragacchabRhadagurvAvalI saMpA. jinavijaya, [siMghI jaina granthamAlA, granyAMka 42, bambaI 1956 I. 1, pR.2-3. 10. draSTavya, saMdarbha saMkhyA 12. 11. zrIpArzva -- aMcalagacchadigdarzana [ bambaI, 1980 I. 1, pR. 10. 12. agaracandanAhaTA -- "jaina zramaNoM ke gacchoM para saMkSipta prakAza" yatIndrasari abhinandanagrantha [ Ahora, 1958 I. 1, pR.141. 13. zivaprasAda -- "Agamikagaccha aparanAma (prAcIna) pristutikagaccha kA itihAsa" paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA abhinandana grantha, vArANasI 1991 I.sa., pRSTha 241-284. 14. zivaprasAda -- "upakezagaccha kA saMkSipta itihAsa" zramaNa varSa 42, aMka 7-12, pR. 91-182. 15. vahI, pR. 181-182. 16. C.D. Dalal -- A Descriptive Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Jain Bhandars at Pattan, Gaekwad's Oriental Series No. LXXVI, Baroda, 1937 A.D., pp. 210-213. 17. H.D. Velankar -- Jinaratnakosa, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Government Oriental Series, Class C No. 4, Poona, 1944 A.D., pp. 349-350. 18. "kRSNarSigaccha kA saMkSipta itihAsa" nAmaka merA eka zodha-nibandha lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira, ahamadAbAda dvArA prakAzita hone vAlI vArSika zodha-patrikA sambodhi ke AgAmI naye aMka meM prakAzanArtha svIkRta ho cukA hai. 19. zivaprasAda -- "koraMTagaccha kA saMkSipta itihAsa", zramaNa, varSa 40, aMka 5, pR.15-43. 20. zivaprasAda -- "bhAvaDAragaccha kA saMkSipta itihAsa", zramaNa, varSa 40, aMka 3, pR.15-33. 21. nAhaTA, pUrvokta, pR. 145-146. 22. muni jinavijaya -- saMpA. kharataragacchabRhadgurvAvalI, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, granthAMka 42, bambaI 1956 I., bhUmikA, pR.6-12. 129
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________________ zivaprasAda 23. bhogIlAla sAMDesarA -- "mahAmAtya vastupAla kA sAhityamaMDala aura saMskRta sAhitya meM usakI dena, jaina saMskRti saMzodhana mAla, sanmati prakAzana naM 15, vArANasI, 1959 I., pR. 106--109. 24. velaNakara, pUrvokta, pR. 288 aura 423-424. 25. draSTavya saMdarbha saMkhyA 16. 26. zivaprasAda -- "jAliharagaccha kA saMkSipta itihAsa" zramaNa, varSa 43, aMka 4-6, pR. 41-46. 27. nAhaTA, pUrvokta, pR. 148. 28. vahI, pR. 148-149. evaM munikAntisAgara -- zatrujayavaibhava, kuzala saMsthAna, puSpa 4, jayapura 1990 I., pR. 369-270. 29. zivaprasAda -- "thArApadragaccha kA saMkSipta itihAsa" nintha, varSa 1, aMka 1, ahamadAbAda 1994 I. 30. nAhaTA, pUrvokta, pR. 148-149. mohanalAla dalIcanda desAI -- jaina sAhityano saMkSipta itihAsa, bambaI, 1933 I., pR. 384. paM. lAlacanda bhagavAnadAsa gAMdhI -- aitihAsikalekhasaMgraha, baDodarA - 1963 I., pra. 162. hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApar3iyA -- jaina saMskRta sAhityano itihAsa bhaga 2, baDodarA, 1968 I., pR. 132. gulAbacandra caudharI -- jaina sAhitya kA bRhaditihAsa, bhAga 6, vArANasI 1973 I., pR. 270-71. 31. nAhaTA, pUrvokta, pR. 150. 32. zivaprasAda -- "dharmaghoSagaccha kA saMkSipta itihAsa" zramaNa, varSa 41,aMka 1-3, pR. 45-103. 33. nAhaTA, pUrvokta, pR. 151. 34. U.P. Shah -- Akota Bronzes, [Bombay 1959 1 pp. 34-35. sAMDesarA, pUrvokta, pR. 96-100. 35. nAhaTA, pUrvokta, pR. 151. 36. zivaprasAda "nANakIyagaccha" zramaNa, varSa 40, aMka 7, pR. 2-34. 37. zAha, pUrvokta, pR. 29, 33-34. isa gaccha ke sambandha meM vicAra ke liye draSTavya -- zivaprasAda " nivRttikula kA saMkSipta itihAsa" nirgantha varSa 1, aMka 1, ahamadAbAda 1994 I. 38. agaracanda nAhaTA -- "pallIvAlagacchapaTTAvalI" zrI AtmArAmajI zatAbdI grantha, pR. 182-196. 39. bhogIlAla sAMDesarA -- hemacandrAcArya kA ziSya maNDala, jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala, patrikA naM. 31, vArANasI, 1951 I., pR.3-20. pippalagaccha aura pUrNimAgaccha tathA unakI zAkhAoM ke udabhava evaM vikAsa para ina paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ne vistRta zodha-nibandha likhA hai, jo adyAvadhi aprakAzita hai. 41. vahI, 42. nAhaTA, pUrvokta, pR. 153. 43. zivaprasAda -- "bRhadgaccha kA saMkSipta itihAsa" paM. dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA abhinandana grantha, pR. 105-117. 44. munijinavijaya, saMpA. kalpapradIpa aparanAma vividhatIrthakalpa siMghI jaina granthamAlA, granthAMka 10, zAMtiniketana - 1934 I., pR. 51. 130 40
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________________ zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricava.pt 12mu 45. M.A. Dhaky -- "Modhera, Modha - Vansa, Modha Gaccha and Modha-Caityas", Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay Volumes 56-59/1981-84 (Combined) ENew Series], Bombay-1986 A.D., pp. 144-159. 46. anyAnya gacchoM kI bhA~ti maiMne rAjagaccha kA bhI itihAsa likhA hai, jo prakAzanAdhIna hai. 47. nAhaTA, pUrvokta, pR. 155-156. 48. sAMDesarA, pUrvokta, pR. 90-91. 49. draSTavya -- sandarbha saMkhyA 16. 50. zivaprasAda -- "saMDeragaccha kA saMkSipta itihAsa" paM. dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA abhinandana grantha, pR. 194-217. 51. zivaprasAda -- "saravAlagaccha kA saMkSipta itihAsa" sandhAna, varSa 4, vArANasI 1992 I., pR. 51-56. * zodha adhyetA, prA. i.saM. evaM purAtattva vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 131
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________________ digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anvaya - DaoN. phUlacanda jaina "premI zramaNa paramparA kA bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM mahanIya yogadAna hai| ataH zramaNa paramparA ke adhyayana ke binA bhAratIya saMskRti kA anuzIlana apUrNa hI kahA jAyegA kyoMki zramaNasaMskRti bhArata kI purAtana saMskRtiyoM meM se hai| vedoM meM isa paramparA kA ullekha svayaM prAcInatA kA pramANa hai| ataH ise vaidika paramparA se prAcIna kahanA bhI atizayokti nahIM hogii| purAtAtvika, bhASAvaijJAnika evaM sAhityika Adi anveSaNoM ke AdhAra para viziSTa vidvAnoM ne yaha svIkAra bhI kiyA hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke pUrva bhArata meM jo saMskRti thI vaha zramaNa, nirgantha, vrAtya yA arhat saMskRti hI honI caahie| yaha saMskRti sudUra atIta meM jainadharma ke prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva dvArA pravartita hokara antima arthAt caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke mAdhyama se paramparA dvArA sahasroM samartha AcAryoM dvArA avicchinna calI A rahI hai| zramaNa saMskRti apanI jina viziSTa vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa garimA-maNDita rahI hai| unameM zrama, saMyama, tyAga, ahiMsA aura AdhyAtmika mUlya jaise AdarzoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| ina AdarzoM ke kAraNa isa saMskRti ne apanI vizeSa pahacAna banAI tathA apanA gauravapUrNa astitva akSuNNa rkhaa| jaba hama sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana aura unake muni, AryikA, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA rUpa caturvidha saMgha ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApti hetu tadviSayaka upalabdha sAhitya kA avalokana karate haiM, to prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva se lekara antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra taka pratyeka ke samaya meM hameM eka suvyavasthita evaM susaMgaThita zramaNa saMgha kI jhalaka dikhalAI detI hai, kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se adhyAtmasAdhanA kA saMghIkaraNa tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke samaya se spaSTa dikhalAI detA hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne tatkAlIna apekSAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue zramaNasaMgha kA jo lokataMtrAtmaka svarUpa pratiSThita kiyA vaha apratima to thA hI sAtha hI isameM vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke pUrNa avasara bhI upalabdha the| saMghIya anuzAsana usake saMcAlana kI pravidhiyA~ aura vyavasthAyeM usa yuga kI sarvocca upalabdhiyA~ thiiN| zramaNasaMgha kI vyavasthA gaNatantrIya paddhati para AdhArita thI aura yahI paramparA Aja taka calI A rahI hai| saMgha vyavasthA kA mUla lakSya ahiMsA, svatantratA, sApekSatA aura saMyama ke AdhAra para AtmakalyANa karanA hai| jaina zAstroM meM saMgha ke pA~ca AdhAra batAye gaye haiM -- AcArya, upAdhyAya, pravartaka, sthavira aura gnndhr| jahA~ ye AdhAra na hoM, vahA~ rahanA ucita nahIM hai| saMgha saMcAlana kA sampUrNa dAyitva inhI AdhAroM para hotA thaa| AcArya ziSyoM ko dIkSA, vratAcaraNa aura anuzAsana Adi rUpa anugraha karane kA kArya karate, upAdhyAya zAstroM kA adhyayana-adhyApana evaM dharmopadeza dene kA kArya karate, pravartaka saMgha kA pravartana karate, sthavira kA kArya maryAdA kA upadeza evaM AcaraNa meM sthira rakhanA tathA gaNadhara kA kArya gaNa kI rakSA karanA thaa| isa taraha ina pA~ca stambhoM se hI zramaNa saMgha kI paripUrNa pratiSThA darzana, jJAna evaM cAritra ke patha kA nirantara vikAsa aura mukti patha kI sAdhanA sambhava hotI hai| zramaNAcAra kA vikAsa kramika huA hai| isake pIche mAnava svabhAva, deza kI paristhitiyA~ aura kAla kA prabhAva pramukha kAraNa rahe haiN| ise hama upalabdha sAhitya, grantha, prazastiyoM, paTAvaliyoM aura utkIrNa-lekha sAmagrI dvArA samajha sakate haiN| sAhitya para dRSTi DAlane se patA calatA hai ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne apane jIvanakAla meM zramaNasaMgha ke koI bheda nahIM kiye the| usakA eka suvyavasthita spa thA aura isameM kisI prakAra kA bhedabhAva nahIM thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra 132
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________________ digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anvaya svayaM kaThina caryA kA pAlana karane vAle the| inake nirvANa ke kAphI samaya taka arthAt zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu (vIra ni.saM. 492) taka nirgantha mahAsaMgha kA susaMgaThita rUpa avicchinna rhaa| kintu kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke anusAra pratyeka vyavasthA meM parivartana bhI hotA hai| akhaNDa nirgantha mahAzramaNa bhI inase achUtA nahIM rhaa| ataH vIra nirvANa ke 6-7 sau varSa bAda sarvaprathama nirgantha mahAzramaNa saMgha do paramparAoM -- digambara aura zvetAmbara meM vibhakta ho gyaa| isa vibhAjana ke pIche mata-vaibhinnya kI lambI kahAnI hai, kintu hama yahA~ usameM na ulajhakara apane pratipAdya viSaya kA vivecana karanA hI abhISTa samajhate haiN| isa nibandha kA mUla pratipAdya viSaya digambara jaina paramparA ke antargata saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, anvaya, kula Adi kI paramparA aura usake svarUpa kA vivecana evaM pratipAdana karanA hai| kisI bhI saMgha meM gaNa, gaccha Adi vibhinna ikAiyA~ mUlataH vizAla saMgha ke sucAru rUpa se saMcAlana hetu nirmita huI thiiN| kyoMki vizAla saMgha ke sucArU rUpa se saMcAlana hetu saMgha ke kAryoM ko vibhAjita karake unakA vyavasthita kAryAnvayana karanA hotA hai| kintu deza, kAla Adi ke kAraNa inakI AcAra vyavasthA meM antara par3atA gayA, jinhoMne vibhinna paramparAoM arthAt saMghoM, gaNoM, kuloM, gacchoM Adi kA rUpa le liyaa| inake vivecana hetu saMgha, gaccha Adi kA svarUpa prastuta hai| mUlataH ina ikAiyoM meM "gaccha" se tAtparya sAtha-sAtha rahane vAle zramaNoM ke eka nizcita samaha se thaa| jitane zramaNa eka sAtha rahakara vihAra evaM cAturmAsa karate haiM unake samUha ko "gaccha" kahate hai| vibhinna gaccha milakara "kula" kA rUpa dhAraNa karate haiN| ataH eka hI AcArya ke ziSya-praziSyoM ke samUha ko "kula" kahA jAtA hai| kuloM meM eka hI prakAra kI AcAra-vicAra praNAlI kA anusaraNa karane se ye saba milakara "gaNa" kahalAte haiM arthAt "gaNa" kA rUpa dhAraNa kara lete haiM aura gaNoM kA samUha "saMgha" kahalAtA hai| inakA vivecana prastuta hai -- saMgha samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra rUpa ratnatraya se yukta zramaNoM ke samUha ko saMgha kahate haiM athavA jo zrama arthAta tapasyA karate haiM unheM zramaNa kahA jAtA hai tathA aise zramaNoM ke samudAya ko zramaNa saMgha kahate haiN| muni, AryikA, zrAvaka, zrAvikA rUpa caturvidha saMgha athavA RSi, muni, yati aura anagAra rUpa cAturvarNya saMgha cAroM gatiyoM (naraka, tiryaMca, deva aura manuSya ) meM bhramaNa kA nAzaka hotA hai, ataH nava-prasUtA gAya jaise apane bachar3e para vAtsalya karatI hai, vaise hI prayatnapUrvaka saMgha para vAtsalya bhAva rakhanA caahie| nandisUtra meM saMgha ko kamala kI taraha batalAyA gayA hai| kyoMki yaha kamala spI saMgha karmaraja spI jalarAzi se alipta hI rahatA hai| zrutaratna (jJAna yA Agama) usakA dIrghanAla hai| paMcamahAvrata usakI sthira karNikA tathA uttaraguNa usakA madhyavartI kezara (parAga) hai, jo zrAvaka rUpI bhramaroM se sadA ghirA rahatA hai, jinadeva rUpI sUrya ke teja se prabaddha hotA hai tathA jisameM zramaNagaNa rUpI sahasa patra hote haiN| yaha "saMgha" kA svarUpa hai| isake ko "AcArya" kahA jAtA hai| gaNa sthavira-maryAdA ke upadeza yA zruta meM vRddha zramaNoM (sthaviroM) kI santati (paramparA) yA unake samUha ko 'gaNa kahate haiN| gaNa ke pradhAna gaNAcArya, gaNI yA gaNadhara kahalAte haiN| AcArAMga kI zIlAMkavRtti meM kahA hai ki jo AcArya nahIM hai kintu buddhi se AcArya ke sadRza hoM evaM guru kI AjJA se sAdhu samUha ( zramaNagaNa) ko lekara pRthaka vihAra karate hoM, ve gaNadhara kahalAte haiN| isa prakAra vizAlasaMgha se AcArya kI AjJAnusAra nirdhArita zramaNoM ke sAtha apane samyak uddezyoM kI pUrti hetu alaga vicaraNa kare, vaha zramaNoM kA samUha tathA unakI paramparA ko "gaNa" kahate haiM tathA unake pradhAna gaNadhara. gaNAcArya yA gaNI kahe jAte haiN| DaoN. gulAbacanda caudharI ke anusAra gaNa kA artha bar3I ikAI thA, jisakA prabandha ve 133
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________________ DaoN. phUlacanda jaina "premI" AcArya karate the jo ki atyanta zraddhAlu, satyavAna, medhAvI, smRtivAn bahuzruta evaM samabhAva vAle hote the| gaNoM kA nAma prAyaH AcArya ke nAma se hotA thaa| mUlAdhAra meM gaNa, gaccha evaM kula ina zabdoM ke hI ullekha aura usakI paribhASAe~ milatI haiM parantu AcArya vaTTakera ne gaNa Adi nirmANa ke prati bar3A kSobha prakaTa karate hue kahA hai "gaNa meM praveza karane kI apekSA vivAha kara lenA acchA hai| vivAha se rAga kI utpatti hotI hai para gaNa to aneka duHkhoM kI khAni hai| 8 (isa yukti ke pIche bhI zAyada yahI bhAva hai ki "haMsoM kI paMkti nahIM hotI aura sAdhu jamAta banAkara nahIM clte")| -- 11 DaoN. gulAbacanda caudharI ke anusAra dakSiNa bhArata meM isalie dIrgha kAla taka bhadrabAhu ke bAda kisI saMgha, gaNa yA gaccha kA nirmANa nahIM ho skaa| isalie dakSiNI jainadharma kI mAnyatA meM mahAvIra ke bAda kI guru paramparA meM vaura ni.saM. 683 arthAt lohAcArya taka eka-eka AcArya ziSya paramparA se cale Aye haiM aura unakI kisI zAkhAoM, prazAkhAoM kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| bAda meM saMgha evaM gaNAdi kI utpatti meM bhI unhoMne apane pUrvAdhAyA~ ko nahIM lpettaa| gaccha gaccha (gAcha ke vRkSa artha meM) RSiyoM ke samUha ko kahate haiN| 10 sAta yA tIna puruSoM ke samudAya ko bhI "gaccha" kahA jAtA hai| 11 bAda meM gaccha kA artha zAkhA bhI mAnA jAne lagA / gaccha ke pramukha gacchAcArya kahalAte haiN| inakA kArya gaccha ke AcAra kI rakSA karate hue svayaM zreSTha AcAra kA pAlana karanA hai| kula -- eka hI AcArya kI ziSya santati (paramparA) kA nAma kula hai| sarvArthasiddhi ke anusAra dIkSA dene vAle AcArya kI ziSya paramparA ko 'kula' karate haiN| 12 sthAnAMga TIkA ke anusAra kaI gacchoM ke samUha se "kula" kA nirmANa hotA hai| 13 mUlAcAra meM kalA gayA hai ki jaba koI bhramaNa anya AcArya ke pAsa vizeSa adhyayana Adi ke | nimitta jAtA thA to ve AcArya sarvaprathama usa navAgantuka zramaNa se nAma, guru Adi ke sAtha hI "kula" kI jAnakArI bhI prApta karate the| 14 DaoN. caudharI ke anusAra "kula" AcArya ke ziSyoM ke krama se cale the aura zAkhAyeM kuloM kA prabheda thiiN| 15 pravavanasAra kI tAtparyavRtti meM kahA hai ki laukika doSoM se rahita jo jinadIkSA ke yogya hotA hai vaha kula hai 16 anvaya anvaya kA sAmAnyataH tAtparya "vaMza" hai yaha prAyaH sthAna vizeSa ke nAma se sthApita hotA thaa| jaise koNDakuNDAnvaya aura citrkuuttaanvy| vartamAna meM digambara paramparA meM navIna mUrtiyA~ pratiSThita hotI haiM to unake lekha meM prAyaH kundakundAnkya likhane kI paramparA hai| kyoMki inheM mUlasaMgha kA pratiSThApaka pramukha AcArya mAnA jAtA hai| paravartIkAla meM AcArya kundakunda ke AcAra kI vizuddhatA, prabhAvaka vyaktitva aura unake dvArA racita samayasAra, pravacanasAra, paMcastikAya, niyamasAra, aSTapAhuDa Adi utkRSTa AdhyAtmikatA se bharapUra granthoM se loga itane prabhAvita hue ki digambara paramparA ke adhikAMza saMgha, gaNa, gaccha Adi ke pramukhoM ne apane ko AcArya kundakunda, kundakundAnvaya yA kundakundAmnAya se sambandhita karane meM gauravAnvita smjhaa| lagabhaga 12vIM zatI ke bAda ke mUrti lekhoM ke adhyayana se to mUlasaMgha aura kundakundrAnvaya eka pratIta hote haiN|17 zrImatI kusuma paToriyA ne likhA hai ki jaba digambara paramparA meM kucha zithilAcArI saMghoM kA avirbhAva ho 134 11 /
