Sagar Jain Vidya Bharti Part 2

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Parshwanath Shodhpith Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001685/1

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA 78 pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI bhAga-2 po0 sAgaramala jaina ke zodha-lekhoM kA ra saMkalana) - pro0 sAgaramala jaina saccaM logammi sArabhUyaM 83028005250000000000020827653 - pAzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI-5 Jan EPARSVANATHA VIDYAPITHA, VARANAS1-5 ay ora

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA : 78 pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI bhAga-2 (pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke zodha-lekhoM kA saMkalana ) lekhaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina nidezaka : pArzvanAtha vidyApITha vArANasI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha vArANasI -5

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pustaka : sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga-2 lekhaka : pro0 sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha karauMdI ( AI0 TI0 AI0 ke samIpa ) po0 : kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI. 221 005 dUrabhASa : 311462 prathama saMskaraNa : 1665 mUlya : rupaye 100.00 mudraka varddhamAna mudraNAlaya bhelUpurA, vArANasI - 10 SAGARA JAINA-VIDYA BHARATI, Vol. || Prof. Sagarmal Jain Published by Parsvanatha Vidyapitha Karaundi (I.T. I. Road) P.O. : B. H. U. Varanasi - 221005 Phone:311462 First Edition : 1995 Price : Rs. 100.00 Printed at Vardhaman Mudranalaya Bhelupura, Varanasi.

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prakAzakIya vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina dvArA likhita zodha-nibandhoM ke sArvakAlika mahattva ko dekhate hue lagabhaga tIna hajAra pRSThoM kI sampUrNa sAmagrI ko saMgrahIta kara, "sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI ke rUpa meM lagabhaga dasa khaNDoM meM prakAzita kara vidvadjanoM evaM sudhI pAThakoM ke samakSa prastuta karane kI hamArI yojanA hai| isa yojanA ke antargata. "sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI" bhAga 1, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha graMthamAlA - 70, prathama saMskaraNa 1664 prakAzita ho cukA hai| isI krama meM isa graMthamAlA ke 78 veM puSpa ke rUpa meM sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI kA dvitIya bhAga vidvAnoM ke samakSa prastuta karate hue hameM apAra harSa ho rahA hai| pro0 jaina ke lekhoM/nibandhoM kI eka lambI sUcI hai jo zramaNa, tulasIprajJA, dArzanika traimAsika, parAmarza, jinavANI Adi aneka patra-patrikAoM meM samaya- samaya para prakAzita hote rahe haiN| sAtha hI Apake aneka lekha, vibhinna smRtigranthoM, smArikAoM, saMgoSThiyoM evaM kaoNnphrensoM ke Alekha-saMgrahoM meM bhI prakAzita hue haiN| prastuta saMkalana meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza, sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA aura jaina dharma kA lezyA siddhAnta : eka vimarza, ye tIna lekha aise haiM jinakA praNayana kramazaH AcArya jayantasena sUri jI mahArAja, paM0 kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA evaM DaoN0 zAntA jaina ke granthoM kI bhUmikA ke rUpa meM huA hai| mana - zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA tathA 'buddha, vyakti nahIM prakriyA ye do nibandha kramazaH puSkara muni abhinandana grantha evaM paM0 jagannAtha jI upAdhyAya smRti grantha ke nimitta likhe gaye the| 'jaina AgamoM meM cArvAka darzana' nAmaka lekha dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAga kI eka saMgoSThI ke lie likhA gayA thaa| AtmavAda sambandhI lekha lagabhaga 30 varSa pUrva sudharmA meM prakAzita huA thaa| 'jaina darzana meM naitika sApekSatA tathA nirapekSatA' tathA 'sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa' ye do lekha dArzanika traimAsika meM prakAzita hue the| hama isa sAmagrI ke lie ina sabhI grantha lekhakoM/sampAdakoM evaM patra-patrikAoM ke prati apanA AbhAra vyakta karate haiN| vidyApITha ke pravaktA DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha evaM DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya tathA zodha sahAyaka zrI asIma kumAra mizra ne isa pustaka kI prUpha rIDiMga meM apanA sahayoga pradAna kiyA, etadartha hama unake prati apanA AbhAra vyakta karate jUna 1665 vArANasI bhUpendra nAtha jaina saciva, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha

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anukramaNikA 1-45 46 - 58 1. ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya 2. prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 3. mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM ___ usameM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya 4. sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA 5. tIrthaMkara aura Izvara ke sampratyayoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana 6. jaina dharma meM bhakti kA sthAna 7. mana - zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 8. jaina darzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA 6. sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa 10. jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza 11. prajJApuruSa paM0 jagannAtha jI upAdhyAya kI dRSTi meM buddha vyakti nahIM prakriyA 12. pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nae prakAzana 87 - 62 63 - 66 67 - 122 123 - 133 134 - 146 150 - 165 166 - 166 170 - 176

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza - pro. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya saMskRti meM ati prAcInakAla se hI do samAnAntara dhArAoM kI upasthiti pAI jAtI hai-- zramaNadhArA aura vaidikdhaaraa| jaina dharma aura saMskRti isI zramaNadhArA kA eka aMga hai| jahA~ zramaNadhArA nivRttiparaka rahI, vahA~ vaidikadhArA prvRttiprk| jahA~ zramaNadhArA meM saMnyAsa kA pratyaya pramukha banA, vahA~ vaidikadhArA meM gRhasthajIvana / zramaNadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA ko adhika abhivyakti dI aura yaha mAnA ki zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara, ataH usane zarIra aura saMsAra donoM se hI mukti ko apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya maanaa| usakI dRSTi meM jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlya gauNa rahe aura anAsakti, vairAgya aura AtmAnubhUti ke rUpa meM mokSa yA nirvANa ko hI sarvocca mUlya mAnA gyaa| isake viparIta vaidikadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana ko vareNya mAnakara jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM arthAt jIvana ke rakSaNa evaM poSaNa ke prayatnoM ke sAtha-sAtha pArasparika sahayoga yA sAmAjikatA ko pradhAnatA dii| phalataH vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti evaM pArasparika sahayoga hetu prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiM, yathA -- hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTha ho, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deM, vanaspati evaM anna pracura mAtrA meM utpanna hoM, hamameM paraspara sahayoga ho aadi| jJAtavya hai ki vedoM meM vairAgya evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA anupasthita hai, jabaki vaha zramaNadhArA kA kendrIya tattva hai| isa prakAra ye donoM dhArAyeM do bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM ko lekara pravAhita huI haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa inake sAhitya meM bhI inhIM bhinna-bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana pAyA jAtA hai| zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ko pradarzita kara tyAga aura vairAgyamaya jIvana zailI kA vikAsa kiyA gayA, jabaki vaidika sAhitya meM aihika jIvana ko adhika sukhI aura samRddha banAne hetu prArthanAoM kI aura sAmAjika-vyavasthA (varNa-vyavasthA) aura bhautika upalabdhiyoM ke hetu vividha karmakANDoM kI sRjanA huii| prArambhika vaidika sAhitya, jisameM mukhyataH veda aura brAhmaNa grantha samAhita haiM, meM laukika jIvana ko sukhI aura samRddha banAne vAlI prArthanAoM aura karmakANDoM kA hI prAdhAnya hai, isake viparIta zramaNa paramparA ke prArambhika sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA aura kSaNabhaMguratA ko pradarzita kara usase vairAgya aura vimukti ko hI pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| saMkSepa meM zramaNa paramparA kA sAhitya vairAgya pradhAna hai| zramaNadhArA aura usakI dhyAna aura yoga sAdhanA kI paramparA ke astittva ke saMketa hameM mohanajodar3o aura har3appA kI saMskRti ke kAla se hI milane lagate haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki haDappA saMskRti vaidika saMskRti se bhI pUrvavartI hI rahI hai| Rgveda jaise prAcInatama grantha meM bhI vrAtyoM aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ke ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate haiM ki usa yuga meM zramaNadhArA kA astitva thaa| jahA~ taka isa prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya kA prazna hai

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2 durbhAgya se vaha Aja hameM upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu vedoM meM usa prakAra kI jIvana dRSTi kI upasthiti ke saMketa yaha avazya sUcita karate haiM ki unakA apanA koI sAhitya bhI rahA hogA, jo kAlakrama meM lupta ho gyaa| Aja AtmasAdhanA pradhAna nivRttimUlaka zramaNadhArA ke sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna aMza yadi kahIM upalabdha hai, to vaha aupaniSadika sAhitya meM hai / prAcIna upaniSadoM meM na kevala vaidika karma-kANDoM aura bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kI AlocanA kI gaI hai, apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna Atmatattva kI sarvoparitA bhI pratiSThita kI gayI hai / Aja yaha sabase bar3I bhrAnti hai ki hama upaniSadoM ko vaidikadhArA ke pratinidhi grantha mAnate haiM, kintu unameM vaidika karmakANDoM kI spaSTa AlocanA ke jo svara mukharita hue haiM aura tapa tyAga pradhAna AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI jo pratiSThA huI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki ve mUlataH zramaNa jIvana-dRSTi ke prastotA haiM / ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM meM vaidikadhArA ke bhI kucha saMketa upalabdha haiM kintu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki upaniSadoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana dRSTi vaidika nahIM, zramaNa hai / ve usa yuga kI racanA haiM, jaba vaidikoM dvArA zramaNa saMskRti ke jIvana mUlyoM ko svIkRta kiyA jA rahA thaa| ve vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kI kahAnI kahate haiM / IzAvAsyopaniSad meM samanvaya kA yaha prayatna spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai / usameM tyAga aura bhoga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, karma aura karma- saMnyAsa, vyakti aura samaSTi, avidyA (bhautika jJAna ) aura vidyA (AdhyAtmika jJAna ) ke madhya eka sundara samanvaya sthApita kiyA gayA hai / upaniSadoM kA pUrvavartI evaM samasAmayika zramaNa paramparA kA jo adhikAMza sAhitya thA, vaha zramaNa paramparA kI anya dhArAoM ke jIvita na raha pAne yA unake bRhad hindU paramparA meM samAhita ho jAne ke kAraNa yA to vilupta ho gayA thA yA phira dUsarI jIvita zramaNa paramparAoM ke dvArA athavA bRhad hindU paramparA ke dvArA AtmasAta kara liyA gayA / kintu usake astitva ke saMketa evaM avazeSa Aja bhI aupaniSadika sAhitya, pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgamoM meM surakSita haiN| prAcIna AraNyakoM, upaniSadoM, AcArAMga ( prathama zrutaskandha), sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, isibhAsiyAI, theragAthA, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM ina vilupta yA samAhita zramaNa paramparAoM ke aneka RSiyoM ke upadeza Aja bhI pAye jAte haiM / isibhAsiyAI, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM ullikhita yAjJavalkya, nArada, asitadevala, kapila, pArAzara, AruNi, uddAlaka, nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta Adi RSi ve hI haiM, jinameM se aneka ke upadeza evaM AkhyAna upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI surakSita haiN| jaina paramparA meM RSibhASita meM inheM arhat RSi evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM siddhi ko prApta tapodhana mahApuruSa kahA gayA hai aura unheM apanI pUrva paramparA se sambaddha batAyA gayA hai| pAlitripiTaka ke dIghanikAya ke sAmaJJaphalasutta meM bhI buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaMkaroM ajitakezakambala, prakudhakAtyAyana, pUrNakazyapa, saMjayavelaTThiputta, maMkhaligozAlaka evaM niggaMThanAtaputta kI mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza huA hai, phira cAhe unheM vikRta rUpa meM hI prastuta kyoM na kiyA gayA ho| isI prakAra ke theragAthA, suttanipAta Adi ke aneka thera ( sthavira ) bhI prAcIna zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita rahe haiN| isa sabase bhArata meM --

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pro. sAgaramala jaina zramaNadhArA ke prAcInakAla meM astitva kI sUcanA mila jAtI hai| padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne pAlitripiTaka meM ajita, araka aura aranemi nAmaka tIrthaMkaroM ke ullekha ko bhI khoja nikAlA hai| jJAtavya hai ki usameM inheM "titthakaro kAmesu vItarAgo" kahA gayA hai-- cAhe hama yaha mAne yA na mAneM ki inakI saMgati jaina paramparA ke ajita, araha aura ariSTanemi nAmaka tIrthaMkaroM se ho sakatI hai-- kintu itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki ye sabhI ullekha zramaNadhArA ke atiprAcIna astitva ko hI sUcita karate haiN| vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgama vaidika sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama hai| vedoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ ullikhita haiN| mImAMsakadarzana ke anusAra veda apauruSeya hai arthAt kisI vyakti vizeSa dvArA nirmita nahIM hai| unake anusAra veda anAdi-nidhana hai, zAzvata hai, na to unakA koI racayitA hai aura nahIM rcnaakaal| naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA isase bhinna hai, ve veda-vacanoM ko Izvara-sRSTa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra veda apauruSeya nahIM, apitu IzvarakRta haiN| IzvarakRta hote hue bhI Izvara ke anAdi-nidhana hone se veda bhI anAdi-nidhana mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu jaba unheM IzvarasRSTa mAna liyA gayA hai, to phira anAdi kahanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki Izvara kI apekSA se to ve sAdi hI hoNge| jahA~ taka jainAgamoM kA prazna hai unheM artha-rUpa meM arthAt kathya-viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA upadiSTa mAnA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se ve apauruSeya nahIM haiN| ve artha-rUpa meM tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadiSTa aura zabda-rUpa meM gaNadharoM dvArA racita mAne jAte hai, kintu yaha bAta bhI kevala aMga AgamoM ke sandarbha meM hai| aMgabAhya Agama grantha to vibhinna sthaviroM aura pUrvadhara-AcAryoM kI kRti mAne hI jAte haiN| isa prakAra jaina Agama pauruSeya (puruSakRta) haiM aura kAla vizeSa meM nirmita haiN| kintu jaina AcAryoM ne eka anya apekSA se vicAra karate hue aMga AgamoM ko zAzvata bhI kahA hai| unake isa kathana kA AdhAra yaha hai ki tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA to anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai aura anantakAla taka calegI, koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM, jisameM tIrthakara nahIM hote haiN| ataH isa dRSTi se jaina Agama bhI anAdi-ananta siddha hote haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara bhinna-bhinna AtmAe~ hotI haiM kintu unake upadezoM meM samAnatA hotI hai aura unake samAna upadezoM ke AdhAra para racita grantha bhI samAna hI hote haiN| isI apekSA se nandIsatra meM AgamoM ko anAdi-nidhana bhI kahA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke kathana meM cAhe zabda-spa meM bhinnatA ho, kintu artha-rUpa meM bhinnatA nahIM hotI hai| ataH artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se yaha ekaspatA hI jainAgAmoM ko pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta siddha karatI hai| nandIsUtra (sUtra 58 ) meM kahA gayA hai ki "yaha jo dradaza-aMga yA gaNipiTaka hai-- vaha aisA nahIM hai ki yaha kabhI nahIM thA, kabhI nahIM rahegA aura na kabhI hogaa| yaha sadaiva thA, sadaiva hai aura sadaiva rhegaa| yaha dhruva, nitya, zAzvata, akSaya, avasthita aura nitya hai|" isa prakAra jaina cintaka eka ora pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke

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4 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza upadeza ke AdhAra para unake pramukha ziSyoM ke dvArA zabda-rUpa meM AgamoM kI racanA hone kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate haiM to dUsarI ora artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se samarUpatA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki artha rUpa se jina-vANI sadaiva thI aura sadaiva rhegii| vaha kabhI bhI naSTa nahIM hotI hai| vicAra kI apekSA se AgamoM kI zAzvatatA aura nityatA mAnya karate hue bhI jaina paramparA unheM zabda rUpa se sRSTa aura vicchinna hone vAlA bhI mAnatI hai / anekAnta kI bhASA meM kaheM to tIrthaMkara kI anavarata paramparA kI dRSTi se Agama zAzvata aura nitya hai, jabaki tIrthaMkara vizeSa kI zAsana kI apekSA se ve sRSTa evaM anitya haiN| vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgamoM meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki vedoM ke adhyayana meM sadaiva hI zabda-rUpa ko mahattva diyA gayA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki zabda-rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM honA caahie| cAhe usakA artha spaSTa ho yA na ho| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ko artha kA pravaktA mAnA gayA aura isalie isa bAta para bala diyA gayA ki cAhe AgamoM meM zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho jAya kintu unameM artha-bheda nahIM honA cAhie / yahI kAraNa thA ki zabda-rUpa kI isa upekSA ke kAraNa paravartIkAla meM AgamoM meM aneka bhASika parivartana hue aura Agama pAThoM kI ekarUpatA nahIM raha sakI / yadyapi vibhinna saMgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se ekarUpatA banAne kA prayAsa huA lekina usameM pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila sakI / yadyapi yaha zabda-rUpa parivartana bhI Age nirbAdha rUpa se na cale isalie eka ora unheM lipibaddha karane kA prayAsa huA to dUsarI ora AgamoM meM pada, akSara, anusvAra Adi meM parivartana karanA bhI mahApApa batAyA gyaa| isa prakAra yadyapi AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa ko sthiratA to pradAna kI gayI, phira bhI zabda kI apekSA artha para adhika bala diye jAne ke kAraNa jainAgamoM kA svarUpa pUrNatayA aparivartita nahIM raha sakA, jabaki veda zabda-rUpa meM aparivartita rahe / Aja bhI unameM aisI aneka RcAyeM haiM-- jinakA koI artha nahIM nikalatA hai (anarthakAri mantrAH ) / isa prakAra veda zabda- pradhAna hai jabaki jaina Agama artha- pradhAna hai| veda aura jainAgamoM meM tIsarI bhinnatA unakI viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se bhI hai| vedoM meM bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke prati prArthanAe~ hI pradhAna rUpa se dekhI jAtI hai, sAtha hI kucha khagola- bhUgola sambandhI vivaraNa aura kathAe~ bhI haiN| jabaki jaina ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM AdhyAtmika evaM vairAgyaparaka upadezoM ke dvArA mana, indriya aura vAsanAoM para vijaya pAne ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| isake sAtha-sAtha usameM muni evaM gRhastha ke AcAra sambandhI vidhi - niSedha pramukhatA se varNita haiM tathA tapa sAdhanA aura karma-phala viSayaka kucha kathAyeM bhI haiM / khagola- bhUgola sambandhI carcA bhI jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi granthoM meM haiM / jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai usakA prArambhika rUpa hI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai / vaidika sAhitya meM vedoM ke pazcAt kramazaH brAhmaNa-granthoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kA krama AtA hai| inameM brAhmaNa grantha mukhyataH yajJa-yAga sambandhI karmakANDoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| ataH unakI zailI aura viSaya-vastu donoM hI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya se bhinna hai / AraNyakoM ke sambandha meM maiM abhI taka samyak adhyayana nahIM kara pAyA hU~ ataH unase ardhamAgadhI

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pro. sAgaramala jaina Agama sAhitya kI tulanA kara pAnA mere liye sambhava nahIM hai| kintu AraNyakoM meM vairAgya, nivRtti evaM vAnaprastha jIvana ke aneka tathyoM ke ullekha hone se vizeSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvArA unameM aura jaina AgamoM meM samarUpatA ko khojA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka upaniSadoM kA prazna hai upaniSadoM ke aneka aMza AcArAMga, isibhAsiyAiM Adi prAcIna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhI yathAvat upalabdha hote haiN| yAjJavalkya, nArada, kapila, asitadevala, aruNa, uddAlaka, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke ullekha evaM upadeza isibhAsiyAI, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha haiN| isibhAsiyAiM meM yAjJavalkya kA upadeza usI rUpa meM varNita hai, jaisA vaha upaniSadoM meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke aneka AkhyAna, upadeza evaM kathAe~ mAtra nAma-bheda ke sAtha mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM vistArabhaya se vaha saba tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| inake tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu icchuka pAThakoM ko isibhAsiyAiM kI merI bhUmikA evaM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana khaNDa 1 evaM 2 dekhane kI anuzaMsA karake isa carcA ko yahIM virAma detA huuN| pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama apane udbhava srota kI apekSA se samakAlika kahe jA sakate hai, kyoMki pAlitripiTaka ke pravaktA bhagavAna buddha aura jainAgamoM ke pravaktA bhagavAna mahAvIra samakAlika hI haiN| isalie donoM ke prArambhika granthoM kA racanAkAla bhI samasAmayika hai| dUsare jaina paramparA aura bauddha paramparA donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNadhArA ke aMga haiM ataH donoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi eka hI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi jainAgamoM aura pAlitripiTaka ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se ho jAtI hai| donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se nivRttiparaka jIvana-dRSTi ko apanAyA gayA hai aura sadAcAra evaM naitikatA kI prasthApanA ke prayatna kiye gaye haiM, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se bhI donoM hI paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM samAnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika evaM kucha prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~, suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi meM mila jAtI hai| kintu jahA~ taka donoM ke darzana evaM AcAra niyamoM kA prazna hai, vahA~ spaSTa antara bhI dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki jahA~ bhagavAna buddha AcAra ke kSetra meM madhyamamArgIya the, vahA~ mahAvIra tapa, tyAga aura titikSA para adhika bala de rahe the| isa prakAra AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM kI dRSTiyA~ bhinna thiiN| yadyapi vicAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra aura buddha donoM hI ekAntavAda ke samAlocaka the, kintu jahA~ buddha ne ekAntavAdoM ko kevala nakArA, vahA~ mahAvIra ne una ekAntavAdoM meM samanvaya kiyaa| ataH darzana ke kSetra meM buddha kI dRSTi nakArAtmaka rahI hai, jabaki mahAvIra kI sakArAtmaka / isa prakAra darzana aura AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM meM jo bhinnatA thI, vaha unake sAhitya meM bhI abhivyakta huI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya pAThaka kI apekSA se donoM paramparA ke granthoM meM kSaNikavAda, anAtmavAda Adi dArzanika prasthAnoM ko chor3akara ekatA hI adhika parilakSita hotI hai|

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6 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza AgamoM kA mahattva evaM prAmANikatA pratyeka dharma paramparA meM dharma grantha yA zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, kyoMki usa dharma ke dArzanika siddhAnta aura AcAra vyavasthA donoM ke lie "zAstra" hI eka mAtra pramANa hotA hai / hindUdharma meM veda kA, bauddhadharma meM tripiTaka kA, pArasIdharma meM avestA kA, IsAI dharma meM bAibila kA aura islAma meM kurAna kA, jo sthAna hai, vahI sthAna jainadharma meM Agama sAhitya kA hai / phira bhI Agama sAhitya ko na to veda ke samAna apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai aura na bAibila yA kurAna ke samAna kisI paigambara ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA Izvara kA sandeza hI, apitu vaha una arhatoM va RSiyoM kI vANI kA saMkalana hai, jinhoMne apanI tapasyA aura sAdhanA dvArA satya kA prakAza prApta kiyA thaa| jainoM ke lie Agama jinavANI hai, Aptavacana hai, unake dharma-darzana aura sAdhanA kA AdhAra hai / yadyapi vartamAna meM jainadharma kA digambara sampradAya upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAnatA hai, kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM ina AgamoM meM kucha aisA prakSipta aMza hai, jo unakI mAnyatAoM ke viparIta hai / merI dRSTi meM cAhe vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM kucha prakSipta aMza hoM yA unameM kucha parivartana-parivardhana bhI huA ho, phira bhI ve jainadharma ke prAmANika dastAveja haiN| unameM aneka aitihAsika tathya upalabdha haiN| unakI pUrNataH asvIkRti kA artha apanI prAmANikatA ko hI nakAranA hai / zvetAmbara mAnya ina ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye I. pU. pA~cavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI arthAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa meM jaina saMgha ke car3hAva utAra kI eka prAmANika kahAnI kaha dete haiM / ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa vartamAna jo Agama grantha upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai-11 aMga 1. AyAra ( AcArAMga ), 2. sUyagaDa ( sUtrakRtAMga), 3. ThANa ( sthAnAMga ), 4. samavAya (samavAyAMga), 5. viyAhapannatti ( vyAkhyAprajJapti yA bhagavatI), 6. nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAta-dharmakathAH ), 7. uvAsagadasAo ( upAsakadazAH ), 8. aMtagaDadasAo ( antakRddazAH ), 9. anuttarovavAiyadasAo (anuttaraupapAtikadazAH ), 10. paNhAvAgaraNAI (praznavyAkaraNAni ), 11. vivAgasuyaM (vipAkazrutam ), 12 dRSTivAda (diTThivAya), jo vicchinna huA hai| 12 upAMga 6. jambuddIvapaNNatta 1. uvavAiyaM ( aupapAtikaM), 2. rAyapaseNaijaM (rAjaprasenajitkaM ) athavA rAyapaseNiyaM (rAjapraznIyaM), 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA (prajJApanA), 5. sUrapaNNatti (sUryaprajJapti), (jambUdvIpaprajJapti), 7. caMdapaNNatti (candraprajJapti), 8-12. nirayAvaliyAsuyakkhaMdha (nirayAvalikAzrutaskandha ), 8. nirayAvaliyAo ( nirayAvalikAH ), 9. kappavaDiMsiyAo (kalpAvataMsikAH ), 10. puSphiyAo ( puSpikAH ), 11. puSkacUlAo (puSpacUlAH ), 12. vaNhidasAo ( vRSNidazA ) /

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pro. sAgaramala jaina jahA~ taka uparyukta aMga aura upAMga granthoM kA prazna hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAya inheM mAnya karate haiN| jabaki digambara sampradAya inhIM gyAraha aMgasUtroM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki ve aMgasUtra vartamAna meM vilupta ho gaye haiN| upAMgasUtroM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM eka rupatA hai, kintu digambara paramparA meM bAraha upAMgoM kI na to koI mAnyatA rahI aura na ve vartamAna meM ina granthoM ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadyapi jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dIpasAgaraprajJapti Adi nAmoM se unake yahA~ kucha grantha avazya pAye jAte haiN| sAtha hI sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdrIpaprajJapti ko bhI unake dvArA dRSTivAda ke parikarma vibhAga ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| 4 mUlasUtra sAmAnyatayA (1) uttarAdhyayana, (2) dazavaikAlika, (3) Avazyaka aura (4) piNDaniyukti -- ye cAra mUlasUtra mAne gaye haiN| phira bhI mUlasUtroM kI saMkhyA aura nAmoM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM ekarupatA nahIM hai| jahA~ taka uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai inheM sabhI zvetAmbara sampradAyoM evaM AcAryoM ne eka mata se mUlasUtra mAnA hai| samayasundara, bhAvaprabhasUri tathA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM pro. vebara, pro. vUlhara, pro. sArapenTiyara, pro. vinTarnitja, pro. zUbriga Adi ne eka svara se Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai, kintu sthAnakavAsI evaM terApanthI sampradAya Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra ke antargata nahIM mAnate haiN| ye donoM sampradAya Avazyaka evaM piNDaniyukti ke sthAna para nandI aura anuyogadvAra ko mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne piNDaniyukti ke sAtha-sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra meM mAnA hai| isa prakAra mUlasUtroM ke vargIkaraNa aura unake nAmoM meM eka rupatA kA abhAva hai| digambara paramparA meM ina mUlasUtroM meM se dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka mAnya rahe haiN| tattvArtha kI digambara TIkAoM meM, dhavalA meM tathA aMgapaNNatti meM inakA ullekha hai| jJAtavya hai ki aMgapaNNatti meM nandIsUtra kI bhA~ti hI Avazyaka ke chaha vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| yApanIya paramparA meM bhI na kevala Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika mAnya rahe haiM, apitu yApanIya AcArya aparAjita (navIM zatI) ne to dazavaikAlika kI TIkA bhI likhI thii| 6 chedasUtra chedasUtroM ke antargata vartamAna meM 1. AyAradazA (dazAzrutaskandha), 2. kappa (kalpa), 3. vavahAra (vyavahAra), 4 nisIha (nizItha), 5. mahAnisIha (mahAnizItha) aura 6. jIyakappa (jItakalpa) ye chaha grantha mAne jAte haiN| inameM se mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko zvetAmbaroM kI terApanthI aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAyeM mAnya nahIM karatI haiN| ve donoM mAtra cAra hI chedasUtra mAnate haiN| jabaki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya uparyukta 6 chedasUtroM ko mAnatA hai| jahA~ taka digambara aura yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai unameM aMgabAhya granthoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha kA ullekha milatA hai| yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM na kevala inakA ullekha milatA hai, apitu inake avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| Azcarya yaha hai ki vartamAna meM digambara paramparA meM pracalita

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza mUlataH yApanIya paramparA ke prAyazcita sambandhI grantha "chedapiNDazAstra" meM kalpa aura vyavahAra ke pramANya ke sAtha-sAtha jItakalpa kA bhI pramANya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra digambara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha aura jItakalpa kI mAnyatA rahI hai, yadyapi vartamAna meM digambara AcArya inheM mAnya nahIM karate haiN| 10 prakIrNaka isake antargata nimna dasa grantha mAne jAte haiM -- 1. causaraNa (catuHzaraNa), 2. AurapaccAkkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna), 3. bhattaparinnA (bhaktaparijJA), 4. saMthAraya (saMstAraka), 5. taMDulaveyAliya (taMdulavaicArika), 6. caMdavejjhaya ( candravedhyaka), 7. devindatthaya ( devendrastava), 8. gaNivijjA (gaNividyA), 9. mahApaccAkkhANa ( mahApratyAkhyAna) aura 10 vIratthaya (viirstv)| zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karate haiN| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM inameM unakI paramparA ke viruddha aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jisase inheM amAnya kiyA jaaye| inameM se 9 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha to nandIsUtra meM mila jAtA hai| ataH inheM amAnya karane kA koI aucitya nahIM hai| hamane isakI vistRta carcA Agama saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita mahApaccakkhANa kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| jahA~ taka dasa prakIrNakoM ke nAma Adi kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM meM bhI kiMcita matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| lagabhaga 9 nAmoM meM to eka rupatA hai kintu bhattaparinnA, maraNavidhi aura vIrastava ye tIna nAma aise haiM jo bhinna-bhinna AcAryoM ke vargIkaraNa meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa se Aye haiN| kisI ne bhaktaparijJA ko chor3akara maraNavidhi kA ullekha kiyA hai to kisI ne usake sthAna para vIrastava kA ullekha kiyA hai| muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne paiNNayasuttAI, prathama bhAga kI bhUmikA meM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita lagabhaga nimna 22 granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai inameM se adhikAMza mahAvIra vidyAlaya se paiNNayasuttAiM nAma se 2 bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| aMgavidyA kA prakAzana prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI kI ora se huA hai| ye bAIsa prakIrNaka nimna haiM-- 1. catuHzaraNa, 2. AturapratyAkhyAna, 3. bhaktaparijJA, 4. saMstAraka, 5. taMdulavaicArika, 6. candravedhyaka, 7. devendrastava, 8. gaNivijjA, 9. mahApratyAkhyAna, 10. vIrastava, 11. RSibhASita, 12. ajIvakalpa, 13. gacchAcAra, 14. maraNasamAdhi, 15. titthogAliya, 16. ArAdhanApatAkA, 17. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, 18. jyotiSkaraNDaka, 19. aMgavidyA, 20. siddhaprAmRta, 21. sArAvalI aura 22. jiivvibhkti| isake atirikta eka hI nAma ke aneka prakIrNaka bhI upalabdha hote haiM, yathA--- "AurapaccakkhAna" ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha hote haiN| unameM se eka to dasavIM zatI ke AcArya vIrabhadra kI kRti hai| inameM se nandI aura pAkSikasUtra ke utkAlika sUtroM ke varga meM devendrastava, taMdulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, maraNavibhakti, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna ye sAta nAma pAye jAte haiM

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 9 aura kAlikasUtroM ke varga meM RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti ye do nAma pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra nandI evaM pAkSikasUtra meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka samAja ke kucha AcArya jo 84 Agama mAnate haiM, ve prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA 10 ke sthAna para 30 mAnate haiN| isameM pUrvokta 22 nAmoM ke atirikta nimna 8 prakIrNaka aura mAne gaye haiN| piNDavizuddhi, paryantaArAdhanA, yoniprAbhRta, aMgacUliyA, vaMgacUliyA, vRddhacatuH zaraNa, jambUpayannA aura kalpasUtra / jahA~ taka digambara paramparA evaM yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai, vaha spaSTataH ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karatI haiM, phira bhI mUlAcAra meM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna se aneka gAthAyeM usake saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna aura bRhat - pratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM avatarita kI gaI hai| isI prakAra bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti, ArAdhanApatAkA Adi aneka prakIrNakoM kI gAthAyeM avatarita haiN| jJAtavya hai ki inameM aMga bAhyoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai I 2 cUlikAsUtra cUlikAsUtra ke antargata nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra ye do grantha mAne jAte haiN| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki sthAnakavAsI paramparA inheM cUlikAsUtra na kahakara mUlasUtra meM vargIkRta karatI hai / phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM ko mAnya rahe haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 mUla, 6 cheda, 10 prakIrNaka, 2 cUlikAsUtra -- ye 45 Agama zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM mAnya haiN| sthAnakavAsI va terApanthI isameM se 10 prakIrNaka, jItakalpa, mahAnizItha aura piNDaniryukti ina 13 granthoM ko kama karake 32 Agama mAnya karate haiN| jo loga caurAsI Agama mAnya karate haiM ve dasa prakIrNakoM ke sthAna para pUrvokta tIsa prakIrNaka mAnate haiN| isake sAtha dasa niyuktiyoM tathA yatijItakalpa, zrAddhajatikalpa, pAkSikasUtra, kSamApanAsUtra, vandittu tithi - prakaraNa, kavacaprakaraNa, saMzaktaniryukti aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya ko bhI AgamoM meM sammilita karate haiN| ---- isa prakAra vartamAnakAla meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha vargIkaraNa paryApta paravartI hai| 12vIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM isa prakAra ke vargIkaraNa kA kahIM koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai| vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sarvaprathama hameM AcArya zrIcanda kI "sukhabodhAsamAcArI" (I.san. 1112 ) meM AMzika rUpa se upalabdha hotI hai| isameM Agama sAhitya ke adhyayana kA jo krama diyA gayA hai usase kevala itanA hI pratiphalita hotA hai ki aMga, upAMga Adi kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thii| kintu vartamAnakAla meM jisa prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thA / usameM mAtra aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka itane hI nAma milate haiN| vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nandIsUtra va anuyogadvArasUtra ko bhI prakIrNakoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| sukhabodhAsamAcArI kA yaha

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza vivaraNa mukhya rUpa se to Agama granthoM ke adhyayana-krama ko hI sUcita karatA hai| isameM muni jIvana sambandhI AcAra niyamoM ke pratipAdaka Agama granthoM ke adhyayana ko prAthamikatA dI gayI hai aura siddhAnta granthoM kA adhyayana bauddhika paripakvatA ke pazcAt ho aisI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| isI dRSTi se eka anya vivaraNa jinaprabha ne apane grantha vidhimArgaprapA meM diyA hai| isameM vartamAna meM ullikhita AgamoM ke nAma to mila jAte haiM, kintu kauna Agama kisa varga kA hai yaha ullekha nahIM hai| mAtra pratyeka varga ke AgamoM ke nAma eka sAtha Ane ke kAraNa yaha vizvAsa kayA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka cAhe aMga, upAMga Adi kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa parNataH sthira na huA ho, kintu jaisA padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI kA kathana hai ki kauna grantha kisake sAtha ullikhita honA cAhie aisA eka krama bana gayA thA, kyoMki usameM aMga, upAMga, cheda, mUla, prakIrNaka evaM cUlikAsUtroM ke nAma eka hI sAtha milate haiN| vidhimArgaprapA meM aMga, upAMga granthoM kA pArasparika sambandha bhI nizcita kiyA gayA thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM eka matAntara kA ullekha karate hue usameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kucha AcArya candraprajJapti evaM sUryaprajJapti ko bhagavatI kA upAMga mAnate haiN| jinaprabha ne isa grantha meM sarvaprathama vAcanAvidhi ke prArambha meM aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda aura mUla ina vargoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne vidhimArgaprapA ko I. san 1306 meM pUrNa kiyA thA, ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki isake Asa-pAsa hI AgamoM kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pracalana meM AyA hogaa| AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI isase bhinna rahI hai| isa prAcIna zailI kA sarvaprathama nirdeza hameM nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra (IsvI san pA~cavIM zatI) meM milatA hai| usa yuga meM AgamoM ko aMgapraviSTa va aMgabAhya-- ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA thaa| aMgapraviSTa ke antargata AcArAMga Adi 12 aMga grantha Ate the| zeSa grantha aMgabAhya kahe jAte the| usameM aMgabAyoM kI eka saMjJA prakIrNaka bhI thii| aMgaprajJapti nAmaka digambara grantha meM bhI aMgabAyoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| aMgabAhya ko punaH do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thA-- 1. Avazyaka aura 2. aavshyk-vytirikt| Avazyaka ke antargata sAmAyika Adi chaH grantha the| jJAtavya hai ki vartamAna vargIkaraNa meM Avazyaka ko eka hI grantha mAnA jAtA hai aura sAmAyika Adi 6 Avazyaka aMgoM ko usake eka-eka adhyAya rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, kintu prAcInakAla meM inheM chaha svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA thaa| isakI puSTi aMgapaNNatti Adi digambara granthoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| unameM bhI sAmAyika Adi ko chaha svatantra grantha mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi usameM kAyotsarga evaM pratyAkhyAna ke sthAnapara vainayika evaM kRtikarma nAma milate haiN| Avazyaka-vyatirikta ke bhI do bhAga kiye jAte the-- 1. kAlika aura 2. utkAlika / jinakA svAdhyAya vikAla ko chor3akara kiyA jAtA thA, ve kAlika kahalAte the, jabaki utkAlika granthoM ke adhyayana yA svAdhyAya meM kAla evaM vikAla kA vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra kI AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI yaha sUcI nimnAnusAra hai--

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 11 zruta (Agama) (ka) aMgapraviSTa (kha) aMgabAhaya (ka) Avazyaka (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta 1. AcArAMga 2. sUtrakRtAMga 3. sthAnAMga 4. samavAyAMga 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 7. upAsakadazAMga 8. antakRtdazAMga 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazAMga 10. praznavyAkaraNa 11. vipAkasUtra 12. dRSTivAda 1. sAmAyika 2. caturviMzatistava 3. vandanA 4. pratikramaNa 5. kAyotsarga 6. pratyAkhyAna (ka) kAlika (kha) utkAlika 1. uttarAdhyayana 2. dazAzrutaskandha 3. kalpa 4. vyavahAra 5. nizItha 6. mahAnizItha 7. RSibhASita 8. jambUdIpaprajJapti 9. dIpasAgaraprajJapti 10. candraprajJapti 11. kSullikAvimAna -pravibhakti 12. mahallikAvimAna -pravibhakti 13. aMgacUlikA 14. vaggacUlikA 15. vivAhacUlikA 16. aruNopapAta 17. varuNopapAta 18. garuDopapAta 19. dharaNopapAta 20. vaizramaNopapAta 1. dazavaikAlika 21. velandharopapAta 2. kalpikAkalpika 22. devendropapAta 3. cullakalpazruta 23. utthAnazruta 4. mahAkalpazruta 24. samutthAnazruta 5. aupapAtika 25. nAgaparijJApanikA 6. rAjapraznIya 26. nirayAvalikA 7. jIvAbhigama 27. kalpikA 8. prajJApanA 28. kalpAvataMsikA 9. mahAprajJApanA 29. puSpitA 10. pramAdApramAda 30. puSpacUlikA 11. nandI 31. vRSNidazA 12. anuyogadvAra 13. devendrastava 14. tandulavaicArika 15. candravedhyaka 16. sUryaprajJapti 17. pauruSImaMDala 18. maNDalapraveza 19.vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya 20. gaNividyA 21. dhyAnavibhakti 22. maraNavibhakti 23. Atmavizodhi 24. vItarAgazruta 25. saMlekhaNAzruta 26. vihArakalpa 27. caraNavidhi 28. AturapratyAkhyAna 29. mahApratyAkhyAna

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12 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza isa prakAra nandIsUtra meM 12 aMga, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika evaM 28 utkAlika sahita 78 AgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki Aja inameM se aneka grantha anupalabdha haiN| yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa yApanIya aura digambara paramparAoM meM jaina Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI jo zailI mAnya rahI hai, vaha bhI bahuta kucha nandIsUtra kI zailI ke hI anurUpa hai| unhoMne use umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra se grahaNa kiyA hai| usameM AgamoM ko aMga aura aMgabAhya aise do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| inameM aMgoM kI bAraha saMkhyA kA spaSTa ullekha to milatA hai, kintu aMgabAhya kI saMkhyA kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM hai / mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai aMgabAhya aneka prakAra ke haiM / kintu apane tattvArthabhASya ( 1 / 20 ) meM AcArya umAsvAti ne aMga bAhya ke antargata sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi chaha AvazyakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai usake bAda dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazA, kalpa - vyavahAra, nizItha aura RSibhASita ke nAma dekara anta meM Adi zabda se anya granthoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai| kintu aMgabAhya meM spaSTa nAma to unhoMne kevala bAraha hI diye haiN| isameM kalpa-vyavahAra kA ekIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| eka anya sUcanA se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tattvArthabhASya meM upAMga saMjJA kA nirdeza hai| ho sakatA hai ki pahale 12 aMgoM ke samAna yahI 12 upAMga mAne jAte hoN| tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda, akalaMka, vidyAnandI Adi digambara AcAryoM ne aMgabAhya meM na kevala uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu kAlika evaM utkAlika aise vargoM kA bhI nAma nirdeza (1/20 ) kiyA hai| harivaMzapurANa evaM dhavalATIkA meM AgamoM kA jo vargIkaraNa upalabdha hotA hai usameM 12 aMgoM evaM 14 aMgabAyoM kA ullekha hai / usameM bhI aMgabAyoM meM sarvaprathama chaha AvazyakoM kA ullekha hai, tatpazcAt dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa-vyavahAra, kappAkappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka va nizItha kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra dhavalA meM 12 aMga aura 14 aMgabAyoM kI gaNanA kI gyii| isameM bhI kalpa aura vyavahAra ko eka hI grantha mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki tattvArthabhASya kI apekSA isameM kappAkappIya (kalpikAkalpika), mahAkappIya ( mahAkalpa ), puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka-- ye cAra nAma adhika haiM / kintu bhASya meM ullikhita dazA aura RSibhASita ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| isameM jo cAra nAma adhika haiM-- unameM kappAkappIya aura mahAkappIya kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM bhI hai, mAtra puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka ye do nAma vizeSa haiM / digambara paramparA meM AcArya zubhacandra kRta aMgaprajJapti ( aMgapaNNatti ) nAmaka eka grantha milatA hai| yaha grantha dhavalATIkA ke pazcAt kA pratIta hotA hai| isameM dhavalATIkA meM varNita 12 aMgapraviSTa va 14 aMgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai / yadyapi isameM aMgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa saMkSipta hI hai| isa grantha meM aura digambara paramparA ke anya granthoM meM aMga bAhyoM ko prakIrNaka bhI kahA gayA hai (3.10) / isameM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAyika pramukha 14 prakIrNaka aMgabAhya hai| isameM diye gaye viSaya-vastu ke vivaraNa se lagatA hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina ki yaha vivaraNa mAtra anuzruti ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, mUla granthoM ko lekhaka ne nahIM dekhA hai, isameM bhI puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka kA ullekha hai| ina donoM granthoM kA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM mujhe kahIM nahI milA / yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ke sUtrakRtAMga meM eka adhyayana nAma puNDarIka avazya milatA hai| prakIrNakoM meM eka sArAvalI prakIrNaka hai| isameM puNDarIka mahAtIrtha (zatruMjaya) kI mahattA kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| sambhava hai ki puNDarIka sArAvalI prakIrNaka kA hI yaha dUsarA nAma ho| phira bhI spaSTa pramANa ke abhAva meM isa sambandha meM adhika kucha kahanA ucita nahIM hogA / 13 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prathama zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka AgamoM ko nandIsUtra kI zailI meM aMga aura aMgabAhya punaH aMga bAhyoM ko Avazyaka aura Avazyaka-vyatirikta aise do vibhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thaa| Avazyaka - vyatirikta meM bhI kAlika aura utkAlika aise do vibhAga sarvamAnya the| lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke bAda se aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra yaha vartamAna vargIkaraNa astitva meM AyA hai| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM meM sabhI aMgabAhya AgamoM ke lie prakIrNaka (paiNNaya ) nAma bhI pracalita rahA hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI prAcInatA evaM unakA racanAkAla bhArata jaise vizAla deza meM atiprAcInakAla se hI aneka boliyoM kA astitva rahA hai, kintu sAhityika dRSTi se bhArata meM tIna prAcIna bhASAe~ pracalita rahI haiM saMskRta, prAkRta aura pAli / inameM saMskRta ke do rUpa pAye jAte haiM-- chAndas aura sAhityika saMskRta / veda chAndas saMskRta meM hai, jo pAli aura prAkRta ke nikaTa hai| upaniSadoM kI bhASA chAndas kI apekSA sAhityika saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, usameM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAcInatama hai| yahA~ taka ki AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha aura RSibhASita to azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai| ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I. pU. pA~cavIM - cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiM / AcArAMga kI sUtrAtmaka aupaniSadika zailI use upaniSadoM kA nikaTavartI aura svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI siddha karatI hai| bhAva, bhASA aura zailI tInoM ke AdhAra para yaha sampUrNa pAli aura prAkRta sAhitya meM prAcInatama hai / AmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva sambandhI isake vivaraNa aupaniSadika vivaraNoM ke anurUpa haiN| isameM pratipAdita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta bhI alaukikatA aura atizayatA rahita hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vivaraNa bhI usI vyakti dvArA kahA gayA hai, jisane svayaM unakI jIvanacaryA ko nikaTatA se dekhA aura jAnA hogaa| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM hI sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke chaTheM adhyAya, AcArAMgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA kA ullekha hai, kintu ve bhI apekSAkRta rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA paravartI haiM, kyoMki unameM kramazaH alaukikatA, atizayatA aura atiraMjanA kA praveza hotA gayA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita kI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se rahita udAradRSTi tathA bhAva aura bhASAgata aneka tathya use AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara sampUrNa prAkRta evaM pAlisAhitya meM -1 --

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* 14 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza prAcInatama siddha karate haiN| pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu aneka tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki RSibhASita, suttanipAta se bhI prAcIna hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA sthUlibhadra ke samaya arthAt IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ataH itanA nizcita hai ki usa samaya taka ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thA / isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla kI uttara sImA I. pU. pA~cavIM - cauthI zatAbdI siddha hotI hai, jo ki isa sAhitya kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatI hai / phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kI / yaha satya hai ki isa sAhitya ko antima rUpa vIranirvANa samvat 980 meM vallabhI meM sampanna huI vAcanA meM prApta huaa| kintu isa AdhAra para hamAre kucha vidvAna mitra yaha galata niSkarSa nikAla lete haiM ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya IsvI san kI pA~cavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai / yadi ardhamAgadhI Agama IsA kI pA~cavI zatI kI racanA haiM, to vallabhI kI isa antima vAcanA ke pUrva bhI vallabhI, mathurA, khaNDagiri aura pATalIputra meM jo vAcanAyeM huIM thIM unameM saMkalita sAhitya kauna sA thA ? unheM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki valabhI meM AgamoM ko saMkalita, suvyavasthita aura sampAdita karake lipibaddha ( pustakArur3ha ) kiyA gayA thA, ataH yaha kisI bhI sthiti meM unakA racanA kAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| saMkalana aura sampAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai / punaH AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu, bhASA aura zailI kI jo vividhatA aura bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kI pramANa hai ki saMkalana aura sampAdana ke samaya unakI maulikatA ko yathAvata rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, anyathA Aja unakA prAcIna svarUpa samApta hI ho jAtA aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA aura zailI bhI parivartita ho jAtI tathA usake upadhAnazruta nAmaka naveM adhyayana meM varNita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta alaukikatA evaM atizayoM se yukta bana jaataa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kucha prakSipta aMza haiM, kintu prathama to aise prakSepa bahuta hI kama haiM aura dUsare unheM spaSTa rUpa se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| ataH isa AdhAra para sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko paravartI mAna lenA sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogI / ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya para kabhI-kabhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara bhI usakI prAcInatA para saMdeha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu prAcIna hastapratoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka prAcIna hastapratoM meM Aja bhI unakA "ta" zrutipradhAna ardhamAgadhI svarUpa surakSita hai| AcArAMga ke prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke adhyayana se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki paravartIkAla meM usameM kitane pAThAntara ho gaye haiM / isa sAhitya para jo mahArASTrI prabhAva A gayA hai vaha lipikAroM aura TIkAkAroM kI apanI bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA "rAmaputte" pATha cUrNi meM "rAmAutte" aura zIlAMka kI TIkA meM "rAmagutte" ho gyaa| ataH ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM, mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara unakI prAcInatA para saMdeha nahIM karanA cAhiye / apitu una granthoM kI vibhinna pratoM evaM niyukti, bhASya cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke prAcIna svarUpoM ko

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 15 surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karanA cAhiye / vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI surakSita hai| isakI uttara sImA I. pU. pA~cavIM - cauthI zatAbdI aura nimna sImA I. san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai / vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM kA yA unake kisI aMza vizeSa kA kAla nirdhArita karate samaya unameM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmagrI, dArzanika cintana kI spaSTatA evaM gahanatA tathA bhASA-zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM para prAmANikatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA caahie| isa dRSTi se adhyayana karane para hI yaha spaSTa bodha ho sakegA ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA kauna sA grantha athavA usakA kauna sA aMza vizeSa kisa kAla kI racanA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA meM hameM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra, nandIcUrNI evaM tattvArthabhASya meM tathA digambara paramparA meM tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke sAtha-sAtha dhavalA aura jayadhavalA meM milate haiM / tattvArthasUtra kI digambara paramparA kI TIkAoM aura dhavalAdi meM unakI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza mAtra anuzrutiparaka hai, ve granthoM ke vAstavika adhyayana para AdhArita nahIM haiN| unameM diyA gayA vivaraNa tattvArthabhASya evaM paramparA se prApta sUcanAoM para AdhArita hai| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandI Adi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA jo vivaraNa hai vaha una granthoM ke avalokana para AdhArita hai kyoMki prathama to isa paramparA meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA Aja taka jIvita calI A rahI hai / dUsare Agama granthoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kAlakrama meM kyA parivartana huA hai, isakI sUcanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke uparyukta Agama granthoM se hI prApta ho jAtI hai| inake adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| ki kisa kAla meM kisa Agama grantha meM kauna sI sAmagrI jur3I aura alaga huI hai / AcArAMga meM AcAracUlA aura nizItha ke jur3ane aura punaH nizItha ke alaga hone kI ghaTanA, samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMga meM samaya-samaya para hue prakSepa, jJAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya varga meM jur3e hue adhyAya, praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu meM huA sampUrNa parivartana, antakRtdazA, anuttaraupapAtika evaM vipAka ke adhyayanoM meM hue AMzika parivartana-- ina sabakI prAmANika jAnakArI hameM una vivaraNoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karane se mila jAtI hai| inameM praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu kA parivartana hI aisA hai, jisake vartamAna svarUpa kI sUcanA kevala nandIcUrNi (IsvI san sAtavIM zatI) meM milatI hai| vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa lagabhaga IsvI san kI pA~cavIM - chaThIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM AyA hai| isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM kisa prakAra nirmita, parivardhita, parivartita evaM sampAdita hotA rahA hai isakI sUcanA bhI svayaM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya aura usakI TIkAoM se mila jAtI hai / vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama vizeSa yA usake aMza vizeSa ke racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai, isa sambandha meM viSaya-vastu sambandhI vivaraNa, vicAroM kA vikAsakrama, bhASA-zailI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se nirNaya karanA hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sthAnAMga meM sAta

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16 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza nihanavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo ki vIranirvANa saM. 584 taka astitva meM A cuke the| kintu usameM boTikoM evaM una paravartI gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM ke ullekha nahIM hai, jo vIranirvANa saM. 609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM Aye, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se sthAnAMga ke racanAkAla kI antima sImA vIranirvANa samvat 609 ke pUrva arthAt IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI kA uttarArdha yA dvitIya zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha siddha hotI hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI viSaya-vastu evaM bhASA-zailI AcArAMga ke racanAkAla ko ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna siddha karatI hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM ina sabhI pakSoM para vicAra apekSita hai| isa prakAra na to hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha dRSTi samucita hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA ke samaya arthAt IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM Aye aura na kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA yaha kahanA hI samucita hai ki sabhI aMga Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA hai aura unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana, parivardhana, prakSepa yA vilopa nahIM huA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya zaurasenI Agama sAhitya se prAcIna hai| zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha kasAyapAhuDasutta bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se prAcIna nahIM hai| usake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNatti, piNDachedazAstra, Avazyaka (pratikamaNasUtra) Adi kA krama AtA hai, kintu piNDachedazAstra aura Avazyaka (pratikramaNa ) ke atirikta ina sabhI granthoM meM guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI upasthiti se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye sabhI grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt ke haiN| digambara Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) evaM piNDachedazAstra kA AdhAra bhI kramazaH zvetAmbara mAnya Avazyaka aura kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha Adi chedasUtra hI rahe haiN| unake pratikramaNa sUtra meM bhI vartamAna sUtrakRtAMga ke teIsa evaM jJAtAdharmakathA ke unnIsa adhyayanoM kA vivaraNa hai tathA piNDachedazAstra meM jItakalpa ke AdhAra para prAyazcitta dene kA nirdeza hai ye yahI siddha karate haiM ki prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI Agama hI prAcInatama hai, cAhe unakI antima vAcanA pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha (I.san 453 ) meM hI sampanna kyoM na huI ho ? isa prakAra jahA~ taka AgamoM ke racanAkAla kA prazna hai use I.pU. pA~cavIM zatAbdI se IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa kI sadIrgha avadhi meM vyApaka mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki upalabdha AgamoM meM sabhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM hai| AgamoM ke sandarbha meM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM ke sambandha meM paramparAgata mAnyatA to yahI hai ki ve gaNadharoM dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa I.pU. pA~cavIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai| kintu dUsarI ora kucha vidvAna unheM vallabhI meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita kiye jAne ke kAraNa IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI kI racanA mAna lete haiN| merI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI mata samIcIna nahIM haiN| devadhi ke saMkalana, sampAdana evaM tADapatroM para lekhana kAla ko unakA racanA kAla nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aMga Agama to prAcIna hI hai| IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM jinadvAdaza aMgoM kI vAcanA huI thI, ve nizcita rUpa se

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 17 usake pUrva hI bane hoNge| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM meM devadhi kI vAcanA ke samaya athavA usake bAda bhI kucha prakSepa hue hoM, kintu una prakSepoM ke AdhAra para sabhI aMga AgamoM kA racanAkAla I. san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki AgamoM kA prAcIna aMza I. pU. cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se lekara I. pU. tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kA hai| na kevala aMga Agama apitu dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra bhI, jinheM AcArya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai yAkobI aura zubiMga ke anusAra I. pU. caturtha zatI ke uttarArddha se I. pU. tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM nirmita haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI Adi kI mAnyatA hai ki AgamoM kA racanAkAla pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, chaMdayojanA, viSaya-vastu aura upalabdha Antarika aura bAhya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha apanI bhASA - zailI, viSaya-vastu, chaMdayojanA Adi kI dRSTi se mahAvIra kI vANI ke sarvAdhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| usakI aupaniSadika zailI bhI yahI batAtI hai ki vaha eka prAcIna grantha hai| usakA kAla kisI bhI sthiti meM I. pU. caturtha zatI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sktaa| usake dvitIya zrutaskandha ke rUpa meM jo "AyAracUlA " jor3I gayI hai, vaha bhI I. pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai / sUtrakRtAMga bhI eka prAcIna Agama hai usakI bhASA, chandayojanA evaM usameM vibhinna dArzanika paramparAoM ke tathA RSiyoM ke jo ullekha mile haiM unake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha bhI I. pU. cauthI - tIsarI zatI se bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usake bAda vikasita dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA usameM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai / usameM upalabdha vIrastuti meM bhI atiraMjanAoM kA prAyaH abhAva hI hai / aMga AgamoM meM tIsarA krama sthAnAMga kA AtA hai| sthAnAMga, bauddha Agama aMguttaranikAya kI zailI kA grantha hai / grantha lekhana kI yaha zailI bhI prAcIna rahI hai| sthAnAMga meM nau gaNoM aura sAta nihnavoM ke ullekha ko chor3akara anya aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jisase use paravartI kahA jA ske| ho sakatA hai ki jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hone ke kAraNa ye ullekha usameM antima vAcanA ke samaya prakSipta kiye gaye hoN| usameM jo dasa dazAoM aura unameM pratyeka ke adhyAyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai, vaha bhI una AgamoM kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA nirdeza karatA hai| yadi vaha vallabhI ke vAcanAkAla meM nirmita huA hotA to usameM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai vaha bhinna hotI / ataH usakI prAcInatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga kI apekSA eka paravartI grantha hai| isake prArambha meM dvAdaza aMgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| sAtha hI isameM uttarAdhyayana ke 36, RSibhASita ke 44, sUtrakRtAMga ke 23, sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke 16, AcArAMga ke cUlikA sahita 25 adhyayana, dazA, kalpa aura vyavahAra ke 26 adhyayana Adi kA ullekha hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha grantha isameM nirdiSTa AgamoM ke svarUpa ke nirdhArita hone ke pazcAt hI banA hogA / punaH isameM caturdaza guNasthAnoM kA jIvasthAna ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai| yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna kA yaha siddhAnta umAsvAti ke pazcAt arthAt IsA kI caturtha zatI ke bAda hI astitva meM AyA hai| yadi isameM jIvaThANa ke rUpa meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke ullekha ko bAda meM prakSipta bhI mAna liyA jAya to bhI apanI bhASA - zailI aura viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI

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18 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 3-4 zatI se pahale kA nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai usake kucha aMza prAcIna hoM, lekina Aja unheM khoja pAnA ati kaThina kArya hai| jahA~ taka bhagavatIsUtra kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra isake aneka stara haiN| isameM kucha stara avazya hI I.pU. ke haiM, kintu samavAyAMga kI bhA~ti bhagavatI meM bhI paryApta prakSepa huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM aneka sthaloM para jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, anuyogadAra, nandI Adi paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza huA hai| inake ullekha hone se yaha spaSTa hai ki isake sampAdana ke samaya isameM ye aura isI prakAra kI anya sUcanAyeM de dI gayI haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vallabhI vAcanA meM isameM paryApta rUpa se parivardhana aura saMzodhana avazya huA hai, phira bhI isake kucha zatakoM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| kucha pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAna isake prAcIna evaM paravartI staroM ke pRthakkaraNa kA kArya kara rahe haiN| unake niSkarSa prApta hone para hI isakA racanAkAla nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| upAsakadazA Agama sAhitya meM zrAvakAcAra kA varNana karane vAlA prathama grantha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyayanoM aura unakI viSaya-vastu meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana hone ke saMketa nahIM milate haiN| ataH maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha grantha bhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM I.pU. kI hI racanA hai aura isake kisI bhI adhyayana kA vilopa nahIM huA hai| zrAvakavratoM ke aNuvrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM vargIkRta karane ke sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra meM spaSTataH isakA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai ataH yaha tattvArtha se arthAt IsA kI tIsarI zatI se paravartI nahIM ho sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki anuttaraupapAtika meM upalabdha vargIkaraNa paravartI hai, kyoMki usameM guNavrata kI avadhAraNA A gayI hai| aMga Agama sAhitya meM antakRdazA kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha hameM sthAnAMgasUtra meM milatA hai| usameM isake nimna dasa adhyAya ullikhita haiM-- nami, mAtaMga, somila, rAmaputta, sudarzana, jamAli, bhagAli, kiMkima, pallatetiya, phAla ambaDaputra / inameM se sudarzana sambandhI kucha aMza ko chor3akara vartamAna antakRdazAsUtra meM ye koI bhI adhyayana nahIM milate haiN| kintu samavayAMga aura nandIsUtra meM kramazaH isake sAta aura ATha vargoM ke ullekha milate haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki sthAnAMga meM ullikhita antakRddazA kA prAcIna aMza vilupta ho gayA hai| yadyapi samavAyAMga aura nandI meM kramazaH isake sAta evaM ATha vargoM kA ullekha hone se itanA taya hai ki vartamAna antakRddazA samavAyAMga aura nandI kI racanA ke samaya astitva meM A gayA thaa| ataH isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI kA hai| usake prAcIna dasa adhyAyoM ke jo ullekha hameM sthAnAMga meM milate haiM unhIM dasa adhyayanoM ke ullekha digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM meM yathA akalaka ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA, aMgaprajJapti Adi meM bhI milate haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki isa aMga Agama ke prAcIna svarUpa ke vilupta ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI mAthurI vAcanA kI anuzruti se sthAnAMga meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyAyoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| ho sakatA hai ki isakI mAthurI vAcanA meM ye dasa adhyayana rahe hoNge| bahuta kucha yahI sthiti anutlaraupapAtikadazA kI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra kI sUcanA ke anusAra isameM nimna dama adhyayana kaha gaye haiM-- 1. RSidAsa, 2. dhanya, 3. sunakSatra, 4. kAttika,

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 19 5. saMsthAna, 6. zAlibhadra, 7. Ananda 8 tetalI, 9. dazArNabhadra 10. atimukt| upalabdha anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM tIna varga haiM usameM dvitIya varga meM RSidAsa, dhanya aura sunakSatra aise tIna adhyayana milate haiM inameM bhI dhanya kA adhyayana hI vistRta hai| sunakSatra aura RSidAsa ke vivaraNa atyanta saMkSepa meM hI haiN| sthAnAMga meM ullikhita zeSa sAta adhyAya vartamAna anuttaraupapAtikasUtra meM upalabdha nahIM hote| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki yaha grantha vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya hI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM AyA hogaa| jahA~ taka praznavyAkaraNadazA kA prazna hai itanA nizcita hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu na kevala sthAnAMga meM ullikhita usakI viSaya-vastu se bhinna hai, apitu nandI aura samavAyAMga kI ullikhita viSaya-vastu se bhI bhinna hai / praznavyAkaraNa kI vartamAna Asava aura saMvara dvAra vAlI viSaya-vastu kA sarvaprathama nirdeza nandIcUrNi meM milatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNasUtra nandI ke pazcAt I. san. kI pA~cavIM - chaThavIM zatI ke madhya kabhI nirmita huA hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki nandI ke racayitA devavAcaka ke sAmane yaha grantha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM nahIM thA / kintu jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA aura anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM jo parivartana hue the, ve nandIsUtrakAra ke pUrva ho cuke the kyoMki ve unake isa parivartita svarUpa kA vivaraNa dete haiM / isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA maine apane eka svatantra lekha meM kI hai jo "jaina Agama sAhitya", sampAdaka DaoN. ke. Ara. candrA, ahamadAbAda, meM prakAzita hai| isI prakAra jaba hama upAMga sAhitya kI ora Ate haiM to usameM rAyapaseNiyasutta meM rAjA paseNIya dvArA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM jo prazna uThAye gaye haiM unakA vivaraNa hameM pAlitripiTaka meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki aupapAtika kA yaha aMza kama se kama pAlitripiTaka jitanA prAcIna to hai hI / jIvAjIvAbhigama ke racanAkAla ko nizcita rUpa se batA pAnA to kaThina hai, kintu isakI viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiN| ki vaha grantha I. pU. kI racanA honI cAhiye / upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra ko to spaSTataH Arya zyAma kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai / Arya zyAma kA AcAryakAla vI. ni. saM. 335-376 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| ataH isakA racanAkAla I. pU. dvitIya zatAbdI ke lagabhaga nizcita hotA hai / isI prakAra upAMga varga ke antargata varNita candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti ye tIna prajJaptiyA~ bhI prAcIna hI haiN| vartamAna meM candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti meM koI bheda nahIM dikhAI detA hai / kintu sUryaprajJapti meM jyotiSa sambandhI jo carcA hai vaha vedAMga jyotiSa ke samAna hai, isase isakI prAcInatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai / yaha grantha kisI bhI sthiti meM I. pU. prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ina tInoM prajJaptiyoM ko digambara paramparA meM bhI dRSTivAda ke eka aMza parikarma ke antargata mAnA hai / ataH yaha grantha bhI dRSTivAda ke pUrNa viccheda evaM sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kA hI honA cAhiye / kchedasUtroM meM dazAzruta, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ko spaSTataH bhadrabAhu prathama kI racanA mAnA

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20 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza gayA hai ataH isakA kAla I.pU. caturtha-tRtIya zatAbdI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha acela paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM isI prakAra nizItha bhI apane mUla rUpa meM to AcArAMga kI hI eka cUlA rahA hai, bAda meM use pRthak kiyA gayA hai| ataH isakI prAcInatA meM bhI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yAkobI, zUbiMga Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ekamata se chedasUtroM kI prAcInatA svIkAra kI hai| isa varga meM mAtra jItakalpa hI aisA grantha hai jo nizcita hI paravartI hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra yaha AcArya jinabhadra kI kRti hai| ye jinabhadra vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA haiN| inakA kAla aneka pramANoM se I.san kI sAtavIM zatI hai| ataH jItakalpa kA bhI kAla vahI honA caahiye| merI dRSTi meM paM. dalasukhabhAI kI yaha mAnyatA nirApada nahIM hai, kyoMki digambara paramparA meM indranandi ke chedapiNDazAstra meM jItakalpa ke anusAra prAyazcitta dene kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha grantha spaSTa rUpa se sampradAya bheda se pUrva kI racanA honI caahiye| ho sakatA hai isake kartA jinabhadra vizeSAvazyaka ke kartA jinabhadra se bhinna hoM aura unake pUrvavartI bhI hoN| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM jo AgamoM kI sUcI milatI hai usameM jItakalpa kA nAma nahIM hai| ataH yaha usake bAda kI hI racanA hogii| isakA kAla bhI I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttarArddha honA caahiye| isakI digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA tabhI saMbhava ho sakatI hai jaba yaha spaSTa rUpa se saMghabheda ke pUrva nirmita huA ho / spaSTa saMgha-bheda pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM astitva meM AyA hai| cheda varga meM mahAnizItha kA uddhAra AcArya haribhadra ne kiyA thA, yaha sunizcita hai| AcArya haribhadra kA kAla I.san kI AThavIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha grantha usake pUrva hI nirmita huA hogaa| haribhadra isake uddhAraka avazya haiM kintu racayitA nhiiN| mAtra itanA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne isake truTita bhAga kI racanA kI ho| isa prakAra isakA kAla bhI AThavIM zatI se pUrva kA hI hai| mUlasUtroM ke varga meM dazavakAlika ko Arya zayyaMbhava kI kRti mAnA jAtA hai| inakA kAla mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa bAda hai| ataH yaha grantha I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| uttarAdhyayana yadyapi eka saMkalana hai kintu isakI prAcInatA meM koI zaMkA nahIM hai| isakI bhASA-zailI tathA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne ise I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI kA grantha mAnA hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha pUrva praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka vibhAga thaa| isakI aneka gAthAyeM tathA kathAnaka pAlitripiTaka sAhitya tathA mahAbhArata Adi meM yathAvat milate haiN| dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM mAnya rahe haiM ataH ye bhI saMgha bheda yA sampradAya bheda ke pUrva kI racanA hai| ataH inakI prAcInatA meM koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Avazyaka zramaNoM dainandina kriyAoM kA grantha thA ataH isake kucha prAcIna pATha to bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlika hI mAne jA sakate haiN| cU~ki dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi vibhAga digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM, ataH inakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai ataH ye sabhI nandIsUtra se to

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21 pro. sAgaramala jaina prAcIna haiM hI, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| punaH AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi Adi prakIrNakoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatIArAdhanA meM pAyI jAtI haiM, mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatIArAdhanA bhI chaThavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ataH ina nau prakIrNakoM ko to I.san kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM mAne jA sktaa| yadyapi vIrabhadra dvArA racita kucha prakIrNaka navIM-dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| isI prakAra cUlikAsUtroM ke antargata nandI aura anuyogadAra sUtroM meM bhI anuyogadAra ko kucha vidvAnoM ne AryarakSita ke samaya kA mAnA hai| ataH vaha I.san kI prathama zatI kA grantha honA caahie| nandIsUtra ke kartA devavAcaka devadhi se pUrvavartI hai ataH unakA kAla bhI pA~cavIM zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upalabdha AgamoM meM prakSepoM ko chor3akara adhikAMza grantha to I.pU. ke haiN| yaha to eka sAmAnya carcA huI, abhI ina granthoM meM se pratyeka ke kAla-nirdhAraNa ke lie svatantra aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se adhyayana kI AvazyakatA banI huI hai| AzA hai jaina vidvAnoM kI bhAvI pIDhI isa dizA meM kArya kregii| AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ yaha satya hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha zvetAmbara mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke antima svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa vallabhI vAcanA meM vi. ni. saMvat 980 yA 993 meM huA kintu usake pUrva bhI AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ to hotI rahI haiN| jo aitihAsika sAkSya hameM upalabdha haiM unake anusAra ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI pA~ca vAcanAe~ hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| prathama vAcanA -- prathama vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt huii| paramparAgata mAnyatA to yaha hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya bhISaNa akAla ke kAraNa kucha muni kAla-kavalita ho gaye aura kucha samudra ke taTavartI pradezoM kI ora cale gye| akAla kI samApti para ve munigaNa vApasa lauTe to unhoMne yaha pAyA ki unakA Agama-jJAna aMzataH vismRta evaM vizrRMkhalita ho gayA hai aura kahIM-kahIM pAThabheda ho gayA hai| ataH usa yuga ke pramukha AcAryoM ne pATalIputra meM ekatrita hokara AgamajJAna ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| dRSTivAda aura pUrva sAhitya kA koI viziSTa jJAtA vahA~ upasthita nahIM thaa| ataH gyAraha aMga to vyavasthita kiye gaye haiM kintu dRSTivAda aura usameM antarnihita sAhitya ko vyavasthita nahIM kiyA jA sakA, kyoMki usake viziSTa jJAtA bhadrabAhu usa samaya nepAla meM the| saMgha kI vizeSa prArthanA para unhoMne sthUlibhadra Adi kucha muniyoM ko pUrva sAhitya kI vAcanA denA svIkAra kiyaa| sthUlibhadra bhI unase dasa pUrvo taka kA hI adhyayana artha sahita kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrvo kA mAtra zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara paaye| isa prakAra pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM dvAdaza aMgoM ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA kintu unameM ekAdaza aMga hI suvyavasthita kiye jA ske| dRSTivAda aura usameM antarbhukta pUrva sAhitya ko pUrNataH surakSita nahIM kiyA jA sakA aura usakA kramazaH vilopa honA prArambha ho gyaa| phalataH usakI viSaya-vastu ko lekara aMga bAhya grantha nirmita kiye jAne

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22 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza lge| dvitIya vAcanA -- AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 300 varSa pazcAt ur3IsA ke kumArI pUrvavat para samrATa khAravela ke kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai -- mAtra yahI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM zruta ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna huA thaa| vastutaH usa yuga meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA garu-ziSya ke mAdhyama se maukhika rUpa se hI calatI thii| ataH dezakAlagata prabhAvoM tathA vismRti-doSa ke kAraNa unameM svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinnatA A jAtI thii| ataH vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se unake bhASAyI svarUpa tathA pAThabheda ko suvyavasthita kiyA jAtA hai| kAlakrama meM jo sthaviroM ke dvArA navIna granthoM kI racanA hotI thI, usa para bhI vicAra karake unheM inhIM vAcanAoM meM mAnyatA pradAna kI jAtI thii| isI prakAra paristhitivaza AcAra-niyamoM meM evaM unake Agamika sandarbho kI vyAkhyA meM jo antara A jAtA thA, usakA nirAkaraNa bhI inhIM vAcanAoM meM kiyA jAtA thaa| khaNDagiri para huI isa dvitIya vAcanA meM aise kina vivAdoM kA samAdhAna khojA gayA thA-- isakI prAmANika jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| tRtIya vAcanA AgamoM kI tRtIya vAcanA vi.ni. 827 arthAt I.sana kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM huii| isalie ise mAdhurI vAcanA yA skandilI vAcanA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| mAthurI vAcanA ke sandarbha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ nandIcUrNi meM haiN| prathama mAnyatA ke anusAra sukAla hone ke pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zeSa rahe muniyoM kI smati ke AdhAra para kAlikasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gyaa| anya kucha kA mantavya yaha hai ki isa kAla meM sUtra naSTa nahIM huA thA kintu anuyogadhara svargavAsI ho gaye the| ataH eka mAtra jIvita skandila ne anuyogoM kA punaH pravartana kiyaa| caturtha vAcanA -- caturtha vAcanA tRtIya vAcanA ke samakAlIna hI hai| jisa samaya uttara, pUrva aura madhya kSetra meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA, usI samaya dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha vallabhI ( saurASTra) meM Arya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM ekatrita huaa| ise nAgArjunIya vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA samakAlika haiN| nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna ke madhya Arya himavaMta kA ullekha hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna samakAlika hI rahe hogeN| nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skaMdila ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA ki unakA anuyoga Aja bhI dakSiNArddha bharata kSetra meM pracalita hai| isakA eka tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake dvArA sampAdita Agama dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita the| aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nigrantha saMgha ke vibhAjana ke phalasvarUpa jisa yApanIya sampradAya kA vikAsa huA thA usameM Arya skaMdila ke dvArA sampAdita Agama hI mAnya kiye jAte the aura isa yApanIya sampradAya kA prabhAva kSetra madhya aura dakSiNa bhArata thaa| AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ne to strI-nirvANa prakaraNa meM

