Jain Nyayashastra Ek Parishilan

Author(s): Vijaymuni
Publisher: Jain Divakar Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/020394/1

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jaina nyAyazAstra eka parizIlana pramANa-naya-nikSepa-vivecana vijaya munizAstrI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Sam jaina nyAya-zAstra eka parizIlana vijaya muni zAstrI (sAhityaratna prakAzaka divAkara prakAzana, AgarA--2 For Private and Personal Use Only

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pustaka jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana * viSaya pramANa-naya-nikSepa prakAzana 1660 mArca vi. saM. 2046 phAlguna mUlya sirpha 20/- bIsa rupayA mAtra prakAzaka divAkara prakAzana, A 7 avAgar3ha hAusa, aMjanA sinemA ke sAmane ema. jI roDa AgarA 282002 mudraNa saMjaya surAnA ke nidezana meM kAmadhenu priMTarsa eNDa pablizarsa AgarA 282002 For Private and Personal Use Only

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m - - - - - svakIya - jo kucha samajha pAyA jaina paramparA ke Agama aura darzana ko yathArtha artha meM, samajhane ke lie pramANa, naya, nikSepa, anekAnta, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ko samajhanA, parama Avazyaka hai / yaha kArya nyAya-zAstra evaM tarka-zAstra ko samajhe binA sambhava nahIM hai| kevala zraddhA ke bala para, vyakti svayaM to kadAcit samajha bhI jAe, parantu apane mAnya Agama evaM darzana ke marma ko dUsare vyakti ke gale utArane meM, nyAya tathA tarka kA paribodha anivArya hai / nyAya aura tarka ke Akara-grantha, hindI bhASA athavA anya loka bhASA meM sulabha nahIM haiN| nyAya-vidyA aura tAmRta kA pAna karane ke liye prAkRta bhASA aura vizeSataH saMskRta bhASA kA parijJAna parama Avazyaka hai, sAtha hI donoM bhASAoM ke bodha ke liye dIrgha kAla tathA atizrama bhI apekSita hai| kAphI lambe samaya se maiMne isa kaThina samasyA ke sambandha meM, apane mana meM manthana kiyaa| kucha sajjanoM kI preraNA milI ki Apa isa viSaya para saMkSipta tathA sarala bhASA meM kucha avazya likheN| vizeSa rUpa meM jaina samAja ke prasiddha sAhityakAra evaM sAhitya-sevI zrI zrIcanda jI surAnA 'sarasa' kA vizeSa Agraha rahA / usakA hI yaha pratiphalana hai, jo pAThakoM ke sAmane hai| prastuta pustaka meM jaina nyAya ke aura tarka-paddhati ke samasta aMgoM ko saMkSepa meM sameTane kA lakSya rahA hai / gUDha viSaya kI guru-granthiyoM ko spaSTa For Private and Personal Use Only

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karane ke liye punarukti kA Azraya lenA par3A hai| phira eka hI viSaya para bhinna-bhinna AcAryoM ne vibhinna zailI se likhA hai| ataH punarukti bhI prakArAntara se ko hai / aura yaha satya hai, ki usase bacane kA prayatna nahIM kiyaa| viSaya ko sugama tathA subodha banAne ke liye yaha Avazyaka bhI thA / prastuta grantha-granthana ko sundara, madhura evaM rucikara banAne ke lie jo prayatna sAhityakAra surAnA jI ne kiyA hai, usakA samasta zreya unhIM ko diyA jAnA cAhiye / aMkana, mudraNa tathA citraNa unhIM kA hai| ataH puNya-phala-bhAka ve hI haiN| jo vyakti isa prakAzana meM artha-sahakArI haiM, unheM maiM, apanI ora se sAdhuvAda detA hU~ / pustaka ke pracAra kA puNya unheM bhI prApta hogaa| sadvicAroM ke prasAra meM, kisI bhI prakAra kA sahakAra evaM sahayoga svAgata yogya hI hai / isa pustaka meM jo bhI kucha gumphita huA hai, vaha prAktana AcAryoM kA bauddhika prasAda hai, jise pAne kA hama saba ko samAna adhikAra -vijaya muni jaina bhavana motI kaTarA, AgarA 1960, mArca For Private and Personal Use Only

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- apanI bAta kAvya, saMgIta aura kalA jaise lalita viSaya jahAM sarvasAdhAraNa kI ruci va manoraMjana ke mAdhyama banate haiM, vahA~ darzana evaM nyAyazAstra jaise jaTila viSaya vidvAnoM kI bauddhika krIr3A, vAk cAturya evaM jaya-parAjaya kA mApadaNDa bana jAte haiM, isalie adhikAMza manISI darzana evaM nyAya jaise durUh viSayoM meM kama hI ruci lete haiM aura inheM eka sira khapAU viSaya mAna baiThate haiM / kintu, sailAnI ko jo Ananda pahAr3oM kI Ubar3a-khAbar3a UMcI car3hAI meM AtA hai, vaha maidAna kI sapATa daur3a meM nahIM milatA / isI prakAra darzana evaM nyAya ke rasika pAThaka ko jo Ananda ina jaTila viSayoM kI tarkavitarkaNA meM AtA hai, vaha kucha anUThA hI hotA hai / Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir kucha vidvAna aise bhI haiM, jinakI kAvya evaM saMgIta kI bhA~ti darzana evaM nyAyazAstra meM bhI samAna gati, samAna ruci hotI hai / vaise bauddhika vyakti ke liye ye donoM hI zAstra ubAU nahIM kintu dilacaspa ho hote haiM / vartamAna meM darzana evaM nyAyazAstra kA adhyayana kAphI kama ho rahA hai, isake aneka kAraNa haiM, unameM eka pramukha kAraNa hai, ina viSayoM ke graMthoM kI rASTrabhASA hindI meM anupalabdhi | darzanazAstra para to phira bhI aneka acche grantha hindI bhASA meM upalabdha hai, kintu nyAya-granthoM kA to abhI bhI bahuta abhAva hai ! adhikatara nyAya grantha saMskRta evaM prAkRta bhASA meM hI haiM / aura Aja saMskRta - prAkRta bhASA kA paThana-pAThana bahuta kama ho gayA hai, isaliye granthoM ke abhAva evaM bhASA jJAna kI paryApta kamI ke kAraNa ina viSayoM meM ruci rakhate hue bhI aneka vijJa pAThakoM ko nyAya rasAsvAda se vaMcita hI rahanA par3atA hai / (%) For Private and Personal Use Only

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zrI vijaya muni jI zAstrI ne una vijJa pAThakoM evaM jijJAsuoM ke liye bahuta bar3A upakAra kiyA hai, jaina nyAyazAstra ko saMkSipta evaM sAragrAhI zailI meM sarala tathA sahaja bhASA pravAha meM nibaddha karake / pustaka ko par3hane se svataH yaha parijJAna hotA hai ki lekhaka zrI vijaya munijI darzana evaM nyAyazAstra ke adhikArI vidvAna to haiM hI, sAtha hI aise durUha viSaya ko sarala bhASA meM prastutIkaraNa kI kalA meM bhI niSNAta haiN| lagatA hai, anekAneka grantha na kevala unake kaNThastha hI hai, apitu samagra viSaya ko AtmasAt kiyA hai unhoMne / aisA tabhI sambhava ho sakatA hai, jaba tad viSayaka granthoM kA aneka bAra pArAyaNa/parizIlana karake una para apanA cintana bhI kiyA gayA ho| zrI vijaya muni jI ke lekhana kI eka vizeSatA hai ki ve likhane se pUrva samagra viSaya ko AtmasAt kara lete haiM, likhate samaya uddharaNa evaM saMdarbha ke liye ve kisI grantha ke pRSTha nahIM TaTolate, na hI kisI kA anukaraNa karate haiM / svatantra cintana kI syAhI meM DUbakara unakI lekhanI jo aMkita karatI hai, vaha apane viSaya kA prAmANika aura prasAdapUrNa pratipAdana hotA hai / bhArata ke sabhI darzanoM kA, nyAya granthoM kA unhoMne aneka bAra parizIlana kiyA hai, tathA pAzcAtya darzana, nyAya evaM manovijJAna kA bhI paryApta jJAna rakhate haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki prastuta grantha meM ve nyAyazAstra-naya-nikSepapramANa jaise mahatvapUrNa aura gambhIra viSayoM ko dhArApravAha tulanAtmaka DhaMga se prastuta karate gae haiM / pAThakoM ko yaha aura bhI rucikara lagegA ki nayanikSepa vivecana meM vyAkaraNa aura kAvyazAstra kI pRSThabhUmi ko sparza karate hue zabda zAstrIya samIkSA ke sAtha naya nikSepa kI tulanA aura sArvajanIna upayogitA kA bhI digdarzana karAyA gayA hai, jo eka svatantra cintana tathA gambhIra adhyayana kI phalazra ti mAnI jaayegii| Apa mUrdhanya cintaka rASTrasanta upAdhyAya zrI amaramuni jI ke pramukha vidvAna santa haiM, sAtha hI jaina zramaNa kI Adarza tyAga-paramparA samanvayavRtti evaM bahuzrutatA ke sAkSAt pratIka haiM / svabhAva se nispRhA nirapekSa vRtti ke zrI vijayamuni jI atyanta udAravAdI, milanasAra, samatAbhAvI zramaNa haiN| ApazrI kA yaha advitIya grantha jaina nyAyazAstra ke kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa For Private and Personal Use Only

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( 7 ) mAnA jaaegaa| nyAya ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie bhI vizeSa upayogI aura saMgrahaNIya hogaa| __ mUla grantha jitanA mahattvapUrNa hai, isakA pariziSTa utanA hI upayogI aura jJAnavardhaka bana gayA hai / naya-nikSepa-pramANa ke jJAna sAgara ko isa choTI-sI gAgara meM bharane kI kuzalatA ke lie darzanazAstra kA pAThI munizrI jI ko bahuta-bahuta dhanyavAda degaa| ___ munizrI ne atIva sneha evaM udAratApUrvaka isa grantha ke prakAzana kA sampUrNa dAyitva 'divAkara prakAzana' ko pradAna kiyA hai| hama ApazrI ke atyanta AbhArI cira kRtajJa raheMge / prakAzana meM udAratA pUrvaka artha sahayoga dene vAle dharma bandhuoM kA bhI hama AbhAra mAnate haiM / --zrIcanda surAnA 'sarasa' For Private and Personal Use Only

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kyATa kahA~? 1-52 53.-86 1 pUrva AbhAsa pramANa-naya-nikSepa 1 bhAratIya darzana meM nyAya vidyA 2 bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya 3 jaina darzana meM pramANa-vyavasthA 4 sUtrAtmaka jaina nyAya-grantha 2 pramANa prarUpaNA 1 pramANa aura naya 2 vastu kA lakSaNa 3 naya-nirUpaNA 4 nikSapa-paddhati nikSepa-siddhAnta 5 vibhinna darzana zAstroM meM-zabdArtha-vivecana pariziSTa 0 pAzcAtya tarkazAstra [] pramANa-naya-nikSepa lakSaNa aura bheda (mUlasUtra) 0 pramukha grantha evaM granthakAra 87-120 123-144 145---160 174 ( 8 ) For Private and Personal Use Only