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________________ digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anvaya gayA, taba AcArya kundakunda kI bhA~ti AcaraNa kI vizuddhatA ke pakSapAtI AcAryoM ne zithilAcAra ke virodha meM apane saMgha ko tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke mUlasaMgha ke nikaTa (yA unakI sIdhI paramparA kA) ghoSita karane ke lie "mUlasaMgha" nAma diyaa| kyoMki digambaroM meM AcArya kundakunda AcaraNa kI vizuddhatA ke prabala samarthaka the| ataH mUlasaMgha kA sambandha AcArya kundakunda ke sAtha sthApita kara diyA tathA apane se atirikta jaina saMghoM ko jainAbhAsI ghoSita kara diyA, kyoMki indranandikRta zrutAvatAra meM gopucchika, zvetavasanA, drAviDa, yApanIya aura nirpicchika -- ina pA~ca saMghoM ko jainAbhAsa kahA hai|18 inake atirikta "bali" nAmaka anvaya ke eka upabheda kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, jisakA artha hai 'privaar| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki saMgha ke antargata uparyukta ikAiyA~ kArya kara rahI thIM, inameM pahale paraspara bheda yA antara kA hI patA nahIM calatA thA, kintu bAda meM kramazaH inameM dUriyA~ bar3hatI giiN| padamacaritra19 ke racayitA raviSeNAcArya (vi.saM. 834) ne apane grantha meM guruparamparA dI hai, kintu apane kisI saMgha yA gaNa kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| isase bhI yaha jJAta hotA hai ki digambara paramparA meM taba taka deva, nandi, sena, siMha, saMghoM kI utpatti nahIM huI thI, kama se kama ye bheda spaSTa nahIM hue the| zaka saM. 1355 ke maMgarAja kavi ke zilAlekha meM isa bAta kA ullekha hai ki bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ke svargavAsa ke bAda yaha saMgha-bheda huaa|20 digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, anyaya Adi kI paramparAe~ bhagavAna mahAvIra kA saMgha, jo unake bAda nirganya mahAzramaNa saMgha ke spa meM prasiddha thA, vahI bhadrabAhu zrutakevalI ke samaya uttara bhArata meM bAraha varSIya durbhikSa ke kAraNa dakSiNa bhArata gayA thA aura yaha nirgantha saMgha hI bAda meM "mUlasaMgha" ke nAma se prasiddha huA aura dUsarA zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha ke nAma se vikhyAta huaa|21 zvetAmbara paramparA ke kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM isa paramparA ke vividha bhedaspa gaNa tathA zAkhAoM ke nAma ullikhita haiN| vividha bhedarUpa gaNa, kula, zAkhAe~ Adi cAhe digambara paramparA kI hoM athavA zvetAmbara paramparA kI -- ina saba antarbhedoM kA kAraNa AcAra-vicAra bheda rahA hai| yahA~ digambara paramparA ke saMgha, gaNa, gacchoM Adi kI paramparAoM kA vivecana prastuta hai-- indranandi ne apane zrUtAvatAra grantha meM likhA hai22 ki vIra ni.saM. 565 varSa bAda puNDavardhanapuravAsI AcArya arhadabalI pratyeka pA~ca varSoM ke bAda meM sau yojana kI sImA meM basane vAle muniyoM ko yuga pratikramaNa ke lie bulAte the| eka samaya unhoMne aise pratikramaNa ke avasara para samAgata muniyoM se pUchA ki kyA sabhI A gaye? to muniyoM ne uttara diyA -- hA~, hama apane saMgha ke sAtha A gaye haiN| isa uttara ko sunakara unheM lagA ki jainadharma aba gaNa-pakSapAta ke sAtha hI raha skegaa| ataH unhoMne nandi, vIra, aparAjita, deva, paMcastUpa, sena, bhadra, guNadhara, gupta, siMha, candra Adi nAmoM se vibhinna saMgha sthApita kiye, tAki paraspara meM dharma vAtsalya bhAva vRddhigata ho ske| AcArya arhadabali ne samAgata nirgantha saMgha meM se jo muniyoM kA samUha guphA se AyA thA unheM "nandi" nAma diyaa| jo azoka vATikA se Aye the unameM se kinhIM ko "vIra", kinhIM ko "aparAjita" aura kucha ko "deva" nAma diyaa| jo paMcastUpa nivAsa se Aye the unameM se kucha ko "sena" to kucha ko "bhadra" nAma diyaa| jo zAlmalivRkSa mUla se Aye the, unameM se kinhIM ko "guNadhara", to kucha ko "gupta" nAma diyaa| jo khaNDakezara vRkSa ke mUla se Aye the, unameM se kucha ko "siMha" tathA kinhIM ko "candra" nAma diyaa|23 saMgha ke pA~ca bheda uparyukta sabhI saMgha "mUlasaMgha" ke antargata hI haiN| DaoN. caudharI jI ne likhA hai ki "malasaMgha" ke punargaThana 135
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________________ DaoN. phUlacanda jaina "premI" kAla meM 9-10vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga sabhI gaNoM ko malasaMgha ke eka chatra ke nIce ekatrita kiyA gayA tathA mUlasaMgha ko cAra zAkhAoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA -- sena, nandi, deva aura siMha / isa saMgha meM sthAna Adi ke nAma para vizeSakara dakSiNa bhArata ke sthAnoM ke nAma se sthApita vibhinna saMgha, gaNa, gaccha Adi ke agra likhita ullekha milate haiN| 24 jaise -- 1. saMgha -- isake antargata mukhyarUpa meM mUlasaMgha, nandisaMgha, navilUrasaMgha, mayUrasaMgha, kicUrasaMgha, kiTUrasaMgha, kollatUrasaMgha, ganezvarasaMgha, gauDasaMgha, zrIsaMgha, siMhasaMgha, paralUrasaMgha aadi| 2. gaNa -- balAtkAragaNa (prArambhika nAma balihArI yA balagAragaNa), sUrasthagaNa, kolAgragaNa, udAra, yogariya, punnAgavRkSa, mUlagaNa, pakura aadi| 3. gaccha -- citrakUTa, hottage, tigarila, hogari, pArijAta, meSapASANa, titriNIka, sarasvatI, pustaka, vakragaccha aadi| 4. anvaya -- kauNDakudAnvaya, zrIpurAnvaya, kittUrAnvaya, candrakavATAnvaya, citrakUTAnvaya aadi|25 sAmAnyataH digambara paramparA meM pramukha cAra saMgha haiM -- mUlasaMgha, draviDasaMgha, kASThAsaMgha aura yaapniiysNgh| inameM prAcIna mUla, drAviDa va yApanIya tInoM saMghoM meM katipaya gaNoM va gacchoM ke samAna nAma milate haiN| mUlasaMgha meM draviDAnvaya tathA draviDasaMgha meM koNDakundAnvaya kA ullekha milatA hai| mUlasaMgha ke sena va sUrasthagaNa drAviDasaMgha meM bhI prApta hote haiN| nandisaMgha tInoM meM hI hai| mUlasaMgha ke balAtkAragaNa, krANUragaNa yApanIyasaMgha meM bhI haiN| inameM ina saMghoM kI zAkhAoM ke saMkramaNa kA bhI patA calatA hai|26 nandisaMgha DaoN. caudharI ke anugAra7 aitihAgika tathyoM ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki nandisaMgha yA gaNa bahuta prAcIna hai| isa saMgha kI eka prAkRtapaTTAnalI milI hai| nandisaMgha yApanIya aura drAviDasaMgha meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| sambhava hai ki prArambha meM nandAnta nAmadhArI (yathA - devanandi, vidyAnandi Adi) muniyoM ke nAma para isakA saMgaThana kiyA gayA ho athavA nandisaMgha kI paramparA meM dIkSita hone ke kAraNa inake nAma ke sAtha "nandi" jur3a gayA ho| mUlasaMgha ke sAtha isakA ullekha yApanIya evaM drAviDa saMgha ke bAda 12vIM zatAbdI ke lekhoM meM pAte haiM, para 14-15vIM zatAbdI meM nandisaMgha evaM mUlasaMgha eka-dUsare ke paryAyavAcI bana jAte haiN| isa saMgha kI utpatti prArambha meM guphAvAsI muniyoM se kahI gaI hai, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki isa saMgha ke munigaNa kaThora tapasyA pradhAna nirlipta vanavAsI the, pIche to gugadharma ke anusAra ve bahuta badala gye| devasaMgha-- devasaMgha kA saMgaThana devAnta nAmadhArI (nAma ke sAtha deva nAmaka saMgha paramparA ke hone vAle) muniyoM para se huA thA, pIche isakA pratinidhi dezIgaNa upalabdha hotA hai| senasaMgha-- senasaMgha kA nAma bhI senAnta apane nAma ke sAtha "sena" likhane vAle, jaise jinasena Adi muniyoM se huA hai aura isake pratiSThApaka "AdipurANa" ke kartA jinasena bhaTTAraka mAne jAte haiN| para inhoMne apane guru vIrasena ko paMcastUpAnvaya kA likhA hai| isa anvaya kA ullekha pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pahAr3apura (baMgAla) ke lekhoM meM milatA hai| mathurA ke paMcaratapoM kA varNana harivaMza kathAkoSa meM AyA hai| lagatA hai yaha bahuta prAcIna munisaMgha thaa| sena gaNa kA pIche bahuta nAma huA, prAyaH sabhI bhaTTAraka sena gaNa ke hI hue haiN| inake maTha kolhApura, madrAsa, pogoMDa (AMdha) aura kAraMjA meM haiM senAnvaya bar3A prabhAvazAlI rahA hai| drAviDasaMgha -- drAviDadeza ke sAdhu samudAya kA nAma drAviDasaMgha hai| darzanasAra grantha meM likhA hai ki AcArya 136
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________________ digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anyava pUjyapAda ke ziSya vajanandi ne vi.saM. 526 meM dakSiNa ke madurA meM drAviDasaMgha kI sthApanA kii|28 zilAlekhoM meM drAviDasaMgha kA pahale kundakundAnvaya tathA mUlasaMgha ke sAtha phira nandisaMgha ke sAtha sambandha dikhalAI par3atA hai| bAda meM yaha yApanIya sampradAya ke vizeSa prabhAvazAlI nandisaMgha meM, isa sampradAya meM apanA vyAvahArika rUpa pAne ke lie usase sambandha rakhA aura drAviDagaNa ke rUpa meM ukta saMgha ke antargata ho gyaa| bAda meM yaha drAviDagaNa itanA prabhAvazAlI huA ki use hI saMgha kA rUpa de diyA gayA aura nandisaMgha ko nandigaNa ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa kiyA gyaa|29 kASThAsaMgha-- yaha anyasaMghoM kI apekSA arvAcIna hai| isakI sthApanA AcArya jinasena ke satIrthya vinayasena ke ziSya kumArasena dvArA vi.saM. 753 meM huI, jo nanditaTa meM rahate the| paM. nAthUrAma premI ne isa tithi ko nizcita nahIM maanaa| vi.saM. 1734 ke paM. bulAkIcandra ke anusAra kASThAsaMgha kI utpatti umAsvAmI ke paTTAdhikArI lohAcArya dvArA agarohA nagara meM huI aura kATha kI pratimA kI pUjA kA vidhAna karane se usakA nAma kASThAsaMgha pdd'aa| isa saMgha kA sarvaprathama zilAlekhIya ullekha saM. 1088 ke dUvakuNDa se prApta lekha meM hai| balAtkAragaNa -- nAma sAmya ko dekhate huye yApanIyoM ke balahAri yA balagAra gaNa se yaha nikalA hai| kyoMki dakSiNapatha ke nandisaMgha meM "balihArI yA balagAra" gaNa ke nAma pAye jAte haiM, kintu uttarApatha ke nandisaMgha meM sarasvatI gaccha aura balAtkAra gaNa ye do hI nAma milate haiN| "balagAra" zabda dakSiNa bhArata ke eka grAma vizeSa kA dyotaka hai| balagAra gaNa kA pahalA ullekha san 1071 kA hai| mUlasaMgha nandisaMgha kA balagAra gaNa aisA nAma diyA hai|31 dUsarA mata yaha hai ki "balAtkAra" zabda sthAnavAcI nahIM hai, apitu balAt (jabaradastI) dhArmika yaugika kriyAoM meM anurakta hone yA lage rahane Adi ke kAraNa isakA nAma "balAtkAra" huA jAna par3atA hai| isake lie eka mUrti-lekha kA udAharaNa (zaka saM. 1277 kA) isa prakAra hai -- "kundakundAnvaya, sarasvatIgaccha, balAtkAragaNa, mUlasaMgha ke amarakIrti AcArya ke ziSya, mAghanandi vratI ke ziSya bhogarAja barA zAntinAtha kI mUrti kI sthApanA kI gii|" yApanIya saMgha eka samaya aisA AyA ki tattvajJAna eka hone para bhI AcAragata bhinnatA ke kAraNa digambara-zvetAmbara paramparA kI dUrI uttarottara dUra hotI jA rahI thii| ataH ina donoM meM sAmaMjasya lAne kA zreya "yApanIyasaMgha" ko hai| isake prAdurbhAva ke pIche kAphI matabheda hai kintu yaha kAphI prAcIna hai| kadamba nareza mRgezavarmA ke eka tAmrapatra (san 470 I. ) meM isa matabheda kA eka ullekha zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha aura nirgantha mahAzramaNasaMgha ke rUpa meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| isI nareza ke eka-dUsare lekha meM yApanIya aura kUrcaka saMgha ke sAtha nirgantha saMgha kA ullekha hai| vastutaH yApanIyasaMgha digambara paramparA ke kAphI najadIka hai| eka samaya yApanIyasaMgha bar3A hI rAjyamAnya thaa| isakA pradhAna kendra karnATaka deza kA uttarIya-pradeza rahA hai| isameM anekoM zreSTha pratibhAzAlI vidvAn AcArya huye haiN| isa sampradAya ke kaI grantha digambara, zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM meM mAnya haiM aura kucha saMzodhana ke sAtha par3he jAte haiN| zivAryakRta bhagavatIArAdhanA aura isakI vijayodayATIkA ke kartA AcArya aparAjita sUri tathA zAkaTAyana Adi aneka AcArya yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha zreSTha AcArya mAne jAte haiN| saMghabheda indranandi ke zrutAvatAra meM bhadrabAhu evaM lohAcArya taka kI guru paramparA ke pazcAt vinayadatta, zrIdatta, zivadala aura arhadatta -- Dana cAra AcAryoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ye sabhI AcArya aMgoM aura pUrvo ke 137
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________________ DaoN. phUlacanda jaina "premI" ekadeza jJAtA the| digambara paramparA ke anusAra bha. mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt 62 varSa meM tIna anubaddha kevalajJAnI hue| usake pazcAt 100 varSa taka pA~ca zrutakevalI hue, usake bAda 181 varSa taka dasa pUrvadhArI rhe| phira 123 varSa taka gyAraha aMgadhArI rhe| usake bAda 99 varSa taka dasa, nava evaM ATha aMgadhArI rhe| inheM zeSa aMgoM va pUrva ke ekadeza kA bhI jJAna thaa| ye AcArya aura inakA samaya isa prakAra hai --- ahiballi mAghanandi ya dharaseNaM pupphayaMta bhuudblii| aDabIsaM igabIsaM ugaNIsaM tIsa bIsa bAsa punno|| ___ -- nandi AmnAya kI paTAvalI 16 arthAt 62+100+181+123+99 = 565 varSa pazcAt eka aMgadhArI arhabali AcArya huye, jinakA kAla 28 varSa thaa| inake bAda eka aMgadhArI mAghanandi AcArya huye, inakA kAla 21 varSa rhaa| isake pazcAt AcArya dharasena huye jinakA kAla 19 varSa rhaa| inake bAda puSpadanta aura bhUtabali jinakA kAla kramazaH 30 varSa evaM 20 varSa rhaa| arhabali apane samaya ke vizAla saMgha ke nAyaka the, inakA dUsarA nAma guptigupta thaa| inheM pUrvadeza ke puNDavardhanapura kA nivAsI mAnA jAtA hai| inhoMne paMcavarSIya yugapratikramaNa ke samaya eka vizAla yati sammelana kiyaa| isa sammelana meM sau yojana taka ke yati sammilita hue| unheM ina yatiyoM kI bhAvanAoM se jJAta huA ki aba pakSapAta kA samaya A gayA hai| ataeva unhoMne nandi, vIra, aparAjita, deva, paMcastUpa, sena, bhadra, guNadhara, gupta siMha, candra Adi jinakA ullekha pahale kiyA gayA hai ina nAmoM se bhinna-bhinna saMgha sthApita kiye, tAki gaNatantrAtmaka svarupa surakSita rahe aura alaga-alaga ikAiyoM meM rahakara bhI sabhI AcAra-vicAra aura maryAdAoM meM samAna rUpa se saMrakSita hokara AtmakalyANa meM nirvighna saMlagna raha sakeM tathA eka sthAna kI apekSA deza ke sabhI kSetroM meM jA-jAkara naitikatA Adi kA prasAra adhikatA se kara skeN| isa prakAra saMghoM ke isa vivecana se rapaSTa hai ki anuzAsana, AcAra-vicAra aura saMyama kI nirantara pragati hetu sabhI saMgha kucha ikAiyoM meM alaga-alaga ba~Takara bhI vibhinna kSetroM meM aneka bAdhAoM aura kaThinAIyoM ke bAvajUda jainadharma-darzana aura usakI saMskRti tathA sAhitya kI mUla paramparAoM ko surakSita rakhakara sampUrNa bhArata meM ahiMsA, anekAntavAda aura sarvodaya kI alakha jagAe hue the| parantu tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne zramaNasaMgha ko jo gaNatantrAtmaka svarUpa diyA thA usakI rakSA karate hue AtmakalyANa ke mArga para sudRr3ha rahane kI sabhI ko samAna rUpa se cintA hI nahIM rahI phalataH kiMcit zithilAcAra bhI aayaa| kintu usakA khulakara virodha bhI kiyA gayA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI sampUrNa bhArata meM jaina zramaNa saMghoM ke prati samAna rUpa se sabhI kI parama AsthA hai| isa AsthA kI rakSA hetu sabhI saMgha sadA saceSTa bhI rahate haiN| 138 .