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23 pro. sAgaramala jaina spaSTa rUpa se mathurAgama kA ullekha kiyA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya sampradAya jina AgamoM ko mAnya karatA thA, ve mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi yApanIya AgamoM meM vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra saMgrahaNIsUtroM evaM niyuktiyoM Adi kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha ho rahI haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki yApanIyoM ke pAsa mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki yApanIya granthoM meM jo AgamoM kI gAthAe~ milatI haiM ve na to ardhamAgadhI meM haiM, na mahArASTrI prAkRta meM, apitu ve zaurasenI meM haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpasUtra, nizItha Adi se jo aneka avataraNa diye haiM ve sabhI ardhamAgadhI meM na hokara zaurasenI meM haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki skaMdila kI adhyakSatA vAlI mAthurI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA para zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| dUsare mAdhurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI pATha bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA Adi meM upalabdha hote haiM, unameM vallabhI vAcanA ke vartamAna AgamoM se pAThabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI acelakatva kI samarthaka kucha gAthAe~ aura gadyAMza bhI pAye jAte haiN| kundakunda ke granthoM meM anuyogadArasUtra, prakIrNakoM evaM niyukti Adi kI kucha gAthAe~ kvacit pAThabheda ke sAtha milatI haiM-- sambhavataH unhoMne ye gAthAyeM yApanIyoM ke mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se hI lI hogii| eka hI samaya meM Arya skaMdila dvArA mathurA meM aura nAgArjuna dvArA vallabhI meM vAcanA kiye jAne kI eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki donoM meM kinhIM bAtoM ko lekara matabheda the| sambhava hai ki ina matabhedoM meM vastra-pAtra Adi sambandhI prazna bhI rahe hoN| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa -- pUrva pIThikA (pR. 500 ) meM mAdhurI vAcanA kI samakAlIna vallabhI vAcanA ke pramukha ke rUpa meM devardhigaNi kA ullekha kiyA hai, yaha unakI bhrAnti hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki mAthurI vAcanA kA netRtva Arya skaMdila aura vallabhI kI prathama vAcanA kA netRtva Arya nAgArjuna kara rahe the aura ye donoM samakAlika the, yaha bAta hama nandIsUtra ke pramANa se pUrva meM hI kaha cuka haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna kI vAcanA meM matabheda thaa| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vallabhI vAcanA nAgArjuna kI thI to devadhi ne vallabhI meM kyA kiyA ? sAtha hI unhoMne yaha bhI kalpanA kara lI ki vAdivetAlazAntisUri vallabhI kI vAcanA meM nAgArjunIyoM kA pakSa upasthita karane vAle AcArya the| hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zvetAmbara sAhitya kA samagra evaM niSpakSa adhyayana kiye binA mAtra yatra-tatra uddhRta yA aMzataH paThita aMzoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhrAntiyA~ khar3I kara dii| isake pramANa ke rUpa meM unake dvArA uddhRta mUla gAthA meM aisA kahIM koI ullekha hI nahIM hai, ki zAntisUri vallabhI vAcanA ke samakAlika the| yadi hama Agamika vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka varSoM taka nAgArjunIya aura devardhi kI vAcanAyeM sAtha-sAtha calatI rahIM hai, kyoMki inake pAThAntaroM kA ullekha mUla granthoM meM kama aura TIkAoM meM adhika

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24 huA hai / paMcama vAcanA vI. ni. ke 980 varSa pazcAt I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArddha meM Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAta devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM punaH vallabhI meM eka vAcanA huii| isa vAcanA meM mukhyataH AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha karane kA kArya kiyA gyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki isa vAcanA meM mAthurI aura nAgArjunIya donoM vAcanAoM ko samAnvita kiyA gayA hai aura jahA~ matabheda parilakSita huA vahA~ "nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti " aisA likhakara nAgArjunIya pATha ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA / ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza pratyeka vAcanA ke sandarbha meM prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa zramaNasaMgha samudrataTIya pradezoM kI ora calA gayA aura vRddha muni, jo isa akAla meM lambI yAtrA na kara sake kAlagata ho gaye / sukAla hone para jaba munisaMgha lauTakara AyA to usane yaha pAyA ki inake zrutajJAna meM vismRti aura visaMgati A gayI hai| pratyeka vAcanA se pUrva akAla kI yaha kahAnI mujhe buddhigamya nahIM lagatI hai| merI dRSTi meM prathama vAcanA meM zramaNa saMgha ke vizrRMkhalita hone kA pramukha kAraNa akAla kI apekSA magadha rAjya meM yuddha se utpanna azAMti aura ArAjakatA hI thI kyoMki usa samaya nandoM ke atyAcAroM evaM candragupta maurya ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa magadha meM azAMti thI / usI ke phalasvarUpa zramaNa saMgha sudUra samudrItaTa kI ora yA nepAla Adi parvatIya kSetra kI ora calA gayA thA / bhadrabAhu kI nepAla yAtrA kA bhI sambhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA hogaa| jo bhI upalabdha sAkSya hai usase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya dvAdaza aMgoM ko hI vyavasthita karane kA prayatna huA thA / usameM ekAdaza aMga suvyavasthita hue aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda, jisameM anya darzana evaM mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA sAhitya samAhita thA, isakA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isI sandarbha meM sthUlibhadra ke dvArA bhadrabAhu ke sAnnidhya meM nepAla jAkara caturdaza pUrvoM ke adhyayana kI bAta kahI jAtI hai / kintu sthUlabhadra bhI mAtra dasa pUrvoM kA hI jJAna artha sahita grahaNa kara sake, zeSa cAra pUrvoM kA kevala zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara ske| isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM ekAdaza aMgoM kA hI saMkalana aura saMpAdana huA thaa| kisI bhI caturdaza pUrvavid kI upasthiti nahIM hone se dRSTivAda ke saMkalana evaM saMpAdana kA kArya nahIM kiyA jA sakA / upAMga sAhitya ke aneka grantha jaise prajJApanA Adi, chedasUtroM meM AcAradazA, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi tathA cUlikAsUtroM meM nandI, anuyogadvAra Adi ye sabhI paravartI kRti hone se isa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM kiye gaye hoNge| yadyapi Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana Adi grantha pATalIputra kI vAcanA ke pUrva ke haiM kintu isa vAcanA meM inakA kyA kiyA gayA, yaha jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke liye inakA svAdhyAya Avazyaka hone ke kAraNa inake vismRta hone kA prazna hI na uThA ho / pATalIputra vAcanA ke bAda ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata ( khaNDagiri) para khAravela ke rAjya --

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 25 kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM mAtra itanA hI jJAta hai ki isameM bhI zruta ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA thaa| saMbhava hai ki isa vAcanA meM I. pU. prathama zatI se pUrva racita granthoM ke saMkalana aura sampAdana kA koI prayatna kiyA gayA ho / jahA~ taka mAthurI vAcanA kA prazna hai itanA to nizcita hai ki usameM I. san kI cauthI zatI taka ke racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana evaM sampAdana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hogaa| isa vAcanA ke kArya ke sandarbha meM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usameM isa vAcanA meM kAlikasUtroM ko vyavasthita karane kA nirdeza hai| nandisUtra meM kAlikasUtra ko aMga bAhya, Avazyaka vyatirikta zrutoM kA hI eka bhAga batAyA gayA hai| kAlikasUtroM ke antargata uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazAzruta, kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha tathA vartamAna meM upAMga ke nAma se abhihita aneka grantha Ate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki aMga sUtroM kI jo pATalIputra kI vAcanA calI A rahI thI vaha mathurA meM mAnya rahI ho, kintu upAMgoM meM se kucha ko tathA kalpa Adi cheda sUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA ho / kintu yApanIya granthoM kI TIkAoM meM jo mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke uddharaNa milate haiM, una para jo zaurasenI kA prabhAva dikhatA hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA meM na kevala kAlika sUtroM kA apitu usa kAla taka racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana kA kAma kiyA gayA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA acelatA kI poSaka yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI hai / yApanIya granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM isa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke avataraNa tathA ina AgamoM ke prAmANya ke ullekha milate haiN| Arya zAkaTAyana ne apane strI- nirvANa prakaraNa evaM apane vyAkaraNa kI svopajJTIkA meM na kevala mathurA Agama kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu unakI aneka mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai tathA aneka avataraNa bhI diye haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI aparAjita kI TIkA meM bhI AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha Adi ke avataraNa pAye jAte haiM, yaha hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiN| Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA vastutaH uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke sacela - acela donoM pakSoM ke liye mAnya thI aura usameM donoM hI pakSoM ke sampoSaka sAkSya upasthita the / yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki yadi mAthurI vAcanA ubhaya pakSoM ko mAnya thI to phira usI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM vAcanA karane kI kyA AvazyakatA thI / merI mAnyatA hai ki aneka praznoM para skaMdila aura nAgArjuna meM matabheda rahA hogaa| isI kAraNa se nAgArjuna ko svatantra vAcanA karane kI AvazyakatA par3I / isa samasta carcA se paM. kailAzacandrajI ke isa prazna kA uttara bhI mila jAtA hai ki vallabhI kI dUsarI vAcanA meM kyA kiyA gayA ? eka ora muni zrI kalyANavijayajI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko mAtra pustakAsTa kiyA gayA to dUsarI ora paM. kailAzacandrajI yaha mAnate haiM ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko naye sire se likhA gayA, kintu ye donoM hI mata mujhe ekAMgI pratIta hote haiM / yaha satya hai ki vallabhI meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA, apitu unheM saMkalita evaM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA kintu yaha saMkalana evaM sampAdana nirAdhAra nahIM thaa| na to digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vallabhI meM zvetAmbaroM ne apanI

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26 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza mAnyatA ke anurUpa AgamoM ko naye sire se raca DAlA aura na yaha kahanA hI samucita hogA ki vallabhI meM jo Agama saMkalita kiye gaye ve akSuNNa rUpa se vaise hI the jaise-- pATalIputra Adi kI pUrva vAcanAoM meM unheM saMkalita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sAtha-sAtha aneka Agama grantha bhI kAlakrama meM vilupta hue haiN| vartamAna AgamoM kA yadi samyak prakAra se vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| Aja AcArAMga kA sAtavA adhyayana vilupta hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaraughapAtika va vipAkadazA ke bhI aneka adhyAya Aja anupalabdha haiN| nandisUtra kI sUcI ke aneka Agama grantha Aja anupalabdha haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA hamane AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki devadhi kI vallabhI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakAsTa kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa sampAdana ke kArya meM unhoMne AgamoM kI avaziSTa upalabdha viSaya-vastu ko apane DhaMga se punaH vargIkRta bhI kiyA thA aura paramparA yA anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ke ve aMza jo unake pUrva kI vAcanAoM meM samAhita nahIM the, unheM samAhita bhI kiyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAtAdharmakathA meM sampUrNa dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa varga aura adhyayana isI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye gaye haiM, kyoMki zvetAmbara, yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke pratikramaNasUtra evaM anyatra usake unnIsa adhyayanoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa vargoM kA kahIM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA ke sandarbha meM sthAnAMga meM jo dasa-dasa adhyayana hone kI sUcanA hai usake sthAna para inameM bhI jo vargoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI vaha devardhi kI hI dena hai| unhoMne inake vilupta adhyAyoM ke sthAna para anuzruti se prApta sAmagrI jor3akara ina granthoM ko naye sire se vyavasthita kiyA thaa| yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki Aja praznavyAkaraNa kI Asava-sa~vara dvAra sambandhI jo viSaya-vastu upalabdha hai vaha kisake dvArA saMkalita va saMpAdita hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina kArya hai kintu yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki nandIsUtra ke racayitA devadhi na hokara deva vAcaka haiM, jo devadhi se pUrva ke haiM to yaha kalpanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki devadhi ne Asrava va saMvara dvAra sambandhI viSaya-vastu ko lekara praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA jo viccheda ho gayA thA, usakI pUrti kI hogii| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma se lekara vipAkasUtra taka ke chaH aMga AgamoM meM jo AMzika yA sampUrNa parivartana hue haiM, ve devadhi ke dvArA hI kiye hue mAne jA sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha parivartana unhoMne kisI pUrva paramparA yA anuzruti ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hogA yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta devardhi ne eka yaha mahattvapUrNa kArya bhI kiyA ki jahA~ aneka AgamoM meM eka hI viSaya-vastu kA vistRta vivaraNa thA vahA~ unhoMne eka sthala para vistRta vivaraNa thA rakhakara anyatra usa grantha kA nirdeza kara diyaa| hama dekhate haiM ki bhagavatI Adi kucha prAcIna staroM ke AgamoM meM bhI, unhoMne prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadvAra jaise paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza karake AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu ke punarAvartana ko kama kiyaa| isI prakAra jaba eka hI Agama meM koI vivaraNa bAra-bAra A rahA thA to usa vivaraNa ke prathama zabda ke bAda

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27 pro. sAgaramala jaina "jAva" zabda rakhakara antima zabda kA ullekha kara use saMkSipta banA diyaa| isake sAtha hI unhoMne kucha mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ jo yadyapi paravartIkAla kI thIM, unheM bhI AgamoM meM de diyA jaise sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAta nihnavoM aura sAta gaNoM kA ullekha / isa prakAra vallabhI kI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakAsr3ha kiyA gayA apitu unakI viSaya-vastu ko suvyavasthita aura saMpAdita bhI kiyA gyaa| sambhava hai ki isa sandarbha meM prakSepa aura vilopana bhI huA hogA kintu yaha saba bhI anuzruti yA paramparA ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA thA anyathA AgamoM ko mAnyatA na miltii| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAcanAoM meM kevala anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ko hI saMkalita kiyA jAtA thA kintu merI dRSTi meM vAcanAoM meM na kevala Agama pAThoM ko sampAdita evaM saMkalita kiyA jAtA apitu unameM navanirmita granthoM ko mAnyatA bhI pradAna kI jAtI aura jo AcAra aura vicAra sambandhI matabheda hote the unheM samanvita yA nirAkRta bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta ina vAcanAoM meM vAcanA sthaloM kI apekSA se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana huA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jo Agama paTanA athavA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata (khaNDagiri) meM suvyavasthita kiye gaye the, unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI, kintu jaba ve Agama mathurA aura vallabhI meM punaH sampAdita kiye gaye to unameM bhASika parivartana A gye| mAthurI vAcanA meM jo AgamoM kA svarUpa taya huA thA, usa para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| durbhAgya se Aja hameM mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama upalabdha nahIM haiM, kintu ina AgamoM ke jo uddhRta aMza uttara bhArata kI acela dhArA yApanIya saMgha ke granthoM meM aura unakI TIkAoM meM uddhRta milate haiM, unameM hama yaha pAte haiM ki bhAvagata samAnatA ke hote hue bhI zabda-rUpoM aura bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, nizItha, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi se jo aMza bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta haiM ve apane bhASika svarUpa aura pAThabheda kI apekSA se vallabhI ke AgamoM se kiMcit bhinna haiN| ataH ina vAcanAoM ke kAraNa AgamoM meM na kevala bhASika parivartana hue apitu pAThAntara bhI astitva meM Aye haiN| vallabhI kI antima vAcanA meM vallabhI kI hI nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara to liye gaye, kintu mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara samAhita nahIM haiN| yadyapi kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara diye haiN| kintu merA mantavya isase bhinna hai| merI dRSTi meM unakI vAcanA kA AdhAra bhI paramparA se prApta nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pUrva ke Agama rahe hoMge, kintu jahA~ unheM apanI paramparAgata vAcanA kA nAgArjunIya vAcanA se matabheda dikhAyI diyA, vahA~ unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA kA ullekha kara diyA, kyoMki mAthurI vAcanA spaSTataH zaurasenI se prabhAvita thI, dUsare usa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI avataraNa Aja milate haiM unameM kucha vartamAna AgamoM kI vAcanA se mela nahIM khAte haiN| unase yahI phalita hotA hai ki devadhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra skaMdila kI vAcanA to nahIM rahI hai| tIsare mAdhurI

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28 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza vAcanA ke jo avataraNa Aja yApanIya granthoM meM milate haiM, unase itanA to phalita hotA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM meM bhI vastra-pAtra sambandhI evaM strI kI tadbhava mukti ke ullekha to the, kintu unameM acelatA ko utsarga mArga mAnA gayA thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM uddhRta, acelapakSa ke sampoSaka kucha avataraNa to vartamAna vallabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM yathA AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha Adi meM milate haiM kintu kucha avataraNa vartamAna vAcanA meM nahIM milate haiN| ataH mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara vallabhI kI devadhi kI vAcanA meM samAhita nahIM hue haiM, isakI puSTi hotI hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki vallabhI kI devadhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama na hokara unakI apanI hI guru-parampara se prApta Agama rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke hI pAThAntara apanI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye -- kyoMki donoM meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM hI dRSTi se kama hI antara thaa| mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama yA to unheM upalabdha hI nahIM the athavA bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM kI apekSA bhinnatA adhika hone se unhoMne use AdhAra na banAyA ho| phira bhI devadhi ko paramparA se prApta jo Agama the, unakA aura mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM kA mUlasrota to eka hI thaa| ho sakatA hai ki donoM meM kAlakrama meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu kI apekSA kvacit antara A gaye hoN| ataH yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita nahIM hogA ki devadhi kI vallabhI vAcanA ke Agama mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se nitAnta bhinna the| yApanIyoM ke Agama yApanIya saMgha ke AcArya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, nizItha, vyavahAra, Avazyaka Adi AgamoM ko mAnya karate the| isa prakAra AgamoM ke viccheda hone kI jo digambara mAnyatA hai, vaha unheM svIkArya nahIM thii| yApanIya AcAryoM dvArA nirmita kisI bhI grantha meM kahIM bhI yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki aMgAdi-Agama vicchinna ho gaye haiN| ve AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, kalpa Adi ko apanI paramparA ke granthoM ke rUpa meM uddharita karate the| isa sambandha meM AdaraNIya paM. nAthUrAma premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 91 ) kA yaha kathana draSTavya hai-- "aksara granthakAra kisI mata kA khaNDana karane ke lie usI mata ke granthoM kA havAlA diyA karate haiM aura apane siddhAnta ko puSTa karate haiN| parantu isa TIkA (arthAt bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA ) meM aisA nahIM hai, isameM to TIkAkAra ne apane hI AgamoM kA havAlA dekara acelatA siddha kI hai|" AgamoM ke astitva ko svIkAra kara unake adhyayana aura svAdhyAya sambandhI nirdeza bhI yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN| mUlAcAra (5/80-82 ) meM cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA ullekha hai-- 1. gaNadhara kathita, 2. pratyekabuddha kathita, 3. zrutakevali kathita aura 4. abhinna dazapUrvI kthit| isake sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki saMyamI puruSoM evaM striyoM arthAt muniyoM evaM AryikAoM ke lie asvAdhyAyakAla meM inakA svAdhyAya karanA varjita hai kintu inake atirikta kucha anya aise grantha haiM jinakA asvAdhyAyakAla meM pATha kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise -- ArAdhanA

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 29 (bhagavatIArAdhanA yA ArAdhanApatAkA ), niyukti, maraNAvibhakti, saMgraha (paMcasaMgraha yA saMgrahaNIsUtra ), stuti ( deviMdatthu), pratyAkhyAna (AurapaccakkhANa evaM mahApaccakkhANa), dharmakathA ( jJAtAdharmakathA ) tathA aise hI anya grnth| yahA~ para cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA jo ullekha huA hai, usa para thor3I vistRta carcA apekSita hai, kyoMki mUlAcAra kI mUlagAthA meM mAtra ina cAra prakAra ke sUtroM kA ullekha huA hai| usameM ina granthoM kA nAma nirdeza nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandi na to yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha the aura na unake sammukha ye grantha hI the| ataH isa prasaMga meM unakI pratyeka-buddhakathita kI vyAkhyA pUrNataH bhrAnta hI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, agalI gAthA kI TIkA meM unhoMne "thudi", "paccakkhANa" evaM "dhammakahA" ko jina granthoM se samIkRta kiyA hai vaha to aura bhI adhika bhrAmaka hai| Azcarya hai ki ve "thudi" se devAgamastotra aura parameSThistotra ko samIkRta karate haiM, jabaki mUlAcAra kA mantavya anya hI hai| jahA~ taka gaNadharakathita granthoM kA prazna hai vahA~ lekhaka kA tAtparya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi aMga granthoM se hai, pratyekabuddhakathita granthoM se tAtparya praznavyAkaraNa, uttarAdhyayana aura RSibhASita Adi se hai, kyoMki ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita mAne jAte haiN| ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita haiM, aisA spaSTa ullekha bhI samavAyAMga, uttarAdhyayana niyukti Adi meM hai| zrutakevalikathita granthoM se tAtparya AcArya zayyambhavaracita dazavaikAlika, AcArya bhadrabAhu ( prathama) racita bRhatkalpa, dazAzrutaskandha (AyAradasA), vyavahAra Adi se hai tathA abhinna dazapUrvIkathita granthoM se unakA tAtparya kammapayaDI Adi "pUrva" sAhitya ke granthoM se hai| yahA~ smaraNa rakhane yogya tathya yaha hai ki yadi yApanIya paramparA meM ye grantha vicchinna mAne jAte, to phira inake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza lagabhaga IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke grantha mUlAcAra meM kaise ho paataa| digambara paramparA ke anusAra to vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt arthAt IsA kI dUsarI zatI meM AcArAMga dhAriyoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gaI thI phira vIranirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa pazcAt bhI AcArAMga Adi ke svAdhyAya karane kA nirdeza dene kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki bhUlAcAra kI yahI gAthA kundakunda ke suttapAhuDa meM bhI milatI hai, kintu kundakunda AgamoM ke uparyukta prakAroM kA ullekha karane ke pazcAt unakI svAdhyAya vidhi ke sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahate haiN| jabaki mUlAcAra spaSTa rUpa se unake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza karatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM mUlAcAra meM AgamoM ke adhyayana kI upadhAna vidhi arthAt tapa pUrvaka AgamoM ke adhyayana karane kI vidhi kA bhI ullekha hai| AgamoM ke adhyayana kI yaha upadhAna vidhi zvetAmbaroM meM Aja bhI pracalita hai| vidhimArgaprapA (pR. 49-51 ) meM isakA vistRta ullekha hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se pramANita ho jAtA hai ki mUlAcAra AgamoM ko vicchinna nahIM mAnatA thaa| yApanIya paramparA meM ye aMga Agama aura aMgabAhya Agama pracalana meM the, isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki navIM zatAbdI meM yApanIya AcArya aparAjita bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM na kevala ina AgamoM se aneka uddharaNa prastuta karate haiM, apitu svayaM dazavaikAlika para TIkA bhI likha rahe haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, yApanIya paryuSaNa ke avasara para kalpasUtra kA vAcana bhI karate the, aisA nirdeza svayaM digambarAcArya kara rahe haiN| kyA yApanIya Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se bhinna the?

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30 isa prasaMga meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yApanIyoM ke ye Agama kauna se the ? kyA ve ina nAmoM se upalabdha zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM se bhinna the yA yahI the ? hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne yaha kahane kA atisAhasa bhI kiyA hai ki ye Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se sarvathA bhinna the| paM. kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrva pIThikA, pR. 525) ne aisA hI anumAna kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM " jaina paramparA meM digambara aura zvetAmbara ke samAna eka yApanIya saMgha bhI thaa| yaha saMgha yadyapi nagnatA kA pakSadhara thA, tathApi zvetAmbarIya AgamoM ko mAnatA thA / isa saMgha ke AcArya aparAjitasUri kI saMskRta TIkA bhagavatI ArAdhanA nAmaka prAcIna grantha para hai| jo mudrita bhI ho cukI hai / usameM nagnatA ke samarthana meM aparAjitasUri ne Agama granthoM se aneka uddharaNa diye haiM, jinameM se aneka uddharaNa vartamAna AgamoM meM nahIM milte| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne yahA~ jo "aneka" zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai vaha bhrAnti utpanna karatA hai / maiMne aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta Agamika sandarbhoM kI zvetAmbara AgamoM se tulanA karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAyA hai ki lagabhaga 90 pratizata sandarbhoM meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta para zaurasenI prAkRta ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa hue AMzika pAThabheda ko chor3akara koI antara nahIM hai / jahA~ kiMcit pAThabheda hai vahA~ bhI artha - bheda nahIM hai / AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne isa grantha meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA (pR. 320-327) se eka uddharaNa diyA hai, jo vartamAna AcArAMga meM nahIM milatA hai| unake dvArA prastuta vaha uddharaNa nimna hai -- ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza ---- tathA coktamAcArage sudaM Aussatto* bhagavadA evamakkhAdA iha khalu saMyamAbhimukha duvihA itthI purisA jAdA havaMti / taM jahA savvasamaNNagade No savvasamaNNAgade ceva / tattha je savvasamaNNAgade thiNA* hatthapANIpAde savviMdiya samaNNAgade tassa NaM No kappadi egamavi vattha dhAriuM evaM parihiuM evaM aNNattha egeNa paDilehageNa iti / nizcaya hI uparyukta sandarbha AcArAMga meM isI rUpa meM zabdazaH nahIM hai kintu " savvasamannAgaya" nAmaka pada aura ukta kathana kA bhAva AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aSTama adhyayana meM Aja bhI surakSita hai| ataH isa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA karanA anucita hogA ki yApanIya paramparA kA AcArAMga, vartamAna meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha AcArAMga se bhinna thaa| kyoMki aparAjitasUri dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga ke anya sandarbha Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ke isI AcArAMga meM upalabdha hai| aparAjita ne AcArAMga ke "lokavicaya" nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana ke paMcama uddezaka kA ullekhapUrvaka jo uddharaNa diyA hai, vaha Aja bhI usI adhyAya ke usI uddezaka meM upalabdha hai| isI prakAra usameM "ahaM puNa evaM jANejja upAtikate hemaMte--- Thavijja" jo yaha pATha AcArAMga se uddhRta hai-- vaha bhI vartamAna AcArAMga ke aSTama adhyayana ke caturtha uddezaka meM hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtrakRtAMga, kalpa Adi ke sandarbhoM kI bhI lagabhaga yahI sthiti hai| aba hama uttarAdhyayana ke sandarbhoM para vicAra karegeM / AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne jaina sAhitya kI pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjita kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA kI nimna do gAthAe~ udghRta kI haiM-

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31 pro, sAgaramala jaina paricattesu vatthesu Na puNo celmaadie| acelapavare bhikkhU jiNarUpadhare sdaa|| sacelago sukhI bhavadi asukhI vA vi acelgo| ahaM to sacelo hokkhAmi idi bhikkhu na ciNte|| paMDitajI ne inheM uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA kahA hai aura unheM vartamAna uttarAdhyayana meM anupalabdha bhI batAyA hai| kintu jaba hamane svayaM paMDitajI dvArA hI sampAdita evaM anuvAdita bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA dekhI to usameM inheM spaSTa rUpa se uttarAdhyayana kI gAthAyeM nahIM kahA gayA hai| usameM mAtra "imAni ca sUtrANi acelatAM darzayanti" kahakara inheM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ko yaha bhrAnti kaise ho gaI, hama nahIM jaante| punaH ye gAthAe~ bhI cAhe zabdazaH uttarAdhyayana meM na hoM, kintu bhAvarUpa se to donoM hI gAthAe~ aura zabda-rUpa se inake ATha caraNoM meM se cAra caraNa to upalabdha hI haiN| uparokta uddhRta gAthAoM se tulanA ke lie uttarAdhyayana kI ye gAthAe~ prastuta haiM-- "parijuNNehiM vatyehiM hokkhAmi tti acele| aduvA "sacelae hokkhaM" idaM bhikkhU na cinte|| "egayA acelae hoi sacele yAvi egyaa|" eyaM dhammahiyaM naccA nANI no prideve|| ___ -- uttarAdhyayana, 2/12-13 jisa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM hI cUrNi meM Agata pAThoM aura zIlAMka yA abhayadeva kI TIkA meM Agata pAThoM meM ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kI dRSTi se pAThabheda rahA hai, usI prakAra yApanIya paramparA ke Agama ke pATha mAthurI vAcanA ke hone ke kAraNa zaurasenI prAkRta se yukta rahe hoNge| kintu yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki prAcIna stara ke sabhI Agama grantha mUlataH ardhamAgadhI ke rahe haiN| unameM jo mahArASTrI yA zaurasenI ke zabda-spa upalabdha hote haiM, ve paravartI haiN| vijayodayA meM AcArAMga Adi ke sabhI Agamika sandarbho ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve pUrNataH zaurasenI prabhAva se yukta haiN| mUlataH AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi Agama to nizcita hI ardhamAgadhI meM rahe haiN| yahA~ do sambhAvanAe~ ho sakatI haiM, prathama yahI hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya una para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA ho aura yApanIyoM ne use mAnya rakhA ho| dUsare yaha hai ki yApanIyoM dvArA una AgamoM kA zaurasenIkaraNa karate samaya zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AcArAMga Adi se unameM pAThabheda ho gayA ho, kintu isa AdhAra para bhI yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hogA ki yApanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agama bhinna the| aisA pAThabheda to eka hI paramparA ke AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha hai| svayaM paM. kailAzacandrajI ne apane grantha jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa-pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjitasUri kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA se AcArAMga kA jo uparyukta pATha diyA hai, usameM aura svayaM unake dvArA sampAdita bhagavatIArAdhanA kI aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta pATha meM hI antara hai-- eka meM "thINa" pATha hai-- dUsare meM "thIrAMga" pATha hai, jisase artha-bheda bhI hotA hai| eka hI lekhaka aura

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32 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza sampAdaka kI kRti meM bhI pAThabheda ho to bhinna paramparAoM meM kiMcit pAThabheda honA svAbhAvika hai, kintu usase unakI pUrNa bhinnatA kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| punaH yApanIya paramparA dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi ke uparyukta pAThoM kI acelakatva kI avadhAraNA kA prazna hai, vaha zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| ___ isI prasaMga meM uttarAdhyayana kI jo anya gAthAyeM uddhRta kI gaI haiM, ve Aja bhI uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyayana meM kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta ina gAthAoM para bhI zaurasenI kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki mUla uttarAdhyayana ardhamAgadhI kI racanA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane samaya ke avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM ko mAnya karate hue bhI unheM zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, anyathA aparAjita kI TIkA meM mUla AgamoM ke uddharaNoM kA zaurasenI rUpa na milakara ardhamAgadhI rUpa hI miltaa| isa sambandha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 60 ) kA nimna vaktavya vicAraNIya hai-- ___ "zvetAmbara sampradAya mAnya jo Agama grantha haiM, yApanIya saMgha zAyada una sabhI ko mAnatA thA, parantu aisA jAna par3atA hai ki donoM ke AgamoM meM kucha pAThabheda thA aura usakA kAraNa yaha ho ki upalabdha vallabhI vAcanA ke pahale kI koI vAcanA (saMbhavataH mAthurI vAcanA) yApanIya saMgha ke pAsa thI, kyoMki vijayodayA TIkA meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa haiM ve zvetAmbara AgamoM meM bilkula jyoM ke tyoM nahIM balki kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha milate haiN| yApanIyoM ke pAsa skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the yaha mAnane meM eka bAdhA AtI hai, vaha yaha ki skaMdila kI vAcanA kA kAla vIranirvANa 827-840 arthAt IsA kI tRtIya zatI kA anta aura caturthazatI kA prArambha hai, jabaki saMghabheda usake lagabhaga 200 varSa pahale hI ghaTita ho cukA thaa| kintu paM. nAthUrAmajI yaha zaMkA isa AdhAra para nirasta ho jAtI haiM ki vAstavika sampradAya-bheda IsvI san kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM na hokara pA~cavIM zatI meM huaa| yadyapi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki phalgumitra kI paramparA kI koI vAcanA thI, kintu isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM spaSTa nirdeza kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki yApanIya Agama vahI the, jo una nAmoM se Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| mAtra unameM kiMcit pAThabheda thA tathA bhASA kI dRSTi se zaurasenI kA prabhAva adhika thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa milate haiM unameM kucha to vartamAna zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM, kucha pAThAntara ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| jo anupalabdha haiM, unake sambandha meM do vikalpa haiM-- prathama yaha ki mUlAgamoM ke ve aMza bAda ke zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne agalI vAcanA meM nikAla diye aura dUsarA yaha ki ve aMza yApanIya mAnyatA ke prakSipta aMza hoN| kintu prathama vikalpa meM isalie vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki yadi paravartI vAcanAoM meM ve saba bAteM, jo usa yuga ke AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM thIM yA unakI paramparA ke viruddha thIM, nikAla dI gaI hotIM to vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM meM acelatA ke samarthaka sabhI aMza nikAla diye jAne cAhie the| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki AgamoM kI vAcanAoM (saMkalana) ke samaya kevala ve hI aMza nahIM

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33 pro. sAgaramala jaina A pAye the jo vismRta ho gaye the athavA punarAvRtti se bacane ke lie "jAva" pATha dekara vahA~ se haTA diye gaye the| mAnyatA bheda ke kAraNa kucha aMza jAnabUjhakara nikAle gaye hoM, aisA koI bhI vizvasanIya pramANa hameM nahIM milatA hai| kintu yaha ho sakatA hai ki ve aMza kisI anya gaNa kI vAcanA ke rahe hoM, jinake pratinidhi usa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM the| kucha aise pramANa upalabdha haiM ki vibhinna gaNoM meM vAcanA-bheda yA pAThabheda hotA thaa| vibhinna gaNoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa vAcanA bheda bhI mAnA gayA hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM kI nau vAcanAe~ thI arthAt mahAvIra ke kAla meM bhI vAcanA-bheda thaa| kyoMki pratyeka vAcanAcArya kI adhyApana zailI bhinna hotI thii| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM zabda ke sthAna para artha para bala diyA jAtA thA, tIrthaMkara ko artha kA pravartaka mAnA gayA thA jabaki vaidika paramparA zabda pradhAna thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM ne yaha mAnA ki cAhe zabda-bheda ho, para artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa hai ki vAcanA bheda bar3hate gye| hameM yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika uddharaNoM se vartamAna AgamoM ke pAThoM kA jo pAThabheda milatA hai unakA kAraNa vAcanA-bheda hai, artha-bheda nahIM, kyoMki aise anupalabdha aMzoM yA pAThabhedoM meM viSaya pratipAdana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa antara nahIM hai| kintu isa sambhAvanA se pUrI taraha inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki svayaM yApanIyoM ne bhI apanI mAnyatA kI puSTi ke lie kucha aMza jor3e hoM athavA parivartita kiye hoN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI vallabhI vAcanA meM yA usake pazcAt bhI AgamoM meM kucha aMza jur3ate rahe haiM-- isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| hama paNDita kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrvapIThikA, pR. 527 ) ke isa kathana se sahamata haiM ki vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya aura usake bAda bhI AgamoM ke svarUpa meM kucha parivartana hue haiN| kintu unake dvArA prayukta "bahuta" zabda Apattijanaka hai| phira bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki inameM prakSepa hI adhika huA hai, vismRti ko chor3akara jAna-bUjhakara nikAlA kucha nahIM gayA hai| kintu aisA prakSepa mAtra zvetAmbaroM ne kiyA hai aura digambaroM tathA yApanIyoM ne nahIM kiyA hai-- yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sambhava hai ki yApanIya paramparA ne bhI AgamoM meM apane anukUla kucha aMza prakSipta kiye hoN| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi granthoM ko dekhane se aisA spaSTa lagatA hai ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI hI saikar3oM gAthAyeM zaurasenI prAkRta meM spAntarita karake apane ina granthoM ko racanA kI hai, mUlAcAra kA lagabhaga AdhA bhAga prakIrNakoM, niyuktiyoM evaM AgamoM kI gAthAoM se nirmita hai| yaha to nizcita hai ki prAcIna Agama sAhitya ardhamAgadhI meM thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika sandarbha ke sadaiva zaurasenI spa hI milate haiM, jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko zaurasenI meM apane DhaMga se spAntarita karane kA prayatna kiyA hogA aura isa prayatna meM unhoMne apane mata kI puSTi kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hogaa| ataH isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yApanIya AcAryoM ne bhI mUla AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achADa kI thI aura apane mata kI puSTi hetu unhoMne unameM parivardhana aura prakSepa bhI kiye|

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34 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza mAtra zvetAmbara aura yApanIya hI AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a karane ke doSI nahIM haiM, balki digambara AcArya aura paNDita bhI isa daur3a meM pIche nahIM rahe haiN| yApanIya granthoM meM digambara paramparA ke dvArA jo prakSepaNa aura parivartana kiye gaye haiM ve to aura bhI adhika vicAraNIya haiM, kyoMki inake kAraNa aneka yApanIya granthoM kA yApanIya svarUpa hI vikRta ho gayA hai| hamAre digambara vidvAn zvetAmbara granthoM meM prakSepaNa kI bAta to kahate haiM kintu ve isa bAta ko vismRta kara jAte haiM ki svayaM unhoMne yApanIya aura apane granthoM meM bhI kisa prakAra hera-phera kiye haiN| isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara vidvAnoM kA mata prastuta karanA caahuuNgaa| paM. kailAzacandrajI sva-sampAdita "bhagavatIArAdhanA" kI prastAvanA (pR. 9 ) meM likhate haiM-- "vijayodayA ke adhyayana se prakaTa hotA hai ki unake sAmane TIkA likhate samaya jo mUlagrantha upasthita thA, usameM aura vartamAna mUla (grantha) meM antara hai| aneka gAthAoM meM ve zabda nahIM milate jo TIkAoM meM haiN|" isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaba digambara AcAryoM ne isa yApanIya grantha ko apane meM samAhita kiyA hogA to isakI mUla gAthAoM ke zabdoM meM bhI hera-phera kara diyA hogaa| yadi paM. kailAzacandrajI ne una sabhI sthaloM kA jahA~ unheM pAThabheda pratIta huA, nirdeza kiyA hotA to sambhavataH hama adhika prAmANikatA se kucha bAta kaha sakate the| TIkA aura mUla ke sAre antaroM ko hama bhI abhI taka khoja nahIM pAye haiN| ataH abhI to unake mata ko hI vizvasanIya mAnakara saMtoSa kreNge| svayaMbhU ke riTThanemicariu (harivaMzapurANa) meM bhI isI prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a huI thii| isa sandarbha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 202 ) likhate haiM-- "isameM to saMdeha nahIM hai ki isa antima aMza meM muni jasakitti (yazakIrti) kA bhI hAtha hai parantu yaha kitanA hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| bahuta kucha soca-vicAra ke bAda hama isa nirNaya para pahu~ce haiM ki muni jasakitti ko isa grantha kI koI aisI jIrNa-zIrNa prati milI thI jisake antima patra naSTa-bhraSTa the aura zAyada anya pratiyA~ durlabha thIM, isalie unhoMne gopagiri (gvAliyara) ke samIpa kamaranagarI ke jaina mandira meM vyAkhyAna karane ke lie ise ThIka kiyA arthAt jahA~-jahA~ jitanA aMza par3hA nahIM gayA thA yA naSTa ho gayA thA, usako svayaM racakara jor3a diyA aura jahA~-jahA~ jor3A, vahA~-vahA~ apane parizrama ke evaja meM apanA nAma bhI jor3a diyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki kucha digambara AcAryoM ne dUsaroM kI racanAoM ko bhI apane nAma para car3hA liyaa| - isI prakAra tiloyapaNNatti meM bhI paryApta rUpa se milAvaTa huI hai| jahA~ "tilAyapaNNatti" kA grantha-parimANa 8000 zloka batAyA gayA hai vahA~ vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti kA zloka-parimANa 9340 hai arthAt lagabhaga 1340 zloka adhika haiN| paM. nAthUrAmajI premI ke zabdoM meM -- ye isa bAta ke saMketa dete haiM ki pIche se isameM milAvaTa kI gayI hai| isa sandarbha meM paM. phUlacandrazAstrI ke, jaina sAhitya bhAskara, bhAga 11, aMka prathama meM prakAzita "vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti aura

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35 pro. sAgaramala jaina usake racanAkAra kA vicAra" nAmaka lekha ke AdhAra para ve likhate haiM-- "usase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha grantha apane asala rUpa meM nahIM rahA hai| usameM na kevala bahuta sA lagabhaga eka aSTamAMza prakSipta hai, balki bahuta-sA parivartana aura parizodha bhI kiyA gayA hai, jo mUla grantha kartA ke anukUla nahIM hai|" isI prakAra kasAyapAhuDasutta kI mUla gAthAe~ 180 thIM, kintu Aja usameM 233 gAthAe~ milatI haiM-- arthAt usameM 53 gAthAe~ paravartI AcAryoM dvArA prakSipta haiN| yahI sthiti kundakunda ke samayasAra, vaTTakera ke mUlAcAra Adi kI bhI hai| prakAzita saMskaraNoM meM bhI gAthAoM kI saMkhyAoM meM bahuta adhika antara hai| samayasAra ke jJAnapITha ke saMskaraNa meM 415 gAthAyeM haiM to ajitAzrama saMskaraNa meM 437 gaathaayeN| mUlAcAra ke digambara jainagranthamAlA ke saMskaraNa meM 1242 gAthAe~ haiM to phalaTaNa ke saMskaraNa meM 1414 gAthAe~ haiM arthAt 162 gAthAe~ adhika haiM, yaha saba isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki digambara paramparA ke AcAryoM ne zvetAmbaroM aura yApanIyoM kI apekSA bahuta adhika prakSepa evaM parivartana kiyA hai| ina ullekhoM ke atirikta vartamAna meM bhI isa prakAra ke parivartanoM ke prayAsa hue haiN| jaise "dhavalA" ke sampAdana ke samaya mUla grantha SaTkhaNDAgama se "saMjada" pada ko haTA denA, tAki usa grantha ke yApanIya svarUpa yA strI-mukti ke samarthaka hone kA pramANa naSTa kiyA jA ske| isa sandarbha meM digambara samAja meM kitanI UhApoha macI thI aura pakSa-vipakSa meM kitane lekha likhe gaye the, yaha tathya kisI se chipA nahIM hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki anta meM mUlaprati meM "saMjada" pada pAyA gyaa| tathApi tAmrapatra vAlI prati meM vaha pada nahIM likhA gayA, sambhavataH bhaviSya meM vaha eka naI samasyA utpanna kregaa| isa sandarbha meM bhI maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara paramparA ke mAnya vijJAn paM. kailAzacandrajI ke zabdoM ko hI uddhRta kara rahA huuN| paM. bAlacandrazAstrI kI kRti "SaTkhaNDAgama-parizIlana" ke apane pradhAna sampAdakIya meM ve likhate haiM-- "samUcA grantha prakAzita hone se pUrva hI eka aura vivAda uTha khar3A huaa| prathama bhAga ke sUtra 93 meM jo pATha hameM upalabdha thA, usameM artha-saMgati kI dRSTi se "saMjadAsaMjada" ke Age "saMjada" pada jor3ane kI AvazyakatA pratIta huI, kintu isase phalita hone vAlI saiddhAntika vyavasthAoM se kucha vidvAnoM ke mana AloDita hue aura ve "saMjada" pada ko vahA~ jor3anA eka anadhikAra ceSTA kahane lge| isa para bahuta bAra maukhika zAstrArtha bhI hue aura uttara-pratyuttara rUpa lekhoM kI zrRMkhalAe~ bhI cala par3IM, jinakA saMgraha kucha svatantra granthoM meM prakAzita bhI huaa| isake maukhika samAdhAna hetu jaba sampAdakoM ne tAr3apatrIya pratiyoM ke pATha kI sUkSmatA se jA~ca karAyI taba patA calA ki vahA~ kI donoM bhinna pratiyoM meM hamArA sujhAyA gayA saMjada pada vidyamAna hai| isase do bAteM spaSTa huI-- eka to yaha ki sampAdakoM ne jo pATha-saMzodhana kiyA hai, vaha gambhIra cintana aura samajhadArI para AdhArita hai aura dUsarI yaha ki mUla pratiyoM se pATha milAna kI AvazyakatA aba bhI banI huI hai, kyoMki jo pAThAntara mUDabidrI se prApta hue the aura tRtIya bhAga ke anta meM samAviSTa kiye gaye the unameM yaha saMzodhana nahIM milaa|" mere uparyukta lekhana kA tAtparya kisI kI bhAvanAoM ko Thesa pahu~cAnA nahIM hai kintu mUlagranthoM ke sAtha aisI cher3a-chAr3a karane ke lie zvetAmbara, digambara, yApanIya-- sabhI samAnarUpa se doSI haiN| jahA~ zvetAmbaroM ne apane hI pUrva avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM se aisI cher3a-chAr3a

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36 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza kI, vahA~ yApanIyoM ne zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se aura digambaroM ne yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM se aisI hI cher3a-chAr3a kii| niSkarSa yaha hai ki isa prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a prAcIna kAla se lekara vartamAna kAla taka hotI rahI hai| koI bhI paramparA isa sandarbha meM pUrNa nirdoSa nahIM kahI jA sktii| ataH kisI bhI paramparA kA adhyayana karate samaya yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama una prakSipta athavA parivardhita aMzoM para niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM, kyoMki isa cher3a-chAr3a meM kahIM kucha aisA avazya raha jAtA hai, jisase yathArthatA ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| parivardhanoM aura parivartanoM ke bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara AgamoM kI eka vizeSatA hai, vaha yaha ki ve saba bAteM bhI jinakA unakI paramparA se spaSTa virodha hai, unameM yathAvat rUpa se surakSita haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbara Agama jaina dharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kI jAnakArI dene meM Aja bhI pUrNatayA sakSama haiN| AvazyakatA hai niSpakSa bhAva se unake adhyayana kii| kyoMki unameM bahuta kucha aisA mila jAtA hai, jisameM jainadharma ke vikAsa aura usameM Aye parivartanoM ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| yahI bAta kisI sImA taka yApanIya aura digambara granthoM ke sandarbha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi zvetAmbara sAhitya kI apekSA vaha alpa hI hai| prakSepa aura pariSkAra ke bAda bhI samagra jaina sAhitya meM bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo satya ko prastuta karatA hai, kintu zarta yahI hai ki usakA adhyayana aitihAsika aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se ho, tabhI hama satya ko samajha skeNge| AgamoM ke viccheda kI avadhAraNA ___ Agama ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA jainadharma ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM ullikhita haiN| digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA tiloyapaNNatti, SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi meM milatI hai| ina saba granthoM meM tiloyapaNNatti apekSA kRta prAcIna hai| tiloyapaNNatti kA racanAkAla vidvAnoM ne IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatI ke lagabhaga mAnA hai| isake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi grantha Ate haiM jo lagabhaga I. kI navIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| harivaMza purANa meM Agama-viccheda kI carcA ko kucha vidvAnoM ne prakSipta mAnA hai kyoMki vaha yApanIya paramparA kA grantha hai aura yApanIyoM meM navIM-dasavIM zatAbdI taka AgamoM ke adhyayana aura una para TIkA likhane kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| sambhava yaha bhI hai ki jisa prakAra zvetAmbaroM meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA hote hue bhI AgamoM kI paramparA jIvita rahI usI prakAra yApanIyoM meM bhI zruta viccheda kI paramparA kA ullekha hote hue bhI zruta ke adhyayana evaM una para TIkA Adi ke lekhana kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| punaH harivaMzapurANa meM bhI mAtra pUrva evaM aMga grantha ke viccheda kI carcA hai zeSa grantha to the hii| ina granthoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt gautama, sudharmA (lohArya) aura jambU ye tIna AcArya kevalI hue, ina tInoM kA sammilita kAla 62 varSa mAnA gayA hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 37 tatpazcAt viSNu, nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca AcArya caturdaza pUrvo ke dhAraka zrutakevalI hue| ina pA~ca AcAryoM kA sammilita kAla 100 varSa hai| isa prakAra bhadrabAhu ke kAla taka aMga aura pUrva kI paramparA avicchinna banI rhii| usake bAda prathama pUrva sAhitya kA viccheda prArambha huaa| bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt vizAkha, proSThila, kSatriya, jaya, nAga, siddhArtha, dhRtisena, vijaya buddhila, dharmasena aura gaMgadeva -- ye gyAraha AcArya dasa pUrvo ke dhAraka hue| inakA sammilita kAla 183 varSa mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke pazcAt 345 varSa taka pUrvadharoM kA astitva rhaa| isake bAda pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sAtha hI pUrva jJAna kA viccheda ho gyaa| inake pazcAt nakSatra, yazapAla, pANDu, dhruvasena aura kaMsa -- ye pA~ca AcArya ekAdaza aMgoM ke jJAtA hue| inakA sammilita kAla 220 varSa mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa ke 565 varSa pazcAta AcArAMga ko chor3akara zeSa aMgoM kA bhI viccheda ho gyaa| inake bAda subhadra, yazobhadra, yazobAhu aura lohAcArya -- ye cAra AcArya AcArAMga ke dhAraka hue| inakA kAla 118 varSa rhaa| isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke683 varSa pazcAta aMga evaM parva sAhitya ke granthoM ke pUrNajJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA samApta ho gii| inake bAda AcArya dharasena taka aMga aura pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA (AMzikajJAtA) AcAryoM kI paramparA clii| usake bAda pUrva aura aMga sAhitya kA viccheda ho gyaa| mAtra aMga aura pUrva ke AdhAra para unake ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM dvArA nirmita grantha hI zeSa rhe| aMga aura pUrvadharoM kI yaha sUcI hamane harivaMzapurANa ke AdhAra para dI hai| anya granthoM evaM zravaNa belagolA ke kucha abhilekhoM meM bhI yaha sUcI dI gayI hai kintu ina sabhI sUciyoM meM kahIM nAmoM meM aura kahIM krama meM antara hai, jisase inakI prAmANikatA saMdehAspada bana jAtI hai| kintu jo kucha sAhityika aura abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha haiM unheM hI AdhAra banAnA hogA anya koI vikalpa bhI nahIM hai| yadyapi ina sAkSyoM meM bhI eka bhI sAkSya aisA nahIM hai, jo sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA ho| ina samasta vivaraNoM se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki digambara paramparA meM zruta viccheda kI isa carcA kA prArambha lagabhaga chaThIM-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM huA aura usameM aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM pUrva jJAna ke viccheda kI carcA to niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi Adi Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM huI hai| kintu aMga-AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA mAtra titthogAliya prakIrNaka ke atirikta anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI hai| titthogAliya prakIrNaka ko dekhane se lagatA hai ki yaha grantha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai| isakA racanA kAla aura kucha viSaya-vastu bhI tiloyapaNNatti se samarUpa hI hai| isa prakIrNaka kA ullekha, nandIsUtra kI kAlika aura utkAlika granthoM kI sUcI meM nahIM hai kintu vyavahArabhASya (10/704) meM isakA ullekha huA hai| vyavahArabhASya spaSTataH sAtavIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai| antataH titthogAliya pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt tathA sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva arthAt lagabhaga IsvI san kI chaThIM zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hogaa| yahI kAla tiloyapaNNatti kA bhI hai| ina donoM granthoM meM hI sarvaprathama zruta ke viccheda kI carcA hai| titthogAliya meM tIrthakaroM kI mAtAoM ke caudaha svapna, strI-mukti tathA dasa AzcayoM kA ullekha hone se evaM nandIsUtra, anuyogakhara tathA Avazyakaniyukti se isameM

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38 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza aneka gAthAe~ avatarita kiye jAne se yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha zvetAmbara grantha hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakIrNaka rUpa meM isakI Aja bhI mAnyatA hai| isa grantha kI gAthA 807 se 857 taka meM na kevala pUrvo ke viccheda kI carcA hai apitu aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI bhI carcA hai| titthogAliya evaM anya granthoM ke sAkSya se jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra antima caturdazapUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hue| Arya bhadrabAhu svargavAsa ke sAtha hI cartudaza pUrvadharoM kI paramparA samApta ho gyii| inakA svargavAsa kAla vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt mAnA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt sthUlibhadra dasa pUrvo ke artha sahita aura zeSa cAra pUrvo ke mUla mAtra ke jJAtA hue| yathArtha meM to ve dasa pUrvo ke hI jJAtA the| titthogAliya meM sthUlibhadra ko dasa pUrvadharoM meM prathama kahA gayA hai| usameM antima dasapUrvI satyamitra pAThabheda se sarvamitra ko batAyA gayA hai, kintu unake kAla kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai| usake bAda usa grantha meM yaha ullekhita hai ki anukrama se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt vAcaka vRSabha ke samaya meM pUrvagat zruta kA viccheda ho jaayegaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt bhI pUrvadharoM kI paramparA calatI rahI hai, zvetAmbaroM meM abhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara aura bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara, aise do prakAra ke vargo kA ullekha hai, jo sampUrNa dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote, ve abhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara kahe jAte the aura jo AMzika rUpa se dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote the, unheM bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara kahA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki caturdaza pUrvadharoM ke viccheda kI isa carcA meM donoM paramparA meM antima caturdazapUrvI bhadrabAhu ko hI mAnA gayA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra 162 varSa pazcAt caturdaza pUrvadharoM kA viccheda huaa| yahA~ donoM paramparAoM meM mAtra ATha varSoM kA antara hai| kintu dasa pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sambandha meM donoM paramparAoM meM koI samaspatA nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra Arya sarvamitra aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra Arya dharmasena yA Arya siddhArtha antima dasa pUrvI hue haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM Arya sarvamitra ko antima dasa pUrvadhara kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA meM bhagavatIArAdhanA ke kartA zivArya ke guruoM ke nAmoM meM sarvaguptagaNi aura mitragaNi nAma Ate haiM kintu donoM meM koI samarUpatA ho yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| digambara paramparA meM dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt ekadeza pUrvadharoM kA ullekha to huA hai kintu unakI koI sUcI upalabdha nahIM hotii| ataH isa sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI tulanA kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| pUrva sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA ke pazcAt titthogAliya meM aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai, jo nimnAnusAra hai-- usameM ullikhita hai ki vIranirvANa ke 1250 varSa pazcAt vipAkasUtra sahita cha: aMgoM kA viccheda ho jaayegaa| isake pazcAt vIranirvANa saM. 1300 meM samavAyAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1350 meM sthAnAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1400 meM kalpa-vyavahAra kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1500 meM

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 39 AyAradazA kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1900 meM sUtrakRtAMga kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 2000 meM nizIthasUtra kA viccheda hogaa| jJAtavya hai ki isake pazcAt lagabhaga aThAraha hajAra varSa taka viccheda kI koI carcA nahIM hai| phira vIranirvANa saM. 20,000 meM AcArAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20500 meM uttarAdhyayana kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20900 meM dazavakAlika mUla kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 21,000 meM dazavaikAlika ke artha kA viccheda hogA -- yaha kahA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki paNDita dalasukhabhAI ne jaina sAhitya ke bRhad itihAsa kI bhUmikA ( pU. 61 ) meM AcArAMga kA viccheda vIranirvANa ke 2300 varSa pazcAt likhA hai kintu mUla gAthA se kahIM bhI yaha artha phalita nahIM hotaa| unhoMne kisa AdhAra para yaha artha kiyA yaha hama nahIM jAnate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki unake pAsa isa gAthA kA koI dUsarA pAThAntara rahA ho| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki aMga AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI calI hai, kintu isake bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ne aMga sAhitya ko, cAhe AMzika rUpa se hI kyoM na ho, surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathama to prazna yaha hai ki kyA viccheda kA artha tat-tat grantha kA sampUrNa rUpa se vinAza hai ? merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA artha yaha nahIM ki usa grantha kA sampUrNa lopa ho gyaa| merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA tAtparya usake kucha aMzoM kA viccheda hI mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI jo aMga sAhitya Aja avaziSTa haiM ve usa rUpa meM to nahIM haiM jisa rUpa se unakI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra Adi meM huA hai| yaha satya hai ki na kevala pUrva sAhitya kA apitu aMga sAhitya kA bhI bahuta kucha aMza vicchinna huA hai| Aja AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA sAtavA~ mahAparijJA nAmaka adhyAya anupalabdha hai| bhagavatIsUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA, anutaraupapAtika, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkadazA Adi granthoM kI bhI bahuta kucha sAmagrI vicchinna huI hai, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kyoMki sthAnAMga meM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai, vaha unakI vartamAna viSaya-vastu se mela nahIM khAtI hai| unameM jahA~ kucha prAcIna adhyayana vilapta hae haiM. vahIM kacha navIna sAmagrI samAviSTa bhI haI hai| antima vAcanAkAra devardhigaNi ne svayaM bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki mujhe jo bhI truTita sAmagrI milI hai, usako hI maine saMkalita kiyA hai| ataH Agama granthoM ke viccheda kI jo carcA hai, usakA artha yahI lenA cAhiye ki yaha zruta-saMpadA yathAvat rUpa meM surakSita nahIM raha skii| vaha AMzika rUpa se vismRti ke garbha meM calI gii| kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa taka yaha sAhitya maukhika rahA aura maukhika paramparA meM vismRti svAbhAvika hai| vicdeda kA krama tabhI skA jaba AgamoM ko likhita rUpa de diyA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM zruta-viccheda sambandhI yaha jo carcA hai usake sambandha meM yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya hai ki usameM zrutadharoM ke arthAt zruta ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai na ki zruta granthoM ke viccheda carcA huI hai| dUsare yaha ki pUrva aura aMga ke isa viccheda kI

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40 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza carcA meM bhI pUrva aura aMgoM ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kA astitva to svIkAra kiyA hI gayA hai| dharasena ke sambandha meM bhI mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki ve aMga aura pUrvo ke ekadeza jJAtA the| inake bAda aMga evaM pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gayI ho, aisA ullekha hameM kisI bhI digambara grantha meM nahIM milaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA (vahI, pR. 62) Adi kucha vidvAna ina ullekhoM ko zrutadharoM ke viccheda kA ullekha mAnate haiM na ki zruta ke viccheda kA punaH isa carcA meM mAtra pUrva aura aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI hI carcA huI hai| kAlika aura utkAlika sUtroM ke athavA chedasUtroM ke viccheda kI kahIM koI carcA digambara paramparA meM nahIM uThI hai| durbhAgya yaha hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zrutadharoM ke viccheda ko hI zruta kA viccheda mAna liyA aura kAlika, utkAlika Adi AgamoM ke viccheda kI koI carcA na hone para bhI unakA viccheda svIkAra kara liyaa| yaha satya hai ki jaba zruta ke adhyayana kI paramparA maukhika ho to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda mAnanA hogA kintu jaba zruta likhita rUpa meM bhI ho, to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| dUsare maukhika paramparA se cale A rahe zruta meM vismRti Adi ke kAraNa kisI aMza-vizeSa ke viccheda ko pUrNa viccheda mAnanA bhI samIcIna nahIM hai| viccheda kI isa carcA kA tAtparya mAtra yahI hai ki mahAvIra kI yaha zruta-sampadA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura usake kucha aMza vilupta ho gye| ataH AMzika rUpa meM jinavANI Aja bhI hai, ise svIkAra karane meM kisI ko koI vipratipatti nahIM honA caahiye| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sarala hai ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu mukhyataH upadezaparaka, AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai| bhagavatI ke kucha aMza, prajJApanA, anuyogadAra, jo ki apekSAkRta paravartI hai, ko chor3akara unameM prAyaH gahana dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcAoM kA abhAva hai| viSaya-pratipAdana sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bhI bodhagamya hai| vaha mukhyataH vivaraNAtmaka evaM upadezAtmaka hai| isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM meM ArAdhanA aura mUlAcAra ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI grantha dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcA se yukta hai| ve paripakva dArzanika vicAroM ke paricAyaka hai| guNasthAna aura karmasiddhAnta kI ve gaharAIyA~, jo zaurasenI AgamoM meM upalabdha hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM unakA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| kundakunda ke samayasAra ke samAna unameM saiddhAntika dRSTi se adhyAtmavAda ke pratisthApana kA bhI koI prayAsa parilakSita nahIM hotaa| yadyapi ye saba unakI kamI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu cintana ke vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAthamika stara kA hone se prAcIna bhI hai aura sAtha hI vikasita zaurasenI AgamoM ke lie AdhAra bhUta bhii| samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAnoM ke nAma se 14 guNasthAnoM kA mAtra nirdeza hai, jabaki SaTakhaNDAgama jaisA prAcIna zaurasenI Agama bhI unakI gambhIratA se carcA karatA hai| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, kundakunda ke grantha aura gommaTasAra Adi sabhI meM guNasthAnoM kI vistRta carcA hai| cU~ki tattvArtha meM guNasthAnoM kI carcA kA evaM syAdvAda-saptabhaMgI kA abhAva hai, ataH ye sabhI

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41 pro. sAgaramala jaina racanAe~ tattvArtha ke bAda kI kRtiyA~ mAnI jA sakatI haiN| isI prakAra kaSAyapAhuDa, SaTkhaNDAgama, gommaTTasAra Adi zaurasenI Agama granthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kI jo gahana carcA hai, vaha bhI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM anupalabdha hai| ataH zaurasenI AgamoM kI apekSA ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sarala, bodhagamya evaM prAthamika stara kI vivaraNAtmaka zailI unakI prAcInatA kI sUcaka hai| tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana kiyA gayA hai ataH aneka sthAnoM para saiddhAntika dRSTi se unameM bhinnatAe~ bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| vastutaH ye grantha akRtrima bhAva se race gaye haiM aura unheM unake sampAdana kAla meM bhI saMgatiyukta banAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| eka ora utsarga kI dRSTi se unameM ahiMsA ke sUkSmatA ke sAtha pAlana karane ke nirdeza hai to dUsarI ora apavAda kI apekSA se aise aneka vivaraNa bhI hai jo isa sUkSma ahiMsaka jIvanazailI ke anukUla nahIM hai| isI prakAra eka ora unameM muni kI acelatA kA pratipAdana samarthana kiyA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora vastra, pAtra ke sAtha-sAtha muni ke upakaraNoM kI lambI sUcI bhI mila jAtI hai| eka ora kezaloca kA vidhAna hai to dUsarI kSura-muNDana kI anujJA bhI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM vedanIya ke bhedoM meM krodha vedanIya Adi kA ullekha hai, jo ki karmasiddhAnta ke granthoM meM yahA~ taka ki svayaM uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI anupalabdha hai, ukta sAkSyoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya jaina saMgha kA, niSpakSa itihAsa prastuta karatA hai| tathyoM kA yathArtha rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa usakI apanI vizeSatA hai| vastutaH tathyAtmaka vividhatAoM evaM antarvirodhoM ke kAraNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAla krama kA nirdhAraNa bhI sahaja ho jAtA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jainasaMgha ke itihAsa kA prAmANika rUpa yadi hama ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra evaM vicAra meM dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM kyA -kyA parivartana hue isako jAnane kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI hai, kyoMki ina parivartanoM ko samajhAne ke lie unameM una tathyoM ke vikAsa krama ko khojA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRr3ha-mUla hotA gayA, isakI jAnakArI RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana se mila jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla, asitadevala, tArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka Adi RSiyoM ko arhat RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kapila, nami, karakaNDu, naggati, gardabhAlI, saMjaya Adi kA sammAnapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA gayA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inameM se kucha ko AcArabheda ke bAvajUda bhI paramparA-sammata mAnA gyaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA meM nArada kI aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka meM maMkhalI gozAla kI samAlocanA bhI kI gaI hai| isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM anya

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42 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza paramparAoM ke prati udAratA kA bhAva kaise parivartita hotA gayA aura sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hote gaye, isakA yathArtha citraNa unameM upalabdha ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha, AcAracUlA, dazavaikAlika, nizItha Adi chedasUtra tathA unake bhASya aura cUrNiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcAra meM kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana huA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, jJAtAdharmakathA Adi ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki pApityoM kA mahAvIra ke saMgha para kyA prabhAva par3A aura donoM ke bIca sambandhoM meM kaise parivartana hotA gyaa| isI prakAra ke aneka prazna, jinake kAraNa AjakA jaina samAja sAmpradAyika kaThagharoM meM banda hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke mAdhyama se sulajhAye jA sakate haiN| zaurasenI AgamoM meM mAtra mUlAcAra aura bhagavatIArAdhanA ko, jo apanI viSaya-vastu ke liye ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke RNI haiM, isa koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu zeSa Agamatulya zaurasenI grantha jainadharma ko sImita gheroM meM Abaddha hI karate haiN| ardhamAgadhI-Agama zaurasenI-Agama aura paravartI mahArASTrI vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra ardhamAgadhI-Agama zaurasenI Agama aura mahArASTrI Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra rahe haiN| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM kramazaH niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TabbA Adi likhe gaye haiM, ye sabhI jainadharma evaM darzana ke prAcInatama srota hai| yadyapi zaurasenI Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya meM cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha deza, kAla aura sahagAmI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha aisI sAmagrI bhI hai, jo unakI apanI maulika kaha jA sakatI hai phira bhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko unake aneka granthoM ke mUlasrota ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAtra mUlAcAra meM hI tIna sau se adhika gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniyukti, jIvasamAsa, AturapratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka ( candAvejjhaya) Adi meM upalabdha hotI hai| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI aneka gAthAyeM ardhamAgadhI Agama aura vizeSa rUpa se prakIrNakoM (painnA) se milatI hai| SaTkhaNDAgama aura prajJApanA meM bhI jo samAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI hai, unakI vistRta carcA paNDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne (pro. e.ena. upAdhye vyAkhyAnamAlA meM) kI hai| niyamasAra kI kucha gAthAe~ anuyogadAra evaM itara AgamoM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai, jabaki samayasAra Adi kucha aise zaurasenI Agama grantha bhI hai, jinakI maulika racanA kA zreya unake kartAoM ko hI hai| tiloyapannati kA prAthamika rUpa vizeSa rUpa se Avazyakaniyukti tathA kucha prakIrNakoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra huA thA, yadyapi bAda meM usameM paryApta rUpa se parivartana aura parivardhana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya hI rahA hai tathApi unameM jo saiddhAntika gaharAIyA~ aura vikAsa parilakSita hote haiM, ve unake racanAkAroM kI maulika dena hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA kRrtatva ajJAta ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM prajJApanA, dazavaikAlika aura chedasUtroM ke kRrtatva chor3akara zeSa ke

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43 pro. sAgaramala jaina racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai| yadyapi dazavaikAlika Arya zayambhavasUri kI, tIna chedasUtra AryabhadrabAhu kI aura prajJApanA zyAmAcArya kI kRti mAnI jAtI hai, mahAnizItha kA usakI dImakoM se bhakSita prati ke AdhAra para AcArya haribhadra ne samuddhAra kiyA thA, yaha svayaM usI meM ullekhita hai, tathApi anya AgamoM ke kartAoM ke bAre meM hama andhakAra meM hI haiN| sambhavataH usakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki sAmAnyajana meM isa bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa banA rahe ki ardhamAgadhI Agama gaNadharoM athavA pUrvadharoM kI kRti hai, isaliye kartAoM ne apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| yaha vaisI hI sthiti hai jaisI hindU purANoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM kevala veda vyAsa ko jAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi ve aneka AcAryoM kI aura paryApta paravartIkAla kI racanAe~ haiN| isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM sabhI granthoM kA kRrtatva sunizcita hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kucha parivartana aura prakSepa paravartI AcAryoM ne kiye haiN| phira bhI isa sambandha meM unakI sthiti ardhamAgadhI Agama kI apekSA kAphI spaSTa hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM to yahA~ taka bhI huA hai ki kucha vilupta kRtiyoM ke sthAna para paryApta paravartI kAla meM dUsarI kRti hI rakha dI gii| isa sambandha meM praznavyAkaraNa kI sampUrNa viSaya-vastu ke parivartana kI carcA pUrva meM hI kI jA cukI hai| abhI-abhI aMgacUliyA aura baMgacUliyA nAmaka do vilupta AgamoM kA patA calA, ye bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira meM upalabdha hai, jaba inakA adhyayana kiyA gayA to patA calA ki ve lokAzAha ke pazcAt arthAt solahavIM yA satrahavIM zatAbdI meM kisI ajJAta AcArya ne banAkara rakha diye haiN| yadyapi isase yaha niSkarSa bhI nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha sthiti sabhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI hai| satya to yaha hai ki unake prakSepoM aura parivartanoM ko AsAnI se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki zaurasenI AgamoM meM hue prakSepoM ko jAnanA jaTila hai| __ AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sambandha meM jisa atizayatA kI carcA paravartI AcAryoM ne kI hai, vaha unake kathana kI vizvasanIyatA para prazna cinha upasthita karatI hai| hamArI zraddhA aura vizvAsa cAhe kucha bhI ho kintu tarka, buddhi aura gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu ko bar3hA-car3hAkara batAyA gyaa| yaha kahanA ki AcArAMga ke Age pratyeka aMga grantha kI zloka saMkhyA eka dUsare se kramazaH dviguNita rahI thI athavA 14veM pUrva kI viSaya-vastu itanI thI ki use caudaha hAthiyoM ke barAbara syAhI se likhA jA sakatA thA, vizvAsa kI vastu ho sakatI hai, kintu buddhigamya nahIM hai| anta me vidvAnoM se merI yaha apekSA hai ki ve AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA adhyayana zvetAmbara, digambara, mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMthI dRSTi se na kareM apitu ina sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara kareM, tabhI hama unake mAdhyama se jainadharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kA yathArtha darzana kara sakegeM aura prAmANika rUpa se yaha bhI samajha sakegeM ki kAlakrama meM unameM kaise aura kyA parivatana hue hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai paM. becaradAsajI jaisI niSpakSa evaM taTastha buddhi se unake adhyayana kii| anyathA digambara ko usameM vastrasambandhI ullekha prakSepa

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44 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza lageMge, to zvetAmbara sAre vastrapAtra ke ullekhoM ko mahAvIrakAlIna mAnane lagegA aura donoM hI yaha nahI samajha sakegeM ki vastra-pAtra kA kramika vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM aura kaise huA hai ? isa sambandha meM niyukti bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye inake adhyayana kI kuMjiyA hai| zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI unameM nihita satya ko yathArtha rUpa se Alokita kara skegaa| AzA hai yuvA-vidvAn merI isa prArthanA para dhyAna degeN| jaina Agama sAhitya kA paricaya dene ke uddezya se sampratikAla meM aneka prayatna hue haiN| sarvaprathama pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM harmana jekobI zUbiMga, vinTaranitja Adi ne apanI bhUmikAoM evaM svatantra nibandhoM meM isa para prakAza ddaalaa| isa dizA meM aMgrejI meM sarvaprathama hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA ne A History of the Cononical Literature of the Jainas nAmaka pustaka likhii| yaha grantha atyanta zodhaparaka dRSTi se likhA gayA aura Aja bhI eka pramANika grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt pro. jagadIzacandra jaina kA grantha 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhI isa kSetra meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna kI jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa yojanA ke antargata prakAzita prathama tInoM khaNDoM meM prAkRta Agama sAhitya kA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| isI dizA meM AcArya devendramunizAstrI kI pustaka jainAgama manana ora mImAMsA bhI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| muni nagarAjajI kI pustaka jainAgama aura pAlI-tripiTaka bhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| paM. kailAzacandrajI dvArA likhita jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA aura usake prathama bhAga meM zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA ullekha huA hai kintu usameM niSpakSa dRSTi kA nirvAha nahIM huA hai aura ardhamAgadhI Agama sahitya ke mUlya aura mahattva ko samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA gayA hai| pUjya AcArya zrI jayantasenasUrijI ne prastuta kRti kI sRjanA jana-sAdharaNa ko Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu kA paricaya dene ke uddezya kI hai, kintu jaba maine isa kRti ko dekhA to mujhe lagA ki unhoMne pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTi kA bhI nirvAha kiyA hai, jo unakI sahaja vidvattA kI paricAyaka hai| sAtha hI unhoMne isake lekhana meM apane ko sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se bhI mukta rakhA hai, isase unakI udAra evaM vyApaka dRSTi kA paricaya bhI mila jAtA hai| prastuta kRti bAraha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta haiN| prathama tIna adhyAya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke mahattva, pramANya, vargIkaraNa evaM racanAkAla kA ullekha karate haiN| isa carcA meM AcArya zrI ne pUrNataH anveSaka dRSTi kA nirvAha kiyA hai| adhyAya kramAMka cAra se sAta taka cAra adhyAyoM meM AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| AThavA adhyAya Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se sambandhita hai| naveM adhyAya meM Agama meM varNita samAja-vyavasthA kA, dasaveM meM zAsana-vyavasthA kA, gyArahaveM meM artha-vyavasthA kA aura bArahaveM meM dharma-vyavasthA kA citraNa hai| ye antima cAra adhyAya sAmAnya pAThaka dvarA AgamoM ke mUlya evaM mahattva ko samajhane meM ati sahAyaka hai| AzA hai, pAThakagaNa isa kRti ke paThana se AgamoM ke viSaya kA sahaja hI

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pro. sAgaramala jaina rasAsvAdana kara skeNge| isa hetu hama AcAryazrI ke AbhArI raheMge ki unhoMne AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ko sahaja aura bodhagamya rUpa meM hamAre sAmane prastuta kiyA hai| maiM vyaktigata rUpa se bhI AcAryazrI kA AbhArI hU~ ki unhoMne bhUmikA likhane ke mAdhyama se mujhe Agama-sAhitya ke AloDana kA sahaja avasara diyaa| * pro. sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA - pro. sAgaramala jaina cArvAka yA lokAyata darzana kA bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM bhautikavAdI darzana ke rUpa meM viziSTa sthAna hai| bhAratIya cintana meM bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi kI upasthiti ke pramANa ati prAcIna kAla se hI upalabdha hone lagate haiN| bhArata kI pratyeka dhArmika evaM dArzanika cintana dhArA ne usakI samAlocanA kI hai| jaina dhArmika evaM dArzanika sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke yuga se lekara Aja taka lagabhaga 2500 varSa kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM isa vicAradhArA kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samAlocanA hotI rahI hai| isa samagra vistRta carcA ko prastuta nibandha meM sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH hama prAkRta Agama sAhitya taka hI apanI isa carcA ko sImita rkheNge| isa prAcInatama prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM mukhyatayA 'AcArAMga', 'sUtrakRtAMga', 'uttarAdhyayana' aura 'RSibhASita' ko samAhita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha I0 pU0 pA~cavIM zatI se lekara tIsarI ke bIca nirmita hue haiM, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| isake atirikta upAMga sAhitya ke eka grantha 'rAjapraznIya' ko bhI hamane isa carcA meM samAhita kiyA hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki 'rAjapraznIya' kA vaha bhAga jo cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa aura samIkSA karatA hai eka to cArvAka darzana kI sthApanA evaM samIkSA donoM hI dRSTi se ati samRddha hai, dUsare atiprAcIna bhI mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki ThIka isI carcA kA bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM buddha aura rAjA payAsI ke bIca hone kA ullekha hameM milatA hai| 2 jaina paramparA meM isa carcA ko pArzvapatya paramparA ke mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AcArya kezIkumAra zramaNa aura rAjA payAsI aura bauddha tripiTaka meM payAsI ke bIca sampanna huA batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi kucha jaina AcAryoM ne payAsI kA saMskRta rUpa pradezI mAna liyA hai kintu devavAcaka, siddhasenagaNi, malayagiri aura municandrasUri ne rAjA prasenajita ko hI mAnA hai, jo aitihAsika dRSTi se adhika prAmANika lagatA hai / prasenajita ko zvetAmbikA (seyaviyA) nagarI kA rAjA batAyA gayA hai jo itihAsa - siddha hai| unakA sArathi citta kezIkumAra ko zrAvastI se yahA~ kevala isIliye lekara AyA thA ki rAjA kI bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi ko parivartita kiyA jA ske| 'kathAvastu kI prAcInatA, prAmANikatA tathA tArkikatA kI dRSTi se hI ise bhI prastuta vivecana meM samAhita kiyA gayA hai / prastuta vivecanA meM mukhya rUpa se cArvAka darzana ke tajjIvataccharIravAda ke evaM paraloka tathA puNya-pApa kI avadhAraNAoM ke usake dvArA kiye gaye khaNDanoM ke prastutIkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha unakI ina AgamoM meM upalabdha samIkSAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI haiN| isase bhI 'RSibhASita' (I0 pU0 cauthI zatI) meM bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kA jo prastutIkaraNa hai, vaha uparyukta vivaraNa se kucha viziSTa prakAra kA hai| usameM jo daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenAkkala,