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jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana pramANa-naya-nikSepa pramANa-naya-nikSepa For Private and Personal Use Only

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pUrva-AbhAsa bhAratIya darzana meM nyAya-vidyA .... .. .. .... .... ... .... .. .. . darzana zabda dRz dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA artha hai-dekhanA / kevala netroM se dekhanA hI darzana nahIM hotA, tattva ke sAkSAtkAra ko bhI vidvAnoM ne darzana kahA hai / yaha tathya 'Atma-darzana' Adi zabdoM ke prayoga se spaSTa hai / darzana zabda kA vyApaka artha hai-jisameM jIvana, jagata aura jagadIza kA vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| prAcIna kAla meM 'tattva vivecana' ke lie mImAMsA zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| saMskRta koSa meM prajita vicAra ko mImAMsA kahA gayA hai / AcArya hemacandra sUri ne apanI pramANa-mImAMsA meM, pUjita artha meM hI prayoga kiyA hai / Age calakara Atma-vidyA aura AtmavijJAna jaise zabdoM kA prayoga hone lgaa| darzana kA anya zAstroM se sambandha darzana jIvana kI vyAkhyA hai / darzanazAstra kA jIvana ke sabhI pakSoM se sambandha hai / jIvana sambandhI kisI jJAna-vijJAna ko darzana se pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / itihAsa, samAja, rAjanIti, dharma, saMskRti aura vijJAna Adi se darzana kA sambandha dikhAyA jAtA hai / manovijJAna aura dharmazAstra se darzana kA vizeSa ghaniSTha sambandha batAyA jAtA hai| kyoMki manovijJAna se yoga kA aura dharmazAstra se AcAra kA vizeSa sambandha rahA hai| sAdhanA meM inakA vizeSa upayoga rahA hai / bhAratIya darzana meM vijJAna, dharma aura tarka Adi kA samanvaya rahA hai / padArtha vijJAna tathA zarIrazAstra bhI darzana kA aMgabhUta rahA hai / tarka yuga meM Akara vyAkaraNa aura sAhitya ne bhI darzana kA rUpa grahaNa kara liyaa| philosaphI zabda itanA vyApaka evaM gambhIra nahIM For Private and Personal Use Only

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4 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana hai, jitanA ki darzana / darzana samasta mAnava jAti kI sAmAnya sampatti hai| kisI eka deza athavA eka jAti kI sampatti nahIM hai| lekina yaha satya hai, ki mAnava kI vibhinna dezagata, samAjagata, mAnasika tathA rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa vibhinna dezoM meM, darzanazAstra kA AkAra-prakAra aura svarUpa bhinna-bhinna prakAra se vikasita hotA rahA hai / ataH bhAratIya darzana, yUnAnI darzana evaM yUropIya darzana jaise nAma pracalita ho gae haiN| darzana aura tarka : darzana aura tarka donoM bhinna haiM, lekina Aja donoM paryAyavAcaka jaise pratIta hote haiM / darzana kA sthAna tarka grahaNa karatA jA rahA hai / darzana parama satya athavA parama tattva ko dekhane evaM prApta karane kA upAya, mArga athavA dRSTikoNa hai / vizuddha vicAra kA nAma darzana hai, parantu vicAra-svarNa kI parIkSA to tarka kI agni meM hotI hai / tarka kI kasauTI meM nikharA vicAra vizuddha hotA hai / vicAra meM doSa-Agraha, moha, pakSapAta, buddhi kI malinatA aura dRSTi ke saMkoca ke kAraNa Ate haiN| tarka ina doSoM kA nirAkaraNa karake vicAra ko zuddha banAtA hai aura buddhi ko nirmala karatA hai| ataH tarka ko darzana kA anivArya evaM avibhAjya aMga mAnA gayA hai| kahA gayA haimohaM ruNaddhi vimalIkurute ca buddhi, sUte ca saMskRta-pada-vyavahAra-zaktim / zAstrAntarabhyasana yogyatayA yukti; ___ tarka-zramo na tanute kimihopakAram // tarkazAstra meM kiyA gayA zrama, vyakti ke vyaktitva-vikAsa kA patha prazasta karatA hai / vyAmoha ko dUra karatA hai / buddhi ko vimala banAtA hai| paraspara ke vyavahAra kI yogyatA ko bar3hAtA hai| pratyeka zAstra ke adhyayana kI kSamatA pradAna karatA hai| tarka kA upayoga bhAratIya darzana meM, tarkazAstra ko hetu-vidyA, hetu-zAstra, pramANazAstra aura nyAyazAstra kahA gayA hai / tarka kA upayoga mukhyatayA tIna prayojanoM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai jaise ki (ka) apane siddhAnta kI sthApanA ke lie aura apane pakSa ko siddha karane ke lie| For Private and Personal Use Only

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ke lie | bhAratIya darzana meM nyAya-vidyA | 5 (kha) apane mata para kie gae, Aropa, AkSepa yA doSa ke nivAraNa Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir (ga) virodhI ke mata evaM siddhAnta ke khaNDana ke lie | vAda, jalpa, vitaNDA, kathA aura samvAda bhI tarkazAstra ke hI aMgabhUta haiM / pratyeka sampradAya ho apanI rakSA ke lie tathA virodhI para AkramaNa karane ke lie tarkazAstra kA bharapUra upayoga karatA thA / vAdavidyA aura vAdazAstra kA adhyayana karatA thA / tIrthaMkara ke ziSyoM meM vAdI-prativAdI ziSya bhI hote the, jinakA saMgha meM Adara-satkAra evaM sammAna hotA thA / brAhmaNa paramparA meM, bauddha paramparA meM aura jaina paramparA meM bhI zAstrArthI vidvAnoM kA honA parama Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thA / zAstrArtha meM vijaya prApta karanA dharma kI prabhAvanA kA eka pradhAna aMga thA / pramANa - zAstra kA vibhAjana pramANa ke binA prameya kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI / prameya kI siddhi Avazyaka hai aura vaha pramANa se hI hotI hai / pramANa zabda kA artha bhI yahI hai, jisase prameya kA yathArtha jJAna ho, vaha pramANa hai / pratyeka sampradAya ko pramANa svIkAra karanA hI par3atA hai| tarka darzana kA aMga hai / ataeva darzana ke vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para tarka kA bhI vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / bhAratIya dharma kI, darzana kI aura saMskRti kI mUla meM do dhArAeM rahI haiM-brAhmaNa aura zramaNa | vedAnukUla aura veda - pratikUla / vedasammata aura vedavirodhI / pahale ko Astika aura dUsare ko nAstika kahane kI eka paramparA cala par3I hai / para yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai / jaina aura bauddha, nAstika nahIM, Astika haiN| kyoMki ve loka aura paraloka meM vizvAsa karate haiM / karma aura karmaphala meM vizvAsa karate haiM / AtmA kI sattA meM vizvAsa karate haiM / kevala veda meM vizvAsa na karane bhara se yadi nAstikatA thopI jAtI hai, to vaidika loga bhI nAstika kyoM nahIM ? kyoMki ve jaina AgamoM meM aura bauddha piTaka meM vizvAsa nahIM karate / ataH darzana, pramANa aura tarka kA vibhAjana isa paddhati se karanA ucita hogA - brAhmaNa tarka, boddha tarka aura jaina tarka / dUsarA prakAra yaha bhI ho sakatA hai - brAhmaNa tarka aura zramaNa tarka / saMskRti aura sampradAya ke AdhAra para hI isa prakAra kA vibhAjana karanA nyAya saMgata kahA jA sakatA hai, aura ucita bhI yahI hai / bhAratIya darzana ke sampradAya darzana kA udbhava saMzaya athavA jijJAsA se mAnA jAtA hai / tathya For Private and Personal Use Only