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________________ digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anvaya sandarbha-grantha 1. ratnatrayopetaH zramaNagataH saMghaH -- sarvArthasiddhi, 6/13, pR. 331 2. zramayanti tapasyanti iti zramaNAH teSAM samudAyaH zramaNasaMghaH -- bhagavatIArAdhanA, vijayodayATIkA, 510, pR. 730 3. mUlAcAra, 5/66 4. nandisUtra sthavirAvalI, 7-8 5. sarvArthasiddhi, 9/24, pR. 442, ta. 2, zloka vA., 9/24, bhAvapAhuDa TIkA, 78 6. AcArAMgazIlAMkavRtti, 2,1,10,279, pR. 322 7. A. bhikSu smRti grantha -- dvitIya khaNDa, pR. 291 8. varaM gaNapavesAdo vivAhassa pvesnnN| vivAhe rAga utpatti gaNo dosaannmaagro|| -- mUlAcAra, 10.92 9. AcAryabhikSu smRtigrantha, pR. 292 10. gaccha RSikulaM -- mUlAdhAra vRtti 4/185 11. saptapuruSakastripuruSako vA gacchaH, vahI, 4/174 12. sarvArthasiddhi, 9/24, pR. 442 13. sthAnAMga TIkA (abhayadevasUrI), pR. 516 14. mUlAcAra, 4/166 15. AcArya bhikSu smRtigrantha, pR. 291 16. pravacanasAra tA. vRtti, 203, pR. 276 17. yApanIya aura unakA sAhitya, pR. 42 18. gopucchikA zvetavAsA drAviDo yApanIyakAH / nipicchakAzceti paMcaite jainAbhAsAH prakIrtitAH / / --- indranandizrutAvatAra, 10 19. padmacaritam - bhAga 1, zrI nAthUrAma premI kA prAkkathana, san 1928 20. tasminnagate svargabhuvaM maharSI divaH pati nrtumivprkRssttaaN| tadanvayodbhUta munIzvarANAM babhUvuritthaM bhuvi saMghabhedAH / / 19 / / jaina siddhAnta bhASkara aMka 2-3 meM prakAzita shilaalekh| 21. jainadharma kA prAcIna itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR. 55 22. indranandi zrutAvatAra zloka, 91-95 23. AyAtau nandivIrau prakaTagirigRhAvAsato'zokavATA devAzcAnyo'parAdirjita itiyatayo sena-bhadrAdyau c| paMcastapyAtsaguptau guNadharavRSabhaH zAlmalIvRkSamUlAt niryAtau siMhacandrau prathitaguNagaNI kesarAtkhaNDapUrvAt / / - indranandi kRta zrutAvatAra zloka 96 24. AcArya bhikSu smRtigrantha, pR. 295 25. vahI, 26. yApanIya aura unakA sAhitya, vIra sevA mandira TrasTa, vArANasI, pR. 41, 27. AcArya bhikSu smRtigrantha, pR. 294 139 nApacchakA
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________________ DaoN. phUlacanda jaina "premI" 28. darzanasAra 24-28 29. jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, pR. 213-214 (vApanIya aura usakA sAhitya, pR. 56 se uddhRta) 30. paM. bulAkIcandakRta vacanakoza (yApanIya aura usakA sAhitya, pR. 59 se uddhRta ) 31. jainazilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 3, prastAvanA, pU. 62 32. jainadharma kA prAcIna itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR. 57 * phUlacanda jaina "premI" adhyakSa, jaina darzana vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI- 2. 140 /
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________________ jainadharma meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA udbhava evaM itihAsa -pro. narendra bhAnAvata jainadharma kA vaiziSTya jainadharma mUlataH AtmavAdI dharma hai| isameM Izvara ko sRSTi kA kartA, bhartA aura hartA na mAnakara, use Atma-cetanA kI carama vikAsa kI sthiti meM dekhA jAtA hai| vyakti ko sukha-duHkha Izvara ke dvArA deya nahIM hai| AtmA svayaM hI apane sukha-duHkha kA kartA hai| sadpravRtti meM lagI huI AtmA mitra rUpa hai jabaki duSpravRtti meM lagI huI AtmA zatru rUpa hai --- "appA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhANa y| appA mittamamittaM ca, dupaTThiyasuppaTThio" / / 1 / / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 20/37 bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sAdhanA ke kendra meM pratiSThita devI-devatAoM ke sthAna para manuSya kI puruSArtha-sAdhanA ko pratiSThita kiyA aura yaha udghoSaNA kI ki manuSya meM ananta-zakti vidyamAna hai| use sAdhanA ke barA jAgrata kara vaha paramAtmadazA ko prApta ho sakatA hai| paramAtmA kahIM bAhara nahIM hai, vaha manuSya ke antarjagata meM pratiSThita hai| ataH bAharI yuddhoM kI nirarthakatA ghoSita karate hue unhoMne apane hI vikAroM se yuddha karane ko, usameM vijaya prApta karane ko parama vijaya btaayaa| antima dezanA meM unhoMne spaSTa kahA -- jo puruSa durjeya saMgrAma meM dasa lAkha yoddhAoM para vijaya prApta kare, usakI apekSA jo apane Apako jItatA hai. vaha parama vijaya hai-- "jo sahassaM sahassANaM, saMgAme dujjae jinne| egaM jiNejja appANaM, esa se paramo jao"11211 - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 9/34 Atmavijaya meM sabase bar3I bAdhA vyakti ke svayaM ke manovikAra hai, jinheM rAga-dveSa kahA gayA hai| anukUla ke prati rAga aura pratikUla ke prati deSa ke kAraNa vyakti saMkalpa-vikalpa karatA rahatA hai| mana, vacana, kAyA ke dvArA rAga aura deSa kI vRttiyoM se baMdhakara vyakti apanI Atma-zaktiyoM ko AcchAdita kara letA hai| zAstrIya bhASA meM ise karmoM kA AvaraNa kahA gayA hai| rAga kI abhivyakti mAyA, moha, bhoga, lobha Adi meM hotI hai aura dveSa kI abhivyakti krodha, mAna, IrSyA Adi meM inheM kaSAya kahA gayA hai| kASAyika vRttiyoM dvArA manuSya sAMsArika prapaMcoM meM kasatA jAtA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa usakI Atma-zaktiyA~ manda aura kuMThita ho jAtI haiM, vaha parAdhIna hokara jar3a padArthoM se baMdhatA calatA hai| jaba taka vaha ina karma-AvaraNoM se apanI AtmA ko alaga nahIM kara letA, vikAroM ko naSTa nahIM kara letA, taba taka akhaNDa, akSaya, Ananda kA anubhava nahIM kara paataa| jaba vaha saMyama dvArA naye Ane vAle pApa karmoM ko roka detA hai aura tapa ke dvArA saMcita purAne karmoM ko naSTa kara detA hai, taba vaha vItarAga bana jAtA hai| vItarAgatA kI prApti hI saccI mukti hai| samyak-jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa kI ArAdhanA kara vaha Atma-zakti kA ghAta karane vAle jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura antarAya karmoM ko naSTa kara detA hai| ina ghAtI karmoM ke naSTa hone para sAdhaka kI AtmA atyanta, nirmala, vizuddha ho paramAtmadazA ko prApta kara letI hai| yahI arhat athavA jIvanamukta avasthA hai, jisameM mana, vacana, kAyA kI pravRtti rahate hue bhI karma banna nahIM hotaa| zarIra chor3ane para jisa nirvANa-dazA kI prApti hotI hai, vaha siddha-avasthA hai| jainadharma sAdhanA kA antima lakSya isI arhat aura siddha avasthA kI prApti hai| 141
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________________ jainadharma meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA udbhava evaM itihAsa 2. upAsanA kI vividha sAdhanA paddhatiyA~ AtmA aura paramAtmA, jina aura ziva ke pArasparika sambandhoM aura svarUpa ko lekara vividha upAsanA paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa huA hai| moTe taura para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prArambha meM jaba sRSTi ke prAMgaNa meM jIva ne A~kheM kholI hoMgI to vividha prAkRtika dRzyoM aura zaktiyoM ko dekhakara vaha Azcaryacakita raha gayA hogaa| prAkRtika ghaTanAoM aura badalate hue dRzyoM ko usane utsukatA, jijJAsA aura kutUhala bharI dRSTi se dekhA hogaa| isI manaHsthiti meM usane paMca tattvoM -- pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura AkAza kI zaktiyoM ke spa meM vibhinna devoM kI kalpanA kI hogii| jyoM-jyoM usakA samparka vividha zaktiyoM se hotA gayA, usakI deva kalpanA vistAra pAtI gayI aura bahudevavAda kI dhAraNA puSTa hotI gayI, para jaba bahirmukhI utsukatA aura jijJAsA kama hone lagI, tarka aura jJAna sakSama hone lagA to bahadevavAda se paMcadeva upAsanA aura trideva -- brahmA, viSNu maheza kI pratiSTha ke krama meM eka brahama-ekezvaravAda, ekatvavAda, nirguNa-nirAkAra, niraMjanazakti jo sarvopari hai, sarva zaktimAna hai, kI dhAraNA puSTa bnii| yaha nirguNa-nirAkAra brahma kahIM bAhara nhiiN| isakI upAsanA ne bahirmukhI pravRtti ko antarmukhI bnaayaa| jJAna, yoga, dhyAna aura sadAcAra upAsanA ke mukhya aMga bane, para sarva sAdhAraNa ke lie nirguNa-nirAkAra upAsanA sahaja-sarala na thii| ataH avatAravAda ke rUpa meM saguNa-sAkAra upAsanA sAmane AyI, jisameM vibhinna avatAra paramAtmA kI. abhivyakti ke rUpa meM prakaTa hue| bhakti, samarpaNa, stuti, stavana isa upAsanA ke mukhya aMga bne| donoM upAsanAoM kA mukhya uddezya vikAroM ko dUra kara zuddha aura nirmala banakara paramAtmA se sAkSAtkAra karanA rahA hai| saguNa-sAkAra rUpa meM Alambana kI pravRtti hone se mana kI ekAgratA sadhane meM vizeSa sahAyatA milatI hai| yaha saguNa-sAkAra Alambana prArambha meM maMgala cihUna svastika, dhvaja, kalaza, vRkSa Adi ke rUpa meM sAmane aayaa| kAlAntara meM isane smRti cihana kA spa grahaNa kiyaa| citA para banAye jAne vAle aise smRti cihana Age calakara stUpa aura caitya kahe jAne lge| mathurA va anyatra huI khudAI se prApta purAtAtvika avazeSa AyAgapaTTa isI prakAra ke pratIka cihna hai| inake sAtha sambandhita mahApuruSoM ke jIvana kI viziSTa ghaTanAoM kI smRti jur3I huI thii| usakA smaraNa kara jIvana meM vizeSa preraNA jage, yaha abhISTa thaa| inake sAtha kisI camatkAra, atizaya yA pUjya bhAva kA jur3Ava nahIM thA, na unakI pUjA hotI thii| phoTogrAphI kA vikAsa hone para jisa prakAra Aja hama apane pUrvajoM yA paricitoM ke citra saMcita-saMrakSita karate haiM, tAki unakI smRti banI rahe, para hama unakI na pUjA karate haiM, na kisI prakAra kI abhyarthanA karate haiN| prAcIna jaina zAstroM meM, aMga sUtroM meM caitya Adi ke jo saMketa milate haiM, ve isI rUpa meM smRti cihana hone sambhAvita hai| caitya kA artha mUla spa meM usa avasthA yA sthAna se hai, jahA~ sAdhaka apanI cittavRtti kA, cetanA kA antarAvalokana, dhyAna karatA hai| isI artha meM ise jJAna se jor3A jA sakatA hai| bAda meM caitya zabda kA artha apanI AntarikatA ko chor3akara bahirmukhI bana gayA aura usakA artha mandira kiyA jAne lgaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA yuga bauddhikajAgaraNa kA yuga thaa| calI AtI huI gatAnugatika pAramparikatA ko unhoMne jhakajhorA / kahA jAtA hai unake samaya meM 363 dArzanika mata pracalita the| AjIvaka mata kA pravartaka gozAlaka apane ko tIrthaMkara mAnatA thaa| pUraNa kAzyapa, saMjaya vailaTThIputra, pakudha kAtyAyAna, ajita kezakambala Adi pramukha dArzanika apanI-apanI vicAradhArA kA pracAra kara rahe the| mahAvIra ne ina sabakA Alor3ana-vilor3ana kara zuddha cetanA ke stara para AtmavAdI dharma kI pratiSThA kI, jisameM indriyajayatA aura AtmAnubhava pramukha the, para mahAvIra ke sAtha hI tIrthakara paramparA samApta ho gyii| unake prathama evaM jyeSTha ziSya gaNadhara indrabhUti gautama ko usI rAtri kevalajJAna ho gayA, jisa rAtri mahAvIra nirvANa ko prApta hue| isa kAraNa indrabhUti gautama mahAvIra ke dharma saMgha ke uttarAdhikArI na bana sake aura gaNadhara sudharmA prathama paTTadhara- uttarAdhikArI bne| sudharmA ke bAda jambUsvAmI dvitIya paTTadhara hue| jambUsvAmI ke sAtha kevalajJAna kI paramparA samApta ho gyii| jambU antima kevalI the| kevalI kAla ke bAda zrutakevalI kAla prArambha hotA hai| yaha kAla vIra nirvANa saM. 64 se 170 taka kula 106 varSa taka calatA hai| isa kAla meM AcArya 142
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________________ pro. narendra bhAnAvata prabhavasvAmI, AcArya zayyaMbhava, AcArya yazobhadra, AcArya saMbhUtivijaya aura AcArya bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca zrutakevalI hue| usake bAda vIranirvANa saM.. 170 se 584 (414 varSa) kA kAla 10 pUrvadhara kAla kahalAtA hai| isa kAla meM AcArya sthUlabhadra, AcArya mahAgiri, AcArya suhastI jaise sAcArya hue| vIranirvANa saM. 584-1000 taka (416 varSa) kA kAla sAmAnya pUrvadhara kAla hai| isa kAla meM AryarakSita, AcArya vajasena, AcArya nAgArjuna, AcArya bhUtadinna, AcArya devardhikSamAzramaNa jaise mahAn AcArya hue| isa yuga taka Ate-Ate smRti doSa ke kAraNa zruta paramparA se cale Aye Agama pAThoM meM matabheda ho gyaa| AcArya devardhikSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM zramaNa saMgha kI eka samiti valabhI (gujarAta) meM huI aura smRti ke AdhAra para jaina Agama lipibaddha kiye gye| vartamAna meM jo jaina Agama pracalita haiM, ve isI samiti kI dena hai| pAramparika dRSTi se yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 609 varSoM ke bAda jainadharma do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA -- digambara aura zvetAmbara ! jo mata sAdhuoM kI nagnatA kA pakSadhara thA, vaha digambara kahalAyA arthAt dizAyeM hI jinake vastra hai| jo mata sAdhuoM ke vastra-pAtra Adi kA samarthaka rahA, vaha zvetAmbara kahalAyA arthAt zveta haiM vastra jinke| Age jAkara digambara mata kaI saMghoM meM ba~Ta gyaa| inameM mukhya haiM -- drAvir3asaMgha, kASTAsaMgha aura maathursNgh| zvetAmbara saMgha bhI do bhAgoM meM ba~Ta gayA -- caityavAsI aura vnvaasii| kAlapravAha ke sAtha bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jisa zuddha Atmika krAMtimUlaka dharma sAdhanA kA mArga prastuta kiyA, usameM zuddhatA kA bhAva gauNa hotA calA gayA aura devarvAda, mUrtivAda tathA usase utpanna vikRtiyA~ ghara karatI gyiiN| ina vikRtiyoM ke kaI aitihAsika, sAmAjika, dhArmika aura naitika kAraNa hai| aitihAsika kAraNoM se dakSiNa bhArata meM panapane vAlA zaivamata, liMgAyata sampradAya tathA zaMkarAcArya kA advaitavAda pramukha haiN| vyApaka stara para jainadharma aura usake anuyAyiyoM ke khilApha vidroha kA vAtAvaraNa banA aura isa saMgharSa ne sAmUhika hiMsA taka kA spa le liyaa| apane astitva kI rakSA ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne hindU dharma kI pUjA-paddhati, kriyAkANDa aura saMskAra vidhi ko apanA liyaa| yahA~ taka ki janeU bhI dhAraNa kara lii| bhagavAn buddha ke madhyama mArga ko apanA kara jainadharma kI kaThora tapazcaryA vidhi kA bhI saralIkaraNa kiyA gyaa| isake phalasvarUpa bhI AcAra-vicAra meM zithilatA aayii| bauddhadharma kI mahAyAnazAkhA meM mUrtipUjA ko sthAna milaa| dhIre-dhIre stuti, stavana evaM preraNAspa bhakti ne mUrtipUjA kA sthAna liyA aura kAlAntara meM mUrtipUjA guNAnurAga bhakti kA preraNA spana raha kara dravya pUjA aura tajjanya ADambaroM, pradarzanoM meM ulajhakara raha gyii| sAdhu aura zrAvaka ke lie Agama granthoM meM jo SaTkarma saMketita hai| ve haiM-- sAmAyika caubIsa stava, vaMdana, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura prtyaakhyaan| ye SaTkarma-SaDAvazyaka kahe gaye haiN| inakA mukhya uddezya para-padArthoM se haTa kara antarmukhI honA hai| inameM vItarAga prabhu kI stuti aura stavana kA ullekha hai| mUrti pratiSThA aura mUrtipUjA kA saMketa nahIM hai| upAsakadazAMga, bhagavatIsUtra, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, jJAtAdharmakathA, samavAyAMga, ThANAMga Adi Agama granthoM meM jahA~ zrAvakAcAra kA varNana AyA hai, vahA~ kahIM bhI mUrtipUjA kA ullekha nahIM hai| caitya aura yakSAyatana kA jahA~ ullekha hai usakA artha jina-mUrtipratiSThita mandiroM se nahIM hai| sAdhuoM ke lie to Aja bhI vyApaka rUpa meM mandira nirmANa aura mUrtipUjA kA pracalana hone para bhI mUrtipUjana vyavahAra meM nahIM hai| 3. mUrtipUjA ke nAma para vikRtiyA~ jaba jainadharma apane Atma kendra se haTa kara paridhi kI ora mur3A to usameM nAnA prakAra kI vikRtiyA~ ghara kara gyiiN| yahI nahIM mUla Agama granthoM kI niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TIkA, vanikA Adi spa meM jo vyAkhyAyeM prastuta kI gayIM, usa sAhitya meM AcAryoM aura bhASyakAroM ne vibhinna kathAoM, ghaTanAoM aura caritra kA isa prakAra vivecana-vizleSaNa kiyA, jinase jina-mandira nirmANa, mUrtipUjA aura vibhinna pratiSThA samAroha kI puSTi hotI hai| yaha lekhana paravartI dravya pUjA ke prabhAva kA pariNAma lagatA hai| navAMgIvRttikAra abhayadevasari barA racita "Agama aTThotarI" kI nimnalikhita gAthA isa sambandha meM draSTavya hai -- 143