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutikaraNa evaM samIkSA : 47 desokkala, savvokkala ke nAma se bhautivAdiyoM ke pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha hai, vaha anyatra kisI bhI bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM hai| isI prakAra 'sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha evaM rAjapraznIya meM cArvAka darzana kI sthApanA aura khaNDana donoM ke lie jo tarka prastuta kiye gaye haiM ve bhI mahattvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiN| isake atirikta prAkRta Agamika-vyAkhyA sAhitya meM mukhyataH 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya (chaThI zatI) ke 'gaNadharavAda meM lagabhaga 500 gAthAoM meM bhautikavAdI cArvAka darzana kI vibhinna avadhAraNAoM kI jo samIkSA mahAvIra aura gautama Adi 11 gaNadharoM ke madhya hue vAda-vivAda ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai, vaha bhI dArzanika dRSTi se ati mahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai| anya Agamika saMskRta TIkAoM (10vIM-11vIM zatI) meM bhI cArvAka darzana kI jaina dArzanikoM dvArA kI gaI samIkSAoM kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI upalabdha hai| ina AgamoM kI prAkRta evaM saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM, yathA-niyukti, bhASyacUrNi, vRtti, TIkA Adi ke atirikta jaina dArzanika granthoM meM bhI bhautikavAdI jIvana- dRSTi kI samIkSAe~ upalabdha hai| kintu ina sabako to kisI eka svatantra grantha meM hI sameTA jA sakatA hai| ataH isa nibandha kI sImA maryAdAoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue hama apanI vivecanA ko pUrva nirdezita prAcIna stara ke prAkRta AgamoM taka hI sImita rkheNge| 'AcArAMga' meM lokasaMjJA ke rUpa meM lokayata darzana kA nirdeza jaina AgamoM meM 'AcArAMga' kA prathama zrutaskandha atiprAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM meM aisI mAnyatA hai ki isa grantha meM svayaM mahAvIra ke vacanoM kA saMkalana huA hai| isakA racanAkAla cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI I0 pU0 mAnA jAtA hai| 'AcArAMga' meM spaSTa rUpa se lokAyata darzana kA ullekha to nahIM hai kintu isa grantha kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| sUtra ke prArambha meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha logoM ko yaha jJAta nahIM hotA ki merI AtmA aupapAtika ( purnajanma karane vAlI) hai| maiM kahA~ se AyA hU~ aura yahA~ se apanA jIvana samApta karake kahA~ janma grahaNa karU~gA ? sUtrakAra kahatA hai ki vyakti ko yaha jAnanA cAhie ki merI AtmA aupapAtika (punarjanma grahaNa karane vAlI ) hai jo ina dizAoM aura vidizAoM meM saMcaraNa karatI hai aura vahI 'maiM hU~, vastutaH jo yaha jAnatA hai vahI AtmavAdI, lokavAdI, karmavAdI aura kriyAvAdI hai| isa prakAra isa grantha ke prArambha meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke viruddha cAra bAtoM kI sthApanA kI gaI hai -- AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyaavaad| AtmA kI svatantra aura nitya sattA ko svIkAra karanA AtmavAda hai| saMsAra meM yathArtha AtmA ko loka meM janma-maraNa karane vAlA samajhanA lokavAda hai| zubhAzubha karmoM ko kartA-bhoktA evaM pariNAmI (vikArI) mAnanA kriyAvAda hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga meM lokasaMjJA kA parityAga karake ina siddhAntoM meM vizvAsa karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki AcArAMga' meM lokAyata yA cArvAka darzana kA nirdeza "loka saMjJA" ke rUpa meM huA hai| yadyapi isameM ina mAnyatAoM kI samAlocanA to kI gaI hai kintu usakI koI tArkika bhUmikA prastuta nahIM kI gaI hai| 'sUtrakRtAMga meM lokAyata darzana 'AcArAMga ke pazcAt sUtrakRtAMga kA krama AtA hai| isake prathama zrutaskandha ko bhI

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48 : pro. sAgaramala jaina vidvAnoM ne atiprAcIna (lagabhaga I0 pU0 cauthI zatI ) mAnA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyAya meM hameM cArvAka darzana ke paMcamahAbhUtavAda aura tajjIvataccharIravAda ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAda ko prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki pRthvI, apa, tejas, vAyu aura AkAza aise pA~ca mahAbhUta mAne gaye haiN| una pA~ca mahAbhUtoM se hI prANI kI utpatti hotI hai aura deha kA vinAza hone para dehI kA bhI vinAza ho jAtA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki vyakti cAhe murkha ho yA paNDita pratyeka kI apanI AtmA hotI hai jo mRtyu ke bAda nahIM rhtii| prANI aupapAtika arthAt purnajanma grahaNa karane vAle nahIM hai| zarIra kA nAza hone para dehI arthAt AtmA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| isa loka se pare na to koI loka hai aura na puNya aura paap| isa prakAra 'sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAe~ parilakSita nahIM hotI haiN| yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM cArvAka darzana kI samIkSA prastuta kI gaI hai, kintu vidvAnoM ne use kiMcit paravartI mAnA hai| ataH usake pUrva hama 'uttarAdhyayana' kA vivaraNa prastuta kreNge| isameM cArvAka darzana ko jana-zraddhA (jana-saddhi) kahA gayA hai| sambhavataH loka saMjJA aura jana-zraddhA, ye lokAyata darzana ke hI pUrva nAma hoN| 'uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki ye sAMsArika viSaya hI hamAre pratyakSa ke viSaya haiN| paraloka ko to hamane dekhA hI nhiiN| vartamAna ke kAma-bhoga hastagata hai jabaki bhaviSya meM milane vAle (svarga-sukha ) anAgata arthAt saMdigdha haiN| kauna jAnatA hai ki paraloka hai bhI yA nahIM ? isalie maiM to jana-zraddhA ke sAtha hokara rhuuNgaa| isa prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke paMcama adhyAya meM cArvAkoM kI purnajanma ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA kA ullekha evaM khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke caudahaveM adhyAya meM bhI cArvAkoM ke asat se sat kI utpatti ke siddhAnta kA prastutIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki cArvAkoM kA paMcamahAbhUta se cetanA kI utpatti kA siddhAnta vastutaH asat se sat kI utpatti kA siddhAnta hai| yadyapi 'uttarAdhyayana' meM asatkAryavAda kA jo udAharaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha asatkAryavAda ke pakSa meM na jAkara satkAryavAda ke pakSa meM hI jAtA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaise -- araNi meM agni, dUdha meM ghRta aura tila meM tela asat hokara bhI utpanna hotA hai, usI prakAra zarIra meM jIva bhI asat hokara hI utpanna hotA hai aura usa zarIra kA nAza ho jAne para vaha bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| 2 sambhavataH 'uttarAdhyayana' meM cArvAkoM ke asatkAryavAda kI sthApanA ke pakSa meM ye satkAryavAda kI siddhi karane vAle udAharaNa isIliye diye gaye hoM ki inakI samAlocanA saralatApUrvaka kI jA ske| 'uttarAdhyayana meM AtmA ko amUrta hone ke kAraNa indriya grAhya nahIM mAnA gayA hai, amUrta hone se nitya kahA gayA hai|13 uparokta vivaraNa se cArvAkoM ke sandarbha meM nimnalikhita jAnakArI milatI hai-- 1. cArvAka darzana ko "loka-saMjJA" aura "jana-zraddhA" ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA thaa| 2. cArvAka darzana AtmA ko svatantra tattva nahIM mAnatA thaa| vaha paMcamahAbhUtoM se cetanA kI utpatti batAtA thaa|

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3. isI kAraNa vaha asatkAryavAda arthAt asat se sat kI utpatti ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatA thA / 4. zarIra ke nAza ke sAtha AtmA ke vinAza ko svIkAra tathA punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko asvIkAra karatA thA / punarjanma kI asvIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha vaha paraloka arthAt svarga-naraka kI sattA ko bhI asvIkRta karatA thA / prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutikaraNa evaM samIkSA : 49 5. vaha puNya pApa arthAt zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phaloM ko bhI asvIkAra karatA thA, ataH karma siddhAnta kA virodhI thA / 6. usa yuga meM dArzanikoM kA eka varga akriyAvAda kA samarthaka thaa| jainoM ke anusAra akriyAvAdI ve dArzanika the, jo AtmA ko akartA aura kUTasthanitya mAnate the / AtmavAdI hokara bhI zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phala ( karma siddhAnta) ke niSedhaka hone se ye pracchanna cArvAkI hI the / isa prakAra AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAka darzana ke jo ullekha hameM upalabdha hote haiM, ve mAtra usakI avadhAraNAoM ko saMkSepa meM prastuta karate haiM / unameM isa darzana kI mAnyatAoM se sAdhaka ko vimukha karane ke lie itanA to avazya kahA gayA hai ki yaha vicAradhArA samIcIna nahIM hai| kintu ina granthoM meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM kA prastutIkaraNa aura nirasana donoM hI na to tArkika hai aura na vistRta / 'RSibhASita' meM prastuta 14 cArvAka darzana 1 RSibhASita kA bIsavA~ "ukkala" nAmaka sampUrNa adhyayana hI cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM aura tajjIvataccharIravAda kA tArkika prastutIkaraNa isa prakAra karatA hai- jIva "pAdatala se Upara se mastaka ke kezAgra se nIce tathA sampUrNa zarIra kI tvacAparyanta AtmaparyAya ko prApta ho jIvana jItA hai aura itanA hI mAtra jIvana hai| jisa prakAra bIja ke bhuna jAne para usase punaH aMkura kI utpatti nahIM hotI hai, usI prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para usase punaH zarIra kI utpatti nahIM hotii| isIlie jIvana itanA hI hai (arthAt zarIra kI utpatti se vinAza taka kI kAlAvadhi paryanta hI jIvana hai ) / na to paraloka hai na sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA phala vipAka hai| jIva kA punarjanma bhI nahIM hotA hai| puNya aura pApa jIva kA saMsparza nahIM karate aura isa taraha kalyANa aura pApa niSphala haiN|" 'RSibhASita' meM cArvAkoM kI isa mAnyatA kI samIkSA karate hue punaH kahA gayA hai ki "pAdatala se Upara tathA mastaka ke kezAgra se nIce aura zarIra kI sampUrNa tvacA paryanta AtmaparyAya ko prApta yaha jIva hai, yaha maraNa zIla hai, kintu jIvana itanA hI nahIM hai| jisa prakAra bIja ke jala jAne para usase punaH utpatti nahIM hotI usI prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para bhI usase punaH utpatti nahIM hotii| isalie puNya-pApa kA agrahaNa hone se sukha-dukha kI sambhAvanA kA abhAva ho jAtA hai aura pApa karma ke abhAva meM zarIra ke dahana se zarIra ke dagdha hone para punaH zarIra kI utpatti nahIM hotI arthAt punarjanma nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra vyakti mukti prApta kara letA hai| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki granthakAra cArvAkoM ke unake hI tarka kA upayoga karake yaha siddha kara detA hai ki

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50 : pro. sAgaramala jaina puNya-pApa se Upara uThakara vyakti punarjanma ke cakra se mukti pA letA hai| isa grantha meM cArvAka darzana ke sandarbha meM sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki isameM karmasiddhAnta kA utthApana karane vAle cArvAkoM ke pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha huA hai aura ye prakAra anya dArzanika granthoM meM milane vAle dehAtmavAda indriyAtmavAda, manaH AtmavAda Adi prakAroM se bhinna haiM aura sambhavataH anyatra kahIM upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| isameM nimna pA~ca prakAra ke ukkaloM kA ullekha hai -- daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenokkala, dezokkala aura svvukkl| isa prasaMga meM sabase pahale to yahI vicAraNIya hai ki ukkala zabda kA vAstavika artha kyA hai ? prAkRta ke ukkala zabda ko saMskRta meM nimna cAra zabdoM se niSpanna mAnA jA sakatA hai --- utkaTa, utkala, utkula aura utkuul| saMskRta kozoM meM utkaTa zabda kA artha unmatta diyA gayA hai| cArvAka darzanAnusAra adhyAtmavAdiyoM kI dRSTi se ukkala kA saMskRta rUpa utkaTa mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| usake sthAna para utkala, utkUla yA utkula mAnanA adhika samIcIna hai| utkala kA artha hai jo nikAlA gayA ho, isI prakAra utkula zabda kA tAtparya hai jo kula se nikAlA gayA hai yA jo kula se bahiSkRta hai| cArvAkagaNa AdhyAtmika paramparAoM se bahiSkRta mAne jAte the, isI dRSTi se unheM utkala yA utkula kahA gayA hogaa| yadi hama ise utkUla se niSpanna mAneM to isakA artha hogA kinAre se alaga haTA huaa| "kUla" zabda kinArA artha meM prayukta hotA hai, arthAt jo kinAre se alaga hokara arthAt maryAdAoM ko tor3akara apanA pratipAdana karatA hai vaha ukkala hai cU~ki cArvAka naitika maryAdAoM ko asvIkAra karate the ataH unheM utkUla kahA gayA hogaa| aba hama ina ukkaloM ke pA~ca prakAroM kI carcA kareMge-- (i) daNDokkala ye vicAraka daNDa ke dRSTAMta dvArA yaha pratipAdita karate the ki jisa prakAra daNDa ke Adi, madhya aura antima bhAga pRthak-pRthak hokara daNDa saMjJA ko prApta nahIM hotA hai usI prakAra zarIra se bhinna hokara jIva, jIva nahIM hotA hai| ataH zarIra ke nAza ho jAne para bhava arthAt janma-paramparA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| unake anusAra sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hokara jIva jIvana ko prApta hotA hai|17 vastutaH zarIra aura jIvana kI apRthakatA yA sAmudAyikatA hI ina vicArakoM kI mUlabhUta dArzanika mAnyatA thii| daNDokkala dehAtmavAdI the| (ii) rajjUkkala rajjUkkalavAdI yaha mAnate haiM ki jisa prakAra rajju tantuoM kA samudAya mAtra hai usI prakAra jIva bhI paMcamahAbhUtoM kA skandha mAtra hai| una skandhoM ke vicchinna hone para bhava-santati kA bhI viccheda ho jAtA hai|18 vastutaH ye vicAraka paMcamahAbhUtoM ke samUha kA hI jagat kA mUla tattva mAnate the aura jIva ko svatantra tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate the| rajjUkkala skandhavAdI the|

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 51 (iii) stenokkala 'aSibhASita' ke anusAra stenokkala bhautikavAdI anya zAstroM ke dRSTAntoM ko lekara unakI svapakSa meM udbhAvanA karake yaha kahate the ki yaha hamArA kathana hai|19 isa prakAra ye dUsaroM ke siddhAntoM kA uccheda karate haiN| parapakSa ke dRSTAntoM kA svapakSa meM prayoga ke tAtparya sambhavataH vAda-vivAda meM "chala" kA prayoga ho| sambhavataH stenokkala yA to naiyAyikoM ke koI parva rupa rahe hoMge yA saMjayavelaTaThIpatra ke siddhAnta kA yaha prAcIna koI vidhAyaka rUpa thA, jo sambhavataH Age calakara jainoM ke anekAntavAda kA AdhAra banA ho| jJAtavya hai ki RSibhASita meM dehAtmavAdiyoM ke tarkoM se mukti kI prakriyA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| (iv) dezokkala RSibhASita meM jo AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karake bhI jIva ko akartA mAnate the unheM dezokkala kahA gayA hai|20 AtmA ko akartA mAnane para puNya-pApa, bandhana-mokSa kI vyavasthA nahIM bana pAtI hai| isalie isa prakAra ke vicArakoM ko bhI AMzika rUpa se ucchedavAdI hI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki puNya-pApa, sambhavataH 'RSibhASita' hI eka aisA grantha hai jo Atma akartAvAdiyoM ko ucchedavAdI kahatA hai| vastutaH ye sAMkhya aura aupaniSadika vedAnta ke hI pUrva rUpa the| jaina unheM utkUla yA ucchedavAdI isalie mAnate the ki ina mAnyatAoM se lokavAda (loka kI yathArthatA) karmavAda (karma siddhAnta) aura Atma kartAvAda (kriyAvAda) kA khaNDana hotA thaa| (v) savvukkala sarvotkUla sarvadA abhAva se hI sabakI utpatti batAte the| aisA koI bhI tattva nahIM hai jo sarvathA sarva prakAra se sarvakAla se rahatA ho| isa prakAra ye sarvocchedavAda kI saMsthApanA karate the| dUsare zabdoM meM jo loga samasta sRSTi ke pIche kisI nitya tattva ko svIkAra nahIM karate the aura abhAva se hI sRSTi kI utpatti mAnate the ve kahate the ki koI bhI tattva aisA nahIM hai jo sarvathA aura sarvakAloM meM astitva rakhatA ho| saMsAra ke mUla meM kisI bhI sattA ko asvIkAra karane ke kAraNa ye sarvocchedavAdI kahalAte the| sambhavataH yaha bauddha granthoM meM sUcita ucdavAdI dRSTi kA koI prAcInatama rUpa thA jo tArkikatA se yukta hokara bauddhoM ke zUnyavAda ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hogaa| isa prakAra RSibhASita meM AtmA, punarjanma, dharma-vyavasthA evaM karma-siddhAnta ke apalApaka vicArakoM kA jo citraNa upalabdha hotA hai use saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA 1. granthakAra uparokta vicArakoM ko "ukkala" nAma se abhihita karatA hai jisake saMskRta rUpa utkala, utkula athavA utkUla hote haiM, nAma detA hai jinake artha hote haiM bahiSkRta yA maryAdA kA ullaMghana karane vAlA, ina vicArakoM ke sambandha meM isa nAma kA anyatra kahIM prayoga huA hai aisA hameM jJAta nahIM hotaa|

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52 : pro. sAgaramala jaina 2. isameM ina vicArakoM ke pA~ca varga batAye gaye haiM -- daNDotkala, rajjUtkala, stenotkala, dezotkala aura srvotkl| vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM skandhavAdiyoM (bauddha skandhavAda kA pUrva rUpa) sarvocchedavAdiyoM (bauddha zUnyavAda kA pUrva rUpa) aura Atma-akartAvAdiyoM ( akriyAvAdiyoM-sAMkhya aura vedAnta kA pUrva rUpa) ko bhI isI varga meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai kyoMki ye sabhI karma siddhAnta evaM dharma vyavasthA ke apalApaka mAne gaye haiN| yadyapi Atma-akartAvAdiyoM ko dezotkala kahA gayA hai arthAt AMzika rUpa se apalApaka kahA gayA hai| 3. isameM zarIra paryanta Atma-paryAya mAnane kA jo siddhAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai vahI jainoM dvArA AtmA ko deha parimANa mAnane ke siddhAnta kA pUrva rUpa pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki isa grantha meM zarIrAtmavAda ke nirAkaraNa ke samaya isa kathana ke svapakSa meM bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra isameM jaina, bauddha aura sAMkhya tathA aupaniSadika vedAnta kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke pUrva rUpa yA bIja parilakSita hote haiN| kahIM aisA to nahIM hai ki ina mAnyatAoM ko susaMgata banAne ke prayAsa meM hI ina darzanoM kA udaya huA ho| 4. isameM jo dehAtmavAda kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha Thosa tArkika AdhAroM para sthita nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kaha diyA gayA hai ki jIva kA jIvana zarIra kI utpatti aura vinAza kI kAla sImA taka sImita nahIM hai| 'sUtrakRtAMga' (dvitIya zrutaskandha) meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA22 cArvAkoM athavA tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa kA tArkika dRSTi se prastutIkaraNa aura usakI tArkika samIkSA kA prayatna jaina Agama sAhitya meM sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya pauDika nAmaka adhyayana meM aura usake pazcAt 'rAjapraznIyasUtra' meM upalabdha hotA hai| aba hama 'sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha ke AdhAra para tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa kA prastutIkaraNa aura usakI samIkSA prastuta kreNge| tajjIvataccharIravAdI yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki pAdatala se Upara mastaka ke kezoM ke agrabhAga se nIce tathA samasta tvakparyanta jo zarIra hai vahI jIva hai| isa zarIra ke jIvita rahane taka hI yaha jIva jIvita rahatA hai aura zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne para naSTa ho jAtA hai| isalie zarIra ke astitvaparyanta hI jIvana kA astittva hai| isa siddhAnta ko yuktiyukta samajhanA caahie| kyoMki jo loga yuktipUrvaka yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki zarIra anya hai aura jIva anya hai, ve jIva aura zarIra ko pRthak-pRthak karake nahIM dikhA skte| ve yaha bhI nahIM batA sakate ki AtmA dIrgha hai yA hasva hai| vaha parimaNDalAkAra athavA gola hai| vaha kisa varNa aura kisa gandha se yukta hai athavA vaha bhArI hai, halkA hai, snigdha hai yA rukSa hai| ataH jo loga jIva aura zarIra ko bhinna nahIM mAnate unakA hI mata yuktisaMgata hai kyoMki jIva aura zarIra ko nimnokta padArthoM kI taraha pRthak-pRthak karake nahIM dikhAyA jA sakatA, yathA -- 1. talavAra aura myAna kI taraha, 2. muMja aura iSikA kI taraha, 3. mAMsa aura

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutikaraNa evaM samIkSA : 53 haDDI kI taraha, 4. hathelI aura A~vale kI taraha, 5. dahI aura makkhana kI taraha, 6. tila kI khalI aura tela kI taraha, 7. Ikha ke rasa aura usake chilake kI taraha evaM 8. araNi kI lakar3I aura Aga kI trh| isa prakAra jainAgamoM ke prastuta grantha meM hI sarvaprathama dehAtmavAdiyoM ke dRSTikoNa ko tArkika rUpa se prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| punaH unakI dehAtmavAdI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para unakI nIti sambandhI avadhAraNAoM ko nimna zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai-- yadi zarIra mAtra hI jIva hai to paraloka nahIM hai| isI prakAra kriyA, akriyA, sukRta, duSkRta, kalyANa, pApa, bhalA-burA, siddhi-asiddhi, svarga-naraka Adi bhI nahIM hai| ataH prANiyoM ke vadha karane, bhUmi ko khodane, vanaspatiyoM ko kATane, agni ko jalAne, bhojana pakAne Adi kriyAoM meM bhI koI pApa nahIM hai| prastuta grantha meM dehAtmavAda kI yuktiyukta samIkSA na karake mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki aise loga hamArA hI dharma satya hai aisA pratipAdana karate haiM aura zramaNa hokara bhI sAMsArika bhoga vilAsoM meM phaMsa jAte haiN| isI adhyAya meM punaH paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM tathA paMcamahAbhUta aura chaThA~ AtmA mAnane vAle sAMkhyoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| prastuta grantha kI sUcanA ke anusAra paMcamahAbhUtavAdI spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate the ki isa jagat meM paMcamahAbhUta hI saba kucha hai| jinase hamArI kriyAakriyA, sukRta-duSkRta, kalyANa-pApa, acchA-burA, siddhi-asiddhi, naraka gati yA naraka ke atirikta anyagati, adhika kahA~ taka kaheM tinake ke hilane jaisI kriyA bhI (inhIM paMcamahAbhUtoM se) hotI hai| usa bhUta samavAya (samUha) ko pRthak-pRthak nAma se jAnanA cAhie jaise ki pRthvI eka mahAbhUta hai, jala dUsarA mahAbhUta hai, teja tIsarA mahAbhUta hai, vAyu cauthA mahAbhUta hai aura AkAza pA~cavA mahAbhUta hai| ye pA~ca mahAbhUta kisI kartA ke dvArA nirmita nahIM haiM na hI ye kisI kartA dvArA banavAye hue haiM, ye kiye hue nahIM hai na hI ye kRtrima hai aura na ye apanI utpatti ke lie kisI kI apekSA rakhate haiN| ye pA~coM mahAbhUta Adi evaM anta rahita hai, tathA avandhya-Avazyaka kArya karane vAle haiN| inheM kArya meM pravRtta karane vAlA koI dUsarA padArtha nahIM hai, ye svatantra evaM zAzvata hai| yaha jJAtavya hai ki jainAgamoM meM aisA koI bhI sandarbha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai jisameM mAtra cAra mahAbhUta (AkAza ko chor3akara ) mAnane vAle cArvAkoM kA ullekha huA ho| prastuta grantha meM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM ke uparokta vicAroM ke sAtha-sAtha paMcamahAbhUta aura chaThA AtmA aise chaH tattvoM ko mAnane vAle vicArakoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| inakI mAnyatA ko prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki sat kA vinAza nahIM hotA aura asat kI utpatti nahIM hotii| itanA hI jIvakAya, itanA hI atikAya aura itanA hI samagra loka hai| paMcamahAbhUta hI loka kA kAraNa hai| saMsAra meM tRNa-kampana se lekara jo kucha hotA hai vaha saba ina pA~ca

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54 : pro. sAgaramala jaina mahAbhUtoM se hotA hai / AtmA ke asat athavA akartA hone se hiMsA Adi kAryoM meM puruSa doSa kA bhAgI nahIM hotA kyoMki sabhI kArya bhUtoM ke haiM / sambhavataH yaha vicAradhArA sAMkhya darzana kA pUrvavartI rUpa hai| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM kI dRSTi se AtmA ko asat aura paMcamahAbhUta aura SaSTha AtmavAdiyoM kI dRSTi se AtmA ko akartA kahA gayA hai / sUtrakRtAMga inake atirikta Izvara kAraNavAdI aura niyativAdI jIvana dRSTiyoM ko bhI karma - siddhAnta kA virodhI hone ke kAraNa mithyAtva kA pratipAdaka hI mAnatA hai / isa prakAra 'RSibhASita' ke dezotkala aura 'sUtrakRtAMga ke paMcamahAbhUta evaM SaSTha AtmavAdiyoM ke uparokta vivaraNa meM paryApta rUpa se nikaTatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| jainoM kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki ve sabhI vicAraka mithyAdRSTi haiM jinakI dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM dharmAdharma vyavasthA yA karma siddhAnta kI avadhAraNA nahIM hotI hai| hama yaha dekhate haiM ki yadyapi 'sUtrakRtAMga meM zarIra - AtmavAda kI sthApanA karate hue deha aura AtmA bhinna-bhinna haiM, isa mAnyatA kA tArkika rUpa se nirasana kiyA gayA hai kintu yaha mAnyatA kyoM samucita nahIM hai isa sambandha meM spaSTa rUpa se koI bhI tarka nahIM diye gaye haiM / 'sUtrakRtAMga', dehAtmavAda dRSTikoNa ke samarthana meM to tarka detA hai kintu usake nirasana meM koI tarka nahIM detA / 'rAjapraznIya sUtra' meM cArvAka mata kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 23 cArvAka darzana ke dehAtmavAdI dRSTikoNa ke samarthana meM aura usake khaNDana ke lie tarka prastuta karane vAlA sarvaprathama rAjapraznIya sUtra hai / yahI eka mAtra aisA prAkRta Agama grantha hai jo cArvAka darzana ke ucchedavAda aura tajjIvataccharIravAda ke pakSa aura pratipakSa donoM ke sandarbha meM apane tarka prastuta karatA hai / 'rAjapraznIya sUtra' meM cArvAkoM kI ina mAnyatAoM ke pUrva pakSa ko aura unakA khaNDana karane vAle uttara pakSa ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai. -- 1. rAjA paesI kahatA hai, he ! kezIkumAra zramaNa ! mere dAdA atyanta adhArmika the / Apake kathanAnusAra ve avazya hI naraka meM utpanna hue hoNge| maiM apane pitAmaha kA atyanta priya thA, ataH pitAmaha ko Akara mujhase yaha kahanA cAhie ki he pautra ! maiM tumhArA pitAmaha thA aura isI se yaMviyA ( zvetAmbikA) nagarI meM adhArmika yAvat prajAjanoM se rAjakara lekara bhI yathocita rUpa meM unakA pAlana-rakSaNa nahIM karatA thaa| isa kAraNa bahuta evaM atIva kaluSita pApakarmoM kA saMcaya karake maiM naraka meM utpanna huA hU~ / kintu he pautra ! tuma adhArmika nahIM honA, prajAjanoM se kara lekara unake pAlana-rakSaNa meM pramAda mata karanA aura na bahuta se malina pApa karmoM kA upArjana - saMcaya hI karanA / dehAtmavAdiyoM ke isa tarka ke prati - uttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne nimna samAdhAna prastuta kiyA he rAjana! jisa prakAra apane aparAdhI ko tuma isalie nahIM chor3a dete ho ki vaha jAkara apane putra - mitra aura jAti janoM ko yaha batAye ki maiM apane pApa ke kAraNa daNDa bhoga rahA hU~, tuma aisA mata krnaa| isI prakAra naraka meM utpanna tumhAre pitAmaha tumheM pratibodha dene ke lie AnA cAhakara bhI yahA~ Ane meM samartha nahIM haiN| nArakIya jIva cAra kAraNoM se manuSya loka meM nahIM A sakate sarvaprathama to unameM naraka se nikala kara manuSya loka meM Ane -- --

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 55 kI sAmarthya hI nahIM hotii| dUsare narakapAla unheM naraka se bAhara nikalane kI anumati bhI nahIM dete| tIsare naraka sambandhI asAtAvedanIya karma ke kSaya nahIM hone se ve vahA~ se nahIM nikala paate| cauthe unakA naraka sambandhI AyuSya karma jaba taka kSINa nahIM hotA taba taka ve vahA~ se nahIM A skte| ataH tumhAre pitAmaha ke dvArA tumheM Akara pratibodha na de pAne ke kAraNa yaha mAnyatA mata rakho ki jIva aura zarIra eka hI hai, apitu yaha mAnyatA rakho ki jIva anya hai aura zarIra eka hI hai smaraNa rahe ki dIghanikAya meM bhI naraka se manuSya loka meM na A pAne ke inhIM cAra kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| kezikumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne dUsarA tarka prastuta kiyA-- he zramaNa ! merI dAdI atyanta dhArmika thiiN| Apa logoM ke mata ke anusAra vaha nizcita hI svarga meM utpanna huI hoNgii| maiM apanI dAdI kA atyanta priya thA, ataH use mujhe Akara yaha batAnA cAhie ki he pautra ! maiM apane puNya karmoM ke kAraNa svarga meM utpanna huI huuN| tuma bhI mere samAna dhArmika jIvana bitAvo jisase tuma bhI vipula puNya kA upArjana kara svarga meM utpanna hovo| kyoMki merI dAdI ne svarga se Akara mujhe aisA pratibodha nahIM diyA, ataH maiM yahI mAnatA hU~ ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| rAjA ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne nimna tarka prastuta kiyA -- he rAjan ! yadi tuma snAna, balikarma aura kautukamaMgala karake devakula meM praviSTa ho rahe ho usa samaya koI puruSa zaucAlaya meM khar3A hokara yaha kahe ki he svAmin ! yahA~ Ao ! kucha samaya ke lie yahA~ baiTho, khar3e hovo ! to kyA tuma usa puruSa kI bAta ko svIkAra kroge| nizcaya hI tuma usa apavitra sthAna para jAnA nahIM caahoge| isI prakAra he rAjana ! deva loka meM utpanna deva vahA~ ke divya kAma bhogoM meM itane mUchita, gaddha aura tallIna ho jAte haiM ki ve manuSya loka meM Ane kI icchA hI nahIM krte| dUsare devaloka sambandhI divya bhogoM meM tallIna ho jAne ke kAraNa unakA manuSya sambandhI prema vyucchinna ho jAtA hai ataH ve manuSya loka meM nahIM A paate| tIsare devaloka meM utpanna vedeva vahA~ ke divya kAmabhogoM meM makita yA tallIna hai abhI jAtA hU~ -- abhI jAtA hU~ aisA socate rahate haiM, kintu utane samaya meM alpAyuSya vAle manuSya kAladharma ko prApta ho jAte haiM kyoMki devoM kA eka dina-rAta manuSya loka ke sau varSa ke barAbara hotA hai| ataH eka dina kA bhI vilamba hone para yahA~ manuSya kAladharma ko prApta ho jAtA hai| punaH manuSya loka itanA durgandhita aura aniSTakara hai ki usakI durgandha ke kAraNa manuSya loka meM deva AnA nahIM cAhate haiN| ataH tumhArI dAdI ke svarga se nahIM Ane para yaha zraddhA rakhanA ucita nahIM hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| kezikumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka anya tarka prastuta kiyaa| rAjA ne kahA ki maiMne eka cora ko jIvita hI eka lohe kI kumbhI meM banda karavA kara acchI taraha se lohe se usakA mukha Dhaka diyA phira usa para garama lohe aura rAMge se lepa karA diyA tathA usakI dekha-rekha ke lie apane vizvAsa pAtra puruSoM ko rakha diyaa| kucha dina pazcAt maiMne usa kumbhI ko khulavAyA to dekhA ki vaha manuSya mara cukA thA kintu usa kumbhI meM koI bhI chidra,

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56 : pro. sAgaramala jaina vivara yA darAra nahIM thI jisase usameM banda puruSa kA jIva bAhara nikalA ho, ataH jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| isake pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne nimna tarka prastuta kiyA -- jisa prakAra eka aisI kUTAgArazAlA jo acchI taraha se AcchAdita ho aura usakA dvAra gupta ho yahA~ taka ki usameM kucha bhI praveza nahIM kara ske| yadi usa kuTAgArazAlA meM koI vyakti jora se bherI bajAye to tuma batAo ki vaha AvAja bAhara sunAyI degI ki nahIM ? nizcaya hI vaha AvAja sunAyI degii| ataH jisa prakAra zabda apratihata gati vAlA hai usI prakAra AtmA bhI apratihata gati vAlA hai, ataH use nikalane ke lie tuma yaha zraddhA karo ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna haiN| jJAtavya hai ki aba yaha tarka vijJAna sammata nahIM raha gayA hai, yadyapi AtmA kI amUrtatA ke AdhAra para bhI rAjA ke uparokta tarka kA prati uttara diyA jA sakatA hai| kezikumAra zramaNa ke isa prati uttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka anya tarka prastuta kiyA-- maiMne eka puruSa ko prANa rahita karake eka lauha kumbhI meM galavA diyA tathA Dhakkana se use banda karake usa para zIze kA lepa karavA diyaa| kucha samaya pazcAt jaba usa kumbhI ko kholA gayA to use kRmikula se vyApta dekhA, kintu usameM koI darAra yA chidra nahIM thA jisase usameM jIva utpanna hue hoN| ataH jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| rAjA ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne agni se tapAye hue gole kA udAharaNa diyaa| jisa prakAra lohe ke gole meM cheda nahIM hone para bhI agni usameM praveza kara jAtI hai usI prakAra jIva bhI apratihata gati vAlA hone se kahIM bhI praveza kara jAtA hai| kezikumAra zramaNa kA yaha pratyuttara sunakara rAjA ne punaH eka nayA tarka prastuta kiyaa| usane kahA ki, maiMne eka vyakti ko jIvita rahate hue aura marane ke bAda donoM hI dazAoM meM taulA kintu donoM ke taula meM koI antara nahIM thaa| yadi mRtyu ke bAda AtmA usameM se nikalA hotA to usakA vajana kucha kama avazya honA cAhie thaa| isake pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne vAyu se bharI huI aura vAyu se rahita mazaka kA udAharaNa diyA aura yaha batAyA ki jisa prakAra vAyu agurulaghu hai usI prakAra jIva bhI agurulaghu hai| ataH tumhArA yaha tarka yukti saMgata nahIM hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| aba yaha tarka bhI vaijJAnika dRSTi se yukti saMgata nahIM raha gayA hai kyoMki vaijJAnika yaha mAnate haiM ki vAyu meM vajana hotA hai| dUsare yaha bhI prayoga karake dekhA gayA hai ki jIvita aura mRta zarIra ke vajana meM antara pAyA jAtA hai| usa yuga meM sUkSma tulA ke abhAva ke kAraNa yaha antara jJAta nahIM hotA rahA hogaa| rAjA ne phira eka anya tarka prastuta kiyA aura kahA ki maiMne eka cora ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM ko kATa kara cIra kara dekhA lekina mujhe kahIM bhI jIva nahIM dikhAI diyaa| ataH zarIra se pRthak jIva kI sattA siddha nahIM hotii| isake pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne nimna udAharaNa dekara samajhAyA -- "he rAjan ! tU bar3A mUr3ha mAlUma hotA hai, maiM tujhe eka udAharaNa dekara samajhAtA huuN|

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prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA : 57 eka bAra kucha vana jIvI sAtha meM agni lekara eka bar3e jaMgala meM phuNce| unhoMne apane eka sAthI se kahA, he devAnupriya ! hama jaMgala meM lakar3I lene jAte haiM, tU isa agni se Aga jalAkara hamAre lie bhojana banAkara taiyAra rkhnaa| yadi agni bujha jAya to lakar3iyoM ko ghisa kara agni jalA lenaa| saMyogavaza usake sAthiyoM ke cale jAne para thor3I hI dera bAda Aga bajha gii| apane sAthiyoM ke AdezAnusAra vaha lakar3iyoM ko cAroM ora se ulaTa-pulaTa kara dekhane lagA lekina Aga kahIM najara nahIM aaii| usane apanI kulhAr3I se lakar3iyoM ko cIrA, unake choTe-choTe Tukar3e kiye kintu phira bhI Aga dikhAI nahIM dii| vaha nirAza hokara baiTha gayA aura socane lagA ki dekho, maiM abhI taka bhI bhojana taiyAra nahIM kara skaa| itane meM jaMgala se usake sAthI lauTakara A gaye, usane una logoM se sArI bAteM khiiN| isa para unameM se eka sAthI ne zara banAyA aura zara ko araNi ke sAtha ghisa kara agni jalAkara dikhAyI aura phira sabane bhojana banA kara khaayaa| he paesI ! jaise lakaDI ko cIra kara Aga pAne hI icchA rakhane vAlA ukta manuSya mUrkha thA, vaise hI zarIra ko cIra kara jIva dekhane kI icchA vAle tuma bhI kucha kama mUrkha nahIM ho| jisa prakAra araNi ke mAdhyama se agni abhivyakta hotI hai kintu prakriyA usI prakAra mUrkhatApUrNa hai jaise araNi ko cIra-phAr3a karake agni ko dekhane kI prkriyaa| ataH he rAjA yaha zraddhA karo ki AtmA anya hai aura zarIra anya hai| yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye sabhI tarka vaijJAnika yuga meM itane sabala nahIM raha gaye haiM, kintu I0 pU0 sAmAnyatayA cArvAkoM ke pakSa ke samarthana meM aura unakA khaNDana karane ke liye ye hI tarka prastuta kiye jAte the| ataH cArvAka darzana ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se inakA apanA mahattva hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM inameM adhikAMza tarka samAna hone se inakI aitihAsika prAmANikatA aura prAcInatA bhI svataH siddha hai| jaina sAhitya meM dArzanika dRSTi se jahA~ taka cArvAka darzana ke tarkapurassara prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA kA prazna hai -- Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke mahattvapUrNa grantha 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa dvArA IsvI san kI chaThIM zatI meM prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha isa grantha kI lagabhaga 500 gAthAyeM to AtmA, karma, puNya-pApa, svarga-naraka, bandhana-mukti Adi avadhAraNAoM kI tArkika samIkSA se sambandhita hai| isa grantha kA yaha aMza gaNadharavAda ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai aura aba svatantra rUpa se prakAzita bhI ho cukA hai| prastuta nibandha meM isa samagra carcA ko sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM thA, ataH isa nibandha ko yahIM virAma de rahe haiN| sandarbha 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 1, bhUmikA, pR0 39 2. dIghanikAya payAsIsutta 3. rAjapraznIyasUtra (madhukaramuni), bhUmikA, pR0 18 4. RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAiM), adhyAya 20

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58 : pro. sAgaramala jaina 5. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 1549-2024 AcArAMga ( madhukaramuni), 1/1/1/1-3 "evamegesiM No NAtaM bhavati-atthi meM AyA uvavAie...... se AyAvAdI logAvAdI kammAvAdI kiriyaavaadii|" 7. AcArAMga, 1/2/6/104- chaNa pariNAya loga saNNaM savvaso 8. sUtrakRtAMga ( madhukaramuni), 1/1/1/7-8 9. vahI, 11-12 10. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 5/7, jaNeNa saddhi hokkhAmi 11. vahI, 5/5-7 12. jahA ya aggI araNI u santo khIre ghaTAM tella mhaatilesu| emeva jAyA ! saroraMsi sattA saMmucchaI nAsai naavcitthe| ...... uttarAyayanasUtra, 14/18 13. no indiyaggejjha amuttabhAvA amuttabhAvA vi ya hoi nicco| ...... vahI, 14/19 14. RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI), adhyAya 20 15. vahI 16. utkala, utkula aura utkUla zabdoM ke artha ke lie dekhie -- saMskRta-iMgaliza DikzanarI (moniyara viliyamsa), pR0 176 17. RSibhASita ( isibhisiyAiM), adhyAya 20 18. vahI 19. vahI 20. vahI 21. vahI 22. sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya bhAga, adhyAya 1, pR0 648-658 23. rAjapraznIyasUtra ( madhukaramuni), pR0 242-260 pro. sAgaramala jaina, nidezaka, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5.

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mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM usameM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya - pro. sAgaramala jaina dharma aura naitikatA AtmA sambandhI dArzanika mAnyatAoM para adhiSThita rahate haiN| kisI bhI dharma evaM usakI naitika vicAraNA ko usake Atma sambandhI siddhAnta ke abhAva meM samucita rUpa se nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| mahAvIra ke dharma evaM naitika siddhAntoM ke aucitya-sthApana ke pUrva unake AtmavAda kA aucitya-sthApana Avazyaka hai| sAtha hI mahAvIra ke AtmavAda ko samajhane ke liye unake samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| yadyapi bhAratIya AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM vartamAna yuga meM zrI e0 sI0 mukarjI ne apanI pustaka "The Nature of Self" evaM zrI esa0 ke0 saksenA ne apanI pustaka "Nature of Consciousness in Hindu Philosophy" meM vicAra kiyA hai lekina unhoMne mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AtmavAdoM para samucita rUpa se koI vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| zrI dharmAnanda kauzAmbIjI dvArA apanI pustaka "bhagavAna buddha" meM yadyapi isa prakAra kA eka laghu prayAsa avazya hai, phira bhI isa sambandha meM eka vyavasthita adhyayana Avazyaka hai| pAzcAtya evaM kucha Adhunika bhAratIya vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki mahAvIra evaM buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmavAda-sambandhI koI nizcita darzana nahIM thaa| tatkAlIna sabhI brAhmaNa aura zramaNa matavAda kevala naitika-vicAraNAoM evaM karmakANDI-vyavasthAoM ko prastuta karate the| sambhavataH isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra tatkAlIna aupaniSadika sAhitya hai, jisameM AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna parikalpanAyeM, kisI eka AtmavAdI siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke nimitta saMkalita kI jA rahI thiiN| upaniSadoM kA AtmavAda vibhinna zramaNa paramparAoM ke AtmavAdI siddhAntoM se spaSTa rUpa se prabhAvita hai| upaniSadoM meM AtmA-sambandhI paraspara viparIta dhAraNAyeM jisa bIja rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM ve isa tathya kI puSTi meM sabala pramANa haiN| hA~, ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko brahma kI dhAraNA meM saMyojita karane kA prayAsa unakA apanA maulika hai| lekina yaha mAna lenA ki mahAvIra athavA buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmA-sambandhI dArzanika siddhAnta the hI nahIM, yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| merI yaha spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna vicArakoM kI AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna dhAraNAyeM vidyamAna thiiN| koI use sUkSma kahatA thA, to koI use vibhu| kisI ke anusAra AtmA nitya thI, to koI use kSaNika mAnatA thaa| kucha vicAraka use (AtmA ko) kartA mAnate the, to kucha use niSkriya evaM kUTastha mAnate the| inhIM vibhinna

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60 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina AtmavAdoM kI apUrNatA evaM naitika vyavasthA ko prastuta karane kI akSamatAoM ke kAraNa hI tIna naye vicAra sAmane Aye -- eka ora thA upaniSadoM kA sarva-AtmavAda yA brahmavAda, dUsarI ora thA buddha kA anAtmavAda aura tIsarI vicAraNA thI jaina AtmavAda kI, jisane ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko eka jagaha samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI samAlocanA ke pUrva inake astitva-sambandhI pramANa prastuta kiye jAne Avazyaka haiN| bauddha-pAli-Agama-sAhitya, jaina-Agama evaM upaniSadoM ke vibhinna prasaMga isa saMdarbha meM kucha tathya prastuta karate haiN| bauddha-pAli-Agama ke antargata suttapiTaka meM dIghanikAya ke brahmajAlasutta evaM majjhimanikAya ke cUlasAropamasutta meM ina AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| yadyapi uparyukta suttoM meM hameM jo jAnakArI prApta hotI hai, vaha bAhyataH naitika AcAra-sambandhI pratIta hotI hai, lekina yaha jisa rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai, use dekhakara hameM gahana vivecanA meM utaranA hotA hai, jo antatogatvA hameM kisI AtmavAda-sambandhI dArzanika nirNaya para pahu~cA detI hai| pAli-Agama meM buddha ke samakAlIna ina AcAryoM ko jahA~ eka ora gaNAdhipati, gaNa ke AcArya, prasiddha yazasvI, tIrthaMkara tathA bahujanoM dvArA susammata kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora unake naitika siddhAntoM ko itane garhita evaM nindya rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki sAdhAraNa buddhi vAlA manuSya bhI inakI ora AkRSTa nahIM ho sktaa| ataH yaha svAbhAvika rUpa se zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki kyA aisI nindya naitikatA kA upadeza dene vAlA vyakti lokasammAnita dharmAcArya ho sakatA hai, lokapUjita ho sakatA hai ? yahI nahIM ki ye AcAryagaNa lokapUjita hI the varan ve AdhyAtmika-vikAsa ke nimitta vibhinna sAdhanAyeM bhI karate the, unake ziSya evaM upAsaka bhI the| uparokta tathya kisI niSpakSa gahana vicAraNA kI apekSA karate haiM, jo isake pIche rahe hue satya kA udghATana kara skeN| merI vinamra sammati meM uparyukta vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA ko jisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai use dekhakara aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vaha una vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA nahIM hai, varan unake AtmavAda yA anya dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para nikAlA huA naitika niSkarSa hai, jo virodhI pakSa ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jainAgamoM jaise sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatIsUtra), uttarAdhyayana Adi meM bhI kucha aise sthala haiM, jinake AdhAra para tatkAlIna AtmavAdoM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM prAcInatama upaniSad chAndogya aura bRhadAraNyaka hai, unameM bhI tatkAlIna AtmavAda ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| kaThopaniSad evaM gItA meM ina vibhinna AtmavAdI dhAraNAoM kA prabhAva yatra-tatra yatheSTa rUpa se dekhane ko mila sakatA hai| lekha ke vistArabhaya se yahA~ ukta sabhI granthoM ke vibhinna saMketoM ke AdhAra para

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unase pratiphalita hone vAle AtmavAdoM kI vicAraNA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH hama yahA~ kucha AtmavAdoM kA vargIkRta rUpa meM mAtra saMkSipta adhyayana hI kreNge| inakA vistRta aura pUrNa adhyayana to svatantra gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai| vargIkaraNa kI dRSTi se hamAre adhyayana meM nimna vargIkaraNa sahAyaka ho sakatA hai- 1. nityaM yA zAzvata AtmavAda, 2. anitya AtmavAda, uccheda AtmavAda, dehAtmavAda, 3. kUTastha AtmavAda, akriya AtmavAda, niyativAda, 4. pariNAmI AtmavAda, Atma kartRtvavAda, puruSArthavAda, 5. sUkSma AtmavAda, 6. vibhu AtmavAda, 7. anAtmavAda, 8. sarva AtmavAda yA brahmavAda / mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 61 prastuta nibandha meM uparyukta sabhI AtmavAdoM kA vivecana sambhava nahIM hai, dUsare anAtmavAda aura sarva AtmavAda ke siddhAnta kramazaH bauddha aura vedAnta paramparA meM vikasita hue haiM, jo kAphI vistRta haiM sAtha hI loka prasiddha haiM / ataH unakA vivecana prastuta nibandha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| pariNAmI AtmavAda kA siddhAnta svatantra rUpa se kisakA thA, yaha jJAta nahIM ho skaa| ataH usakA bhI vivecana isa nibandha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prastuta prayAsa meM ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ke vargIkaraNa meM mukhyataH eka sthUla dRSTi rakhI gaI hai aura isI hetu kUTastha AtmavAda, niyativAda yA pariNAmI AtmavAda aura puruSArthavAda mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kA mukhya aMga hai phira bhI mahAvIra kA Atma-darzana samanvayAtmaka hai ataH unake Atma-darzana ko ekAnta rUpa se usa varga meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai / . anitya- AtmavAda mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM isa anityAtmavAda kA pratinidhitva ajitakeza kambala karate haiN| isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA yA caitanya isa zarIra ke sAtha utpanna hotA hai aura isake naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| unake darzana evaM naitika siddhAntoM ko bauddha Agama meM isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dAna, yajJa, havana vyartha haiM, sukRta- duSkRta karmoM kA phala- vipAka nahIM / yaha loka-paraloka nhiiN| mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM... AdamI cAra mahAbhUtoM kA banA hai jaba maratA hai taba ( zarIra kI ) pRthvI - pRthvI meM, pAnI pAnI meM, Aga Aga meM aura vAyu vAyu meM mila jAtI hai... dAna yaha mUrkho kA upadeza hai... mUrkha ho cAhe paNDita zarIra chor3ane para ucchinna ho jAte haiM. T bAhya rUpa se dekhane para ajita kI yaha dhAraNA svArtha sukhavAda kI naitika dhAraNA ke samAna pratIta hotI hai aura usakA darzana tathA AtmavAda bhautikavAdI parilakSita hotA hai| lekina

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62 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina punaH yahA~ yaha zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki yadi ajitakeza kambala naitika dhAraNA meM samavAdI aura unakA darzana bhautikavAdI thA to phira vaha svayaM sAdhanA mArga aura deha-daNDana ke patha kA anugAmI kyoM thA, usane kisa hetu zramaNoM evaM upAsakoM kA saMgha banAyA thaa| yadi usakI naitikatA bhogavAdI thI to use svayaM saMnyAsa-mArga kA pathika nahIM bananA thA, na usake saMgha meM saMnyAsI yA gRhatyAgI ko sthAna honA thaa| sambhavataH vastusthiti aisI pratIta hotI hai ki ajita dArzanika dRSTi se anityavAdI thA, jagat kI parivartanazIlatA para hI usakA jora thaa| vaha loka, paraloka, devatA, AtmA Adi kisI bhI tattva ko nitya nahIM mAnatA thaa| usakA yaha kahanA "yaha loka nahIM paraloka nahIM, mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM..." kevala isI artha kA dyotaka hai ki sabhI kI zAzvata sattA nahIM hai, sabhI anitya haiN| vaha AtmA ko bhI anitya mAnatA thA aura isI AdhAra para yaha kahA gayA ki usakI naitika dhAraNA meM sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA vipAka nhiiN| __pazcima meM yUnAnI dArzanika herAvilatu ( 535 I0 pU0 ) bhI isI kA samakAlIna thA aura vaha bhI anityatAvAdI hI thaa| sambhavataH ajita nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karane meM utpanna hone vAlI dArzanika kaThinAiyoM se avagata thaa| kyoMki nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para hiMsA kI burAI ko nahIM samApta kiyA jA sktaa| yadi AtmA nitya hai to phira hiMsA kisakI ? ataH ajita ne yajJa, yAga evaM yuddha-janita hiMsA se mAnava-jAti ko mukta karane ke liye anitya AtmavAda kA upadeza diyA hogaa| sAtha hI aisA bhI pratIta hotA hai ki vaha tRSNA aura Asakti se utpanna hone vAle sAMsArika klezoM se bhI mAnava-jAti ko mukta karanA cAhatA thA aura isI hetu usane gRha-tyAga aura deha-daNDana, jisase Atma-sukha aura bhautika-sukha kI vibhinnatA ko samajhA jA sake, ko Avazyaka mAnA thaa| isa prakAra ajita kA darzana Atma-anityavAda kA darzana hai aura usakI naitikatA hai-- Atma-sukha ( Subjective Pleasure ) kI uplbdhi| / sambhavataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki buddha ne apane anAtmavAdI darzana ke nirmANa meM ajita kA yaha anitya AtmavAda apanA liyA thA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA meM se deha-daNDana kI praNAlI ko samApta kara diyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ajita kI yaha dArzanika paramparA buddha kI dArzanika paramparA ke prArambha hone para vilupta ho gii| buddha ke darzana ne ajita ke anityatAvAdI Atma-siddhAnta ko AtmasAt kara liyA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA ko pariSkRta kara use hI eka naye rUpa meM prastuta kara diyaa| anitya AtmavAda ke sambandha meM jainAgama uttarAdhyayana ke 14veM adhyayana kI 18vIM gAthA meM bhI vivecana prApta hotA hai, jahA~ yaha batAyA gayA ki yaha AtmA zarIra meM usI prakAra

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mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 63 rahatI hai jaise tila meM tela, araNI meM agni yA dUdha meM ghRta rahatA hai aura isa zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| aupaniSadika sAhitya meM kaThopaniSad kI prathama vallI ke adhyAya 1 ke 20veM zloka meM naciketA bhI yaha rahasya jAnanA cAhatA hai ki AtmanityatAvAda aura Atma-anityatAvAda meM kauna sI dhAraNA satya hai aura kauna sI asty| isa prakAra yaha to nibhrAnta rUpa se satya hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM Atma-anityatAvAda ko mAnane vAle vicAraka the| lekina vaha anitya AtmavAda bhautika AtmavAda nahIM, varan dArzanika anitya AtmavAda thaa| unake mAnane vAle vicAraka Adhunika sukhavAdI vicArakoM ke samAna bhautika sukhavAdI nahIM the, varan ve Atma-zAnti evaM AsaktinAza yA tRSNAkSaya ke hetu prayAsazIla the| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ajita kA darzana aura dharma (naitikatA) bauddha darzana evaM dharma kI pUrva kar3I thaa| bauddhoM ne usake darzana kI jo AlocanA kI thI athavA usake jo naitika niSkarSa prastuta kiye the ki usake anusAra duSkRta evaM sukRta karmoM kA vipAka nahIM, yahI AlocanA pazcAt kAla meM bauddha AtmavAda ko kRtapraNAza evaM akRta karmabhoga kahakara -- hemacandrAcArya ne prastuta kii| anitya-AtmavAda kI dhAraNA naitika dRSTi se ucita nahIM baiThatI kyoMki usake AdhAra para karma-vipAka yA karma-phala ke siddhAnta ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA kyoMki samasta zubhAzubha karmoM kA pratiphala tatkAla prApta nahIM hotaa| ataH karma-phala kI dhAraNA ke liye nitya AtmavAda kI ora AnA hotA hai| dUsare anitya AtmavAda kI dhAraNA meM puNya-saMcaya, paropakAra, dAna Adi ke naitika AdezoM kA bhI koI artha nahIM rhtaa| nitya kUTastha AtmavAda vartamAna dArzanika paramparAoM meM bhI aneka isa siddhAnta ke samarthaka haiM ki AtmA kUTastha (niSkriya ) evaM nitya hai, sAMkhya aura vedAnta bhI isake samarthaka haiN| jina vicArakoM ne AtmA ko kUTastha mAnA hai, unhoMne use nitya bhI mAnA hai| ataH hamane bhI apane vivecana hetu nitya AtmavAda aura kUTastha AtmavAda donoM ko samanvita rUpa se eka hI sAtha rakhA hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna kUTastha nitya AtmavAda ke pratinidhi pUrNa kazyapa the| pUrNa kazyapa ke siddhAntoM kA citraNa bauddha-sAhitya meM isa prakAra hai -- agara koI kriyA kare, karAye, kATe, kaTavAye, kaSTa de yA dilAye -- corI kare -- prANiyoM ko mAra DAle -- paradAragamana kare yA asatya bole to bhI use pApa nhiiN| tIkSNa dhAra vAle cakra se yadi koI isa saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA Dhera lagA de to bhI use koI pApa nahIM hai, doSa nahIM hai -- dAna, dharma aura satya-bhASaNa se koI puNya-prApti nahIM hotii|

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64 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina isa dhAraNA ko dekhakara sahaja hI zaMkA hotI hai ki isa prakAra kA upadeza dene vAlA koI yazasvI, lokasammAnita vyakti nahIM ho sakatA, varan koI dhUrta hogaa| lekina pUrNa kazyapa eka lokapUjita zAstA the, ataH yaha nizcita hai ki aisA anaitika dRSTikoNa unakA nahIM ho sktaa| yaha unake AtmavAda kA naitika phalita hogA jo eka virodhI dRSTikoNa vAle logoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI isameM itanI satyatA avazya hogI ki pUrNa kazyapa AtmA ko akriya mAnate the, vastutaH unakI Atma-akriyatA kI dhAraNA kA uparyukta niSkarSa nikAlakara unake virodhiyoM ne unake mata ko vikRta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pUrNa kazyapa ke isa Atma-akriyavAda ko usake pazcAt kapila ke sAMkhya darzana aura bhagavadgItA meM bhI apanA liyA gayA thaa| kapila aura bhagavadgItA kA kAla lagabhaga 400I0 pa0 mAnA jAtA hai aura isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ye pUrNa kazyapa ke Atma-akriyavAda se avazya prabhAvita hue hoNge| kapila ke darzana meM Atma-akriyavAda ke sAtha hI Izvara kA abhAva isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki vaha kisI avaidika zramaNa paramparA ke darzana se prabhAvita thA aura vaha darzana pUrNa kazyapa kA Atma akriyavAda kA darzana hI hogA, kyoMki usameM bhI Izvara ke liye koI sthAna nahIM thaa| sAMkhya darzana bhI AtmA ko triguNayukta prakRti se bhinna mAnatA hai aura mAranA, maravAnA Adi sabhI ko prakRti kA pariNAma mAnatA hai| AtmA sabase prabhAvita nahIM hotI hai| vaha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA hai ki AtmA ko naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA bandhana meM nahIM AtA, varan prakRti hI prakRti ko bA~dhatI hai| ataH zubhAzubha kAryoM kA prabhAva bhI AtmA para nahIM pdd'taa| isa prakAra pUrNa kazyapa kA darzana kapila ke darzana kA pUrvavartI thaa| isI prakAra gItA meM bhI pUrNa kazyapa ke isa Atma-akriyavAda kI pratidhvani yatra-tatra sunAI detI hai, jo sAMkhya darzana ke mAdhyama se usa taka pahuMcI thii| sthAnAbhAva se hama una saba pramANoM ko prastuta karane meM asamartha haiN| pAThakagaNa ullikhita sthAnoM para unheM dekha sakate haiN|' uparyukta saMdarbho ke AdhAra para bauddha Agama meM prastuta pUrNa kazyapa ke dRSTikoNa ko eka sahI dRSTikoNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI isa bAta se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki uparyukta Atma-akriyavAda kI dhAraNA naitika siddhAntoM ke sthApana meM tArkika dRSTi se upayukta nahIM ThaharatI hai| yadi AtmA akriya hai, vaha kisI kriyA kA kartA nahIM hai to phira vaha zubhAzubha kAryoM kA uttaradAyI bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| svayaM prakRti bhI cetanA evaM zubhAzubha ke viveka ke abhAva meM uttaradAyI nahIM bntii| isa prakAra Atma-akriyavAda ke siddhAnta meM uttaradAyitva kI dhAraNA ko adhiSThita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura uttaradAyitva ke abhAva meM naitikatA, karttavya, dharma Adi kA mUlya zUnyavat ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra Atma-akriyatAvAda sAmAnya buddhi kI dRSTi se evaM naitika niyamoM ke sthApana kI dRSTi se anupayogI ThaharatA hai, phira bhI dArzanika dRSTi se isakA kucha mUlya hai

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mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 65 kyoMki svabhAvatayA AtmA ko akriya mAne binA mokSa evaM nirvANa kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM thii| yahI kAraNa thA ki Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-nitya-AtmavAda kA prabhAva dArzanika vicAraNA para banA rhaa| niSkriya AtmavikAsavAda evaM niyativAda Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-AtmavAda kI eka dhArA niyativAda thii| yadi AtmA akriya hai evaM kUTastha hai to puruSArthavAda ke dvArA AtmavikAsa evaM nirvANa-prApti kI dhAraNA ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA thaa| makkhalI putra gozAlaka jo AjIvaka sampradAya kA pramukha thA -- pUrNa kazyapa kI Atma-akriyatAvAda kI dhAraNA kA to samarthaka thA lekina akriya-AtmavAda ke bandhana meM Ane ke kAraNa evaM Atma-vikAsa kI paramparA ko vyakta karane meM asamartha thaa| ataH nimna yoni se Atma-vikAsa kI uccatama sthiti nirvANa ko samajhAne ke liye usane niSkriya Atma-vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta ko sthApita kiyaa| sAmAnyatayA usake siddhAnta ko niyativAda yA apuruSArthavAda kiMvA bhAgyavAda kahA gayA hai, lekina merI dRSTi meM usake siddhAnta ko niSkriya Atma-vikAsavAda kahA jAnA adhika samucita hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai gauzAlaka usa yuga kA catura vyakti thaa| usane apane AjIvaka sampradAya meM pUrNa kazyapa ke sampradAya ko bhI zAmila kara liyA thaa| prArambha meM usane bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha apanI sAdhanA-paddhati ko prArambha kiyA thA lekina unase vaicArika matabheda hone para usane pUrNa kazyapa ke sampradAya se milakara AjIvaka sampradAya sthApita kara liyA hogA, jisameM darzana evaM siddhAnta pUrNa kazyapa kI dhAraNAoM se prabhAvita the to sAdhanA mArga kA bAla svarUpa mahAvIra kI sAdhanA-paddhati se prabhAvita thaa| bauddha Agama evaM jainAgama donoM meM hI usakI vicAraNA kA kucha svarUpa prApta hotA hai| yadyapi usakA prastutIkaraNa eka virodhI pakSa ke dvArA huA hai, yaha tathya dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| gozAlaka kI vicAraNA kA svarUpa pAli Agama meM nimnAnusAra hai -- hetu ke binA -- prANI apavitra hotA hai, hetu ke binA -- prANI zuddha hote haiM -- puruSa kI sAmarthya se kucha nahIM hotA -- sarva satva sarva prANI, sarva bhUta, sarva jIva, avaza, durbala, nivIrya haiM, ve niyati (bhAgya), saMgati evaM svabhAva ke kAraNa pariNita hote haiM -- isake Age usakI naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko pUrvokta prakAra se bhraSTa rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai, jo vizvasanIya nahIM mAnI jA sktii| uparyukta AdhAra para usakI dhAraNA kA sAra yahI hai ki AtmA niSkriya hai, avIrya hai, isakA vikAsa svabhAvataH hotA rahatA hai| vibhinna yoniyoM meM hotA huA yaha jIvAtmA apanA vikAsa karatA hai aura nirvANa yA mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai|

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66 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina lekina aisA pratIta hotA hai ki naitika dRSTi se vaha vyakti ko apanI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza detA thA, anyathA vaha svayaM bhI nagna rahanA Adi deha-daNDana ko kyoM svIkAra karatA ? jisa prakAra bAda meM gItA meM apanI-apanI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza diyA gayA thA vartamAna yuga meM zrI breDale ne (Mystation and its duties ) samAja meM apanI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane ke naitika siddhAnta ko pratipAdita kiyA, usI prakAra vaha chaH abhijAtiyoM' (vargoM) ko unakI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza detA hogA aura yaha mAnatA hogA ki AtmA apanI abhijAtiyoM ke kartavya kA pAlana karate hue svataH vikAsa kI isa kramika gati meM svabhAvataH Age bar3hatA rahatA hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se yA tArkika dRSTi se niyativAdI vicAraNA kA cAhe kucha mUlya rahA ho, lekina naitika vivecanA meM niyativAda adhika saphala nahIM ho paayaa| naitika vivecanA meM icchA-svAtantrya (Free-will) kI dhAraNA Avazyaka hai, jabaki niyativAda meM usakA koI sthAna nahIM rahatA hai| phira dArzanika dRSTi se bhI niyativAdI tathA svataH vikAsavAdI dhAraNAyeM nirdoSa hoM, aisI bAta bhI nahIM hai| nityakUTastha-sUkSma-AtmavAda buddha kA samakAlIna eka vicAraka pakudhakaccAyana AtmA ko nitya aura kUTastha ( akriya ) mAnane ke sAtha hI use sUkSma mAnatA thaa| 'brahmajAlasutta ke anusAra usakA dRSTikoNa isa prakAra kA thA -- sAta padArtha kisI ke -- bane hue nahIM haiM (nitya haiM), ve to bandhya kUTastha -- acala haiN| -- jo koI tIkSNa zastra se kisI kA sira kATa DAlatA hai, vaha usakA prANa nahIM letaa| basa itanA hI samajhanA cAhiye ki sAta padArthoM ke bIca avakAza meM usakA zastra ghusa gayA hai| isa prakAra isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA nitya aura kUTastha to thI hI sAtha hI sUkSma aura acheda bhI thii| pakudhakaccAyana kI isa dhAraNA ke tattva upaniSadoM tathA gItA meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| upaniSadoM meM AtmA ko jo, sarasoM yA cAvala ke dAne se sUkSma mAnA gayA hai tathA gItA meM use achedya, avalehya kahA gayA hai| sUkSma AtmavAda kI dhAraNA bhI dArzanika dRSTi se aneka doSoM se pUrNa hai| ataH bAda meM isa dhAraNA meM kAphI pariSkAra huA hai| mahAvIra kA AtmavAda yadi uparyukta AtmavAdoM kA tArkika vargIkaraNa kiyA jAye to hama usake chaH varga banA sakate hai -- (1) anitya AtmavAda yA uccheda AtmavAda (2) nitya AtmavAda yA zAzvata AtmavAda (3) kUTastha AtmavAda yA niSkriya AtmavAda evaM niyativAda

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mahAvIra anekAntavAdI the, sAtha hI ve ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI dArzanika evaM naitika kamajoriyoM ko bhI jAnate rahe hoMge / ataH unhoMne apane AtmavAda ko inameM se kisI bhI siddhAnta ke sAtha nahIM bA~dhA / unakA AtmavAda inameM se kisI bhI eka varga ke antargata nahIM AtA, varan unakA AtmavAda ina sabakA eka sundara saMyojita samanvaya hai / ( 4 ) pariNAmI AtmavAda yA karttA AtmavAda yA puruSArthavAda (5) sUkSma AtmavAda ( 6 ) vibhu AtmavAda ( yahI bAda meM upaniSadoM kA sarvAtmavAda yA brahmavAda banA hai ) / AcArya hemacandra ne apane vItarAga stotra meM ekAMta nitya AtmavAda aura ekAnta anitya AtmavAda ke doSoM kA digdarzana karAte hue batAyA hai ki vItarAga kA darzana ina donoM ke doSoM se mukta hai / vistArabhaya se nitya AtmavAda aura anitya AtmavAda tathA kUTastha AtmavAda aura pariNAmI AtmavAda ke doSoM kI vivecanA meM na par3akara hameM kevala yahI dekhanA hai ki mahAvIra ne ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA kisa rUpa se samanvaya kiyA hai nahIM hai| (1 ) nityatA AtmA apane astitva kI dRSTi se sadaiva rahatA hai arthAt nitya hai / dUsare zabdoM meM Atma tattva rUpa se nitya hai, zAzvata hai| -- -- ( 2 ) anityatA - AtmA paryAya kI dRSTi se anitya hai / AtmA ke eka samaya meM jo paryAya rahate haiM, ve dUsare samaya meM nahIM rahate haiN| AtmA kI anityatA vyAvahArika dRSTi se hai, baddhAtmA meM hI paryAya parivartana ke kAraNa anityatA kA guNa rahatA hai| svabhAva kI dRSTi se AtmA kartA yA bhoktA athavA pariNamanazIla mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 67 ( 3 ) kUTasthatA haiM- -- (4) pariNAmIpana yA kartRtva sabhI baddhAtmAe~ karmoM kI karttA aura bhoktA haiM / yaha eka Akasmika guNa hai, jo karma pudgaloM ke saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai / -- -- ( 5-6 ) sUkSmatA tathA vibhutA AtmA saMkoca evaM vikAsazIla hai / Atma-pradeza dhanIbhUta hokara itane sUkSma ho jAte haiM ki Agamika dRSTi se eka sUcikAgrabhAga para asaMkhya AtmA sazarIra nivAsa karatI haiN| talavAra kI sUkSma tIkSNa dhAra bhI sUkSma ekendrika jIvoM ke zarIra taka ko naSTa nahIM kara sktii| vibhutA kI dRSTi se eka hI AtmA ke pradeza yadi prasArita hoM to samasta loka ko vyApta kara sakate haiN| -- isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra kA AtmavAda tAtkAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA sundara samanvaya hai| yahI nahIM varan yaha samanvaya isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki sabhI prakAra kI AtmavAdI dhArAyeM apane-apane doSoM se mukta ho-hokara AkAra mila jAtI haiN| hemacandra isa samanvaya kI aucityatA ko eka sundara udAharaNa dvArA prastuta karate

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68 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina gaDo hi kapha hetuH syAta nAgaraM pittakAraNam / bdayAtmani na doSo'sti guddnaagrbhessje|| jisa prakAra gur3a kapha janaka aura sauMTha pitta janaka hai lekina donoM ke samanvaya meM yaha doSa nahIM rhte| isI prakAra vibhinna AtmavAda pRthak-pRthak rUpa se naitika athavA dArzanika doSoM se grasta hai, lekina mahAvIra dvArA kiye gaye isa samanvaya meM ve sabhI apane-apane doSoM se mukta ho jAte haiM yahI mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kI aucityatA hai| yahI unakA vaiziSTya hai| sandarbha 1. majjhimanikAya, 2/3/7 2. saMyuktanikAya, 3/1/1 4. ye prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle upaniSad mahAvIra ke samakAlIna hI haiM, kyoMki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna "ajAtazatru" kA nAma nirdeza inameM upalabdha haiN| bRhadA0 2/15-17 5. gItA adhyAya 3, zloka 27 adhyAya 2, zloka 21 adhyAya 8, zloka 17 6. aMguttaranikAya kA chakka nipAta sutta tathA bhagavAn buddha, pR0 185 (dharmAnandajI kauzambI) 7. gozAlaka kI chaH abhijAtiyA~ AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ haiM -- 1. kRSNa, 2. nIla, 3. lohita, 4. harita, 5. zukla, 6. paramazukla, tulanIya, 7. jainoM kA lezyA-siddhAnta -- (1) kRSNa, (2) nIla, (3) kapota, (4) tejo, ( 5 ) padma, (6) zukla (vicAraNIya tathya yaha hai ki gozAlaka ke anusAra nirgantha sAdhu tIsare lohita nAmaka varga meM haiM jabaki jaina dhAraNA bhI use tejolezyA (lohita) varga kA sAdhaka mAnatI hai) 8. chAndogya upaniSad, 3/14/3 bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 5/6/1 kaThopaniSad, 2/4/12 9. gItA, adhyAya 2 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5