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6 | jaina nyAya zAstra : eka parizIlana yaha hai ki jaba mAnava ke lie kisI kartavya kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hogA, sukha-prApti aura duHkhanivRtti ke upAya batAe gae hoMge, taba apane svarUpa aura jagat ke viSaya meM jijJAsA utpanna huI hogii| usI se darzana kA udbhava huA hogaa| kama se kama bhAratIya darzana ke mUla meM yahI pravRtti dRSTigocara hotI hai| jijJAsA ke mUla meM bhI vyakti kA sukhaprApti aura duHkha vinAza kA uddezya hI nihita hotA hai| pratyeka AtmA meM duHkhanivRtti kI sanAtana bhAvanA rahI hai| jisa dina manuSya ne apane antara ke sukha-duHkha kI aura usake kAraNoM kI khoja prArambha kI hogI, usI dina se darzana kA prArambha huA hogaa| cArvAka sampradAya - vedabhinna darzanoM meM pahale cArvAka kA nAma liyA jAtA hai / yaha eka bhautikavAdI darzana hai| isake AcArya bRhaspati kahe jAte haiN| yaha kevala pratyakSa pramANa ko mAnatA hai| AtmA, paramAtmA aura paraloka ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| bhArata ke samasta darzanoM ne isakA joradAra khaNDana kiyA hai| phira bhI Aja vaha jIvita hai / sampradAya ke rUpa meM nahIM, granthoM meM usakI sattA hai / janatA meM vaha lokapriya rahA hai / Aja usakA koI grantha upalabdha nahIM hai, lekina granthoM meM pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM usakI sattA Aja bhI hai| vaidika, jaina aura bauddha sabhI ne isake siddhAntoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| AcArya vRhaspati pratyakSavAdI vicAraka thaa| usake anusAra sRSTi ke nirmANa ke cAra tattva haiM-bhUmi, jala, agni aura vAyU / AkAza tattva ko vaha svIkAra nahIM krtaa| kyoMki usakA kisI bhI indriya se pratyakSa nahIM hotA / tattva catuSTaya se hI zarIra kI utpatti hotI hai| unake milana se caitanya kI bhI utpatti ho jAtI hai| jaba zarIra naSTa ho jAtA hai, taba caitanya bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| isa mata meM caitanya-viziSTa deha hI AtmA hai, jIva hai| cArvAka abhimata pramANa abhimata tatvoM kA parijJAna pratyakSa pramANa se ho jAtA hai / pratyakSameva pramANam / pratyakSa ke do bheda haiM--indriyapratyakSa aura mAnasapratyakSa / cArvAka anumAna ko pramANa nahIM maantaa| kyoMki vyApti kA abhAva hai| kArya-kAraNa kA abhAva hai / isa mata meM zabda bhI pramANa nahIM hai| kyoMki vizvAsayogya vyakti ke dvArA kathita zabda hI pramANa hai / jo pratyakSa dekhe For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzana meM nyAya-vidyA | 7 jA sakate haiN| vedoM ko pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kyoMki unakA pratyakSa nahIM hotA / ataH ekamAtra pratyakSa hI pramANa hai / pratyakSa na hone ke kAraNa svarga tathA naraka ko bhI asvIkAra kara diyaa| paraloka ko mAnanA bebuniyAda kI bAta ko mAnane jaisA hai / kyoMki vaha pramANasiddha nahIM hai| isa bhautikavAdI darzana ke do vilakSaNa siddhAnta haiM-jar3avAda aura dusarA anIzvaravAda / saMkSepa meM, yahI cArvAka darzana kI pramANa aura prameya vyavasthA hai| isa paramparA meM bhI aneka AcArya samaya-samaya para hote rahe haiN| bauddha sampradAya bauddha dharma kI sthApanA gautama buddha ne IsA pUrva 535-485 meM kI thii| buddha ke bAda meM unakI zikSAoM kI vibhinna vyAkhyAoM ke AdhAra para 18 sampradAyoM meM, buddha kA dharma vibhakta ho gyaa| parantu mukhya sampradAya do haiMhInayAna aura mahAyAna / hInayAna ko sthaviravAda tathA sarvAstitvavAda bhI kahA jAtA hai| ___ sarvAstitvavAda kI do mukhya zAkhAeM haiM-vaibhASika aura sautrAntika / vaibhASika kA artha hai-viziSTa bhASya / vibhASA tripiTaka kA TIkA grantha hai| vibhASA ke AdhAra para vikasita hone ke kAraNa isa zAkhA kA nAma vaibhASika par3A / isa zAkhA ke prasiddha dArzanika diGa nAga aura dharmakIrti haiM / diGa nAga guru haiM, aura dharmakoti ziSya haiN| ina vaibhASikoM kA mata hai ki jJAna aura jJeya donoM satya haiM, mithyA nhiiN| ye padArtha kI sattA mAnate haiN| sUtrAnta athavA buddha ke mUla vacanoM ke AdhAra para vikAsa karanevAle sautrAntika kahe jAte haiM / ataH isa zAkhA kA nAma sautrAntika par3a gyaa| isa zAkhA ke mukhya pravartaka IsvI san 300 meM hone vAle kumAralabdha haiN| mautrAntikoM kA mata hai ki jJAna satya hai, parantu jJeya kI satyatA anumAna ke dvArA jJAta hotI hai| jJAna kA artha hai-pramANa aura jJaya kA artha haiprameya / ataH bauddha tAkikoM ne pramANa do mAne haiM-pratyakSa aura anumAna / diGa nAga bauddha nyAya ke pitA mAne jAte haiN| dharmakIrti ne boddha nyAya ko carama-zikhara para pahu~cA diyA thaa| ___mahAyAna sampradAya kA udaya hInayAna sampradAya kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM haA thaa| mahAyAna ko do zAkhAeM haiM-mAdhyamika aura yogaacaar| inameM se madhyama mArga kA anusaraNa karane ke kAraNa pahalI zAkhA kA nAma mAdhyamika par3A / isa zAkhA ke mukhya pravartaka IsvI san 143 ke lagabhaga hone vAle AcArya nAgArjuna the / mAdhyamikoM kA mata hai, ki jJeya to For Private and Personal Use Only

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8 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana asatya hai hI, jJAna bhI satya nahIM hai / isa zAkhA ke vidvAnoM kA siddhAnta hai, zUnyavAda / zUnyavAda kA artha, jaisA ki loga samajhate haiM-abhAva nahIM hai| zUnyavAda kA artha hai. ki vastu kA nirvacana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vastu anirvacanIya hai / na vaha sata hai, na asat, na ubhaya hai, aura na anubhaya hI hai| mahAyAna kI dUsarI zAkhA kA nAma hai-yogaacaar| yogAcAra zAkhA yaugika kriyAoM meM AsthA rakhatI hai, aura mAnatI hai, ki bodhi kI upalabdhi ekamAtra yogAbhyAsa ke dvArA hI ho sakatI hai| ataeva isakA nAma yogAcAra par3a gyaa| isa zAkhA ke mukhya vidvAn haiM-maitreyanAtha, Arya asaMga aura Arya vasubandhu / Arya asaMga kA kAla 400 IsvI mAnA gayA hai / vasubandhu ne vijJAnavAda ko janma diyaa| vijJAnavAda vauddha darzana kA carama vikAsa kahA jA sakatA hai / vijJAnavAda ke anusAra ekamAtra vijJAna hI parama satya hai / bAhya vastu, vijJAna kA hI pratibimba hai / usako vAstavika sattA nahIM hai / vijJAnavAda ke bAda meM, bauddha nyAya kA vikAsa huaa| nyAya ke pravartaka haiM-diGa nAga aura dharmakIti / nyAya praveza, pramANa-samuccaya, pramANa vArtika, nyAya bindu, hetu bindu aura bauddha tarka bhASA-bauddhoM ke prasiddha nyAya grantha haiN| jaina sampradAya jaina dharma aura darzana atyanta prAcIna haiN| jaina paramparA ke pravartaka athavA saMsthApaka tIrthaMkara hote haiM / sarvaprathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva the, aura carama tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra the| jaina paramparAmAnya Agama bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI haiM / mahAvIra aura buddha, donoM samakAlIna the| mahAvIra ne jo kucha bolA thA, vaha Agama kahalAtA hai aura buddha ne jo bolA thA, vaha tripiTaka kahAtA hai / Agama jaina sampradAya ke zAstra haiN| dharma aura darzana kA mUla udgama, Agama evaM zAstra haiN| jaina paramparA ina AgamoM meM athAha AsthA rakhatI hai, aura inake vidhAnoM ke anusAra sAdhanA hotI hai / mUla Agama pAMca vibhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM--aMga, upAMga, mUla, cheda aura cuulikaa| jaina paramparA kA dArzanika sAhitya, cAra yugoM meM vikasita huA hai -Agama yuga, darzana yuga, anekAnta vyavasthA yuga aura nyAya yuga, tarka yuga athavA pramANa yuga / Agama yuga meM, mUla Agama aura usake vyAkhyA grantha -niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA samAhita hote haiM / isa yuga ke prasiddha For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzana meM nyAya-vidyA | AcArya haiM- bhadrabAha, saMghadAsagaNi, jinadAsa mahattara, zIlAMka evaM malayagiri Adi / darzana-yuga vAcaka umAsvAti se prArambha hotA hai| unhoMne padravya, paJca astikAya, sapta tattva aura nava padArthoM kA nutana zailI se pratipAdana kiyA thaa| isa yuga ke prasiddha AcArya haiM--vAcaka umAsbAti, AcArya kundakunda aura nemicaMdra sUri / anekAnta vyavasthA yuga, jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa meM atyanta mahatvapUrNa evaM cirasmaraNIya hai| kyoMki bauddhoM kA zunyavAda tathA vijJAnavAda, vedAnta kA advaitavAda tathA mAyAvAda, sAMkhya kA prakRtivAda, mImAMsA kA apauruSeyavAda aura nyAya-vaizeSika kA Arambha evaM paramANavAda paraspara dvandva yuddha kara rahe the| use miTAne ke lie anekAnta dRSTi aura syAdvAda kI yugAnukUla vyAkhyA Avazyaka thii| isa kArya ko kiyA-AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne tathA AcArya samantabhadra ne / siddhasena kA sanmati tarka aura samantabhadra ko Apta-mImAMsA-isa dvandvAtmaka yuga ke pratinidhi grantha mAne jAte haiN| pramANa yuga athavA tarka yuga isa yuga meM prameya kI nahIM, pramANa ko carcA adhika gambhIra evaM vyApaka ho cukI thii| naiyAyika aura bauddha paraspara ghAta-pratighAta kara rahe the / eka dUsare para Aropa kara rahe the| eka dUsare kA khaNDana kara rahe the| jaina dArzanika kaba taka taTastha rahate ? unheM apane siddhAntoM kI rakSA karate hue, naiyAyika aura bauddhoM kA khaNDana bhI karanA pdd'aa| isa yuga ke prasiddha AcArya the- siddhasena divAkara, vAdideva sari, AcArya hemacandra tathA upAdhyAya yazovijaya, akalaMka bhaTTa, mANikyanandi, prabhAcandra aura dharmabhUSaNa Adi / jaina nyAya ke prasiddha grantha haiM-nyAyAvatAra, pramANa-nayatattvAlaMkAra, pramANa mImAMsA, tathA jaina tarka bhASA, aura nyAya vinizcaya, parIkSA-mukha, prameyakamala mArtaNDa tathA nyAya dIpikA Adi / jaina tAkikoM ne pramANa ke do bheda kiye haiM--pratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa ke do bheda-sAMvyavahArika aura pAramArthika / pahale ke chaha bheda aura dUsare ke do bheda-sakala evaM vikala / parokSa ke pA~ca bheda haiM -smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama / pramANa vibhAjana kI jainAcAryoM kI yaha apanI maulika sUjha-bUjha hai| pramANa ke viSaya meM Age vizeSa likhA jaayegaa| yahAM saMkSipta paricaya hI diyA gayA hai| sAMkhya-yoga sampradAya vaidika darzana ke SaT-sampradAya mAne jAte haiM-sAMkhya-yoga, nyAya For Private and Personal Use Only