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________________ jainadharma meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA udbhava evaM itihAsa "devaDiTa khamAsamaNa jA, paraMparaM bhAvao viyaayomi| sidilAyAre ThaviyA, davveNa paraMparA bhuhaa|| arthAta -- devarddhi kSamAzramaNa taka jo bhAva paramparA (bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA prarUpita mUla paramparA) akSuNNa rUpa se calatI rhii| yaha. maiM jAnatA hU~ para devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke svargastha hone ke anantara sAdhu prAyaH zithilAcArI bana gaye aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa aneka prakAra kI dravya paramparAe~ sthApita kara dI gyiiN| isake pariNAmasvarUpa sAdhucaryA meM kaI prakAra kI zithilatA ghara kara gyii| vikrama kI 12vIM zatI ke prabhAvaka AcArya jinavallabhasUri ne "saMghapaTTaka" nAmaka eka grantha kI racanA kI, jisameM caityavAsI paramparA ke sAdhuoM ke 10 niyamoM kA saMketa milatA hai| ina niyamoM meM mukhya hai-- zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke lie banAye gaye AhAra ko grahaNa karanA, usameM doSa na mAnanA, jina mandiroM meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kA sadA ke lie niyatavAsa karanA, sAdhu darA dhanasaMgraha karanA, gRhasthoM ko upadeza, guru-mantra Adi dekara apane pIr3hI-prapIr3hI ke zrAvaka banAnA, jina mandiroM ko apanI sampatti ke rUpa meM svIkAra krnaa| aise siMhAsanoM para baiThanA jinakA pratilekhana-pramArjana sambhava nahIM hai| inake pUrva AcArya haribhadrasUri ne 'saMbodha prakaraNa meM isakI kar3I AlocanA kI thii| dravya pUjA kI paramparA bahirmukhI vRtti se jur3ane ke kAraNa dhIre-dhIre sabhI varga ke logoM meM, adhikAdhika priya hotI calI gyii| isake pracAra-prasAra meM dakSiNa ke gaMga, kadamba, rASTrakUTa, hoyasalla Adi rAjavaMzoM se bhI ullekhanIya yogadAna milaa| AcAryoM dvArA mUrtipUjA ko dainika dhArmika kartavyoM meM sthAna diyA gyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa devI-devatAoM ke sthAna para tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ pratiSThApita kI jAne lagI aura bar3I saMkhyA meM jina-bimba evaM jina-mandiroM kA nirmANa huaa| maMdiroM meM mUrtiyoM kI pratiSThA karane ke lie bar3e-bar3e samAroha Ayojita hone lge| ina samArohoM ke sAtha vividha prakAra ke camatkAra, atizaya Adi jur3a gaye aura jar3amUrti ko sacetana karane kI bhAvanA se bar3e-bar3e havana aura maMtroccAra hone lge| yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki ina saba ke puNya prabhAva se hI mUrti meM pUjyatA kA bhAva AtA hai aura usakI pUjA-upAsanA hamArI kAmanApUrti meM sahAyaka banatI hai| samaya-samaya para muniyoM aura AcAryoM kI preraNA se paMcakalyANaka, aMjanazalAkA jaise mahotsava Ayojita kiye jAne lge| ina mahotsavoM meM alaga-alaga pUjA vidhAnoM ke lie bar3I-bar3I boliyA~ bola kara dhana ikaTThA kiyA jAne lgaa| yathA janmakalyANaka mahotsava para indra-indrANI bana kara loga jina pratimA ko abhiSeka kA lAbha lekara apane ko dhanya maante| vibhinna parva aura tyohAroM para jina-mUrti ko rajata, svarNa, hIre, ratna jar3ita vividha AkarSaka aura mohaka bahumUlya AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta kiyA jAtA aura unakI pUjA meM aSTa dravya-jala, caMdana, akSata, puSpa, naivedya, dIpa, dhUpa, phala car3hAye jAte aura paMcAmRta se unakA prakSAlana kiyA jAtA / ina sabake lie pratispardhAtmaka boliyA~ bolI jaatiiN| jinase vipula rAzi ke rUpa meM deva-dravya ikaTThA hotA rhaa| isa prakAra mUrtipUjA-Atmazuddhi aura vItarAga bhAva kI preraNA dene ke pratIka se haTa kara vaibhava aura pradarzana kI pratIka bana gyii| pUjA-paddhati aura upAsanA vidhi ke nAma para kaI gaccha aura sampradAya bana gaye tathA tIrtha kSetroM ko lekara paraspara saMgharSa aura vigraha paidA ho gyaa| pariNAmasvaspa maMdira aura mUrti rAga-dro ko dUra karane ke bajAya rAga-dveya kI vRddhi karane ke kAraNa bana gye| ___ Atmazuddhi aura kaSAya upazAntatA kA uddezya gauNa hokara jaba bhautika kAmanA pUrti kA lakSya pradhAna bana gayA to na kevala vItarAgaprabhu kI mUrti ko bhautika padArthoM se sajAyA-saMvArA jAne lagA varan bhautika padArthoM kI prApti ke lie tIrthaMkaroM ke zAsana deva-deviyoM kI pUjA upAsanA kI jAne lgii| yahA~ taka ki zAsana deva-deviyA~ hI pUjA ke mukhya kendra bana gye| pArzvanAtha gauNa ho gaye aura unake bhairava tathA padmAvatI devI pradhAna bana gyii| deva mandiroM kA pariveza, vidhi-vidhAna, vyavasthA krama kisI sAmantazAhI vidhi vidhAna se kama na rhaa| camatkAra aura Izvara kartRtva ke khilApha krAMti phaeNkane bAlA jainadharma svayaM camatkAra meM ulajha gayA aura jinendra bhagavAna ke sAmane unheM apane sukha-duHkha kA kartA mAnakara gir3agir3Ane lgaa| dIna-hIna banakara unake sAmane yAcanA karane lgaa| bhautika sukha ke lie, indriya bhogoM ke lie, sAMsArika kAmanAoM kI pUrti ke lie jantra-mantra aura Tone-ToTako 144
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________________ pro. narendra bhAnAyava ke AkarSaNa ne jana-sAdhAraNa ke puruSArtha bhAva ko suSupta kara diyaa| karmavAdI jaina dharmAnuyAyI daivIyakRpA kA dAsa banakara raha gyaa| 4. amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA udbhava aura vikAsa martipajA ke nAma para badatI haI ina vikatiyoM ke phalasvarUpa na kevala jaina dharma meM varana anya dhArmika paramparAoM meM bhI jabaradasta krAMti kI lahara aayii| sabhI dharmoM meM moTe taura para nirgaNa brahama ko hI sarvopari zakti ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| guNa kA eka artha hai rssii| rassI bA~dhane ke kAma meM AtI hai| ataH rassI kA lakSyArtha huA bNdhn| nirguNa arthAt nahIM baMdhanA, bandhana rahita, mukt| nirguNa upAsanA meM mukhya lakSya sAMsArika bandhanoM se rahita honA hai| saguNa upAsanA meM ArAdhya ke guNoM se ba~dhane kA bhAva rahatA hai| ArAdhya ke guNa jaba sAdhaka meM svayaM AvirbhUta ho jAte haiM taba nirguNa aura saguNa upAsanA ke lakSya meM koI guNAtmaka antara nahIM rhtaa| mahAkavi tulasIdAsa ne "niguNahiM saguNahiM, nahiM kucha bhedA" kaha kara isI ora saMketa kiyA hai, para jaba saguNa upAsanA ke nAma para paramAtmA ke guNoM ko AtmasAt karane kI dRSTi aura pravRtti lupta ho jAtI hai tathA bAhya sAMsArika vaibhava aura bhautika samRddhi kI prApti pramukha lakSya bana jAtI hai, taba dharma, dharma nahIM rahatA, vaha vyavasAya bana jAtA hai| mUrtipUjA ke nAma para jaba vyAvasAyika vRtti aura bhoga pravRtti panapane lagI taba AtmavAdI dharma-cintakoM aura adhyAtma yogI santoM ne isakA DaTakara virodha kiyaa| araba dezoM meM jaba jAti aura kabIloM ke mukhya puruSoM kI mUrtiyA~ pratiSThApita kara unakI pUjA hone lagI aura bar3I saMkhyA meM hara jAti va kabIle ke alaga-alaga deva khar3e ho gaye to muhammada sAhaba ne mUrtipUjA ke khilApha jihAda chedd'aa| sikhadharma meM mUrti ke sthAna para gurugrantha pUjya hai| viznoI sampradAya ke pravartaka jAmojI (saM. 4508-93), jasanAthI sampradAya ke pravartaka jasanAthajI (saM. 1539-63) niraMjanI sampradAya ke pravartaka haridAsajI (saM. 1512-95) tathA prasiddha santa kabIra amUrtipUjaka paramparA ke hI AdhyAtmika puruSa the| 15vIM-16vIM zatIM meM mUrtipUjA ke khilApha jo tIvra lahara uThI, usakI AhaTa ke svara barAbara sune jAte rahe haiN| jaina paramparA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAda jo vibhinna gaccha aura sampradAya astitva meM Aye, unameM moTetaura para uttarottara sudhAraka pravRtti ke darzana hote haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne "aSTapAhuDa" ke antargata "bodhapAhuDa" meM Ayatana, caityagRha, jinapratimA, darzana, jinabimba, jinamudrA, deva, tIrtha Adi kA jo varNana kiyA hai, vaha eka prakAra se nirgantha sAdhuoM ke svarUpa kA hI varNana hai| unake anusAra jina mArga meM saMyama ke dhanI munirAja hI Ayatana haiN| SaTkAya ke jIvoM kI rakSA karane vAle saMyamI, AtmajJAnI munirAja hI caityagRha haiN| samyAdarzana, jJAna, cAritra se yukta nirgantha vItarAgI muniyoM kI calatI-phiratI jaMgama deha hI jaMgama pratimA hai| aSTakarma rahita ananta catuSTaya sahita deha rahita acala siddhabhagavAna hI sthAvara pratimA hai| karma kSaya ke kAraNa hI zuddha zikSA aura dIkSA dene vAle vItarAgI, saMyamI AcArya deva hI vastutaH jina deva ke pratibimba haiN| jinakI mudrA indriya-viSayoM aura kaSAya bhAvoM kA mardana karane vAlI haiM aise AcArya deva hI vAstava meM jina mudrA haiM, jisakA moha naSTa ho gayA hai, vaha deva hai| jisase tirA jAe, vaha tIrtha hai|| caityavAsI paramparA ke AcAryoM ne bhI ina vikRtiyoM ke khilApha kriyoddhAra kA zaMkhanAda kiyA thaa| 11vIM zatIM ke vardhamAna sari, unake ziSya jinezvarasUri, jinadattasUri, jagacandrasUri Adi ullekhanIya haiN| kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha, aMcalagaccha, Agamikagaccha, bar3agaccha Adi apanI sImA meM ina vikRtiyoM kA virodha karate rahe haiN| para inakA virodha adhika prabhAvI nahIM bana sakA aura mUrtipUjA ke nAma para AyI huI vikRtiyA~ bar3hatI rhiiN| jaina paramparA meM mUrtipUjA ke khilApha jabaradasta virodha karane vAle 15vIM-16vIM zatAbdI meM do mahApuruSa hue| lokAzAha aura taarnnsvaamii| lokAzAha se lokAgaccha aura tAraNasvAmI se tAraNapaMtha vikasita huaa| lokAzAha kI vicAradhArA para AdhArita sthAnakavAsI sampradAya kA vartamAna meM kAphI prabhAva hai| sthAnakavAsI sampradAya se hI 18vIM zatI meM terApantha sampradAya kA udbhava huaa| isake pravartaka santa bhIkhaNajI the| ina sampradAyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai -- .. 145
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________________ jainadharma meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA udbhava evaM itihAsa 1. lokAzAha aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAya lokAzAha eka krAMtikArI, adhyayanazIla, nirbhIka aura sAhasI zrAvaka the| inakI janmatithi, janma-sthAna, dIkSA Adi ke sambandha meM vidvAna ekamata nahIM haiN| inake janma ke sambandha meM moTetaura se tIna mata pracalita haiM -- saM. 1472, 1475 aura 14821 kArtika pUrNimA inakI janma tithi mAnI jAtI hai| janma sthAna ke sambandha meM bhI matabheda haiN| arhaTTavAr3A (sirohI), pATana, ahamadAbAda, liMbaDI aura jAlora kA nAma liyA jAtA hai| bahuta sambhava hai "arhaTTavAr3A" inakI janma bhUmi rahI ho| dhArmika krAMti kA vizeSa kArya ahamadAbAda se hI huaa| inake mAtA-pitA ke nAma ke sambandha meM bhI matabheda hai| adhikAMza vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki arhaTTavAr3A ke caudharI hemAbhAI inake pitA the aura mAtA kA nAma thA gaMgAbAI thaa| inakA vivAha sirohI ke prasiddha seTha zAha audhavajI kI suputrI sudarzanA ke sAtha huA, jinase pUrNacanda nAmaka eka putra bhI utpanna huaa| jaba ye 23 varSa ke the inakI mAtA kA aura 25veM varSa meM pitA kA dehAnta ho gyaa| inakA nidhana saM. 1546 meM caitra zuklA ekAdazI ko huA mAnA jAtA hai| lokAzAha madhurabhASI, adhyavasAyI aura prabhAvazAlI vyakti the| sirohI aura candrAvatI ina donoM rAjyoM ke bIca yuddhajanya sthiti ke kAraNa arAjakatA aura vyApArika avyavasthA phaila jAne se ye ahamadAbAda A gaye aura javAharAta kA vyApAra karane lge| alpasamaya meM hI inhoMne acchI khyAti prApta kara lii| kahA jAtA hai ki ahamadAbAda ke tatkAlIna zAsaka mohammadazAha ke darabAra meM sUrata kA eka jauharI do motI lekara aayaa| bAdazAha ne inakI parakha ke lie zahara ke pramukha jauhariyoM ko bulaayaa| sabhI jauhariyoM ne donoM motiyoM ko saccA batAyA, para lokAzAha ne eka motI ko sadoSa aura dUsare ko nakalI btaayaa| motI kI isa parIkSA ko dekhakara bAdazAha inakI vilakSaNa buddhi se atyanta prabhAvita huA aura inheM apanA koSAdhyakSa banA diyaa| isa pada para ve dasa varSa taka rhe| para jaba mohammadazAha ko usake putra kutubazAha ne jahara dekara mAra DAlA to isa krUra hatyA se lokAzAha kA hRdaya pasIja gayA aura rAga-raMga se unhoMne mukti le lii| lokAzAha satyAnveSaka aura tattva cintaka the| unake akSara bar3e sundara the| eka bAra jJAnasundara nAmaka eka yati inake yahA~ gocarI ke lie aaye| inake sundara akSaroM ko dekhakara unhoMne lokAzAha ko zAstroM kI nakala karane ke lie khaa| zAstroM kI nakala karate hue jaba inakA dhyAna dazavaikAlikasUtra kI nimnalikhita prathama gAthA para gayA to ve cintana meM DUba gaye-- "dhammo maMgalamukkiLaM, ahiMsA saMjamo tvo|' devA vi taM namasaMti, jassa dhamme sayA mnno||1|| ve vicAra karane lage ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa rUpa dharma ko sarvazreSTha maMgala kahA hai aura isa dharma kA AcaraNa.karane vAle ko devatA bhI namaskAra karate haiM, para vartamAna meM to loga pASANa-pratimArapa devatAoM ko namana karane meM lage hue haiN| jyoM-jyoM unakA zAstrAbhyAsa bar3hatA gayA, dharma ke nAma para bar3hatI huI vikRti ko dekhakara ve Azcaryacakita raha gye| unheM lagA ki dharma meM ahiMsA kA sthAna hiMsA ne le liyA hai| usake vidhi-vidhAna yA dravya pUjA Adi ke bAharI saMskAra meM unheM hiMsA dikhAI dii| Atma-saMyama kI bajAya manautI ke nAma para indriyabhoga kI kAmanA kA pravAha umar3atA huA dikhAI diyaa| tapa ke nAma para unheM lagA ki sAdhu varga sukha-suvidhAoM kA AdI banatA jA rahA hai| lokAzAha ne ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa rUpa zuddha Atmadharma kI ArAdhanA ke lie pASANa-pratimAspa jar3a pUjA kA Alambana chor3akara samatAbhAvarUpa sAmAyika-pratikramaNa ko mahattva diyA, AtmaguNavRddhispa pauSadha vrata para vizeSa bala diyaa| bhakti ke sthAna para jJAna kA, dhyAna kA mahattva pratiSThApita kiyA aura mUrti ke sAmane hAtha jor3akara aihika kAmanAoM kI pUrti ke lie bhagavAna se kucha mA~gane ke bajAya parigraha-vRtti se mukta hone ke lie bhUkhoM ko bhojana, rogiyoM ko auSadhi, bhayagrasta prANiyoM ko abhaya evaM azikSitoM ko jJAna dene kI mahattA pratipAdita kii| unhoMne mUrtipUjA ke sthAna para guruvaMdana, satsaMga, svAdhyAya aura sadAcaraNa para bala diyaa| saje-sajAye mandiroM meM rahane kI bajAya sAdhAraNa sthAnakoM meM Thaharane kI bAta khii| jaMtra-maMtra, Tone-ToTake, ADambara-pradarzana Adi vidhi-vidhAnoM kA virodha kiyaa| 146