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sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA - pro. sAgaramala jaina ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA bIja rUpa meM sabhI dharmoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| yahA~ taka ki yajJa-yAga evaM pazu bali ke samarthaka vaidika aura yahUdI dharma-granthoM meM bhI ahiMsA ke svara mukharita hue haiN| cAhe Rgveda meM 'pumAna pumAMsa paripAtu vizvataH' (Rgveda, 6/75/14) ke rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke saMrakSaNa kI bAta kahI gayI ho athavA yajurveda meM isase bhI eka kadama Age bar3hakara 'mitrasyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSe ( yajurveda, 36.19 ) ke rUpa meM sabhI prANiyoM ke prati mitrabhAva kI kAmanA kI gaI ho, phira bhI vaidika dharma meM pazubali na kevala pracalita hI rahI, apitu 'vaidikI hiMsA na bhavati' kahakara usakA samarthana bhI kiyA gyaa| isI prakAra yahUdI dharmagrantha Old-Testament meM bhI 10 AjJAoM ke rUpa meM Thou shalt not Kill 'tuma kisI kI hatyA mata karo' kA Adeza hai| phira bhI unake isa Adeza kA artha vahI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai jo jaina paramparA meM 'sance sattA na haMtavA' kA hai| yahA~ hameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki ahiMsaka cetanA kA vikAsa yA ahiMsA zabda ke artha kA vistAra eka krama meM huA hai| zAbdika dRSTi se "Thou Shalt not Kill" aura "savve sattA Na haMtavvA"-- donoM AdezoM kA artha yahI hai ki 'tuma hiMsA mata kro|' kintu ina AdezoM kI jo vyAkhyA yahUdI dharma aura jaina dharma meM kI gaI, vaha bhinna hI rahI hai| eka yahUdI ke lie isa Adeza kA artha svajAtIya yA svadharmI bandhu kI hiMsA nahIM karane taka sImita hai| jabaki eka jaina ke lie usa Adeza kA artha hai na kevala kisI prANI kI, apitu pRthvI, jala, vAyu Adi kI bhI hiMsA na karane taka vyApaka hai| isa prakAra jaina aura yahUdI paramparAoM meM ina AdezoM kA jo artha vikAsa huA hai vaha bhinna-bhinna hai| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki ahiMsA ke artha vikAsa kI yaha yAtrA kisI eka kAlakrama na hokara mAnavajAti ke vibhinna vargoM meM sAmAjika cetanA evaM jIvana ke vividha rUpoM ke prati saMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa haI hai| jo varga yA samAja jIvana ke vividha rUpoM ke prati jitanA adhika saMvedanazIla banA, usane ahiMsA ke artha ko utanA hI vyApaka artha diyaa| ahiMsA kA yaha artha vikAsa bhI eka AyAmI na hokara tri-AyAmI hai| eka ora svajAti aura svadharmI manuSya ke hatyA ke niSedha se prArambha hokara SaTjIvanikAya, jisameM jala, vAyu, vanaspati Adi bhI sammilita haiM, kI hiMsA ke niSedha taka isane apanA artha vistAra pAyA to dUsarI ora prANa-viyojana, aMga-chedana, tADana-tarjana, bandhana Adi ke bAhya rUpa se lekara dveSa, durbhAvanA aura asajagatA ke Antarika rUpoM taka isane gaharAI meM praveza kiyA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki deSa, durbhAvanA evaM asajagatA bhI hiMsA hai, cAhe unase bAhya rUpa meM prAga-viyojana kI kriyA ghaTita huI ho yA nhiiN| tIsarI ora hiMsA mata karo ke niSedhAtmaka rUpa se lekara karuNA, jIvana-rakSaNa aura sahayoga ke vidhAyaka artha taka isane apanI yAtrA kii| prastuta paricarcA meM hamArA mukhya pratipAdya dayA, karuNA, dAna, sevA aura sahayoga ke rUpa meM

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70 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA ahiMsA kA vaha sakArAtmaka pakSa hai jo dUsaro ke jIvana-rakSaNa ke evaM unake jIvana ko kaSTa aura pIr3AoM se bacAne ke prayatnoM ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtA hai| yaha satya hai ki ahiMsA (Non-violence ) zabda apane Apa meM niSedhAtmaka hai / vyutpatti kI dRSTi se usakA artha hiMsA mata karo taka hI sImita hotA pratIta hotA hai, kintu praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM ahiMsA ke jo sATha paryAyavAcI nAma diye gaye haiM, una sATha nAmoM sambhavataH do-tIna ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI usake sakArAtmaka yA vidhAyaka pakSa ko prastuta karate haiM / usameM ahiMsA ke paryAyavAcI sATha nimna nAma varNita haiM-- 1 nirvANa, 2. nivRtti 3. samAdhi 4 zAnti, 5. kIrti, 6. kAnti, 7. prema, 8. vairAgya 9 zrutAMga, 10 tRpti, 11 dayA, 12 vimukti, 13. kSAnti, 14. samyak ArAdhanA, 15. mahatI, 16 bodhi, 17. buddhi, 18. dhRti, 19. samRddhi 20. Rddhi, 21. vRddhi, 22 sthiti (dhAraka), 23. puSTi ( poSaka), 24. nanda (Ananda), 25. bhadrA, 26. vizuddhi, 27 labdhi, 28 vizeSa dRSTi, 29. kalyANa, 30. maMgala, 31. pramoda, 32. vibhUti, 33. rakSA, 34. zIla, 40. saMyama, 41. zIlaparigraha, 42. saMvara, 43. gupti, 44. vyavasAya 45 utsava, 46. Ayatana, 48. yatana, 49. apramAda, 50. AzvAsana, 51. vizvAsa, 52 abhaya, 53. sarva amAghAta ( kisI ko na mAranA ), 54. cokSa (svaccha ), 55 pavitra, 56 zuci, 57 pUtA yA pUjA, 58. vimala 59 prabhAta aura 60. nirmalatara [ praznavyAkaraNa, sUtra 2/1/21 yajJa, 47 isa prakAra jaina AcAra - darzana meM ahiMsA zabda eka vyApaka dRSTi ko lekara upasthita hotA hai| usake anusAra sabhI sadguNa ahiMsA meM nihita hai aura ahiMsA eka mAtra nahIM sadguNa hai, apitu sadguNa - samUha kI sUcaka hai / hiMsA kA pratipakSa ahiMsA hai| yaha ahiMsA kI eka niSedhAtmaka paribhASA hai| lekina hiMsA kA tyAga mAtra ahiMsA nahIM hai / niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA jIvana ke samagra pakSoM ko sparza nahIM krtii| vaha AdhyAtmika upalabdhi nahIM kahI jA sakatI / niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA mAtra bAhya hiMsA nahIM karanA hai, yaha ahiMsA ke sambandha meM mAtra sthUla dRSTi hai| lekina yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki jainadharma ahiMsA kI isa sthUla evaM bahirmukhI dRSTi taba sImita rahI hai| jaina darzana kA yaha kendrIya siddhAnta zAbdika dRSTi se cAhe nakArAtmaka hai, lekina usakI anubhUti nakArAtmaka nahIM hai / usakI anubhUti sadaiva hI vidhAyaka rahI hai| ahiMsA sakArAtmaka hai isakA eka pramANa yaha hai ki jainadharma meM ahiMsA ke paryAyavAcI zabda ke rUpa meM " anukampA " kA prayoga huA hai / anukampA zabda jaina darzana kA eka mahattvapUrNa zabda hai / usameM samyakatva ke eka aMga ke rUpa meM bhI anukampA kA ullekha huA hai| anukampA zabda mUlataH do zabdoM se milakara banA hai| anu+kampan / "anu" zabda ke vividha arthoM meM eka artha hai sAtha-sAtha athavA sahagAmI rUpa se aura kampana zabda anubhUti evaM ceSTA kA sUcaka hai / "abhidhAna rAjendrAkeza" meM anukampA zabda kI vyAkhyA meM kahA gayA hai| "anurupaM kampatai caiSTataH iti anukampataH " / vastutaH anukampA para - pIDA kA sva-saMvedana hai, dUsaroM kI pIr3A yA duHkha kI samAnAnubhUti hai / usI meM anukampA ko spaSTa karate hue yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki pakSapAta arthAt rAgabhAva se rahita hokara duHkhI - prANiyoM kI pIr3A ko unake duHkha ko samApta karane kI icchA hI anukampA hai| yadi --

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 71 ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha anukampA jur3I huI hai to phira use mAtra niSedha paraka mAnanA eka bhrAnti hai| anukampA eka vidhAyaka zabda hai / jo loga anukampA ko mAtra niSedhaparaka mAnate haiM ve bhrAnti meM haiM / anukampA meM ne kevala dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva-saMvedana hotA hai apitu usake nirAkaraNa kA sahasa niHsvArtha prayatna bhI hote haiM / jaba dUsaroM kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A bana jAya to yaha asambhava hai ki usake nirAkaraNa kA koI prayatna na ho / vastutaH jIvana meM jaba taka anukampA kA hRdaya nahIM hotA taba taka samyak-darzana bhI sambhava nahIM hai| dUsaroM kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A ke samatulya bhI ho sakatI hai jaba hama usakA sva-saMvedana kreN| vastutaH dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva-saMvedana hI vaha srota hai jahA~ se samyak - darzana kA prakaTana hotA hai aura sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt para - pIr3A ke nirAkaraNArtha sevA kI pAvanA gaMgA pravAhita hotI hai / sarvatra AtmabhAva mUlaka karuNA aura maitrI kI vidhAyaka anubhUtiyoM se ahiMsA kI dhArA pravAhita huI / vastutaH "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI viveka - dRSTi evaM jIvana ke vividha rUpoM ke prati saMvedanazIlatA kI bhAvanA ko jaba hama ahiMsA kA tArkika kA AdhAra mAnate haiM to usakA artha eka dUsarA rUpa letA hai| "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI viveka - dRSTi evaM sahAnubhUti ke saMyoga meM ahiMsA kA eka sakArAtmaka pakSa sAmane AtA hai| ahiMsA kA artha mAtra kisI ko pIDA yA duHkha denA hI nahIM hai, apitu usakA artha, "dUsaroM ke duHkhoM ko dUra karane kA prayatna" bhI hai| yadi maiM apanI karuNA ko itanA sImita banA lU~ ki maiM kisI ko pIr3A nahIM pahucAU~gA to vaha sahI artha meM karuNA nahIM hogI / karuNA kA artha hai dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko apanI pIr3A ke rUpa meM dekhanA / jaba dUsaroM kI pIr3A merI apanI pIr3A bana jAtI hai to phira usa pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna bhI prasphuTita hote haiM / yadi koI vyakti yaha pratijJA kara le ki maiM kisI kI hiMsA nahIM karU~gA, kisI ko kaSTa nahIM dU~gA aura cAhe vaha yathArtha meM isakA pAlana bhI karatA ho, lekina yadi vaha dUsaroM kI pIr3A se dravIbhUta hokara unakI pIr3A ko dUra karane kA prayatna nahIM karatA hai, to vaha niSThura hI kahalAyegA / vastutaH jaba "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI viveka - dRSTi saMvedanazIlatA kI manobhUmikA para sthita hotI hai to dUsaroM kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A bana jAtI hai| vastutaH ahiMsA kA AdhAra mAtra tArkika - viveka nahIM hai, apitu bhAvanAtmaka - viveka hai / bhAvanAtmaka viveka meM dUsaroM kI pIr3A apanI pIr3A hotI hai aura jisa prakAra apanI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna sahajarUpa se hote haiM, usI prakAra dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna bhI sahaja rUpa meM abhivyakta hote haiN| dUsaroM kI pIr3AoM ko dUra karane ke isI sahaja prayatna meM ahiMsA kA sakArAtmaka pakSa sannihita hai / yadi ahiMsA meM se usakA yaha sakArAtmaka pakSa alaga kara diyA jAtA hai to ahiMsA kA hRdaya hI zUnya ho jAtA hai| misesa sTIvenzana ne jaina ahiMsA ko jo hRdaya zUnya batAyA hai usake pIche unakI yahI dRSTi rahI hai| (The Heart of Jainism, p. 296 ) yadyapi yaha unakI bhrAnti hI thI, kyoMki unhoMne jainadharma meM nihita ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa ko, jo na kevala siddhAnta meM apitu vyavahAra meM bhI Aja taka jIvita hai, dekhane kA prayatna hI nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne mAtra apane kAla ke sampradAya-vizeSa ke kucha jaina muniyoM ke AcAra, vyavahAra aura upadeza ke AdhAra para aisA niSkarSa nikAla liyA thA /

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72 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka pakSa kI pramukhatA ke Agamika AdhAra yaha satya hai ki zramaNa paramparA ne aura vizeSa rUpa se jainadharma ne ahiMsA ke artha-vistAra ko eka vyApakatA pradAna kI hai| kintu isake sAtha yaha bhI satya hai ki isa ahiMsA ke artha-vistAra ke sAtha aneka dArzanika samasyAyeM bhI utpanna huii| ahiMsA ke kSetra kA vistAra karate hue jaba eka ora yaha mAna liyA gayA ki jIvana ke kisI bhI rUpa ko duHkha yA pIr3A denA athavA usake ahita aura akalyANa kA cintana karanA hiMsA hai, sAtha hI dUsarI ora yaha bhI svIkAra kara liyA gayA ki na kevala manuSya-jagata, pazu-jagata aura vanaspati-jagata meM jIvana hai, apitu pathvI, jala, vAyu Adi bhI jIvana-yukta hai, to yaha samasyA utpanna huI ki jaba jIvana ke eka rUpa ke astitva ke lie usake dUsare rUpoM kA vinAza yA hiMsA aparihArya ho to aisI sthiti meM cunAva hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke bIca na karake do hiMsAoM ke bIca hI karanA par3egA? jina cintakoM ne jIvana ke sabhI rUpoM ko samAna mUlya aura mahattva kA samajhA, unheM ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI upekSA karanI pdd'ii| kyoMki sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt sevA, dAna, paropakAra Adi kI sabhI kriyAe~ pravRttyAtmaka haiM aura pravRtti jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM yoga cAhe kisI bhI rUpa meM kyoM na ho usameM kahIM na kahIM hiMsA/Asrava kA tattva to hotA hI hai| yadi hama pravRtti ke pUrNa niSedha ko hI sAdhanA kA lakSya mAneM, to aisI sthiti meM svAbhAvika rUpa se ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA niSedhamUlaka hogii| jJAtavya hai ki una sabhI dharmoM ke lie jinhoMne pRthvI, jala, vAyu, vanaspati Adi meM jIvana hI nahIM mAnA athavA yaha mAna liyA ki jIvana ke ye vividharupa samAna mUlya yA mahattva ke nahIM haiM athavA yaha ki paramAtmA ne jIvana ke ina dUsare rUpoM ko manuSya ke upayoga ke lie hI banAyA hai, unheM ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa ko svIkAra karane meM koI bAdhA nahIM aaii| samasyA kevala unake lie thI, jo jIvana ke ina vividha rUpoM ko samAna mUlya yA mahattva kA mAna rahe the| yaha satya hai ki jaina paramparA meM nivRtti aura jIvana ke vividha rUpoM kI samAnatA para para adhika bala diyA gayA aura pariNAmasvarUpa jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA niSedhAtmaka pakSa adhika pramukha bnaa| vizeSa rUpa se una jaina zramaNoM ke lie jo nivRttyAtmaka sAdhanA ko hI jIvana kA eka mAtra uccAdarza mAna rahe the| unake jIvana-vyavahAra evaM AcAra-niyamoM ko isa rUpa meM DhAlA gayA ki ve mukhya rUpa se ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka pakSa ke samarthaka bana kara raha gye| jainadharma ke prAcInatama Agama granthoM meM aise kucha sandarbha avazya haiM jo ahiMsA ke isa nakArAtmaka pahalU ko hI pramukhatA dete haiN| sUtrakRtAMga (1/11/18-20 ) meM eka ullekha hai ki jaba muni se koI gRhastha yaha pUche ki maiM dAnazAlA Adi banavAnA cAhatA hU~, isameM ApakI kyA sammati hai ? to muni usa samaya mauna rheN| sUtrakAra ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki yadi muni usakI usa pravRtti kA sarmathana karatA hai to usameM hone vAlI pRthvI, jala, vanaspati Adi kI pratyakSa hiMsA evaM dvIndriya Adi jIvoM kI parokSa hiMsA kA bhAgIdAra banatA hai| isake viparIta yadi vaha usa dAnAdi kI pravRtti kA niSedha karatA hai to vaha usake dvArA se jina prANiyoM kA kalyANa, hita evaM sukha hone vAlA hai usameM bAdhaka banatA hai| ataH donoM hI sthitiyoM meM kahIM na kahIM hiMsA

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 73 kA koI tattva avazya hI rahatA hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki aisI sthiti meM use mauna rahane kI sammati dI gyii| jainAgamoM kA yaha prasaMga eka aisA prasaMga hai jise sAmAnya rUpa se ahiMsA ke nakArAtmaka pakSa kI puSTi hetu prastuta kiyA jAtA rahA hai| kintu isa AdhAra para jainadharma meM ahiMsA kI nakArAtmaka vyAkhyA ko svIkAra karanA bhI eka bhrAnti hI hogii| kyoMki hiMsA ke alpa - bahutva ke vicAra ke sAtha-sAtha jaina AgamoM meM aise bhI ullekha haiM jo anivArya banI do hiMsA meM alpa hiMsA ko vareNya mAnate haiM / yaha satya hai ki sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt jIvana-rakSaNa sevA, dAna, paropakAra Adi ke prayatnoM meM kahIM na kahIM hiMsA kA tattva avazya upasthita rahatA hai, kyoMki ye saba pravRttyAtmaka hai / jahA~ pravRtti hai vahA~ kriyA (yoga) hogI, jahA~ kriyA hogI vahA~ Asrava hogA aura jahA~ Asava hogA vahA~ bandha bhI hogaa| jahA~ bandha hogA vahA~ hiMsA hogI, cAhe vaha sva-svarUpa kI hiMsA hI kyoM na ho ? basa isa tarka zailI ne ahiMsA kI niSedhamUlaka vyAkhyA ko bala diyA / prathama prazna to yaha hai ki kyA jainadharma ekAnta rUpa se nivRttyAtmaka hI hai ? dUsare kyA samAdhimaraNa ke antima kSaNoM ko chor3akara jIvana meM pravRtti kA pUrNa niSedha sambhava hai ? kyA mahAvIra kA upadeza ekAnta rUpa se nivRtti yA zramaNa jIvana ke lie hI hai ? kyA jainadharma meM jIvana ke sabhI rUpa samAna mUlya evaM mahattva ke haiM ? jaina darzana kI anekAntika dRSTi Aye ina praznoM para thor3I gambhIratA se carcA kreN| jainadharma aura darzana mUlataH anekAnta dRSTi para adhiSThita hai aura anekAnta dRSTi kabhI bhI ekapakSIya nahIM hotii| dUsare jaba taka jIvana hai taba taka pUrNa rUpa se nivRtti sambhava nahIM hai| pravRtti prANIya jIvana yA hamAre jAtIya astitva kA lakSaNa hai| gItA (3/5) meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jIvana meM koI bhI kSaNa aisA nahIM hotA jisameM prANI karma yA kriyA se pUrNataH nivRtta hote haiN| pravRtti prANI jIvana kI anivAryatA hai| jaba taka hamArA sAMsArika astittva rahatA hai kahIM na kahIM pravRtti hotI hI rahatI hai| pUrNa nivRtti kA Adarza cAhe kitanA hI ucca kyoM na ho ? vaha eka Adarza hI hai, yarthAtha nahIM / jainadarzana ke anusAra nirvANa prApti ke kucha kSaNa pUrva ke sAMsArika astitva ko chor3akara pUrNa nivRtti kA Adarza kabhI bhI yarthAtha nahIM banatA hai| cAhe hama muni jIvana hI kyoM nahIM jiye-pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana to vahA~ bhI sambhava nahIM hai| zArIrika gatividhiyA~, zvasana, AhAra-vihAra aura zArIrika maloM kA visarjana sabhI meM kahIM na kahIM hiMsA hotI to avazya hai / yarthAtha jIvana meM pravRtti se yA kriyA se pUrNa rUpa se nivRtta ho pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai aura yadi yaha sambhava nahIM hai, to aisI sthiti meM hameM pravRtti ke una rUpoM ko hI cunanA hogA, jinameM hiMsA alpatama ho| jaba pravRtti yA hiMsA jIvana kI eka aparihAryatA hai, to hameM yaha vicAranA hogA ki hamArI pravRtti kI dazA aisI ho jisameM hiMsA kama se kama ho| vaha hiMsA karma Asava yA karmabandha kA hetu na bne| yahIM se sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ko eka AdhAra milatA hai| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA viSa mizrita dUdha nahIM hai

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74 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM nizcita rUpa se aMzataH hiMsA kA koI na koI rUpa samAviSTa hotA hai kintu use viSa mizrita dUdha kahakara tyAjya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / usameM cAhe hiMsA rUpI viSa ke koI kaNa upasthita ho, kintu ye viSa - kaNa viSauSadhI ke samAna mAraka nahIM tAraka hote haiN| jisaprakAra viSa kI mAraka zakti ko samApta karake use auSadhI rUpI amRta meM badala diyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM jo hiMsA yA rAgAtmakatA ke rUpa parilakSita hote haiM, unheM vivekapUrNa kartavya bhAva ke dvArA bandhana ke sthAna para mukti ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM badalA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra viSa se nirmita auSadhI asvAsthakara na hokara Arogyaprada hI hotI hai, usI prakAra sakArAtmaka ahiMsA bhI sAmAjika svAsthya ke lie Arogyakara hI hotI hai| jaba hama apane astitva ke lie, apane jIvana ke rakSaNa ke lie pravRtti aura tadjanya AMzika hiMsA ko svIkAra kara lete haiM to phira hamAre isa tarka kA koI AdhAra nahIM raha jAtA, ki hama sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ko isalie asvIkAra karate haiM ki usameM hiMsA kA tattva hotA hai aura vaha viSa mizrita dUdha hai / apane astittva ke lie kI gaI hiMsA kSamya hai to dUsaroM ke astittva yA rakSaNa hetu kI gaI hiMsA kSamya kyoM nahIM hogI ? sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA punaH dUsaroM ke astitva ke lie kI jAne vAlI pravRttiyoM meM hameM rAgAtmakatA lage to kyA apane hetu kI gayI vRtti meM rAgAtmakatA nahIM hogii| jaba pravRtti yA kriyA se pUrNa nivRtti sambhava hI nahIM hai to aisI sthiti meM kriyA ko vaha rUpa denA hogA jo bandhana aura hiMsA ke sthAna para vimukti aura ahiMsA se jur3e / mAtra kartavya buddhi se kI gaI paropakAra kI pravRtti hI aisI hai jo hamArI pravRtti ko bandhaka se abandhaka banA sakatI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina paramparA meM IryApathika kriyA aura IryApathika bandha kI avadhAraNA astittva meM aayiiN| ye bAhya rUpa se cAhe kriyA aura bandha kahe jAte hoM, kintu ve vastutaH bandhana ke nahIM, vimukti ke hI sUcaka haiM, tIrthaMkara kI lokakalyANa kI samasta pravRttiyA~ bhI IryApathika kriyA aura IryApathika bandha mAnI gayI hai| unakA prathama samaya meM bandha hotA hai aura dvitIya samaya meM nirjarA ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra vItarAga puruSa kI pravRtti rUpa kriyA ke dvArA jo Asava aura bandha hotA hai usakA sthAyitva eka kSaNa bhI nahIM hotA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra (25/42 ) meM kahA hai ki jaise gIlI miTTI kA golA dIvAla para pheMkane se cipaka jAtA hai kintu sUkhI miTTI kA golA nahIM cipakatA, apitu tatkSaNa gira jAtA hai| yahI sthiti vItarAga bhAva yA niSkAma bhAva se kI gayI kriyAoM kI hotI hai| unase jo Asrava hotA hai vaha AtmapradezoM se mAtra sparzita hotA hai vastutaH bandhaka nahIM hotA / bandhana kA mUla kAraNa to rAga-dveSa yA kaSAyajanya pravRtti hai| ataH niSkAma bhAva se jo loka-maMgala ke lie, dUsaroM ke duHkhaharaNa ke hetu sevA, paropakAra Adi jo pravRtti kI jAtI hai vaha kriyA rUpa hokara ke bhI bandhaka nahIM hai aura isa prakAra jo loga "sakArAtmaka ahiMsA" meM bandhana kI sambhAvanAoM ko dekhate hai unakA cintana samyak nahIM hai / tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvana zailI aura sakArAtmaka ahiMsA

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 75 jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara kA pada sarvocca mAnA jAtA hai| usakI zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM tIrthaMkara nAmakarma upArjana ke jina kAraNoM kI carcA huI unameM hama dekhate haiM ki sevA aura vAtsalya mUlaka pravRttiyoM ko sabase pramukha sthAna milA hai| usameM vRddha, glAna- rugNa, bAlaka Adi kI sevA kA spaSTa nirdeza hai| yahI nahIM paramparAgata rUpa meM tIrthaMkara jIvana kI jina vizeSatAoM kI jo carcA kI jAtI hai unameM hama pAte haiM ki pratyeka tIrthaMkara dIkSita hone ke pUrva eka varSa taka pratidina karor3oM svarNa mudrAoM kA dAna karate haiN| yaha avadhAraNA svataH hI isa tathya kI sUcaka hai ki dAna aura sevA kI pravRtti tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA Acarita evaM anumodita hai / jaina kathA sAhitya meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki bhagavAna zAntinAtha ne apane pUrvabhava meM eka kabUtara kI rakSA karate hue apane zarIra kA mAMsa taka de diyA thaa| isa prakAra anya tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtto meM bhI prANiyoM ke jIvanarakSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha unakI sevA, dAna Adi kI pravRtti ke udAharaNa dekhe jA sakate haiN| svayaM mahAvIra ne dIkSita hone ke pazcAt na kevala nirdhana brAhmaNa ko apanA vastra dAna kara diyA, apitu mithyAdRSTi gozAlaka kI zItalezyA pheMka kara jIvana rakSA bhI kI / mAtra yahI nahIM kevalajJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt bhI tIrthaMkara mAtra loka kalyANa hetu hI padayAtrA karate hue apanA pravacana dete haiM / kevalajJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt tIrthaMkara ke jIvana meM aisA kucha zeSa nahIM rahatA jo unake lie prAptavya ho / praznavyAkaraNa meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai| ki-- " savva jaggajjIvarakkhaNa dayaTThayAe pAvayanaM bhagavayA sukahiyaM" (2/9) arthAt bhagavAna ne samasta jAgatika jIvoM ke rakSaNa aura dayA ke hetu hI apanA upadeza diyaa| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vItarAga paramAtmA meM bhI lokamaMgala va lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA upasthita rahatI hai| yadi yaha lokamaMgala kI vRtti rAgAtmaka hotI to phira vItarAga meM vaha kaise upasthita raha sakatI thI / isakA eka tAtparya yaha hai ki saMyamI jIvana meM bhI apanI maryAdAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue vyakti lokamaMgala kI pravRttiyoM se jur3A raha sakatA hai 1 kyA puNyakarma bandhana ke hetu hai ? sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt jIvoM kI rakSA aura sevA tathA usa hetu kI jAne vAlI dAna - paropakAra Adi kI pravRttiyoM ke mahattva evaM aura mUlya ko svIkArane meM sabase adhika bAdhaka avadhAraNA yaha hai ki paropakAra, sevA aura prANIkalyANa kI anya sabhI pravRttiyA~ puNya-bandha kA hetu hai, nirjarA kA hetu nahIM aura bandhana cAhe puNya kA ho yA pApa kA vaha bandhana hI hai aura isalie adhyAtmasAdhanA kA virodhI hai| puNya ko bhI bandhana kA hetu mAnakara ina vicArakoM ne ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI upekSA kii| AcArya kundakunda ne puNya aura pApa kA antara spaSTa karate hue puNya ko sone kI aura pApa ko lohe kI ber3I kahA aura anta meM puNya aura pApa donoM se upara uThane kI bAta kahI hai ( samayasAra 146) | yaha satya hai ki puNya aura pApa kI adhikAMza paribhASAe~ isa avadhAraNA para khar3I haiM ki jo dayA aura jIvana-rakSaNa ke jo kArya haiM, ve puNya haiM aura jo dUsaroM ke ahita aura duHkha ke kArya haiM, ve pApa haiN| sAmAnya rUpa se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki "paropakAraM puNyAya pApAya parapIDanaM / " gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ne bhI

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76 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA kahA hai "parahita sarisa dharma nahIM bhAI / parapIDA sama nahIM adhamAI / / " yaha satya hai ki paropakAra puNya hai aura tattvArthasUtra (6 / 2-4 ) meM umAsvAti ne puNya aura pApa donoM ko Asava kA eka bheda bhI mAnA hai aura Asava ko bandha kA hetu mAnane ke kAraNa bAda meM yaha avadhAraNA dRDhIbhUta ho gayI ki puNyabandhana kA hI hetu hai / kintu yaha dRSTikoNa jaina siddhAnta kI dRSTi se bhI bhrAmaka hI hai| prathama to sabhI Asava vastutaH bandhana ke kAraNa nahIM hote haiM dUsare yaha mAnanA bhI bhrAnti hai ki puNya mAtra Asava hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM vaha svatantra tattva hai| vaha Asrava aura bandha hai to sAtha hI sa~vara aura nirjarA bhI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne zubhayoga ko sa~vara mAnA hai| vaha nirjarA bhI hai aura nirjarA kA hetu bhI hai| puNya to usa sAbuna ke samAna hai jo pApa rUpI mala ko nikAlane ke sAtha svataH bhI binA prayAsa ke nirjarita ho jAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki pApa bandha kI nirjarA karanA hotI hai| puNya to svataH nirjarita ho jAtA hai / 1 jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA hai| jaina AcArya kriyA yA Asava ke do bheda karate haiM-1. sAmparAyika aura 2. IryApathika / IryApathika kriyA ke mAdhyama se jo Asrava hotA hai vaha dUsare samaya meM hI nirjarita ho jAtA hai| jisa Asrava janita bandha kI sthiti eka samaya bhI sattA rUpa nahIM rahatI ho use bandha kahanA mAtra aupacArikatA hai, yarthAtha meM vaha bandha nahIM hai / yaha satya hai ki yadi sevA, paropakAra aura jIvoM ke rakSaNa ke pIche rAgAtmakatA kA bhAva hai to ve bandhana ke kAraNa haiM kintu sevA, paropakAra aura jIvoM ke rakSaNa kI sabhI pravRttiyA~ rAgAtmakatA se hI prerita hokara nahIM hotI hai apitu vaha parapIDA ke svasaMvedana ke kAraNa bhI hotI hai| jaba dUsaroM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai to unakI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A bana jAtI hai aura aisI sthiti meM jisa prakAra apanI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna hote haiM / usI prakAra dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke bhI prayatna hote haiN| jJAnAtmaka dRSTi se AtmatulyatA kA vicAra aura bhAvAtmaka dRSTi se parapIDA kA sva-saMvedana svAbhAvika rUpa se loka-kalyANa kI pravRttiyoM ko arthAt rakSaNa, sevA, dAna, paropakAra Adi ko janma dete haiM / ataH yaha mAnanA bhrAnta hai ki loka-kalyANa kI sabhI pravRttiyoM ke pIche rAga-bhAva hotA hai| vyAvahArika jIvana meM bhI aise aneka avasara hote haiM jaba dUsare prANI kI pIr3A se hamArI antarAtmA karuNAdra ho jAtI hai aura hama usakI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke prayatna karate haiN| vahA~ rAgAtmakatA nahIM hotI hai / vahA~ kevala viveka-buddhi aura parapIr3A ke sva-saMvedana se utpanna karttavyatA kA bhAva hI hotA hai, jo usa sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kA preraka hotA hai| dUsaroM ke prati rAgAtmakatA meM aura kartavya bodha meM bar3A antara hotA hai| rAga ke sAtha dveSa avazya rahatA hai| jabaki karttavya bodha meM usakA abhAva hotA hai| kisI rAhagIra kI pIr3A se jo hRdaya dravita hotA hai, vaha rAga ke kAraNa nahIM apitu parapIr3A ke sva-saMvedana yA AtmatulyatA ke bhAva ke kAraNa hotA hai| pAlatU kutte kI pIr3A ko dUra karane meM aura kisI sar3aka para par3e hue kutte kI pIr3A ko dUra karane meM antara hai| pahale meM rAgabhAva hai, dUsare meM mAtra parapIr3A kA AtmasaMvedana | jaba dUsaroM ke rakSaNa, poSaNa, sevA aura paropakAra ke kArya mAtra karttavya buddhi athavA parapIr3A ke AtmasaMvedana se hote haiM, to unameM rAgAtmakatA kA tattva nahIM hotA aura yaha suspaSTa hai ki

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 77 rAgAtmakatA ke abhAva meM cAhe koI kriyA karmAsava kA kAraNa bhI bane to bhI vaha bandhana kAraka nahIM ho sktii| kyoMki uttarAdhyayana (32/7 ) Adi jaina granthoM meM bandhana kA mukhya kAraNa rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI mAnI gayI haiN| dUsaroM ke rakSaNa aura sampoSaNa ke prayatnoM meM cAhe kisI sImA taka hiMsA kI bAhya pravRtti bhI ho sakatI hai kintu vaha yarthAtha rUpa meM bandhana kA hetu nahIM hai| yadi hama aisI pravRttiyoM ko bandhana rUpa mAneMge to phira tIrthaMkara kI loka-kalyANakArI pravRttiyoM arthAt lokamaMgala ke lie vihAra aura upadeza ke kArya ko bhI bandhana ko hetu mAnanA hogA, kintu Agama ke anusAra unakA upadeza saMsAra ke jIvoM ke rakSaNa ke lie hotA hai, vaha bandhana kA nimitta nahIM hotA hai| niSkAma karma bandhaka nahI hai ? isa samagra carcA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki puNya karma yadi mAtra kartavya buddhi se athavA rAga-dveSa se upara uThakara kiye jAte haiM to ve bandhaka nahIM haiN| puNyabandha kA kAraNa kevala tabhI banatA hai jaba vaha rAgabhAva se yukta hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki apane kisI parijana ke rakSaNa ke prayatnoM kI aura mArga meM calate hue pIr3A se tar3aphar3Ate kisI prANI ke rakSaNa ke prayatnoM kI manobhUmikA kabhI bhI eka hI stara ke nahIM hotI hai| prathama sthiti meM rakSaNa ke samasta prayatna rAgabhAva se yA mamatvabuddhi se pratiphalita hote haiM, jabaki dUsarI sthiti meM AtmatulyatA ke AdhAra para parapIr3A kA sva-saMvedana hotA hai aura yaha parapIr3A kA sva-saMvedana athavA kartavya buddhi hI vyakti ko paropakAra yA puNya karma hetu prerita karatI hai| jaina paramparA meM yahA~ samyakdRSTi jIva ke AcAraNa ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai-- samyak dRSTi jIvaDA kare kuTumba prtipaal| antara sU nyAroM rahe jyU dhAya khilAve baal|| yaha anAsakta dRSTi atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| vastutaH aliptatA aura niSkAmatA hI eka aisA tattva hai, jo kisI karma kI bandhaka zakti ko samApta kara detA hai| jahA~ aliptatA hai, niSkAmatA hai, vItarAgatA hai, vahA~ bandhana nhiiN| jisa puNya ko bandhana kahA jAtA hai vaha puNya rAgAtmakatA se nizrita puNya hai| hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki vizva meM samasta pravRttiyA rAga se hI prerita hotI haiN| aneka pravRttiyAM aisI haiM jo mAtra kartavya buddhi se phalita hotI haiN| dUsare kI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A isalie nahIM banatI haiM ki usake prati hamArA rAgabhAva hotA hai, apitu AtmatulyatA kA bodha hI hamAre dvArA usakI pIr3A ke sva-saMvedana kA kAraNa hotA hai| jaba kisI dUsare zahara meM hote haiM aura vahA~ pIr3A se tar3aphar3Ate kisI mAnava ko sar3aka para par3A huA dekhate haiM to hama karuNAdra ho uThate haiM-- yahA~ kauna sA rAgabhAva hotA hai| jo loga dUra-darAja ke gA~voM meM jAkara cikitsA zivira lagavAte haiM-- unameM jo bhI rogI Ate haiM, kyA unake prati zivira lagavAne vAle vyakti kA koI rAga-bhAva hotA hai ? vaha to yaha bhI nahIM jAnatA hai usameM kauna loga AyeMge, phira una ajJAta logoM ke prati usameM rAga bhAva kaise ho sakatA hai ? ataH yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai rakSA, sevA, paropakAra Adi pravRttiyoM ke pIche sadaiva rAgabhAva hotA

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78 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA hai| jaba rAga nahIM hotA hai to ye bhI nahIM hotA hai aura jahA~ rAga-dveSa kA abhAva hotA hai vahA~ bandhana sambhava hI nahIM hai| isI prakAra eka DAkTara jaba kisI rogI ke sar3e hue aMga kA Aparezana karake use nikAlatA hai to usameM usa sar3e hue aMga meM nihita kITANuoM ke prati dveSa aura rogI ke prati rAga nahIM hotA hai| mAtra bacAne kA bhAva hotA hai| kisI pyAse ko pAnI pilAte samaya hameM na to jala ke jIvoM ke prati dveSa hotA hai aura na pyAse ke prati raag| ataH sevA, paropakAra Adi kI pravRttiyA~ rAga-dveSa se prerita nahIM hotI hai ataH ve bandhaka bhI nahIM hotI hai| vastutaH sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt jIvana-rakSaNa, sevA, paropakAra Adi kI pravRttiyA~ rAgAtmakatA para AdhArita na hokara "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI bhAvanA para AdhArita hotI haiN| "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI yaha anubhUti taba taka yarthAtha nahIM banatI jaba taka kI vyakti ke lie dUsaroM ke pIr3A aura duHkha apane nahIM bana jaate| yadyapi jaina darzana pratyeka AtmA kI svatantra sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai kintu sAtha hI sAtha vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki saMsAra ke sabhI prANI mere hI samAna haiN| AcArAMgasUtra (1/5/5 ) meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki "jise tU duHkha denA cAhatA hai vaha tU hI hai|" yahA~ viveka aura saMvedanazIlatA ke AdhAra para hI "Atmavat sarvabhUteSu" kI bhAvanA ko khar3A kiyA gayA hai| vaha mAtra tArkika nahIM hai| jaba taka saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat bhAva utpanna nahIM hotA hai taba taka ahiMsA kA aMkura prakaTa hI nahIM ho sktaa| ahiMsA ke lie rAgAtmakatA nahIM Atmavat dRSTi Avazyaka hai| kyoMki yadi rAgAtmakatA sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kA AdhAra hogI to vyakti kevala apanoM kI sevA meM pravRtta hogA, dUsaroM kI sevA meM nhiiN| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAta rakSA, sevA Adi kA AdhAra na to pratyupakAra kI bhAvanA yA svArtha hotA hai aura na raag| vaha khar3I hotI hai-- vivekajanya kartavya bodha ke AdhAra pr| kyA jIvana ke sabhI rUpa samAna mahattva haiM ? ahiMsA kI nakArAtmaka vyAkhyA ke lie sabase adhika jimmedAra yaha avadhAraNA rahI ki jIvana ke vividha rUpa samAna mUlya aura mahattva ke haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa jIvana ke eka rUpa bacAne meM dUsarI rUpoM kI hiMsA aparihArya hone para jIvana-rakSaNa ke prayatna ko hI pApa yA hiMsA meM parigaNita kara liyA gyaa| yaha satya hai ki eka ke jIvana ke rakSaNa evaM poSaNa ke liye dUsare jIvanoM kI kurbAnI karanI hI par3atI hai| yadi hama eka vRkSa yA paudhe ko jIvita rakhanA cAhate haiM to use pAnI to denA hI hogaa| vanaspatikAya ke saMrakSaNa aura vardhana ke lie. pRthvIkAya, apakAya aura vAyukAya kI hiMsA aparihArya rUpa se hogii| yadi hama kisI trasa prANI ke jIvana-rakSaNa kA koI prayatna karate haiM, to hameM na kevala vanaspatikAya kI apitu pRthvIkAya, apakAya Adi kI hiMsA se jur3anA hogaa| isa saMsAra meM jIvana jIne kI vyavasthA hI aisI hai ki jIvana kA eka rUpa dUsare rUpa ke Azrita hai aura usa dUsare rUpa ke hiMsA ke binA hama prathama spa ko jIvita nahIM rakha skte| yaha samasyA prAcIna jainAcAryoM ke samakSa bhI AyI thii| isa samasyA kA samAdhAna unhoMne apane hiMsA ke alpa-bahutva ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para kiyaa|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 79 hiMsA ke alpa - bahutva kI yaha avadhAraNA mukhyataH do dRSTi se vicArita kI gayI hai-prathamataH usa hiMsA, ahiMsA ke pIche rahI huI manovRtti yA preraka tattva ke AdhAra para jo do prakAra kA ho sakatA hai - - 1. viveka para AdhArita aura 2. bhAvanA para AdhArita aura dUsare prANa-vadha ke svarUpa ke AdhAra pr| viveka para AdhArita karma ke preraka tattva yA manobhUmikA meM mUlataH yaha bAta dekhI jAtI hai ki vaha karma kyoM kiyA jA rahA hai| vaha kartavya buddhi se kiyA jA rahA hai yA svArtha buddhi se | mAtra kartavya buddhi se rAgAtmakatA ke abhAva meM jo karma kiye jAte haiM ve IryApathika hote haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM unake dvArA hone vAlA bandhana yarthAtha meM bandhana nahIM hotA hai| isake viparIta jo karma svArtha pUrti ke lie hote haiM ve karma bandhaka hote haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki vyakti ko apane karttavya kA pAlana karate samaya hiMsA ho yA use hiMsA karanI par3e, kintu rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThakara mAtra kartavya ke paripAlana meM hone vAlI hiMsA baMdhaka yA anucita nahIM hotI / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaina muni Avazyaka kriyA karate samaya, pratilekhana karate samaya yA pada yAtrA karate samaya jo zArIrika kriyAyeM karatA hai usameM hiMsA to hotI hai| cAhe kitanI hI sAvadhAnI kyoM na rakhI jAya ye sabhI kriyAyeM hiMsA se rahita nahIM hai phira bhI inheM mukti kA hI sAdhana mAnA jAtA hai bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM / vyAvahArika kSetra meM nyAyAdhIza samAja vyavasthA aura apane deza ke kAnUna ke arntagata kartavya buddhi se aparAdhI ko daNDa detA hai| yahA~ taka kI mRtyu daNDa bhI detA hai| kyA hama nyAyAdhIza ko manuSya kI hatyA kA doSI mAneMgeM ? vaha to apane niyama aura kartavya se ba~dhA hone ke kAraNa hI aisA karatA hai| ataH usake Adeza se hiMsA kI ghaTanA hone para bhI vaha hiMsaka nahIM mAnA jaataa| ataH manobhUmikA kI dRSTi se jaba taka antara meM kaSAya bhAva yA dveSa-buddhi na ho taba taka bAhya rUpa meM ghaTita hiMsA kI kriyA na to bandhaka hotI hai aura na anucita / AcArya kundakunda ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki bAhara meM hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita ho yA na ho pramatta yA kaSAya yukta vyakti niyamataH hiMsaka hI hotA hai / isake viparIta bAhya rUpa se hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hone para bhI kaSAya rahita apramAdI muni niyamataH ahiMsaka hI hotA hai| isalie yaha mAnanA ki sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM bAhya rUpa se hiMsA kI ghaTanA hotI hai, ataH vaha anucita hai| eka bhrAnta dRSTikoNa hai| hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hone para bhI yadi karttA ne vaha karma mAtra kartavya buddhi se kiyA hai, usake mana meM dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cAne kA bhAva nahIM hai, to vaha hiMsaka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jo karma vivekapUrvaka aura niSkAma bhAva se kiye jAte haiM unameM hiMsA alpa yA atyalpa hotI hai| bhAvanA yA rAgAtmakatA kI sthiti meM bhI jo prazasta rAga-bhAva hai usameM hiMsA alpa mAnI gaI hai| -- hiMsA-ahiMsA ke alpa - bahutva ke vicAra ke sandarbha meM dUsarA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki yadi do hiMsAoM ke vikalpa meM eka kA cunAva karanA ho to hameM alpa hiMsA ko cunanA hogA aura usa alpa hiMsA kA AdhAra jaina AcAryo ne prANiyoM kI saMkhyA na mAna kara unake aindrika vikAsa ko mAnA hai| yadi hajAro ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA aura eka paMcendriya jIva kI hiMsA meM hiMsA ke alpa - bahutva kA nirNaya karanA ho to jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM hajAroM ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kI apekSA eka paMcendriya prANI kI hiMsA adhika bhayaMkara mAnI gayI hai|

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sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA 80 svayaM mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhI yaha prazna upasthita huA thA ki aneka ekendriya jIvoM kI apekSA kA eka paMcendriya jIva kI hiMsA meM kauna sI hiMsA alpa hai ? unake yuga meM hasti-tApasoM kA eka varga thA jo yaha kahatA thA ki hama to varSa meM kevala eka hAthI ko mArate haiM aura usake mAMsa se pUrA varSa apanI AjIvikA kI pUrti karate haiN| isa prakAra hama sabase kama hiMsA karate haiM (sUtrakRtAMga 2/6/53-54) / isa vicAradhArA kA svayaM mahAvIra ne khaMDana kiyA aura batAyA ki yaha avadhAraNA bhrAMta hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM isa prazna para aura bhI adhika gambhIratA se vicAra huA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki aneka ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kI apekSA paMcendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA aura unameM bhI eka RSi kI hiMsA adhika nikRSTa hotI hai (bhagavatIsUtra 9/34/106-107) / ataH jaina dRSTikoNa se hiMsA kA alpa-bahutva prANiyoM kI saMkhyA para nahIM unake aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa para nirbhara karatA hai| jaba cunAva do hiMsAoM ke bIca karanA ho to hameM cunAva alpa hiMsA kA hI karanA hogA aura isameM hiMsA kA alpa-bahutva prANiyoM kA saMkhyA para nahIM unake aindrika vikAsa para hI nirbhara kregaa| yadi hama eka ora yaha mAneM ki apane jIvana rakSaNa hetu hama ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kara sakate haiM aura usakA hameM adhikAra hai aura dUsarI ora yaha kaheM ki cU~ki dUsare prANiyoM ke rakSaNa, poSaNa, sevA Adi kI pravRttiyoM meM ekendriya Adi jIvoM kI hiMsA jur3I huI hai ataH tyAjya hai, to yaha Atma pravaMcanA hI hogii| gRhastha jIvana to kyA muni jIvana meM bhI koI vyakti ekendriya jIvoM ke prati pUrNa ahiMsaka nahIM ho pAtA hai| ataH ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA se bacane ke nAma para ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI avahelanA na to ucita hai aura na naitika hii| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA isalie bhI Avazyaka hai ki hamAre sAmAjika jIvana kA AdhAra hai| "manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai|" sAmAjika jIvana se alaga hokara usake astitva kI kalpanA hI duSkara hai| sakArAtmaka ahiMsaka cetanA arthAt saMvedanazIlatA ke abhAva meM hama samAja kI koI kalpanA bhI nahIM kara sakate haiN| samAja jaba bhI khar3A hotA hai taba AtmiyatA, prema, pArasparika sahayoga aura dUsare ke lie apane hita-tyAga ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne kahA hai ki eka dUsare kA hita karanA yaha prANiya-jagata kA niyama hai (parasparopagraho jIvAnAma -- tattvArtha 5) pAzcAtya cintakoM kI yaha bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai / saMgharSa prANiya jagata ko niyama hai| jIvana kA niyama saMgharSa nahIM, sahakAra hai| jIvana sahayoga aura sahakAra kI sthiti meM hI astittva meM AtA hai aura vikasita hai| yaha sahayoga aura apane hitoM kA dUsare ke hetu utsarga samAja-jIvana kA bhI AdhAra hai| dUsare zabdoM meM samAja sadaiva hI sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai| niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA co vaiyaktika sAdhanA kA AdhAra ho kintu vaha sAmAjika jIvana kA AdhAra nahIM ho sktii| Aja jisa ahiMsaka samAja ke racanA kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| vaha samAja jaba bhI khar3A hogA sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke AdhAra para hI khar3A hogaa| jaba taka samAja ke sadasyoM meM eka-dUsare kI pIr3A ko samajhane aura use dUra karane ke prayatna nahIM hoMge taba taka samAja astittva meM hI nahIM A paayegaa| sAmAjika jIvana ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki hameM dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva-saMvedana ho aura

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 81 unake prati AtmIyatA kA bhAva ho| sAmAnya rUpa se isa AtmIyatA ko rAgAtmakatA samajhane kI bhUla kI jAtI hai| kintu AtmIyatA evaM rAgAtmakatA meM antara hai| rAgAtmakatA sakAma hotI hai usake mUla meM svArtha kA tattva vidyamAna hotA hai, vaha pratyupakAra kI apekSA rakhatI hai, jabaki AtmIyatA niSkAma hotI hai, usameM mAtra parArtha kI vRtti hotI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM ahiMsA ke jo vividha nAma diye gaye usameM rati ko bhI sthAna diyA gyaa| yahA~ rati kA artha vAsanAtmaka prema yA dveSamUlaka rAga-bhAva nahIM hai yaha niSkAma prema hai| vastutaH jaba AtmIyatA kA bhAva pratyupakAra kI apekSA na rakhatA ho aura vaha sArvabhauma ho, to AtmIyatA kahalAtA hai| vastutaH jaba taka anya jIvoM ke sAtha samAnatA kI anubhUti, unake jIvana jIne ke adhikAra ke prati sammAna-vRtti aura unakI pIr3AoM kA sva-saMvedana nahIM hotA taba taka ahiMsaka cetanA kA udbhava bhI nahIM hotaa| ahiMsaka cetanA kA mUla AdhAra AtmIyatA kI anubhUti hai| vaha sArvabhaumika prema hai| vaha aisA rAga-bhAva jisameM deSa kA koI aMza hI nahIM hotA hai| jisameM saMsAra ke samasta prANI "sva" hI hote haiM, "para" koI bhI nahIM hotA hai| vastutaH aisA rAga, rAga hI nahIM hotA hai| rAga sadaiva dveSa ke sahAre jIvita rahatA hai| dveSa, svArtha aura pratyupakAra kI AkAMkSA se rahita jo rAga-bhAva hai vaha sArvabhaumika prema hotA hai, vahI AtmIyatA hai aura yaha AtmIyatA hI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| ghRNA, vidveSa aura AkrAmakatA kI vRttiyA~ sadaiva hI sAmAjikatA kI virodhI hai| ve hiMsA kA hI dUsarA rUpa hai| ye vRttiyA~ jaba bhI balavatI hogI, sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA hI samApta hogI, samAja Dhaha jaavegaa| samAja jaba bhI khar3A hogA taba vaha na to hiMsA ke AdhAra para khar3A hogA aura na mAtra niSedhamUlaka nirapekSa ahiMsA ke AdhAra para / vaha hamezA sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke AdhAra para hI khar3A hogaa| yadyapi hameM yahA~ smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki jisa prakAra sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke sampAdana meM nirapekSa-ahiMsA yA pUrNa-ahiMsA kA paripAlana sambhava nahIM hai, usI prakAra sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI nirapekSa ahiMsA yA pUrNa ahiMsA paripAlana sambhava nahIM hai| samAja jIvana kA AdhAra jo sakArAtmaka ahiMsA hai, vaha sApekSa ahiMsA yA sApavAdika ahiMsA hai| samAja-jIvana ke lie samAja ke sadasyoM ke hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna mukhya hai aura jahA~ astittva kI surakSA aura hitoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prazna hotA hai vahA~ nirapekSa ahiMsA saMbhava nahIM hotii| samAja-jIvana meM hitoM meM TakarAhaTa svAbhAvika hai| aneka bAra eka kA hita, dUsare ke ahita para hI nirbhara karatA hai| aisI sthiti meM samAja jIvana meM yA saMghIya jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza sAkAra nahIM ho pAtA hai, usameM apavAda ko mAnya karanA hI hotaa| jaba vaiyaktika hitoM aura sAmAjika hitoM meM saMgharSa kI sthiti ho to hama pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI duhAI dekara taTastha dRSTA nahIM bane raha sakate haiN| jaba vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika hito meM saMgharSa ho to hameM samAja hita meM vaiyaktika hitoM kA balidAna karanA hI hogaa| phira cAhe ve hita hamAre svayaM ke ho yA kisI anya ke| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kA siddhAnta hameM yahI sIkhAtA hai ki hama kisI mahAna hita ke lie kSudra hitoM ko balidAna karanA siikheN| samAja-jIvana meM aise aksara

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82 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA Ate haiM, jaba vyakti apane kSudra hitoM kA balidAna svataH nahIM karatA hai to usase balAt bhI karavAnA par3atA hai| jaba koI samAja, rASTra yA usakA koI sadasya yA varga apane kSudra hitoM kI pUrti ke lie hiMsA athavA anyAya para utArU ho jAya, to nizcaya pUrNa ahiMsA kI duhAI dekara taTastha dRSTA bane rahane se koI kAma nahIM clegaa| jaba taka jainAcAryoM dvArA udghoSita sampUrNa mAnava samAja kI ekatA kI kalpanA pUrNa sAkAra nahIM hotI hai, jaba taka sampUrNa samAja ahiMsA pAlana ke lie pratibaddha nahIM hotA, taba taka mAnava samAja meM pUrNa ahiMsA yA nirapekSa ahiMsA ke paripAlana kA dAvA karanA sambhava nahIM hai| jainadharma jisa pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko prastuta karatA hai usameM bhI jaba saMgha kI athavA saMgha ke eka sadasya kI surakSA kA prazna AyA to jaina AcAryoM ne sApekSika yA sApavAdika ahiMsA ko hI svIkAra kiyaa| jaina sAhitya meM AcArya kAlaka aura gaNAdhipati ceTaka ke udAharaNa isake spaSTa pramANa haiN| nizIthacUrNi ( gAthA 289 ) meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki jaba saMgha kI surakSA athavA kisI satI strI ke satItva ke rakSaNa kA prazna ho to gRhastha hI nahIM, muni bhI hiMsA kA sahArA le sakatA hai| aisI sthiti meM bAhya rUpa se hiMsA kI jo ghaTanA ghaTita hotI hai, use cAhe dravya hiMsA kI dRSTi se hiMsA kahA jAya, kintu yadi usameM karttA kI vRtti meM nijI svArtha aura aparAdhI ke prati dveSa bhAva nahIM hai, to aisI hiMsA vastutaH ahiMsA hI hai| jaba taka mAnava samAja kA eka bhI sadasya pAzavika vRttiyoM meM AsthA rakhatA ho, yaha socanA vyartha hai ki sAmudAyika jIvana meM pUrNa ahiMsA kA Adarza vyavahArya bana skegaa| jo loga sakArAtmaka ahiMsA arthAt rakSaNa, sevA sahakAra Adi jIvana mUlyoM ko kevala isa AdhAra para amAnya karate haiM ki unase nirapekSa yA pUrNa ahiMsA kA pAlana sambhava nahIM hai / unakI yaha avadhAraNA ucita nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| nizIthacUrNi meM ahiMsA ke jina apavAdoM kI carcA hai unheM cAhe kucha loga sAdhvAcAra ke rUpa meM sIdhe mAnya na karanA cAhate hoM kintu kyA yaha napusaMkatA nahIM hogI ki jaba kisI munisaMgha ke sAmane kisI taruNI sAdhvI kA apaharaNa ho rahA ho yA usa para balAtkAra ho rahA ho aura ve pUrNa ahiMsA ke paripAlana kI duhAI dekara taTastha dRSTA bane rahe ? kyA unakA koI sAmAjika dAyitva nahIM hai ? hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna nirA vaiyaktika nahIM hai| jaba taka sampUrNa mAnava samAja eka sAtha ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie tatpara nahIM hotA hai, kisI eka samAja yA rASTra dvArA pUrNa ahiMsA kA udghoSa koI artha nahIM rkhtaa| adhika kyA kaheM, yadi sampUrNa samAja SaDajIva-nikAya kI navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ke paripAlana kI bAta karane lage to kyA jainamuni saMgha kA bhI koI astitva rahegA / ataH pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza kI duhAI dekara ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI avahelanA kathaMpi ucita nahIM mAnI jAtI / saMrakSaNAtmaka va surakSAtmaka prayAsoM meM jo hiMsA kI bAhya ghaTanAyeM hotI haiM ve sAmAjika jIvana ke lie aparihArya hai| ahiMsA meM apavAda mAnane vAloM ko sakArAtmaka ahiMsA niSedha kA adhikAra nahIM punaH hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA prazna mukhya rUpa se to AMtarika hai| bAhyarUpa meM hiMsA ke

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 83 hone para bhI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThA apramatta manuSya ahiMsaka hai| jabaki bAhaya rUpa meM hiMsA na hone para bhI pramatta manuSya hiMsaka hI hai| eka aura sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ko kevala isalie asvIkAra karanA ki usameM kahIM na kahIM hiMsA kA tattva hotA hai kintu dUsarI ora apane athavA apane saMgha aura samAja ke astittva ke lie apavAdoM kI sRjanA karanA nyAyika dRSTi se saMgata nahIM hai| yadi hama yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki kisI muni ke vaiyaktika jIvana athavA muni saMgha ke astittva ke lie ahiMsA ke kSetra meM kucha apavAda mAnya kiye jA sakate hai to hameM yaha bhI svIkAra karanA hogA ki lokakalyANa yA prANIkalyANa ke lie jo pravRttiyA~ saMcAlita kI jAtI haiM, unameM bhI ahiMsA ke kucha apavAda mAnya kiye jA sakate haiN| punaH jo gahastha SaTajIva-nikAya kI navakoTipUrNa ahiMsA kA vrata grahaNa nahIM karatA hai aura jo na kevala apane lie, apitu apane parijanoM ke lie ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA se pUrNataH virata nahIM hai athavA jo vasa prANI kI saMkalpajA hiMsA ko chor3akara ArambhajA, udyogajA aura virodhajA hiMsA kA pUrNa tyAgI nahIM hai, use dUsare jIvoM ke rakSaNa-poSaNa aura unakI pIr3A ke nivAraNa ke prayatnoM ko kevala yaha kahakara nakArane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai ki unameM hiMsA hotI hai| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke sImA-kSetra ko samyaka rUpa se samajhane ke lie hameM hiMsA ke tIna rUpoM ko samajha lenA hogA-- 1. hiMsA kI jAtI hai, 2. hiMsA karanI par3atI hai aura 3. hiMsA ho jAtI hai| hiMsA kA vaha rUpa jisameM hiMsA kI nahIM jAtI varan ho jAtI hai -- hiMsA kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai, kyoMki isameM hiMsA kA saMkalpa pUrI taraha anupasthita rahatA hai, mAtra yahI nahIM, hiMsA se bacane kI pUrI sAvadhAnI bhI rakhI jAtI hai| hiMsA ke saMkalpa ke abhAva meM evaM sampUrNa sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda bhI yadi anya pravRttiyoM ke karate hue koI hiMsA ho jAtI hai to vaha hiMsA ke sImAkSetra meM nahIM AtI hai| hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA hogA ki kisI eka saMkalpa kI pUrti ke lie kI jAne vAlI kriyA ke daurAna sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda anya koI hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai to vyakti aisI hiMsA kA uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| jaise-- yadi gRhastha upAsaka dvArA bhUmi jotate hue kisI trasa-prANI kI hiMsA ho jAya athavA kisI muni ke dvArA padayAtrA karate hue saprANI kI hiMsA ho jAya to unheM usa hiMsA ke prati uttaradAyI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki unake mana meM usa hiMsA kA koI saMkalpa hI nahIM hai| ataH aisI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai| jaina paramparA meM hiMsA ke nimna cAra stara mAne gaye haiM -- 1. saMkalpajA, 2. virodhajA, 3. udyogajA, 4. aarmbhjaa| inameM "saMkalpajA" hiMsA vaha hai jo kI jAtI hai| jabaki virodhajA, udyogajA aura ArambhajA hiMsA, hiMsA kI ve sthitiyA~ haiM jinameM hiMsA karanI par3atI hai| phira bhI cAhe hiMsA kI jAtI ho yA hiMsA karanI par3atI ho, donoM hI avasthAoM meM hiMsA kA saMkalpa yA irAdA avazya hotA hai, yaha bAta alaga hai ki eka avasthA meM hama binA kisI paristhitigata dabAva ke svatantrarUpa meM hiMsA kA saMkalpa karate haiM aura dUsare meM hameM vivazatA meM saMkalpa karanA hotA hai| phira bhI pahalI adhika nikRSTa koTi kI hai kyoMki AkramaNAtmaka hai| yaha anartha daNDa hai, arthAt anAvazyaka hai, vaha yA to manoraMjana ke lie kI

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84 jAtI hai yA zAsana karane ke lie, yA svAda ke lie / hiMsA kA yahI rUpa aisA hai jo sabake dvArA chor3A jA sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha hamAre jIvana jIne ke lie jarUrI nahIM hai| hiMsA kA dUsarA rUpa jisameM hiMsA karanI par3atI hai, hiMsA to hai kintu ise chor3A nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha Avazyaka hai, arthadaNDa hai| ve sabhI gRhastha upAsaka jo apane svatvoM kA rakSaNa karanA cAhate haiM, jo jIvana jIne ke lie udyoga aura vyavasAya meM lage hue haiM, jo samAja, saMskRti aura rASTra kI surakSA evaM vikAsa kA dAyitva liye hue haiM isase nahIM baca sakate / na kevala gRhastha upAsaka apitu munijana bhI, jo kisI dharma, samAja evaM saMskRti ke rakSaNa, vikAsa evaM prasAra kA dAyitva apane Upara liye hue haiM, isa prakAra kI aparihArya hiMsA se nahIM baca sakate haiN| yaha satya hai ki sAmAjika jIvana meM dUsare prANiyoM ke jIvana-rakSaNa, poSaNa, sevA Adi meM bhI ekendriyAdi kucha jIvoM kI hiMsA sambhAvita hai, kintu isa hiMsA ke bhaya se sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI avahelanA karanA yogya nahIM hai| vaha gRhastha ke liye eka karttavya hai aura use niSkAma bhAva se use karanA hai| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA meM ghaTita hiMsA, hiMsA hai phira bhI yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama aisI hiMsA ko hiMsA ke rUpa meM samajhate raheM, anyathA hamArA karuNA kA srota sUkha jAyegA / vivazatA meM cAhe hameM hiMsA karanI par3e, kintu usake AtmaglAni aura hiMsita ke prati karuNA kI dhArA sUkhane nahIM pAve anyathA vaha hiMsA hamAre svabhAva kA aMga bana jAvegI jaise kasAI bAlaka meN| hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka kA mukhya AdhAra mAtra yahI nahIM hai ki hamArA hRdaya kaSAya se mukta ho, kintu yaha bhI hai ki hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta rahe, hRdaya meM dayA aura karuNA kI dhArA pravAhita hotI rhe| hameM ahiMsA ko hRdaya - zUnya nahIM banAnA hai| kyoMki yadi hamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta banI rahI to nizcaya hI hama jIvana meM hiMsA kI mAtrA ko alpatama karate hue pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza ko upalabdha kara sakegeM, sAtha hI hamArI ahiMsA vidhAyaka bana kara mAnava samAja meM sevA aura sahayoga kI gaMgA bhI bahA skegii| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA sAtha hI jaba aparihArya bana gaI do hiMsAoM meM kisI eka ko cunanA anivArya ho to hameM alpa-hiMsA ko cunanA hogaa| kintu kauna-sI hiMsA alpa-hiMsA hogI yaha nirNaya deza, kAla paristhiti Adi aneka bAtoM para nirbhara karegA / yahA~ hameM jIvana kI mUlyavattA ko bhI AMkanA hogA / jIvana kI yaha mUlyavattA do bAtoM para nirbhara karatI hai-- 1. prANI kA aindrika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa aura 2. usakI sAmAjika upayogitA / sAmAnyatA manuSya kA jIvana adhika mUlyavAna hai aura manuSyoM meM bhI eka santa kA, kintu kisI paristhiti meM kisI manuSya kI apekSA kisI pazu kA jIvana bhI adhika mUlyavAna ho sakatA hai| sambhavataH hiMsA-ahiMsA ke viveka meM jIvana kI mUlyavattA kA yaha vicAra hamArI dRSTi meM upekSita hI rahA, yahI kAraNa thA ki hama cITiyoM ke prati to saMvedanazIla bana sake kintu manuSya ke prati nirmama hI bane rhe| Aja hameM apanI saMvedanazIlatA ko mor3anA hai aura mAnavatA ke prati hiMsA ko sakArAtmaka banAnA hai / jainadharma meM ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kA mahattva evaM sthAna prAcInakAla se hI rahA hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 85 prAcInakAla se lekara varttamAna kAla taka kucheka apavAdoM ko chor3akara sabhI jainAcAryoM ne sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke mUlya aura mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| ve sadaiva hI gRhastha ke lie use AcaraNIya mAnate raheM haiN| Aja cAhe bhArata meM jainoM kI saMkhyA mAtra 1% ho kintu unake dvArA saMcAlita cikitsAlayoM, pazu-pakSI cikitsAlayoM, gozAlAoM, pAMjarApoloM, vidyAlayoM aura mahAvidyAlayoM kI saMkhyA kahIM adhika hai| Aja deza meM isa prakAra kI lokamaMgalakArI pravRttiyoM meM jur3I huI jo saMsthAe~ athavA TrasTa haiM, unameM lagabhaga 30% jainoM ke dvArA saMcAlita hai / akAlAdi ke avasaroM para prANiyoM ke rakSArtha jaina samAja kA jo yogadAna hotA hai / use koI bhI nahIM bhulA paataa| jaba bhI mAnava samAja hI nahIM apitu pazu-pakSiyoM ke bhI jIvanarakSaNa kA prazna AyA hai, jaina samAja ne sadaiva hI usameM Age bar3hakara hissA liyA hai| jaina samAja meM Aja bhI aneka aise mUka kAryakartA haiM jo tana-mana-dhana se lokakalyANakArI pravRttiyoM meM apanA yogadAna dete haiN| isake pIche sadaiva hI jaina AcAryoM-munijanoM kI preraNA nihita rahI / jainadharma meM ahiMsA ke isa sakArAtmaka pakSa kA kitanA mUlya aura mahattva hai isake lie hama apanI ora se kucha na kaha kara prazna-vyAkaraNasUtra ke hI nimna vacana uddhRta karanA cAheMgeM / esA sA bhagavaI ahiMsA jA sA bhIyANa viva saraNaM, pakkhINaM viva gamaNaM, tisiyANaM viva salilaM, khuhiyANaM viva asaNaM, samuddamajjhe va poyavahaNaM, cauppayANaM va AsamapayaM, duhaTThiyANaM va osahibalaM, aDavImajjhe va satthagamaNa, etto visiTThatariyA ahiMsA jA sA puDhavI- jala- agaNi- mAruyavaNassai-bIya-hariya- jalayara - thalayara - khahayara - tasa - thAvara - savvabhUyakhemakarI / yaha ahiMsA bhagavatI jo hai, so (saMsAra ke samasta ) bhayabhIta prANiyoM ke lie zaraNabhUta hai, pakSiyoM ke lie AkAza meM gamana karane ur3ane ke samAna hai, yaha ahiMsA pyAsa se pIDita prANiyoM ke lie jala ke samAna hai, bhUkhoM ke lie bhojana ke samAna hai, -1 samudra (ke madhya meM DUbate hue jIvoM ke lie jahAja ke samAna hai, catuSpada-- pazuoM ke lie Azrama sthAna ke samAna hai, duHkhoM se pIDita-- rogIjanoM ke lie auSadha-bala ke samAna hai, bhayAnaka jaMgala meM sAtha- sahayogiyoM ke sAtha gamana karane ke samAna hai 1 mAtra yahI nahIM, bhagavatI ahiMsA to inase bhI atyanta viziSTa hai, yaha trasa aura sthAvara

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86 sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI bhUmikA sabhI jIvoM kA kSema / kuzala-maMgala karane vAlI hai / yaha loka - maMgalakArI ahiMsA jana-jana ke kalyANa meM tabhI sArthaka siddha hogI, jaba isake sakArAtmaka pakSa ko ubhAra kara jana-sAdhAraNa ke samakSa prastuta kiyA jAyegA aura karuNA evaM sevA kI antazcetanA ko jAgRta kiyA jaavegaa| mAnava samAja meM se hiMsA, saMgharSa aura svArthaparatA ke viSa ko tabhI samApta kiyA jA sakegA, jaba hama dUsaroM kI pIr3A kA sva- saMvahana kareMge, unakI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A bnegii| isase ahiMsA kI jo dhArA pravAhita hogI, vaha sakArAtmaka hogI aura karuNA, maitrI sahayoga evaM sevA kI jIvana mUlyoM ko vizva meM sthApita kareMgI / prastuta kRti meM zrI kanhaiyAlAla jI lor3hA ne ahiMsA ke isa sakArAtmaka pakSa ko adhika spaSTatA aura Agamika pramANoM ke sAtha prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| zrI kanhaiyA lAla jI loDhA jaina-darzana ke gambhIra, adhyetA haiN| unakI lekhanI se prasUta yaha grantha ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa ko jana-sAdhAraNa ke samakSa prastuta karane meM saphala hogaa| kRti ke prArambha meM zrI devendrarAja mehatA kA saMkSipta prAkthana bhI mahattvapUrNa hai / ve rogiyoM aura samAja ke upekSita evaM pratAr3ita varga kI sevA ke kArya meM prArambha se hI jur3e hue haiM, ve sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kI jIvanta pratimUrti hai| prastuta kRti kA praNayana bhI unhIM kI preraNA se huA hai| kRti ke uttarArddha meM vibhinna vicArakoM ke vicAroM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| isase bhI ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI puSTi meM sahayoga milegaa| prastuta kRti ke mAdhyama se jana-jana meM niSkAma prema, karuNA aura sevA kI bhAvanA jAgRta hAM eka isI AzA ke sAtha... / * pro. sAgaramala jaina, nidezaka, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI /

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tIrthaMkara aura Izvara ke sampratyayoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana - pro. sAgaramala jaina dharma zraddhA para AdhArita hai aura zraddhA kA koI kendra - bindu honA cAhie / isI kendra-bindu ke rUpa meM dharma ke antargata Izvara kI avadhAraNA nirmita huI hai| vizva ke sabhI dharmoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM zraddhA ke kendra-bindu ke rUpa meM Izvara kA pratyaya svIkRta rahA hai tathApi usake svarUpa evaM nAma ke sambandha meM vibhinna dharmoM ke alaga-alaga dRSTikoNa haiN| bauddha dharma meM use arhata, buddha, dharmakAya aura jainadharma meM paramAtmA, tIrthaMkara, vItarAga, arahanta Adi nAmoM se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| sabhI dharmoM meM usa paramAtmA yA Izvara ko sarvazaktimAn, sarvajJa, samasta doSoM se rahita aura samasta guNoM kA puMja mAnA gayA hai| ina avadhAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM sAmAnya rUpa se vibhinna dharmoM meM kisI prakAra kA matabheda nahIM hai kintu kucha anya aisI avadhAraNAe~ haiM jinheM kucha dharma svIkAra nahIM krte| jaise Izvara advitIya hai, vaha ekameva hai, vaha vizva kA sraSTA aura niyantA hai, vaha apanI asIma karuNA ke dvArA apane bhaktoM kA kalyANa aura duSToM kA saMhAra bhI karatA hai ' jahA~ taka jainadharma kA prazna hai usameM bhI paramAtmA ko sarvajJa, sarvadarzI, sarvazaktimAn aura AnandapuMja ke rUpa meM ananta catuSTaya se yukta mAnA gayA hai, kintu vaha na to Izvara yA paramAtmA ko vizva kA sraSTA aura niyantA mAnatA hai aura na use saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala pradAtA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| isI prakAra usameM eka mAtra advitIya Izvara kI avadhAraNA ke sthAna para aneka paramAtmAoM, arahantoM (tIrthaMkaroM) evaM siddhoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| yadyapi upaniSadoM meM "ahaM brahmAsmi" ke udghoSa ke dvArA AtmA aura paramAtmA meM yA jIva aura Izvara meM tAdAtmya mAnA gayA thA tathApi Age calakara hindU - paramparA meM Izvara ko aMzI aura jIva ko aMza mAnakara isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA kI gayI / vastutaH jaba Izvara ko advitIya aura ekameva mAna liyA jAtA hai to jIva aura jagat kI usase svatantra yA pRthak sattA nahIM svIkAra kI jA sakatI thii| yahI kAraNa rahA ki pUrva aura pazcima ke adhikAMza dharmoM meM jIva aura jagat ko IzvarIya saMkalpa se abhivyakta evaM saMcAlita mAnA gayA aura vizva vyavasthA ko IzvarIya icchA ke adhIna mAnA gyaa| jaina- dArzanikoM ko vizva-sraSTA aura vizva - niyantA Izvara kI yaha avadhAraNA mAnya nahIM rahI hai| unakA kathana hai ki AptakAma pUrNa Izvara yA vItarAga paramAtmA vizva ke nirmANa, vinAza aura saMcAlana kI prakriyA meM kyoM ulajhegA ? jo AptakAma hai, pUrNa hai usameM koI icchA yA kAmanA zeSa hI nahIM rahatI hai aura binA icchA yA kAmanA ke koI bhI pravRtti sambhava nahIM hai / ataH Izvara ke dvArA vizva kA sarjana, vinAza yA saMcAlana sambhava nahIM hai| punaH yadi Izvara meM koI sRjana, saMhAra yA pAlana kI icchA zeSa rahatI hai to vaha pUrNa aura AptakAma to nahIM

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88 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina kahA jA sakegA, kyoMki icchA kI upasthiti apUrNatA kI sUcaka hai aura jo apUrNa hai, jisakI koI icchA zeSa rahI hai, vaha Izvara to nahIM ho sakatA hai| ataH AptakAma pUrNa Izvara yA paramAtmA ke dvArA svecchA se lIlA ke lie vizva ke sRjana, saMhAra Adi kI kriyAyeM sambhava hI nahIM haiN| punaH yadi kahA jAya ki Izvara to jIvoM ke karmAnusAra hI sRSTi kI racanA kara unake sukha-duHkha kI vyavasthA karatA hai to isake uttara meM jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki aisI sthiti meM hameM vizva-vyavasthA meM karma ke niyama ko Izvara ke Upara svIkAra karanA hogaa| yadi hama yaha mAneM ki Izvara bhI karma-niyama kI vyavasthA ke anusAra hI prANiyoM ko unake zubhAzubha phala dene ko bAdhya hai aura apanI icchA se usameM kucha bhI parivartana nahIM kara sakatA hai to phira yaha sarvazakti-sampanna Izvara kA upahAsa hI hogaa| eka ora use sarvazaktimAn mAnanA aura dUsarI ora use svecchA se kiMcit parivartana kA bhI adhikAra na denA nizcaya hI sarvazaktimAn Izvara ke sAtha khilavAr3a hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra to Izvara vizva-vyavasthA meM eka aisA vyavasthApaka hai, jise pada to diyA gayA hai kintu adhikAra nhiiN| eka ora IzvarIya vyavasthA ko karma-niyama ke adhIna mAnanA aura dUsarI ora karmaphala kI vyAkhyA ke lie Izvara kI AvazyakatA batAnA karma-niyama aura Izvara donoM kA hI upahAsa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina paramparA meM na to Izvara ko vizva kA sraSTA aura saMcAlaka mAnA gayA aura na hI use karmaphala kA pradAtA hI batalAyA gayA hai| jaina-vicArakoM kA kahanA hai ki jisa prakAra viSapAna karane vAlA usake prabhAva se nahIM baca sakatA, usI prakAra karmoM kA kartA bhI usake prabhAva se nahIM bctaa| jisa prakAra bhA~ga, zarAba Adi nazIlI vastue~ unake upabhoga ke eka nizcita samaya ke pazcAt unake khAne vAle kI icchA kI apekSA kiye binA svataH hI apanA prabhAva dikhalAtI hai usI prakAra karma bhI svataH apanA phala pradAna karate haiM, usameM vyavasthApaka (Izvara) kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| zrImad rAmacandra likhate haiM-- jhera sudhAsamaje nahIM, jIva khAya phala dhaay| ema zubhAzubha karma no, bhoktaapnnuNjnnaay|| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM AtmA hI apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA kartA va unake phaloM kA bhoktA hai| karmoM ke kartA cetana-AtmA ke dvArA hI svayaM usakI vAsanA aura kaSAyoM ke AdhAra para karma ke phala-vipAka kA prakAra usakI kAlAvadhi aura tIvratA Adi kA nizcaya ho jAtA hai| ataH karmaphalapradAtA ke rUpa meM Izvara kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI hai| phira bhI jaina dArzanika haribhadra ne sRSTikartA aura phalapradAtA Izvara sambandhI ina avadhAraNAoM ko jaina-paramparA se sammata batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki "jIva mAtra tAttvika dRSTi se paramAtmA hI hai aura vaha apane saMsAra (bhava-bhramaNa) kA sRSTikartA hai, sAtha hI svayaM apane karmoM kA kartA aura unake phala-vipAka kA nirdhAraka hai|" isa tAtvika daSTi se vicAra karane para vizva evaM karma-niyantA ke rUpa meM IzvaravAda kI avadhAraNA bhI jaina paramparA se sammata, nirdoSa evaM vyavasthita siddha ho jAtI hai|