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10 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana vaizeSika aura mImAMsA-vedAnta / lekina sAMkhya aura yoga se vedoM kA sIdhA sambandha nahIM hai / sAMkhya darzana meM hiMsAmUlaka vaidika dharma kA virodha kiyA gayA hai| yoga kA sIdhA sambandha zarIra aura cittavattiyoM se hai| yoga ke do bheda haiM-rAjayoga aura haThayoga / ataH donoM darzanoM kA sambandha vedoM se nahIM hai| inakA sambandha zramaNa-paramparA se adhika hai| kyoMki donoM hI ahiMsA dharma meM pUrA-pUrA vizvAsa rakhate haiN| yoga darzana meM, yama aura niyamoM kA pAlana Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya bhI mAnA gayA hai / pA~ca yamoM meM pahalA yama ahiMsA mAnA gayA hai| kapila kA sAMkhya sAMkhya darzana ke pravartaka maharSi kapila haiN| isa darzana meM paccIsa tatva mAne gaye haiN| mUla meM to do hI tatva haiM-prakRti aura puruSa / donoM kA saMyoga saMsAra hai, aura viyoga hai apavarga arthAt mokSa / donoM ke bhedavijJAna se sAMsArika bandhana kaTa jAte haiN| isa darzana meM jJAna kI pradhAnatA hai| sAMkhya meM pramANa tIna haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda / prasiddha AcArya haiM-kapila, Asuri, paMcazikha aura IzvarakRSNa / isa sampradAya ke prasiddha grantha haiM-sAMkhya sUtra, sAMkhya pravacana bhASya, sAMkhya kArikA aura usa para sAMkhya tatva kaumudii| sAMkhya ne yoga darzana kI sAdhanA ko apanAyA hai| usakI apanI koI sAdhanA prakriyA nahIM hai| usameM to prakRti aura puruSa ke bhedavijJAna para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| pataJjali kA yoga yoga darzana ke udbhAvaka maharSi pataJjali haiN| inhoMne yoga darzana sUtra kI racanA kI hai / yogadarzana ne sAMkhya darzana ke siddhAntoM ko apanAyA hai| yoga kA mata hai, ki kevala vyakta, avyakta aura jJa se hI mokSa nahIM ho sktaa| prakRti aura vikRti ke prabhAva se mukta hone ke lie citta kI vRttiyoM kA zodhana aura niyantraNa Avazyaka hai / yahI hai, rAja yoga / ___ yogadarzana meM sAMkhya kI bhAMti paccIsa tattva haiM, aura pramANa haiM tIna-pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama / yoga kA bhArata meM vyApaka prabhAva thA, aura usakA prasAra-pracAra bhI bahuta thaa| yoga kI aneka zAkhAprazAkhAe~ hotI calI gaI haiN| parantu yoga ke mukhya bheda do haiM-rAjayoga tathA haThayoga / rAjayoga meM mana kI ekAgratA kA varNana hai, aura haThayoga meM zarIra kI vizuddhi ke lie vibhinna Asana, mudrA aura bandhoM kA varNana hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzana meM nyAya-vidyA | 11 yoga meM zarIra kI zuddhi aura zarIra kI dRr3hatA bhI to parama Avazyaka hai| ataH yoga kriyAtmaka hai| yoga kA sAhitya pataJjalikRta yoga sUtra, yoga-sUtra para vyAsa bhASya, bhASya para tatva vaishaardii| rAjA bhoja ne sUtroM para bhoja vRtti likhii| vijJAnabhikSu ne pAtaJjala bhASya vArtika kI racanA kii| yoga sAhitya, santa paramparA ke santoM ne bhI samaya-samaya para apanI bhASA meM likhA hai| sAMkhya aura yoga eka dUsare ke pUraka darzana sampradAya rahe haiM / nyAya-vaizeSika sampradAya nyAya aura vaizeSika, donoM eka-dUsare ke pUraka darzana haiM, virodhI nhiiN| donoM meM kucha maulika bheda bhI haiM-nyAya darzana pramANa pradhAna hai, aura vaizeSika darzana padArtha pradhAna hai| pramANa kI vistRta vyAkhyA nyAya darzana meM kI hai, aura padArtha-mImAMsA vaizeSika darzana kI apanI vizeSatA hai| lekina Age calakara donoM meM samanvaya ho gayA thaa| nyAya darzana cAra pramANa svIkAra karatA hai-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura zabda / vaizeSika darzana sapta padArthoM ko svIkAra karatA hai-dravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa, samavAya aura abhAva / vizeSa padArtha ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa hI isa darzana ko vaizeSika darzana kahate haiM / vikAsa ke tIna yuga nyAya aura vaizeSika sampradAya ke tIna yuga haiM-prAcIna yuga, madhya yuga aura navIna yuga / maharSi gautama ke nyAya-sUtra, una para vAtsyAyana bhASya, nyAyavArtika, nyAya tAtparya vRtti aura nyAya maJjarI Adi grantha prAcIna yUga ke grantha haiN| maharSi kaNAda ke sutra, una para prazastapAda bhASya aura kiraNAvalI Adi vaizeSika grantha bhI prAcIna yuga ke grantha haiN| AcArya udayana ke do grantha-nyAya kusumAJjali aura Atma tattvaviveka bhI prAcIna yuga ke mahatvapUrNa nyAya grantha haiM / madhyayuga meM bauddha aura jaina nyAya kI gaNanA kI hai| AcArya diGa nAga aura AcArya dharmakIrti bauddha-nyAya ke prasiddha naiyAyika haiM / AcArya siddhasena divAkara, akalaMka bhaTTa, vAdideva sUri, AcArya prabhAcandra, AcArya hemacandra sUri aura upAdhyAya yazovijaya Adi jaina-nyAya ke prasiddha evaM vikhyAta AcArya rahe haiN| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana kA navIna yuga gaMgeza upAdhyAya ke cintAmaNi grantha se prArambha hotA hai| maNi para prasiddha TIkA kA nAma-Aloka hai| isa paramparA ke prasiddha For Private and Personal Use Only

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12 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizolana AcArya haiM - pakSadhara mizra, raghunAtha ziromaNi, gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya aura mathurA prasAda tathA jagadIza Adi prasiddha vyAkhyAkAra haiM / saMyukta sampradAya navIna nyAya yuga ke bAda nyAya-vaizeSika darzana kA eka saMyukta sampradAya astitva meM AyA thA / isa kAla meM, nyAya-vaizeSika para saMyukta granthoM kI racanA hone lagI thI / isa yuga ke granthoM ko prakaraNa grantha kahA jAtA hai / isa yuga ke prasiddha prakaraNa grantha haiM - zivAditya kI sapta padArthI, bhAsarvajJa kA nyAya sAra, kezava mizra kI tarka bhASA, logAkSi bhAskara kI tarka kaumudI, annaM bhaTTa kA tarka saMgraha aura usakI TIkA dIpikA, vizvanAtha paJcAnana kA bhASA pariccheda aura usakI vistRta TIkA nyAya siddhAnta muktAvalI Adi / tarka saMgraha para nyAyabodhinI TIkA aura padakRtya TIkA iso saMyukta sampradAya ke prasiddha grantha mAne jAte haiM / nyAya-vaizeSika vaidika nahIM yaha sampradAya bhI vaidika nahIM hai / kyoMki yaha vedoM ko nitya evaM apauruSeya svIkAra nahIM karatA / isake anusAra veda, Izvara kI vANI haiM / isake mata meM zabda anitya hai / vaidika jJAna meM vizvAsa hote hue bhI vaidika yajJa evaM homa Adi kriyA-kANDa meM vizvAsa nahIM hai / zabda pramANa kI apekSA, isameM anumAna pramANa ko sarvAdhika mahatva diyA gayA hai / jabaki vedamUlaka sampradAyoM meM zabda pramANa kA sarvAdhika mahatva hI mAnA hai / mImAMsA vedAnta saMpradAya mImAMsA sampradAya tathA vedAnta sampradAya - donoM vedamUlaka haiM / veda hI donoM kA AdhAra hai / lekina donoM eka-dUsare ke pUraka nahIM, virodhI haiM / mImAMsA kA janma dharma jijJAsA se huA hai, tathA brahma jijJAsA se vedAnta kA / vedagata kriyA-kANDa mImAMsA kA AdhAra hai aura usakA jJAna - kANDa vedAnta kA / mImAMsA yajJa ko dharma mAnatA hai, aura vedAnta brahma jJAna ko / donoM kI sthiti evaM sattA eka-dUsare ke viparIta hai, phira bhI yaha to satya hai, ki donoM kA mUla veda hai / ataH yathArtha artha meM, donoM vedamUlaka sampradAya haiM / mImAMsA saMpradAya mImAMsA ke pravartaka haiM, maharSi jaimini / mImAMsA sUtroM kI racanA, inhoMne kI thI / usakA nAma hai- dvAdaza lakSaNI / isameM dvAdaza adhyAya haiM / isa para zabara svAmI kA zAbara bhASya hai / kumArila bhaTTa ne isa para zloka vArtika kI racanA kI hai / prabhAkara ne bhI isa para vizAla TIkA For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzana meM nyAya-vidyA | 13 racI hai / mImAMsA paribhASA, artha saMgraha aura mImAMsA nyAya prakAza Adi isa paramparA ke prakaraNa grantha haiM, jinakA adhyayana mImAMsA darzana ko samajhane ke lie Avazyaka hai| mImAMsA darzana kI apanI padArtha mImAMsA bhI hai, pramANa mImAMsA bhI hai / mImAMsA darzana meM SaT pramANa svIkRta haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, zabda athavA Agama, arthApatti aura anUpalabdhi / veda apaurupaya haiN| zabda aura artha kA nitya sambandha hai| pramANoM meM Agama pramANa athavA zabda pramANa kA vizeSa mahattva hai| vedAnta saMpradAya ___ isake pravartaka maharSi vyAsa haiM / vedAnta sUtra inakA mukhya grantha hai / isake cAra adhyAya haiN| pratyeka adhyAya ke cAra pAda haiN| AcArya zaMkara ne isa para vizAlakAya zAMkara bhASya kI racanA kI hai| advaita vedAnta kA yaha jIvAnubhUta mAnA jAtA hai| vedAnta sampradAya ke zeSa grantha, yA to isakA samarthana karate haiM, yA phira virodha karate haiN| isake anusAra advaita hai, brahma / vaha satya hai, jJAna rUpa hai, aura Anandamaya hai| brahma satya hai, aura yaha dRzyamAna jagata mithyA hai| mAyA brahma kI zakti hai / avidyA ke kAraNa hI jagat kI sattA hai / isa sampradAya meM eka hI tatva hai, aura vaha hai, eka mAtra brahma / zAMkara bhASya para aneka TIkAe~ haiM, lekina bhAmatI, parimala aura kalpataru vizeSa prasiddha rahI haiN| isa paramparA ke aneka prakaraNa grantha haiM / parantu vizeSa prasiddha haiM - vedAntasAra, vedAnta paribhASA, advaita siddhi aura vedAnta muktAvalI / prameya aura pramANa ___brahma, jIva, AtmA, Izvara, jagat aura mAyA-ye saba prameya tattva haiN| vedAnta SaT pramANa svIkAra karatA hai-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, Agama, arthApatti aura anupalabdhi / vedAnta paribhASA grantha meM, pramANoM kA ativistRta tathA ati sundara varNana kiyA gayA hai / vedAnta paribhASA grantha tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-pramANa, prameya aura prayojana / vedAntasAra prameya bahala grantha mAnA jAtA hai / saMkSepa meM, yaha vedAnta kA sAra hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