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________________ pro. narendra bhAnAvata . inake krAMtimUlaka vicAroM se loga bar3e prabhAvita hue| kahA jAtA hai ki arhaTThavADA, pATana, sUrata Adi saMghoM ke nAgaMjI, dulIcandajI, motIcandajI tathA zaMbhUjI, ye cAroM saMghapati jaba lokAMzAha se mile, unake vicAra sune to vizeSa prabhAvita hue| kahA jAtA hai ki saM. 1531 meM 45 vyaktiyoM ne inake vicAroM se prerita-prabhAvita hokara jaina dIkSA aMgIkRta kii| ___ inake nAma para inakA mata lokAgaccha kahA jAne lgaa| para yaha zIghra hI tIna bhAgoM meM ba~Ta gyaa| gujarAtI lokAgaccha, nAgorI lokAgaccha, lAhorI uttarArddha lokaagcch| Age calakara isa mata meM bhI dharma ke nAma para zithilatA bddh'ii| taba muni jIvarAjajI, lavajI, dharmasiMhajI aura dharmadAsajI ne krAnti kI aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAya astitva meM aayaa| dharmadAsajI ke harajI dhannAjI Adi 22 ziSyoM ke nAma para yaha sampradAya bAIsa TolA bhI kahalAtA hai| vartamAna meM isa sampradAya meM zramaNa saMgha ke AcArya zrI AnandaRSijI, AcArya zrI ratanacandrajI ma. ke sampradAya ke AcArya hastImalajI evaM AcArya zrI hukamIcandajI ma. kI paramparA ke AcArya nAnAlAlajI ma. maujUda haiN| jJAtavya hai ki AcArya AnandaRSijI evaM AcArya hastImalajI kA aba svargavAsa ho gayA hai| muniyoM ke sthAnaka meM rahane ke kAraNa yaha sampradAya sthAnakavAsI kahA jAtA hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se Atma-guNa hI jisakA sthAna hai, vaha sthAnakavAsI hai| lokAzAha kA apane samaya meM bar3A virodha huaa| unake sambandha meM adhikAMza jAnakArI unake virodha meM likhe gaye sAhitya se hI prApta hotI hai| lokAzAha ne jisa sAhitya kI racanA kI, vaha Aja pUre rUpa meM upalabdha nahIM hai| unake cautIsa bola, aTThAvana bola tathA unase pUche gaye teraha praznoM ke uttara Adi upalabdha hai| 2. zvetAmbara terApantha zvetAmbara terApantha sampradAya ke pravartaka santa bhIkhaNajI haiN| inakA janma jodhapura rAjya ke kaMTAliyA grAma meM saM. 1783 kI ASAr3ha zuklA trayodazI ko huaa| inake pitA kA nAma zAha ballUjI saMkalecA aura mAtA kA nAma dIpAbAI thaa| ye satyazodhaka, dambhavirodhI, sudhAravAdI pravRtti ke dharma jijJAsu vyakti the| inake mAtA-pitA gacchavAsiyoM (yatiyoM) ke anugAmI the| vahA~ inakI jijJAsA zAnta nahIM huI to ye potiyA~bandha sampradAya ke sAdhuoM ke pAsa vyAkhyAna Adi sunane jAyA karate, para vahA~ bhI inako saMtoSa nahIM huA to ye sthAnakavAsI sampradAya ke AcArya zrI raghunAthajI ke anugAmI bana gaye aura saM. 1808 meM unase bagar3I meM dIkSA aMgIkRta kara lii| saM. 1815 meM inakA cAturmAsa rAjanagara (mevAr3a) meM huaa| inake sAtha TokarajI, haranAthajI, vIrabhAnajI aura bhAramalajI ye cAra sAdhu the| rAjanagara ke zrAvakoM meM sAdhu samAja ke AcAra-vicAra ko lekara kaI zaMkAe~ thiiN| sthAna, vastra-pAtra sambandhI maryAdA, ziSya moha Adi ko lekara ye vartamAna AcAra vyavasthA se saMtuSTa nahIM the| santa bhIkhaNajI kI unake sAtha jJAna carcA huI aura antataH unheM lagA ki vartamAna AcAra-vyavasthA meM sudhAra kI apekSA hai| AcArya raghunAthajI ke sAnnidhya meM pahu~cakara santa bhIkhaNajI ne rAjanagara ke zrAvakoM kI zaMkAoM ko sahI batAyA aura usameM sudhAra ke lie Agraha kiyaa| kahA jAtA hai ki raghunAthajI ke sAtha matabheda hone ke kAraNa unhoMne unase bagar3I meM sambandha viccheda kara liyaa| yaha ghaTanA saM. 1817 caitra zuklA navamI kI hai| samta bhIkhaNajI ke sAtha 12 anyaM sAdhu the| unake nAma haiM :-- thirapAlajI, phatehacandajI, vIrabhANajI, TokarajI, haranAthajI, bhAramalajI, lakSmIcandajI, bakhtarAmajI, gulAbacandajI, bhAramalajI (dUsare), rUpacandajI aura premjii| kahA jAtA hai ki eka dina jodhapura ke zrAvaka bAjAra meM eka dukAna para sAmAyika kara rahe the| usa dina jodhapura rAjya ke dIvAna zrI phatehamalajI siMghI ne una zrAvakoM ko bAjAra meM sAmAyika karate dekhA to kucha Azcarya huA, pUchane para patA calA ki santa bhIkhaNajI AcArya raghunAthajI se alaga ho gaye hai inakA mAnanA hai ki sAdhuoM ke nimitta bane hue sthAnaka meM nahIM ThaharanA caahiye| ataH sthAnaka chor3akara ve yahA~ sAmAyika kara rahe haiN| 147
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________________ jainadharma meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA udbhava evaM itihAsa pUchane para yaha bhI jJAta huA ki svAmIjI kI isa vicAradhArA kA samarthana karane vAle 13 sAdhu hai| isa para usa samaya siMghIjI ke sAtha sekka jAti kA eka kavi bhI thaa| usane 13 kI saMkhyA ke AdhAra para svAmIjI ke saMgha ko "terApaMthI" nAma se saMbodhita karate hue nimna dohA kahA -- "sAdha sAdhako gilo karai, te Apa Aparo mNt| suNajyo re zahara rA lokAM, e terApaMthI sNt|| jaba yaha ghaTanA santa bhIkhaNajI ke pAsa pahuMcI to unhoMne terApaMthI zabda ko nayA artha dete hue kahA-- he prabhu ! yaha terA (tumhArA) paMtha hai| hama saba nibhrAnta hokara isa para calane vAle haiN| ataH terApaMthI haiN| teraha saMkhyA kA aucitya prakaTa karate hue unhoMne yaha bhI kahA ki pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samiti aura tIna gupti, isa taraha teraha niyamoM kI pUrNarUpa se zraddhA tathA pAlana karane vAle vyakti teraha-paMthI haiN| santa bhIkhaNajI ne sthAnakavAsI sampradAya kI taraha hI mUrtipUjA kA virodha kiyA, para dayA, dAna sambandhI jo pravRtti sthAnakavAsI samAja meM pracalita thI, usakA unhoMne Atmadharma ke rUpa meM samarthana nahIM kiyA aura isase hone vAle puNya ko laukika dharma khaa| unhoMne ahiMsA ke nakArAtmaka pakSa arthAta "mata mAro" para vizeSa bala diyaa| marate hue ko bacAo, jIvoM kI rakSA karo, ise unhoMne mokSa kA kAraNa nahIM maanaa| apane dharma ke pracAra meM inheM kaI prakAra ke virodhoM kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| mAravAr3a, mevAr3a tathA kaccha inakA dharma pracAra kA kSetra rhaa| kaccha pradeza meM ye svayaM na jA sake para inake zrAvaka TIkama DosI ne inake mata kA pracAra kiyaa| bhIkhaNajI ne apane jIvanakAla meM 49 sAdhaoM aura 56 sAdhviyoM ko dIkSita kiyaa| jaina tattva kI inhoMne kAvyamaya abhivyakti kii| inakI zatAdhika racanAoM kA saMkalana 'bhikSu grantha ratnAkara' meM do bhAgoM meM huA hai| inakI kavitA meM dArzanikatA aura lokatattvoM kA anUThA saMgama hai| inakA nidhana saM. 1860 meM mAgha sudI terasa ko huaa| inake bAda isa pantha meM jo AcArya hue ve haiM -- AcArya bhAramalajI, AcArya rAyacandajI, AcArya jItamalajI (jayAcArya), AcArya madhavAgaNI, AcArya maNikagaNI, AcArya DAlagaNI, AcArya kAlagaNI aura AcArya tulsii| AcArya talusI ne isa paMtha meM kaI naye AyAma jor3e aura kaI krAMtikArI parivartana kiye -- AcAra-vicAra donoM staroM pr| AcArya tulasI ne aNuvrata Andolana ke rUpa meM naitika utthAna aura caritra nirmANa ke uddezya se rASTravyApI abhiyAna calAyA aura jainadharma ko kevala jainakula meM janme logoM taka sImita na rakhakara use rASTravyApI bnaayaa| rAmAja ke vibhinna vargoM meM sada-saMskAra jAgata hoM, isake lie aNuvrata ke rUpa meM choTe-choTe vyAvahArika niyama prastuta kiye| vigata varSoM meM tanAMva-mukti, mAnasika svAsthya aura jIvana meM Antarika rUpAntaraNa ke lie prekSAdhyAna ke kaI naye prayoga kiye haiN| vartamAna zikSA paddhati kevala jIva-vijJAna banakara na rahe, vaha jIvana-vijJAna bane, isa dRSTi se zikSA ko sAdhanA, ahiMsA, dhyAna aura sevA se saMyukta karane ke lie lADana meM "jaina vizva bhAratI" kI sthApanA kI hai| 3. tAraNapaMtha jaina zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavAsI yati paramparA ke samAnAntara jaina digambara paramparA meM bhaTTAraka sampradAya dvArA dharma-pracAra, sAhitya-nirmANa evaM sAhitya-saMrakSaNa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA gayA, para dharma kA jo ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapaniSTha rUpa thA, usameM vikRti AI aura bhakti ke nAma para pradarzana va ADambara bddh'aa| bhaTTAraka vaibhavazAlI sAmanta se bana gaye aura lAkhoM-karor3oM kI sampatti maTha-mandiroM meM ikaTThI ho gii| Antarika pavitratA aura sadAcaraNa kA sthAna mandira nirmANa, pratiSThA-samAroha aura dravya pUjA ne le liyaa| paMca kalyANakoM ke bar3e-bar3e Ayojana Antarika zuddhi kI bajAya loka-pratiSThA ke mAdhyama bana gye| havana, jaMtra-maMtra, Tone-ToTakoM meM hI dharmAcAra ulajhakara raha gyaa| bhakti ke kendra meM dharmAcaraNa nahIM, dhana pramukha bana gyaa| isakI pratikriyA honA svAbhAvika thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM jisa prakAra lokAzAha ne mUrtipUjA kA virodha kiyA, usI prakAra digambara paramparA meM tAraNa svAmI ne mUrtipUjA kA virodha kiyaa| inhIM ke dvArA tAraNapantha kA pravartana 148 huaa|
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________________ pro. narendra bhAnAvata tAraNasvAmI kA janma puhupAvatI nagarI meM vikrama saMvat 1505 (I.sa. 1448) meM huaa| inake pitA kA nAma gar3hAsAba thaa| ve dillI ke bAdazAha bahalola lodI ke darabAra meM kisI pada para kAma karate the| bAda meM ve dillI chor3akara puhupAvatI A gye| tAraNasvAmI bacapana se hI bar3e medhAvI aura adhyayanazIla the| inakI zikSA zrI zrutasAgara muni ke pAsa huii| ye Ajanma brahmacArI rahe aura dharma granthoM kA gahana adhyayana kara mUrtipUjA ke nAma para pracalita bAhya ADambara kA virodha kara inhoMne Atmazuddhi mUlaka dharma kA svarUpa prastuta kiyaa| tAraNasvAmI ne barAbara yaha bAta kahI ki yadi hRdaya pavitra bhAvanA se rikta hai to jar3a pUjA se kyA lAbha ? pUjA paddhati meM U~ca-nIca ke bheda-bhAva kA inhoMne virodha kiyA aura kahA -- mahAvIra ke zAsana meM manuSya to kyA pazu-pakSI taka ko samAna avasara aura sthAna prApta hai| inhoMne sabhI jAti aura varNa ke logoM ko Atmadharma kA upadeza diyA aura mUrtipUjA ke sthAna para granthapUjA kI pratiSThA kii| inake ziSyoM meM pramukha the -- cidAnanda caudharI, lakSmaNa pANDeya, paramAnandra vilAsI aura lukamAna zAha, jo musalamAna thaa| inake prabhAva se kaI rAjAoM ne bhI inake mata ko svIkAra kiyaa| inameM gujarAta ke rAjA zivakumAra, zAhakumAra tathA rAyasenagar3ha ke rAjA mukhya the| lAkhoM kI saMkhyA meM inake anuyAyI hue| tAraNapantha ko mAnane vAloM meM caraNAgAra, samaiyA, aseDhI, ayodhyA, golApUraba Adi jAti ke loga mukhya haiN| tAraNasvAmI dvArA racita 14 granthoM kA ullekha DaoN. tejasiMha gaur3a ne kiyA hai| unake nAma hai -- 1. zrAvakAcAra 2. mAlAjI, 3. paMDitapUjA, 4. kamala battIsI, 5. nyAyasamuccasAra, 6. upadezazuddhasAra, 7. tribhaMgIsAra, 8. caubIsa DhAlA, 9. mammala pAhuDa, 10. sunna svabhAva, 11. siddha svabhAva, 12. khAtakA vizeSa, 13. kadamasthavANI, 14.naammaalaa| ye grantha 15vIM zatI meM pracalita saMskRta-hindI mizrita bhASA ke haiN| isameM pUjA ke nAma para hone vAle bAhya kriyA-kANDa kA virodha karate hue Antarika zuddhatA, bAhya-abhyantara tapasyA AcaraNa kI pavitratA aura citta vRtti kI nirmalatA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| zuddha AtmasvarUpa ke varNana meM ApakI gaharI AdhyAtmika anubhUti aura tatvacintanA kA patA calatA hai| pAramparika dhArmika bhaktoM ne tAraNasvAmI kA jabaradasta virodha kiyaa| kaI prakAra ke dabAva DAle gaye, pralobhana diye gye| yahA~ taka ki jAna se mArane ke prayatna kiye gaye para ye ina sabase aprabhAvita rhe| betavA nadI ke ghATa se pAra utarane ke liye naukA kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| isa kAraNa vahA~ naukAe~ tathA mallAha bhI rahate the| virodhiyoM ne cidAnanda caudharI nAmaka eka mallAha ko apanI aura milAkara yaha sikhA diyA ki vaha tAraNasvAmI ko apanI nAva meM biThAkara le jAve aura gahare jala meM le jAkara chor3a de| cidAnanda caudharI ne aisA hI kiyaa| usane svAmIjI ko eka-eka kara tIna bAra gahare jala meM le jAkara DubAne kA prayatna kiyA para tInoM bAra svAmIjI jala ke bIca cabUtare para baiThe hue pAye gye| isa camatkAra se prabhAvita hokara cidAnanda inakA ziSya bana gyaa| isa prakAra inakA prabhAva bar3hatA gyaa| tAraNasvAmI kA nidhana saM. 1572 meM jyeSTha kRSNA 6 zukravAra ko nisaI kSetra (malhAragar3ha, madhyAdeza) meM haa| vidizA jile kI siroMja tahasIla ke jaMgaloM meM sthita semarakher3I bhI ApakA sAdhanA sthala rahA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki yahI inhoMne muni dIkSA lI thii| 4. vartamAna sthiti __isa prakAra pandrahavIM, solahavIM evaM satrahavIM zatI meM mUrtipUjA kI vikRtiyoM ke khilApha jo krAMti kI lahara uThI aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa jina amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA udbhava aura vikAsa huA, unake dvArA Atmazuddhi hetu jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa kI ArAdhanA va sadAcaraNa kA patha prastuta kiyA gayA, usase jAgRti avazya AyI para usakA jIvana para parivartanakArI, sthAyI vyApaka prabhAva nahIM par3A aisA pratIta hotA hai| mUrtipUjA ke sthAna para sAmAyika, pratikramaNa, dayA, pauSadha, dAna Adi jina sadpravRttiyoM para bala diyA gayA, ve apane mUla lakSya 149
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________________ jainadharma meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA udbhava evaM itihAsa ko pUrI taraha prApta nahIM kara skiiN| ve yAMtrika bana gii| apanI sImA meM adhikAMzataH kriyA (Doing ) banakara raha gaIM, "honA" (Becoming) rUpa na le skiiN| pariNAmasvarUpa mUrti kA sthAna ina sampradAyoM meM bhI citra, kalaiNDara, paiDala Adi lete jA rahe haiN| dikhAvA, ADambara aura pradarzana bhI vibhinna dhArmika utsavoM, tapasyA ke julUsoM Adi meM dekhA jA sakatA hai, guNapUjA gauNa hokara vyakti pUjA pradhAna ho gaI hai| mahAvIra pIche chUTa gaye haiM aura alaga-alaga sampradAyoM ke guru va AcArya mukhya bana gaye haiN| sAmpradAyika kaTTaratA aura AmnAyabheda se amUrtipUjaka sampradAya bhI grasta haiN| ___mUrtipUjaka mUrti ke sAmane yAcanA kara apanI manokAmanA pUrI karanA cAhate haiM to lagatA hai, amUrtipUjaka bhI apanI dharmakaraNI kA phala bhautika samRddhi kI prApti mAnane lage haiN| dhana aura sampatti yahA~ bhI dharma-sAdhanA ke kendra meM ghara karatI jA rahI hai| parigraha aura vaibhava ko puNya kA phala mAnA jAne lagA hai| vahA~ bhagavAna ko bhoga lagAyA. jAtA hai to yahA~ svayaM bhoga bhogane kI lAlasA hai| saccA dharma bhoga se chUTane meM hai, tyAga meM hai, para tyAga antara se na hokara dikhAve ke lie, nAma ke liye hone lagA hai| mUrti apane Apa meM, jar3a hai, taTastha hai, rAga-dveSa se pare hai, hama usake sAtha apanA sAMsArika sambandha jor3akara use vikRta karate haiN| para jahA~ mUrti nahIM hai, vyakti hai, yadi usakI bhogavRtti chUTI nahIM hai, yazalipsA miTI nahIM hai to vaha apane ko bhagavAna banAkara, bhaktoM se pUjA-satkAra karavA kara bhrAMti paidA kara sakatA hai| vartamAna meM banane vAlI isa sthiti se pratyeka Atma-sAdhaka ko sAvadhAna rahane kI AvazyakatA hai| pro. narendra bhAnAvata, sI-235 e, tilaka nagara, jayapura-302004 150