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tIrthaMkara aura Izvara ke sampratyayoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana : 89 bhAratIya evaM itara dharmoM meM Izvara ke sambandha meM dUsarI mahattvapUrNa avadhAraNA yaha hai ki Izvara parama kAruNika hai| jaina-paramparA meM tIrthaMkara ko aura bauddha-paramparA meM buddha ko bhI parama kAruNika kahA gayA hai phira bhI tIrthaMkara yA buddha kI kAruNikatA meM aura Izvara kI kAruNikatA meM antara hai| Izvara kI kAruNikatA ko karma-niyama ke Upara svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| parama-kAruNika Izvara apane bhaktoM ke samasta aparAdhoM ko apanI kRpA yA karuNA se samApta kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra ina dharmoM meM Izvara kI kAruNikatA ko karma-niyama kI vyavasthA se bhI Upara mAnA gayA hai| gItA (18/65-66 ) meM bhagavAna kRSNa kahate haiM ki "tU mere meM mana lagA, mere meM jI aura mujhe namaskAra kara maiM tujhe sarva pApoM se mukta kara duuNgaa|" kintu jaina tIrthakara apane bhakta ko isa prakAra kA koI AzvAsana nahIM de sakatA kyoMki usakI karuNA karma-niyama se pare nahIM hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra yadi parama kAruNika Izvara kI karuNA karma ke niyama kA atikramaNa kara jAtI hai to karma-niyama kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA aura karma-niyama ke abhAva meM dharma, naitikatA Adi svecchAcArI vyakti se adhika kucha nahIM rhtaa| svecchAcAra niyama-vyavasthA kA virodhI hai aura jo niyama yA vyavasthA kA virodhI ho use Izvara kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? punaH yadi Izvara kI karuNA ko karma-niyama ke adhIna kArya karane vAlI mAnA jAya to vaha karuNA vastutaH karuNA nahIM hotii| niyamAnusAra daNDa dene vAlA nyAyAdhIza karuNAzIla nahIM kahA jaayegaa| yadi kAruNika Izvara kA kArya karma-niyama se anuzAsita hai to phira aise Izvara ke Izvaratva kA na to koI mahattva rahatA hai aura na usakI karuNA kA koI artha / ataH IzvarIya kRpA kA yaha artha ki Izvara svecchA se cAhe jisakA kalyANa yA akalyANa kara sakatA hai athavA yaha ki vaha apanI svatantra icchA se apane bhaktoM kA kalyANa aura duSToM kA saMhAra karatA hai to yaha bAta Izvara ke Izvaratva kI dRSTi se yuktisaMgata pratIta nahIM hotI hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki Izvara apane bhaktoM ke bhakti se usake pApoM ko bhI kSamA kara detA hai to aisA Izvara cApalUsI pasanda vyakti se bhinna nahIM hogaa| vaha na to vItarAga ho sakatA hai aura na hI vivaant-vair| jaina-dArzanika jisa tIrthakara paramAtmA kI kalpanA karate haiM vaha to vItarAga aura vivAntavaira hai| vastutaH vaha na to kisI kA kalyANa karatA hai aura na hI aklyaann| vaha vyakti ke Atma-vikAsa ke liye mAtra preraNA-srota hotA hai, nimitta hotA hai| jaina-darzana meM bhI paramAtmA yA tIrthakara ko parama kAruNika mAnA gayA hai| tIrthakara kI kAruNikatA kI carcA aneka jaina-kaviyoM ne kI hai| jayAcArya likhate hai-- sukhadAyaka saha jagabhaNI tUM hI diindyaal| zaraNa Ayo tujha sAhibA tUM hI paramakRpAla / / guNagAtAM mana gahagahe sukha sampatti jaann| vighana miTe samaraNa kiyA, pAme parama klyaann|| __ - padmaprabhu jinastavana kintu usakI yaha karuNA svayaM usakI apanI bhAva-bhUmi taka hI sImita hai| usakI

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90 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina kAruNikatA kA artha itanA hI hai ki vaha sabake kalyANa kI bhAvanA rakhatA hai kisI kA ahita nahIM socatA hai aura na kisI kA ahita karatA hI hai| vaha ahiMsA ke upadeza ke mAdhyama se bhavya AtmAoM ko dUsaroM ke ahita aura hiMsA se dUra rahane kA nirdeza detA hai| isa prakAra paramAtmA yA tIrthaMkara kI karuNA IzvaravAdiyoM ke dvArA kalpita IzvarIya karuNA se bhinna hotI hai / tIrthaMkara yA buddha jana-jana ke kalyANa mArga ke patha-pradarzaka aura samasta prANiyoM ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA se yukta aura kisI bhI prANI ke akalyANa / ahita kI bhAvanA se virata hote haiM / jabaki IzvaravAdiyoM kA Izvara bhaktoM ke kalyANa evaM duSToM ke saMhAra ina donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyoM se yukta hai| tIrthaMkara, arhanta yA buddha kI prakRti eka santa kI prakRti hai / jabaki Izvara kI prakRti eka zAsaka kI prakRti hai / tIrthaMkara aura buddha kI karuNA eka saMta-hRdaya kI karuNA hai jabaki IzvarIya karuNA eka zAsaka kI karuNA hai| ataH donoM meM bhinnatA hai / Izvara ke saMsAra meM avataraNa ke prayojana ke sandarbha meM gItA meM bhagavAna zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki maiM dharma kI sthApanA, sAdhuoM kI rakSA aura duSToM ke vinAza ke liye saMsAra meM yuga-yuga meM utpanna hotA huuN| jaina-cintana meM tIrthaMkara ke janma kA prayojana bhI dharma kI sthApanA hI hotA hai / vaha bhI saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA duHkha aura pIr3Ae~ kama hoM isI uddezya se dharma - tIrtha kI sthApanA karatA hai / isa prakAra Izvara ke avataraNa aura tIrthaMkara ke janma ke prayojana meM AMzika rUpa se samAnatA hai / kintu jahA~ tIrthaMkara dharma kI sthApanA ke dvArA prANiyoM kI duHkha - vimukti ke liye jo prayatna karatA hai ve mAtra dizA-nirdezana taka sImita hai| vaha prANiyoM ko duHkha - vimukti kA mArga batalAtA hai kintu kisI ko duHkha se mukta nahIM krtaa| isase mukti to svayaM prANI apanI sAdhanA yA puruSArtha se pAtA hai| tIrthaMkara to mAtra patha-pradarzaka hotA hai / isa prakAra tIrthaMkara kI karuNA aura usake prANiyoM kI duHkha - vimukti ke prayatnoM kI prakRti nivRtti-mArgIya paramparA ke anurUpa niSedhAtmaka hI hotI hai| usake viparIta Izvara eka sakriya vyaktitva hotA hai| vaha na kevala dharma kI sthApanA karatA hai apitu sAdhujanoM kA trANa aura duSToM kA vinAza bhI karatA hai| Izvara ke avataraNa ke prayojana meM duSToM ke vinAza dvArA hI sAdhujanoM ke paritrANa aura dharma - sthApanA kI bAta kahI gayI hai| isa prakAra jahA~ tIrthaMkara kA prayojana prANiyoM kI duHkha - vimukti hetu dharma mArga kI sthApanA karanA hai vahA~ avatAra kA prayojana duSToM ke vinAza evaM sAdhujanoM kI rakSA ke dvArA hI dharma kI sthApanA karanA hai| isa prakAra donoM meM prayojana kI dRSTi se bhinnatA hai / Izvara ke avatAra aura tIrthaMkara ke janmagrahaNa meM eka mahattvapUrNa antara yaha bhI hai ki avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA meM eka hI Izvara bAra-bAra saMsAra meM janma letA hai, jabaki tIrthaMkara yA buddha kI avadhAraNA meM pratyeka tIrthaMkara yA buddha bhinna-bhinna vyakti hote haiM / jahA~ sabhI avatAra bhinna-bhinna hote hue bhI usI eka Izvara ke avatAra hote haiM / vahA~ pratyeka tIrthaMkara eka bhinna vyakti hotA hai jo apanI sAdhanA ke dvArA AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI isa avasthA ko prApta karane hetu kAla aura kSetra vizeSa meM janma grahaNa karatA hai / isa prakAra Izvara eka hai jabaki tIrthaMkara yA buddha aneka / punaH Izvara kA vizva meM avataraNa hotA hai, vaha vimukta dazA se saMsAra - dazA meM AtA hai jabaki tIrthaMkara saMsAra - dazA se vimukta avasthA ko prApta hotA

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tIrthaMkara aura Izvara ke sampratyayoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana : 91 hai aura usakA saMsAra meM punarAgamana nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra donoM avadhAraNAoM meM eka maulika antara hai| Izvara Upara se nIce AtA hai usakA avataraNa hotA hai jabaki tIrthaMkara nIce se Upara jAtA hai, usakA uttaraNa hotA hai| IzvaravAda aura tIrthaMkaravAda kI avadhAraNAoM meM anya eka mahattvapUrNa antara yaha bhI hai ki tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA meM mAnava kI svatantratA sthApita hotI hai, kyoMki jainadarzana ke anusAra pratyeka vyakti meM sva puruSArtha se paramAtmA banane kI kSamatA hai| jabaki IzvaravAda meM manuSya ko aisI koI svatantratA nahIM hotI, vaha mAtra Izvara ke hAtha kI kaThaputalI hotA hai| isa prakAra IzvaravAda manuSya ko dAsa banAtA hai| usameM bhakta yA upAsaka kI sthiti sadaiva hI sevaka kI banI rahatI hai| manuSya kI isa dayanIya sthiti ko spaSTa karate hue eka urdU zAyara ne kahA "iMsA kI badabakhtI andAja se bAhara hai| kamabakhta khudA hokara bandA najara AtA hai||" jainadharma manuSya ko paramAtmA banane kI preraNA detA hai| usameM bhakta, bhakta nahIM rahatA bhagavAna bana jAtA hai| upAdhyAya devacandra jI likhate haiM -- ajakulagata kezarI lahare nija pada tima prabhubhakti bhavi lahere Atama shkti| santa AnandaghanajI pUrNa AtmavizvAsa ke sAtha likhate haiM -- "tujha mujha antara bhAMja se bAja se maMgalatara" / he prabhu ! eka dina Apake aura mere bIca kA yaha antara samApta hogA aura maMgala vAdya bjegeN| yaha satya hai ki upAsya ke rUpa meM Izvara yA paramAtmA kI avadhAraNA ko sabhI dArzanikoM ne mAnya kiyA hai ve saba yaha mAnate haiM ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM upAsya kA honA Avazyaka hai| jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara arhanta ko bhI usI taraha se upAsya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jisa prakAra anya dharmoM meM Izvara ko| phira bhI donoM paramparAoM meM antara hai| jaina paramparA meM sAdhanA kI pUrNatA para upAsya yA upAsaka kA yaha antara samApta ho jAtA hai| jabaki IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM mAtra advaita-vedAnta ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI meM yaha antara banA rahatA hai kyoMki AtmA kabhI bhI paramAtmA yA jIva kabhI bhI Izvara nahIM bana sktaa| IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM AtmA aura paramAtmA ke bIca kI khAI kabhI bhI paTatI nahIM hai, jabaki jaina paramparA meM vaha khAI yA dUrI samApta ho jAtI hai| punaH IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM Izvara apane bhakta kI pIr3A ko dUra karane meM samartha mAnA gayA hai| jabaki tIrthaMkara apane bhakta ke kaSToM ko dUra karane meM asamartha hai| IzvaravAda meM Izvara ko sakriya aura bhakta ko niSkriya hone kA saMdeza hai| Izvara kahatA hai "basa tU to merI zaraNa meM A jA, maiM tujhe saba pApoM se mukta kara duuNgaa|" isake viparIta tIrthaMkara puruSArtha kI preraNA dete hue kahatA hai "terA utthAna aura patana mere hAtha meM nahIM hai tere hI hAtha meM nihita hai"| isa prakAra Izvara aura tIrthaMkara donoM hI upAsya haiN| phira bhI una donoM kI bhakta yA upAsaka

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92 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina kI kalyANa-sAmarthya meM bhinnatA hai| hama yaha pUrva meM hI sUcita kara cuke haiM ki IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM bhakta aura bhagavAn meM eka antara banA rahatA hai| upAsya sadaiva upAsya rahatA hai aura upAsaka sadaiva upaask| bhakta bhagavAna ke ati nikaTa to ho sakatA hai lekina kabhI bhI bhagavAna nahIM bana sakatA hai| jabaki jaina paramparA meM upAsya aura upAsaka kA bheda eka sImA taka hI rahatA hai| eka dina aisA hotA hai jaba upAsaka svayaM upAsya bana jAtA hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki Izvara yA paramAtmA kI kalpanA sAdhanA ke Adarza yA sAdhya ke rUpa meM bhI kI jAtI hai| Izvara yA paramAtmA kA vyaktittva samasta doSoM se rahita aura samasta guNoM se yukta mAnA gayA aura usa jaise vyaktittva ko prApta karanA hI sAdhakoM kA sAdhya mAnA jAtA hai| bhaktimArgI paramparA meM ise sArUpya-mukti kahA gayA hai| IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM yahI bhakta yA upAsaka kI carama upalabdhi hai| punaH IzvaravAda meM Izvara sAdhanA kA Adarza hote hue bhI sadaiva Adarzana hI rahatA hai kyoMki bhakta aura bhagavAna ke madhya eka dUrI sadaiva banI rahatI hai| jabaki jaina paramparA meM paramAtmA aisA koI bAhya-sAdhya nahIM hai jo vyakti se bhinna ho, usakI sAdhanA kA sAdhya, sAdhaka AtmA vyakti se bhinna nahIM hai| vaha usI meM hai| use vahI pAnA hai, jo usakI sattA kA sAra hai| IzvaravAda meM sAdhya yA Adarza aisA Izvara hotA hai, jisakI sattA vyakti se pRthaka hai| jIva aura Izvara meM aMza-aMzI bhAva mAnane para bhI aMzI Izvara ko aMza jIva se adhika vyApaka to mAnanA hI hogaa| adhika vyApaka hone para bhI bhinnatA to rhegii| jaise bUMda samudra meM hote hue bhI samudra to nahIM ho jAtI hai| bUMda cAhe samudra meM ho yA samudra se bAhara vaha sadaiva bUMda hI rahegI jabaki jaina-paramparA meM pratyeka vyakti kA sAdhya usakI apanI hI AtmA kA vaha zuddha svarUpa hai, jise paramAtmA kahA jAtA hai| usameM sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhana tInoM meM antara nahIM hai| sAdhya bhI AtmA hai, sAdhana bhI AtmA kI hI avasthAe~ haiM aura sAdhaka bhI AtmA hI hai| sAdhanA kA artha hai AtmA ke dvArA AtmA kI uplbdhi| azuddha AtmA sAdhaka hai| AtmA ke zuddhIkaraNa kA prayAsa sAdhanA hai aura apane hI zuddha Atmatattva kI upalabdhi sAdhya hai| isI dRSTi se santa Anandaghana ne kahA hai -- jina sarUpa thai jina ArAdhe, te sahi jinavara hove re| bhRGgI ilikAne caTakAve, te bhRNI jaga jote re|| isa prakAra jaina-sAdhanA meM sAdhya yA paramAtmA sAdhaka se abhinna hai| usameM Adarza mAtra Adarza nahIM rahatA, apitu yathArtha bana jAtA hai aura yahI usakI vizeSatA hai| * * *

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jainadharma meM bhakti kA sthAna DA0 sAgaramala jaina jainadharma ke anusAra pratyeka sAdhaka kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti kare / jaina sAdhanA meM stuti kA svarUpa bahuta kucha bhakti mArga ko japa sAdhanA yA nAmasmaraNa se milatA julatA hai| stuti athavA bhakti ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka apane ahaMkAra kA nAza aura sadguNoM ke prati anurAga kI vRddhi karatA hai| lekina phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jainadharma ke anusAra sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisakI stuti kI jAtI hai una Adarza puruSoM se kisI prakAra kI upalabdhi kI apekSA nahIM hotii| jainadharma kA yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki tIrthakara evaM siddha paramAtmA kisI ko kucha nahIM de sakate, ve mAtra sAdhanA ke Adarza haiN| tIrthaMkara use na to saMsAra se pAra kara sakate haiM aura na kisI anya prakAra kI bhautika upalabdhi meM sahAyaka hote haiN| phira bhI stuti ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka unake guNoM ke prati apanI zraddhA ko sajIba banA letA hai| sAdhaka ke sAmane unakA mahAn Adarza jIvanta rUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai| sAdhaka bhI apane antara hRdaya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke Adarza kA smaraNa karatA huA apanI AtmA meM eka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI bhAvanA paidA karatA hai| vaha svayaM mana meM yaha vicAra karatA hai ki Atmatattva ke rUpa meM merI AtmA aura tIrthakaroM kI AtmA samAna hI hai, yadi maiM svayaM prayatna karU to unake samAna hI bana sakatA huuN| mujhe bhI apane puruSArtha se unake samAna banane kA prayatna karanA caahie| jaina tIrthaMkara gItA ke kRSNa ke samAna yaha udghoSaNA nahIM karate ki tuma merI bhakti karo, maiM tumheM saba pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA (gItA 1866) / yadyapi mahAvIra ne yaha avazya kahA hai ki maiM bhaya se rakSA karane vAlA hU~ (sUtrakRtAMga 111116 ), phira bhI jainadharma kI mAnyatA to yaha rahI hai ki vyakti kevala apane hI prayatnoM se apanA

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94 jainadharma meM bhakti kA sthAna AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA patana karatA hai| svayaM pApa se mukta hone kA prayatna na karake kevala bhagavAn se mukti kI prArthanA karanA, jainadharma ke anusAra sarvathA nirarthaka hai| isa prakAra kI vivekazUnya prArthanAoM ne mAnava jAti ko saba prakAra se hIna, dIna evaM parApekSI banAyA hai| jaba vyakti kisI aise uddhAraka meM vizvAsa karane lagatA hai, jo usakI stuti se prasanna hokara use pApa se ubAra legA to isa prakAra kI niSThA se sadAcAra kI mAnyatAoM ko eka gaharA dhakkA lagatA hai| jaina vicArakoM ko yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki kevala tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti karane mAtra se mokSa kI prApti nahIM hotI jaba taka ki vyakti svayaM usake lie sAdhanA na kare ( AvazyakaNi ) / tIrthaMkara to sAdhanA mArga ke prakAza-stambha haiN| jisa prakAra gati karanA jahAja kA kArya hai usI prakAra sAdhanA kI dizA meM Age bar3hanA sAdhaka kA kArya hai| jaise prakAza-stambha kI upasthiti meM bhI jahAja samudra meM binA gati kiye usa pAra nahIM paha~catA hai vaise hI kevala nAmasmaraNa yA bhakti sAdhaka ko nirvANa kI prApti nahIM karA sakatI, jaba taka ki vaha svayaM usake lie samyak prayatna na kare / viSNupurANa meM kahA gayA hai svadharma karma vimukhaH kRSNakRSNetivAdinaH / __ te haridveSiNo mUDhAH dharmArtha janma yaddhareH // jo loga apane kartavya ko chor3a baiThate haiM aura kevala kRSNa-kRSNa kahakara bhagavAn kA nAma japate haiM, ve vastutaH bhagavAn ke zatru haiM aura pApI haiM, kyoMki dharma kI rakSA ke lie to svayaM bhagavAn ne bhI janma liyA thaa| bAibila meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki hara koI, jo IsA-IsA pukAratA hai, svarga ke rAjya meM praveza nahIM pAyegA; apitu vaha pAyegA jo parama pitA kI icchA ke anusAra kAma karatA hai ( bAibala, jona 2.9.11) / mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki eka merA nAmasmaraNa karatA hai aura dUsarA merI AjJAoM kA pAlana karatA hai, unameM jo merI AjJAoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karatA hai vahI sacce rUpa meM merI upAsanA karatA hai| phira bhI hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina paramparA meM bhakti kA lakSya AtmasvarUpa kA bodha hai, apane meM nihita paramAtmA ko pahacAnanA hai| AcArya kundakunda niyamasAra meM likhate haiM ki samyak

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zramaNa 95 jJAna aura AcaraNa se yukta honA, nirvANa abhimukha honA ise hI gRhastha aura zramaNa kI vAstavika bhakti kahA gayA hai| mukti ko prApta puruSoM ke gaNoM kA kIrtana karanA vyAvahArika bhakti hai, vAstavika bhakti to AtmA ko mokSapatha meM yojita karanA hai| rAga-dveSa evaM sarva vikalpoM kA parihAra karake vizuddha Atmatattva se yojita honA yahI vAstavika bhakti hai| RSabha Adi sabhI tIrthaMkara isI bhakti ke dvArA parama pada ko prApta hue haiM (niyamasAra 134-40) / isa prakAra bhakti yA stavana mUlata: Atmabodha hai / jaina darzana meM bhakti ke sacce svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hae upAdhyAya devacandrajI likhate haiM aja-kula-gata kezarI lahe re nija pada siMha nihAla / tima prabhu bhakti bhavI lahe re Atama zakti saMbhAla / jisa prakAra bher3a-bakariyoM ke sAtha palA haA siMha kA baccA vAstavika siMha ke darzana se apane prasupta siMhatva ko prakaTa kara letA hai, usI prakAra sAdhaka tIrthakaroM ke gagakIrtana yA stavana ke dvArA nija meM jinatva kA zodha kara letA hai, svayaM meM nihita paramAtmazakti ko prakaTa kara letA hai| lekina isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jaina sAdhanA meM bhagavAn kI stuti nirarthaka hai| jaina sAdhanA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhagavAn kI stuti hamArI prasupta antazcetanA ko jAgRta karatI hai aura hamAre sAmane sAdhanA ke Adarza kA eka jIvanta citra upasthita karatI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, vaha hameM usa Adarza kI prApti ke lie preraNA bhI detI hai| jaina vicArakoM ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhagavAn kI stuti ke mAdhyama se vyakti apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kara sakatA hai| yadyapi isameM prayatna vyakti kA hI hotA hai lekina sAdhanA ke Adarza una mahApurupoM kA jIvana usakI preraNA kA nimitta Avazya hotA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki stavana se vyakti kI darzana vizuddhi hotI hai| usakA dRSTikoNa samyak banatA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa vaha AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakatA hai| yadyapi bhagavadbhakti ke phalasvarUpa pUrva saMcita karmo kA kSaya hotA hai, tathApi isakA kAraNa paramAtmA kI kRpA nahIM varan vyakti ke dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi hI hai / jainAcArya bhadrabAhu ne isa bAta ko bar3e hI spaSTa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhagavAn ke

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jainadharma meM bhakti kA sthAna 96 nAmasmaraNa se pApoM ke puMja kA nAza ho jAtA hai ( Avazyakaniyukti 1076 ) / AcArya vinayacaMdra bhagavAn ko stuti karate hue kahate haiM pApa-parAla ko puMja banyo ati, mAno merU aakaaro| te tuma nAma hutAzana setI, sahaja hI prajalata saaro|| he prabhu ApakI nAma rUpI agni meM itanI zakti hai ki usase meru samAna pApa samUha bhI zIghra hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| kiMtu yaha prabhAva prabhu ke nAma kA nahIM apitu sAdhaka kI Atmika zakti kA hai| jaise mAlika ke jAgane para cora bhAga jAte haiM, usI prakAra prabhu ke svarUpa ke dhyAna se Atma-cetanA yA svazakti kA bhAna hotA hai aura pApa rUpI cora bhAga jAte haiN|

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mana zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa W naitika-sAdhanA meM mana kA sthAna bhAratIya-darzana jIvAtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kI samasyA kI eka vistRta vyAkhyA hai| bhAratIya cintakoM ne kevala mukti kI upalabdhi ke hetu AcAra-mArga kA upadeza hI nahIM diyA varan unhoMne yaha batAne kA bhI prayAsa kiyA ki bandhana aura mukti kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai? apane cintana aura anubhUti ke prakAza meM unhoMne isa prazna kA jo uttara pAyA vaha hai " mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai|" jaina, bauddha aura hindU darzanoM meM yaha tathya sarvasammata rUpa se grAhya hai| jainadarzana meM bandhana aura mukti kI dRSTi se mana kI apAra zakti mAnI gaI hai / bandhana kI dRSTi se vaha paurANika brahmAstra se bhI bar3hakara bhayaMkara hai| karmasiddhAnta kA eka vivecana hai ki AtmA ke sAtha karma-bandha kI kyA sthiti hai ? mAtra kAyayoga se mohanIya jaise karma kA bandha utkRSTa rUpa meM eka sAgara kI sthiti taka kA ho sakatA hai / vacanayoga milate hI paccIsa sAgara kI sthiti kA utkRSTa bandha ho sakatA hai| ghrANendriya arthAt nAsikA ke milane para pacAsa sAgara kA, cakSu ke milate hI sau sAgara kA aura zravaNendriya arthAt kAna ke milate hI hajAra sAgara taka kA bandha ho sakatA hai| kintu yadi mana mila gayA to mohanIyakarma kA bandha lAkha aura karor3a sAgara ko bhI pAra karane lgaa| sattara kroDAkror3I (karor3a karor3a) sAgaropama kA sarvotkRSTa mohanIyakarma "mana" milane para hI bA~dhA jA sakatA hai| - pro0 sAgaramala jaina yaha hai mana kI apAra zakti ! isalie mana ko khulA chor3ane se pahale vicAra karanA hogA ki kahIM vaha AtmA ko kisI gahana garta meM to nahIM dhakela rahA hai ? jaina vicAraNA meM mana mukti ke mArga kA prathama praveza dvAra bhI hai| vahA~ kevala samanaska prANI hI isa mArga para Age bar3ha sakate haiN| amanaska prANiyoM ko to isa rAjamArga para calane kA adhikAra hI prApta nahIM hai / samyakadRSTitva kevala samanaska praNiyoM ko ho sakatA hai aura ve hI apanI sAdhanA meM mokSa - mArga kI ora bar3hane ke adhikArI ho sakate haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate haiM ki "mana ke saMyamana se ekAgratA AtI hai jisase jJAna (viveka) pragaTa hotA hai aura usa viveka se samyaktva kI upalabdhi hotI hai aura ajJAna ( mithyAtva) samApta ho jAtA hai|" 1 isa prakAra ajJAna kA nivartana aura satya dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi, jo mukti (nirvANa ) kI anivArya zarta hai, binA manaH zuddhi ke sambhava hI nahIM hai| jaina vicAraNA meM mana mukti kA Avazyaka hetu hai| zuddha saMyamita mana nirvANa kA hetu banatA hai jabaki aniyantrita mana hI ajJAna athavA mithyAtva kA --

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98 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 kAraNa hokara prANiyoM ke bandhana kA hetu hai| isI tathya ko AcArya hemacandra ne nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM, "mana kA nirodha ho jAne para karma (bandhana) meM pUrI taraha ruka jAte haiM kyoMki karma kA Asava mana ke adhIna hai lekina jo puruSa mana kA nirodha nahIM karatA hai usake karmoM (bandhana ) kI abhivRddhi hotI rahatI hai|"2 bauddhadarzana meM citta, vijJapti Adi mana ke paryAyavAcI zabda hai| tathAgata buddha kA kathana hai "sabhI pravRttiyoM kA Arambha mana se hotA hai, mana kI unameM pradhAnatA hai ve pravRttiyA~ manomaya haiN| jo sadoSa mana se AcaraNa karatA hai, bhASaNa karatA hai usakA duHkha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai jaise -- ratha kA pahiyA ghor3e ke pairoM kA anugamana karatA hai| kintu jo svaccha (zuddha) mana se bhASaNa evaM AcaraNa karatA hai usakA sukha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai jaise sAtha nahIM chor3ane vAlI chaayaa|"4 kumArga para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika ahitakArI aura sanmArga para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika hitakArI hai| ataH jo isakA saMyama kareMge ve mAra ke bandhana se mukta ho jaaeNge| laMkAvatArasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, "citta kI hI pravRtti hotI hai aura citta kI hI vimukti hotI hai|"7 vedAnta paramparA meM bhI sarvatra yahI dRSTikoNa milatA hai ki jIvAtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hI hai| brahmabindu upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki "manuSya ke bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hI hai| usake viSayAsakta hone para bandhana hai aura usakA nirviSaya honA hI mukti hai|"8 gItA meM kahA gayA hai -- "indriyA~ mana aura buddhi hI isa vAsanA ke vAsa sthAna kahe gaye haiM aura yaha vAsanA inake dvArA hI jJAna ko AvRta kara samApta ho gaI hai aise brahmabhUta yogI ko hI uttama Ananda prApta hotA hai|" 10 AcArya zaMkara bhI viveka cUDAmaNi meM likhate haiM ki mana se hI bandhana kI kalpanA hotI hai aura usI se mokSa kii| mana hI dehAdi viSayoM meM rAga ko bA~dhatA hai aura phira viSavat viSayoM meM virasatA utpanna kara mukta kara detA hai| isIlie isa jIva ke bandhana aura mukti ke vidhAna meM mana hI kAraNa hai| rajoguNa se malina huA mana bandhana kA hetu hotA hai tathA raja-tama se rahita zuddha sAtvika hone para mokSa kA kAraNa hotA hai|"11 yadyapi uparokta pramANa yaha to batA dete haiM ki mana bandhana aura mukti kA prabalatama ekamAtra kAraNa hai| lekina phira bhI yaha prazna abhI anuttarita hI raha jAtA hai ki mana hI ko kyoM bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai ? jaina sAdhanA meM mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa kyoM ? yadi hama isa prazna kA uttara jaina tattvajJAna kI dRSTi se khojane kA prayAsa kareM, to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki jaina tattvamImAMsA meM jar3a aura cetana ye do mUla tattva hai| zeSa Asrava, saMvara, bandha, mokSa aura nirjarA to ina do mUla tattvoM ke sambandha kI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiN| zuddha AtmA to bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usameM mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika

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mana zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 99 kriyAoM (yoga) kA abhAva hai dUsarI ora manobhAva se pRthak kAyika aura vAcika karma evaM karma paramANu bhI bandhana ke kAraNa nahIM hote haiM / bandhana ke kAraNa rAga, dveSa, moha Adi manobhAva Atmika avazya mAne gaye haiM, lekina inheM Atmagata isalie kahA gayA hai ki binA cetana - sattA ke ye utpanna nahIM hote haiN| cetana sattA rAgAdi ke utpAdana kA nimitta kAraNa avazya hai lekina binA mana ke vaha rAgAdi bhAva utpanna nahIM kara sktii| isIlie yaha kahA gayA ki mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai / dUsare hindU, bauddha aura jaina AcAra - darzana isa bAta meM ekamata haiM ki bandhana kA kAraNa avidyA (moha) hai| aba prazna yaha hai ki isa avidyA kA vAsa sthAna kahA~ hai ? AtmA ko isakA vAsa sthAna mAnanA bhrAnti hogI, kyoMki jaina aura vedAMta donoM paramparAoM meM AtmA kA svabhAva to samyagjJAna hai, mithyAtva, moha kiMvA avidyA AtmAzrita ho sakate haiM lekina ve Atma- guNa nahIM haiM aura isalie unheM Atmagata mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| avidyA ko jar3a prakRti kA guNa mAnanA bhI bhrAnti hogI kyoMki ve jJAnAbhAva hI nahIM varan viparIta jJAna bhI hai| ataH avidyA kA vAsasthAna mana ko hI mAnA jA sakatA hai jo jar3a aura caitanya ke saMyoga se nirmita hai| ataH usI meM avidyA nivAsa karatI hai usake nivartana para zuddha AtmadazA meM avidyA kI sambhAvanA kisI bhI sthiti meM nahIM ho sakatI / mana AtmA ke bandhana aura mukti meM kisa prakAra apanA bhAga adA karatA hai, ise nimna rUpaka se samajhA jA sakatA hai| mAna lIjie, karmAvaraNa se kuMThita zakti vAlA AtmA usa A~kha ke samAna hai jisakI dekhane kI kSamatA kSINa ho cukI hai| jagata eka zveta vastu hai aura mana ainaka hai| AtmA ko mukti ke lie jagata ke vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna karanA hai lekina apanI svazakti ke kuMThita hone para vaha svayaM to sIdhe rUpa meM yathArtha jJAna nahIM pA sktaa| use mana rUpI cazme kI sahAyatA Avazyaka hotI hai lekina yadi ainaka raMgIna kA~coM kA ho to vaha vastu kA yathArtha jJAna na dekara bhrAMta jJAna hI detA hai| usI prakAra yadi mana rAgadveSAdi vRttiyoM se dUSita (raMgIna ) hai to vaha yathArtha jJAna nahIM detA aura hamAre bandhana kA kAraNa banatA hai / lekina yadi mana rUpI ainaka nirmala hai to vaha vastutattva kA yathArtha jJAna dekara hameM mukta banA detA hai / jisa prakAra ainaka meM binA kisI cetana A~kha ke saMyoga ke dekhane kI koI zakti nahIM hotI, usI prakAra jar3a mana - paramANuoM meM bhI binA kisI cetana AtmA ke saMyoga ke bandhana aura mukti kI koI zakti nahIM hai / vastusthiti yaha hai ki jisa prakAra ainaka se dekhane vAle netra hai lekina vikAsa yA raMgInatA kA kArya ainaka meM hai, usI prakAra bandhana ke kAraNa rAgadveSAdi vikAra na to AtmA ke kArya hai aura na jar3a tattva ke kArya haiM varan mana ke hI kArya hai| jaina vicAraNA ke samAna gItA meM bhI yaha kahA gayA hai ki indriyA~, mana aura buddhi isa "kAma" ke vAsasthAna haiN| inake AzrayabhUta hokara hI yaha kAma jJAna ko AcchAdita kara jIvAtmA ko mohita kiyA karatA hai| 12 jJAna AtmA kA kArya hai lekina jJAna meM jo vikAra AtA hai vaha AtmA kA kArya na hokara mana kA kArya hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie, jahA~ gItA meM vikAra yA kAma kA vAsasthAna mana ko mAnA gayA hai vahA~ jaina vicAraNA meM vikAra yA kAmAdi kA vAsasthAna AtmA ko hI mAnA gayA hai| ve mana ke kArya avazya hai lekina unakA

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100 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 vAsa sthAna AtmA hI hai| jaise raMgIna dekhanA cazme kA kArya hai, lekina raMgInatA kA jJAna to cetanA meM hI hogA / sambhavataH yahA~ zaMkA hotI hai ki jaina vicAraNA meM to aneka baddha prANiyoM ko amanaska mAnA gayA hai, phira unameM jo avidyA yA mithyAtva hai vaha kisakA kArya hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra prathama to sabhI prANiyoM meM bhAva mana kI sattA svIkAra kI gaI hai| dUsare zvetAmbara paramparA ke anurUpa yadi mana ko sampUrNa zarIragata mAneM 13 to vahA~ devya mana bhI hai, lekina vaha kevala oghasaMjJA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, unheM kevala vivekazakti vihIna mana (irrational mind) prApta hai| jaina zAstroM meM jo samanaska aura amanaska prANiyoM kA bheda kiyA gayA hai vaha dUsarI vivekasaMjJA (Faculty of reasoning ) kI apekSA se hai / jinheM zAstra meM samanaska prANI kahA gayA hai unase tAtparya viveka zakti yukta prANiyoM se hai| jo amanaska prANI kahe gaye haiM unameM vivekakSamatA nahIM hotI hai| ve na to sudIrghabhUta kI smRti rakha sakate haiM aura na bhaviSya kI aura na zubhAzubha kA vicAra kara sakate haiN| unameM mAtra vartamAnakAlika saMjJA hotI hai aura mAtra aMdha vAsanAoM (mUla pravRttiyoM) se unakA vyavahAra cAlita hotA hai| amanaska prANiyoM meM sattAtmaka mana to hai, lekina unameM zubhAzubha kA viveka nahIM hotA hai, isI vivekAbhAva kI apekSA se hI unheM amanaska kahA jAtA hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra naitika vikAsa kA prArambha viveka kSamatAyukta mana kI upalabdhi se hI hotA hai jaba taka viveka kSamatAyukta mana prApta nahIM hotA hai taba taka zubhAzubha kA vibheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura jaba taka zubhAzubha kA jJAna prApta nahIM hotA hai taba taka naitika vikAsa kI sahI dizA kA nirdhAraNa aura naitika pragati nahIM ho pAtI hai| ataH vivekakSamatA yukta (Rational mind) naitika pragati kI anivArya zarta hai / breDale prabhRti pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhI bauddhika kSamatA yA zubhAzubha viveka ko naitika pragati ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai| phira bhI jaina vicAraNA kA unase pramukha matabheda yaha hai ki ve naitika uttaradAyitva (Moral responsibility) aura naitika pragati (Moral progress ) donoM ke lie vivekakSamatA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM, jabaki jaina vicAraka naitika pragati ke lie to viveka Avazyaka mAnate haiN| lekina naitika uttaradAyitva ke lie viveka zakti ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnate haiN| yadi koI prANI vivekAbhAva meM bhI anaitika karma karatA hai to jaina dRSTi se vaha naitika rUpa se uttaradAyI hogA / kyoMki ( 1 ) prathamataH, vivekAbhAva hI pramattatA hai aura yahI anaitikatA kA kAraNa hai / ataH vivekapUrvaka kArya nahIM karane vAlA naitika uttaradAyitva se mukta nahIM hai / ( 2 ) dUsare, viveka zakti to sabhI cetana AtmAoM meM hai, jisameM vaha prasupta hai, usa prasupti ke lie bhI ve svayaM hI uttaradAyI haiM / ( 3 ) tIsare aneka prANI to aise haiM jinameM viveka kA pragaTana ho cukA thA, jo kabhI samanaska yA vivekavAna prANI the, lekina unhoMne usa vivekazakti kA yathArtha upayoga na kiyA / phalasvarUpa unameM vaha vivekazakti punaH kuNThita ho gii| ataH aise prANiyoM ko naitika uttaradAyitva se mukta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa|

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mana zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 101 -- sUtrakRtAMga meM isa sambandha meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai kaI jIva aise bhI haiM, jinameM jarA-sI tarkazakti, prajJAzakti yA mana yA vANI kI zakti nahIM hotI hai| ve mUr3ha jIva bhI sabake prati samAna doSI haiM aura usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki saba yoniyoM ke jIva eka janma meM saMjJA (viveka) vAle hokara apane kiye hue karmoM ke kAraNa dUsare janma meM asaMjJI ( viveka zUnya) banakara janma lete haiN| ataeva vivekavAn honA yA na honA apane hI kiye hue karmoM kA phala hotA hai isase vivekAbhAva kI dazA meM jo kucha pApa karma hote haiM unakI javAbadArI bhI unakI hI hai| yadyapi jaina tatvajJAna meM jIvoM ke avyavahAra-rAzi kI jo kalpanA kI gaI hai, usa varga ke jIvoM ke naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sUtrakRtAMga ke isa AdhAra para nahIM ho sakatI / kyoMki avyavahAra - rAzi ke jIvoM ko to viveka kabhI pragaTita hI nahIM huA ve to kevala isa AdhAra para hI uttaradAyI mAne jA sakate ki unameM jo vivekakSamatA prasupta hai ve usakA pragaTana nahIM kara rahe haiN| eka prazna yaha bhI hai ki yadi naitika pragati ke lie "saviveka mana" Avazyaka hai to phira jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra ve sabhI prANI jinameM aise "mana" kA abhAva hai, naitika pragati ke patha para kabhI Age nahIM bar3ha skeNge| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra isa prazna kA uttara yaha hogA ki "viveka" ke abhAva meM bhI karma kA bandha aura bhoga to calatA hai, lekina phira bhI jaba vicAraka - mana kA abhAva hotA hai to karma vAsanA - saMkalpa se yukta hote hue bhI vaicArika saMkalpa se yukta nahIM hote haiM aura karmoM ke vaicArika saMkalpa se yukta nahIM hone ke kAraNa bandhana meM tIvratA bhI nahIM hotI hai| isa prakAra navIna karmoM kA bandha hote hue bhI tIvra bandha nahIM hotA hai| aura purAne karmoM kA bhoga calatA rahatA hai| ataH nadI - pASANa nyAya ke anusAra saMyoga se kabhI na kabhI vaha avasara ho jAtA hai, jaba prANI viveka ko prApta kara letA hai aura naitika vikAsa kI ora agrasara ho sakatA hai| mana kA svarUpa isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mana AcAradarzana kA kendra bindu hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kI paramparAyeM mana ko naitika jIvana ke sandarbha meM atyadhika mahattvapUrNa sthAna pradAna karatI hai| ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki mana kA svarUpa kyA hai aura vaha naitika jIvana ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karatA hai isa tathya para bhI vicAra kreN| mana ke svarUpa ke vizleSaNa kI pramukha samasyA yaha hai ki kyA mana bhautika tattva hai athavA AdhyAtmika tattva hai ? bauddha vicAraNA mana ko cetana tattva mAnatI hai jabaki sAMkhyadarzana aura yogavAsiSTha meM use jar3a mAnA gayA hai| 14 gItA sAMkhya vicAraNA ke anurUpa mana ko jar3a prakRti se hI utpanna aura triguNAtmaka mAnatI hai| 15 jaina vicAraNA meM mana ke bhautika pakSa ko " dravyamana" aura cetana pakSa ko "bhAvamana" kahA gayA hai| 16 vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM batAyA gayA hai ki dravyamana manovargaNA nAmaka paramANuoM

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102 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 se banA huA hai| yaha mana kA bhautika pakSa (Physical or structural aspect of mind) hai| sAdhAraNa rUpa se isameM zarIrastha sabhI jJAnAtmaka evaM saMvedanAtmaka aMga A jAte haiN| manovargaNA ke paramANuoM se nirmita usa bhautika racanA tantra meM pravAhita hone vAlI caitanyadhArA bhAvamana hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, isa racanA tantra ko AtmA se milI huI cintana-manarupa caitanya zakti hI bhAva mana (Psychical aspect of mind ) hai| 'yahA~ para eka vicAraNIya prazna yaha bhI uThatA hai ki dravyamana aura bhAvamana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita hai| digambara sampradAya ke grantha gommaTasAra ke jIvakANDa meM dravyamana kA sthAna hRdaya mAnA gayA hai jabaki zvetAmbara AgamoM meM aisA koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hai ki mana zarIra ke kisa vizeSa bhAga meM sthita hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI apane gaveSaNApUrNa adhyayana ke AdhAra para yaha mAnate haiM ki -- "zvetAmbara paramparA kA samagra sthUla zarIra hI dravyamana kA sthAna iSTa hai|" jahA~ taka bhAvamana ke sthAna kA prazna hai usakA sthAna AtmA hI hai| kyoMki Atma-pradeza sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hai ataH bhAvamana kA sthAna bhI sampUrNa zarIra hI siddha hotA hai| yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to bauddha-darzana meM mana ko hRdayapradezavartI mAnA gayA hai| jo digambara sampradAya kI dravyamana sambandhI mAnyatA ke nikaTa AtA hai| jabaki sAMkhya paramparA zvetAmbara sampradAya ke nikaTa hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI likhate haiM ki sAMkhya Adi darzanoM kI paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna kevala hRdaya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki usa paramparA ke anusAra mana sUkSmaliMga zarIra meM, jo aSTAdaza tattvoM kA viziSTa nikAyarUpa hai, praviSTa hai aura sUkSma zarIra kA sthAna samasta sthUla zarIra hI mAnanA ucita jAna par3atA hai| ataeva usa paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna samagra sthUla zarIra hI siddha hotA hai| jaina vicAraNA mana ke AdhyAtmika aura bhautika donoM svarUpoM ko svIkAra karake hI saMtoSa nahIM mAna letI varan ina bhautika aura AdhyAtmika pakSoM ke bIca gahana sambandha ko bhI svIkAra kara letI hai| jaina naitika vicAraNA meM bandhana ke lie amUrta cetana Atmatattva aura jar3a karmatattva kA jo sambandha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai usakI vyAkhyA ke lie use mana ke svarUpa kA yahI siddhAnta abhipreta ho sakatA hai| anyathA jaina vicAraNA kI bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA hI asambhava hogii| vedAntika advaitavAda, bauddha vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda ke darzanoM meM bandhana kA kAraNa anya tattva ko nahIM mAnA jaataa| ataH vahA~ sambandha kI samasyA hI nahIM aatii| sAMkhyadarzana meM AtmA ko kUTastha mAnane ke kAraNa vahA~ bhI puruSa aura prakRti ke sambandha kI koI samasyA nahIM rhtii| isalie ve mana ko ekAMta jar3a athavA cetana mAnakara apanA kAma calA lete haiN| lekina jaDa aura cetana ke madhya sambandha mAnane ke kAraNa jaina-darzana ke lie mana ko ubhayarUpa mAnanA Avazyaka hai| jaina vicAraNA meM mana apane ubhayAtmaka svarUpa ke kAraNa hI jar3a karmavargaNA ke pudgala aura cetana Atma-tattva ke madhya yojaka kar3I bana gayA hai| mana kI zakti cetanA meM hai aura usakA kArya-kSetra bhautika jagat hai| jar3a pakSa kI ora se vaha bhautika padArthoM se prabhAvita hotA hai aura apane cetana-pakSa kI ora se AtmA ko prabhAvita karatA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika mana ke dvArA Atmatattva aura jar3atattva ke madhya aparokSa sambandha banA

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mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 103 dete haiM aura isa sambandha ke AdhAra para hI apanI bandhana kI dhAraNA ko siddha karate haiN| mana, jar3a jagat aura cetana jagat ke madhya avasthita eka aisA mAdhyama hai jo donoM svatantra sattAoM meM sambandha banAye rakhatA hai, jaba taka yaha mAdhyama rahatA hai tabhI taka jar3a evaM cetana jagat meM pArasparika prabhAvakatA rahatI hai, jisake kAraNa bandhana kA krama calatA rahatA hai| nirvANa kI prApti ke lie pahale mana ke ina ubhaya pakSoM ko alaga-alaga karanA hotA hai| inake alaga-alaga hone para mana kI prabhAvaka zakti kSINa hone lagatI hai aura anta meM mana kA hI vilaya hokara nirvANa kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai aura nirvANa dazA meM isa ubhaya svarUpa mana kA hI abhAva hone se bandhana kI sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| ubhayAtmaka mana ke mAdhyama se jar3a aura cetana meM pArasparika prabhAvakatA (Interaction) mAna lene mAtra se samasyA kA pUrNa samAdhAna nahIM hotaa| prazna yaha hai ki bAhya bhautika ghaTanAyeM evaM kriyAyeM Atmatattva ko kaise prabhAvita karatI haiM jabaki donoM svatantra haiN| yadi ubhayarUpa mana ko unakA yojaka tattva mAna bhI liyA jAya to isase samasyA kA nirAkaraNa nahIM hotaa| yaha to samasyA kA khisakAnA mAtra hai| jo sambandha kI samasyA bhautika jagat aura Atmatattva ke madhya thI, use kevala dravya mana aura bhAva mana ke nAma se manojagat meM sthAnAntarita kara diyA gayA hai| dravya mana aura bhAva mana kaise eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM yaha samasyA abhI banI huI hai| cAhe yaha sambandha kI samasyA bhautika aura AdhyAtmika stara para ho, cAhe jar3a karma paramANu aura cetana AtmA ke madhya ho athavA mana ke bhautika aura abhautika staroM para ho, samasyA avazya banI rahatI hai| usake nirAkaraNa ke do hI mArga hai| yA to bhautika aura AdhyAtmika saMjJAoM meM se kisI eka ke astitva kA niSedha kara diyA jAe athavA unameM eka prakAra kA samAnAntaravAda mAna liyA jaae| jaina dArzanikoM ne pahile vikalpa meM yaha doSa pAyA ki yadi kevala cetana tattva kI sattA mAnI jAe to samasta bhautika jagat ko mithyA kahakara anubhUti ke tathyoM ko ThukarA denA hogA, jaisA ki vijJAnavAdI evaM zUnyavAdI bauddha dArzanikoM tathA advaitavAdI AcArya zaMkara ne kiyaa| yadi dUsarI ora cetana kI svatantra sattA kA niSedha kara mAtra jar3atatva kI sattA ko hI mAnA jAye to bhautikavAda meM AnA hogA, jisameM naitika jIvana ke lie koI sthAna zeSa nahIM rhegaa| DaoN rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM, "jaina dArzanikoM ne mana aura zarIra kA dvaita svIkAra kiyA aura isalie ve samAnAntaravAda ko bhI usakI samasta sImAoM sahita svIkAra kara lete haiN| ve caitasika aura acaitasika tathyoM meM eka pUrva saMsthApita sAmaMjasya (Pre-established harmony ) svIkAra karate haiN|"17 lekina jaina vicAraNA meM dravyamana aura bhAvamana ke madhya kevala samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva saMsthApita sAmaMjasya hI nahIM mAnatI hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se to jaina vicAraka unameM vAstavika sambandha bhI mAnate haiN| samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva saMsthApita sAmaMjasya to kevala pAramArthika yA dravyArthika dRSTi se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM jar3a aura cetana meM nitAnta bhinnatA mAnate hue bhI anubhava ke stara para yA manovaijJAnika stara para unameM vAstavika sambandha ko svIkAra kara lete haiN| DaoN kalaghaTagI likhate haiM ki "jaina cintakoM ne mAnasika bhAvoM ko jar3a karmoM se prabhAvita hone ke sandarbha meM eka pariSkArita samAnAntaravAda prastuta kiyA hai -- unakA samAnAntaravAda

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104 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 vyakti ke mana aura zarIra ke sambandha meM eka prakAra kA manobhautika samAnAntaravAda hai-- yadyapi ve mAnasika aura zArIrika tathyoM ke madhya hone vAlI pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta karatA hai -- jaina dRSTikoNa jar3a aura cetana ke madhya rahe hue tAtvika virodha ke samanvaya kA eka prayAsa hai jo vaiyaktika mana evaM zarIra ke madhya pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA kI dhAraNA kI saMsthApanA karatA hai|18 isa prakAra hamane yaha dekhA ki jaina vicAraNA meM bAhya bhautika jagat se sambandhita "mana" kA davyAtmaka pakSa kisa prakAra apane bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko prabhAvita karatA hai aura "jIvAtmA" ko bandhana meM DAlatA hai| lekina mana jina sAdhanoM ke dvArA bAhya jagat se sambandha banAtA hai ve to indriyA~ haiM, mana kI viSaya-sAmagrI to indriyoM ke mAdhyama se AtI hai| bAhya jagat se mana kA sIdhA sambandha nahIM hotA hai varan vaha indriyoM ke mAdhyama se jAgatika viSayoM se apanA sambandha banAtA hai| mana jisa para kArya karatA hai vaha sArI sAmagrI to indriya-saMvedana se prApta hotI hai| ataH mana ke kArya ke sambandha meM vicAra karane se pahale hameM indriyoM ke sambandha meM bhI thor3A vicAra kara lenA hogaa| mana ke sAdhana-indriyA~ indriya zabda ke artha kI vizada vivecanA na karate hue yahA~ hama kevala yahI kaheM ki "jina-jina kAraNoM kI sahAyatA se jIvAtmA viSayoM kI ora abhimukha hotA hai athavA viSayoM ke upabhoga meM samartha hotA hai ve indriyA~ haiN|" isa artha ko lekara gItA yA jaina AgamoM meM kahIM koI vivAda nahIM pAyA jaataa| yadyapi kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM indriyA~ "mana" kA sAdhana yA "karaNa" mAnI jAtI haiN| indriyoM kI saMkhyA jaina dRSTi meM indriyA~ pA~ca mAnI jAtI haiM -- (1) zrotra, (2) cakSu, ( 3 ) ghrANa, (4) rasanA aura (5) sprshn| sAMkhya vicAraNA meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 11 mAnI gaI hai --5 jJAnendriyA~, 5 karmendriyA~ aura 1 mn| jaina vicAraNA meM 5 jJAnendriyA~ to usI rUpa meM mAnI gaI haiM kintu mana noindriya (Quasi sense-organ) kahA gayA hai| pA~ca karmendriyoM kI tulanA -- unakI 10 bala kI dhAraNA meM vAkbala, zarIrabala evaM zvAsocchvAsa bala se kI jA sakatI hai|19 bauddha grantha vizuddhimaggo meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 22 mAnI gaI hai|20 bauddha vicAraNA meM ukta pA~ca indriyoM ke atirikta puruSatva, strItva, sukha-duHkha tathA zubha evaM azubha Adi ko bhI indriya mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM indriyA~ do prakAra kI hotI hai -- (1) dravyendriya (2) bhaavendriy| indriyoM kI AMgika saMracanA (Structural aspect) dravyendriya kahalAtI hai aura Antarika kriyA zakti (Functional aspect) bhAvendriya kahalAtI hai| inameM se pratyeka ke punaH upa vibhAga kiye gaye haiM jinheM saMkSepa meM nimna sAriNI se samajhA jA sakatA hai : indriya dravyendriya bhAvendriya..upakaraNa (indriya rakSaka aMga) nivRtti (indriya aMga) labdhi (zakti) bahiraMga aMtara~ga bahiraMga aMtaraMga upayoga (cetanA)

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mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 105 indriyoM ke vyApAra yA viSaya (1) zrotrendriya kA viSaya zabda hai| zabda tIna prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai -- jIva kA zabda, ajIva kA zabda aura mizra shbd| kucha vicAraka 7 prakAra ke zabda mAnate haiN| (2) cakSu indriya kA viSaya raMga-rUpa hai| raMga kAlA, nIlA, pIlA, lAla aura zveta, pA~ca prakAra kA hai| zeSa raMga inhIM ke sammizraNa ke pariNAma haiN| (3) ghrANendriya kA viSaya gandha hai| gandha do prakAra kI hotI hai -- sugandha aura durgndh| (4) rasanA kA viSaya rasAsvAdana hai| rasa 5 prakAra ke hote haiM -- kaTu, amla, lavaNa, tikta aura kssaay| (5) sparzana indriya kA viSaya sparzAnubhUti hai| sparza ATha prakAra ke hote haiM -- uSNa, zIta, skSa, cikanA, halkA, bhArI, karkaza aura koml| isa prakAra zrotrendriya ke 3, cakSurindriya ke 5 ghrANendriya ke 2, rasanendriya ke 5 aura sparzendriya ke 8, kula milAkara pA~coM indriyoM ke 23 viSaya hote haiN| jaina vicAraNA meM sAmAnya rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA hai ki pA~coM indriyoM ke dvArA jIva uparokta viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai yaha jIvAtmA zrotra, cakSu, tvacA, rasanA, ghANa aura mana ke Azraya se hI viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai|21 ye viSaya-bhoga AtmA ko bAhyamukhI banA dete haiN| pratyeka indriya apane-apane viSayoM kI ora AkarSita hotI hai aura isa prakAra AtmA kA Antarika samatva bhaMga ho jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki, "sAdhaka zabda, spa,rasa, gandha tathA sparza ina pA~coM prakAra ke kAmaguNoM ( indriya-viSayoM) ko sadA ke lie chor3a de22 kyoMki ye indriyoM ke viSaya AtmA meM vikAra utpanna karate haiN| indriyA~ apane viSayoM se kisa prakAra sambandha sthApita karatI haiM aura AtmA ko una viSayoM se kaise prabhAvita karatI haiM isakI vistRta vyAkhyA prajJApanAsUtra aura anya jaina granthoM meM milatI hai| vistAra bhaya se hama isa vivecanA meM jAnA nahIM cAhate haiN| hamAre lie itanA hI jAna lenA paryApta hai ki jisa prakAra dravyamana bhAvamana ko prabhAvita karatA hai aura bhAvamana se AtmA prabhAvita hotA hai| usI prakAra dravya-indriya (Structural aspect of sense organ) kA viSaya se samparka hotA hai aura vaha bhAva-indriya (Functional and Psychic aspect of sense organ) ko prabhAvita karatI hai aura bhAva-indriya AtmA kI zakti hone ke kAraNa usase AtmA prabhAvita hotA hai| naitika cetanA kI dRSTi se mana aura indriyoM ke mahatva tathA svarUpa ke sambandha meM yatheSTa rUpa se vicAra kara lene ke pazcAt yaha jAna lenA ucita hogA ki mana aura indriyoM kA aisA kauna sA mahattvapUrNa kArya hai jisake kAraNa unheM naitika cetanA meM itanA sthAna diyA jAtA hai| vAsanAprANIya vyavahAra kA preraka tattva ___ mana aura indriyoM ke dvArA viSayoM kA samparka hotA hai| isa samparka se kAmanA utpanna hotI hai| yahI kAmanA yA icchA naitikatA kI parisImA meM Ane vAle vyavahAra kA AdhArabhUta preraka tattva hai| sabhI bhAratIya AcAra-darzana yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki vAsanA,

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106 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 kAmanA yA icchA se prasUta samasta vyavahAra hI naitika vivecanA kA viSaya hai| smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM vAsanA, kAmanA, kAmaguNa, icchA, AzA, lobha, tRSNA, Asakti Adi zabda lagabhaga samAnArthaka rUpa meM prayukta hue haiN| jinakA sAmAnya artha mana aura indriyoM kI apane viSayoM kI"cAha" se hai| bandhana kA kAraNa indriyoM kA unake viSayoM se hone vAlA samparka yA sahaja zArIrika kriyAe~ nahIM hai, varan vAsanA hai| niyamasAra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnya vyakti ke uThanA-baiThanA, calanA-phiranA, dekhanA-jAnanA Adi kriyAe~ vAsanA se yukta hone ke kAraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai jabaki kevalI (sarvajJa yA jIvanmukta) kI ye sabhI kriyAe~ vAsanA yA icchArahita hone ke kAraNa bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hotiiN| icchA yA saMkalpa (pariNAma) pUrvaka kie hue vacana Adi kArya hI bandhana ke kAraNa hote haiN| icchArahita kArya bandhana ke kAraNa nahIM hote|23 isa prakAra yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina AcAra-darzana meM vAsanAtmaka tathA aicchika vyavahAra hI naitika nirNaya kA pramukha AdhAra hai| jaina naitika vivecanA kI dRSTi se vAsanA (icchA) ko hI samagra jIvana ke vyavahAra kSetra kA cAlaka tattva kahA jA sakatA hai| pAzcAtya AcAra-darzana meM jIvavRtti (want) kSudhA (Appetite), icchA (Desire) abhilASA (wish) aura saMkalpa (will) meM artha vaibhinya evaM krama mAnA gayA hai| unake anusAra isa samagra krama meM cetanA kI spaSTatA ke AdhAra para vibheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| jIvavRtti cetanA ke nimnatama stara vanaspati jagat meM pAyI jAtI hai, pazujagat meM jIvavRtti ke sAtha-sAtha kSudhA kA bhI yoga hotA hai lekina cetanA ke mAnavIya stara para Akara to jIvavRtti se saMkalpa taka ke sAre hI tattva upalabdha hote haiN| vastutaH jIvRtti se lekara saMkalpa taka ke sAre staroM meM vAsanA ke mUla tattva meM mUlataH koI antara nahIM hai, antara hai, kevala cetanA meM usake bodha kaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, inameM mAtrAtmaka antara hai, guNAtmaka antara nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai bhAratIya darzana meM isa krama ke sambandha meM koI vivecanA upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM vAsanA, kAmanA, icchA aura tRSNA Adi zabda to avazya milate haiM aura vAsanA kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se inameM antara bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI sAdhAraNa rUpa se samAnArthaka rUpa meM hI unakA prayoga huA hai| bhAratIya-darzana kI dRSTi se vAsanA ko jIvavRtti (want) tathA kSudhA (Appetite), kAmanA ko icchA (Desire), icchA ko abhilASA (Desire ) aura tRSNA ko saMkalpa (will ) kahA jA sakatA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka jahA~ vAsanA ke kevala usa rUpa ko, jise hama saMkalpa (will) kahate haiM, naitika nirmANa kA viSaya banAte haiM, vahA~ bhAratIya cintana meM vAsanA ke ve spa bhI jinameM vAsanA kI cetanA kA spaSTa bodha nahIM hai, naitikatA kI parisImA meM A jAte haiN| cAhe vAsanA ke rUpa meM andha aindrika abhivRtti ho yA mana kA vimarzAtmaka saMkalpa ho, donoM ke hI mala meM vAsanA kA tattva nihita hai aura yahI vAsanA prANIya vyavahAra kI mUlabhUta preraka hai| vyavahAra kI dRSTi se vAsanA (jIvavRtti) aura tRSNA (saMkalpa) meM antara yaha hai ki pahalI spaSTa rUpa se cetanA ke stara para nahIM hone ke kAraNa mAtra andha pravRtti hotI hai jabaki dUsarI cetanA ke stara para hone ke kAraNa vimarzAtmaka hotI hai| cetanA meM icchA ke

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mana 1 spaSTa bodha kA abhAva icchA kA abhAva nahIM hai / isIliye jaina aura bauddha vicAraNA ne pazu Adi cetanA ke nimna staroM vAle prANiyoM ke vyavahAra ko bhI naitikatA kI parisImA meM mAnA hai vahA~ pAzavika stara para pAyI jAne vAlI vAsanA kI andha pravRtti hI naitika nirNayoM kA viSaya banatI hai| vAsanA kyoM hotI hai ? gaNadharavAda meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra devadatta apane mahala kI khir3akiyoM se bAhya jagat ko dekhatA hai usI prakAra prANI indriyoM ke mAdhyama se bAhya padArthoM se apanA samparka banAtA hai| 24 kaThopaniSad meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM ko bahirmukha karake hiMsita kara diyA gayA hai isalie jIva bAhya viSayoM kI ora hI dekhatA hai antarAtmA ko nahIM 125 indriyoM kA viSayoM se samparka hone para kucha viSaya anukUla aura kucha viSaya pratikUla pratIta hote haiN| anukUla viSayoM kI ora punaH punaH pravRtta honA aura pratikUla viSayoM se bacanA yahI vAsanA hai / jo indriyoM ko anukUla hotA hai vahI sukhada aura jo pratikUla hotA hai vahI duHkhada hai| 26 ataH sukhada kI ora pravRtti karanA aura duHkhada se nivRtti cAhanA, yahI vAsanA kI cAlanA ke do kendra haiM, jinameM sukhada viSaya dhanAtmaka tathA duHkhada viSaya RNAtmaka cAlanA ke kendra haiN| isa prakAra vAsanA, tRSNA yA kAmaguNa hI samasta vyavahAra kA preraka tattva hai / bhAratIya cintana meM vyavahAra ke preraka ke rUpa meM jisa vAsanA ko svIkArA gayA hai vahI vAsanA pAzcAtya phrAyaDIya manovijJAna meM "kAma" aura mekDUgala ke prayojanavAdI manovijJAna meM hArmI (harme) yA arja (urge) athavA mUla pravRtti kahI jAtI hai| pAzcAtya aura bhAratIya paramparAe~ isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki prANIya vyavahAra kA preraka tattva vAsanA, kAmanA yA tRSNA hai| inake do rUpa banate haiM rAga aura dveSa / rAga dhanAtmaka aura dveSa RNAtmaka hai / Adhunika manovijJAna meM karTa levina ne inheM kramaza: AkarSaNa zakti (positive valence ) aura vikarSaNa zakti (negative valence ) kahA hai| zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 107 -- vyavahAra kI cAlanA ke do kendra sukha aura duHkha anukUla viSaya kI ora AkarSita honA aura pratikUla viSayoM se vikarSita honA yaha indriya svabhAva hai, lekina prazna yaha uThatA hai ki indriyA~ kyoM anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti aura pratikUla viSayoM se nivRtti rakhanA cAhatI haiN| yadi isakA uttara manovijJAna ke AdhAra para dene kA prayAsa kiyA jAe to hameM mAtra yahI kahanA hogA ki anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti aura pratikUla viSayoM se nivRtti yaha eka naisargika tathya hai jise hama sukha-duHkha kA niyama bhI kahate haiN| manovijJAna prANI jagat kI isa naisargika vRtti kA vizleSaNa to karatA hai lekina yaha nahIM batA sakatA hai ki aisA kyoM hai ? -- yahI sukha-duHkha kA niyama samasta prANIya vyavahAra kA cAlaka tattva hai| jaina dArzanika bhI prANIya vyavahAra ke cAlaka tattva ke rUpa meM isI sukha-duHkha ke niyama ko svIkAra karate haiN| mana evaM indriyoM ke mAdhyama se isI niyama ke anusAra prANIya vyavahAra kA saMcAlana

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108 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vAsanA hI apane vidhAnAtmaka rUpa meM sukha aura niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM duHkha kA rUpa le letI hai| jisase vAsanA kI pUrti ho vahI sukha aura jisase vAsanA kI pUrti na ho athavA vAsanA-pUrti meM bAdhA utpanna ho vaha duHkh| isa prakAra vAsanA se hI sukha-duHkha ke bhAva utpanna hokara prANIya vyavahAra kA nirdhAraNa karane lagate haiN| apane anukUla viSayoM kI ora AkRSTa honA aura unheM grahaNa karanA yaha indriyoM kI svAbhAvika pravRtti hai| mana ke abhAva meM yaha indriyoM kI andha pravRtti hotI hai lekina jaba indriyoM ke sAtha mana kA yoga ho jAtA hai to indriyoM meM sukhada anubhUtiyoM kI punaH -punaH prApti kI tathA duHkhada anubhUti se bacane kI pravRtti vikasita ho jAtI hai| basa yahIM icchA, tRSNA yA saMkalpa kA janma hotA hai| jainAcAryoM ne icchA kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai-- mana aura indriyoM ke anukUla viSayoM kI punaH prApti kI pravRtti hI icchA hai|27 athavA indriyoM ke viSayoM kI prApti kI abhilASA kA atireka hI icchA hai|28 yaha indriyoM kI sukhada anubhUti ko punaH-punaH prApta karane kI lAlasA yA icchA hI tIvra hokara Asakti yA rAga kA rUpa le letI hai| dUsarI ora duHkhada anubhUtiyoM se bacane kI abhivRtti ghRNA evaM dveSa kA rUpa le letI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai, "manojJa, priya yA anukUla viSaya hI rAga kA kAraNa hote haiM aura pratikUla yA amanojJa viSaya dveSa kA kAraNa hote sukhada anubhUtiyoM se rAga aura duHkhada anubhUtiyoM se dveSa tathA isa rAga-dveSa se anyAnya kaSAya aura azubha vRttiyA~ kaise pratiphalita hotI hai, ise uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki indriya aura mana ke unake viSayoM ko sevana karane kI lAlasA jAgRta hotI hai| sukhada anubhUti ko punaH-punaH prApta karane kI icchA aura duHkha se bacane kI icchA se hI rAga yA Asakti utpanna hotI hai| isa Asakti se prANI moha yA jar3atA ke samudra meM DUba jAtA hai| kAmaguNa (indriyoM ke viSayoM) meM Asakti utpanna hotI hai| isa Asakti se prANI moha yA jar3atA ke samudra meM DUba jAtA hai| kAmaguNa (indriyoM ke viSayoM) meM Asakta hokara jIva krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, ghRNA, hAsya, bhaya, zoka tathA strI, puruSa aura napusaMka bhAva kI vAsanAe~ Adi aneka prakAra ke zubhAzubha bhAvoM ko utpanna karatA hai aura una bhAvoM kI pUrti ke prayAsa meM aneka rUpoM (zarIroM) ko dhAraNa karatA hai| isa prakAra indriyoM aura mana ke viSayoM meM Asakta prANI janma-maraNa ke cakra meM pha~sakara viSayAsakti se avaza, dIna, lajjita aura karuNAjanaka sthiti ko prApta ho jAtA hai|30 gItA meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki "mana se indriyoM ke viSayoM kA cintana kie jAne para una viSayoM se samparka kI icchA utpanna hotI hai aura usa samparka icchA se kAmanA yA Asakti kA janma hotA hai| Asakta viSayoM kI prApti meM jaba

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mana zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 109 bAdhA utpanna hotI hai to krodha (ghRNA, dveSa ) utpanna ho jAtA hai| krodha meM mUr3hatA yA aviveka, aviveka se smRtinAza aura smRtinAza se buddhi vinaSTa ho jAtI hai aura buddhi ke vinaSTa hone se vyakti vinAza kI ora calA jAtA hai| 31 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaba indriyoM kA anukUla yA sukhada viSayoM se samparka hotA hai to una viSayoM meM Asakti tathA rAga ke bhAva jAgRta hote haiM aura jaba indriyoM kA pratikUla yA duHkhada viSayoM se saMyoga hotA hai athavA anukUla viSayoM kI prApti meM koI bAdhA AtI hai to ghRNA yA vidveSa ke bhAva jAgRta hote haiN| isa prakAra sukha-duHkha kA preraka niyama eka dUsare rUpa meM badala jAtA hai| jahA~ sukha kA sthAna rAga yA Asakti kA bhAva le letA hai aura duHkha kA sthAna ghRNA yA dveSa kA bhAva le letA hai| ye rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI vyakti ke naitika adha: patana evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA kAraNa hotI hai| sabhI bhAratIya darzana ise svIkAra karate haiM / jaina vicAraka kahate haiM, "rAga aura dveSa ye donoM hI karma-paramparA ke bIja haiM aura yahI karma-paramparA ke kAraNa haiN| 32 sabhI bhAratIya AcAra-darzana ise svIkAra karate haiN| gItA meM kahA gayA hai, "he arjuna ! icchA (rAga) aura dveSa ke dvandva meM moha se AvRta hokara prANI isa saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate rahate haiN| "33 tathAgata buddha kahate haiM, " jisane rAga-dveSa aura moha ko chor3a diyA hai vahI phira mAtA ke garbha meM nahIM pdd'taa| "34 isa samagra vivecanA ko hama saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakha sakate haiM ki vividha indriyoM evaM mana ke dvArA unake viSayoM ke grahaNa kI cAha meM vAsanA ke pratyaya kA nirmANa hotA hai / vAsanA kA pratyaya punaH apane vidhAnAtmaka evaM niSedhAtmaka pakSoM ke rUpa meM sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAoM ko janma detA hai / yahI sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAe~ rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM kA kAraNa bana jAtI haiN| yahI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobhAdi vividha prakAra ke anaitika vyApAra kA kAraNa hotI hai| lekina ina sabake mUla meM to aindrika evaM manojanya vyApAra hI hai aura isaliye sAdhAraNa rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA ki naitika AcaraNa evaM naitika vikAsa ke lie indriya aura mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara diyA jAe / AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki indriyoM para kAbU kiye binA rAgadveSa evaM kaSAyoM para vijaya pAnA sambhava nahIM hotA hai| 35 ataH aba isa sambandha meM vicAra karanA iSTa hogA ki kyA indriya aura mana ke vyApAroM kA nirodha sambhava hai aura yadi nirodha sambhava hai to usakA vAstavika rUpa kyA hai ? indriya nirodha : sambhAvanA aura satya indriyoM ke viSaya apanI pUrti ke prayAsa meM kisa prakAra naitika patana kI ora le jAte haiM isakA sajIva citraNa uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 32veM adhyayana meM milatA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai| ki-- rUpa ko grahaNa karane vAlI cakSu indriya hai aura rUpa cakSu indriya se grahaNa hone yogya hai| priya rUpa, rAga kA aura apriya rUpa dveSa kA kAraNa hai / 36 jisa prakAra dRSTi ke rAga meM Atura hokara pataMgA mRtyu pAtA hai, usI prakAra rUpa meM atyanta Asakta hokara jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu pAte haiN| 37 rUpa kI AzA meM par3A huA gurukarmI, ajJAnI jIva, trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai / paritApa