Page #23
.. . .... . .. .. .... .. . ... ... ................ ........ bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya ..... .... . .. .. .. .. ................. .... .. ........ ..." darzana-zAstra kA janma, AtmA kI khoja se prArambha hotA hai| bhArata ke samasta darzanoM kA lakSya hI hai-AtmA kA anusandhAna / AtmA ke svarUpa kA svIkAra tathA usakA pratipAdana bhinna-bhinna hone para bhI unakA carama lakSya eka hI hai-mokSa, nirvANa aura mukti| bhArata ke pratyeka darzana kI sAdhanA, usI lakSya ko prApta karane kI hai| sAdhanA ke tIna aMza haiM-jJAna, karma evaM bhakti / vaidika darzana kI yahI sAdhanA rahI hai| jaina darzana meM bhI sAdhanA ke tIna aMga rahe haiM-samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura smykcaaritr| bauddha darzana bhI tIna vibhAga karatA hai-prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi / anya jo bhI sAdhanAe~ haiM, ve saba ina tInoM kA hI vistAra kiyA gayA hai, athavA saMkSepa kiyA gayA hai / vaidika sAdhanA ke AdhArabhUta grantha veda aura upaniSad mAne jAte haiN| jaina sAdhanA ke AdhAra Agama haiM, jo bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI mAne jAte haiN| bauddha sAdhanA ke AdhAra piTaka haiM, jo buddha kI vANI mAne gaye haiM / isI kAraNa bhArata ke darzana-zAstra athavA bhArata kI dArzanika sampradAya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM-zramaNa-darzana aura brAhmaNa darzana / zramaNa aura brAhmaNa-donoM meM vicArabheda bhI haiM, aura AcAra bheda bhI haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUlabhUta tatva do haiM-vicAra aura AcAra / vicAra aura AcAra meM samanvaya parama Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| zramaNa-darzana kI tIna dhArAe~ rahI haiM-jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka / ( 14 ) For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya | 15 jaina-dhArA ke vicAra aura AcAra ke Adarza puruSa haiM, tIrthaMkara deva / yaha tIrthaMkara kA dharma, darzana aura saMskRti hI Aja jaina dharma ke nAma se itihAsa meM prasiddha rahI hai| tathAgata kA dharma, darzana aura saMskRti hI Aja bauddha dharma kahA jAtA hai| AjIvaka dharma, darzana aura saMskRti ke pravartaka, gozAlaka mAne jAte haiM / Aja unakA na koI granya hai, aura na sampradAya / jaina aura bauddha sAhitya se hI usakA paricaya upalabdha hotA hai / usakA mukhya siddhAnta thA-niyativAda / puruSa kA puruSArtha kucha bhI nahIM kara sakatA / puruSArtha sarvathA vyartha hotA hai / eka jana-zru ti ke anusAra, samrATa azoka pahale AjIvaka pantha ke anuyAyI the, bAda meM bauddha ho gaye the| brAhmaNa darzana kI chaha zAkhAeM haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM-nyAya aura vaizeSika, sAMkhya aura yoga tathA mImAMsA aura vedAnta / inako vaidika darzana bhI kahA jAtA hai / yadyapi vAstavika rUpa meM, vaidika darzana do hI haiMmImAMsA aura vedAnta / veda ke karmakANDa ko mImAMsA darzana kahate haiM, aura jJAna kANDa ko vedAnta / sAMkhya-yoga yajJa meM hone vAtI hiMsA kA ghora virodha karate haiN| nyAya-vaizeSika bhI svatantra darzana haiM, ve donoM hI vedamUlaka nahIM haiN| eka anya prakAra se bhI bhArata ke darzanoM kA vibhAjana kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise AtmavAdI aura anAtmavAdI / isa vibhAjana meM kevala do darzana Ate haiM-eka cArvAka darzana aura dUsarA kSaNikavAdI bauddha darzana / zeSa sabhI darzana AtmavAdI haiN| jo darzana pUrvajanma, bhUyojanma tathA AtmA kI amaratA meM AsthAvAn haiM, ve Astika haiM, AtmavAdI haiM / karma aura karma-phala ko mAnane vAle AtmavAdI haiM / isa artha meM to bauddha darzana bhI AtmavAdI kahA jA sakatA hai / aba kevala eka cArvAka darzana hI anAtmavAdI darzana baca jAtA hai / lekina AtmA ke sambandha meM cArvAka kA kahanA hai, ki AtmA zarIra se bhinna nahIM hai / zarIra hI AtmA hai / mRtyu hI apavarga hai aura bhautika sukha hI svarga hai| ___ vastutaH cArvAka darzana, upaniSad ke ekAnta AtmavAda kI pratikriyA hai| vedoM ke hiMsAtmaka yajJa-yAga kA virodha kiyA, upaniSad ke jJAnAtmaka AtmavAda ne / AtmA ke amaratva kA virodha kiyA, cArvAka ke bhautikavAda ne / isa prakAra vahaspati kA sampradAya AtmA, karma, phala, pUrvajanma aura bhUyojanma kA prabala virodha karatA rahA / vRhaspati cArvAka sampradAya For Private and Personal Use Only

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16 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana saMsthApaka evaM pravartaka mAne jAte haiM / yaha apane yuga ke mahAna tArkika the| inakI bhASA cAru thI, ataH cArvAka nAma se prasiddha haiN| cArvAka darzana bhAratIya darzanoM meM ekAnta rUpa se bhautikavAdI darzana kevala cArvAka hI hai| vaha Izvara ko nahIM mAnatA / AtmA ko abhautika nahIM maantaa| pUrvajanma tathA bhUyojanma ko nahIM maantaa| pAMca bhUtoM ko mUla-tattva svIkAra karatA hai / ekamAtra pratyakSa ko hI pramANa mAnatA hai| kyoMki indriya grAhya parijJAna, kevala pRthvI, jala, agni tathA vAyu kA hI ho sakatA hai / ataH AkAza ko bhI vaha padArtha mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM hai / kyoMki AkAza kA indriyapratyakSa nahIM ho pAtA hai / sAdhAraNa logoM meM, yaha darzana atyanta lokapriyatA prApta kara cukA thA / ataH logoM ne isa darzana kA nAma lokAyata darzana rakhA thA / lokAyata kA artha hai-loka meM phailA huA vicAra / veda pramANa nahIM lokAyata darzana ke pravartaka vRhaspati vedoM ko pramANa svIkAra nahIM karate / brAhmaNa, AraNyaka aura upaniSadoM ko bhI pramANa nahIM mAnate haiN| yajJa-yAga meM hone vAlI hiMsA kA virodha karate the / isa sampradAya ke parama vidvAna jayarAzi bhaTTa the / ye tArkika tathA naiyAyika the / inakA eka grantha hai-tattvopaplava / gAyakavAr3a saskRta grantha-mAlA se isakA prakAzana ho cukA hai / cArvAka darzana ati prAcIna darzana hai, jisakA ullekha rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai / jaina darzana bhArata ke darzanoM evaM dharmoM meM yaha bhI eka atyanta prAcIna darzana aura dharma mAnA gayA hai| RSabhadeva se vardhamAna mahAvIra taka caubIsa tIrthakara isake Adarza mahApuruSa mAne jAte haiM / ve sarvadarzI evaM sarvajJa the / namaskAra mantra, isa dharma kA mUla mahAmantra hai| isa dharma meM vItarAga evaM jina kI upAsanA kI jAtI hai / jina ke upAsaka jaina kahe jAte haiM / jaina dharma kI sAdhanA ke chaha aMga haiM-sAmAyika, tIrthaMkara-stavana, guru vandana, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna / ina chaha aMgoM kI upAsanA, prati For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya | 17 divasa, zramaNa evaM zramaNI bhI karate haiM / zrAvaka tathA zrAvikA bhI karate haiM / upAsakoM kA jo samudAya hai, use tIrtha athavA saMgha kahA jAtA hai / Aja, use samAja kahate haiN| cAra saMpradAya jaina dharma, darzana aura saMskRti ke anusAra sAdhanA karane vAle upAsaka cAra sampradAyoM meM vibhakta haiM-zvetAmbara, digambara, sthAnakavAsI aura teraapnthii| cAroM meM AcArabheda to haiM, parantu vicAra kA bheda nahIM hai| AcArabheda bhI zramaNoM kA paraspara AcArabheda haiM, zrAvakoM kA nahIM / lekina zrAvaka, zramaNoM ke upAsaka haiM, ataH unameM bhI AcArabheda ho gayA hai / kucha parivartana zrAvakoM meM jAti, prAnta, bhASA aura pariveza ke kAraNa bhI hue haiN| siddhAntabheda nahIM jisa prakAra veda-mUlaka dharma evaM darzanoM meM, siddhAntakRta bheda. ke durga khar3e ho gaye haiM, vaise vibheda jaina-paramparA meM nahIM hue haiN| veda-mUlaka mImAMsA darzana meM aura vedAnta darzana meM, kitanA virodhI svara gUMjatA hai| kahA~ hiMsApradhAna yajJa-yAga aura kahA~ jJAna-upAsanA ke zAnta-zItala nirjhara / kahA~ paramANuvAdI vaizeSika aura kahA~ eka prakRtivAdI sAMkhya / kahA~ vAda-jalpa evaM vitaNDAvAdI nyAya darzana aura kahA~ ekAnta giriguhAvAsI yoga darzana / na samanvaya aura na kisI bhI prakAra kA paraspara sntuln| buddha pramANita bauddha dharma evaM darzana meM, siddhAntakRta paraspara bhArI vibheda rahA hai / vaibhASika, sautrAntika, mAdhyamika aura yogAcAra meM kisI bhI prakAra kA sAmaJjasya nahIM hai| paraspara virodha hI nahIM, kaTutA bhI hai| jaina paramparA meM, kisI bhI prakAra kA saiddhAntika bheda nahIM rahA hai| zvetAmbara aura digambaroM meM, tIrthoM ko lekara to virodha rahA hai, lekina tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM virodha nahIM hai| mAnyatAbheda kA AdhAra, AcArabheda hotA hai| siddhAntabheda kA AdhAra, vizvAsabheda hotA hai / ahiMsA aura anekAnta ke kAraNa bhI jaina paramparA meM samanvaya evaM santulana adhika hai| vaira, virodha aura kaTutA nahIM hai / mukhya siddhAnta jaina darzana kA sarvato mukhya siddhAnta hai, krmvaad| jIva aura karma For Private and Personal Use Only