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________________ zrAvakAcAra kA mUlyAtmaka vivecana ___- DaoN. subhASa koThArI* bhAratIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA vizva ke itihAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| yahA~ ke dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika vAtAvaraNa ne hamezA duniyA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| jainadharma meM isa AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA mUla AdhAra AcAra mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ AcAra se tAtparya una vratoM aura niyamoM se hai, jinakA pAlana karane se vyakti ke jIvana meM ahiMsA, kSamA, aparigraha Adi pravRttiyoM kA samAveza hotA hai| hamAre RSiyoM, maharSiyoM, AcAryoM aura tIrthaMkaroM ne isa AcAra sAdhanA ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| pahalA, una vyaktiyoM ke lie, jo samasta sAMsArika baMdhanoM se mukta aura tyAgI haiM aura dUsarA una vyaktiyoM ke lie, jo gRhasthAvasthA ko tyAgakara samasta sAMsArika baMdhanoM se mukta to nahIM ho sakate haiM parantu mukta hone kI dizA meM AMzika rUpa se prayatna karate haiN| jisase unake mAnasa meM kucha vrata, niyama evaM tyAga kI bhAvanA utpanna hotI hai| jaina darzana kI bhASA meM inheM kramazaH sAdhvAcAra aura zrAvakAcAra kahate haiN| cU~ki merA viSaya zrAvakAcAra se sambandhita hai ataH maiM apane Apako usI taka sImita rkheNgaa| zrAvaka zabda kA artha evaM svarUpa zrAvaka zabda jaina darzana kA eka "Teknikala" zabda hai jo saMskRta kI dhAtu se banA hai jisakA artha zravaNa karanA hotA hai| arthAt vyakti niSThApUrvaka nirgantha vacanoM ko sunatA hai aura apanI kSamatA ke anusAra una para amala karatA hai, vaha zrAvaka hai| vaise dekhA jAya to zrAvaka zabda tIna akSaroM ke yoga se banA hai aura una tInoM ke apane-apane artha hai| "zrA" zabda tattvArtha zraddhAna kI sUcanA detA hai| "va" zabda vivekayukta dAna kI preraNA karatA hai aura "ka" zabda karmarUpI pApa ko sevA bhAvanA dvArA naSTa karane kA saMketa pradAna karatA hai| isa prakAra zraddhA viveka aura kriyA kA sammizraNa jisa vyakti meM hotA hai, vaha zrAvaka hai| jaina Agama granthoM meM zrAvaka-AcAra kA prArambha sUtrakRtAMgasUtra se hotA hai jahA~ isameM zrAvaka aura zramaNopAsaka nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai| isake bAda sthAnAMgasUtra meM zrAvaka ke pAlana karane yogya pA~ca aNuvratoM aura tIna manorathoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| tadantara samavAyAMgasUtra meM zrAvaka ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI gyAraha pratimAoM kA ullekha dekhA jA sakatA hai| upAsakadazAMgasUtra, jo ki jaina Agama sAhitya meM zrAvaka-AcAra kA pratipAdana karane vAlA eka mAtra pratinidhi grantha hai, usameM zrAvakoM kI jIvana caryA, bAraha vrata, niyama, pratimAoM Adi kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| ___isake bAda paravartI zvetAmbara aura digambara aneka granthakAra hue haiM jinhoMne apane granthoM meM zrAvaka AcAra kA saMkSepa aura vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| jinameM umAsvAti kA tattvArthasUtra, hemacandra kA yogazAstra, A. javAharalAla jI ma.sA. kA gRhastha dharma, A. samantabhadra kA ratnakaraNDaka-zrAvakAcAra, somadevasUri kA upAsakAdhyayana aura paM. AzAdhara kA sAgAradharmAmRta mukhya hai| 151
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________________ zrAvakAcAra kA mUlyAtmaka vivecana zrAvaka AdhAra ke samAnya niyama prastuta patra meM, maiM zrAvaka zabda kA adhikArI hone ke lie kina-kina guNoM aura niyamoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hotA hai, usa para saMkSepa meM prakAza DAlate hue, una vratoM aura niyamoM kA hamAre sAmAjika, vyavahArika aura rASTrIya jIvana meM kyA mahattva hai usa para bhI kucha kahanA caahuuNgaa| yaha zAzvata satya hai ki jo vyakti vyAvahArika jIvana ke vyavahAroM meM kuzala nahIM hai vaha AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM Age nahIM bar3ha sakatA hai| isI manovaijJAnika dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakha kara hamAre AcAryoM ne vratoM kI sAdhanA kI pUrva bhUmikA ke rUpa meM aise aneka guNoM kA nirdeza apane granthoM meM kiyA hai jinameM nyAya, nItipUrvaka dhana kA upArjana, pApa karmoM kA tyAga, sadAcAra kA pAlana, dharma zravaNa karane kI jijJAsA, atithi Adi kA yathocit satkAra, vivekazIla, vinamra aura karuNAzIla honA mukhya hai| uparokta kAryoM ko karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vyakti vyAvahArika jIvana meM saphalatApUrvaka kArya kara rahA hai isaliye tIrthaMkaroM ne vyakti ke vyAvahArika jIvana ko bahuta manovaijJAnika DhaMga se jAMcA, parakhA aura use hI dhArmikatA kA.spa dekara vyakti ko sAmAjika banA ddaalaa| ye guNa AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke praveza dvAra hai| inake saphala AcaraNa ke bAda hI vyakti vratoM kI ArAdhanA meM Age kadama bar3hA sakatA hai| bAraha vrata aura unakI upayogitA bAraha vrata zrAvaka AcAra ke mUla AdhAra mAne jAte haiN| ina bAraha vratoM ko AcAryoM ne tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai -- pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra shikssaavrt| (1) ahiMsA aNuvata jaina zAstroM meM saMkalpI, ArambhI, udyogI aura virodhI ina cAra prakAra kI hiMsAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| una cAroM hiMsAoM meM se zrAvaka saMkalpI hiMsA kA tyAga karatA hai| saMkalpI hiMsA se tAtparya "maiM kisI ko mAU~" isa bhAvanA se kI gayI hiMsA se hai| cU~ki zrAvaka gRhasthAvasthA meM rahatA hai ataH kabhI makAna nirmANa ke prasaMga se, kabhI duSTa vyakti ko daNDa dene ke rUpa meM, kabhI samAja vyavasthA sucArU rUpa se calAne meM sUkSma jIvoM kI hiMsA ho jAtI hai yA yU~ kaheM ki karanI par3atI hai| ataH isa hiMsA se vaha pUrNa rUpa se virata nahIM ho pAtA hai| hA~ ! itanA Avazyaka hai ki vaha ina saba kAryoM meM vivekayukta hokara kArya karatA hai| aticAra aticAroM kA tAtparya una khaNDanoM se hai jinase vrata meM doSa lagane kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| zrAvaka ko ina aticAroM ko dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhiye aura inase bacakara apane vratoM kA pAlana karanA caahiye| pratyeka vrata ke pA~ca-pA~ca aticAra hai| ahiMsANuvrata ke pA~ca aticAra bandha, vadha, chaviccheda, bhattapAna vyavaccheda va atibhAra hai| kisI ko bAMdhanA, mAranA, aMgoM ko kATa denA, khAne-pIne meM bAdhA upasthita karanA evaM vyakti kI sAmarthya se adhika bhAra DAlanA, vrata bhaMga ke kAraNa haiN| yaha pA~coM aticAra vartamAna sAmAjika jagata meM bhI pUrNa prAsaMgika haiN| ye rAjya vyavasthA kI dRSTi se aparAdha hai| isa prakAra ahiMsANuvrata vyakti ko naitika aura sAmAjika banAtA hai aura samAja aura rASTra kI AtmasurakSA evaM audyogika pragati meM sahayogI bana kara calatA hai| 152
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________________ DaoN. subhASa koThArI (2) satya aNuvrata kanyA, pazu, bhUmi, dharohara Adi ke sambandha meM asatya bhASaNa kA tyAga karanA satya aNuvrata hai| isa vrata meM zrAvaka aise sthUla asatya kA tyAga karatA hai jisase samAja, deza aura rASTra kI hAni hotI hai aura vyakti ke Atma-sammAna ko Thesa pahuMcatI hai| isake sAtha hI sAtha isa vrata meM zrAvaka aise satya kA bhI tyAga karatA hai jo satya hote hue bhI dUsare vyakti ko pIr3A kA ahasAsa karAtA ho| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ananya zrAvaka mahAzataka kA kathAnaka isakA sarvottama zAstrIya udAharaNa hai| aticAra satya vrata meM kisI para binA soca-vicAra kiye doSAropaNa karanA, ekAnta meM bAtacIta karate hue vyaktiyoM para jhUThA AkSepa lagAnA, bhUThA upadeza denA, jAlI ceka, DrAphTa Adi jArI karanA, aticAra mAne gaye haiN| vartamAna meM bhI ina sabhI para rAjya dvArA roka lagAyI jAtI hai| Aja bhI nyAyAlaya meM dharmagrantha para hAtha rakha kara Apase satya bolane ko kahA jAtA hai, pada aura gopanIyatA kI zapatha dilAI jAtI hai aura jAlI ceka, DrAphTa lena-dena para kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra satya aNuvrata meM zrAvaka satya, tathya aura prItipUrNa vacanoM kA hI prayoga karatA hai, jo samAja ko unnata aura pavitra banAne meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA adA karate haiN| (3) asteya aNuvrata svAmI kI anumati ke binA kisI bhI vastu ko grahaNa nahIM karanA asteya hai| sArvajanika rUpa se prakRti dvArA pradatta vastuoM ko chor3akara anya vastu kA binA anumati grahaNa nahIM karanA hI zrAvaka kA asteya aNuvrata hai| aticAra corI kI vastu kharIdanA, cora ko sahAyatA karanA, rAjya niyamoM ke viruddha AcaraNa karanA, vastuoM meM milAvaTa karanA va nApa-taula meM beImAnI karanA asteya vrata ke aticAra haiM, doSa haiN| vartamAna jagata meM bhI uparokta sabhI aparAdha kI zreNI meM mAne jAte haiN| Aye dina par3a rahe inkama-Taiksa va selsa-Teksa ke chApe ina aticAroM ke sevana kA hI eka rUpa hai| Aja khAdya padArthoM se lagAkara auSadhiyoM taka meM milAvaTa pAyI jAtI hai| hama aksara samAcAra patroM meM dekhate va par3hate hI haiM ki kabhI phUDapoijaniMga se, kabhI jaharIlI davAiyoM se evaM kabhI jaharIlI zarAba se hajAroM loga mara jAte haiN| yaha saba hamArI prAmANikatA para eka praznacinha lagAte haiM? isa prakAra asteya aNuvrata kA niratacAra pAlana karane se hama mAnava jAti va rASTra ke prati apane dAyitva ko bhalI prakAra nibhA sakate haiN| (4) brahmacarya aNuvrata kAma pravRtti para.aMkuza zrAvaka kA cauthA brahmacarya aNuvrata hai| gRhasthAvasthA meM raha kara vyakti pUrNa rUpa se brahmacarya kA pAlana nahIM kara sakatA hai| ataH zrAvaka eka mAtra vivAhitA patnI (svapatnI) meM pUrNa santoSI banakara zeSa sabhI striyoM ke sAtha maithuna sevana kA tyAga karatA hai| zrAvikAoM ke lie eka pativrata (svapati) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| 153
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________________ zrAvakAcAra kA mUlyAtmaka vivecana mAripA aticAra yahA~ yaha spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai ki vezyA Adi anya striyoM se kAma vyavahAra rakhanA, anaMgakrIDA karanA, apane putra-putrI ko chor3akara anya kA vivAha karAnA, kAma sevana kI tIvra bhAvanA rakhanA vrata bhaMga kA kAraNa hai, aticAra hai| eka AcArya ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki apanI vivAhitA strI se bhI agara vaha alpavayaska hai to usase kAma vyavahAra nahIM karanA caahiye| parantu jaba ina saMyamita vicAroM ko chor3akara mAnava apanA dRSTikoNa dUsarA banA letA hai to hatyA, vyabhicAra, balAtkAra jaisI bhAvanAe~ sahaja hI prasphuTita ho jAtI hai| prasaMgAnukUla vartamAna pariprekSa meM isa vrata ke sandarbha meM kucha likhanA anucita nahIM hogaa| abrahma ko bar3hAvA dene ke lie svayaM strI jAti bhI bahuta hada taka jimmevAra hai| ve sItA, sabhadrA Adi ke caritroM ko bhUlakara, kama se kama vastra dhAraNa kara, zarIra kA pradarzana karatI haiN| phaizana aura kRtrima prasAdhana sAmagrI ne aurata ko numAIza kI cIja banA diyA hai| puruSa varga bhI isameM bahuta hada taka doSI hotA hai kyoMki isa saba numAizoM ke pIche usakA mastiSka va vyAvasAyika buddhi kArya karatI hai, jisase vaha apanI saMskRti ko kisI bhI rUpa meM prayoga karane meM nahIM cakatA hai| Aja vyakti kA khAna-pAna, AcAra-vicAra, rahana-sahana saba tAmasika aura amaryAdita ho gayA hai| pikcara, azlIla sAhitya, behude vijJApana se samAja kA naitika va mAnasika patana ho rahA hai| Aja hara galI mohalle meM 8-8, 10-10 varSoM ke naunihAloM ke mu~ha se pyAra mohabbata ke azlIla gAne va bhaddI gAliyA~ sunI jA sakatI haiN| Aja jo eDsa nAmaka roga antarrASTrIya stara para phaila rahA hai vaha svaicchika yauna sambandha, kAmasakha kI tIvra abhilASA aura brahmacarya nAza kA hI pariNAma hai| pAzcAtya dezoM meM jo samalaiMgika sambandha (homo) kI pravRtti bar3ha rahI hai vaha anaMgakIDA kA hI dUsarA nAma hai, jisakA hamAre AcAryoM ne hajAroM varSoM pUrva hI niSedha kara diyA thaa| isa prakAra brahmacarya aNuvrata pArivArika zAnti aura ApasI vizvAsa kI bhAvanA ko sudRr3ha karatA hai| upAsakadazAMga meM patnI ke lie jo dharmasahAyikA, dharmavaidyA, dharma-ArAdhikA Adi vizleSaNa prApta hote haiM, ve saba isa vrata ke saphala pAlana ke hI pariNAma the| Aja bhI hama logoM meM apanI patnI ke lie "dharmapatnI" zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha brahmacarya kI vizeSatA kA hI saMketa hai| (5) aparigraha aNuvrata khAna-pAna, dhana-dhAnya, dAsa-dAsI, kheta, vastu Adi ke upayoga kI maryAdA nizcita kara lenA aparigraha aNuvrata hai| gRhasthAvasthA meM rahane ke kAraNa vyakti sAmAjika bandhanoM se baMdhA hotA hai, ataH bhaviSya kI surakSA va durbhikSa kI AzaMkA se pratyeka vyakti ko kucha na kucha saMgraha karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| isa kAraNa vaha pUrNaparigrahI to nahIM bana sakatA hai parantu usa parigraha kI eka sImA jarUra nizcita kara letA hai| yaha sImA nirdhAraNa hI vyakti ko aparigrahI banAtI hai| aparigraha jainadharma kI eka mahattvapUrNa vicAradhArA hai| jaina darzana meM kahA gayA hai ki parigraha se vaimanasyatA, vargasaMgharSa va viSamatA bar3hatI hai kyoMki yaha sIdhe-sIdhe samAja ko prabhAvita karatA hai| jaba eka vyakti ke pAsa adhika dhana-sampatti hotI hai taba dUsare ke pAsa usakA abhAva svAbhAvika hai| yaha abhAva aura Adhikya hI varga saMgharSa kA kAraNa hai| 154