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110 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 utpanna karatA hai tathA pIr3ita karatA hai|38 rUpa meM mUchita jIva una padArthoM ke utpAdana, rakSaNa evaM vyaya meM aura viyoga kI cintA meM lagA rahatA hai| use sukha kahA~ hai ? vaha saMyoga kAla meM bhI atRpta rahatA hai|39 rUpa meM Asakta manuSya ko thor3A bhI sukha nahIM hotA, jisa vastu kI prApti meM usane duHkha uThAyA, usake upayoga ke samaya bhI vaha duHkha pAtA hai|40 zrotrendriya zabda kI grAhaka aura zabda zrota kA grAhya hai| priya zabda rAga kA aura apriya zabda deSa kA kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra rAga meM gaddha banA huA maga mugdha hokara zabda meM santoSita na hotA huA mRtyu pA letA hai| usI prakAra zabdoM ke viSaya meM atyanta mUrcchita hone vAlA jIva akAla meM hI naSTa ho jAtA hai|42 zabda kI Asakti meM par3A huA bhArI karmI jIva, ajJAnI hokara trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, paritApa utpanna karatA hai aura pIr3A detA hai|43 vaha manohara zabda vAle padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa evaM vyaya meM tathA viyoga kI ciMtA meM lagA rahatA hai, unake saMbhoga kAla ke samaya meM bhI atRpta hI banA rahatA hai, phira use sukha kahA~ hai|44 tRSNAvaza vaha jIva corI, jhUTha aura kapaTa kI vRddhi karatA huA atRpta hI rahatA hai, duHkha se nahIM chUTa sktaa|45 nAsikA gandha ko grahaNa karatI hai aura gaMdha nAsikA kA grAhya hai| sugandha rAga kA kAraNa hai aura durgandha dveSa kA kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra sugandha meM mUrchita huA sarpa bA~bI se bAhara nikalakara mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra gandha meM atyanta Asakta jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu pA letA hai| sugandha ke vazIbhUta hokara bAlajIva aneka prakAra se trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kA ghAta karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai|48 vaha jIva sugandhita padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya tathA viyoga kI cintA meM hI lagA rahatA hai, ataH vaha unake bhogakAla meM bhI atRpta hI rahatA hai, phira use sukha kahA~ hai| jihvA rasa ko grahaNa karatI hai aura rasa jihvA kA grAhya hai| manapasanda rasa rAga kA kAraNa aura mana ke pratikUla rasa deva kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai|50 jisa prakAra mAMsa khAne ke lAlaca meM pha~sA huA maccha kA~Te meM pha~sakara mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra rasoM meM atyanta gRddha jIva akAla meM mRtyu kA grAsa bana jAtA hai| use kucha bhI sukha nahIM hotA, vaha rasabhoga ke samaya bhI duHkha aura kleza hI pAtA hai|52 isI prakAra amanojJa rasoM meM dUra karane vAlA jIva bhI duHkha paramparA bar3hAtA hai aura kaluSita mana se karmoM kA upArjana karake usake duHkhada phala ko bhogatA hai| zarIra sparza ko grahaNa karatA hai aura sparza zarIra kA grAhya hai| sukhada sparza rAga kA tathA duHkhada sparza deSa kA kAraNa hai|54 jo jIva sukhada sparzoM meM ati Asakta hotA hai vaha jaMgala ke tAlAba ke ThaNDe pAnI meM par3e hue makara dvArA grasita bhaise kI taraha akAla meM hI mRtyu pAtA hai| 5 sparza kI AzA meM par3A huA vaha gurukarmI jIva carAcara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai| sukhada sparzoM meM mUJchita huA prANI una vastuoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya evaM viyoga kI cintA meM hI ghulA karatA hai| bhoga ke samaya bhI vaha tRpta nahIM

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mana 31 zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 111 hotA phira usake lie sukha kahA~ ? 57 sparza meM Asakta jIvoM ko kiMcit bhI sukha nahIM hotA hai / jisa vastu kI prApti kleza evaM duHkha se huI usake bhoga ke samaya bhI kaSTa hI milatA 58 AcArya hemacandra bhI yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki sparzendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara hAthI, rasanendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara machalI, ghrANendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara bhramara, cakSu indriya ke vazIbhUta hokara pataMgA aura zravaNendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara hariNa mRtyu kA grAsa banatA hai| jaba eka-eka indriya ke viSayoM meM Asakti mRtyu kA kAraNa banatI hai phira bhalA pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM ke sevana meM Asakta manuSya kI kyA sthiti hogii| 59 gItA meM bhI zrIkRSNa ne indriya- damana ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki jisa prakAra jala meM vAyu nAva ko hara letI hai vaise hI mana sahita viSayoM meM vicaratI huI indriyoM meM se eka hI indriya isa puruSa kI buddhi ko haraNa kara lene meM samartha hotI hai / sAdhanA meM prayatnazIla buddhimAn puruSa ke mana ko bhI ye pramathana svabhAva vAlI indriyA~ balAtkAra se hara letI haiM aura use sAdhanA se cyuta kara detI haiN| ataH sampUrNa indriyoM ko vaza meM karake tathA samAhita citta hokara mana ko mere meM lagA / jisa vyakti kI indriyA~ apane adhikAra meM haiM, vahI prajJAvAna hai| anyatra punaH kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka sabase pahale indriyoM ko vaza meM karake jJAna ke vinAza karane vAle isa kAma kA parityAga kareM 160 dhammapada meM tathAgata buddha bhI kahate haiM ki "jo manuSya indriyoM ke viSayoM meM asaMyata rahatA hai use mAra (kAma) sAdhanA se usI prakAra girA detA hai jaise durbala vRkSa ko havA girA detI hai| lekina jo indriyoM ke viSayoM meM susaMyata rahatA hai use mAra (kAma) usI prakAra sAdhanA se vicalita nahIM kara sakatA jaise vAyu parvata ko vicalita nahIM kara sktaa| " jaina-darzana aura gItA meM indriya-damana kA vAstavika artha 61 prazna yaha hai ki yadi indriya-vyApAra bandhana ke kAraNa haiM to phira kyA inakA nirodha sambhava hai ? yadi hama isa prazna para gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kareM to yaha pAyeMge, ki jaba taka jIva deha dhAraNa kiye hai usake dvArA indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha sambhava nahIM hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha eka aise vAtAvaraNa meM rahatA hai jahA~ use indriyoM ke viSayoM se sAkSAt samparka rakhanA hI par3atA hai| A~kha ke samakSa dRzya-viSaya prastuta hone para vaha usake rUpa aura raMga ke darzana se vaMcita nahIM raha sakatA, bhojana karate samaya usake rasa ko asvIkAra nahIM kara sktaa| kisI zabda ke upasthita hone para karNa yantra usakI AvAja ko sune binA nahIM raha sakatA aura ThIka isI prakAra anyAnya indriyoM ke viSaya upasthita hone para vaha unheM asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatA arthAt manovaijJAnika dRSTi se indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha eka asambhava tathya hai / tathApi yaha prazna uThatA hai ki bandhana se kaise bacA jAya ? isa prazna kA uttara dete hue jainadarzana kahatA hai ki bandhana kA kAraNa indriya-vyApAra nahIM varan unake mUla meM nihita rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI haiN| jaisA ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa ullekha hai| ki indriyoM aura mana ke viSaya, rAgI

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112 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 puruSoM ke lie hI duHkha (bandhana) ke kAraNa hote haiM, ye viSaya vItarAgiyoM ke lie bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM ho skte| 62 kAmabhoga kisI ko bhI sammohita nahIM karA sakate na kisI meM vikAra hI paidA kara sakate haiM, kintu jo viSayoM meM rAga-dveSa karatA hai, vahI rAga-dveSa se vikRta hotA hai 3 gItA meM bhI isI prakAra nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki sAdhaka indriya ke viSayoM arthAt bhogoM meM upasthita, jo rAga aura dveSa haiM, unake vaza meM nahIM ho kyoMki ye donoM hI kalyANa mArga meM vighna karane vAle mahAn zatru haiN| 64 jo mUDhabuddhi puruSa karmendriyoM ko haThAt rokakara indriyoM bhogoM kA mana se cintana karatA rahatA hai, usa puruSa ke rAga-dveSa nivRtta na hone ke kAraNa vaha mithyAcArI yA dambhI kahA jAtA hai| 65 indriyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ko na grahaNa karane vAle puruSa ke kevala viSaya to nivRtta ho jAte haiM, kintu rAga nivRtta nahIM hotaa| jabaki nirvANa lAbha ke lie rAga kA nivRtta honA paramAvazyaka hai| 66 vAstavikatA yaha hai ki nirodha indriya-vyApAroM kA nahIM varan unameM nihita rAga-dveSa kA karanA hotA hai, kyoMki bandhana kA vAstavika kAraNa indriya-vyApAra nahIM, varan rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyA~ haiM / jaina dArzanika kahate haiM indriyoM ke zabdAdi manojJa athavA amanojJa viSaya Asakta vyakti ke lie hI rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa hote haiM, vItarAga ke liye nahIM 167 gItA kahatI hai ki rAga-dveSa se vimukta vyakti indriya-vyApAroM ko karatA huA bhI pavitratA ko hI prApta hotA hai 168 isa prakAra jainadarzana aura gItA indriya-vyApAroM ke nirodha kI bAta nahIM kahate, varan indriyoM ke viSayoM ke prati rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM ke nirodha kI dhAraNA ko prasthApita karate haiM / isI prakAra manonirodha ke sambandha meM kucha bhrAnta dhAraNAe~ banA lI gaI haiM, yahA~ hama usakA bhI yathArtha svarUpa prastuta karane kA prayAsa kreNge| icchAnirodha yA manonigraha bhAratIya AcAra - darzana meM icchA-nirodha evaM vAsanAoM ke nigraha kA svara kAphI mukharita huA hai| AcAradarzana ke adhikAMza vidhi - niSedha icchAoM ke damana se sambandhita haiM, kyoMki icchAe~ tRpti cAhatI haiM aura isa prakAra citta zAnti yA AdhyAtmika samatva kA bhaMga ho jAtA hai| ataH yaha mAnA gayA ki samatva ke naitika Adarza kI upalabdhi ke lie icchAoM kA damana kara diyA jaay| mana icchAoM evaM saMkalpoM kA utpAdaka hai, ataH icchAnirodha kA artha manonigraha hI mAna liyA gyaa| pataMjali ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki cittavRtti kA nirodha hI yoga hai| yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki mana svayaM hI samagra klezoM kA dhAma hai| usameM jo bhI vRttiyA~ uThatI haiM ve sabhI bandhanarUpa haiN| ataH una manovyApAroM kA sarvathA avarodha kara denA yahI nirvikalpaka samAdhi hai, yahI naitika jIvana kA Adarza hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra - darzanoM meM icchAnirodha aura manonigraha ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, "yaha mana usa duSTa aura bhayaMkara azva ke samAna hai jo cAroM

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mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 113 dizAoM meM bhAgatA hai|"69 ataH sAdhaka saMrambha, samArambha aura Arambha meM pravRtta hone vAle isa mana kA nigraha kreN| gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai-- "yaha mana atyanta hI caMcala, vikSobha utpanna karane vAlA aura bar3A balavAna hai, isakA nirodha karanA vAyu ke rokane ke samAna atyanta hI duSkara hai|"|| phira bhI kRSNa kahate haiM ki "nissaMdeha isa mana kA kaThinatA se nigraha hotA hai, phira bhI abhyAsa aura vairAgya ke dvArA isakA nigraha sambhava hai"72 aura isalie he arjuna ! tU mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara isa mana ko mere meM lgaa|3 bauddha grantha dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki "yaha citta atyanta hI caMcala hai, isa para adhikAra kara kyoMki kumArga se isakI rakSA karanA atyanta kaThina hai, isakI vRttiyoM kA kaThinatA se hI nivAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH buddhimAna manuSya ise aise hI sIdhA kara jaise iSukAra (bANa banAne vAlA) bANa ko sIdhA karatA hai|" yaha citta kaThinatA se nigrahita hotA hai, atyanta zIghragAmI aura yatheccha vicaraNa karane vAlA hai isalie isakA damana karanA hI zreyaskara hai, damita kiyA huA citta hI sukhavardhaka hotA hai|4 madhyakAlIna jaina AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM, "A~dhI kI taraha caMcala mana mukti prApta karane ke icchuka evaM tapa karane vAle manuSya ko bhI kahIM kA kahIM le jAkara paTaka detA hai ataH jo manuSya mukti cAhate hoM unheM samagra vizva meM bhaTakane vAle lampaTa mana kA nirodha karanA caahie|"| manonigrahaNa ke uparokta sandarbho ke AdhAra para bhAratIya naitika cintana para yaha AkSepa lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki vaha Adhunika manovijJAna kI kasauTI para kharA nahIM utrtaa| Adhunika manovijJAna icchAoM ke damana evaM manonigraha ko mAnasika samatva kA hetu nahIM mAnatA, varan isake ThIka viparIta use citta vikSobha kA kAraNa mAnatA hai| damana, nigraha, nirodha Aja kI manovaijJAnika dhAraNA meM mAnasika santulana ke bhaMga karane vAle mAne gaye haiN| phrAyaDa ne manovighaTana evaM manovikRtiyoM kA pramukha kAraNa damana aura pratirodha ko hI mAnA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI isa mAnyatA ko jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sakatA ki icchA-nirodha aura manonigrahaNa mAnasika svAsthya ke liye ahitakara haiN| yahI nahIM icchAoM ke damana meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hotI hai ve damita icchAe~ utane hI vega se vikRta rUpa se prakaTa hokara na kevala apanI pUrti kA prayAsa karatI haiM varana vyakti ke vyaktitva ko bhI vikata banA detI haiN| yadi hama isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM to phira naitika jIvana se isa "damana" kI dhAraNA ko hI samApta kara denA hogaa| prazna hotA hai ki kyA bhAratIya nIti nirmAtAoM kI dRSTi se yaha tathya ojhala thA ? lekina bAta aisI nahIM hai jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana ke nirmAtAoM kI dRSTi meM damana ke anaucitya kI dhAraNA atyanta spaSTa thI, jise sapramANa prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi gaharAI se dekheM to gItA spaSTa rUpa se damana yA nigraha ke anaucitya ko svIkAra karatI hai| gItA meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki prANI apanI prakRti ke anusAra hI vyavahAra karate hai ve nigraha kaise kara sakate hai|"/ yogavAsiSTha meM isa bAta ko adhika spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki he rAjarSi ! tInoM loka meM jitane bhI prANI hai svabhAva se hI unakI deha vyAtmaka hai| jaba taka zarIra rahatA hai taba taka zarIradharma svabhAva se hI anivArya hai arthAt prAkRtika vAsanA kA damana yA nirodha nahIM hotaa|77

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114 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 gItA kahatI hai ki yadyapi viSayoM ko grahaNa nahIM karane vAle arthAt indriyoM ko unake viSayoM ke upabhoga karane se roka dene vAle vyaktiyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ke bhoga kA to nigraha ho jAtA hai, lekina unakA rasa (Asakti) banA rahatA hai| arthAt ve mUlataH naSTa nahIM ho pAte aura anukUla paristhitiyoM meM punaH vyutthita ho jAte haiN| "rasavarjaraso'tyasya" kA pada spaSTa rUpa se yaha saMketa karatA hai ki gItA meM naitika vikAsa kA vAstavika mArga nigraha kA nahIM hai| na kevala gItA ke AcAra-darzana meM damana ko anucita mAnA gayA hai varan bauddha aura jaina vicAraNAoM meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai| buddha ke madhyamamArga ke upadeza kA sAra yahI hai ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mArga meM vAsanAoM kA damana itanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai jitanA unase Upara uTha jaanaa| vAsanAoM ke damana kA mArga aura vAsanAoM ke bhoga kA mArga donoM hI buddha kI dRSTi meM sAdhanA ke sacce mArga nahIM hai| tathAgata buddha ne jisa madhyamamArga kA upadeza diyA usakA spaSTa Azaya yahI thA ki sAdhanA meM damana para jo atyadhika bala diyA jA rahA thA use kama kiyA jaay| bauddha sAdhanA kA Adarza to cittazAnti hai jabaki damana to cittakSobha yA mAnasika indra ko hI janma detA hai| bauddhAcArya anaMgavajra kahate haiM ki "citta-kSubdha hone se kabhI bhI mukti nahIM hotI ataH isa taraha baratanA cAhie ki jisase mAnasika kSobha utpanna na ho|"78 damana kI prakriyA cittakSobha kI prakriyA hai, cittazAnti kI nhiiN| bodhicaryAvatAra kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai ki buddha ke dharma meM jahA~ dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cAnA manA hai vahA~ apane ko pIr3A denA bhI anArya karma kahA gayA hai| saugata tantra ne AtmapIr3A ke mArga ko ThIka nahIM smjhaa| kyA damana mAtra se citta-vikSobha sarvathA calA jAtA hogA ? dabAyI huI vRttiyA~ jAgratAvasthA meM na sahI svapnAvasthA meM to avazya hI citta ko matha DAlatI hoNgii|79 jaba taka citta meM bhoga-lipsA hai taba taka cittakSobha kA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha vicAraNA ko damana kA pratyaya abhipreta nahIM hai| damana ke virodha meM uTha khar3I bauddha vicAraNA kI carama pariNati cAhe vAmAcAra ke rUpa meM huI ho, lekina phira bhI usake damana ke virodha ko avAstavika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| cittazAnti ke sAdhanAmArga meM damana kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna nahIM ho sktaa| jahA~ taka jaina vicAraNA kA prazna hai vaha apanI pAribhASika bhASA meM spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki "sAdhanA kA saccA mArga upazamika nahIM varan kSAyika hai|" jaina dRSTikoNa ke anusAra aupazamika mArga vaha mArga- hai jisameM mana kI vRttiyoM, vAsanAoM ko dabAkara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3hA jAtA hai| icchAoM ke nirodha kA mArga hI 'aupazamika mArga hai| jisa prakAra Aga ko rAkha se Dhaka diyA jAtA hai usI prakAra upazama meM karma-saMskAra yA vAsanA-saMskAra ko dabAte hue naitikatA ke mArga para Age bar3hA jAtA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM kaheM to yaha damana (Repression) kA mArga hai| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM vAsanA-saMskAra ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kA mArga damana kA mArga hai lekina yaha manaHzuddhi kA vAstavika mArga nahIM hai, yaha to mAnasika gandagI ko DhakanA mAtra hai, chipAnA mAtra hai| jaina vicArakoM ne guNasthAna prakaraNa meM batAyA hai ki yaha vAsanAoM ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kI avasthA naitika vikAsa meM Age taka nahIM calatI hai| jaina vicAraNA yaha mAnatI hai ki aisA sAdhaka padacyuta ho jAtA hai| jisa damana ko Adhunika manovijJAna meM vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM

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mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 115 bAdhaka mAnA gayA hai, vahI vicAraNA jaina-darzana meM maujUda thii| jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI damana ko vikAsa kA saccA mArga nahIM maanaa| unhoMne kahA, vikAsa kA saccA mArga vAsanA-saMskAra ko dabAnA nahIM hai apitu unakA kSaya karanA hai| vAstava meM damana kA mArga svAbhAvika nahIM hai, vAsanAoM yA icchAoM ke nirodha karane kI apekSA ve kSINa ho jAe~, yahI apekSita hai| prazna hotA hai ki vAsanAoM ke kSaya aura nirodha meM kyA antara hai| nirodha meM citta meM vAsanA uThatI hai aura phira use dabAyA jAtA hai, jabaki kSaya meM vAsanA kA uThanA hI zanaiH-zanaiH kama hokara samApta ho jAtA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi meM damana kI kriyA meM vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id) aura AdarzAtmaka ahaM (Super-ego) meM saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai| lekina kSaya meM yaha saMgharSa nahIM hotA hai| vahA~ to vAsanA uThatI hI nahIM hai| damana yA upazama meM hameM krodha kA bhAva AtA hai aura hama use dabAte haiM yA use abhivyakta hone se rokate haiM, jabaki kSAyika bhAva meM krodhAdi vikAra samApta ho jAte haiN| upazamana (damana) meM mana meM krodha kA bhAva hotA hai, mAtra krodha-bhAva kA pragaTIkaraNa nahIM hotA jise sAdhAraNa bhASA meM gassA pI jAnA kahate haiN| upazama bhI gasse kA pI jAnA hI hai| isameM lokamaryAdA Adi bAhya tattva hI usake nirodha kA kAraNa banate haiN| isalie yaha Atmika vikAsa nahIM hai apitu usakA DhoMga hai, eka Aropita AvaraNa hai| kSAyika bhAva meM krodha utpanna hI nahIM hotA hai| sAdhAraNa bhASA meM hama kahate haiM ki aise sAdhaka ko gussA AtA hI nahIM hai, ataH yahI vikAsa kA saccA mArga hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra yadi koI sAdhaka naitika evaM AdhyAtmika pragati karatA hai to vaha pUrNatA ke apane lakSya ke atyadhika nikaTa pahu~ca kara bhI punaH patita ho jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to upazama mArga kA sAdhaka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ke 14 guNasthAna (sIr3hiyoM) meM se 11veM guNasthAna taka pahu~ca kara vahA~ se aisA gira sakatA hai ki punaH nimnatama avasthA prathama mithyAtva guNasthAna meM A jAtA hai| yaha tathya jaina sAdhanA meM damana kI paramparA kA kyA anaucitya hai ise spaSTa kara detA hai| yahA~ para yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki Agama granthoM meM mana ke nirodha kA upadeza aneka sthAnoM para diyA gayA hai, vahA~ nirodha kA kyA artha hai ? vahA~ para nirodha kA artha damana nahIM lagAnA cAhie anyathA aupazamika aura kSAyika dRSTiyoM kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| ataH vahA~ nirodha kA artha kSAyika dRSTi se hI karanA samucita hai| prazna hotA hai ki kSAyika dRSTi se mana kA zuddhIkaraNa kaise kiyA jAya ? uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mana ke nigraha ke sambandha meM jo sphka prastuta kiyA gayA hai usameM zramaNakezI gautama se pUchate haiM -- Apa eka duSTa bhayAnaka azva para savAra hai, jo bar3I tIvra gati se bhAgatA hai, vaha Apako unmArga kI ora na le jAkara sanmArga para kaise le jAtA hai ? gautama ne isa lAkSaNika carcA ko spaSTa karate hue batAyA hai -- "yaha mana hI sAhasika, duSTa evaM bhayaMkara azva hai, jo cAroM ora bhAgatA hai| maiM usakA jAtivAn azva kI taraha zrutaspI rassiyoM se bA~dhakara samatva evaM dharma-zikSA se nigraha karatA huuN|"

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116 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 isa zloka ke prasaMga meM do zabda mahattvapUrNa haiM -- samme tathA dhmmsikkhaaye| dharma-zikSaNa dvArA mana ko nigraha karane kA artha damana nahIM hai varan unakA udAttIkaraNa hai| dharma-zikSaNa kA artha hai -- mana ko sadpravRttiyoM meM saMlagna kara denA tAki vaha anartha mArga para jAe hI nhiiN| aise hI zruta rUpa rassI se, bA~dhane kA artha hai -- viveka evaM jJAna ke dvArA use ThIka ora calAnA yaha samatva ke artha meM hai| samatva ke dvArA nigrahaNa kA artha bhI damana nahIM hai varan manodazA ko samabhAva se yukta banAnA hai| mana kA samatva damana meM to sambhava hI nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha to saMgharSa kI avasthA hai| jaba taka vAsanAoM aura naitika Adarza kA saMgharSa hai taba taka samatva ho hI nahIM sktaa| jaina-sAdhanA paddhati to samatva (samabhAva) kI sAdhanA hai| vAsanAoM ke damana kA mArga to citta-kSobha utpanna karatA hai, ataH vaha use svIkArya nahIM hai| jaina sAdhanA kA Adarza kSAyika sAdhanA hai jisameM vAsanA-damana nahIM, varan vAsanAzUnyatA hI sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| gItA meM bhI mana ke nigraha kA jo upAya batAyA gayA hai vaha hai, vairAgya aura abhyaas| vairAgya manovRttiyoM athavA vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM hai, apitu bhogoM ke prati eka anAsakta vRtti hai| taTastha vRtti yA udAsIna vRtti damana se bilakula bhinna hai, vaha to bhogoM ke prati rAga-bhAva kI anupasthiti hai| dUsarI ora abhyAsa zabda bhI damana kA samarthaka nahIM hai| yadi gItAkAra ko damana hI iSTa hotA to vaha abhyAsa kI bAta nahIM khtaa| damana meM abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai, kyoMki yadi damana hI karanA ho to phira abhyAsa kisaliye ? abhyAsa hotA hai vilayana, pariSkAra yA udAttIkaraNa ke lie| vastutaH sAdhanA kA lakSya vAsanA yA caitasika AvegoM kA vilayana (samApti) hotA hai na ki unakA dmn| kyoMki jaba taka damana hai taba taka citta-vikSobha hai kintu sAdhanA kA lakSya to samAdhi hai| samAdhi vAsanAoM ke damana se nahIM, apitu unake vilayana se phalita hotI hai| damana meM vAsanA rahatI hai ataH usameM citta-vikSobha bhI rahatA hai| jabaki vilayana meM vAsanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai ataH vaha citta kI zAnta avasthA hai| yahI citta kI zAnta evaM nirvikalpaka avasthA sampUrNa sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM kA lakSya hai| yahI samAdhi hai, vItarAgatA hai| vAsanAkSaya yA manojaya kA samyagmArga cittavRttiyoM yA vAsanAoM kA vilayana (vAsanA-zUnyatA) kaise ho? isa sambandha meM AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM eka samucita mArga prastuta kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki, "mana jina-jina viSayoM meM pravRtta hotA hai, unase use balAt rokanA nahIM cAhie, kyoMki balAt rokane se vaha usa ora adhika daur3ane lagatA hai aura na rokane se zAnta ho jAtA hai| jaise madonmatta hAthI ko rokA jAya to vaha aura adhika prerita hotA hai, agara use nahIM rokA jAve to vaha iSTa-viSaya prApta karake zAnta ho jAtA hai| yahI sthiti mana kI hai|" sAdhaka apane viSayoM ko grahaNa karate hue indriyoM ko na to roke aura na pravRtta kareM, apitu itanA sajaga (apramatta) rahe ki unake kAraNa mana meM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ utpanna na hoN| vaha kiMcit bhI saMkalpa-vikalpa nahIM kare, kyoMki citta saMkalpoM se vyAkula hotA hai| sabhI citta vikSobha saMkalpajanya hai| ataH saMkalpayukta citta meM sthiratA nahIM A sakatI hai|81 vastutaH yahA~ AcArya kA mantavya yaha hai

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ki citta ko zAnta karane ke liye use saMkalpa - vikalpa se mukta karanA hogA aura isa hetu jJAtA- draSTA yA sAkSI banAnA hogaa| jaba citta yA mana draSTA, sAkSI aura apramatta hogAto svAbhAvika rUpa se vaha vAsanAoM evaM vikSobhoM se mukta ho jaaegaa| citta - vikSobha kevala pramattadazA meM raha sakatA hai, apramattadazA meM nahIM / yaha bAta Adhunika manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI satya hai| jaba mana svayaM apanI vRttiyoM kA draSTA banegA to vaha unakA kartA nahIM raha jAegA, kyoMki eka hI mana eka hI samaya meM draSTA aura kartA donoM nahIM ho sktaa| jisa samaya vaha draSTA-bhAva meM hogA usI samaya usameM kartAbhAva nahIM raha sktaa| udAharaNa ke lie jaba hama krodha karate haiM, usa samaya apanI krodha kI avasthA ko jAnate nahIM haiM aura jaba apanI krodha kI avasthA ko jAnane kA prayAsa karate haiM to krodha zAnta hone lagatA hai| manovijJAna kA yaha niyama hai ki jaba viveka jAgrata hogA to vAsanA kSINa hogI aura jaba vAsanA jAgrata hogI to viveka kSINa hogaa| ataH sAdhanA meM AvazyakatA hotI hai viveka ko jAgrata banAye rakhane kI / vAsanA -kSaya kA samyak mArga vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM, apitu viveka ko jAgrata karanA hai / sAdhaka ko apanI zakti vAsanAoM se saMgharSa karane meM nahIM apitu viveka ko jAgrata karane meM lagAnI caahie| vastutaH mana meM jaba viveka kA prakAza hotA hai to vAsanA usameM praveza nahIM kara paatii| jaise jaba ghara kA mAlika jAgatA hai to cora ghara meM praveza nahIM krtaa| jaba mana apramatta yA jAgrata rahatA hai to vAsanAe~ svayaM vilupta ho jAtI haiM / mana kI vibhinna avasthAyeM vAsanA se viveka kI ora, pramattatA se apramattatA kI ora mana kI yaha yAtrA aneka sopAnoM se hotI hai| jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparA meM isa sambandha meM samAnAntara rUpa se ina sopAnoM kA ullekha milatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM mana kI cAra avasthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai - ---- mana zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 117 1. vikSipta mana yaha mana kI viSayAsakta aura saMkalpa-vikalpayukta vikSubdha avasthA hai| ise pramattatA kI avasthA bhI kaha sakate haiN| -- -- 2. yAtAyAta mana mana isa avasthA meM kabhI bahirmukhI ho viSaya kI ora daur3atA hai to kabhI antarmukhI ho draSTA yA sAkSI banane kA prayAsa karatA hai / sAdhanA kI prArambhika sthiti meM mana kI yaha avasthA rahatI hai| yaha 'pramattApramattaM' avasthA hai / -- 3. zliSTa mana yaha citta kI apramatta avasthA hai| yahA~ citta nirviSaya to nahIM hotA kintu usake viSaya zubha-bhAva hote haiN| yaha azubha manobhAvoM kI vilaya kI avasthA hai, ataH ise Anandamaya avasthA bhI kahA gayA hai| -- -- 4. sulIna mana yahA~ cittavRttiyoM kA pUrNa vilayana ho jAtA hai aura citta zubha - azubha donoM se Upara uTha jAtA hai| yaha usakI zuddha jJAtA - draSTA avasthA hai ise paramAnanda yA samAdhi kI avasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai 1

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118 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 jaina paramparA ke anurUpa bauddha aura hindU paramparAoM meM bhI manobhUmiyoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai| bauddha darzana meM jaina-darzana ke samAna hI citta kI 1. kAmAvacara, 2 rUpAvacara, 3. arUpAvacara aura 4. lokottara ina cAra avasthAoM kA ullekha hai jo ki kramazaH vikSipta, yAtAyAta, zliSTa aura sulIna ke samatulya haiN| yoga-darzana meM mana kI nimna pA~ca avasthAoM ullekha hai 1. kSipta, 2. mUr3ha, 3. vikSipta, 4. ekAgra aura 5. niruddha / isameM bhI yadi hama kSipta aura mUr3ha citta ko eka hI varga meM rakheM, to tulanAtmaka dRSTi se yahA~ bhI jaina-darzana se samAnatA hI parilakSita hotI hai| jise nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai jaina-darzana bauddha-darzana yoga-darzana -- vikSipta yAtAyAta zliSTa sulIna 1. 2. kAmAvacara rUpAvacara arUpAvacara lokottara jaina-darzana kA vikSipta mana, bauddha darzana kA kAmAvacara citta aura yoga-darzana ke kSipta evaM mUr3ha cittasamAnArthaka haiM, kyoMki sabhI ke anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM vAsanAoM kI bahulatA tathA vikalatA rahatI hai| isI prakAra yAtAyAta mana, rUpAvacara citta aura vikSipta citta bhI samAnArthaka hI haiM kyoMki sabhI ne ise citta kI alpakAlika, prayAsasAdhya sthiratA kI avasthA mAnA hai / yahA~ vAsanAoM kA vega tathA citta vikSobha to banA rahatA hai kintu usameM kucha mandatA avazya A jAtI hai| tIsare stara para jaina-darzana kA zliSTa mana, bauddha-darzana kA arUpAvacara citta aura yoga-darzana kA ekAgracitta bhI samakakSa hai kyoMki ise sabhI ne mana kI sthiratA aura apramattatA kI avasthA mAnA hai / citta kI antima avasthA, jise jaina-darzana meM sulIna mana, bauddha darzana meM lokottara citta aura yoga-darzana meM niruddha citta kahA gayA hai, svarUpa kI dRSTi se samAna hI hai kyoMki isameM sabhI ne vAsanA-saMskAra evaM saMkalpa - vikalpa pUrNa hai 1 -- vastutaH sabhI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA carama lakSya mana kI usa vAsanA - zUnya, nirvikAra, nirvicAra evaM apramatta dazA ko prApta karanA hai, jise sabhI ne samAdhi ke sAmAnya nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| sAdhanA hai. vAsanA se viveka kI ora, pramattatA se apramattA kI ora tathA citta - kSobha se citta-zAnti kI ora pragati / mana kA yaha svarUpa vizleSaNa hameM isa dizA meM nirdezita kara sakatA hai kintu prayAsa to svayaM hI karane hoNge| sAdhanA kevala sva-prayAsoM se hI phalavatI hotI hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 29/56 yogazAstra (hemacandra ), 4 / 38 kSipta evaM mUr3ha vikSipta ekAgra niruddha sandarbha

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mana -- zakti, svarupa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 119 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. dhammapada yamaka varga 1 dhammapada yamaka varga 2 dhammapada cittavarga 43 dhamampada cittavarga 37 cittaM vartate cittaM, cittameva vimucyte| cittaMhi jAyate nAnyaccittameva nirudhyte|| - laMkAvatArasUtra 145 brahmabindu upaniSad - 2 gItA - 3/40 gItA - 6/27 gItA, 3/40 gItA, 3/40 dekhiye -- darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR0 140 tathA bhAga 2, pR0 311 manazcaiva jaDaM manya -- yogavAsiSTha, nirvANa prakaraNa, sarga 78/21 bhUmirApojhalo vAyuH khaM mano buddhireva c| ahaMkAra itIyaM me bhinnA prkRtirssttdhaa|| - gItA 7/4 manaH dvividhaH -- dravyamanaH bhAvamanaH c| rAdhAkRSNana -- bhAratIya darzana bhAga 1 -- jainadarzana The Jaina's have given a modified parallelism with reference to psychic activity as determined by the Karmic matter -- They presented a sort of psycho-physical parallelism concerning individual mind & bodies yet they were not unaware of interaction between the mental and bodily activity -- Jaina's do not speak merely interms of pre-established harmony their theory transcends parallelism and postulates a more intimate connection between body and mind their motion of the structure of the mind and functional aspects of the mind shows that they were aware of the significance of interaction. Jaina theory was an attempt at the integration of metaphysical dichotomy of Jiva and Ajiva and the establishment of the interaction of individual mind and body. - Some Problems of Jain Psychology, Page 29. vizada tulanAtmaka vivecanA ke liye dekhiye -- darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR0 134-135 19.

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120 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 20. 22222 21. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. vizada vivecanA ke lie dekhie anuvAda) gItA, 15/9 sadde-rUve ya gandhe ya, rase - phAse taheva ya / paMcavi kAmaguNa, niccaso parivajjae / / uttarAdhyayana, 16/10 jANato pasto IhApuvvaM Na hoI kevaliNo / vANI tamhA te so'bandhago bhaNido / / pariNAma puvvavayaNaM jIvassa ya baMdhakaraNaM hoI / pariNAmarahiya vayaNaM tamhA NANIssa Nahi bandho / / hApuvvaM vayaNaM jIvassa ya baMdhakAraNaM hoI / IhArahiyaM vasaNaM tamhA NANIssa Na hi bandho / / ThANaNisejjavihArA IhApuvvaM Na hoI kevaliNo / mhANa hoI bandho sAkaTTaM mohasaNIyassa / / -- - niyamasAra, 171, 172, 173, 174 TippaNI IhA zabda vimarzAtmaka saMkalpa kI apekSA adhika nikaTa hai| - ---- gaNadharavAda vAyubhUti se carcA AcArAMga abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 2, pR0 575 parAMci khAni vyatRNatsvayaMbhU stasmAtparADpazyati nAntarAtman kaTha0 2/1/1 savve suhasAyA dukkhapaDikUlA indriya manonukUlAyAmpravRtto lAbhasyArthasyAbhilASAtireke vahI, pR0 575 rAgassaheu samaNunnamAhu dosassaMheuM amaNunnamAhu tulanA kIjiye : rAga kI utpatti ke do hetu haiM 2. anucita vicAra / dveSa kI utpatti ke do hetu 2. anucita vicAra / vizuddhimaggo, bhAga 2, pR0 103-128 (hindI -- -- -- uttarA0 32/23 1. zubha (anukUla ) karake dekhanA, -- 1. pratikUla karake dekhanA tathA - - aMguttara nikAya, dUsarA nipAta 11/6-7 tao se jAyaMti paoyaNAiM nimajjiuM mohamahaNNavammi / susiNo dukkhaviNoyaNaTThA tappaccayaM ujjamae ya rAgI / / kohaM ca mANaM ca tava mAyaM lohaM dugacchaM araiM raDaM ca / hA bhayaM yoga pumitthaveyaM napuMsaveyaM vivihe ya bhAve / / AvajjaI eyamaNegasve evaMvihe kAmaguNesu satto / anne ya eyappabhave visese kAruNNadINe hirimaM vaisse / / * vimarzarahita "vAsanA" ke uttarAdhyayana, 32 / 105, 102, 103

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mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 121 31. 35. 40. 41. dhyAyato viSayAna puMsaH : sNgstessuupjaayte| saMgAtsaMjAyate kAmaH kaamaatkrodho'bhijaayte|| krodhAd bhavati saMmoha: saMmohAtsmRtivibhramaH / smRtibhraMzAd buddhinAzo buddhinaashaatprnnshyti|| -- gItA, 2/62-63 rAgo yA dosA vi ya kammabIyaM kammaM ca mohappabhavaM vyNti| kammaM ca jAimaraNassa mUlaM dukkhaM ca jAI maraNaM vyNti|| -- uttarAdhyayana, 3216 icchA-deSa-samutthena dvandamohena bhArata ! sarvabhUtAni sammohaM sarge yAnti parantapa ! / / -- gItA, 7/27 saMyuttanikAya, nandana varga, pR0 12 vinendriyajayaM naiva kaSAyAn jetumIzvaraH / -- yogazAstra, 4/24 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/23 vahI, 32/24 vahI, 32/27 vahI, 32/28 vahI, 32/32 vahI, 32/36 vahI, 32/37 vahI, 32/40 vahI, 32/41 vahI, 32/43 vahI, 32/49 vahI, 32/50 vahI, 32/53 vahI, 32/54 vahI, 32/62 vahI, 32/63 vahI, 32/71 vahI, 32/72 vahI, 32/75 vahI, 32/76 vahI, 32/79 vahI, 32/80 vahI, 32/84 yogazAstra (hemacandra) prakAza 4 gItA, 2/60-67, 3/41 44. 45. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 55. 56. 58. 59. 60.

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122 : zramaNa/ apraila-jUna/1995 dhammapada, 1/7-8 62. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/100 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/101 64. gItA, 3/34 gItA, 3/6 66. gItA, 2/59 67. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/109 68. gItA, 2/64 69. maNo sAhasio bhImo duTThaso pridhaavii| -- uttarAdhyayana 23/58 70. rambha samArambhe Arambhe ya taheva y| maNaM pavattamANaM tu niyattijja jayaM jii|| -- uttarAdhyayana 24/11 71. gItA, 6/34 72. gItA, 6/35 73. manaHsaMyamya maccitto yukta AsIta matparaH / -- gItA 6/14 74. dhammapada, cittavarga, 33-35 | yogazAstra (hemacandra), 36-39 76. prakRti yAnti bhUtAni nigrahaH kiM krissyti| -- gItA 3/33 sarvAsyA evaM rAjarSi ! bhuutjaatairjgttrye| devAdevArapi dehoyaM vyAtmaiva svabhAvataH / ajJamastvatha tajjJa vA yAvatsvAntaM zarIrakarma / / -- yogavAsiSTha 105/109 tathA tathA pravarteta yathA na kSubhyate manaH / saMkSubdhe cittaratne tu siddhi:va kdaacn|| prajJopAyavinizcaya, 5/40 ( uddhRta bodhicaryAvatAra, bhUmikA ), pR0 20 79. bodhicaryAvatAra, bhUmikA, pR0 20 80. vizeSa jAnakArI ke liye dekhiye -- guNasthAnArohaNa / 81. yogazAstra 12/33-36 75. 77.

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jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA - pro0 sAgaramala jaina pAzcAtya AcAra darzana meM yaha prazna sadaiva vivAdAspada rahA hai ki naitikatA sApekSa hai yA nirapekSa / naitikatA ko nirapekSa mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM pramukha rUpa se jarmana dArzanika kAMTa kA nAma AtA hai| kAMTa kA kathana hai ki " kevala usa siddhAnta ke anusAra AcaraNa karo jise tuma usI samaya eka sArvabhauma niyama banAne kA bhI saMkalpa kara sko|"1 kAMTa yaha mAnate haiM "naitika niyama nirapekSa Adeza haiM arthAt naitika niyama aise niyama haiM jo deza-kAla athavA vyakti ke AdhAra para parivartita nahIM hote / yadi satya bolanA naitikatA hai to phira kisI bhI sthiti meM asatya bolanA naitika nahIM ho sktaa| hameM pratyeka paristhiti meM satya hI bolanA caahie|" kAMTa kI mAnyatA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue hama kaha sakate haiM, jo AcaraNa naitika hai vaha sadaiva naitika rahegA aura jo anaitika hai vaha sadaiva anaitika rahegA / dezakAlagata athavA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se ve prabhAvita nahIM hote haiM arthAt AcAra ke jo karma naitika haiM ve sadaiva pratyeka paristhiti meM naitika karma raheMge aura AcAra ke jo karma anaitika haiM ve sadaiva pratyeka paristhiti meM anaitika karma rheNge| isa prakAra jo vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitikatA nirapavAda evaM dezakAla aura vyaktigata tathyoM se nirapekSa hai use nirapekSa naitikatA kI vicAraNA kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta naitika darzana kI jo vicAraNAe~ naitika karmoM evaM AcaraNoM ko apavAda yukta evaM deza, kAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla mAnatI haiM, naitikatA kI sApekSavAdI vicAraNAe~ kahI jAtI hai| naitikatA kI sApekSavAdI vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki eka hI karma eka avasthA meM naitika ho sakatA hai aura vahI karma dUsarI avasthA meM anaitika ho sakatA hai / hAbsa, mila tathA sijavika prabhRti sukhavAdI vicAraka isI dRSTikoNa ko apanAte hai| naitika karmoM ke apavAda ke prazna ko lekara inakA kAMTa se virodha hai| ye vicAraka naitika jagata meM apavAda ko svIkAra karate haiN| haoNbsa likhate haiM ki "akAla ke samaya jaba anAja kraya karane para bhI na mile, na dAna meM hI prApta ho taba kSudhAtRpti ke liye koI caurya karma kA AcaraNa kare to usakA vaha anaitika karma kSamya hI mAnA jaaegaa| " 2 mila ise adhika spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM, ki "aise samaya meM corI karake jIvana kI rakSA karanA kevala kSamya karma hI nahIM hai| apitu manuSya kA kartavya hai| "3 isI prakAra sijavika bhI naitika jIvana ke kSetra meM apavAda ko sthAna dete haiM, ve likhate haiM " yadyapi yaha kahA gayA hai ki saba logoM ko saca bolanA cAhie tathApi hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki jina rAjanItijJoM ko apanI kAryavAhI gupta rakhanI par3atI hai ve dUsare vyaktiyoM ke sAtha hamezA saca hI bolA kreN|" phalavAdI naitika vicAraka jAna DIvI likhate haiM "vAstava meM aise sthAna aura samaya arthAt aise sApekSa sambandha ho sakate haiM jinameM

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124: zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 sAmAnya kSudhAoM kI pUrti bhI, jinheM sAdhAraNataH bhaitika aura aindrika kahA jAtA hai, Adarza hoM / "4 ina sabhI ke viparIta kAMTa naitika niyamoM meM kisI bhI apavAda ko sthAna nahIM dete haiN| unake bAre meM yaha ghaTanA prasiddha hai ki eka bAra kAMTa ke lie kisI jahAja se phaloM kA pArsala A rahA thaa| rAste meM jahAja vipatti meM pha~sa gayA aura yAtrI bhUkhoM marane lge| aisI sthiti meM kAMTa kA phaloM kA pArsala bhI khola liyA gyaa| jaba kAMTa ke pAsa khulA huA pArsala pahu~cA, to kAMTa ne pArsala kA kholA jAnA sarvathA anaitika tthhraayaa| kAMTa batAte haiM ki naitika kabhI anaitika nahIM banatA aura anaitika kabhI naitika nahIM bntaa| deza aura paristhitiyA~ anaitika ko naitika nahIM banA sktiiN| dUsare spensara Adi kucha anya vikAsavAdI vicAraka evaM samAjazAstrIya vicAraka bhI naitika karmoM kI naitikatA ko sApekSa mAnate haiM / spensara yadyapi naitikatA ko tathya svIkAra karate haiM phira bhI ve usase santuSTa nahIM hote haiM aura nirapekSa nIti kI kalpanA kara DAlate haiN| pazcima kI taraha bhArata meM bhI naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa pakSoM para kAphI vicAraNAe~ huI haiN| naitika karmoM kI apavAdAtmakatA aura nirApavAditA kI carcA ke svara smRti- granthoM aura paurANika sAhitya meM kAphI joroM se sunAI dete haiN| 5 jahA~ taka jainavicAra meM naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa kI mAnyatA kA prazna hai use ekAMtika rUpa se na to sApekSa kahA jA sakatA hai, na nirapekSa / yadi use sApekSa kahane kA Agraha hI rakhA jAye to vaha isIliye sApekSa hai kyoMki vaha nirapekSa bhI hai / " nirapekSa ke abhAva meM sApekSa bhI saccA sApekSa nahIM hai| vaha nirapekSa isaliye hai kyoMki vaha sApekSatA se Upara bhI hai| Aiye jarA isa prazna para gaharA vicAra kareM ki jaina naitikatA kisa artha meM sApekSa hai aura kisa artha meM nirapekSa hai| jaina naitikatA kA sApekSa jaina tattvajJAna jisa anekAMtavAda ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake calatA hai usake anusAra sArA jJAna sApekSa hI hogA cAhe vaha kitanA hI vistRta kyoM nahIM ho / yadi hama apUrNa haiM to vastu ke ananta pakSoM ko nahIM jAna sakate, ataH jo kucha bhI jAneMge vaha apUrNa hogA, sApekSa hogA / yadi jJAna hI sApekSa rUpa meM hogA to hamAre naitika nirNaya jinheM hama prApta jJAna ke AdhAra para karate haiM, sApekSa hI hoMge isa prakAra anekAntavAda kI dhAraNA se naitika nirNayoM kI sApekSatA hotI hai| gItA bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki " kiM kartavya" kA nizcaya kara pAnA athavA karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirapekSa rUpa se nizcaya kara pAnA atyanta kaThina hai| 7 1 AcaraNa ke jina tathyoM ko hama zubha yA azubha athavA puNya yA pApa ke nAma se sambodhita karate haiM, unake sandarbha meM sAdhAraNa vyakti dvArA die gae yaha nirNaya sApekSika hI ho sakate haiN| hamAre nirNayoM ke dene se kama se kama karttA ke prayojana evaM karma ke pariNAma ke pakSa to upasthita hote hI hai| dUsare vyakti ke AcAra ke bAre meM lie jAne vAle nirNayoM meM hama prayojana sApekSa hote haiM / koI bhI vyakti pUrNatayA na to yaha jAna sakatA hai ki kartA kA prayojana kyA thA, na svayaM ke karmoM kA dUsaroM para kyA pariNAma huA, isakA pUrA jJAna rakha sakatA hai|

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jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 125 ataH jana-sAdhAraNa ke naitika nirNaya hamezA sApekSa ho sakate haiN| dUsarI ora hameM jisa jagat meM naitika AcaraNa karanA hai vaha sArA jagat hI ApekSikatAoM se yukta hai kyoMki usakI pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai| ataH isa sApekSikatA ke jagata meM naitika AcaraNa bhI nirapekSa nahIM ho sktaa| sabhI karma deza-kAla athavA vyakti se sambandhita hote haiM aura isalie ve nirapekSa nahIM ho skte| bAhya jAgatika paristhitiyA~ aura karma ke pIche rahA huA vaiyaktika abhiprayojana (Intention) bhI AcaraNa ko naitika vicAraNA kI dRSTi se sApekSa banA dete haiN| jainadarzana dArzanika dRSTi se vastu kI ananta dharmAtmakatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke zabdoM meM AdIpavyoma sabhI vastue~ syAdrAda kI mudrA se aMkita hai arthAt sabhI jAgatika tathya aneka guNa-dharmoM se yukta hai| naitika karma bhI eka jAgatika tathya hai vaha bhI aneka pakSoM se yukta hai| ataH usa para kisI nirapekSa athavA ekAntika daSTikoNa se vicAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| usake deza-kAlagata aneka pakSoM kI binA samIkSA kiye unheM naitika athavA anaitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| koI bhI karma dezakAla bhAva Adi tathyoM se bhinna ekAnta rUpa meM na to naitika kahA jA sakatA hai aura na anaitik| pAzcAtya dArzanika breDale isI vicAra ke samarthaka haiN| ve likhate haiM "pratyeka karma ke aneka pakSa hote haiM, vaha aneka rUpoM se sambandhita hotA hai, usa para vicAra karane ke aneka dRSTikoNa hote haiM aura vaha aneka guNoM se yukta hotA hai, sadaiva aneka aise siddhAnta ho sakate haiM jinake antargata usa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isalie use (ekAnta rUpa meM ) naitika athavA anaitika mAnane meM kucha kama kaThinAI nahIM hotii| eka karma eka dazA meM naitika ho sakatA hai aura dUsarI dazA meM anaitika ho sakatA hai, vahI karma eka vyakti ke lie naitika ho sakatA hai dUsare vyakti ke lie anaitika ho sakatA hai| jaina vicAraNA karmoM kI naitika dRSTi se isa sApekSatA ko svIkAra karatI hai| prAcInatama jaina Agama AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki "jo Asrava yA bandha ke kAraNa haiM ve sabhI mokSa ke hetu ho jAte haiM aura jo mokSa ke hetu haiM ve sabhI bandha ke hetu ho jAte haiN|"8 isa prakAra koI bhI anaitika karma vizeSa sthiti meM naitika bana jAtA hai aura koI bhI naitika karma vizeSa sthiti meM anaitika bana sakatA hai| vastutaH AcaraNa yA kriyA apane Apa meM na to naitika hotI hai aura na anaitika varan paristhitiyA~ evaM vyakti kA prayojana use naitika athavA anaitika banA detA hai|10 dAna denA naitika karma hai lekina kupAtra ko yaza prApti ke nimitta diyA huA dAna anaitika ho jAtA hai| ataH AcaraNa kI zubhatA athavA azubhatA kA nizcaya nirapekSa rUpa se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM "tribhuvanodara vivaravartI samasta asaMkhyeya bhAva apane Apa meM na to mokSa ke kAraNa haiM aura na saMsAra ke kAraNa haiN| sAdhaka kI apanI antaH sthiti hI unheM acche yA bure kA rUpa de detI hai|" lekina na kevala sAdhaka kI manaHsthiti jise jaina zabdAvalI meM bhAva kahate haiM AcaraNa ke tathyoM kA mUlyAMkana karatI hai varan usake sAtha-sAtha jaina vicArakoM ne dravya, kSetra aura kAla ko bhI karmoM kI naitikatA aura anaitikatA kA nirdhAraka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya AtmArAmajI mahArAja apanI AcArAMgasUtra kI vyAkhyA meM likhate haiM bandha aura nirjarA (naitikatA aura anaitikatA) meM bhAvoM kI pramukhatA hai parantu bhAvoM ke sAtha sthAna aura kriyA kA

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126 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 bhI mUlya hai|11 AcArya haribhadra ke aSTaka prakaraNa kI TIkA meM AcArya jinezvara ne carakasaMhitA kA eka zloka12 uddhRta kiyA hai jisakA artha hai ki dezakAla aura rogAdi ke kAraNa mAnavajIvana meM kabhI-kabhI aisI avasthA bhI A jAtI hai jaba akArya kArya bana jAtA hai aura kArya akArya bana jAtA hai| jo vidhAna hai, vaha niSedha kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai aura jo niSedha hai vaha vidhAna kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina naitikatA meM cAra ApekSikatAe~ naitika mUlyoM ke nirdhAraNa meM bhAga letI haiN| AcaraNa ke tathya inhIM cAra bAtoM ke AdhAra para naitika aura anaitika nahIM hote varana vastusthiti, sthAna, samaya aura kartA ke manobhAva yaha cAroM milakara use naitika athavA anaitika banA dete haiN| saMkSepa meM ekAnta rUpa se na to koI AcaraNa, karma yA kriyA naitika hai aura na anaitika varan dezakAlagata bAhya paristhitiyA~ aura dravya tathA bhAvagata Antarika paristhitiyA~ unheM vaisA banA detI hai| isa prakAra jaina naitikatA vyakti ke kartavyoM ke sambandha meM anekAMtavAdI yA sApekSika dRSTikoNa apanAtI hai| vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki jo dAnAdi eka gRhastha ke naitika kartavya haiM ve hI eka muni yA saMnyAsI ke lie akartavya hote haiN| kartavyAkartavya mImAMsA meM jaina vicAraNA kisI bhI ekAMtika dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| samadarzI AcArya haribhadra likhate haiM ki tIrthaMkaroM ne na kisI bAta ke lie ekAnta vidhAna kiyA hai aura na kisI bAta ke lie ekAnta niSedha hI kiyA hai| tIrthaMkara kA eka hI Adeza hai, eka hI AjJA hai ki jo kucha bhI kArya tuma kara rahe ho use satyabhUta hokara karo, use pUrI vaphAdArI ke sAtha karate rho|13 AcArya umAsvAti kA kathana hai naitika-anaitika, vidhi (kartavya ) niSedha (akartavya ) athavA AcaraNIya yA anAcaraNIya ekAnta rUpa se niyata nahIM hai| dezakAla, vyakti, avasthA, upaghAta aura vizuddha manaHsthiti ke AdhAra para asamAcaraNIya samAcaraNIya aura samAcaraNIya asamAcaraNIya bana jAtA hai| vartamAna yuga ke prasiddha jaina vicAraka upAdhyAya amaramunijI ne jaina naitikatA ke sApekSika dRSTikoNa ko bar3e sundara rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM "kucha vicAraka jIvana meM utsarga (naitikatA kI nirapekSa yA nirapavAda sthati) ko pakaDakara calanA cAhate haiM aura jIvana meM apavAda kA sarvathA apalApa karate haiM, unakI dRSTi meM apavAda dharma nahIM apitu eka mahattara pApa (anaitikatA) hai-- dUsarI ora kucha sAdhaka ve haiM jo utsarga ko bhUlakara kevala apavAda kA sahArA lekara hI calanA cAhate haiM -- ye donoM vicAra ekAMgI hone se upAdeya kI koTi meM nahIM A skte| jainadharma kI sAdhanA ekAnta kI nahIM, apitu anekAnta kI sundara aura svastha sAdhanA hai|"15 anyatra ve punaH likhate haiM -- "usake (jaina darzana ke) darzana kakSa meM mokSa ke hetuoM kI koI ba~dhI-ba~dhAI niyata sparekhA nahIM hai, iyattA nahIM hai|"16 pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale bhI kartavyAkartavya mImAMsA karate hue spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karate haiM ki naitikatA sApekSa hotI hai| ve likhate haiM ki "merA sthAna aura usake kartavya kA siddhAnta svIkAra karatA hai ki yadi naitika tathya sApekSa nahIM hai to koI bhI naitikatA nahIM hogii| aisI naitikatA jo sApekSa nahIM hai, vyartha hai|"17 jaina naitikatA kA nirapekSa pakSa hamane jainadarzana meM naitikatA ke sApekSa pakSa para vicAra kiyA lekina isakA artha yaha

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jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 127 nahIM ki jainadarzana meM naitikatA kA kevala sApekSa pakSa hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina vicAraka kahate haiM ki naitikatA kA eka dUsarA pahalU bhI hai jise hama nirapekSa kaha sakate haiN| jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA udghoSa thA ki ahiMsA zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai| yadi dharma meM koI nirapekSa evaM zAzvata tattva nahIM hai to phira dharma kI nityatA aura zAzvatatA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| jaina naitikatA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhUta, vartamAna, bhaviSya ke sabhI dharma pravartakoM (tIrthakaroM) kI dharma prajJapti eka hI hotI hai lekina isake sAtha-sAtha vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki sabhI tIrthakaroM kI dharma prajJapti eka hone para bhI tIrthaMkara ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM vibhinnatA ho sakatI hai, jaisI mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM thii|19 jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitika AcaraNa ke antara aura bAhya aise do pakSa hote haiM jinheM jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM dravya aura bhAva kahA jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa kA yaha bAhya pakSa deza evaM kAlagata parivartanoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla hotA hai, sApekSa hotA hai| jabaki AcaraNa kA Antara pakSa sadaiva-sadaiva eka rUpa hotA hai, aparivartanazIla hotA hai dUsare zabdoM meM nirapekSa hotA hai| vaicArika yA bhAvahiMsA sadaiva-sadaiva anaitika hotI hai, kabhI bhI dharma mArga athavA naitika jIvana kA niyama nahIM kahalA sakatI, lekina dravyahiMsA yA bAhyarUpa meM parilakSita hone vAlI hiMsA sadaiva hI anaitika athavA anAcaraNIya hI ho aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Antara parigraha arthAt tRSNA yA Asakti sadaiva hI anaitika hai lekina devya parigraha sadaiva hI anaitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMkSepa meM jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya rUpoM meM naitikatA sApekSa ho sakatI hai aura hotI hai lekina AcaraNa ke Antara rUpoM yA bhAvoM yA saMkalpoM ke rUpa meM vaha sadaiva nirapekSa hI hai| sambhava hai ki bAhya spa meM azubha dikhane vAlA koI karma apane antara meM nihita kisI sadAzayatA ke kAraNa zubha ho jAye lekina antara kA azubha saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sktaa| jaina dRSTi meM naitikatA apane hetu yA saMkalpa kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hotI hai| lekina pariNAma athavA bAhya AcaraNa kI dRSTi se sApekSa hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM naitika saMkalpa nirapekSa hotA hai lekina naitika karma sApekSa hotA hai| isI kathana ko jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahAra naya (vyavahAra dRSTi) se naitikatA sApekSa hai yA vyAvahArika naitikatA sApekSa hai| lekina nizcaya naya (pAramArthika dRSTi) se naitikatA nirapekSa hai yA nizcaya naitikatA nirapekSa hai| jaina dRSTi meM vyAvahArika naitikatA vaha hai jo karma ke pariNAma yA phala para dRSTi rakhatI hai jabaki nizcaya naitikatA vaha hai jo kartA ke prayojana yA saMkalpa para dRSTi rakhatI hai| yuddha kA saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sakatA lekina yuddha kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika ho yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| AtmahatyA kA saMkalpa sadaiva hI anaitika hotA hai lekina AtmahatyA kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika ho yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai varan kabhI-kabhI to vaha naitika hI ho jAtA hai|20 naitikatA ke kSetra meM jaba eka bAra vyakti ke saMkalpa svAtantrya ko svIkAra kara lete

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128 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 hai to phira hameM yaha kahane kA adhikAra hI nahIM raha jAtA hai ki hamArA saMkalpa sApekSa hai| yadi saMkalpasApekSa nahIM hai to usake sandarbha meM naitikatA ko bhI sApekSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina vicAraNA saMkalpa yA vicAroM kI dRSTi se naitikatA ko sApekSa nahIM mAnatI hai| usake anusAra zubha adhyavasAya yA saMkalpa sadaiva zubha hai, naitika hai aura kabhI bhI anaitika nahIM hotA hai| lekina nirapekSa naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko vyAvahArika AcaraNa ke kSetra para pUrI taraha lAgU nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vyavahAra sadaiva sApekSa hotA hai| DaoN0 Izvaracandra zarmA likhate haiM ki "yadi koI niyama AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama bana sakatA hai to vaha bAhyAtmaka nahIM hokara antarAtmaka hI honA cAhie / AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama vahI niyama ho sakatA hai jo ki manuSya ke anta meM upasthita ho / yadi vaha niyama bAhyAtmaka ho to vaha sApekSa hI siddha hogA kyoMki usake pAlana karane ke lie manuSya ko bAharI paristhitiyoM para nirbhara rahanA pdd'egaa|"21 jaina naitika vicAraNA meM naitikatA ko nirapekSa to mAnA gayA lekina kevala saMkalpa ke kSetra tk| jaina-darzana "mAnasa karma" ke kSetra meM naitikatA ko vizuddha rUpa meM nirapekSa svIkAra karatA hai| lekina jahA~ kAyika yA vAcika karmoM ke bAhya AcaraNa kA kSetra AtA hai, vaha use sApekSa svIkAra karatI hai| vastutaH vicAraNA kA kSetra, mAnasa kA kSetra, AtmA kA apanA kSetra hai vahA~ vahI sarvocca zAsaka hai / ataH vahA~ to naitikatA ko nirapekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai lekina AcaraNa ke kSetra meM cetana tattva eka mAtra zAsaka nahIM, vahA~ to anya paristhitiyA~ bhI zAsana karatI haiM, ataH usa kSetra meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko nirapekSa nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| jaina vicAraNA ke itihAsa meM bhI eka prasaMga aisA AyA hai jaba AcArya bhikSu jaise kucha jaina vicArakoM ne naitikatA ke bAhyAtmaka niyamoM ko bhI nirapekSa rUpa meM hI svIkAra karane kI koziza kI / vastutaH jo naitika vicAraNAe~ mAtra sApekSika dRSTi ko hI svIkAra karatI haiN| ve naitika jIvana ke AcaraNa meM usa yathArthatA (actuality) kI bhUmikA ko mahattva detI haiM, jisameM sAdhaka vyakti khar3A huA hai| lekina ve usa yathArthatA se Upara sthita Adarza kA samucita mUlyAMkana karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtI hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ve "jo hai" usa para to dhyAna detI hai lekina "jo honA cAhie" isa para unakI dRSTi nahIM pahu~catI / unakI dRSTi yathArtha yA vAstavikatA para hotI hai, Adarza para nhiiN| naitikatA kI ekAntika sApekSavAdI mAnyatA meM naitika Adarza kI sthApanA jaTila ho jAtI hai| usameM naitikatA sadaiva sAdhana vastu hI banI rahatI hai / sApekSavAdI naitikatA AcaraNa kI eka aisI kaccI sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai jisakA apanA koI " AkAra" nhiiN| (Relative morality gives us only matter of conduct not the form of conduct. ) vaha to usa kumhAra ke cAka para rakhe hue mRttikA piNDa ke samAna hai jisakA kyA bananA hai yaha nizcita nahIM / isI prakAra jo naitika vicAraNAe~ mAtra nirapekSa dRSTi ko svIkAra karatI haiM, ve yathArtha kI bhUmikA ko bhUlakara mAtra Adarza kI ora dekhatI haiM, ve naitika Adarza ko to prastuta kara detI hai, lekina usake sAdhanA patha kA samucita

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jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 129 nirdhAraNa karane meM asaphala ho jAtI hai, usameM naitikatA mAtra sAdhya banakara raha jAtI hai| naitikatA kI nirapekSavAdI dhAraNA naitika jIvana ke prayojana yA lakSya aura dUsare zabdoM meM karma ke pIche rahe hue kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI saba kucha mAna letI hai| ve mAtra Adarza kI ora hI dekhatI hai lekina sAdhaka kI dezakAlagata avasthAoM para vicAra nahIM karatI hai| naitika jIvana ke Adarza isa prakAra prastuta kiye jAne cAhie ki usameM nimna se nimnatara caritra vAle se lagAkara uccatama naitika vikAsa vAle prANiyoM ke samAhita hone kI saMbhAvanA banI rhe| jaina naitikatA apane naitika Adarza ko itane hI lacIle rUpa meM prastuta karatI hai, jisameM pApI se pApI AtmA bhI kramika vikAsa karatA huA naitika sAdhanA ke sarvocca zikhara para pahu~ca jAtA sApekSavAdI aura nirapekSavAdI donoM hI vicAraNAe~ apane ekAMtika rUpa meM apUrNa haiN| eka usa bhUmi para to dekhatI hai, jahA~ sAdhaka khar3A hai, lekina usase Age nhiiN| dUsarI usa Adarza kI ora hI dekhatI hai, jo sudUra UMcAiyoM meM sthita hai| lekina ina donoM dazAoM meM naitika jIvana ke lie jisa gati kI AvazyakatA hai vaha samyag rUpeNa sampanna nahIM ho paatii| naitikatA to eka lakSyonmukha gati hai, lekina usa gati meM sAdhaka kI dRSTi kevala usa bhUmi para hI sthita hai jisa para vaha gati kara rahA hai aura apane gantavya mArga kI ora sAmane nahIM dekhatA hai, to kabhI bhI lakSya ke madhya sthita bAdhAoM se TakarAkara padacyuta ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra jo sAdhaka mAtra Adarza kI ora dekhatA hai aura usa bhUmi kI ora nahIM dekhatA jisa para cala rahA hai to vaha bhI aneka ThokareM khAtA hai aura kaNTakoM se pada viddha kara letA hai| naitika jIvana meM bhI hamArI gati kA vahI svarUpa hotA hai jo hamAre dainika jIvana meM hotA hai| jisa prakAra dainika jIvana meM calane ke upakrama meM hamArA kAma na to mAtra sAmane dekhane se calatA hai na mAtra nIce dekhane se| jo pathika mAtra nIcI dRSTi rakhatA hai aura sAmane nahIM dekhatA vaha Thokara to nahIM khAtA lekina TakarA jAtA hai| jo sAmane to dekhatA hai lekina nIce nahIM dekhatA vaha TakarAtA to nahIM lekina Thokara khA jAtA hai| calane kI samyak prakriyA meM pathika ko sAmane aura nIce donoM ora dRSTi rakhanI hotI hai| isI prakAra naitika jIvana meM sAdhaka ko yathArtha aura Adarza donoM ra daSTi rakhanI hotI hai| sAdhaka kI eka A~kha yathArtha para aura dasarI Adarza para ho tabhI vaha naitika jIvana meM samyak pragati kara sakatA hai| sambhavataH yaha zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki hameM sAmAnya jIvana meM to do A~kheM milI haiM lekina naitika jIvana kI do A~kheM kauna sI haiN| kisI apekSA se jJAna aura kriyA ko naitika jIvana kI do A~kheM kahA jA sakatA hai| naitikatA kahatI hai ki jJAna nAmaka A~kha ko Adarza para jamAo aura kriyA nAmaka A~kha ko yathArtha para arthAt karma ke AcaraNa meM yathArthatA kI ora dekho aura gantavya kI ora pragati karane meM Adarza kI or| jainadarzana ne naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa donoM spoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| lekina usameM bhI nirapekSatA do bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM rahI huI hai| prathama prakAra kI nirapekSatA jo ki vastutaH sApekSa hI hai AcaraNa ke sAmAnya niyamoM se sambandhita hai arthAt AcaraNa ke jina niyamoM kA vidhi aura niSedha sAmAnya dazA meM kiyA gayA hai, usa sAmAnya dazA kI apekSA se AcaraNa ke ve

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130: zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 niyama usI rUpa meM AcaraNIya haiN| vyakti sAmAnya sthiti meM una niyamoM ke paripAlana meM kisI apavAda yA chUTa kI apekSA nahIM kara sakatA hai| vahA~ para sAmAnya dazA kA vicAra vyakti tathA dezakAlagata bAhya paristhitiyA~ donoM ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA hai arthAt yadi vyakti svastha hai aura dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI vahI haiM, jinako dhyAna meM rakhakara vidhi yA niSedha kiyA gayA thA, to vyakti ko una niyamoM tathA kartavyoM kA pAlana bhI usI rUpa meM karanA hogA, jisa rUpa meM unakA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM ise utsarga mArga kahA jAtA hai| naitikatA ke kSetra meM utsarga mArga vaha mArga hai. jisameM sAdhaka ko naitika AcaraNa usI rUpa meM karanA hotA hai jisa rUpa meM zAstroM meM usakA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| utsarga naitika vidhi-niSedhoM kA sAmAnya kathana hai| jaise mana-vacana-kAya se hiMsA na karanA, na karavAnA, na karane vAle kA samarthana krnaa| lekina jaba inhIM sAmAnya vidhi-niSedhoM ke niyamoM kA kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM usI rUpa meM kiyA jAnA sambhava nahIM hotA to unheM zithila kara diyA jAtA hai| naitika AcaraNa kI yaha avasthA apavAda mArga kahI jAtI hai| utsarga mArga apavAda mArga kI apekSA se sApekSa hai lekina jisa paristhitigata sAmAnyatA ke tattva ko svIkAra kara isakA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai, usa sAmAnyatA ke tattva kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hI hotA hai| utsarga kI nirapekSatA deza-kAla evaM vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke andara hI hotI hai, usase bAhara nahIM hai| utsarga naitika AcaraNa kI vizeSa paddhati hai| lekina donoM hI kisI eka lakSya ke lie haiM aura isalie donoM hI naitika haiN| jisa prakAra eka nagara ko jAne vAle donoM mArga yadi usI nagara ko hI pahu~cAte hoM to donoM hI mArga hoMge, amArga nhiiN| usI prakAra apavAdAtmaka naitikatA kA sApekSa svarUpa aura utsargAtmaka naitikatA kA nirapekSa svarUpa donoM hI naitikatA ke svarUpa haiM aura koI bhI anaitika nahIM hai| lekina nirapekSatA kA eka rUpa aura hai jisameM vaha sadaiva hI dezakAla evaM vyaktigata sImAoM ke Upara uThI hotI hai| naitikatA kA vaha nirapekSa rUpa anya kucha nahIM "naitika Adarza" svayaM hI hai| naitikatA kA lakSya aisA nirapekSa tathya hai, jo sAre naitika AcaraNoM ke mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai| naitika AcaraNa kI zubhAzubhatA kA aMkana bhI isI para AdhArita hai| koI bhI AcaraNa, cAhe vaha utsarga mArga se yA apavAda mArga se, hameM isa lakSya kI ora le jAtA hai, zubha hai| isake viparIta jo bhI AcaraNa hameM isa naitika Adarza se vimukha karatA hai, azubha hai, anaitika hai| samyag naitikatA isI ke sandarbha meM hai aura isalie isakI apekSA se sApekSa hai, yahI mAtra apane Apa meM nirapekSa kahA jA sakatA hai| naitika jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAda nAmaka donoM mArga isI kI apekSA se sApekSa hote haiM aura isI ke mArga hone se nirapekSa bhI kyoMki mArga ke rUpa meM kisI sthiti taka isase abhinna bhI hote haiM aura yahI abhinnatA unako nirapekSatA kA saccA tattva pradAna karatI hai| lakSya rUpI jisa sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para naitika jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAda ke donoM mArgoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, vaha mokSa kI prApti hai| yadi naitika AcaraNa eka sApekSa tathya hai ora dezakAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai to prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kisa sthiti meM kisa prakAra kA AcaraNa kiyA jAe, isakA nizcaya kaise kiyA jAe ? jaina vicAraNA kahatI hai naitika AcaraNa ke kSetra

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jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 131 meM utsarga mArga sAmAnya mArga hai, jisa para sAmAnya avasthA meM hara eka sAdhaka ko calanA hotA hai| jaba taka dezakAla aura vaiyaktika dRSTi se koI vizeSa paristhiti utpanna nahIM ho jAtI hai taba taka pratyeka vyakti ko isa sAmAnya mArga para hI calanA hotA hai, lekina vizeSa aparihArya paristhitiyoM meM vaha apavAda mArga para cala sakatA hai| lekina yahA~ bhI yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki isakA nirNaya kauna kare ki kisa paristhiti meM apavAda mArga kA sevana kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi isake nirNaya karane kA adhikAra svayaM vyakti ko de diyA jAtA hai to phira naitika jIvana meM samarUpatA aura vastuniSThatA (Objectivity) kA abhAva hogA, hara eka vyakti apanI icchAoM ke vazIbhUta ho apavAda mArga kA sahArA legaa| jaina vicAraNA isa kSetra meM vyakti ko adhika svatantra nahIM chor3atI hai| vaha naitika pratyayoM ko itanA adhika vyaktiniSTa ( Subjective ) nahIM banA denA cAhatI hai ki pratyeka vyakti dvArA unako manamAnA rUpa diyA jA ske| jaina vicAraNA naitika maryAdAoM ko yadyapi itanA kaThora bhI nahIM banAtI ki vyakti unake andara svatantratApUrvaka vicaraNa nahIM kara sake lekina ve itanI adhika lacIlI bhI nahIM hai ki vyakti apanI icchAnusAra unheM mor3a de| upAdhyAya amaramunijI ke zabdoM meM "jaina vicAraNA meM naitika maryAdAe~ usa khaNDahara durga ke samAna nahIM hai, jisameM vicaraNA kI pUrNa svatantratA to hotI hai, lekina zatru ke praviSTa hone kA bhaya sadA banA hotA hai, varan sudRr3ha cAradIvAriyoM se yukta usa durga ke samAna hai jisake andara vyakti ko vicaraNa kI eka sImita svatantratA hotI hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra naitikatA ke isa durga meM dvArapAla ke sthAna para "gItArtha" hotA hai jo deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM ko samajhane meM samartha ho| jainAgamoM meM gItArtha ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai, "gItArtha vaha hai jise kartavya aura akartavya ke lakSaNoM kA yathArtharUpeNa jJAna hai|22 jo Aya-vyaya, kAraNa-akAraNa, agAr3ha (rogI, vRddha)- anAgAr3ha, vastu-avastu, yukta-ayukta, samartha-asamartha, yatanA-ayatanA kA samyagjJAna rakhatA hai, sAtha hI samasta karttavya karma ke pariNAmoM ko bhI jAnatA hai vahI vidhivAn gItArtha hai|"23 yadyapi jaina naitika vicAraNA ke anusAra paristhiti vizeSa meM kartavyAkartavya kA nirdhAraNa gItArtha karatA hai lekina usake mArga nirdezaka ke rUpa meM Agama grantha hI hote haiN| yahA~ para jaina naitikatA kI jo vizeSatA hameM dekhane ko milatI hai vaha yaha hai ki vaha na to ekAnta rUpa se zAstroM ko hI sAre vidhi-niSedha kA AdhAra banAtI hai aura na vyakti ko hii| usameM zAstra mArgadarzana hai lekina nirNAyaka nhiiN| vyakti kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM kyA kartavya hai aura kyA akartavya hai isakA nirNaya to le sakatA hai lekina usake nirNaya meM zAstra hI usakA mArgadarzaka hotA hai| sandarbha 1. "Act only on that maxim (Principle) which thou canst at the same time will to become a Universal Law." Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, Sec. Il Leviathan, Part II, Chapt. 27, p.13 (Morley's Universal Library edition)-- Hobbes. 2.