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18 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana kA saMyoga anAdikAla se hai / yahI jIva kA bandhana kahA jAtA hai / bandhana se mukta ho jAnA hI mokSa hai / sAdhanA kA mukhya lakSya yahI hai / isake lie saMvara aura nirjarA Avazyaka hai / saMsAra kA aura kleza kA kAraNa hai- Asrava aura bandha / Asrava ko sAdhanA hai / saMsAra ke duHkhachor3anA hI vastutaH dena hai - nayavAda, bhavya prAsAda ke bhAratIya darzanoM ko jainadarzana kI sabase bar3I anekAntavAda, saptabhaMgIvAda aura syAdvAda / jainadarzana ke ye cAra AdhArabhUta stambha mAne jAte haiM / syAdvAda ke mahAdurga meM praveza ke ye cAra dvAra haiM / ina cAroM ko samajhane ke lie hI to pramANavAda kI parama AvazyakatA hai / pramANavAda meM bhI jaina paramparA ke AcAryoM ne nayI vyavasthA pradAna kI hai / pramANa ke do bheda - pratyakSa aura parokSa - karake anya darzanoM dvArA mAnya samasta pramANoM ko do meM hI samAhita kara liyA gayA hai / ataH nyAyadarzana ke itihAsa meM, pramANavAda bhI apanA eka viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai / usa vyavasthA ke prathama sUtradhAra haiM, siddhasena divAkara, jinakA kAla IsvI san 480 mAnA gayA hai / vAcaka yazovijayajI nyAyAcArya ne pramANa vyavasthA ko antima zikhara para pahu~cA diyA / bauddha-darzana bhagavAn buddha ne cAra Aryasatya kA upadeza diyA thA - duHkha, duHkhahetu, duHkhanirodha aura usakA upaay| jarA, maraNa aura roga, ye saMsAra ke duHkha haiM / usake hetu athavA kAraNa ko buddha ne pratItyasamutpAda kahA / pratItya kA artha hai - aisA hone para arthAt kArya ke prati kAraNoM ke ekatrita hone para samutpAda arthAt utpanna honA / saMsAra kA mUla kAraNa ajJAna hai, usakA nAza ho jAne se duHkhanirodha kI prApti hotI hai / usakA upAya to aSTAMga sAdhana haiM / samyagdarzana evaM samyak saMkalpa Adi haiM / bauddha darzana ke anusAra saMsAra kA pratyeka padArtha kSaNika hai / kisI padArtha meM sthiratA nahIM hai / bauddha darzana cAra sampradAyoM meM vibhakta hai - vaibhASika, sautrAntika, yogAcAra aura mAdhyamika | vaibhASika bAhya vastu ko pratyakSa mAnate haiM, parantu sautrAntika bAhya vastu ko anumeya mAnate haiM / ye donoM bAhyArthavAdI kahe jAte haiM | yogAcAra jJAnavAdI hai / mAdhyamika zUnyavAdI hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya | 16 eka dUsarA vibhAga bhI hai-hInayAna aura mahAyAna / yAna kA artha haimArga / choTA rAstA evaM bar3A raastaa| anudAra mArga aura udAra mArga / AcArapradhAna aura jJAnapradhAna / isa prakAra buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda bauddha dharma nirantara vibhakta hotA rahA hai / janazra ti ke anusAra bauddha dharma aSTAdaza nikAyoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| therAvAda aura sarvAstivAda hInayAna mArga ke haiM aura mAdhyamika, yogAcAra tathA diGa nAga kI sampradAya mahAyAna mArga ke haiN| diGa nAga ko sampradAya ko nyAyavAdI bhI kahA jAtA hai| vaibhASika evaM sautrAntika sampradAyoM kA aura unake siddhAntoM kA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra haivaibhASika sampradAya abhidharmakoza, bauddhadarzana kA eka mahatvapUrNa zAstra hai, usakI TIkA yA vyAkhyA kA nAma vibhASA athavA mahAvibhASA hai, jisake kAraNa sarvAstivAdI vaibhASika kahe jAte haiN| abhidharmakoza vasubandhu kA mahAn grantha hai. jisakA paThana-pAThana sarvatra hotA hai| svayaM vasubandhu ne isa para eka TIkA likhI hai / dUsarI TIkA hai yazomitra kI / sautrAntika sampradAya vibhASA kA artha hai, ttiikaa| abhidharma eka prakAra se sUtrapiTaka kI TIkA ke rUpa meM hai| kyoMki buddha kA mUla upadeza sUtrapiTaka meM hI pAyA jAtA hai / ataH jaba eka sampradAya ne vibhASA arthAt TIkA ko AdhAra mAnane kA virodha kara, yaha kahA ki hameM apane siddhAntoM ko samajhane ke lie 'sUtra' taka pahu~canA cAhie, to vaha sampradAya sautrAntika kahA gayA / yaha sampradAya bhI bauddha paramparA meM apanA vizeSa sthAna rakhatA hai| kucha vidvAn diGa nAga sampradAya ko hI sautrAntika kahate haiN| mUla sUtrapiTaka ko mAnane ke kAraNa hI isakA nAma sautrAntika sampradAya par3A hai| mAdhyamika sampradAya kAlakrama kI dRSTi se sarvAstivAda ke bAda nAgArjuna kA mAdhyamika darzana athavA zUnyavAda AtA hai| zUnyavAda ke sAtha hI bauddha itihAsa meM, mahAyAna kA yuga prArambha ho jAtA hai / mahAyAna sUtra evaM vaipulya sUtra, mahAyAna sampradAya kA AdhArabhUta grantha hai / nAgArjuna kA mUla grantha jisameM zUnyavAda kI sthApanA kI hai, mAdhyamika sUtra athavA mAdhyamikakArikA hai| isa para svayaM nAgArjuna ne 'akutobhayA' TIkA kI hai / candrakIti kI prasanna For Private and Personal Use Only

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20 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana padA TIkA hai / nAgArjuna ke ziSya Aryadeva kA catuHzataka grantha bhI mahatva - pUrNa hai / yogAcAra sampradAya Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir kAlakrama ke anusAra mAdhyamika zUnyavAda ke bAda bauddha darzana meM, yogAcAra ke vijJAnavAda kA sthAna hai / vijJAnavAda kA pravartaka asaMga mAnA jAtA hai, jisakA laghubhrAtA vasubandhu thA / kucha vidvAn maitreyanAtha ko vijJAnavAdakA pravartaka kahate haiM / mahAyAna saMparigraha, maitreyanAtha kA grantha mAnA jAtA hai / vijJapti mAtratA prasiddhi, viMzatikA, trizatikA Adi grantha vijJAnavAda ke mukhya grantha haiM, jinameM vijJAnavAda ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / mAdhyamika ne bAhya aura Antara, donoM prakAra ke dharmoM kA niSedha kiyA thA / parantu yogAcAra ne kahA ki svasaMvedana hotA hai, isakA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / svasaMvedana satya hai / yaha isa darzana kA AdhArabhUta tarka hai / yogAcAra AtmA ko nahIM, jJAna ko mAnatA hai | ataH yaha vijJAnavAda kahA jAtA hai / diGnAga kA nyAyazAstra " " bauddha paramparA ke mahAna AcArya diGnAga bauddha nyAya - zAstra ke janaka evaM pitA haiM / bauddha paramparA ke anusAra diGnAga vasubandhu ke ziSya kahe jAte haiM / samagra bhAratIya darzana para, vizeSataH nyAya-vaizeSika tathA pUrvamImAMsA ke bAhyArthavAda para inakA atyanta prabhAva par3A hai / jisa prakAra vedAnta ke advaitavAda ko nAgArjuna ne sphUrti tathA preraNA pradAna kI, usI prakAra bhAratI bAhyArthavAda ko diGnAga se paryApta preraNA milI / diGnAga ne vizeSakara nyAya ke vAtsyAyana bhASya para pUre bala se AkramaNa kiyA thA / usakA uttara udyotakara ne apane nyAyavArtika meM diyA / bauddha-nyAya ke saMgharSa ne bhArata ke katipaya sabase mahAn dArzanika jaise udyotakara, dharmakIrti, kumArila, prabhAkara, dharmottara, vAcaspati mizra, jayanta, zrIdhara aura AcArya udayana Adi ko janma diyA / diGnAga sampradAya diGnAga kA mukhya grantha, jisane bhAratIya darzana meM krAnti utpanna kara dI, 'pramANa samuccaya' hai / isake atirikta bhI inake aneka grantha haiM, jaise ki nyAya praveza evaM Alambana parIkSA Adi / diGnAga kA uttarA For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya | 21 dhikArI, diGa nAga ke samAna hI mahAn pratibhAdhara dharmakIrti thaa| dharmakIrti diGa nAga ke eka ziSya Izvarasena ke ziSya the / dharmakIrti ke mukhya grantha, pramANavArtika, hetubindu aura nyAyabindu Adi haiM / bauddha paramparA ke chaha mahAn AcArya the-nAgArjuna, Aryadeva, asaMga, vasubandhu, diGa nAga aura dharmakIrti / nAgArjuna aura Argadeva-ye donoM zUnyavAda ke pravartaka the| asaMga aura vasubandhu-ye donoM vijJAnavAda ke janaka the| diGa nAga aura dharmakIti-ye donoM nyAyavAda ke saMsthApaka the / inameM bhI sarvAdhika gauravapUrNa sthAna, bauddha sAhitya meM, vasubandhu kA thaa| kyoMki kevala vasubandhu ko hI dvitIya buddha kahA gayA hai / pramANa-prameya vyavasthA AcArya diGa nAga ne kahA, ki vastu do prakAra kI hai| eka bAhya jagat meM astitva rakhane vAlA, kSaNika 'svalakSaNa' jo ki vaibhASika ke mAne dharmoM ke samAna ananta haiM / vaha sarvathA hI vizeSa tatva hai, arthAt do yA adhika svalakSaNoM meM koI sAmAnya tatva dravya, avayavI evaM jAti ke rUpa meM nahIM hai| pratyeka apane meM alaga tatva hai| vaha svalakSaNa samaya kI dRSTi se sthiratA nahIM rkhtaa| deza kI dRSTi se vistAra nahIM rkhtaa| aneka kSaNoM meM rahane vAlA, koI sAmAnyadharmI tatva nahIM hai| kyoMki svalakSaNa eka hI kSaNa rahatA hai / yahI paramArtha sat hai, kyoMkivahI arthakriyAkSama hai| jalAne kA kAma agni ke svalakSaNa se ho sakatA hai, na ki sAmAnya lakSaNa arthAt mAnasa agni se| dUsarA tattva mAnasa hai, arthAt jo kevala hamAre vicAra meM hai| parantu bAhya jagat meM nahIM hai| yaha sAmAnya lakSaNa hai, jisakA artha hai, aneka vastuoM ko eka sAmAnya yA jAti ke rUpa meM dekhnaa| nyAya-vaizeSika ne kahA thA, ki sAmAnya bhI aneka gAyoM meM rahane vAlA gotva yA aneka ghaToM meM rahane vAlA ghaTatva bhI eka bAhyasat hai| diGa nAga ne isakA ghora virodha kiyA, usane kahA, ki sAmAnya eka mAnasa tattva mAtra hai, usakA bAharI jagat meM koI astitva nahIM, vaha 'atad vyAvRtti' rUpa hai / aneka gAyoM meM rahane vAlA gotva vidhi rUpa bhAva padArtha nahIM, apitu aneka gAyoM kI ago (atad) arthAt gaja-azva Adi se bhinna honA (vyAvRtti) hI usa sAmAnya kA svarUpa hai, aura yaha atad vyAvRtti mAnasa dharma hai / ataH pramANa bhI do prakAra kA hai-pramANa arthAt jJAna, viSaya ko grahaNa karane vaalaa| For Private and Personal Use Only