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________________ DaoN. subhASa koThArI jaina matAvalambiyoM meM apavAda ko chor3a deM, bAkI ke pAsa jo sampatti hai vaha unake parizrama va buddhi vilAsa se prArdubhUta hai| isalie sampatti kA arjana aura saMgraha burA nahIM hai kintu jaba isakA AdhAra zoSaNa yA viSamatA ho jAya to vaha samAja aura rASTra ke lie jahara bana jAtA hai| parigraha aNuvrata hameM ina saba kaThinAiyoM se bacA letA hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI kA dRsTIzipa kA siddhAnta aura vinobA bhAve kA vizvastha vRtti kA siddhAnta mahAvIra ke isI aparigraha aNuvrata se sambandhita hai| isa prakAra aparigraha aNuvrata vartamAna samAjavAda-sahaastittva aura samAnatA kI dizA meM bahuta mahattvapUrNa kadama siddha ho sakatA hai| guNavata pA~ca aNuvrata ke vikAsa krama ko vyavasthita AdhAra pradAna karane ke lie guNavrata aura zikSAvratoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| inameM dizAvrata, upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata evaM anarthadaNDa tIna gaNavrata haiN| (6) dizAvata sabhI dizAoM meM gamanAgamana kI maryAdA nizcita karane ko dizAvrata kahA gayA hai| dasoM dizAoM meM kitanA AvAgamana rakhanA hai isakI sImA isa vrata meM taya kI jAtI hai| isameM UMcI, nIcI, tirachI dizA kA ullaMghana, nizcita kI huI sImA meM vRddhi karanA, sImA maryAdA kA vismaraNa hone para usa maryAdA kSetra se Age jAnA vrata bhaMga ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| (7) upabhoga-paribhoga parimANamavrata khAne-pIne, pahanane, or3hane Adi dainika vyavahAra meM kAma meM Ane vAlI vastuoM kI maryAdA nizcita karanA upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa-vrata hai| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM aisI 21 vastuoM kI sUcI dI hai jinakI isa vrata meM maryAdA nizcita kI jAnI caahiye| zrAvaka-pratikramaNasUtra meM ina vastuoM kI saMkhyA chabbIsa batAI gayI hai| aticAra sacitta vastu khAnA, sacitta ke sAtha lagI huI vastu kA upayoga karanA, kaccI vanaspati kA sevana, adhapakI vanaspati ko khAnA evaM aisI vastu khAnA jisameM khAne yogya padArtha kama ho, pheMkane yogya adhika ho to vaha saba vrata bhaMga ke kAraNa haiN| karmAdAna upabhoga-paribhoga-parimANa vrata meM uparyukta pA~ca aticAroM ke atirikta karma ke anusAra 15 aticAra aura batAye haiN| ye 15 aise kArya haiM jinake karane se bhayaMkara jIvoM kI hiMsA va samArambha karanA par3atA hai, ataH zrAvaka ko ina vyavasAyoM ko nahIM karanA caahiye| inake nAma isa prakAra haiM -- koyale kA vyavasAya, jaMgala kA kATanA, lakar3I becanA, ratha Adi becanA, pazuoM ko bhAr3e para denA, khAna Adi khodanA, hAthI dA~ta kA vyApAra, lAkha kA vyApAra, madirA Adi kA vyApAra, viSAdi kA vyavasAya, dAsa-dAsI kA vyApAra, ghANI Adi se perane kA vyApAra, baila Adi ko napusaMka banAnA, jaMgala meM Aga lagAnA, tAlAba, jhIla Adi sukhAnA, vyabhicAra Adi ke lie vezyA Adi rkhnaa| ina pandraha vyavasAyoM meM trasa jIvoM kA ghAta, sAmAjika asurakSA, paryAvaraNa saMkaTa, saMskRti kA vinAza kisI na kisI rUpa meM hotA hai| ataH zrAvakoM ko ye vyApAra nahIM karane caahiye| . 155
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________________ zrAvakAcAra kA mUlyAtmaka vivecana (8) anarthadaNDa viramaNavrata niSprayojana kisI kI hiMsA karanA anarthadaNDa hai| hiMsA.ke kArya kA, hiMsAtmaka zastroM kA, pApakarma kA upadeza evaM kumArga kI ora prerita karane vAle sAdhanoM kA tyAga karatA hai, usakA anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrata samyakrUpa se hotA hai| atidhAra hAsyamizrita aziSTavacana bolanA, zarIra kI vikRta ceSTA karanA, nirarthaka bakavAda karanA, upabhoga, paribhoga kA adhika saMgraha isa vrata ke doSa haiM, aticAra haiN| isa prakAra anarthadaNDa viramaNavrata anarthakArI hiMsA para roka lagAtA hai| nirarthaka pAnI pheMkanA va rAha calate vanaspati tor3anA bhI isa vrata ke doSa mAne gaye haiN| (9-12) zikSAvata ye vyakti ke Atmika atthAna ke dyotaka hai sAmAyika dezAvakAzika proSadhIpavAsa aura atithisaMvibhAga -- ye cAra isake bheda haiN| eka nizcita samaya ke liye sAdhu tulya vyavahAra sAmAyika hai| sImA maryAdA kA sUkSmIkaraNa va sImA ke bAhara ke Azrava sevana kA tyAga dezavakAzika, pUrNa upavAsa va dharma sthAna para jAkara samyak ArAdhanA, pauSadha aura supAtra ko yathAzakti nirdoSa AhAra pradAna karanA atithisaMvibhAga hai| ye sabhI zikSAvrata AtmA ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa se sambandhita haiM, inase mAnava sevA, sahabhAgitA, sahayoga abhAvagrasta ke prati sAmAjika kartavya kA bodha prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra ina bAraha vratoM kI saMkSepa meM carcA karane se spaSTa hai ki ye bAraha vrata vyakti ke lie kitane mahattvapUrNa haiN| ye vrata vyakti kA vyakti ke prati prema, sahayoga, sahakAra va bandhutva kI bhAvanA ko utpanna karate haiN| ye vyakti ko sAmAjika banAte haiN| samAja meM gRhastha varga kI bhUmikA vaise bhI doharI hai| eka ora vaha svayaM sAdhanA karatA hai| dUsarI ora pUrNasAdhanA karane vAle sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke sAdhanA kA paryavekSaka bhI hai| ataH hama apane kartavya ko pahacAneM aura ina vratoM kI upayogitA ko samajha kara jIvana meM apanAne kA prayAsa kareM to nizcita hI hama usa sAmAjika sauhArda ko lA sakeMge, jisakI hameM abhI pratIkSA hai| sandarbha-grantha 1. suttAgaNe... sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, saMpA. muni madhukara, sUtra 8 2. sthAnAMgasUtra, saMpA. muni madhukara, 5/1/389 3. vahI, 11/5 4. uvAsagadaso, saMpA. muni madhukara 1 se 10 adhyayana 5. zrAvakadharma kI prAsaMgikatA kA prazna -- DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 19 6. zrAvaka pratikramaNasUtra - cauthA aNuvrata 7. uvAsagadasAo, 1/22-42 8. zrAvaka pratikramaNasUtra - aNuvrata 7 zodhAdhikArI, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura 156
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________________ Contribution of Jainism to Indian History - Dr. A.K. Chatterjee* Jainism is one of the World's major religious systems and it is older than either Buddhism and Christianity. Its contribution to the progress of our civilization is immense and there is no aspect of Indian history, which has not been enriched directly by the religion of the Jinas. For the purpose of discussion, let us divide the entire topic into five main divisions namely, religious, cultural, social, economic and political. We have already said that Jainism is older than Buddhism and I have shown elsewhere that the first historical prophet of Jainism was Parsvanatha, who probably flourished in the 9th-8th century B.C. A few earlier Tirthankaras like Adinatha and Neminatha, also probably were actual historical figures, but unfortunately we do not have much historical evidences about their religious system. Both Jainism and Buddhism, as well as the Lokayatas were against the Brahmanical religious system which was based on sacrifice or Yajna But the three religious systems, which we have just mentioned, being anti-Vedic, were dubbed as Nastika by the Brahmanical philosophers. The word Nastika does not necessarily mean an atheist, but that which is anti-Vedic or in other words, anti-Brahmanical. The Jaina philosopher Parsvanatha, who probably had invented the word nirgrntha, it is quite significant to note, was born at Varanasi, the great citadel of Hinduism and had the courage to challenge the ancient Brahmanical philosophical system, and his teaching based on fourfold truth or vows (C aturyama), was quite simple, yet practical and was readily acceptable to the poor and common people. It should further be remembered that the Vedic form of sacrifice, was very expensive and majority of the common people could not afford the expenses connected with those elaborate sacrifices and only the kings and rich householders could perform these sacrifices. Another factor, which made this new religious system, very popular, was its emphasis on non-violence or Ahimsa, which was also advocated by the Upanishadic Rishis, whose emphasis was on jnana (knowledge) and not Karman. 157
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________________ Another factor which should be considered as a definite contribution of the Jainas in the progress of civilization in this sub-continent, was the importance, which it gave, to the role of women in religious practices. It is however, true that even in the Vedic period, women used to participate in religious ceremonies and in the Brhadaranyaka Upanisad we find Maitreyi accompanying her husband the celebrated Yajnavalkya to forest, when the latter wanted to renounce to worldly life. Lord Parsvanatha was the first non-Brahmanical saint to permit women to renounce the worldly life and thus paving the way for the actual emancipation of women. It is significant to note, in this connection that even Lord Buddha himself was against admitting women into his order. And only after he was requested by his favourite disciple Ananda, that he allowed the entry of women in his order. Therefore we can, say without hesitation, that Lord Parsvanatha was a truly rational philosopher of his time. Since he had to popularise his teachings in a place, which was considered to be the chief seat of orthodox Brahmanism, we can easily comprehend the nature of his success. Lord Parsvanatha gave India the doctrine of Animsa and Lord Mahavira taught his countrymen, the doctrine of chastity (Brahma-carya). He never cared for royal patronage and lived in absolute penury, It was because of his towering personality that Jainism became an all-India religion, even in the pre-Mauryan period. The present writer is of the opinion that the Yaksapujakas of Eastern India were first to accept the religious system, propounded by Parsva and Mahavira; and these Yaksa-worshipers belonged to the lower strata of the society and the deva-pujakas were the upper caste Brahmins and Ksatriyas. It is however true that all the immediate disciples or Ganadharas of Lord Mahavira were Brahmins by caste, but most of his followers were common people and this is also proved by early Jaina epigraphs, found from Mathura and other places. From the cultural point of view also, Jainism has left its contribution on all aspects of the great Indian civilization. The Jaina Agamic texts often refer to 72 Kalas and 64 ganiyagunas and there is no doubt that all types of Arts and crafts received tremendous patronage from the devoted Jainas. As a matter of fact the Jaina narrative literature contains hundreds of stories about ladies, who were well-versed in all these Arts and the dramatic Art was particularily popular from the earliest times among the Jainas. 158
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________________ If literature is considered to be an intergral part of culture, then we must say that the literature of Jainas is extremely rich and extensive. The Agamic texts themselves have great literary value and the works like the Bhagavati, jnatadharmakatha, Vipakasruta, Uttaradhyayanasutra and Dasavaikalika are great and original literary products and the last one, composed by Brahmin Sayyambhava at Campa, around 400 B.C. can be compared with the Bhagavadgita and the Dhammapada. The story literature of the Jainas can be compared with the literature of the Hindus. Even the Agamic texts are extemely attractive story-texts and the Jnatadharmakatha, Vipakasruta and the Antagadadasa etc., have innumerable stories and even love-stories are also abundant. The two epics and the missing Brhatkatha have deeply influenced the Jaina narrative literature and hundreds of Svetambara and Digambara works were composed in imitation of the above mentioned Brahmanical texts. The earliest non-Agamic Jaina literary work, is the Paumacariyam of Vimala, composed in all probability, in the 1st century A.D. It is, in our opinion the earliest Prakrit work of India and probably somewhat earlier than the missing Brhatkatha of Gunadhya. It is the Jaina version of the Ramayana and the poet has shown considerable originality in his treatment of the Rama-story. Although Vimala has not cared to mention Valmiki by name, he has scrupulously followed the original work; however, everywhere there is a Jaina bias. Later Jaina Ramayanas like those composed by Ravisena, Svayambhu, Hemacandra etc., are all based on Vimala's admirable work. The Mahabharata saga also has influenced the Jainas, and we have in the Vasudevahindi, the Harivamsa (by Jinasena Il) and the later Pandavapuranas, the stories from the Mahabharata and even Hemacandra, the great Kalikalasarvajna was influenced by the original Mahabharata in his celebrated Trisastisalakapurusacaritra. The Brhatkatha literature has left its mark on the works like the Vasudevahindi, the Harivamsas, Brhatkathakosa etc. However, in all their literary works, the Jaina writers have shown great skill and maturity. However, the most original among the Jaina writers of the medieval period was Somadeva, the celebrated author of the Yasastilakacampu, written in the middle of the 10th century A.D. It is a great novel, composed by a writer, who was probably a native of Bengal in some respect, we can call him the Banbhatta of the Jaina literature. He has wit and a keen sense of human and 159
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________________ his knowledge of human character is unsurpassed in Sanskrit literature. His Nitivakyamrta proves his knowledge of the science of polity. It is the third great work on political science ofter the Arthasastra and Kamandakiya Nitisara. We have also Jaina writers, who have written on Astronomy, Mathematics and other branches of science. They have surely enriched our knowledge of different branches of science. The Jaina writers have surely contributed to our knowledge of Indian society in different periods. One great advantage of Jaina works, is that, they are mostly dated. This enables us to know the state of society in different periods. For example, the Paumacaryam, written 530 years after the Nirvana of Lord Mahavira, gives us invaluable details regarding Indian Society the caste system, the family life etc. of the first century A.D. It also proves that cousin-marriage was quite popular and particularly the marriage with the daughter of maternal uncle. This particular type of marriage, though censured by the authors of Madhyadesa, was unusually popular in Deccan, the whole of Gujarat, Maharastra and the Far South and even the Hindu Vedanga writers have taken note of this. The Vasudevahindi, a unique Prakrit work, written in the Gupta period, as Alsdorf has shown, throws welcome light on the society of this golden period of Indian history. Again, the Padmapurana of Ravisena, a dated work of the 7th century A.D., also throws welcome light on the social life of the post-Gupta period. The Varangacarita of almost the same period, the Harivassa of Jinasena 11, written in 783 A.D., the Kuvalaya mala of Udyotana, written five years earlier in Rajasthan, the Upamitibhavaprapancakatha of Siddharsi written in 906 A.D., the Dharmopadesamala of Jayasimha, written in the third quarter of the 9th century, the 10th century texts like the Tilakamanjari and the Yasastilakacampu all give us invaluable information regarding the Indian society of the early medieval period. We get details regarding, social customs, popular festivals, the family life, and above all, datails regarding the position of women, the high degree of freedom, they enjoyed in life. The Jaina authors have at the same time, supplied us information on economic life of ancient India. We have also information on various aspects of economic life in the Angavijja, a third-century text, written in Maharashtri Prakrit. It is indeed impossible to overemphasise the great importance of this wonderful Jaina work. A number of ancient coin-names, not found elsewhere are preserved in this text. The two names here are paritucularly interesting, namely Ksatrapaka and Sateraka. The first is the type of coins, introduced by 160