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132 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 3. Thus to save a life it may not only be allowable but a duty to steal. Mill -- Utilitarianism, Chap. 5, p. 95 (15th Ed. ) naitika jIvana ke siddhAnta ( hindI anuvAda), pR0 59 5. vizeSa vivecana ke liye dekhie -- tilaka kA gItA rahasya, karma jijJAsA, adhyAya 1 / anekAntopyanekAntaH pramANa-naya saadhnaat| anekAntaH pramANAt te tadekAnto'rpitAt nyaat|| - svayaMbhUstotra, arajinastavana-18 7. gahanA karmaNo gatiH -- gItA, 4/17 8. (ka) je AsavA te parissavA je parissavA te AsavA / -- AcArAMga, 1/4/2/130 (kha) ya evAsavA karmabandhasthAnAni ta eva parisavA karmanirjarA spadAni / __ -- AcArya zIlAMka AcArAMga TIkA 1/4/2/130 9. yasmin deze kAle yo dharmoM bhavati sa nimittAntareSu adharmoM bhavatyeva / / - uddhRta amara bhAratI (maI 1964), pR0 15 10. Every act has of course, many sides, many relations, many points of view from which it may be regarded, and so many qualities there is not the smallest difficulty in exhibiting it as the realization of either right or wrong. No act in the world is without some side capable of being subsumed under a good rule. ___ --Ethical Studies (1962), p. 196. 11. AcArAMgasUtra hindI TIkA, prathama bhAga, pR0 378, saMskaraNa 1963 12. utpadyate hi sAvasthA dezakAlAmayAn prti| yasyAmakArya kArya syAt karma kArya ca varjayeta / / ___ - aSTakaprakaraNa, 27/5 TIkA (uddhRta amara bhAratI, pharavarI, 1965) 13. na vi kiMci aNuNNAtaM, paDisiddhaM vAvi jinnvriNdehi| titthagarANaM ANA, kajje sacceNa hoyavvaM / / - upadezapada, 779 14. dezaM kAlaM puruSamavasthAmupaghAta shuddhprinnaamaan| prasamIkSya bhavati kalpyaM, naikAntAtkalpyate klpym||146 _ -- umAsvAti prazamarati-146 (amara bhAratI, pharavarI 1965 ) 15. amara bhAratI, pharavarI, 1965, pR0 5 16. vahI, mArca 1965, pR0 38 17. e0 beDale -- epikala sTaDIja, pR0 189 18. esa dhamme suddhe nitie saase| -- AcArAMga 1/4/1/127

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jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 133 19. vizeSa draSTavya -- uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 23 20. mahAvIra kI prathama strI ziSyA mahAsatI candanabAlA kI mAtA dhAriNI ke dvArA apane satItva kI rakSA ke lie kI gaI AtmahatyA ko jaina vicAraNA meM anumodita hI kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mahArAjA ceTaka ke dvArA nyAya kI rakSA ke lie lar3e gaye yuddha ke AdhAra para unake ahiMsA ke vrata ko khaNDita nahIM mAnA gayA hai| 21. zarmA, Izvaracandra -- pAzcAtya AcArazAstra kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, pR0 139 22. (a) adhigata nizIthAdizruta sUtrArtha (ba) gIto-vijJAto kRtyAkRtya lakSaNo'rtho yena sa gItArthaH / - abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, khaNDa 3 23. AyaM kAraNaM gADhaM, vatthu juttaM sasatti jayaNaM c| savvaM ca sapaDivakkhaM, phalaM ca vidhivaM viyaannaah|| - bRhatkalpaniyuktibhASya-951

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA artha jaba hama sadAcAra ke kisI zAzvata mAnadaNDa ko jAnanA cAhate haiM, to sabase pahale hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki sadAcAra kA tAtparya kyA hai aura kise hama sadAcAra kahate haiM ? zAbdika vyutpatti kI dRSTi se sadAcAra zabda sat + AcAra ina do zabdoM se milakara banA hai, arthAt jo AcaraNa sat (Right ) yA ucita hai vaha sadAcAra hai| phira bhI yaha prazna banA rahatA hai ki sat yA ucita AcaraNa kyA hai ? yadyapi hama AcaraNa ke kucha prArUpoM ko sadAcAra aura kucha prArUpoM ko durAcAra kahate haiM kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki vaha kauna-sA tattva hai jo kisI AcaraNa ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra banA detA hai| hama aksara yaha kahate haiM ki jhUTha bolanA, corI karanA, hiMsA karanA, vyabhicAra karanA Adi durAcAra hai aura karuNA, dayA, sahAnubhUti, ImAnadArI, satyavAditA Adi sadAcAra haiM, kintu vaha AdhAra kauna - sA hai, jo prathama prakAra ke AcaraNoM ko durAcAra aura dUsare prakAra ke AcaraNoM ko sadAcAra banA detA hai| corI yA hiMsA kyoM durAcAra hai aura ImAnadArI yA satyavAditA kyoM sadAcAra hai ? yadi hama sat yA ucita ke aMgrejI paryAya Right para vicAra karate haiM to yaha zabda laiTina zabda Rectus se banA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai niyamAnusAra, arthAt jo AcaraNa niyamAnusAra hai, vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo niyamaviruddha hai, vaha durAcAra hai / yahA~ niyama se tAtparya sAmAjika evaM dhArmika niyamoM yA paramparAoM se hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM bhI sadAcAra zabda kI aisI hI vyAkhyA manu-smRti meM upalabdha hotI hai, manu likhate haiM - tasmindeze ya AcAraH pAramparyakramAgataH / varNAnAM sAntarAlAnAM sa sadAcAra ucyate / / 2/18 - pro0 sAgaramala jaina arthAt jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM jo AcaraNa paramparA se calA AtA hai vahI sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki jo paramparAgata AcAra ke niyama haiM, unakA pAlana karanA hI sadAcAra hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM AcaraNa kI jo paramparAe~ svIkRta rahI haiM, unhIM ke anusAra AcaraNa sadAcAra kahA jAvegA / kintu yaha dRSTikoNa samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| vastutaH koI bhI AcaraNa kisI deza, kAla aura samAja meM Acarita evaM anumodita hone se sadAcAra nahIM bana jAtA / koI AcaraNa kevala isalie sat yA ucita nahIM hotA hai ki vaha kisI samAja meM svIkRta hotA rahA hai, apitu vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki vaha isalie svIkRta hotA rahA hai|

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 135 kyoMki vaha sat hai| kisI AcaraNa kA sat yA asat honA athavA sadAcAra yA durAcAra honA svayaM usake svarUpa para nirbhara hotA hai na ki usake Acarita athavA anAcarita hone pr| mahAbhArata meM duryodhana ne kahA thA-- jAnAmi dharma na ca me pravRttiH / jAnAmyadharma na ca me nivRttiH / / zAntiparva arthAt maiM dharma ko jAnatA hU~ kintu usa ora pravRtta nahIM hotA, usakA AcaraNa nahIM krtaa| maiM adharma ko bhI jAnatA hU~ parantu usase nivRtta nahIM hotA huuN| ataH hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki kisI AcaraNa kA sadAcAra yA durAcAra honA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vaha kisI varga yA samAja dvArA svIkRta yA asvIkRta hotA rahA hai| sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI mUlyavattA unake pariNAmoM para yA usa sAdhya para nirbhara hotI hai, jisake lie unakA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| AcaraNa kI mUlyavattA, svayaM AcaraNa para hI nahIM, apitu usake sAdhya yA pariNAma para nirbhara hotI hai| kisI AcaraNa kI mUlyavattA kA nirdhAraNa usake samAja para par3ane vAle prabhAva ke AdhAra para bhI kiyA jAtA hai, phira bhI usakI mUlyavattA kA antima AdhAra to koI Adarza yA sAdhya para hI vicAra karanA hogA jisake AdhAra para kisI karma ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra kI koTi meM rakhA jAtA hai| vastutaH mAnava-jIvana kA parama sAdhya hI vaha tattva hai, jo sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa yA kasauTI banatA hai| pAzcAtya AcAra darzanoM meM sadAcAra aura durAcAra ke jo mAnadaNDa svIkRta rahe haiM unheM moTe-moTe rUpa se do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA hai -- 1. niyamavAdI aura 2. saadhyvaadii| niyamavAdI paramparA sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa sAmAjika athavA dhArmika niyamoM ko mAnatI hai, jabaki sAdhyavAdI paramparA sukha athavA Atma-pUrNatA ko hI sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI kasauTI mAnatI hai| jaina-darzana meM sadAcAra kA mApadaNDa jaina-darzana mAnava ke carama sAdhya ke bAre meM spaSTa hai| usake anusAra vyakti kA carama sAdhya mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki jo AcaraNa nirvANa yA mokSa kI dizA meM le jAtA hai, vahI sadAcAra kI koTi meM AtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jo AcaraNa mukti kA kAraNa hai vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo AcaraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai, vaha durAcAra hai| kintu yahA~ para hameM yaha bhI spaSTa karanA hogA ki usakA mokSa athavA nirvANa se kyA tAtparya hai ? jainadharma ke anusAra nirvANa yA mokSa svabhAva-dazA evaM AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hai| vastutaH hamArA jo nija svarUpa hai use prApta kara lenA athavA hamArI bIjarUpa kSamatAoM ko vikasita kara AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hI mokSa hai| usakI pAramparika zabdAvalI meM parabhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM sthita ho jAnA hI mokSa hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina-dArzanikoM ne dharma kI eka vilakSaNa evaM mahattvapUrNa paribhASA dI hai| unake anusAra dharma vaha hai jo vastu kA nija svabhAva hai (vatthusahAvo dhmmo)| vyakti kA dharma yA sAdhya vahI ho sakatA hai jo usakI cetanA yA AtmA kA nija svabhAva hai aura jo hamArA nija svabhAva hai use pA lenA hI mukti hai| ataH usa svabhAva dazA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai|

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136 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 punaH prazna yaha uThatA hai ki hamArA svabhAva kyA hai ? bhagavatI-sUtra meM gautama ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sammukha yaha prazna upasthita kiyA thaa| ve pUchate haiM -- he bhagavan ! AtmA kA nija svarUpa kyA hai aura AtmA kA sAdhya kyA hai ? mahAvIra ne unake ina praznoM kA jo uttara diyA thA, vaha Aja bhI samasta jaina AcAra-darzana meM kisI karma ke naitika mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA -- AtmA samatva svarUpa hai aura usa samatva svarUpa ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM samatA yA samabhAva svabhAva hai aura viSamatA vibhAva hai aura vibhAva se svabhAva kI dizA meM athavA viSamatA se samatA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcAra hai| saMkSepa meM jainadharma ke anusAra sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA zAzvata mAnadaNDa samatA evaM viSamatA athavA svabhAva evaM vibhAva hai| svabhAva dazA se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa sadAcAra hai aura vibhAva-dazA yA para-bhAva se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa durAcAra hai| yahA~ hameM samatA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| yadyapi dravyArthikanaya kI dRSTi se samatA kA artha para-bhAva se haTakara zuddha svabhAva dazA meM sthita ho jAnA hai kintu apanI vividha abhivyaktiyoM kI dRSTi se vibhinna sthitiyoM meM ise vibhinna nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se samatA yA samabhAva kA artha rAga-dveSa se Upara uThakara vItarAgatA yA anAsakta bhAva kI upalabdhi hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnasika samatva kA artha hai samasta icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM se rahita mana kI zAnta evaM vikSobha (tanAva) rahita avsthaa| yahI samatva jaba hamAre sAmudAyika yA sAmAjika jIvana meM phalita hotA hai to ise hama ahiMsA ke nAma se abhihita karate haiN| vaicArika dRSTi se ise hama anAgraha yA anekAnta dRSTi kahate haiN| jaba hama isI samatva ke Arthika pakSa para vicAra karate haiM to ise aparigraha ke nAma se pukArate haiM -- 'sAmyavAda' evaM 'nyAsI siddhAnta isI aparigraha-vRtti kI Adhunika abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| yaha samatva hI mAnasika kSetra meM anAsakti yA vItarAgatA ke rUpa meM, sAmAjika kSetra meM ahiMsA ke rUpa meM, vaicArikatA ke kSetra se anAgraha yA anekAnta ke rUpa meM aura Arthika kSetra meM aparigraha ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai| ataH samatva ko nirvivAda rUpa se sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu "samatva" ko sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karate hue bhI hameM usake vividha pahaluoM para vicAra to karanA hI hogA kyoMki sadAcAra kA sambandha apane sAdhya ke sAtha-sAtha una sAdhanoM se bhI hotA hai jisake dvArA hama use pAnA cAhate haiM aura jisa spa meM vaha hamAre vyavahAra meM aura sAmudAyika jIvana meM prakaTa hotA hai| jahA~ taka vyakti ke caittAsika yA Antarika samatva kA prazna hai hama use vItarAga manodazA yA anAsakta cittavRtti kI sAdhanA mAna sakate haiN| phira bhI samatva kI sAdhanA kA yaha rUpa hamAre vaiyaktika evaM Antarika jIvana se adhika sambandhita hai| vaha vyakti kI manodazA kA paricAyaka hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vyakti kI manodazA kA prabhAva usake AcaraNa para bhI hotA hai aura hama vyakti ke AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karate samaya usake isa Antarika pakSa para vicAra bhI karate haiM kintu sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA yaha prazna hamAre vyavahAra ke bAhya pakSa evaM sAmudAyikatA ke sAtha adhika jur3A huA hai| jaba bhI hama sadAcAra evaM durAcAra ke kisI

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 137 mAnadaNDa kI bAta karate haiM to hamArI dRSTi vyakti ke AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa para athavA usa AcaraNa kA dUsaroM para kyA prabhAva yA pariNAma hotA hai, isa bAta para adhika hotI hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna kevala kartA ke Antarika manobhAvoM yA vaiyaktika jIvana se to sambandhita nahIM hai, vaha AcaraNa ke bAhaya prArUpa tathA hamAre sAmAjika jIvana meM usa AcaraNa ke pariNAmoM para bhI vicAra karatA hai| yahA~ hameM sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI vyAkhyA ke lie koI aisI kasauTI khojanI hogI jo AcAra ke bAhya pakSa athavA hamAre vyavahAra ke sAmAjika pakSa ko bhI apane meM sameTa ske| sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya cintana meM isa sambandha meM eka sarvamAnya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki paropakAra hI puNya hai aura para-pIr3A hI pApa hai| tulasIdAsa ne ise nimna zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai -- "parahita sarisa dharama nahIM bhaaii| para-pIr3A sama nahIM adhmaaii||" arthAt vaha AcaraNa jo dUsaroM ke lie kalyANakArI yA hitakArI hai sadAcAra hai, puNya hai aura jo dUsaroM ke lie akalyANakara hai, ahitakara hai, pApa hai, durAcAra hai| jainadharma meM sadAcAra ke eka aise hI zAzvata mAnadaNDa kI carcA hameM AcArAMga-sUtra meM upalabdha hotI hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai -- "bhUtakAla meM jitane arhata ho gaye haiM, vartamAna kAla meM jitane arhata haiM aura bhaviSya meM jitane arhata hoMge ve sabhI yaha upadeza karate haiM ki sabhI prANI, sabhI bhUtoM, sabhI jIvoM aura sabhI satvoM ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, uga yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisI kA hanana karanA caahie| yahI zuddha nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai|" kintu mAtra dUsare kI hiMsA nahIM karane ke rUpa meM ahiMsA ke niSedhAtmaka pakSa ko yA dUsaroM ke hita-sAdhana ko hI sadAcAra kI kasauTI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| aisI avasthAe~ taba sambhava hai ki jabaki mere asatya sambhASaNa evaM anaitika AcaraNa ke dvArA dUsaroM kA hita-sAdhana hotA ho, athavA kama se kama kisI kA ahita na hotA ho, kintu kyA hama aise AcaraNa ko sadAcAra kahane kA sAhasa kara sakeMge ? kyA vezyAvRtti ke mAdhyama se apAra dhanarAzi ekatra kara use lokahita ke lie vyaya karane mAtra se koI strI sadAcArI kI koTi meM A sakegI ? kyA yauna-vAsanA kI saMtuSTi ke ve rUpa jisameM kisI bhI dUsare prANI kI prakaTa meM hiMsA nahIM hotI hai, durAcAra kI koTi meM nahIM AveMge ? sUtra-kRtAMga meM sadAcAritA kA eka aisA hI dAvA anya taithikoM dvArA prastuta bhI kiyA gayA thA, jise bhagavAna mahAvIra ne amAnya kara diyA thaa| kyA hama usa vyakti ko, jo DAke DAlakara usa sampatti ko garIboM meM vitarita kara detA hai, sadAcArI mAna sakeMge ? eka cora aura eka santa donoM hI vyakti ko sampatti ke pAza se mukta karate hai phira bhI donoM samAna koTi ke nahIM mAne jaate| vastutaH sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA nirNaya kevala eka hI AdhAra para nahIM hotA hai| usameM AdharaNa kA preraka Antarika pakSa arthAt kartA kI manodazA aura AcaraNa kA bAhya pariNAma arthAt sAmAjika jIvana para usakA prabhAva donoM hI vicAraNIya hai| AcAra kI zubhAzubhatA, vicAra para aura vicAra yA manobhAvoM kI zubhAzubhatA, svayaM vyavahAra para nirbhara karatI hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa to aisA cAhie jo ina donoM ko samAviSTa kara ske|

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138 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 sAdhAraNatayA jainadharma sadAcAra kA zAzvata mAnadaNDa ahiMsA ko svIkAra karatA hai, kintu yahA~ hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki kyA kevala kisI ko duHkha yA pIr3A nahIM denA yA kisI kI hatyA nahIM karanA, mAtra yahI ahiMsA hai / yadi ahiMsA kI mAtra itanI hI vyAkhyA hai, to phira vaha sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa nahIM bana sakatI, yadyapi jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva hI use sadAcAra kA ekamAtra AdhAra prastuta kiyA hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne kahA hai ki anRtavacana, steya, maithuna, parigraha Adi pApoM ke jo bhinna-bhinna nAma diye gaye ve to kevala ziSya-bodha ke lie haiM, mUlataH to ve saba hiMsA hI hai ( puruSArtha siddhyupAya ) / vastutaH jaina AcAryoM ne ahiMsA ko eka vyApaka pariprekSya meM vicArA hai| vaha Antarika bhI hai aura bAhya bhI / usakA sambandha vyakti se bhI hai aura samAja se bhI / hiMsA ko jaina- paramparA meM sva kI hiMsA aura para kI hiMsA aise do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| jaba vaha hamAre sva-svarUpa yA svabhAva dazA kA ghAta karatI hai to sva-hiMsA hai aura jaba dUsaroM ke hitoM ko coTa pahu~cAtI hai, to vaha para kI hiMsA hai / sva kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha Antarika pApa hai, to para kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha sAmAjika pApa / kintu usake ye donoM rUpa durAcAra kI koTi meM hI Ate haiN| apane isa vyApaka artha meM hiMsA ko durAcAra kI aura ahiMsA ko sadAcAra kI kasauTI mAnA jA sakatA hai 1 sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa kI samasyA yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA sadAcAra kA koI zAzvata mAnadaNDa ho sakatA hai| vastutaH sadAcAra aura durAcAra ke mAnadaNDa kA nizcaya kara lenA itanA sahaja nahIM hai / yaha sambhava hai ki jo AcaraNa kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai, vahI dUsarI paristhiti meM durAcAra bana jAtA hai aura jo sAmAnyatayA durAcAra kahe jAte haiM ve kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM sadAcAra ho jAte haiN| zIla rakSA hetu kI jAne vAlI AtmahatyA sadAcAra kI koTi meM A jAtI hai jabaki sAmAnya sthiti meM vaha anaitika ( durAcAra ) mAnI jAtI hai / jaina AcAryoM kA to yaha spaSTa udghoSa hai| "je AsavA te parisavA, je parisavA te AsavA", arthAt AcAra ke jo prArUpa sAmAnyatayA bandhana ke kAraNa haiM, ve hI paristhiti vizeSa meM mukti ke sAdhana bana jAte haiM aura isI prakAra samAnya sthiti meM jo mukti ke sAdhana haiM, ve hI kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM bandhana ke kAraNa bana jAte haiN| prazamaratiprakaraNa (146) meM umAsvAti kA kathana hai deza kAlaM puruSamavasthAmupaghAtazuddhapariNAmAn / prasamIkSya bhavati kalpyaM naikAntAtkalpyate kalpyam / / arthAt ekAnta rUpa se na to koI karma AcaraNIya hotA hai aura na ekAnta rUpa se anAcaraNIya hotA hai, vastutaH kisI karma kI AcaraNIyatA aura anAcaraNIyatA deza, kAla, vyakti, paristhiti aura manaH sthiti para nirbhara hotI hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai, usameM likhA hai- sa eva dharmaH so'dharmo dezakAle pratiSThitaH / AdAnamanRtaM hiMsA dharmohyAvasthikasmRtaH / / - zAntiparva, 36/11

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 139 arthAt jo kisI deza aura kAla meM dharma (sadAcAra) kahA jAtA hai, vahI kisI dUsare deza aura kAla meM adharma (durAcAra) bana jAtA hai aura jo hiMsA, jhUTha, cauryakarma Adi sAmAnya avasthA meM adharma (durAcAra) kahe jAte haiM, vahI kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM dharma bana jAte haiN| vastutaH kabhI-kabhI aisI paristhitiyA~ nirmita ho jAtI haiM, jaba sadAcAra, durAcAra kI koTi meM aura durAcAra, sadAcAra kI koTi meM hotA hai| draupadI kA pA~coM pAMDavoM ke sAtha jo pati-patnI kA sambandha thA phira bhI usakI gaNanA sadAcArI satI striyoM meM kI jAtI hai, jabaki vartamAna samAja meM isa prakAra kA AcaraNa durAcAra hI kahA jaavegaa| kintu kyA isa AdhAra para hama yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki sadAcAra-durAcAra kA koI zAzvata mAnadaNDa nahIM ho sakatA hai| vastutaH sadAcAra yA durAcAra ke kisI mAnadaNDa kA ekAnta rUpa se nizcaya kara pAnA kaThina hai| jo bAhara naitika dikhAI detA hai, vaha bhItara se anaitika ho sakatA hai aura jo bAhara se anaitika dikhAI detA hai, vaha bhItara se naitika ho sakatA hai| eka ora to vyakti kI Antarika manovRttiyA~ aura dUsarI ora jAgatika paristhitiyA~ kisI karma kI naitika mUlyavattA ko prabhAvita karatI rahatI haiN| ataH isa sambandha meM koI ekAnta niyama kArya nahIM karatA hai| hameM una saba pahaluoM para bhI dhyAna denA hotA hai jo ki kisI karma kI naitika mUlyavattA ko prabhAvita kara sakate haiN| jaina vicArakoM ne sadAcAra yA naitikatA ke parivartanazIla aura aparivartanazIla athavA sApekSa aura nirapekSa donoM pakSoM para vicAra kiyA hai| sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa kI parivartanazIlatA kA prazna vastutaH sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM meM parivartana dezika aura kAlika AvazyakatA ke anurUpa hotA hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki -- anye kRtayuge dharmastretAyAM npre'pre| anye kaliyuge nRNAM yuga hAsAnuspataH / / zAntiparva, 260/8 yuga ke hAsa ke anurUpa satayuga, tretA, dvApara aura kaliyuga ke dharma alaga-alaga hote haiN| yaha paristhitiyoM ke paravartana se hone vAlA mUlya parivartana eka prakAra kA sApekSika parivartana hI hogaa| yaha sahI hai ki manuSya ko jisa vizva meM jIvana jInA hotA hai vaha resthiti nirapekSa nahIM hai| daizika evaM kAlika paristhitiyoM ke parivartana hamArI sadAcAra sambandhI dhAraNAoM ko prabhAvita karate haiN| daizika aura kAlika parivartana ke kAraNa yaha sambhava hai ki jo karma eka deza aura kAla meM vihita hoM, vahIM dUsare deza aura kAla meM avihita ho jaaveN| aSTakaprakaraNa kI TIkA (27/5) meM kahA gayA hai -- utpadyate hI sA'vasthA dezakAlAbhayAna prti| yasyAmakArya kAyaM syAt karma kAyaM ca varjayet / / daizika aura kAlika sthitiyoM ke parivartana se aisI avasthA utpanna ho jAtI hai, jisameM kArya, akArya kI koTi meM aura akArya, kArya kI koTi meM A jAtA hai, kintu yaha avasthA sAmAnya avasthA nahIM, apitu koI viziSTa avasthA hotI hai, jise hama ApavAdika

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140 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 avasthA ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM, kintu ApavAdika sthiti meM hone vAlA yaha parivartana sAmAnya sthiti meM hone vAle mUlya parivartana se bhinna svarUpa kA hotA hai| use vastutaH mUlya parivartana kahanA bhI kaThina hai| isameM jina mUlyoM kA parivartana hotA hai, ve mukhyataH sAdhana mUlya hote haiN| kyoMki sAdhana mUlya AcaraNa se sambandhita hote haiM aura AcaraNa paristhiti nirapekSa nahIM ho sktaa| ataH usameM paristhitiyoM ke parivartana ke sAtha parivartana hotA rahatA hai| isa prakAra sAdhana parama AcaraNa ke naitika mAnadaNDa parivartita hote rahate haiN| dUsare, vyakti ko samAja meM jIvana jInA hotA hai aura samAja paristhiti nirapekSa nahIM hotA hai ataH sAmAjika naitikatA aparivartanIya nahIM kahI jA sakatI, usameM dezakAlagata parivartanoM kA prabhAva par3atA hai kintu usakI yaha parivartanazIlatA bhI dezakAla sApekSa hI hotI hai| vastutaH kisI paristhiti meM kisI eka sAdhya kA naitika mUlya itanA pradhAna ho jAtA hai ki usakI siddhi ke lie kisI dUsare naitika mUlya kA niSedha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai jaise anyAya ke pratikAra ke lie hiNsaa| kintu yaha niSedha paristhiti vizeSa taka hI sImita rahatA hai| usa paristhiti ke sAmAnya hone para dharma punaH dharma bana jAtA hai aura adharma, adharma bana jAtA hai| vastutaH ApavAdika avasthA meM koI eka mUlya itanA pradhAna pratIta hotA hai ki usakI upalabdhi ke lie hama anya mUlyoM kI upekSA kara dete haiM athavA kabhI-kabhI sAmAnya rUpa se svIkRta usI mUlya ke virodhI tathya ko hama usakA sAdhana banA lete haiN| udAharaNa ke lie jaba hameM jIvana rakSaNa hI ekamAtra mUlya pratIta hotA hai to usa avasthA meM hama hiMsA, asatya-bhASaNa, corI Adi ko anaitika nahIM mAnate haiN| isa prakAra apavAda kI avasthA meM eka mUlya sAdhya sthAna para calA jAtA hai aura apane sAdhanoM ko mUlyavattA pradAna karatA pratIta hotA hai, kintu yaha mUlya bhrama hI hai, usa samaya bhI corI yA hiMsA mUlya nahIM bana jAte haiM kyoMki unakA svataH koI mUlya nahIM hai, ve to usa sAdhya kI mUlyavattA ke kAraNa mUlya ke rUpa meM pratIta yA AbhAsita hote haiN| isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki ahiMsA ke sthAna para hiMsA yA satya ke sthAna para asatya naitika mUlya bana jAte haiN| sAdhujana kI rakSA ke lie duSTajana kI hiMsA kI jA sakatI hai kintu isase hiMsA mUlya nahIM bana jAtI hai| kisI pratyaya kI naitika mUlyavattA usake kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM Acarita hone yA nahIM hone se aprabhAvita bhI raha sakatI hai| prathama to yaha ki apavAda kI mUlyavattA kevala usa paristhiti vizeSa meM hI hotI hai, usake AdhAra para sadAcAra kA koI sAmAnya niyama nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| sAtha hI jaba vyakti Apaddharma kA AcaraNa karatA hai taba bhI usakI dRSTi meM mUla naitika niyama yA sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA akSuNNa banI rahatI hai| yaha to paristhitigata yA vyaktigata vivazatA hai, jisake kAraNa use vaha AcaraNa karanA par3a rahA hai| dUsare sArvabhauma niyama meM aura apavAda meM antara hai| apavAda kI yadi koI mUlyavattA hai, to vaha kevala viziSTa paristhiti meM hI rahatI hai, jabaki sAmAnya niyama kI mUlyavattA sArvadezika, sArvakAlika aura sArvajanIna hotI hai| ataH Apaddharma yA apavAda mArga kI svIkRti jainadharma meM mUlya parivartana kI sUcaka nahIM hai| yaha sAmAnyatayA kisI mUlya ko na to nirmUlya karatI hai aura na mUlya saMsthAna meM use apane sthAna se padacyuta hI karatI hai, ataH vaha mUlyAntaraNa bhI nahIM hai|

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 141 naitika karma ke do pakSa hote haiM -- eka bAhyapakSa, jo AcaraNa ke rUpa meM hotA hai aura dUsarA Antarika pakSa, jo kartA ke manobhAvoM ke rUpa meM hotA hai| apavAdamArga kA sambandha kevala bAhya pakSa se hotA hai, ataH usase kisI naitika mUlya kI mUlyavattA prabhAvita nahIM hotI hai| karma kA mAtra bAhya pakSa use koI naitika mUlya pradAna nahIM karatA hai| sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA artha sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM kI parivartanazIlatA para vicAra karate samaya sabase pahale hameM yaha nizcita kara lenA hogA ki unakI parivartanazIlatA se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai ? kucha loga parivartanazIlatA kA artha svayaM sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA kI asvIkRti se lete haiN| Aja jaba pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke dvArA naitika mUlyoM ko sAMvegika abhivyakti yA vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika anumodana evaM ruci kA paryAya mAnA jA rahA ho, taba parivartanazIlatA kA artha svayaM unakI mUlyavattA ko nakAranA hI hogaa| Aja sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA svayaM apane artha kI talAza kara rahI hai| yadi sadAcAra kI dhAraNA arthahIna hai, mAtra sAmAjika anumodana hai, to phira usakI parivartanazIlatA kA bhI koI vizeSa artha nahIM raha jAtA hai kyoMki yadi sadAcAra ke mUlyoM kA yathArtha evaM vastugata astitva hI nahIM hai, yadi ve mAtra manokalpanAe~ hai to unake parivartana kA Thosa AdhAra bhI nahIM hogA ? dUsare, jaba hama sadAcAra-durAcAra, zubha-azubha athavA aucitya-anaucitya ke pratyayoM ko vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika anumodana yA pasandagI kiMvA nApasandagI ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM to unakI parivartanazIlatA kA artha phaizana kI parivartanazIlatA se adhika nahIM raha jaavegaa| kintu kyA sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA para hI koI prazna cinha lagAyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA phaizanoM kI parivartanazIlatA ke samAna hai, jinheM jaba cAhe taba aura jaisA cAhe vaisA badalA jA sakatA hai| AyeM jarA ina praznoM para thor3I gambhIra carcA kreN| sarvaprathama to Aja jisa parivartanazIlatA kI bAta kahI jA rahI hai, usase to svayaM sadAcAra ke mUlya hone meM hI anAsthA utpanna ho gaI hai| Aja kA manuSya apanI pAzavika vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie viveka evaM saMyama kI niyAmaka maryAdAoM kI avahelanA ko hI mUlya parivartana mAna rahA hai| varSoM ke cintana aura sAdhanA se phalita ye maryAdAe~ Aja use kArA laga rahI hai aura inheM tor3a pheMkane meM hI use mUlya-krAnti parilakSita ho rahI hai| svatantratA ke nAma para vaha ataMtratA aura arAjakatA ko hI mUlya mAna baiThA hai, kintu yaha saba mUlya vibhrama yA mUlya viparyaya hI hai jisake kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke nirmUlyIkaraNa ko hI parivartana kahA jA rahA hai| kintu hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki mUlya-saMkramaNa yA mUlyAntaraNa mUlya-niSedha nahIM hai| parivartanazIlatA kA tAtparya svayaM nIti ke mUlya hone meM anAsthA nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki naitika mUlyoM meM aura nIti sambandhI dhAraNAoM meM parivartana hue haiM aura hote raheMge, kintu mAnava itihAsa meM koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM hai, jaba svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra kiyA gayA ho| vastutaH naitika mUlyoM yA sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM kI parivartanazIlatA meM bhI kucha aisA

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142 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 avazya hai, jo banA rahatA hai aura vaha hai, svayaM unakI muulyvttaa| naitika mUlyoM kI viSayavastu badalatI rahatI hai, kintu unakA mUla AdhAra banA rahatA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, kucha mUlya aise bhI haiM, jo apanI mUlyavattA ko nahIM khote haiM, mAtra unakI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha evaM artha badalate haiN| Aja svayaM sadAcAra yA naitikatA kI mUlyavattA ke niSedha kI bAta do dizAoM se khar3I huI hai eka aura bhautikavAdI aura sAmyavAdI darzanoM ke dvArA aura dUsarI ora pAzcAtya artha vizleSaNavAdiyoM ke dvaaraa| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vartamAna meM sAmyavAdI-darzana nIti kI mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra karatA hai, kintu isa sambandha meM svayaM lenina kA vaktavya dRSTavya hai| ve kahate haiM -- "prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki hamArA apanA koI nIti-zAstra nahIM hai, bahudhA madhya vittIya varga kahatA hai ki hama saba prakAra ke nIti-zAstra kA khaNDana karate haiM, kintu unakA yaha tarIkA vicAroM kA bhraSTa karanA hai, zramikoM aura kRSakoM kI A~kha meM dhUla jhoMkanA hai| hama usakA khaNDana karate haiM jo IzvarIya AdezoM se nIti-zAstra ko AvirbhUta karatA hai| hama kahate haiM ki yaha dhokhAdhar3I hai aura zramikoM tathA kRSakoM ke mastiSkoM ko pU~jIpatiyoM tathA bhU-patiyoM ke svArtha ke lie sandeha meM DAlatA hai| hama kahate haiM ki hamArA nIti-zAstra sarvahArA varga ke varga saMgharSa ke hitoM ke adhIna hai, jo zoSaka samAja ko naSTa kare, jo zramikoM ko saMgaThita kare aura sAmyavAdI samAja kI sthApanA kare, vahI nIti hai ( zeSa saba anIti hai)|" isa prakAra sAmyavAdI darzana naitika mUlyoM kA mUlyAntaraNa to karatA hai, kintu svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM karatA hai| vaha usa nIti kA samarthaka hai jo anyAya evaM zoSaNa kI virodhI hai aura sAmAjika samatA kI saMsthApaka hai, jo pIr3ita aura zoSita ko apanA adhikAra dilAtI hai aura sAmAjika nyAya kI sthApanA karatI hai| vaha sAmAjika nyAya aura Arthika samatA kI sthApanA ko hI sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karatI hai| ataH vaha sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI dhAraNA ko asvIkAra nahIM karatI hai| vaha bhautikavAdI darzana, jo sAmAjika evaM sAhacarya evaM sAhacarya ke mUlyoM kA samarthaka hai, nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| yadi hama manuSya ko eka vivekavAna sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM, to hameM naitika mUlyoM ko avazya svIkAra karanA hogaa| vastutaH nIti kA artha hai kinhIM vivekapUrNa sAdhyoM kI prApti ke lie vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM AcAra aura vyavahAra ke kinhIM aise AdarzoM evaM maryAdAoM kI svIkRti, jisake abhAva meM mAnava kI mAnavatA aura mAnavIya samAja kA astitva hI khatare meM hogA, yadi nIti kI mUlyavattA kA yA sadAcAra kI dhAraNA kA niSedha koI dRSTi kara sakatI hai to vaha mAtra pAzavika bhogavAdI dRSTi hai, kintu yaha dRSTi manuSya ko eka pazu se adhika nahIM mAnatI hai| yaha satya hai ki yadi manuSya mAtra pazu hai to nIti kA, sadAcAra kA koI artha nahIM hai, kintu kyA Aja manuSya kA avamUlyana pazu ke stara para kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA manuSya nirA pazu hai ? yadi manuSya nirA pazu hotA to vaha pUrI taraha prAkRtika niyamoM se zAsita hotA aura nizcaya hI usake lie sadAcAra kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| kintu Aja kA manuSya pUrNataH prAkRtika niyamoM se zAsita nahIM hai vaha to prAkRtika niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kI avahelanA karatA hai| ataH

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 143 pazu bhI nahIM hai| usakI sAmAjikatA bhI usake svabhAva se nisRta nahIM hai, jaisI ki yUthacArI prANiyoM meM hotI hai| usakI sAmAjikatA usake buddhitattva kA pratiphala hai, jaisI ki yUthacArI prANiyoM meM hotI hai| usakI sAmAjikatA usake buddhi tattva kA pratiphala hai, vaha vicAra kI dena hai, svabhAva kI nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha samAja kA aura sAmAjika maryAdAoM kA sarjaka bhI hai aura saMhAraka bhI hai, vaha unheM svIkAra bhI karatA hai aura unakI avahelanA bhI karatA hai, ataH vaha samAja se Upara bhI hai| breDale kA kathana hai ki yadi manuSya sAmAjika nahIM hai to vaha manuSya hI nahIM hai, kintu yadi vaha kevala sAmAjika hai to vaha pazu se adhika nahIM hai| manuSya kI manuSyatA usake ati sAmAjika evaM naitika prANI hone meM hai| ataH manuSya ke lie sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA kI asvIkRti asambhava hai| yadi hama parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra kareMge to vaha mAnavIya saMskRti kA hI avamUlyana hogaa| mAtra avamUlyana hI nahIM, usakI itizrI bhI hogii| punazca sadAcAra kI dhAraNAoM ko sAMvegika abhivyakti yA ruci sApekSa mAnane para bhI, na to sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta kiyA jA sakatA hai aura na sadAcAra evaM durAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM ko phaizanoM ke samAna parivartanazIla mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadi sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA AdhAra pasandagI yA ruci hai to phira pasandagI yA nApasandagI ke bhAvoM kI utpatti kA AdhAra kyA hai ? kyoM hama caurya karma ko nApasanda karate haiM aura kyoM ImAnadArI ko pasanda karate haiM ? sadAcAra evaM durAcAra kI vyAkhyA mAtra pasandagI aura nApasandagI ke rUpa meM nahIM kI jA sktii| mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI athavA ruci kevala mana kI mauja yA mana kI taraMga (whim) para nirbhara nahIM hai| inheM pUrI taraha AtmaniSTha (Subjective) nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, inake pIche eka vastuniSTha AdhAra bhI hotA hai| Aja hameM una AdhAroM kA anveSaNa karanA hogA, jo hamArI pasandagI aura nApasandagI ko banAte yA prabhAvita karate haiN| ve kucha Adarza, siddhAnta dRSTiyA~ yA mUlya-bodha hai, jo hamArI pasandagI yA nApasandagI ko banAte haiM aura jinake AdhAra para hamArI ruciyA~ sRjita hotI haiN| mAnavIya ruciyA~ aura mAnavIya pasandagI yA nApasandagI Akasmika evaM prAkRtika (Natural) nahIM hai| jo tattva inako banAte haiM, unameM naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra kI avadhAraNAe~ bhI hai| ye pUrNatayA vyakti aura samAja kI racanA bhI nahIM hai, apitu vyakti ke mUlya saMsthAna ke bodha se bhI utpanna hotI hai| vastutaH mUlyoM kI sattA anubhava kI pUrvavartI hai, manuSya mUlyoM kA draSTA hai, sRjaka nhiiN| ataH pasandagI kI isa dhAraNA ke AdhAra para svayaM sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsare yadi hama aucitya evaM anaucitya yA sadAcAra-durAcAra kA AdhAra sAmAjika upayogitA ko mAnate haiM, to yaha bhI ThIka nahIM hai| mere vyaktigata svArthoM se sAmAjika hita kyoM zreSTha evaM vareNya haiM ? isa prazna kA hamAre pAsa kyA uttara hogA ? sAmAjika hitoM kI vareNyatA kA uttara sadAcAra ke kisI zAzvata mAnadaNDa ko svIkAra kiye binA nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM sadAcAra kI mUlyavattA para prazna cinha nahIM lagAyA jA sktaa| sadAcAra ke mUlyoM ke astitva kI svIkRti meM hI unakI parivartanazIlatA kA koI artha ho sakatA hai, unake nakArane meM nahIM hai|

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144 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki samAja bhI sadAcAra ke kisI mAnadaNDa kA sRjaka nahIM hai| aksara yaha kahA jAtA hai ki sadAcAra yA durAcAra kI dhAraNA samAja-sApekSa hai| eka urdU ke zAyara ne kahA hai-- bajA kahe Alama use bajA smjho| jabAnae khalka ko nakkArae khudA smjho|| arthAt jise samAja ucita kahatA hai use ucita aura jise anucita kahatA hai use anucita mAno kyoMki samAja kI AvAja Izvara kI AvAja hai| sAmAnyatayA sAmAjika mAnadaNDoM ko sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa mAna liyA jAtA hai kintu gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra karane para yaha bAta prAmANika siddha nahIM hotI hai| samAja kinhIM AcaraNa ke prArUpoM ko vihita yA avihita mAna sakatA hai kintu sAmAjika vihitatA aura avihitatA naitika aucitya yA anaucitya se bhinna hai| eka karma anaitika hote hue bhI vihita mAnA jA sakatA hai athavA naitika hote hue bhI avihita mAnA jA sakatA hai| kaMjara jAti meM corI, Adima kabIloM meM narabali yA muslima samAja meM bahu-patnI prathA vihita hai| rAjapUtoM meM lar3akI ko janmate hI mAra DAlanA kabhI vihita rahA thaa| aneka dezoM meM vezyAvRtti, sama-laiMgikatA yA madyapAna Aja bhI vihita aura vaidhAnika hai -- kintu kyA inheM naitika kahA jA sakatA hai| kyA AcAra ke ye rUpa sadAcAra kI koTi meM jA sakate haiM ? nagnatA ko, zAsanatantra kI AlocanA ko, avihita evaM avaidhAnika mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu isase nagna rahanA yA zAsaka varga ke galata kAryoM kI AlocanA karanA anaitika mAna lene mAtra se vaha sadAcAra kI koTi meM nahIM A jaataa| garbhapAta vaidhAnika ho sakatA hai lekina naitika kabhI nhiiN| naitika mUlyavattA niSpakSa viveka ke prakAza meM Alokita hotI hai| vaha sAmAjika vihitatA yA vaidhAnikatA se bhinna hai| samAja kisI karma ko vihita yA avihita banA sakatA hai, kintu ucita yA anucita nhiiN| yadyapi sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM meM parivartana hotA hai kintu unakI parivartanazIlatA phaizanoM kI parivartanazIlatA ke samAna bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa mAtra ruci sApekSa na hokara svayaM ruciyoM ke sRjaka bhI haiN| ataH jisa prakAra ruciyA~ yA tadjanita phaizana badalate haiM vaise hI sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa nahIM badalate haiN| yaha sahI hai ki unameM deza, kAla evaM paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para kucha parivartana hotA hai kintu phira bhI unameM eka sthAyI tattva hotA hai| ahiMsA, nyAya, Atma-tyAga, saMyama Adi aneka naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra ke pratyaya aise haiM, jinakI mUlyavattA sabhI dezoM evaM kAloM meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta rahI hai| yadyapi inameM apavAda mAne gaye haiM, kintu apavAda kI svIkRti inakI mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM hokara, vaiyaktika asamarthatA athavA paristhiti vizeSa meM unakI siddhi kI vivazatA kI hI sUcaka hai| apavAda, apavAda hai, vaha mUla niyama kA niSedha nahIM hai| jaina-darzana utsarga mArga aura apavAda-mArga kA vidhAna karatA hai usameM utsarga mArga ko zAzvata aura apavAda mArga ko parivartanazIla mAnatA hai| isa prakAra kucha naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra kI dhAraNAe~ avazya hI aisI haiM jo sArvabhauma aura aparivartanIya hai| prathamataH sadAcAra kI dhAraNAoM meM bahuta hI kama

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 145 parivartana hotA hai aura yadi hotA bhI hai to kahIM adhika svAmitva lie hue hotA hai| phaizana eka dazAbdI se dUsarI dazAbdI meM hI nahIM, apitu dina-pratidina badalate rahate haiM, kintu naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra sambandhI dhAraNAe~ isa prakAra nahIM badalatI haiN| grIka naitika mUlyoM kA IsAiyata ke dvArA tathA bhAratIya vaidika yuga ke mUlyoM kA aupaniSadika evaM jaina-bauddha saMskRtiyoM ke dvArA AMzika rUpa se mUlyAntaraNa avazya huA hai kintu zramaNa saMskRti tathA jainadharma ke dvArA svIkRta mUlyoM kA ina do hajAra varSoM meM bhI mUlyAntaraNa nahIM ho sakA hai| inhoMne sadAcAra yA durAcAra ke jo mAnadaNDa sthira kiye the ve Aja bhI svIkRta haiN| Aja AmUla parivartana ke nAma para unake ukhAr3a pheMkane kI jo bAta kahI jA rahI hai, vaha bhrAntijanaka hI hai| mUlya vizva meM AmUla parivartana yA nirapekSa parivartana sambhava hI nahIM hotA hai| naitika mUlyoM yA sadAcAra kI dhAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM jisa prakAra kA parivartana hotA hai vaha eka sApekSa aura sImita prakAra kA parivartana hai / isameM do prakAra ke parivartana parilakSita hote haiM-- parivartana kA eka rUpa vaha hotA hai, jisameM koI naitika mUlya viveka ke vikAsa ke sAtha vyApaka artha grahaNa karatA jAtA hai tathA usake purAne artha anaitika aura naye artha naitika mAne jAne lagate haiM, jaisA ki ahiMsA aura parArtha ke pratyayoM ke sAtha huA hai / eka samaya meM ina pratyayoM kA artha vistAra parijanoM, svajAtiyoM evaM svadharmiyoM taka sImita thaa| Aja vaha rASTrIyatA yA svarASTra taka vikasita hotA huA sampUrNa mAnava jAti evaM prANI jagat taka apanA vistAra pA rahA hai| AtmIya parijanoM, jAti bandhuoM evaM sadharmI bandhuoM kA hita sAdhana karanA kisI yuga meM naitika mAnA jAtA thA kintu Aja hama use bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda evaM sampradAyavAda kahakara anaitika mAnate haiM / Aja rASTrIya hita sAdhana naitika mAnA jAtA hai, kintu Ane vAle kala meM yaha bhI anaitika mAnA jA sakatA hai| yahI bAta ahiMsA ke pratyaya ke sAtha bhI ghaTita huI hai, Adima kabIloM meM parijanoM kI hiMsA hI hiMsA mAnI jAtI thI, Age calakara manuSya kI hiMsA ko hiMsA mAnA jAne lagA, vaidika dharma evaM yahUdI dharma hI nahIM, IsAI dharma bhI, ahiMsA ke pratyaya ko mAnava jAti se adhika artha-vistAra nahIM de pAyA, kintu vaiSNava paramparA meM ahiMsA kA pratyaya prANI jagat taka aura jaina - paramparA meM vanaspati jagat taka apanA artha - vistAra pA gyaa| isa prakAra naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA eka artha unake arthoM ko vistAra yA saMkoca denA bhI hai| isameM mUlabhUta pratyaya kI mUlyavattA banI rahatI hai, kevala usake artha vistAra yA saMkoca grahaNa karate jAte haiN| narabali, pazubali yA vidharmI kI hatyA hiMsA hai yA nahIM hai ? isa prazna ke uttara logoM ke vicAroM kI bhinnatA se bhinna-bhinna ho sakate haiM, kintu isase nyAya kI mUlyavattA samApta nahIM hotI hai / yauna naitikatA ke sandarbha meM bhI isI prakAra kA artha-vistAra yA artha- saMkoca huA hai| isakI eka ati yaha rahI hai ki eka ora para-puruSa kA darzana bhI pApa mAnA gayA to dUsarI ora svacchanda yauna sambandhoM ko bhI vihita mAnA gayA / kintu ina donoM atiyoM ke bAvajUda bhI pati-patnI sambandha meM prema, niSThA evaM tyAga ke tattvoM kI anivAryatA sarvamAnya rahI tathA saMyama evaM brahmacarya kI mUlyavattA para koI praznacihna nahIM lagAyA gayA / naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA eka rUpa vaha hotA hai, jisameM kisI mUlya kI mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, kintu unakA padakrama badalatA rahatA hai arthAt mUlyoM

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146 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 kA nirmUlyIkaraNa nahIM hotA apitu unakA sthAna saMkramaNa hotA hai| kisI yuga meM jo naitika guNa pramukha mAne jAte rahe hoM, ve dUsare yuga meM gauNa ho sakate haiM aura jo mUlya gauNa the, ve pramukha ho sakate haiN| ucca mUlya nimna sthAna para tathA nimna mUlya ucca sthAna para yA sAdhya mUlya sAdhana sthAna para tathA sAdhana mUlya sAdhya sthAna para A-jA sakate haiN| kabhI nyAya kA mUlya pramukha aura ahiMsA kA mUlya gauNa thA -- nyAya kI sthApanA ke lie hiMsA ko vihita mAnA jAtA thA-- kintu jaba ahiMsA kA pratyaya pramukha bana gayA to anyAya ko sahana karanA bhI vihita mAne jAne lgaa| grIka mUlyoM ke sthAna para IsAiyata ke mUlyoM kI sthApanA meM aisA hI parivartana huA hai| Aja sAmyavAdI-darzana sAmAjika nyAya ke hetu khUnI krAnti kI upAdeyatA kI svIkRti ke dvArA punaH ahiMsA ke sthAna para nyAya ko hI pramukha mUlya ke pada para sthApita karanA cAhatA hai| kintu isakA artha yaha kabhI nahIM hai ki grIka sabhyatA meM yA sAmyavAdI-darzana meM ahiMsA pUrNatayA nirmUlya hai yA IsAiyata meM nyAya kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai| mAtra hotA yaha hai ki yuga kI paristhiti ke anurUpa mUlya-vizva ke kucha mUlya ubharakara pramukha bana jAte haiM aura dUsare unake paripArzva meM cale jAte haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, kabhI-kabhI bAhara se paraspara virodha meM sthita do mUlya vastutaH virodhI nahIM hote haiM -- jaise nyAya aura ahiNsaa| kabhI-kabhI nyAya kI sthApanA ke lie hiMsA kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai, kintu isase mUlataH ve paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jA sakate haiM kyoMki anyAya bhI to hiMsA hI hai| sAmyavAda aura prajAtantra ke rAjanaitika-darzanoM kA virodha mUlya-virodha nahIM, mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA virodha hai| sAmyavAda ke lie roTI aura sAmAjika nyAya pradhAna mUlya hai aura svatantratA gauNa mUlya hai, jabaki prajAtantra meM svatantratA pradhAna mUlya hai aura roTI gauNa mUlya hai| Aja svacchanda yaunAcAra kA samarthana bhI saMyama ke sthAna para svatantratA (atantratA) ko hI pradhAna mUlya mAnane ke eka ativAdI dRSTikoNa kA pariNAma hai| sukhavAda aura buddhivAda kA mUlya-vivAda bhI aisA hI hai, na to sukhavAda buddhitattva ko nirmUlya mAnatA hai aura na buddhivAda sukha ko nirmUlya mAnatA hai| mAtra itanA hI hai ki sukhavAda meM sukha pradhAna mUlya hai aura buddhi gauNa mUlya hai jabaki buddhivAda meM viveka pradhAna mUlya hai aura sukha gauNa mUlya hai| isa prakAra mUlya-parivartana kA artha unake tAratamya meM parivartana hai, jo ki eka prakAra kA sApekSika parivartana hI hai| kabhI-kabhI mUlya viparyaya ko hI mUlya parivartana mAnane kI bhUla kI jAtI hai, kintu hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki mUlya viparyaya mUlya parivartana nahIM hai| mUlya viparyaya meM hama apanI cAritrika durbalatAoM ko, jo ki vAstava meM mUlya hai hI nahIM, mUlya mAna lete haiM -- jaise svacchanda yaunAcAra ko naitika mAna lenaa| dUsare yadi "kAma" kI mUlyavattA ke nAma para kAmukatA tathA roTI kI mUlyavattA ke nAma para svAda-lolupatA yA peTUpana kA samarthana kiyA jAve, to yaha mUlya parivartana nahIM hogA, mUlya viparyaya yA mUlyAbhAsa hI hogA, kyoMki "kAma" yA "roTI" mUlya ho sakate haiM kintu "kAmukatA" yA "svAdalolupatA" kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika mUlya nahIM ho sakate haiN| isI sandarbha meM hameM eka tIsare prakAra kA mUlya parivartana parilakSita hotA hai jisameM mUlya-vizva ke hI kucha mUlya apanI AnuSaMgikatA ke kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke varga meM sammilita ho jAte haiM aura kabhI-kabhI to naitika jagat ke pramukha mUlya yA

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 147 niyAmaka mUlya bana jAte haiN| artha aura kAma aise hI mUlya haiM jo svarUpataH naitika mUlya nahIM hai phira bhI naitika mUlyoM ke varga meM sammilita hokara unakA niyamana aura krama nirdhAraNa bhI karate haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki jo eka paristhiti meM pradhAna mUlya ho, vaha dUsarI paristhiti meM pradhAna mUlya na ho, kintu isase unakI mUlyavattA samApta nahIM hotI hai| paristhitijanya mUlya yA sApekSa mUlya dUsare mUlyoM ke niSedhaka nahIM hote haiN| do paraspara virodhI mUlya bhI apanI-apanI paristhiti meM apanI mUlyavattA ko banAe rakha sakate haiN| eka dRSTi se jo mUlya lagatA hai vaha dUsarI dRSTi se nirmUlya ho sakatA hai, kintu apanI dRSTi yA apekSA se to vaha mUlyavAna banA rahatA hai| yaha bAta pAristhitika mUlyoM ke sambandha meM hI adhika satya lagatI hai| jaina naitikatA kA aparivartanazIla yA nirapekSa pakSa ___hamane jainadarzana meM naitikatA ke sApekSa pakSa para vicAra kiyA lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM ki jaina-darzana meM naitikatA kA kevala sApekSa pakSa hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina vicAraka kahate haiM ki naitikatA kA eka-dUsarA pahalU bhI hai jise hama nirapekSa kaha sakate haiN| jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA udghoSa thA ki "dharma zuddha hai, nitya hai aura zAzvata hai|" yadi naitikatA meM koI nirapekSa evaM zAzvata tattva nahIM hai to phira dharma kI nityatA aura zAzvatatA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| jaina naitikatA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhUta, vartamAna, bhaviSya ke sabhI dharma-pravartakoM ( tIrthaMkaroM) kI dharma prajJapti eka hI hotI hai lekina isake sAtha-sAtha vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kI dharma prajJapti eka hone para bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM Upara se vibhinnatA mAlUma ho sakatI hai, jaisI mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM thii| jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitika AcaraNa ke Antara aura bAhya aise do pakSa hote haiM jinheM pAribhASika zabdoM meM dravya aura bhAva kahA jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa kA vaha bAhya pakSa deza evaM kAlagata parivartanoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla hotA hai, sApekSa hotA hai| jabaki AcaraNa kA AntarapakSa sadaiva-sadaiva ekaspa hotA hai, aparivartanazIla hotA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM nirapekSa hotA hai| vaicArika hiMsA yA bhAva-hiMsA sadaiva-sadaiva anaitika hotI hai, kabhI bhI dharmamArga athavA naitika jIvana kA niyama nahIM kahalA sakatI, lekina dravyahiMsA yA bAhyarUpa meM parilakSita hone vAlI hiMsA sadaiva hI anaitika athavA anAcaraNIya hI ho aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Antara parigraha arthAt tRSNA yA Asakti sadaiva hI anaitika hai lekina dravya parigraha sadaiva hI anaitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMkSepa meM jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya rUpoM meM naitikatA sApekSa hI ho sakatI hai aura hotI hai lekina AcaraNa ke Antara rUpoM yA bhAvoM yA saMkalpoM ke rUpa meM vaha sadaiva nirapekSa hI hai| sambhava hai ki bAhaya rUpa meM azubha dikhane vAlA koI karma apane antara meM nihita kisI sadAzayatA ke kAraNa zubha ho jAya lekina antara kA azubha saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sktaa| jaina dRSTi meM naitikatA apane hetu yA saMkalpa kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hotI hai| lekina pariNAma AthavA bAhya AcaraNa kI dRSTi se sApekSa hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM naitika saMkalpa

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148 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 nirapekSa hotA hai lekina naitika karma sApekSa hotA hai| isI kathana ko jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahAranaya (vyavahAdRSTi) se naitikatA sApekSa hai yA vyAvahArika naitikatA sApekSa hai lekina nizcayanaya (pAramArthika dRSTi ) se naitikatA nirapekSa hai yA nizcaya naitikatA nirapekSa hai| jaina dRSTi meM vyAvahArika naitikatA vaha hai jo karma ke pariNAma yA phala para dRSTi rakhatI hai jabaki nizcaya naitikatA vaha hai jo kartA ke prayojana yA saMkalpa para dRSTi rakhatI hai| yuddha kA saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sakatA, lekina yuddha kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika ho, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| AtmahatyA kA saMkalpa sadaiva hI anaitika hotA hai, lekina AtmahatyA kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai, varan kabhI-kabhI to vaha naitika hI ho jAtA hai, jaise -- candanA kI mAtA ke dvArA kI gaI AtmahatyA yA ceDA mahArAja ke dvArA kiyA gayA yuddh| jaina naitika vicAraNA meM naitikatA ko nirapekSa to mAnA gayA lekina kevala saMkalpa ke kSetra tk| jaina-darzana "mAnasa karma" ke kSetra meM naitikatA ko vizuddha rUpa meM nirapekSa evaM aparivartanazIla svIkAra karatA hai, lekina jahA~ kAyika yA vAcika karmoM ke bAhya, mAnasa kA kSetra AtmA kA apanA kSetra hai vahA~ vahI sarvocca zAsaka hai ataH vahA~ to naitikatA ko nirapekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai lekina AcaraNa ke kSetra meM cetana tattva ekamAtra zAsaka nahIM, vahA~ to anya paristhitiyA~ bhI zAsana karatI haiM, ataH usa kSetra meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko nirapekSa nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA evaM aparivartanazIlatA kA mUlyAMkana naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA ke sambandha meM hameM DIvI kA dRSTikoNa adhika saMgatipUrNa jAna par3atA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki ve paristhitiyA~, jinameM naitika AdarzoM kI siddhi kI jAtI hai, sadaiva hI parivartanazIla haiM aura naitika niyamoM, naitika kartavyoM aura naitika mUlyAMkanoM ke lie ina parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana karanA Avazyaka hotA hai, kintu yaha mAna lenA mUrkhatApUrNa hI hogA ki naitika siddhAnta itane parivartanazIla hai ki kisI sAmAjika sthiti meM unameM koI niyAmaka zakti hI nahIM hotI hai| zubha kI viSayavastu badala sakatI hai kintu zubha kA AkAra nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, naitikatA kA zarIra parivartanazIla hai kintu naitikatA kI AtmA nhiiN| naitika mUlyoM kA vizeSa svarUpa samaya-samaya para vaise-vaise badalatA rahatA hai, jaise-jaise sAmAjika yA sAMskRtika stara aura paristhiti badalatI rahatI hai, kintu mUlyoM kI naitikatA kA sAmAnya svarUpa sthira rahatA hai| vastutaH naitika mUlyoM kI vAstavika prakRti meM parivartanazIlatA aura aparivartanazIlatA ke donoM hI pakSa upasthita haiN| nIti kA kauna-sA pakSa parivartanazIla hotA hai aura kauna-sA pakSa aparivartanazIla hotA hai, ise nimnAMkita rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai-- 1. saMkalpa kA naitika mUlya aparivartanazIla hotA hai aura AcaraNa kA naitika mUlya parivartanazIla hotA hai| hiMsA kA saMkalpa kabhI naitika nahIM hotA, yadyapi hiMsA kA karma sadaiva anaitika ho, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, karma kA jo mAnasika yA bauddhika pakSa hai vaha nirapekSa evaM aparivartanIya hai, kintu karma kA jo vyAvahArika evaM AcaraNAtmaka pakSa hai, vaha

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sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma : 149 sApekSa evaM parivartanazIla hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, nIti kI AtmA aparivartanazIla hai aura nIti kA zarIra parivartanazIla hai| saMkalpa kA kSetra prajJA kA kSetra eka aisA kSetra hai, jahA~ cetanA hI sarvocca zAsaka hai| antasa meM vyakti svayaM apanA zAsaka hai, vahA~ paristhitiyoM yA samAja kA zAsana nahIM hai, ataH isa kSetra meM naitika mUlyoM kI nirapekSatA evaM aparivartanazIlatA sambhava hai| niSkAma karma-yoga kA darzana isI siddhAnta para sthita hai, kyoMki aneka sthitiyoM meM karma kA bAhayAtmaka rUpa kartA ke manobhAvoM kA yathArtha paricAyaka nahIM hotaa| ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ve mUlya jo manovRttyAtmaka yA bhAvanAtmaka nIti se sambandhita haiM, aparivartanIya hai kintu ve mUlya jo AcaraNAtmaka yA vyavahArAtmaka haiM, parivartanIya haiN| 2. dUsare, naitika sAdhya yA naitika Adarza aparivartanazIla hotA hai kintu usa sAdhya ke sAdhana parivartanazIla hote haiN| jo sarvocya zubha haiM vaha aparivartanIya hai, kintu usa sarvocya zubha kI prApti ke jo niyama yA mArga haiM ve vividha evaM parivartanIya haiM, kyoMki eka hI sAdhya kI prApti ke aneka sAdhana ho sakate haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sarvocya zubha ko chor3akara kucha anya sAdhya kabhI sAdhana bhI bana jAte haiN| sAdhya sAdhana kA vargIkaraNa nirapekSa nahIM hai, unameM parivartana sambhava hai| yadyapi jaba taka koI mUlya sAdhya sthAna para banA rahatA hai, taba taka usakI mUlyavattA aparivartanIya rahatI hai| kintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki kisI sthiti meM jo sAdhya-mUlya hai, vaha kabhI sAdhana-mUlya nahIM bnegaa| mUlya-vizva ke aneka mUlya aise haiM jo kabhI sAdhana-mUlya hote haiM aura kabhI saadhy-muuly| ataH unakI mUlyavattA apane sthAna parivartana ke sAtha parivartita ho sakatI hai| punaH vaiyaktika ruciyoM, kSamatAoM aura sthitiyoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para sabhI ke lie samAna niyamoM kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai| ataH sAdhana-mUlyoM ko parivartanIya mAnanA hI eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa ho sakatA hai| 3. tIsare, naitika niyamoM meM kucha niyama maulika hote haiN| sAdhAraNatayA sAmAnya yA mUla-bhUta niyama hI aparivartanIya mAne jA sakate haiM, vizeSa niyama to parivartanIya hote haiN| yadyapi hameM yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki aneka paristhitiyoM meM sAmAnya niyamoM ke bhI apavAda ho sakate haiM aura ve naitika bhI ho sakate haiM, phira bhI itanA to dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki apavAda ko kabhI bhI niyama kA sthAna nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ eka bAta jo vicAraNIya hai vaha yaha ki maulika niyamoM evaM sAdhya-mUlyoM kI aparivartanazIlatA bhI ekAntika nahIM hai| vastutaH jaina-darzana meM naitika mUlyoM yA sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM ke sandarbha meM ekAntarUpa se aparivartanazIlatA aura ekAnta rUpa se parivartanazIlatA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadi naitika mUlya yA sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa ekAnta rUpa se aparivartanazIla hoMge to sAmAjika sandarbho ke anurUpa nahIM raha skeNge| sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa itane nirloca to nahIM hai ki ve parivartanazIla sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana nahIM kara sakeM, kintu ve itane lacIle bhI nahIM haiM ki hara koI unheM apane anurUpa DhAla kara unake svarUpa ko hI vikRta kara de| sArAMza yaha hai ki sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa antaraMga rUpa se sthAyI haiM aura bAhya spa meM parivartanazIla haiN|

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza pro0 sAgaramala jaina vyakti kA vyaktitva usakI manovRttiyoM athavA AvegoM para nirbhara karatA hai| vyakti jitanA AvegoM se Upara uThegA, usake vyaktitva meM utanI sthiratA evaM paripakvatA AtI jaayegii| jisa vyakti meM AvegoM (kaSAyoM) kI jitanI adhikatA evaM tIvratA hogI, usakA vyaktitva utanA hI nimnastarIya evaM azAnta hogaa| AvegoM ( manovRttiyoM) kI tIvratA aura unakI zubhAzubhatA donoM hI hamAre vyaktitva ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| vastutaH AvegoM meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hogI, vyaktitva meM utanI hI asthiratA hogI aura vyaktitva meM jitanI adhika asthiratA hogI utanI hI cAritrika dRr3hatA meM kamI hogii| AvegAtmaka asthiratA hI anaitikatA kI jananI hai| isa prakAra AvegAtmakatA, caritra-bala aura vyaktitva tInoM hI eka dUsare se jur3e haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vyakti ke mUlyAMkana ke sandarbha meM na kevala AvegoM kI tIvratA para vicAra karanA cAhie, varan unakI prazastatA aura aprazastatA para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| prAcIna kAla se hI vyakti ke AvegoM tathA manobhAvoM ke zubhatva evaM azubhatva kA sambandha usake vyaktitva se jor3A jAtA rahA hai| vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa yA zreNI vibhAjana ke zArIrika evaM manovaijJAnika aneka adhAroM meM eka AdhAra vyakti kI prazasta aura aprazasta manovRttiyA~ bhI rahI haiN| jisa vyakti meM jisa prakAra kI manovRttiyA~ hotI haiM, usI AdhAra para usake vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| manovRttiyoM kI zubhAzubhatA evaM tIvratA aura mandatA ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kI paramparA bahata parAnI hai| jaina bauddha aura hindU paramparA ke granthoM meM aisA vargIkaraNa yA zreNI vibhAjana upalabdha hai| jaina paramparA meM isa vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra usakA lezyA siddhAnta hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa ke anya siddhAnta yathA -- bahirAtmA, antarAtmA kA siddhAnta evaM guNasthAna ke siddhAnta bhI pracalita haiM, kintu ina sabameM lezyA siddhAnta hI sabase prAcIna hai, kyoMki trividha AtmA kI avadhAraNA aura guNasthAnasiddhAnta donoM hI IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| jabaki lezyA siddhAnta bhagavatI aura uttarAdhyayana jaise IsvI pUrva ke AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha hai| anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM lezyA siddhAnta kA sthAna abhijAti kI kalpanA ne liyA hai| gItA meM ise daivI evaM AsurI sampadA ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| lezyA-siddhAnta aura naitika vyaktitva jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra lezyA kI paribhASA yaha hai ki jo AtmA ko karmoM se lipta karatI hai yA jisake dvArA AtmA karmoM se lipta hotI hai arthAt bandhana meM AtI hai, vaha

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 151 lezyA hai| uttarAdhyayana kI bRhad-vRtti meM lezyA kA artha ANvika AbhA, kAnti, prabhA yA chAyA kiyA gayA hai| yApanIya AcArya zivArya ne bhagavatI-ArAdhanA meM chAyA pudgala se prabhAvita jIva ke pariNAmoM ( manobhAvoM) ko lezyA mAnA hai| isI AdhAra para devendramunizAstrI ne lezyA ko eka prakAra kA paudgalika paryAvaraNa mAnA hai, jo manovRttiyoM ko nirdhArita karatA hai| DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne bhI apane zodha-nibandha meM bhagavatI sUtra ( 1/9) kI TIkA ke AdhAra para lezyA ko audArika Adi zarIroM kA varNa mAnA hai| ve likhatI haiM ki lezyA eka paudgalika pariNAma jainAgamoM meM lezyA do prakAra kI mAnI gayI hai -- 1. dravya lezyA aura 2. bhAva leshyaa| ataH hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki inameM mAtra dravya lezyA hI paudgagalika hai, bhAva lezyA nhiiN| bhAva lezyA to dravya lezyA ke AdhAra para banane vAlI cittavRttiyA~ haiN| ina donoM meM kAryakAraNa bhAva yA nimitta-naimittika sambandha to hai kintu donoM alaga-alaga haiN| 1. dravya lezyA - dravya lezyA sUkSma bhautika tattvoM se nirmita vaha saMracanA hai, jo hamAre manobhAvoM evaM tajjanita karmoM kA sApekSa rUpa meM kAraNa athavA kArya banatI hai| jisa prakAra pitta dravya kI vizeSatA se svabhAva meM kruddhatA AtI hai aura krodha ke kAraNa pitta kA nirmANa bahula rUpa se hotA hai, usI prakAra ina sUkSma bhautika tattvoM se manobhAva banate haiM aura manobhAva ke hone para ina sUkSma saMracanAoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| lezyA-dravya yA dravya-lezyA-svarUpa ke sambandha meM AcArya rAjendrasUrijI evaM paM0 sukhalAlajI ne nimna tIna matoM ko udadhRta kiyA hai (i) lezyA -- dravya karma-varmaNA se bane hue haiN| yaha mata uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM hai| (ii) lezyA -- dravya badhyamAna karmapravAha rUpa meM hai| yaha mata bhI uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM vAdivaitAla zAntisUri kA hai| (iii) lezyA -- yoga pariNAma hai arthAt zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM kA pariNAma hai| yaha mata AcArya haribhadra kA hai| merI dRSTi se dravya lezyA ko hama vyakti kA AbhA maNDala kaha sakate haiN| DaoN0 zAntI jaina ne apane zodha-prabandha meM aura unase pUrva yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ne apane grantha AbhAmaNDala meM isa para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai / 2. bhAva lezyA -- bhAva lezyA AtmA kA adhyavasAya yA antaHkaraNa kI vRtti hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI ke zabdoM meM bhAva-lezyA manobhAva vizeSa hai, jo saMkleza aura yoga se anugata saMkleza ke tIvra, tIvratara, tIvratama, manda, mandatara, mandatama Adi aneka bheda hone se lezyA (manobhAva) vastutaH aneka prakAra kI hai tathApi saMkSepa meM chaH bheda karake ( jaina) zAstra meM usakA svarUpa varNana kiyA gayA hai|

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152 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM lezyAoM ke svarUpa kA nirvacana varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza, manobhAva, karma Adi aneka pakSoM AdhAra para huA hai, lekina hama apane vivecana ko lezyAoM ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa taka sImita rakhanA ucita smjheNge| manodazAoM meM saMkleza kI nyUnAdhikatA athavA manobhAvoM kI azubhatva se zubhatva kI ora bar3hane kI sthitiyoM ke AdhAra para hI unake vibhAga kiye gaye haiM / aprazasta aura prazasta ina dvividha manobhAvoM ke unakI taratamatA ke AdhAra para chaH bheda varNita haiM - aprazasta manobhAva 1. kRSNa lezyA - tIvratama aprazasta manobhAva 2. nIla lezyA - tIvra aprazasta manobhAva 3. kApota lezyA - maMda aprazasta manobhAva prazasta manobhAva 4. tejolezyA - maMda prazasta manobhAva 5. padmalezyA - tIvra prazasta manobhAva 6. zuklalezyA - tIvratama prazasta manobhAva lezyAeM evaM vyaktitva kA zreNI - vibhAjana lezyAeM manobhAvoM kA vargIkaraNa mAtra nahIM hai, varan caritra ke AdhAra para kiye gaye vyaktitva ke prakAra bhI haiN| manobhAva athavA saMkalpa Antarika tathya hI nahIM hai, varan ve kriyAoM ke rUpa meM bAhya abhivyakti bhI cAhate haiM / vastutaH saMkalpa hI karma meM rUpAntarita hote haiN| breDale kA yaha kathana ucita hai ki karma saMkalpa kA rUpAntaraNa hai| manobhUmi yA saMkalpa vyakti ke AcaraNa kA preraka sUtra hai, lekina karma - kSetra meM saMkalpa aura AcaraNa do alaga-alaga tattva nahIM rahate haiN| AcaraNa se saMkalpoM kI manobhUmikA kA nirmANa hotA hai aura saMkalpoM kI manobhUmikA para hI AcaraNa sthita hotA hai| manobhUmi aura AcaraNa ( caritra ) kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| itanA hI nahIM, manovRtti svayaM meM bhI eka AcaraNa hai| mAnasika karma bhI karma hI hai / ataH jaina vicArakoM ne jaba lezyA pariNAma kI carcA kI to ve mAtra manodazAoM kI carcAoM taka hI sImita nahIM rahe, varan unhoMne usa manodazA se pratyutpanna jIvana ke karma kSetra meM ghaTita hone vAle bAhya vyavahAroM kI carcA bhI kI aura isa prakAra jaina lezyA siddhAnta vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kA vyavahArika siddhAnta bana gyaa| jaina vicArakoM ne isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para yaha batAyA ki manovRtti evaM AcaraNa kI dRSTi se vyakti kA vyaktitva yA to zubha ( naitika ) hogA yA azubha (anaitika ) / inheM dhArmika aura adhArmika athavA zukla-pakSI aura kRSNa - pakSI bhI kahA gayA hai| vastutaH eka varga vaha hai jo naitikatA yA zubhatva kI ora unmukha hai| dUsarA varga vaha hai jo anaitikatA yA azubhatva kI ora unmukha hai| isa prakAra guNAtmaka antara ke AdhAra para vyaktitva ke ye do prakAra banate haiN| lekina jaina vicAraka mAtra guNAtmaka vargIkaraNa se santuSTa nahIM hue aura unhoMne una do guNAtmaka prakAroM ko tIna-tIna prakAra ke mAtrAtmaka antaroM (jaghanya, madhyama evaM utkRSTa ) ke AdhAra para chaH bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA / jaina lezyA siddhAnta kA SaT - vidha vargIkaraNa isI AdhAra para huA hai| jaina vicArakoM ne ina