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22 / jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana eka nirvikalpaka pratyakSa hai, jisase svalakSaNa kA grahaNa hotA hai, vaha pratyakSa, sAmAnya arthAta AkAra-zUnya svalakSaNa kA grahaNa karatA hai / ataH vaha nirvikalpaka hotA hai, arthAta vaha atIndriya hai| svalakSaNa ke nirvikalpaka pratyakSa ko hI grahaNa karate haiN| parantu usa nirvikalpaka pratyakSa ke hote hI hamArA jJAna usake sAtha sAmAnya yA AkAra ko jor3a detA hai, isa prakAra sAmAnya lakSaNa tattva kA jo hameM jJAna hotA hai, vaha savikalpaka athavA adhyavasAya kahA jAtA hai| vaha savikalpaka hai, kyoMki usameM, sAmAnya kI mAnasa kalpanA vidyamAna hai / smaraNAtmaka jJAna bhI sAmAnya lakSaNa ko hI viSaya karatA hai| yaha jJAna bhI arthakriyAkSama nahIM hai, arthAt smaraNAtmaka agni jalA nahIM sktii| pIche kahA gayA hai, ki jJAna do prakAra kA hai-eka grahaNa aura dUsarA adhyavasAya / pramANa vyavasthA pramANa kI dRSTi se pramANa do prakAra ke haiM -eka pratyakSa aura dUsarA anumAna / diDa nAga ke anusAra vastu do prakAra kI hai-eka bAhya sata svalakSaNa aura dUsarI mAnasa vastu arthAt sAmAnya lakSaNa / ataH jJAna bhI do prakAra kA hai-eka grahaNa aura dUsarA adhyavasAya evaM anumAna / jJAna ke ina do prakAroM kA bheda maulika hai| ve donoM prakAra ke jJAna paraspara vyAvRtta haiM, arthAt svalakSaNa kA grahaNa pratyakSa se hI ho sakatA hai, aura sAmAnya lakSaNa kA jJAna, adhyavasAya tathA anumAna se hI ho sakatA hai| eka ke kSetra meM dUsarA jA nahIM sktaa| isI ko pramANa vyavasthA kahA jAtA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika 'pramANa-saMplava' ko mAnatA hai / eka hI vastu agni ko hama pratyakSa se dekha sakate haiM, usakA dhUma se anumAna kara sakate haiM, aura zabda pramANa dvArA bhI usakA jJAna ho jAtA hai, kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI ko pramANa-saMplava kahate haiN| bauddhadarzana kA zUnyavAda bauddhadarzana kA zUnyavAda atyanta jaTila siddhAnta hai, jo AsAnI se samajha meM nahIM AtA hai / sAmAnya rUpa meM isakA artha abhAva hotA hai / kucha bhI na honA, zUnya samajhA jAtA hai| parantu bAta yaha nahIM hai / yadi kucha bhI nahIM hai, to phira siddhAnta kisakA? vastutaH zUnyavAda ko samajhanA sarala nahIM hai, atyanta kaThina hai, isakA samajhanA / For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya | 23 padArtha kI cAra koTi saMsAra ke kisI bhI padArtha para jaba vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, taba usakI cAra koTi ho sakatI haiN| vaha sat ho, vaha asat ho, vaha ubhayasat evaM asat ho, vaha anubhaya-na sat ho, na asat ho / pratyeka padArtha ke viSaya meM ye cAra koTi banatI haiM / parantu zUnyavAda inameM se kisI meM bhI nahIM AtA / vaha to catuSkoTi vimukta hai / bauddha darzana kA yahI to zUnyavAda kahA jAtA hai / padArthoM kA svabhAva zUnya rUpa hai, vaha anirvacanIya hai, usakA zabdoM dvArA nirvacana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / bauddha darzana - dravya avayavI tathA pudgala arthAt AtmA kA niSedha karake pratyeka kSaNa AvirbhUta hone vAle dharmoM kI anantatA mAnatA hai / isake anusAra yadyapi AtmA dravya aura avayavI asat hai, tathApi kSaNika dharma sat haiM, yathArtha / lekina zUnyavAda eka kadama Age jAtA hai / vaha kahatA hai, dharma bhI vastutaH asat hI haiM / vastuoM para jaise-jaise vicAra karate haiM, vaise-vaise unakA tatva bikharatA jAtA hai / tatva kI vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sakatI / vastu niHsvabhAva hInayAna ke darzana ne anAtmavAda aura adravyavAda kI sthApanA kI / mahAyAna ke darzana ne arthAt zUnyavAda ne dharma nairAtmya yA dharmazUnyatA kI sthApanA kI / purAtana bauddha darzana ne kahA, ki kAraNa se kArya kA bananA sambhava nahIM, pratItya-samutpAda kI sthApanA kI thI, jisake anusAra kAraNoM ke hone para kArya hotA hai, parantu kAraNoM se utpanna nahIM hotA / zUnyavAda ke rUpa meM, nUtana dArzanika krAnti ne pratItya-samutpAda ko eka kadama Age bar3hAyA / kAraNa ke hone para kArya hotA hai / isakA artha yaha hai, ki pratyeka vastu dUsarI vastu para sApekSa hai, arthAt usakA svabhAva, svarUpa yA sattva, dUsaroM para apekSita hai / usa vastu kA apanA svabhAva kucha bhI nahIM / isa prakAra pratyeka vastu dUsarI para sApekSa hone ke kAraNa niHsvabhAva, svarUpa - zUnya athavA zUnya hai / yahI hai, nAgArjuna kA zUnyavAda, jisane dArzanika jagat meM eka dina tUphAna khar3A kara diyA thA | zUnyavAda aura brahmavAda zUnyavAda kA siddhAnta kevala niSedhAtmaka nahIM hai / samasta dRzya jagat ko paraspara sApekSa aura niHsvabhAva zUnya batAne vAlA zUnyavAda eka nirapekSa tatva kI ora nirdeza karatA hai / mahAyAna zUnyavAda ke anusAra For Private and Personal Use Only

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24 | jaina nyAya zAstra : eka parizIlana yaha jagat niHsvabhAva hai, zUnya hai / zUnya hI nirapekSa parama yathArtha satya hai / vaha zunya hI nirvANa evaM buddha ke rUpa meM hai / zUnyavAdI mahAyAna ke darzana meM, buddha, nirvANa eva zUnya - ye saba usI prakAra paryAyavAcaka zabda haiM, jisa prakAra advaitavAda vedAnta ke mata meM, brahma, mokSa evaM brahmajJAna Adi paryAyavAcaka zabda haiM / vedAnta kA nirapekSa tatva brahma eka sthira, nitya dravya ke rUpa meM hai / mahAyAna apane nirapekSa tatva kA usa prakAra nirUpaNa nahIM karatA / parantu nirapekSa tatva ko donoM hI samAnarUpa se mAnate haiM / jisa prakAra vedAnta meM, brahma kA Anandamaya svarUpa hai, usI prakAra mahAyAna meM nirapekSa buddha tatva kA 'saMbhogakAya' svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / sattA ke prakAra vedAnta darzana advaita tatva kI sthApanA karane ke lie sattA kA nirUpaNa pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika do staroM para karatA hai / zUnyavAdI nAgArjuna ne bhI sattA ke do prakAra kahe haiM - saMvRtti satya aura paramArtha satya / dRzyamAna jagat kI saMvRtti satyatA hai, parantu paramArtha satyatA nirapekSa zUnya kI hai / mahAyAna nirapekSa tatvarUpa parama satya nirvANa kI sthApanA karatA hai, aura vaha nirvANa tathA buddha eka hI tatva haiM / parama satya zUnya kA sAkSAtkAra tarka se nahIM ho sakatA, vaha to alaukika jJAna se hI ho sakatA hai / isI jJAna ko prajJApAramitA kahA gayA hai / yahI hai, vaha zUnyavAda, jisakI kalpanA nAgArjuna ne kI thI / yogAcAra kA vijJAnavAda mAdhyamika zUnyavAda ke bAda meM, bauddha vicAradhArA meM, yogAcAra ke vijJAnavAda kA sthAna mAnA gayA hai / zUnyavAda ke pravartaka nAgArjuna the, aura vijJAnavAda ke pravartaka vasubandhu the / zUnyavAda ko mAdhyamika aura yogAcAra ko vijJAnavAda kahA jAtA hai / mAdhyamika ne bAhya aura Antara, donoM prakAra ke dharmoM kA niSedha kiyA thA yogAcAra ne kahA, ki svasaMvedana kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / jJAna yathArtha satya hai, usako svIkAra karanA hI hogA / isake binA saMsAra kI vastuoM kA vyAvahArika astitva bhI nahIM rahegA / For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya | 25 dharmakIrti ne kahA, ki jo jJAna kA bhI pratyakSa, yA saMvedana svIkAra nahIM karatA, usake lie vastuoM kA jJAna bhI sambhava nhiiN| ataH jJAna kA pratyakSa aura jJAna kI sattA ko svIkAra karanA pdd'egaa| yaha yogAcAra ke darzana kA AdhArabhUta tarka hai| bAhya jagata kA khaNDana jJAna ke saMvedana ko evaM jJAna ke astitva ko AdhArabhUta mAna kara yogAcAra bAhya vastuoM kA khaNDana karatA hai| jaba hama pratyakSa se nIla ko dekhate haiM, taba nIla aura usakA pratyakSa-ye do vastu alaga-alaga pratIta nahIM hotii| ataH nIla aura usakA jJAna donoM eka hI vastu haiM, bhinna-bhinna nahIM / ataH nIla kA jJAna hI yathArtha vastu hai, na ki nIla vastu / isalie vijJAna hI satya hai, vastu kI sattA hI nahIM hai / vijJAnavAdI ne bAhya padArthoM ke khaNDana meM aneka tarka diye haiM, jinameM paramANuvAda aura dravyavAda kA khaNDana karake yaha siddha kiyA hai, ki bAhya vastuoM kA astitva sambhava hI nahIM hotA hai / vijJAna ke bheda vijJAnavAda ke anusAra satya ke tIna prakAra haiM-eka pariniSpanna lakSaNa arthAt paramArtha satya, dUsarA paratantra lakSaNa arthAt vyAvahArika satya aura tIsarA parikalpita lakSaNa arthAt kalpanAtmaka sty| satya ke tIna stara haiN| paramArtha satya kyA hai ? pratyeka kSaNa anubhava meM Ane vAle ananta vijJAnoM ko pravRtti vijJAna kahA gayA hai| ina pravRtti vijJAna se pare eka AlayavijJAna hai, jo nirapekSa tattva hai, jisameM eka prakAra se samasta pravRtti vijJAna samA jAte haiN| jisa prakAra mAdhyamika zUnyavAda meM nirapekSa kA svarUpa zUnya hai, usI prakAra yogAcAra kA nirapekSa tattva Alaya-vijJAna ke rUpa meM hai / Alaya vijJAna hI nirvANa evaM bodhi kA svarUpa hai / yaha Alaya vijJAna hI pariniSpanna lakSaNa satya hai, arthAt paramArtha satya hai / isa AlayavijJAna kA zuddha svarUpa yoga ke dvArA prApta hotA hai, jisake kAraNa hI isa sampradAya kA nAma yogAcAra kahA gayA hai| ghaTa-paTa Adi kA jJAna, pravRtti vijJAna aura AtmasaMvedana "maiM hU~" yaha A layavijJAna kahA gayA hai / gozAlaka kA niyativAda bhAratIya darzanoM meM, niyativAda bhI eka prAcIna siddhAnta mAnA gayA For Private and Personal Use Only