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________________ the Ksatrapa kings of Ujjayini and the second, refers to the Indo-Greek coins of stater-type. There are very interesting references to the names of ships like Kottima, Tappaka and Sanghada, which are first mentioned in the Periplus, a Greek work, written by an unknown sailor, in the second half of the first century A.D. The Angavijja also gives details regarding the economic activities of that period. Other Jaina works like the Nisithacurni, written in the 7th century, the Harivamsa, of the 8th century and the Yasastilakacampu of the 10th century, throw a flood of light on the economic activities of the post-Gupta and early medieval periods. The extremely interesting text the Dravyapariksa, written during the time of Ala-Ud-din Khilji by Thakkura Pheru, is undoubtedly the only Indian work dealing exclusively with coins of the Guptas, but also of various early medieval dynasties like the Pratiharas, Candellas, almost all Caulukya kings of Gujarat and also the coins of the Tomares of Delhi. The coins of the Tomara king like Anangapala, Madanapala etc., are particularly interesting, because not much is known regarding these kings except that given in Pheru's work and the Kharataragacchabrhadgurvavali, another valuable Jaina work. But the most important contribution of the Jainas was in the field of historical studies and they have produced a number of first-class historians like Hemacandra, Merutunga, Rajasekhara etc. and other writers of Prabandhas. Hemacandra (12th century) Dvyasrayakavya is one of the greatest works on Gujarat history and it is the earliest. The first twenty chapters, written in Sanskrit are on Kumarapala's predecessors and the last eight chapters, in Prakrit are on Kumarapala's activities. Welcome light has also been thrown on great kings, ruling outside Gujarat, like the Malava king Bhoja, Cedi king Karma, etc. Being a contemporary and guru of Kumarapala, the author has given us minutest details regarding the religious and political activities of that great Jaina emperor. Much more comprehensive, in scope, is the history of Merutunga, called Prabandhacintamani, written in 1305 A.D. It is undoubtedly a great historical work after Kalhana's Rajatarangini, although its worth has often been underestimated. The account of earlier kings like Vikramaditya of tradition, is somewhat fanciful, but from V.S. 802, which is the accession date of Vanaraja, his history is authentic and is confirmed by other literary and epigraphic sources. The name of Munja's minister, namely Rudraditya, given by him, is confirmed by contemporary epigraphs and the details on the struggle between the Malavas and Caulukyas Kalyana are also fully confirmed by epigraphs. The tragic end of great Munja has been recorded 161
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________________ by him. Another interesting information is regarding the Bengal king Laksamana sena and his poet-minister Umapati, whose name is found in the famous Deopara Prasasti of the Senas. The defeat of Paramardin by Pothviraja has been mentioned by him and is confirmed by epigraphy. However the date of the destruction of Valabhi has been incorrectly given by him as V.S. 375, the actual date V.S. 845, has been supplied by another Jaina work, namely the Vividhatirthakalpa of Jinaprabha. His account of the Caulukya and Vaghela dynasties is flawless, and so is his account of the two great ministers, namely Vastupala and Tejapala. The Prabandhakosa of Rajasekhara, written in 1347 A.D., is another interesting work of history, although its author does not stand in comparison with either Hamacandra or Merutunga. There are some fanciful details. However, interesting light has been thrown on the political relationship between Jayacandra of Kanyakubja and Laksamanasena of Bengal. It however incorrectly makes the great Bhadrabahu, the son of a Brahmin of Pratisthana, the correct information is found in much earlier work, namely the Brhatkathakosa, written in 931 A.D., which represents this savant as the son of a Brahmin of Devokotta in Bengal. A very interesting work, which is actually a geographical treatise, is the Vividhatirthakalpa of Jinaprabha, written between V.S. 1364 and 1389. Its great importance has been discussed by the present speaker in the second volume of his comprehensive history of Jainism. It is of great significance to note that Jinaprabha was honoured by even the Muslim emperor Muhammad Bin Tughlaq. Some dates, given by him are absolutely correct, namely the date of the destruction of Valabhi, of Somnath and of the date of Prthviraja's defeat and death has also been correctly given and because of the information supplied by him, that we have been able to correctly identify the ancient city of Mithila. Another medieval Jaina work, namely the Kharataragacchabrhadgurvavali is of supreme importance, for both the students of history and geography and it also yields the details regarding the activities of some little-known kings and it also tells us about the atrocities, committed by the Muslim rulers in Northern India and the details regarding them given in this and other Jaina text, fully tally with those given by the Muslim historians themselves. Those modern historians who have tried to whitewash these Muslim invaders, must go through these contemporary Jaina accounts and only then they will be able to comprehend the enormities committed by those perfidious Muslim conquerors. 162
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________________ The Jaina epigraphs also contribute not a little to our knowledge of ancient and medieval India. We have Jaina inscriptions from the days of Kharavela (1st century B.C.) to the days of Akbar, the great, and even afterwards. Among the important Jaina inscriptions, we may mention the Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela, the Mathura inscription, Paharpur Digambar inscription, from Rajsahi district, Bangladesh, the Aihole Prasasti of Ravikirti etc. More than five thousand Jaina epigraphs have so far been published and nearly 100,000 epigraphs still remain unpublished. In the field of Art also, the Jainas have contributed a lot. The earlier temples have almost disappeared, but thousands of medieval Jaina temples still exist with all their glory in Gujarat, Rajasthan and parts of other states of Northern India. In South India, we still have many standing Jaina temples, especially in Karnatak and Tamilnadu. We have Jaina scluptures from the 1st century B.C. upto the present time and a few thousand such sculptures are preserved in different museums of India. The present-day Jainas have still maintained their separate identity and fortunately the two warring sects, namely the Digambaras and the Svetambaras have come closer to one another. Their relationship with the Hindus is also. quite warm and cordial. The present speaker wishes them a very bright future. * Professor, Dept. of A.1.H. & C., University of Calcutta, Calcutta 163
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________________ Jahangir and Non-Violence - R.N. Mehta* In 1610 A.D. (V.S. 1666) the Jaina Samgha of 90 representatives with P. Vivek and Udehi met Padsah Jahangir at Agra and requested him to pass an order prohibiting slaughter of animals during the Paryusana festival. Padsah Jahangir complied with the request and a decree for prohibition of slaughter of animals during the Paryusana festival was promulgated. This information was sent to Vijayasena Suri in 1610 (V.S. 1667, Second day of Bright half of Kartika) by Sohakasuta of Tapagaccha. This interesting letter was published by Hiranand Sastri in 'Ancient Vijnapti Patras' in 1942. In this work Hiranand Sastri has commented on p. 20 that "Jahangir was not so tolerant as his father. That Jahangir also forbade animal slaughter under similar influence for some days is proved by the present document". This statement by Hiranand Sastri suggests two lines of thought. (1) Jahangir was not as tolerant as his father Akbar. (2) He forbade animal slaughter under the influence of the Jainas. These points require an examination. It is significant to raise a few questions to understand the situation. If Hiranand Sastri's view that Jahangir was less tolerant be examined then one has to find out whether Jahangir had any traumatic experience that led him towards the path of nonviolence as is noted by Asoka Maurya Did P. Vivek and P. Udehi and the Jaina Samgha went to preach Jahangir ? Was Jahangir influenced by this teaching and he declared the decree or Jahangir was thoughtful and had an innate desire for spreading non-violence. An examination of these points would require the study of the life of Jahangir. Fortunately Jahangir is credited to have maintained autobiographic notes for either twelve or eighteen years after he became the ruler. After that the notes were maintained by Mahammad Haji and Mutmmadkhan under Jahangir's instructions. This Persian account is variously known as 'Tuzuka-e-Jahangir', 'Tarikh-e-Salimsani', Tarikh-e-Jahangirnama, Dwazdasal, Jahangiri vakiyat etc. This work was translated by Major David Price in 1904 in English. It is reprinted under the table "Memoirs of the emperor Jahangir" by J.K. Ahuja from Delhi-7. This edition is used in the article, A perusal of this work indicates that Jahangir became Padsah on 10 164
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________________ Jamadul Akhir 1014, October 1605 on Tuesday. As soon as he became the ruler he had issued a decree. In it the eleventh item is highly significant as it deals with the ban on slaughter of animals. It is stated in it that -- 1. As Jahangir was born in Rabi-ul-avval meat-eating was prohibited in the kingdom. 2. He was enthroned on Thursday so slaughter was prohibited on that day. 3. For Sunday no slaughter of animals was permitted. This practice was established by Akbar before eleven years and Jahangir continued it. He had released the prisoners and in them one was in prison at Gwalior for forty years. It is highly significant that the above decree prohibited animal slaughter in the empire of Jahangir for 126 days. It clearly indicates that Jahangir had prohibited animal slaughter for at least four months during the year. Moreover Jahangir notes that Hindus should be allowed to follow their religion without any hindrance, but on the point of Sati it may be noted that he strictly prohibited this practice. If one follows his autobiography one finds two interesting examples of his attitudes. During his rule there was trouble on Lahore-Kabul high way. Khwaja Abul Hasan cleared this trouble. In this action 17,000 persons were killed and others were captured. Jahangir forgave those captured and gave them the work of bringing fodder for the elephants. He has noted that this blood bath is painful, but so long as other ways are not found there is no option. Moreover, he noted that the ruler has to protect his people from trouble. His remarks when compared with XIIIth Asokan edict finds a great similarity of experience and emotions. It is a well-known fact that he had hung a bell for Justice. These features in his life are highly significant for proper evaluation. The letter of Sohakasuta and its time are highly significant. When Jahangir came to throne. Paryusana festival was over, but Rabi-ul-avval and Paryusana were coinciding so the question of killing of animals was out of question. But it changed afterwards. In this change there was a coincidence of Jamadul Akhir in 1610 when Jaina Samgha went to the court of Jahangir. Usually during Paryusna the non-slaughter days, the Thursdays and Sundays would always be coming so two or three non-violent days would 165
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________________ naturally exist during these fesiivals. Under these conditions the Jaina Samgha at Agra took advantage of this situation and might have requested for promulgation of the decree of non-violence during Paryusana, on the coronation day. Jahangir conceded to this request. This information was sent to Vijayasena Suri who was residing at Patan (Somnath or Devkee). All these historical antecedents do not uphold the views of Hiranand Sastri as noted above. The analysis of Jahangir's auto-biography also suggests that he was deeply influenced by his father. As a boy Jahangir had asked his father about stopping the building of temples of the icon worshippers. Akbar's answer of tolerance as a shadow of the Almighty and universal peace had impressed him. He had therefore already imbibed from his childhood the lessons of multi cultural tolerant society and practices with a deep sense for sanctity of life. These ideas were highly favourable for the decree of Non-violence during the Puryasana. It might have extended the practice of Non-violence and ban on slaughter of animals for a week, but in reality it would be for five or six days more, during the whole year. Jahangir had already declared a ban on slaughter of animals for 126 days. The new order would take the days to 131 or 132 depending on Sundays and Thursdays. This was about 5% increase of days from Jahangir's point of view and a great help by the Padsah to the Jaina Samgha and glory to Tapagaccha. In conclusion, it may be stated that Jahangir had inherited from his father the ideas of zilullah (Ruler as shadow of the Almighty) and Sulah Kula (Universal peace), that were effective to sympathise with the Jaina idea of Non-violence. This coincidence was possibly the main reason of Jahangir's decree. Moreover, Jahangir's autobiography amply demonstrates his desire for non-violent action, but use of violence in the political activity, maintain ance of law and order etc. When other more sophisticated methods were not discovered, was reluctantly taken by him. In this aspect the position taken by him and 'Nisithacurni' as well as by Jaina thought to solve the riddle of violence for non-violent world also stand almost on the same platform. * Retd. Professor & Head, Dept. of Ancient History Gujarat Vidyapith, Ahmedabad. 166
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