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jaina dharma kA lezyA - siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 153 mAtrAtmaka antaroM ke tIna, nava, ikyAsI aura do sau taiMtAlisa upabheda bhI ginAyeM haiM, lekina prAcIna SaT-vidha vargIkaraNa hI adhika pracalita rahA hai| nimna paMktiyoM meM hama ina chaH prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kI carcA kareMge 1. kRSNa lezyA ( azubha bhAva ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa yaha vyaktitva kA sabase nikRSTa rUpa hai| isa avasthA meM prANI ke vicAra atyanta nimna koTi ke evaM krUra hote haiN| vAsanAtmaka pakSa jIvana ke sampUrNa karmakSetra para hAvI rahatA hai| prANI apanI zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika kriyAoM para niyantraNa karane meM akSama rahatA hai| vaha apanI indriyoM para niyantraNa na rakha pAne ke kAraNa binA kisI prakAra ke zubhAzubha vicAra ke sadaiva indriyoM ke viSayoM kI pUrti meM nimagna rahatA hai| isa prakAra bhoga-vilAsa meM Asakta ho, vaha unakI pUrti ke lie hiMsA, corI, vyabhicAra aura saMgraha meM lagA rahatA hai / svabhAva se vaha nirdaya va nRzaMsa hotA hai aura hiMsaka kArya karane meM use tanika bhI aruci nahIM hotI tathA apane choTe se svArtha ke nimitta dUsare kA bar3A se bar3A ahita karane meM vaha saMkoca nahIM karatA / 10 mAtra yahI nahIM vaha dUsaroM ko nirarthaka pIr3A yA trAsa dene meM Ananda mAnatA hai| kRSNa lezyA se yukta prANI vAsanAoM ke andha pravAha se hI zAsita hotA hai isalie bhAvAveza meM usameM svayaM ke hitAhita kA vicAra karane kI kSamatA bhI nahIM hotii| vaha dUsare kA ahita mAtra isalie nahIM karatA ki usase usakA svayaM kA koI hita hogA, varan vaha to apane krUra svabhAva ke vazIbhUta ho, apane hita ke abhAva meM bhI dUsare kA ahita karatA rahatA hai| --1 * vyaktitva 2. nIla lezyA ( azubhatara manobhAva) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa kA yaha prakAra pahale kI apekSA kucha ThIka hotA hai, lekina hotA azubha hI hai| isa avasthA meM bhI prANI kA vyavahAra vAsanAtmaka pakSa se zAsita hotA hai| lekina vaha apanI vAsanAoM kI pUrti meM apanI buddhi kA prayoga karane lagatA hai| ataH isakA vyavahAra prakaTa rUpa meM to kucha parimArjita sA rahatA hai, lekina usake pIche kuTilatA hI kAma karatI hai| yaha virodhI kA ahita apratyakSa rUpa se karatA hai| aisA prANI IrSyAlu, asahiSNu, asaMyamI, ajJAnI, kapaTI, nirlajja, lampaTa, dveSa buddhi se yukta, rasalolupa evaM pramAdI hotA hai| 11 vaha apanI sukha-suvidhA kA sadaiva dhyAna rakhatA hai aura dUsare kA ahita apane hita ke nimitta karatA hai, yadyapi vaha apane alpa hita ke lie dUsare kA bar3A ahita bhI kara detA hai| jina prANiyoM se usakA svArtha satA hai una prANiyoM kA aja-poSaNa nyAya ke anusAra vaha kucha dhyAna avazya rakhatA hai, lekina manovRtti dUSita hI hotI hai| jaise bakarA pAlane vAlA bakare ko isalie nahIM khilAtA ki usa bakare kA hita hogA varan isalie khilAtA hai ki use mArane para adhika mAMsa milegA / aisA vyakti dUsare kA bAhya rUpa meM jo bhI hita karatA dikhAI detA hai, usake pIche usakA gahana svArtha rahatA hai / -- yaha 3. kApota lezyA ( azubha manovRtti ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa manovRtti bhI dUSita hai| ina manovRtti meM prANI kA vyavahAra mana, vacana, karma se ekarUpa nahIM hotA / usakI karanI aura kathanI bhinna hotI hai| manobhAvoM meM saralatA nahIM hotI, kapaTa aura

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154 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 ahaMkAra hotA hai / vaha apane doSoM ko sadaiva chipAne kI koziza karatA hai / usakA dRSTikoNa ayathArtha evaM vyavahAra anArya hotA hai| vaha vacana se dUsare kI gupta bAtoM ko prakaTa karane vAlA athavA dUsare ke rahasyoM ko prakaTa karake usase apanA hita sAdhane vAlA, dUsare ke dhana kA apaharaNa karane vAlA evaM mAtsarya bhAvoM se yukta hotA hai| phira bhI aisA vyakti dUsare kA ahita tabhI karatA hai, jaba usase usakI svArtha siddhi hotI hai| 12 4. tejolezyA ( zubha manovRtti ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa yaha manodazA pavitra hotI hai| isa manobhUmi meM prANI pApabhIru hotA hai / yadyapi vaha anaitika AcaraNa kI ora pravRtta nahIM hotA, tathApi vaha sukhApekSI hotA hai| lekina kisI anaitika AcaraNa dvArA una sukhoM kI prApti yA apanA svArtha sAdhana nahIM karatA / dhArmika aura naitika AcaraNa meM usakI pUrNa AsthA hotI hai| ataH una kRtyoM ke sampAdana meM Ananda prApta karatA hai, jo dhArmika yA naitika dRSTi se zubha haiN| isa manobhUmi meM dUsare ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA bhI hotI hai| saMkSepa meM, isa manobhUmi meM sthita prANI pavitra AcaraNa vAlA, namra, dhairyavAna, niSkapaTa, AkAMkSArahita, vinIta, saMyamI evaM yogI hotA hai|13 vaha priya evaM dRDhadharmI tathA parahitaiSI hotA hai| isa manobhUmi meM dUsare kA ahita to sambhava hotA hai, lekina kevala usI sthiti meM jabaki dUsarA usake hitoM kA hanana karane para utArU ho jAye / jaina AgamoM meM tejolezyA kI zakti ko prApta karane ke liye viziSTa sAdhanA-vidhi kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai / gozAlaka ne mahAvIra se tejolezyA kI jo sAdhanA sIkhI thI usakA durupayoga usane svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra aura unake ziSyoM ke prati kiyA / isa prakAra tejolezyA kA upayoga zubhatva aura azubhatva donoM hI dizA meM sambhava ho sakatA hai| 5. padma lezyA ( zubhatara manovRtti ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa isa manobhUmi meM pavitratA kI mAtrA pichalI bhUmi kI apekSA adhika hotI hai| isa manobhUmi meM krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobharUpa azubha manovRttiyA~ atIva alpa arthAt samAptaprAya ho jAtI haiM / prANI saMyamI tathA yogI hotA hai tathA yoga sAdhanA ke phalasvarUpa AtmajayI evaM praphullita hotA hai| vaha alpabhASI, upazAMta evaM jitendriya hotA hai| 14 6. zukla lezyA ( paramazubha manovRtti ) se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa yaha manobhUmi zubha manovRtti kI sarvocca bhUmikA hai| pichalI manovRtti ke sabhI zubha guNa isa avasthA meM vartamAna rahate haiM, lekina unakI vizuddhi kI mAtrA adhika hotI hai / prANI upazAMta, jitendriya evaM prasannacitta hotA hai| usake jIvana kA vyavahAra itanA mRdu hotA hai ki vaha apane hita ke lie dUsare ko tanika bhI kaSTa nahIM denA cAhatA hai| mana-vacana-karma se ekarUpa hotA hai tathA unapara usakA pUrNa niyantraNa hotA hai / use mAtra apane Adarza kA bodha rahatA hai| binA kisI apekSA ke vaha mAtra svakartavya ke paripAlana ke prati jAgarUka rahatA hai| sadaiva svadharma evaM svasvarUpa meM nimagna rahatA hai| ----

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 155 lezyA siddhAnta aura anya vicAraNAe~ bhArata meM vyakti ke manovRttiyoM, guNoM evaM karmoM ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa karane kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna hai| yaha vargIkaraNa sAmAjika evaM sAdhanAtmaka donoM dRSTikoNoM se kiyA jAtA rahA hai| sAmAjika dRSTi se isane cAturvarNya ke siddhAnta kA rUpa grahaNa kiyA thA, jisapara janmanA Ara karmaNA dRSTikoNoM ko lekara zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA meM kAphI vivAda bhI rahA hai| sAdhanAtmaka dRSTikoNa se guNa karma ke AdhAra para vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparA ne kiyA hai, varan anya lupta zramaNa paramparAoM meM bhI aise vargIkaraNa upalabdha hote haiN| dIghanikAya meM AjIvaka sampradAya ke AcArya maMkhaliputra gozAlaka evaM aMguttaranikAya meM pUrNa-kazyapa ke nAma ke sAtha hI vargIkaraNa kA nirdeza huA hai| jJAtavya hai ki dIghanikAya meM sAmaMjaphalasutta meM gozAlaka sambandhI vivaraNa meM mAtra "chasvevavavAbhijAtIsu" itanA ullekha hai, jabaki aMguttara nikAya meM pUrNakazyapa ke dvArA prastuta vivaraNa meM ina chahoM abhijAtiyoM meM kauna kisa varga meM AtA hai, isakA bhI ullekha hai| kintu isameM AjIvaka zramaNoM aura AcAryoM ko sarvocca vargoM meM rakhanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki yaha siddhAnta mUlataH AjIvakoM arthAta maMkhaligozAlaka kI paramparA kA rahA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM yA to bhrAntivaza athavA phira pUrNakazyapa dvArA bhI mAnya hone ke kAraNa ise unake nAmoM se kahA gayA hai| isakI mAnyatA ke anusAra kRSNa, nIla, lohita, haridra, zukla aura paramazukla ye cha: abhijAtiyA~ haiN| ukta vargIkaraNa meM kRSNa abhijAti meM nirgantha aura AjIvaka zramaNoM ke atirikta anya zramaNoM ko, lohita abhijAti meM nirgantha zramaNoM ko, haridra abhijAti meM AjIvaka gRhasthoM ko, zukla abhijAta meM AjIvaka ke praNetA AcArya-varga ko rakhA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki caturtha varga ke artha meM pUjya AcArya devendramunijI ne apane 'puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha meM evaM kumArI zAntA jaina ne apane zodha-prabandha meM jo zvetavastradhArI yA nirvastra kA artha likhA hai vaha ucita nahIM hai usameM mUlazabda hai -- "odAttavasanI acelasAvakA" / isakA artha hai udAtta vastra vAle acelakoM ( AjIvakoM ) ke shraavk| isameM acelasAvakA kA artha acelakoM ke zrAvaka aisA hai| odAttavasanA yaha zrAvakoM kA vizeSaNa hai| uparyukta vargIkaraNa kA jaina vicAraNA ke lezyA siddhAnta se bahuta kucha zabda sAmya hai, lekina jaina dRSTi se yaha vargIkaraNa isa artha meM bhinna hai ki eka to yaha kevala mAnava jAti taka sImita hai, jabaki jaina vargIkaraNa isameM sampUrNa prANI varga kA samAveza karatA hai| dUsare, jaina dRSTikoNa vyaktiparaka hai, jo sAmpradAyikatA se Upara uThakara kahatA hai ki pratyeka vyakti yA vyakti samUha apanI manovRttiyoM evaM karmoM ke AdhAra para kisI bhI varga yA abhijAti meM sammilita ho sakatA hai| yahA~ yaha vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai ki jahA~ gozAlaka dvArA dusare zramaNoM ko nIla abhijAti meM rakhA gayA, vahA~ nirganthoM ko lohita abhijAti meM rakhanA unake prati kucha samAdara bhAva kA dyotaka avazya hai| sambhava hai ki mahAvIra evaM gozAlaka kA pUrva sambandha hI isakA kAraNa rahA ho| jahA~ taka bhagavAna buddha kI tatsambandhI mAnyatA kA kA prazna hai, ve pUrNakazyapa athavA gozAlaka kI mAnyatA se apane ko sahamata nahIM kara pAte haiN| ve vyakti ke naitika stara ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa to prastuta karate haiM, lekina ve apane vargIkaraNa ko jaina

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156 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 vicAraNA ke samAna hI sArvabhauma evaM vastuniSTha hI rakhanA cAhate haiN| ve yaha bhI nahIM batAte ki amuka varga yA vyakti isa varga kA hai, varan yahI kahate haiM ki jisakI manobhUmikA evaM AcaraNa jisa varga ke anusAra hogA, vaha usa varga meM A jaayegaa| pUrNakazyapa ke dRSTikoNa kI samAlocanA karate hue bhagavAna buddha Ananda se kahate haiM ki 'maiM abhijAtiyoM ko to mAnatA hU~ lekina merA mantavya dUsaroM se pRthak hai / 16 manodazAoM ke AdhAra para AcaraNaparaka vargIkaraNa bauddha vicAraNA kA pramukha mantavya thaa| bauddha vicAraNA meM prathamataH prazasta aura aprazasta manobhAva tathA karma ke AdhAra para mAnava jAti ko kRSNa aura zukla varga meM rakhA gyaa| jo krUra karmI haiM ve kRSNa abhijAti ke haiM aura jo zubha karmI haiM ve zukla abhijAti ke haiN| punaH kRSNa prakAra vAle aura zukla prakAra vAle manuSyoM ko guNa-karma ke AdhAra para tIna-tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai|17 jainAgama uttarAdhyayana meM bhI lezyAoM ko prazasta aura aprazasta ina do bhAgoM meM bA~Takara pratyeka ke tIna-tIna vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| bauddha vicAraNA ne zubhAzubha karmoM evaM manobhAvoM ke AdhAra para chaH varga to mAna liye, lekina isake atirikta unhoMne eka varga una logoM kA bhI mAnA jo zubhAzubha se Upara uTha gaye haiM aura ise akRSNa zukla khaa| jaise jaina darzana meM arhat ko alezI kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra buddha ne nimna chaH abhijAtiyA~ pratipAdita kI haiM -- ___ (1) koI vyakti kRSNAbhijAtika (nIca kula meM paidA huA ) ho aura kRSNa dharma (pApakRtya ) karatA hai| (2) koI vyakti kRSNAbhijAtika ho aura zukla dharma karatA hai| (3) koI vyakti kRSNAbhijAtika ho akRSNa- azukla nirvANa ko samutpanna karatA (4) koI vyakti zuklAbhijAtika ( uccakula meM samutpanna huA ) ho tathA zukla dharma (puNya) karatA hai| (5) koI vyakti zuklAbhijAtika ho aura kRSNakarma karatA hai| (6) koI vyakti zuklAbhijAtika ho azukla-akRSNa nirvANa ko samutpanna karatA hai isa vargIkaraNa meM bhagavAna buddha ne janma aura karma donoM ko hI apanA AdhAra banAyA hai jabaki jaina paramparA manobhAvoM aura karmoM ko hI mahattva detI hai, janma ko nhiiN| phira bhI usameM deva evaM nAraka ke sambandha meM jo lezyA kI carcA hai usase aisA lagatA hai ki vaha varga vizeSa meM janma ke sAtha lezyA vizeSa kI upasthiti mAnate the| lezyA-siddhAnta aura gItA gItA meM bhI prANiyoM ke guNa-karma ke anusAra vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kI dhAraNA milatI hai| gItA na kevala sAmAjika dRSTi se prANiyoM ko guNa-karma ke anusAra cAra vargoM meM vargIkRta karatI hai, varan vaha AcaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI eka alaga vargIkaraNa prastuta karatI hai|

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 157 gItA ke 16veM adhyAya meM prANiyoM kI AsurI evaM daivI aisI do prakAra kI prakRti batalAyI gaI hai aura isI AdhAra para prANiyoM ke do vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| gItA kA kathana hai ki prANiyoM yA manuSyoM kI prakRti do hI prakAra kI hotI hai yA to daivI yA aasurii|18 usameM bhI daivI guNa mokSa ke hetu haiM aura AsurI guNa bandhana ke hetu haiN|19 gItA meM hameM dvividha vargIkaraNa hI milatA hai, jinheM hama cAhe daivI aura AsurI prakRti kaheM, cAhe kRSNa aura zuklapakSI kaheM yA kRSNa aura zukla abhijAti kaheM / SaT lezyAoM kI jaina vicAraNA ke vivecana meM bhI do hI mUla prakAra haiN| prathama tIna kRSNa, nIla aura kApota lezyA ko avizuddha, aprazasta aura saMkliSTa kahA gayA hai aura antima tIna tejo, padma aura zukla lezyA ko vizuddha prazasta aura asaMkliSTa kahA gayA hai|20 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki kRSNa, nIla evaM kApota adharma lezyAyeM haiM aura inake kAraNa jIvana durgati meM jAtA hai aura tejoM, padma evaM zukla dharmalezyAyeM hai aura inake kAraNa jIva saMgati meM jAtA hai|21 paM0 sukhalAla jI likhate haiM ki kRSNa aura zukla ke bIca kI lezyAyeM, vicAragata azubhatA ke vividha mizraNa mAtra hai|22 jaina dRSTi ke anusAra dharma lezyAyeM yA prazasta lezyAyeM mokSa kA hetu to hotI haiM evaM jIvanamukta avasthA taka vidyamAna bhI rahatI haiM, lekina videha mukti usI avasthA meM hotI hai jaba prANI inase bhI Upara uTha jAtA hai| isalie yahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki dharma lezyAyeM sugati kA kAraNa haiM, nirvANa kA kAraNa nahIM haiN| nirvANa kA kAraNa to lezyAoM se atIta honA hai| jaina vicAraNA vivecanA ke kSetra meM vizleSaNAtmaka adhika rahI hai| ataeva vargIkaraNa karane kI sthiti meM bhI usane kAphI gaharAI taka jAne kI koziza kI aura isI AdhAra para yaha SaT-vidha vivecana kiyaa| lekina tathya yaha hai ki guNAtmaka antara ke AdhAra para to do hI bheda hote haiM, zeSa vargIkaraNa mAtrAtmaka hI haiM aura isa prakAra yadi mula AdhAroM kI ora dRSTi rakheM to jaina aura gItA kI vicAraNA ko atinikaTa hI pAte haiN| jahA~ taka jaina darzana kI dharma aura adharma lezyAoM meM aura gItA kI daivI aura AsurI sampadA meM prANI kI manaHsthiti evaM AcaraNa kA jo citraNa kiyA gayA hai, usameM bahuta kucha zabda evaM bhAva sAmya hai| dharma lezyAoM meM prANI kI manaHsthiti evaM caritra ( uttarAdhyayana23 ke AdhAra para jaina dRSaTikoNa) daivI sampadA se yukta prANI kI manaHsthiti evaM caritra (gItA24 kA dRSTikoNa) 1. prazAnta citta 2. jJAna, dhyAna aura tapa meM rata 3. indriyoM ko vaza meM rakhane vAlA 4. svAdhyAyI 5. hitaiSI 6. krodha kI nyUnatA 7. mAna, mAyA aura lobha kA tyAgI zAntacitta evaM svaccha antaHkaraNa vAlA tatvajJAna ke lie dhyAna meM nirantara dRr3ha sthiti indriyoM kA damana karane vAlA svAdhyAyI, dAnI evaM uttama karma karane vAlA ahiMsAyukta, dayAzIla tathA abhaya akrodhI, kSamAzIla tyAgI

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158 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 8. alpabhASI apizunI tathA satyazIla 9. indriya aura mana para adhikAra karane vAlA alolupa (indriya viSayoM meM anAsakta) 10. tejasvI tejasvI 11. dRr3hadharmI dhairyavAna 12. nadra evaM vinIta komana 13. capalatA rahita tathA zAMta capalatArahita (acapala) 14. pApabhIru zAnta loka aura zAstraviruddha AcaraNa meM lajjA aprazasta yA adharma lezyAoM meM prANiyoM kI AsurI sampadA se yukta prANI kI manaHsthiti manaHsthiti evaM caritra (uttarAdhyayana25 ke evaM caritra (gItA ke AdhAra para)26 gItA kA AdhAra para jaina dRSTikoNa) dRSTikoNa 1. ajJAnI 3. mana, vacana evaM karma se agupta 4. durAcArI 5. kapaTI 6. mithyAdRSTi 7. avicArapUrvaka karma karane vAlA 8. nRzaMsa 9. hiMsaka 10. rasalolupa evaM viSayI 11. avirata 12. cora kartavyAkartavya ke jJAna kA abhAva naSTAtmA evaM cintAgrasta mAnasika evaM kAyika zauca se rahita ( apavitra ) azuddha AcAra (durAcArI) kapaTI, mithyAbhASI AtmA aura jagat ke viSaya meM mithyA dRSTikoNa alpabuddhi krUrakarmI hiMsaka, jagat kA nAza karane vAlA kAmabhoga parAyaNa tathA krodhI tRSNAyukta cora - - - - - - - - - - - - mahAbhArata aura lezyA siddhAnta gItA mahAbhArata kA aMga hai aura mahAbhArata meM sanatkumAra evaM vRtrAsura ke saMvAda meM prANiyoM ke chaH prakAra ke varNoM kA nirdeza huA hai| ve varNa haiM : kRSNa, dhUmra, nIla, rakta, hAridra aura shukl| ina cha: vargoM kI sukhAtmaka sthiti kA citraNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki kRSNa, dhUmra aura nIla varNa kA sukha madhyama hotA hai, rakta varNa kA sukha sahya hotA hai| hAridra varNa sukhakara hotA hai aura zukla varNa sarvAdhika sukhakara hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM bhI SaTlezyAoM kI sukhaduHkhAtmaka sthitiyoM kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| isake atirikta mahAbhArata meM brAhamaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ina cAra varNoM

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 159 ke cAra raMgoM ( varNoM ) kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| isameM zUdra ko kRSNa, vaizya ko nIla, kSatriya ko rakta, aura brAhmaNa ko zukla varNa kahA gayA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jainAcArya jaTAsiMha nandI ne varAMgacarita ( 7vIM zatI ) meM isa avadhAraNA kI spaSTa samIkSA bhI kI thI / unhoMne kahA thA ki na to sabhI zUdra kAle hote haiM aura na sabhI brAhmaNa zukla varNa ke hote haiN| sAtha hI mahAbhArata meM vargoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM kI ucca evaM nimna gatiyoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| sAtha hI sabhI vargoM kI carcA karate hue bhI batAyA gayA hai ki nArakIya jIvoM kA varNa kRSNa hotA hai, jo naraka se nikalate haiM unakA varNa dhUmra hotA hai| mAnava jAti kA varNa nIlA hotA hai| devoM kA rakta varNa hotA hai| anugrahazIla viziSTa devoM kA varNa hAridra aura sAdhakoM kA varNa zukla hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki varNoM ( raMgoM ) ke AdhAra para prANiyoM kA vargIkaraNa aneka dRSTiyoM se kiyA gayA hai| yoga-sUtra evaM lezyA-siddhAnta isI prakAra pataMjali ne apane yogasUtra meM cAra jAtiyA~ pratipAdita kI hai : 1. kRSNa, 2. kRSNa-zukla, 3. zukla aura 4. ashukl-akRssnn| inheM kramazaH azuddhatara, azuddha, zuddha aura zuddhatara kahA gayA hai| ___ uparokta AdhAroM para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prArambha meM kRSNa aura zukla ina do varNoM kI kalpanA ko manovRtti, AcaraNa, gati Adi se jor3A gayA / jaina darzana meM inheM kRSNapakSI aura zuklapakSI kahA gayA aura kRSNapakSI ko mithyA dRSTi aura zukla pakSI ko samyak dRSTi mAnA gyaa| bauddha grantha dhammapada meM kRSNadharma aura zukladharma kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki paNDita kRSNa dharma kA parityAga kara zukla dharma kA anusaraNa kre| Age calakara akRSNa azukla rUpa nirvANa kalpanA ke sAtha tIna varga banAye gye| phira janma ke AdhAra para kRSNa-abhijAti aura zukla-abhijAti kI kalpanA kA karma kI dRSTi se ukta tIna avasthAoM se saMyoga karake bauddha dharma meM bhI chaH varga bane haiM, jinakI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| isa prakAra kRSNa aura zukla donoM ke saMyoga se kRSNa-zukla nAmaka tIsare aura donoM kA atikramaNa karane se cauthe varga kI kalpanA kI gayI aura isa prakAra eka caturvidha vargIkaraNa bhI huaa| pataMjali aura bauddha darzana meM yaha caturvidha vargIkaraNa bhI milatA hai| kRSNa aura zukla varNa ke madhyavartI anya varNoM kI kalpanA ke sAtha AjIvaka Adi kucha prAcIna zramaNa dhArAoM meM SaT abhijAtiyoM kI aura jainadhArA meM lezyAoM kI avadhAraNA sAmane AyI hai| lezyA siddhAnta evaM pAzcAtya nItivettA rAsa ke naitika vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa pAzcAtya nItizAstra meM DablyU0 rAsa bhI eka aisA vargIkaraNa prastuta karate haiM jisakI tulanA jaina lezyA siddhAnta se kI jA sakatI hai| rAsa kahate haiM ki naitika zubha eka aisA zubha hai jo hamAre kAryoM, icchAoM, saMvegoM tathA caritra se sambandhita hai| naitika zubhatA kA mUlya kevala isI bAta meM nahIM hai ki usakA preraka kyA hai, varan usakI anaitikatA ke prati avarodhaka zakti se bhI hai| unake anusAra naitika zubhatva ke sandarbha meM manobhAvoM kA unake

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160 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 nimnatama rUpa se uccatama rUpa taka eka nimna prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai-- 1. dUsaroM ko jitanA adhika duHkha diyA jA sakatA hai, dene kI icchaa| 2. dUsaroM ko kisI vizeSa prakAra kA asthAyI duHkha utpanna karane kI icchaa| 3. naitika dRSTi se anucita sukha prApta karane kI icchaa| 4. aisA sukha prApta karane kI icchA jo naitika dRSTi se ucita na ho, lekina anucita bhI na ho| 5. naitika dRSTi se ucita sukha prApta karane kI icchaa| 6. dUsaroM ko sukha dene kI icchA / 7. koI zubha kArya karane kI icchaa| 8. apane naitika kartavya ke paripAlana kI icchaa|27 rAsa apane isa vargIkaraNa meM jaina lezyA siddhAnta ke kAphI nikaTa A jAte haiN| jaina vicAraka aura rAsa donoM svIkAra karate haiM ki naitika zubha kA samanvaya hamAre kAryoM, icchAoM, saMvegoM tathA caritra se hai| yahI nahIM donoM vyakti ke naitika vikAsa kA mUlyAMkana isa bAta se karate haiM ki vyakti ke manobhAvoM evaM AcaraNa meM kitanA parivartana huA hai aura vaha vikAsa kI kisa bhUmikA meM sthita hai| rAsa ke vargIkaraNa ke pahale stara kI tulanA kRSNa lezyA kI manobhUmi se kI jA sakatI hai, donoM hI dRSTikoNoM ke anusAra isa stara meM prANI kI manovRtti dasaroM ko yathAsambhava daHkha dene kI hotI hai| jaina vicAraNA kA jAmana ke vakSa vAlA udAharaNa bhI yahI batAtA hai ki kRSNalezyA vAlA vyakti usa jAmuna ke vRkSa ke mUla ko prApta karane kI icchA rakhatA hai arthAt jitanA vinAza kiyA jA sakatA hai yA jitanA duHkha diyA jA sakatA hai, use dene kI icchA rakhatA hai| dUsare stara kI tulanA nIla lezyA se kI jA sakatI hai| rAsa ke anusAra vyakti isa stara meM dUsaroM ko asthAyI duHkha dene kI icchA rakhatA hai, jainadRSTi ke anusAra bhI isa avasthA meM prANI dUsaroM ko duHkha usI sthiti meM denA cAhatA hai, jaba unake duHkha dene se usakA svArtha sadhatA hai| isa prakAra isa stara para prANI dUsaroM ko tabhI duHkha detA hai jaba usakA svArtha unase TakarAtA ho / yadyapi jaina dRSTi yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki isa stara meM vyakti apane choTe se hita ke lie dUsaroM kA bar3A ahita karane meM nahIM skucaataa| jaina vicAraNA ke uparyukta udAharaNa meM batAyA gayA hai ki nIla lezyA vAlA vyakti phala ke lie samUla vRkSa kA nAza to nahIM karatA, lekina usakI zAkhA ko kATa dene kI manovRtti rakhatA hai arthAt usa vRkSa kA pUrNa nAza nahIM, varan usake eka bhAga kA nAza karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM AMzika duHkha detA hai| rAsa ke tIsare stara kI tulanA jaina dRSTi kI kApotalezyA se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina daSTi yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki nIla aura kApota lezyA ke ina staroM meM vyakti sukhApekSI hotA hai, lekina jina sukhoM kI vaha gaveSaNA karatA hai, ve vAsanAtmaka sukha hI hote haiN| dUsare, jaina vicAraNA yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki kAyota lezyA ke stara taka vyakti apane svArthoM yA sukhoM kI prApti ke lie kisI naitika zubhAzubhatA kA vicAra nahIM karatA hai| vaha jo kucha bhI karatA hai vaha mAtra svArtha prerita hotA hai| rAsa ke tIsare stara meM vyakti naitika

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jaina dharma kA lezyA - siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 161 dRSTi se anucita sukha prApta karanA cAhatA hai / isa prakAra yahA~ para bhI rAsa evaM jaina dRSTikoNa vicAra - sAmya rakhate haiN| rAsa ke cauthe, pA~caveM aura chaTheM staroM kI saMyukta rUpa se tulanA jaina dRSTi kI tejolezyA ke stara ke sAtha ho sakatI hai| rAsa cauthe stara meM prANI kI prakRti isa prakAra batAte haiM ki vyakti sukha to pAnA cAhatA hai, lekina vaha unhIM sukhoM kI prApti kA prayAsa karatA hai jo naitika dRSTi se anucita bhI nahIM ho, pA~caveM stara para prANI naitika dRSTi se ucita sukhoM ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai tathA chaTheM stara para vaha dUsaroM ko sukha dene kA prayAsa bhI karatA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI tejolezyA ke stara para prANI naitika dRSTi se ucita se ucita sukhoM ko hI pAne kI icchA rakhatA hai, sAtha-sAtha vaha dUsare kI sukha-suvidhAoM kA bhI dhyAna hai rakhatA 1 rAsa ke sAtaveM stara kI tulanA jaina- dRSTi meM padmalezyA se kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki donoM ke anusAra isa stara para vyakti dUsaroM ke hita kA dhyAna rakhatA hai tathA dUsaroM ke hita ke lie una saba kAryoM ko karane meM tatpara rahatA hai, jo naitika dRSTi se zubha haiN| rAsa ke 'anusAra manobhAvoM ke AThaveM sarvocca stara para vyakti ko mAtra apane kartavya kA bodha rahatA hai| vaha hitAhita kI bhUmikAoM se Upara uTha jAtA hai| isI prakAra jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra bhI naitikatA kI isa uccatama bhUmikA meM jise zukla lezyA kahA jAtA hai, vyakti ko samatva bhAva kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai, ataH vaha sva aura para bheda se Upara uThakara mAtra Atma-svarUpa meM sthita rahatA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala jaina, bauddha aura bRhad hindU paramparA varan pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki vyakti ke manobhAvoM se usake vyaktitva kA nirmANa hotA hai / vyakti kA AcaraNa eka ora usake manobhAvoM kA paricAyaka hai, to dUsarI ora usake naitika vyaktitva kA nirmAtA bhI hai| manobhAva evaM tajjanita AcaraNa jaise-jaise azubha se zubha kI ora bar3hatA hai, vaise-vaise vyakti meM bhI paripakvatA evaM vikAsa dRSTigata hotA hai / aise zuddha, saMtulita, sthira evaM paripakva vyaktitva kA nirmANa jIvana kA lakSya hai| lezyA siddhAnta kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama jahA~ taka lezyA kI avadhAraNA ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama kA prazna hai| DaoN0 lyUmena aura DaoNo haramana jaikobI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki AjIvakoM kI SaT-abhijAtiyoM kI kalpanA se hI jainoM meM SaT-lezyAoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa huA hai| SaT-lezyAoM ke nAma Adi kI SaT-abhijAtiyoM ke nAmoM se bahuta kucha sAmyatA ko dekhakara unakA yaha mAna lenA asvAbhAvika to nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai phira bhI yadi abhijAti siddhAnta aura lezyA - siddhAnta kI mUla prakRti ko dekheM to hameM donoM meM eka antara pratIta hotA hai| abhijAti kA siddhAnta dhArmika vizvAsoM aura sAdhanAoM ke bAhya AdhAra para kiyA gayA vyakti kA vargIkaraNa hai, jabaki lezyA kA siddhAnta manovRttiyoM ke AdhAra para hone vAle manodaihika parivartanoM aura vyakti ke

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162 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 vyaktitva kI cAritrika viziSTatAoM kA sUcaka hai| ataH nAma sAmyatA hote hue bhI donoM meM dRSTigata bhinnatA hai| dUsare yaha hai ki pUrNakazyapa, maMkhalI gozAla Adi AjIvaka AcArya bhI mahAvIra ke samakAlika hI haiM, ataH kisase kisane liyA hai yaha kahanA kaThina hai| punaH lezyA zabda jainoM kA apanA pAribhASika zabda hai, kisI bhI anya paramparA meM isa artha meM yaha zabda milatA hI nahIM hai| ataH isa avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA zreya to jaina paramparA ko denA hI hogaa| ho sakatA hai ki SaT-abhijAti Adi usa yuga meM samAnAntara rUpa se pracalita anya siddhAntoM se unhoMne kRSNa, zukla, nIla Adi nAma grahaNa kiye hoM kintu yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki SaTa-abhijAtiyoM evaM SaT-lezyAoM ke nAmoM meM bhI pUrI samAnatA hai kevala kRSNa, nIla aura zukla ye tIna samAna hai kintu lohita, hAridra, padma-zukla ye tIna nAma lezyA siddhAnta meM nahIM hai, unake sthAna para kApota, tejo evaM padama ye tIna nAma milate haiN| ataH lezyA siddhAnta abhijAti siddhAnta kI pUrNataH anukRti nahIM hai| manobhAvoM, cAritrika vizuddhi, loka kalyANa kI pravRtti Adi ke AdhAra para vyaktiyoM athavA unake vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa kI paramparA sabhI dharma paramparAoM meM aura sabhI kAloM meM pAI jAtI hai| pratyeka dharma paramparA ne apanI-apanI dRSTi se usa para vicAra kiyaa| aitihAsika dRSTi se lezyA zabda kA prayoga atiprAcIna hai| itanA nizcita hai ki prAcIna pAli tripiTaka ke dIghanikAya aura aMguttaranikAya, jinameM AbhijAti kA siddhAnta pAyA jAtA hai, kI apekSA AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha bhASA, zailI aura viSayavastu tInoM hI dRSTiyoM se prAcIna hai| vidvAna use I0 pU0 pA~cavI-cauthI zatI kA grantha mAnate haiM aura usameM abahilesse28 zabda kI upasthiti yahI sUcita karatI hai ki lezyA kI avadhAraNA mahAvIra ke samakAlIna hai| punaH uttarAdhyayanasUtra jo AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke atirikta anya sabhI AgamoM se prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai, meM lezyAoM ke sambandha meM eka pUrA adhyayana upalabdha honA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki lezyA kI avadhAraNA eka prAcIna avadhAraNA hai| jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika aura cAritrika vizuddhi kI dRSTi se paravartI kAla meM jo trividha AtmA kA siddhAnta aura guNa sthAna ke siddhAnta astitva meM Aye, usakI apekSA lezyA kA siddhAnta prAcIna hai| kyoMki na kevala AcArAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM apitu sUtrakRtAMga meM suvizuddhalese tathA aupapAtikasUtra meM 'apaDilessa zabdoM kA ullekha milatA hai| yahA~ sarvatra lezyA zabda manovRtti kA hI paricAyaka hai aura sAdhaka kI AtmA vizuddhi kI sthiti ko sUcita karatA vastutaH lezyA siddhAnta meM AtmA ke saMkliSTa athavA vizuddha pariNAmoM kI carcA raMgoM ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| yaha raMgoM ke AdhAra para vyaktiyoM aura unake manobhAvoM ke vargIkaraNa kI paramparA bhAratIya sAhitya meM ati prAcIna kAla se rahI hai| lezyA kI avadhAraNA ko prAcIna kahane se hamArA yaha tAtparya nahIM ki usameM koI vikAsa nahIM huaa| yadi hama jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha lezyA sambandhI vivaraNoM ko par3heM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki lezyA-avadhAraNA kI aneka dRSTiyoM se vivecanA kI gayI hai| sarvaprathama

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 163 uttarAdhyayanasUtra29 meM nAma, varNa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza, pariNAma, lakSaNa, sthAna, sthiti, gati aura Ayu ina gyAraha vicAra binduoM (dvAroM) se usa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jabaki bhagavatI evaM prajJApanAsUtra30 meM nimna pandraha vicAra binduoM (dvAroM) se lezyA kI carcA kI gayI hai| ___ 1.pariNAma, 2. varNa, 3. rasa, 4. gaMdha, 5. zuddha, 6. aprazasta, 7. saMkliSTa, 8. uSNa, 9. gati, 10. pariNAma, 11. pradeza, 12. vargaNA, 13. avagAhanA, 14. sthAna evaM 15. alpbhutv| __isake pazcAt digambara paramparA meM akalaMka ne tattvArtharAjavArtika31 meM lezyA kI vivecanA ke nimna solaha anuyogoM kI carcA kI hai-- 1. nirdeza, 2. varNa, 3. pariNAma, 4. saMkrama, 5. karma, 6. lakSaNa, 7. gati 8. svAmitva, 9. saMkhyA, 10. sAdhanA, 11. kSetra 12. sparzana, 13. kAla, 14. antara , 15. bhAva aura 16. alpa bhutv| akalaMka ke pazcAta gommaTasAra ke jIvakANDa32 meM bhI lezyA kI vivecanA ke uparyukta 16 hI adhikAroM kA ullekha huA hai| vistArabhaya se hama yahA~ ina sabhI kI carcA nahIM kara rahe haiM kintu tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa hotA hai ki aitihAsika dRSTi se lezyA kA prAcIna hone para bhI isameM kramika vikAsa dekhane ko milatA hai| isakI vistRta carcA kuo ( DaoN0 ) zAntA jaina ne apane zodha-prabaMdha meM kI hai| Adhunika vijJAna aura lezyA siddhAnta hama dekhate haiM ki I0 pU0 pA~cavI zatAbdI se I0 pU0 dazavIM zatAbdI taka lezyA sambandhI cintana meM jo kramika vikAsa huA thA, vaha 11-12vIM zatAbdI ke bAda prAyaH sthira ho gayA thaa| kintu Adhunika yuga meM manovijJAna, raMga-manovijJAna, raMga-cikitsA Adi jJAna kI nayI vidhAoM ke vikAsa ke sAtha jaina darzana kI lezyA saMbaMdhI vivecanAoM ko eka nayA mor3a prApta huaa| jaina darzana ke lezyA siddhAnta ko Adhunika vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM vyAkhyAyita karane kA mukhya zreya AcArya tulasI ke vidvAna ziSya yuvAcArya mahAprajJa jI ko jAtA hai| unhoMne Adhunika vyaktitva manovijJAna ke sAtha-sAtha AbhAmaNDala, raMga-manovijJAna, raMga-cikitsA Adi avadhAraNAoM ko lekara 'AbhAmaNDala jainayoga Adi apane graMtha meM isakA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| prAcIna aura arvAcIna avadhAraNAoM ko lekara ku0 DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne lezyA kA manovaijJAnika adhyayana nAmaka eka zodha-prabandha likhA hai jisameM lezyA ke vibhinna pakSoM kI carcA kI gayI hai| unhoMne apane isa zodha-grantha meM lezyA kA saiddhAntika pakSa, manovaijJAnika pariprekSya meM lezyA, raMgo kI manovaijJAnika prastuti, lezyA aura AbhAmaNDala, vyaktitva aura lezyA, sambhava hai vyaktitva badalAva aura lezyA dhyAna, raMgadhyAna aura lezyA Adi lezyA ke vibhinna AyAmoM para gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai| vastutaH unakA yaha grantha lezyA kI prAcIna avadhAraNA kI Adhunika jJAna-vijJAna ke sandarbha meM eka navIna vyAkhyA hai aura bhAvI lezyA sambandhI adhyayanoM ke lie mArga pradarzaka hai| isake adhyayana se yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki bhAratIya cintana kI prAcIna avadhAraNAoM ko

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164 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 Adhunika jJAna-vijJAna ke sandarbha meM kisa prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai aura unakI samakAlika prAsaMgikatA ko kaise siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| AzA hai Adhunika vijJAna aura manovijJAna ke adhyetA isa dizA meM apane prayatnoM ko Age bar3hAyeMge aura isa prakAra ke adhyayana kA jo dvAra yuvAcArya mahAprajJa aura DaoN0 zAntA jaina ne udghATita kiyA hai, use nayA AyAma pradAna kareMge aura sAtha hI mAnava ke cAritrika badalAva aura AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kI dizA meM sahayogI bneNge| Aja paryAvaraNa kI vizuddhi para dhyAna to diyA jAne lagA hai kintu isa bhautika paryAvaraNa kI apekSA jo hamArA manodaihika aura mAnasika paryAvaraNa hai aura jise jaina paramparA meM lezyA kahA gayA hai use bhI zuddha rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki lezyA kI avadhAraNA hameM yahI iMgita karatI hai ki hama saMkliSTa mAnasika pariNAmoM se Upara uThakara apane mAnasika paryAvaraNa ko kisa prakAra zuddha rakha sakate haiN| sandarbha 1. dekheM -- abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, khaNDa 3, pR0 395 2. lezyA -- atIva cakSurAdIpikA snigdha, dIpta, spA chAyA -- uttarAdhyayana bRhad vRtti patra 650 3. dekheM -- bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhAga 2 (sampAdaka paM0 kailAzacandra jI zAstrI), jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, gAthA 1901 4. zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha, khaNDa paMcama, pR0 461 5 DaoN0 zAntA jaina, lezyA kA manovaijJAnika adhyayana, prathama adhyAya 6. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR0 675 7. (a) darzana aura cintana, bhAga 2, pR0 297 (ba) abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR0 675 8. uttarAdhyayana, 34/3 9. ethikala sTaDIja, pR0 65 10. uttarAdhyayana, 34/21-22 11. vahI, 34/21-22 12. vahI, 34/25-26 13. vahI, 34/27-28 14. vahI, 34/29-30. 15. vahI, 34/31-32 16. aMguttaranikAya, 6/3 17. vahI, 6/3 18. gItA, 16/6 19. vahI 16/5 20. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 6, Yo 687

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jaina dharma kA lezyA-siddhAnta : eka vimarza : 165 21. uttarAdhyayana, 34/56-57 22. darzana aura cintana,bhAga - 2, pR0 112 23. uttarAdhyayana 34/27-32 24. gItA, 16/1-3 25. uttarAdhyayana, 34/21-36 26. gItA, 16/7-18 27. phAuNDezana oNpha ethiksa - uddhRta, Contemporary Ethical Theories, pR0 332 28. AyAro-6/106 29. uttarAdhyayana - 34/2 30. prajJApanA sUtra, 17/411 31. tattvArtharAjavArtika, pR0 238 32. gommaTasAra - jIvakANDa, gAthA 491-492

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prajJApuruSa paM0 jagannAthajI upAdhyAya kI dRSTi meM buddha "vyakti" nahIM "prakriyA" (eka saMsmaraNa) mere zodha chAtra zrI ramezacandra gupta "tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA " para zodha kArya kara rahe the| hama logoM ke sAmane mukhya samasyA thI ki Izvara aura AtmA kI sattA ko asvIkAra karane vAle kSaNikavAdI bauddha darzana meM buddha, bodhisatva aura trikAya kI avadhAraNAoM kI saMgatipUrNa vyAkhyA kaise sambhava hai ? jaba kisI nitya AtmA kI sattA ko hI svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, to hama kaise kaha sakate haiM ki koI vyakti buddha - banatA hai / punaH jaba AtmA hI nahIM hai taba bodhicitta kA utpAta kisameM hotA hai ? punaH bauddha darzana yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki pratyeka satva buddha-bIja hai, kintu jaba satva kI hI kSaNa mAtra se adhika sattA nahIM hai to vaha buddha-bIja kaise hogA aura kaise vaha bodhisatva hokara vibhinna janmoM meM bodhiparimitAoM kI sAdhanA karatA huA buddhatva ko prApta karegA ? yadi sattA mAtra kSaNa - jIvI hai to kyA buddha kA astittva bhI kSaNa - jIvI hai ? 1 - pro0 sAgaramala jaina - DaoN0 rameza candra gupta mahAsaMdhikoM ne to buddha ke rUpakAya ko bhI amara aura unakI Ayu ko ananta mAnA hai| 2 saddharmapuNDarIka meM bhI buddha kI Ayu aparimita kahI gaI hai| 3 kintu yadi buddha kA rUpakAya amara aura Ayu aparimita yA ananta hai to phira bauddha darzana kI kSaNikavAdI avadhAraNA kaise susaMgata siddha hogI ? punaH bauddhadarzana meM yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki buddha nirmANakAya ke dvArA nAnA rUpoM meM prakaTa hokara lohita ke lie upadeza karate haiM to phira yaha samasyA svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotI hai ki kisI nitya-tattva ke abhAva meM isa nirmANakAya kI racanA kauna karatA hai ? yadi vizuddhimagga kI bhASA meM hama mAtra kriyA kI sattA mAne, karttA kI nahIM, to phira koI vyakti mArga kA upadezaka kaise ho sakatA hai ? dharmacakra kA pravartana kauna karatA hai ? vaha kauna sA satva yA citta hai, jo buddhatva ko prApta hotA hai aura parama kAruNika hokara jana-jana ke kalyANa ke lie yugoM-yugoM taka prayatnazIla banA rahatA hai ? mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki buddha ke tInoM kAya, Azraya aura karma se nirvizeSa haiN| ina tInoM kAyoM meM tIna prakAra kI nityatA hai, jinake kAraNa tathAgata nitya kahalAte haiN| 4 samasyA yaha hai ki ekAntarUpa se kSaNikavAdI bauddha ke darzana meM nitya trikAryo kI avadhAraNA kaise sambhava ho sakatI hai ? ye sabhI samasyAyeM hamAre mAnasa ko jhakajhora rahI thIM aura hama yaha nizcita nahIM kara

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prajJAcakSu paM0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya kI dRSTi meM buddha : 167 pA rahe the ki anAtmavAdI bauddha darzana ke sAMce meM ina visaMgatiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? isa sambandha meM hamane bauddha-vidyA evaM darzana ke vidvAnoM se vicAra-vimarza kiye parantu aisA koI samAdhAna nahIM milA jo hamAre mAnasa ko pUrNa santoSa de ske| __ inhIM samasyAoM ko lekara hamane antatogattvA vArANasI ke bauddhadharma evaM darzana ke variSTha vidvAn paM0 jagannAthajI upAdhyAya kI sevA meM upasthita hone kA nizcaya kiyA aura eka dina unake pAsa pahu~ca hI gye| hamane unase ina samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM lagabhaga do ghaNTe taka carcA kii| ina samasyAoM ke sambandha meM unase hameM jo uttara prApta hue, unase na kevala hameM santoSa hI huA, balki yaha bhI bodha huA ki paM0 jagannAthajI upAdhyAya aise bahuzruta vidvAn haiM, jo bauddhadharma evaM darzana ko usake hI dharAtala para khar3e hokara samajhane aura usake sambandha meM uThAyI gayI samasyAoM kA usakI hI dRSTi se samAdhAna dene kI sAmarthya rakhate haiN| sambhavataH unake sthAna para dUsarA koI paNDita hotA to vaha ina samasyAoM ko bauddhadarzana kI kamajorI kahakara alaga ho jaataa| kintu unhoMne jo pratyuttara diye, ve isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki unhoMne niSThApUrvaka zramaNa-paramparA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se bauddha paramparA kA gambhIra adhyayana kiyA thaa| yadyapi nitya Atma tattva ke abhAva meM karma-phala, punarjanma, nirvANa Adi kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bauddhadarzana ke anAtmavAdI aura kSaNika DhAMce meM kaise sambhava hai ? isa samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie pro0 hiriyannA ne apane grantha "bhAratIya darzana ke mUlatattva" (Elements of Indian Philosophy ) meM kisI sImA taka eka samAdhAna dene kA prayatna kiyA hai| kintu paNDita jagannAthajI upAdhyAya ne buddhatva kI samasyAoM kA isI dRSTi se jo samAdhAna prastuta kiyA usake AdhAra para ve nizcita hI bauddha darzana ke pratyutpannamati ke zreSTha dArzanika kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki "buddha" kI avadhAraNA ke sandarbha meM uparyukta samasyAoM kA samAdhAna na to hameM granthoM se aura na vidvAnoM se prApta ho sakA thaa| uparyukta samasyAoM ke sandarbha se prajJApuruSa paM0 jagannAthajI upAdhyAya ne jo samAdhAna diye the, unakI bhASA cAhe Aja hamArI apanI ho, parantu vicAra unake hI haiN| vastutaH hama unakI hI bAta apanI bhASA meM vyakta kara rahe haiM -- yadi hameM isa bAta kA jarA bhI ehasAsa hotA ki itane sundara samAdhAna prApta hoMge aura paM0 jI hama logoM ke bIca se itanI jaldI vidA ho jAyeMgeM ? to hama unakI vANI ko rikArDa karane kI pUrNa vyavasthA kara lete| kintu Aja hamAre bIca na to vaha pratibhA hai aura na isa sambandha meM unake zabda hI haiN| phira bhI hama jo kucha likha rahe haiM, vaha unakA hI kayana hai| yadyapi prastutIkaraNa kI kamI hamArI apanI ho sakatI hai| unakA kahanA thA ki buddhatva kI avadhAraNA ke sandarbha meM Apake dvarA prastuta ina sabhI asaMgatiyoM kA nirAkaraNa cittasantati yA cittadhArA ke rUpa meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| hama buddha ko vyakti na mAneM, apitu parArtha kriyAkAritva kI eka prakriyA maaneN| buddha eka nitya-vyaktitva (An Eternal Personality) nahIM, apitu eka prakriyA (A Process ) hai| buddha ke jo tIna yA cAra kAya mAne gaye hai, ve isa prakriyA ke upAya yA sAdhana hai| dharmakAya kI nityatA kI jo bAta kahI gayI hai, vaha sthitigata nityatA nahIM apitu kriyAgata nityatA hai| jisa

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168 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 prakAra nadI kA pravAha yugoM-yugoM taka calatA rahatA hai yadyapi usameM kSaNa-kSaNa parivartana aura navInatA hotI rahatI hai| ThIka usI prakAra buddha yA bodhisatva bhI eka cittadhArA hai, jo upAyoM ke mAdhyama se sadaiva parArtha meM lagI rahatI hai| buddha ke sandarbha meM jo trikAyoM kI avadhAraNA hai usakA artha yaha nahIM ki koI nitya AtmasattA hai, jo ina kAryoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai| vastutaH ye kAya parArtha ke sAdhana yA upAya haiN| jisa cittadhArA se bodhicitta kA utpAda hotA hai, vaha bodhicitta ina kAryoM ke mAdhyama se kArya karatA hai / buddhatva koI vyakti nahIM hai, apitu vaha eka prakriyA ( A Process ) hai| dharma kI nityatA mArga kI nityatA hai| dharma bhI koI vastu nahIM, apitu prakriyA hai| jaba hama dharmakAya kI nityatA kI bAta karate haiM, to vaha vyakti kI nityatA nahIM apitu prakriyA vizeSa kI nityatA hai / dharmakAya nitya hai, isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki dharma yA parinirvANa ke upAya nitya haiN| bauddhadarzana meM kAyoM kI isa avadhAraNA ko bhI hameM isI upAya prakriyA ke rUpa meM samajhanA caahie| aisA nahIM mAnanA cAhie ki koI nitya AtmA hai, jo inheM dhAraNa karatI hai| apitu inheM parArthakriyAkAritva ke upAyoM ke rUpa meM samajhanA cAhie aura yaha mAnanA cAhie ki parArthakriyAkAritva hI buddhatva hai| buddha ke trikAyoM ke nitya hone kA artha itanA hI hai ki parArthakriyAkAritva kI prakriyA sadaiva sadaiva rahatI hai / vaha citta jisane lokamaMgala kA saMkalpa le rakhA hai, jaba taka vaha saMkalpa pUrNa nahIM hotA hai, apane isa saMkalpa kI kriyAnviti ke rUpa meM parArtha - kriyA karatA rahatA hai| sAtha hI vaha saMkalpa lene vAlA citta bhI ApakI hamArI yA kisI kI bhI cittadhArA kI santAna ho sakatA hai| kyoMki sabhI cittadhArAoM meM bodhicitta ke utpAda kI sambhAvanA hai| isI AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai ki sabhI jIva buddha-bIja haiN| mahAyAna meM jo ananta buddhoM kI kalpanA hai, vaha kalpanA bhI vyakti kI kalpanA nahIM, apitu prakriyA kI kalpanA hai| kyoMki yadi prakriyA ko satat calanA hai to hameM ananta buddhoM kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogA / yadi pratyeka cittadhArA meM bodhicitta ke utpAda kI sambhAvanA hai, to aisI sthiti meM bodhicitta eka nahIM aneka bhI ho sakate haiN| vastutaH buddha ke sambandha meM jo ekatva aura anekatva ke sandarbha upalabdha haiM, ve bhI koI virodhAbhAsa prastuta nahIM karate / prakriyA ke rUpa meM buddha eka hai, kintu prakriyA ke ghaTakoM ke rUpa meM ve aneka bhI haiN| buddha aneka rUpoM meM prakaTa hote haiM isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki koI vyakti aneka rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai, apitu yaha ki lokamaMgalakArI cittadhArA, jo eka prakriyA hai, aneka rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI huI aneka rUpoM meM lokamaMgala karatI hai / buddha ke dvArA aneka sambhogakAya dhAraNa karane kA matalaba yaha hai ki bodhicittadhArA ke aneka cittakSaNa anekAneka upAyoM se lokahita kA sAdhana karate haiM / mahAyAna paramparA meM bodhicitta ke isa saMkalpa kA, ki jaba taka samasta prANI nirvANa lAbha na kara leM yA duHkha se mukta nahIM ho jAte, taba taka maiM loka-maMgala ke lie satat prayatnazIla rahU~gA, tAtparya yaha hai ki citta-saMtati kI dhArA satat rUpa se lokamaMgala meM tatpara rahane kA nirNaya letI hai aura tadanusAra apanI cittasaMtati ke pravAha ko banAye rakhatI hai / punaH buddha ke sandarbha meM jo yaha

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kahA jAtA hai ki buddha na to nirvANa meM sthita haiM aura na saMsAra meN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki mahAyAna paramparA meM buddha ke do pramukha lakSaNa mAne gaye haiM prajJA aura karuNA / prajJA ke kAraNa bodhicitta saMsAra meM pratiSThita nahIM hotaa| dUsare zabdoM meM prajJA unheM saMsAra meM pratiSThita nahIM hone detI / (koI bhI prajJAyukta puruSa duHkhamaya saMsAra meM rahanA nahIM cAhegA), kintu dUsarI ora buddha apane karuNA- lakSaNa ke kAraNa nirvANa meM bhI pratiSThita nahIM ho paate| unakI karuNA unheM nirvANa meM bhI pratiSThita nahIM hone detI, kyoMki koI bhI paramakAruNika vyaktitva dUsaroM ko duHkhoM meM lIna dekhakara kaise nirvANa meM pratiSThita raha sakatA hai| ataH bodhicitta na to ve nirvANa prApti ke kAraNa niSkriya hote haiM aura na lokamaMgala karate hue bhI saMsAra meM Abaddha hote haiN| yaha bodhicitta bhI vyakti nahIM prakriyA hI hotA hai jo nirvANa ko prApta karake bhI lokamaMgala ke hetu satat kriyAzIla banA rahatA hai aura yahI lokamaMgala ke kriyAzIla bodhi prApta citta santati hI buddha yA bodhisatva hai / ataH buddha nitya - vyaktittva nahIM apitu nitya prakriyA hai aura buddha kI nityatA kA artha lokamaMgala kI prakriyA kI nityatA hai / 1. prajJAcakSu paM0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya kI dRSTi meM buddha : 169 sandarbha draSTavya tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra, sampAdaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, lekhaka DaoN0 rameza candra gupta, prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI - 5, pR0 169-172 -- -- 2. 3. saddharmapuNDarIka, pR0 206-207 mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra, pR0 45-46 4. draSTavya bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 341 1

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke naye prakAzana pustaka - tattvArthasUtra aura usakI paramparA lekhaka evaM sampAdaka - pro0 sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ( gra0 mA0 saM0 67 ), vArANasI 5 1664 AkAra DimAI pepara baika, pRSTha- 12+148, mUlya - tIsa rupaye mAtra / - - tattvArthasUtra saMkSepa meM jainadharma evaM darzana kI sabhI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ko prastuta karane ke kAraNa jainadharma kA pratinidhi grantha mAnA jAtA hai / isakI mAnyatA sabhI paramparAoM meM hai / isake lekhaka, lekhanakAla, paramparA Adi ko lekara vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / vibhinna sampradAya ke vidvAnoM dvArA ise apanI apanI paramparA kA grantha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai jisake phalasvarUpa eka dUsare para Aropa pratyAropa bhI lagAye gaye, jisase matabheda aura bhI gahare hote gye| pro0 sAgaramalajI jaina ne atyanta parizrama se tattvArthasUtra ke lekhaka, racanAkAla, lekhaka kI paramparA Adi praznoM para vicAra kiyA hai aura apane niSkarSa bhI prastuta kiye haiN| isa kRti meM lekhaka ne pUrvavartI muniyoM evaM vidvAnoM kI kRtiyoM kA bhalIbhA~ti adhyayana kiyA hai aura unake dvArA diye gaye tarkoM evaM niSkarSoM kI samIkSA karate hue apanA mantavya prastuta kiyA hai / lekhaka kA yaha kathana hai ki tattvArthasUtra sAmpradAyika vighaTana evaM sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM ke sthirIkaraNa ke pUrva kI racanA hai / lekhaka ne isa kRti ko jainavidyA ke mUrdhanya vidvAn paM0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI, paM0 becaradAsa jI dozI, paM0 nAthUrAma jI premI, padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, pro0 hIrAlAla jI, pro0 nathamala TATiyA evaM pro0 madhusUdana jI DhAkI ko samarpita kiyA hai| pustaka sAgara jaina vidyAbhAratI ( bhAga 1 ) lekhaka evaM sampAdaka - pro0 sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ( gra0 mA0 saM0 70) prathama saMskaraNa - 1664, pRSTha - 32+264, AkAra mUlya - 100 rupaye mAtra vArANasI - 5, DimAI pepara baika,

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nae prakAzana : 171 pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ke nidezaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina kA adhyayana aura lekhana kSetra bahuta hI vyApaka rahA hai| pro0 jaina una agraNI vidvAnoM meM se haiM jinakA jaina vidyA ke lagabhaga sabhI pakSoM para samAna adhikAra hai| Apane vibhinna patra-patrikAoM, zodha-patrikAoM, abhinandana granthoM, smRti-granthoM, saMgoSThiyoM, sammelanoM ke liye aura bhUmikA ke rUpa meM abhI taka lagabhaga kula tIna hajAra pRSThoM kI sAmagrI likhI hai| jise dasa khaNDoM meM prakAzita karane kI yojanA hai| isa prathama khaNDa meM 18 lekha saMgRhita haiN| isa khaNDa ke prArambha ke 33 pRSThoM meM pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke vyaktitva evaM kRtittva kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isa khaNDa meM saMgRhIta lekhoM evaM nibandhoM kA zIrSaka isa prakAra hai -- 1. jainadharma-darzana kA sAratatva, 2. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana evaM darzana, 3. jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA, 4. jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna, 5. jainasAdhanA meM dhyAna, 6. ardhagAmI Agama sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA, 7. jaina karma siddhAnta - eka vizleSaNa, 8. bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa, 6. paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma, 10. jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA, 11. jaina AgamoM meM mUlyAtmaka zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha, 12. khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi, 13. mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA, 14. Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM - eka adhyayana, 15. niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana, 16. jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA, 17. jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana - eka vimarza, 18. bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANatithi para punrvicaar| pustaka - nemidUtam lekhaka - kavi vikrama, hindI anuvAda - DaoN0 dhIrendra mizra prakAzaka - pArzvanAtha zodhapITha (gra0 saM068) prathama saMskaraNa - 1664, pRSTha - 46+136, AkAra - pepara baika DimAI, mUlya - 50 ru0 mAtra / nemidUtam kI kathAvastu 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha tathA rAjImatI se sambandhita hai, jisameM neminAtha dvArA sAMsArika viSaya-vAsanAoM se virakta hokara paramapada kI prApti hetu yoga-sAdhanA meM rAmagiri para nivAsa karanA hai| neminAtha ke ukta vRttAnta ko jAnakara rAjImatI ( jisakA vivAha neminAtha ke sAtha honA thA ) unakA anugamana karatI huI rAmagiri para jAkara neminAtha se lauTa Ane ke lie bahuvidha-prArthanA karatI hai, kintu vaha neminAtha ko samajhane meM asaphala ho jAtI hai| tatpazcAt

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172 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 neminAtha rAjImatI ko upadeza dekara apane saMgha meM sAdhvI ke rUpa meM dIkSita kara dete haiN| ukta ghaTanA ko kavi ne jisa vilakSaNa kalpanA se prastuta kiyA vastutaH vaha anupama hai| sAtha hI zAntarasa pradhAna isa gIti-kAvya meM kavi ne jitanI caturAI se zrRMgAra rasa kI yojanA kI hai usase kahIM adhika karuNa rasa kI yojanA meM kavi kI kAvya-kuzalatA dikhAI detI hai| yahI nahIM sAhityika dRSTi se bhI yaha grantha apane ApameM vilakSaNa hai| nemidUtam kI vyAkhyA karake dhIrendra mizra ne isa kRti ko pAThakoM ke samakSa sarala evaM subodha rUpa meM prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| pustaka - bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa-bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza lekhaka - bhagavatI prasAda khetAna, sampAdaka - DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha, prakAzaka - pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha (gra0 mA0 saM0 61), vArANasI -5, prathama saMskaraNa - 1663 pRSTha - 234, AkAra - DimAI pepara baika, mUlya - 60 rupaye (mAnacitra, mUrti-abhilekha Adi ke citroM sahita ) / bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa-bhUmi pAvA ke anveSaNa kI dizA meM jo kaThina parizrama zrI bhagavatI prasAda jI ne kiyA hai vaha atyanta sarAhanIya aura spRhaNIya hai| jaina samAja gaMgA ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM rAjagRha ke nikaTa sthita pAvApurI ko mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI mAnatA AyA hai para bhAratIya pAzcAtya zodha vidvAnoM kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI vaizAlI aura zrAvastI ke madhya gaMgA ke uttara meM gaMDaka ke samIpa kahIM thii| vidvAnoM dvArA adyAvadhi nimna sthaloM ko pAvA siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai - 1. grAma papatAra, 2. pavaiyA, 3. AjJA, 4. usmAnapura, 5. jharamaTiyA, 6. papaura, 7. saThiyA~va phAjilanagara evaM 8. pAvApurI pddraunaa| vidvAn lekhaka ne saba sthAnoM ke sambandha meM dezI videzI purAtatvajJoM ke pramANoM kI sabala samIkSA kI hai aura vistAra se yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki paDaraunA hI mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi prAcIna pAvA hai| paDaraunA ko pAvA siddha karane ke lie unhoMne paDaraunA-anuzIlana, bhaugolika cintana, purAtattvika sarvekSaNa, pAvA-gaMDaka sambandha, prAgbuddhakAlIna aura buddhakAlIna mArga ke vivecana se unhoMne paDaraunA kI sthiti ko majabUta karane kA bahuta acchA prayatna kiyA hai| vidvAn lekhaka ne apane grantha meM pAvA - sambhAvita kSetraphala ke sambandha meM 8 pariziSTa bhI jor3e haiN| kula milAkara yaha zrI khetAnajI ke dIrghakAlIna gahana adhyayana, anusandhAna tathA cintana kA anukaraNIya paricAyaka hai| yaha zrI khetAnajI

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nae prakAzana : 173 kI suzIlatA hai ki unhoMne bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparAgata nirvANa-sthalI pAvApurI ko tiraskRta kiye binA paDaraunA ko unakA nirvANasthala siddha kiyA hai| paDaraunA ke prAcIna TIle kA Age purAtAttvika utkhanana kiyA jAya to aura mahatvapUrNa tathya sAmane AyeMge aura bhaviSya meM paDaraunA ko jaina samAja ke pUjanIya tIrthasthala ke rUpa meM Adara prApta ho skegaa| yadi zrI khetAnajI aura paDaraunA kA jaina samAja bihAra aura baMgAla ke zvetAmbara aura digambara samAjoM ke sAtha milakara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke eka yA do mandira khoja sakeM to nizcaya hI paDaraunA - pAvA eka mahatvapUrNa jaina tIrtha ke rUpa meM vikasita ho skegaa| pustaka - zIladUtam lekhaka - cAritra sundaragaNi hindI anuvAda - sAdhvI pramoda kumArI jI evaM paM0 vizvanAtha pAThaka prakAzaka - pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, granthamAlA saM0 66 AkAra - peparabaika DimAI, prathama saMskaraNa - 1964 pRSTha - 42, mUlya - bIsa rupaye mAtra / saMskRta sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainAcAryoM kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| 131 zloMkoM meM nibaddha, jainAcArya cAritra sundaragaNi viracita 'zIladUtam' jaina meghadUta kI taraha eka pAdapUAtmaka dUtakAvya hai| jahA~ jaina meghadUta meM rAjula aura nemi kA saMvAda varNita hai, vahIM 'zIladUtam' meM sthUlabhadra aura vezyA kozA kA saMvAda hai| ullekhanIya hai ki jainAcAryoM ne zrRMgAra kI apekSA vairAgya ko adhika pramukhatA dI hai| 'zIladUtam' bhI eka zAntarasaparaka racanA hai jisameM vicAroM ke do pratikUla dharAtaloM para sthita sthUlabhadra aura kozA ke vaicArika saMgharSoM meM kozA ke praNaya-nivedana kI niSpatti vairAgya meM hotI hai aura yahI isa graMtha kA pratipAdya hai| isa grantha kA hindI anuvAda abhI taka anupalabdha thaa| yaha gurutara kArya vidvadvaya sAdhvI pramoda kumArI jI evaM paM0 vizvanAtha pAThaka ne kiyA aura kevala vidvadabhogyA isa racanA ko apanI prAMjala bhASA meM sarvasAdhAraNa hetu upalabdha kraayaa| yaha pustaka saMskRta sAhitya ke adhyetAoM ke sAtha-sAtha janasAmAnya ke lie bhI upayogI siddha hogii| kRti zreSTha evaM saMgrahaNIya hai| pustaka - zRMgAravairAgyataraMgiNI lekhaka - zrI somaprabha AcArya hindI anuvAda - azoka muni, sampAdaka - DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha prakAzaka - pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, gra0 mA0 saM0 73 .

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174 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 AkAra - pepara baika DimAI, prathama saMskaraNa - 1665 pRSTha - 32, mUlya - 20 rupaye mAtra / jaina paramparA nivRttimArgI rahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAhitya meM zRMgAra rasa kI apekSA zAntarasa ( vairAgya ) ko hI pramukhatA prApta hai kintu zRMgAra kI upekSA kI gayI hai, aisA bhI nahIM hai| kavivara somaprabha AcArya viracita, 46 zlokoM meM nibaddha 'zrRMgAravairAgyataraMgiNI' eka aisI racanA hai jo zrRMgAra evaM vairAgya donoM hI rasoM kA abhUtapUrva saMgama hai| zRMgAra apane samagra astitva meM isa racanA ke katipaya vinyAsoM se phUTa par3atA hai to vairAgya zrRMgAra kI niHsAratA ko prakaTa karatA huA mokSa ko hI apanA abhISTa mAnatA hai| jainAcAryoM kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki unhoMne zrRMgAra kA paryAvasAna vairAgya meM hI kiyA hai| isa grantha kA hindI anuvAda abhI taka anupalabdha thaa| muni zrI azoka ne isake hindI anuvAda kA kArya sampAdita kara kevala vidvadbhogyA isa racanA ko janasAmAnya hetu sulabha bnaayaa| pustaka saMskRta sAhitya ke adhyetAoM, vairAgya premI munijanoM evaM janasAmAnya ke lie atyanta upayogI siddha hogii| kRti zreSTha evaM saMgrahaNIya hai| pustaka - haribhadra sAhitya meM samAja aura saMskRti lekhikA - DaoN0 ( zrImatI ) kamala jaina pRSTha - 225, AkAra - DimAI pepara baika prathama saMskaraNa - 1664, mUlya - 100.00 rupe| jaina sAhitya ko AcArya haribhadra (yAkinIsUnu ) kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| unakA sAhitya vividha evaM vipula hai| prastuta kRti meM lekhikA ne haribhadra sAhitya meM varNita samAja aura saMskRti ke vividha AyAmoM kA talasparzI vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| apane gahana adhyayana ke AdhAra para DaoN0 jaina ne samAja aura saMskRti ke sabhI mukhya binduoM ko na kevala sparza kiyA hai balki usakI gambhIra vivecanA kI hai| grantha 12 adhyAyoM meM vargIkRta hai jisameM kramazaH AcArya ke jIvanavRtta evaM sAhitya, unake sAhityika avadAna kA mUlyAMkana, AcArya kA dArzanika avadAna, yoga ke kSetra meM avadAna, zrAvakAcAra evaM zramaNAcAra kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI haribhadra vAGmaya meM varNita sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjanaitika evaM Arthika tathyoM kA bhI yathAsthAna vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prastuta pustaka haribhadra sAhitya para zodha kara rahe zodhArthiyoM evaM adhyetAoM ke lie vizeSa upayogI siddha hogii|

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ApalI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nae prakAzana : 175 pustaka - jaina vidyA ke AyAma (Aspects of Jainology) khaNDa -5 pro0 sAgaramala jaina evaM DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha sampAdaka AkAra Dabala DimAI peparabaika, prathama saMskaraNa - - 1964 - - pRSTha - 166, mUlya ru0200.00 mAtra / --- jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 5 zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA, kalakattA ke hIraka jayantI evaM pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha ke svarNajayantI varSa 1688 ke upalakSya meM zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jainasabhA kalakattA dvArA Ayojita vidvatgoSThI hetu prastuta nibandhoM kA saMkalana hai| jina nibandhoM kA saMkalana isa graMtha meM kiyA gayA hai, ve haiM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza - pro0 sAgaramala jaina, Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya - DaoN0 sudarzanalAla jaina, niryukti sAhitya : eka paricayaDaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya, mUlAcAra meM varNita AcAra niyama - DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha, hindI marugurjara jaina sAhitya kA mahattva aura mUlya - DaoN0 zitikaNTha mizra, hindI jainapatrakAritA kA itihAsa evaM mUlya DaoN0 saMjIva bhAnAvata, anekAnta ahiMsA tathA aparigraha kI avadhAraNAoM kA mUlyAMkana : Adhunika vizva samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM - DaoN0 vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA, prAcIna jaina granthoM meM karma siddhAnta kA vikAsakramaDaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha, zvetAmbara sampradAya ke gacchoM kA sAmAnya paricaya DaoN0 zivaprasAda, digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anvaya DaoN0 phUlacanda jaina 'premI', jainadharma meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA udbhava evaM itihAsa - pro0 narendra bhAnAvat zrAvakAcAra kA mUlyAtmaka vivecana - subhASa koThArI, Contribution of Jainism to Indian History by A.K. Chatterjee 3 Jahangir and Non-violence by Prof. R. N. Mehata. grantha meM jaina vidyA ke vividha AyAmoM para vibhinna vidvAna lekhakoM dvArA prakAza DAlA gayA hai| saMkalita nibandha uccakoTi ke haiM evaM graMtha saMgrahaNIya hai / - pustaka - hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhAga 2 lekhaka - DaoN0 zitikaNTha mizra prakAzaka AkAra pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, graMthamAlA saM0 66 sajilda DimAI, prathama saMskaraNa 1664 -- pRSTha - 684, mUlya - ru0 180.00 mAtra / I hindI sAhitya ke kSetra meM jaina lekhakoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai hindI jaina sAhitya vizAla hai| AdikAla se lekara 16vIM zatI ( vikrama ) taka lagabhaga 700 pRSThoM kA eka bhAga saMsthAna se pahale hI prakAzita ho cukA hai| isa dvitIya bhAga meM marugurjara purAnI hindI ke 16 zatAbdI ke jainakaviyoM evaM unakI -

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176 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 racanAoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isameM lagabhaga 400 jaina kaviyoM aura unakI lagabhaga 1000 kRtiyoM kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| grantha ke Arambha meM 30 pRSThoM ke upodghAta meM kucha mukhya viSayoM, yathA 17vIM zatAbdI kI rAjanItika sthiti, mugala sAmrAjya kI sthApanA, akabara kA zaizava, sAmrAjya vistAra, zAsana-vyavasthA, Arthika-sAmAjika sthiti, zikSA, akabara kI dhArmika nIti, hIra vijaya sUri aura samrATa akabara, jahA~gIra kA jainadharma se sambandha, sAMskRtika samanvaya, kalA, sAhitya Adi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jaina kaviyoM kA hindI sAhitya ke kSetra meM jo avadAna hai vaha abhI hindI ke vidvAnoM ko prAyaH ajJAta hI rahA hai| prastuta kRti ke avalokana se ve hindI sAhitya meM jaina kaviyoM ke avadAna kA samyak mUlyAMkana kara sakeMge, aisA vizvAsa hai / prastuta kRti ke lekhaka jo hindI ke labdhapratiSTha vidvAna haiM, ne atyanta parizramapUrvaka ina kaviyoM kI kRtiyoM ke ullekha ke sAtha unakA mUlyAMkana prastuta kiyA hai| kRti zreSTha evaM pustakAlayoM ke lie saMgrahaNIya hai / pustaka mAtRkApadazRMgArarasakalitagAthAkoza lekhaka - AcArya vIrabhadra, anuvAdaka - zrI bha~varalAla jI nAhatA sampAdaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, AkAra DimAI peparabaika - prathama saMskaraNa - 1664, pRSTha- 18+7, mUlya ru0 15.00 mAtra / jaina vidvAnoM ne na kevala saMskRta meM apitu prAkRta evaM marugurjara meM bhI zrRMgArarasaparaka aneka kRtiyoM kA sRjana kiyA hai| aneka kRtiyoM meM zRMgArarasa kA sarasa varNana hai, phira bhI nivRttimArgI apanI mUla paramparA ke anurUpa jaina kaviyoM ne zRMgAraparaka racanAoM kA upasaMhAra sadaiva zAntarasa ( vairAgya ) meM hI kiyA hai / AcArya vIrabhadra kI 'mAtRkApadazRMgArarasakalitagAthAkoza' vizuddha rUpa se eka zRMgArarasaparaka racanA hai| kintu jaisA ki jaina kaviyoM ne zRMgAra kI abhivyakti meM bhI sadaiva eka maryAdA kA anupAlana kiyA hai, prastuta kRti meM bhI AcArya vIrabhadra ne maryAdA atikramaNa ko varjya mAnate hue na vyabhicAra, na abhisAra mAtra viraha vyathA kA vAstavika citra prastuta kiyA hai| isa grantha kA hindI anuvAda abhI taka anupalabdha thA / jaina vidyA ke mUrdhanya vidvAna zrI bha~varalAla jI ne eka vistRta bhUmikA sahita isakA lipyantaraNa evaM anuvAda kiyaa| anuvAda atyanta sajIva va bodhagamya hai / kRti uttama evaM saMgrahaNIya hai /

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