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26 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana hai / niyativAda ke anusAra, samasta bhAva niyata haiM, unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| puruSArtha ko vahA~ avakAza nahIM hai| niyati meM phera-phAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra, sArA jagat niyati-cakra meM hai| upaniSadoM meM tathA rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata meM bhI niyativAda ke pramANa upalabdha hote haiM / gozAlaka se pUrva bhI yaha siddhAnta thaa| isakA adhika pracAra gozAlaka ne kiyA thaa| AjIvaka pantha kI sthApanA bhI isane kI thii| __ Aja usa paramparA kA koI grantha upalabdha nahIM hotA / parantu jaina AgamoM meM tathA bauddha piTakoM meM usa paramparA ke ullekha milate haiN| jaina paramparA ke anusAra gozAlaka bhagavAna mahAvIra kA ziSya thaa| bAda meM vaha virodhI ho gyaa| vaha apane yuga kA eka ghora tapasvI aura kaThora kriyAkANDI thaa| usake anuyAyI upAsakoM kI saMkhyA, bhagavAn mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha ke bhI upAsakoM se adhika thii| __ yaha gozAlaka bhI veda ke yajJa-yAgoM kA virodha karatA thA / ataH vaha bhI vedavirodhI zramaNa paramparA kA eka netA samajhA jAtA thaa| buddha ne bhI usake mata kA ullekha kiyA hai| vaha apane yuga kA eka vicAraka avazya thaa| brAhmaNa-paramparA ke darzana-zAstra isa paramparA ke chaha darzana haiN| inakA mUla veda ko mAnA gayA hai| ataH ina chaha darzanoM ko vaidika darzana bhI kahA gayA hai| veda ko pramANa mAnane vAle vaidika hote haiN| SaTdarzana kisI na kisI rUpa meM deda ko pramANa mAnate haiM / ataH inako vaidika kahane meM kisI bhI prakAra kI Apatti nahIM ho sktii| vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se unakA krama isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai1 nyAya darzana pravartaka maharSi gautama 2 vaizeSika darzana " , kaNAda 3 sAMkhya darzana , kapila 4 yoga darzana , pataJjali 5 mImAMsA darzana ___" , jaimini 6 vedAnta darzana , bAdarAyaNa For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya | 27 veda se sambandha yadyapi vedoM se sIdhA sambandha kevala mImAMsA aura vedAnta kA hai, kyoMki veda ke do bhAga haiM - karma aura jJAna / mImAMsA meM karma kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai, vedAnta meM jJAna para vicAra kiyA gayA hai, eka tIsarA vibhAga bhI hai - upAsanA, isameM se bhakti mArga kA vikAsa kiyA gayA hai, tathApi sAMkhya aura yoga bhI kisI rUpa meM veda se saMbaddha rahe haiM, nyAya aura vaizeSika siddhAnta veda se dUra hokara bhI vedoM ko IzvaravANI ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM / nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana nyAya aura vaizeSika donoM eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiM / nyAya meM pradhAnatayA pramANa kA sUkSma vivecana kiyA gayA hai| vaizeSika meM mukhyatayA prameya kA varNana kiyA hai / pramANa ke binA prameya kI siddhi nahIM hotI / nyAya kA artha hai ki vibhinna pramANoM ke dvArA artha kI parIkSA karanA / nyAya bhAvya kA kathana hai- 'pramANairartha - parIkSaNaM nyAya: / ' pramANoM kA vistAra se pratipAdana karane se nyAya - zAstra ko pramANa - zAstra bhI kahate haiM / nyAya, pramANa aura tarka tInoM paryAyavAcaka haiM / vAda vidyA bhI isako kahate haiM / kyoMki isameM hetu, hetvAbhAsa, chala, jAti aura nigrahasthAnoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / zAstrArtha meM inakA upayoga evaM prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / SoDaza padArtha naiyAyikoM ne SoDaza padArtha mAne haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM- pramANa, prameya, saMzaya, prayojana, dRSTAnta, siddhAnta, avayava, tarka, nirNaya, vAda, jalpa, vitaNDA, hetvAbhAsa, chala, jAti aura nigraha sthAna / sapta padArtha vaizeSika darzana meM sapta padArtha svIkAra kie gae haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM- dravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa, samavAya aura abhAva | isa prakAra donoM darzanoM meM prameya tatvoM kA varNana vistAra ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / pramANa vicAra nyAya darzana meM cAra pramANa mAne haiM - pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura zabda | parantu vaizeSika darzana meM do pramANa haiM - pratyakSa evaM anumAna / nyAya aura vaizeSika donoM ne hI saMnikarSa ko pramANa mAnA hai / indriya aura For Private and Personal Use Only

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28 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana padArtha ke sambandha ko saMnikarSa kahate haiM / saMnikarSa ke chaha bheda haiM- saMyoga, saMyuktasamavAya, saMyukta samaveta samavAya, samavAya, samaveta samavAya aura abhAva / IzvaravAda nyAyadarzana IzvaravAdI haiM aura vaizeSika paramANuvAdI hai| prArambha meM yaha IzvaravAdI nahIM thA, lekina kAlAMtara meM isane bhI Izvara kI sattA Dat svIkAra kara liyA thA / nyAya aura vaizeSika donoM hI Izvara kI sattA mAnakara usake dvArA sRSTi kI racanA svIkAra karate haiM / Izvara kA sRSTikartRtva anumAna aura Agama pramANa se siddha karate haiM / Izvara ko nitya, vyApaka aura sarvajJa mAnate haiM / AcArya udayana ne nyAya - kusumAJjali meM Izvara ko jagata kA kartA, dhartA aura hartA siddha kiyA hai- prabala tarkoM ke AdhAra para / kAraNavAda nyAya darzana meM kArya ke tIna kAraNa mAne haiM- samavAyi, asamavAyi aura nimitta | jaise paTarUpa kArya ke prati tantu samavAyi kAraNa hai, tantu saMyoga paTa kA asamavAyi kAraNa hai, aura turI vema Adi nimitta haiM / samavAyi kAraNa ko upAdAna kAraNa bhI kahA gayA hai / nyAya darzana kA kArya-kAraNa-bhAva bahuta hI prasiddha hai / isa para paryApta bala bhI diyA gayA hai / AtmA ke bheda svIkAra kiyA nyAya evaM vaizeSika darzana meM, AtmA kI sattA ko gayA hai / usake do bheda haiM- jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA / paramAtmA evaM Izvara eka hI hai / vaha nitya hai, vibhu hai, ananta hai, sarvajJa hai aura sarvazaktimAn bhI hai / isake viparIta jIvAtmA ananta haiM, vibhu haiM, alpajJa haiM aura pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna-bhinna haiM / AtmA kA lakSaNa kiyA hai-jJAnAdhikaraNamAtmA, arthAt AtmA jJAna guNa kA Azraya hai| kucha darzanakAra AtmA kA aNu parimANa arthAt vaTa-kaNikA mAtra mAnate haiM / jena svadeha parimANa mAnate haiM / dhArAvAhi jJAna nyAya aura vaizeSika donoM ne hI pramANa ko asvasaMvedI mAnA hai / una For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya | 26 ko mAnyatA hai, ki jJAna svayaM apanA pratyakSa nahIM karatA, parantu dUsare jJAna ke dvArA usakA pratyakSa hotA hai / ye donoM darzana gRhItagrAhI dhArAvAhi jJAna ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiN| jJAna kA pratyakSa anuvyavasAya jJAna se mAnate haiM / isa prakAra nyAya aura vaizeSika donoM samAna tantra mAne jAte haiM / donoM ke siddhAnta paraspara milate-julate haiM / ataeva ina donoM ko 'yoga' bhI kahA jAtA hai / sAMkhya aura yogadarzana sAMkhya darzana aura yoga darzana donoM hI sahayogI darzana haiM / sAMkhya darzana prameya bahula darzana hai / mukhyatayA isameM tatva - mImAMsA kI hai / pramANa kA vicAra atyanta alpa kiyA hai / sAMkhya meM tIna pramANa haiM- pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama | yoga bhI jJAna pradhAna na hokara AcAra pradhAna rahA hai / yoga kI sAdhanA karake samAdhi pAnA hI isakA ekamAtra lakSya rahA hai / ataH isameM tatvoM para bhI vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA / sAMkhya siddhAnta paramparA se maharSi kapila sAMkhya darzana ke prathama upadeSTA mAne jAte haiM | yaha bhArata kA prAcInatama darzana hai / kyoMki isake siddhAnta veda, upaniSad, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, yogavAziSTha tathA zruti smRtiyoM meM sarvatra bikhare par3e haiM / parantu isa sampradAya kA eka prAmANika aura mUlabhUta grantha IzvarakRSNakRta sAMkhyakArikA hai / yahI grantha sAMkhya darzana kA vartamAna jJAna kA AdhAra stambha mAnA jAtA hai / isa jagata ke mUla meM do tatva haiM - eka prakRti aura dUsarA puruSa / prakRti acetana hai, aura puruSa cetana / sAMkhya meM paccIsa tattva mAne jAte haiM / prakRti se buddhi, buddhi se ahaMkAra, ahaMkAra se sattva, raja aura tama rUpa guNa phira pA~ca jJAna indriya, pA~ca karma indriya aura mana / phira pA~ca tanmAtrA aura pA~ca mahAbhUta / isa prakAra yaha sArA vikAra eka prakRti kA hI hai / prakRti kA svarUpa prakRti acetana hai, yaha jar3a hai / yaha sakriya hai, bhogyA hai, sAvayava hai, pariNAmI hai aura samasta saMsAra kI janaka hai / puruSa saMsarga se isameM hI kartatva aura bhoktRtva pAyA jAtA hai| prakRti meM pratikSaNa pariNamana hotA For Private and Personal Use Only

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30 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana hai / puruSa meM pariNamana nahIM hotaa| ataH use apariNAmI kahA gayA hai| tamoguNa, rajoguNa aura sattvaguNa prakRti ke dharma haiN| puruSa kA svarUpa puruSa caitanya svarUpa hai| vaha sAkSI hai, nirguNa hai, udAsIna hai, akartA hai, abhoktA hai, nitya hai, svayaMbhU hai, niSkriya hai| isameM kartRtva aura bhoktRtva dharma buddhi ke kAraNa Aropita hote haiM / saMkhyA meM puruSa ananta haiM / tIna prakAra ke duHkha saMsArI puruSa tIna prakAra ke duHkhoM se pIr3ita haiN| ve duHkha isa prakAra haiM 1. adhyAtma duHkha-yaha do prakAra hai / vAta, pitta evaM kapha Adi se janya, zarIra kRta duHkha / kAma, krodha evaM lobha Adi se janya, mAnasa duHkha / 2. Adhibhautika duHkha-bhautika padArthoM se janya duHkha / jaise sarpa kA kATanA, dhana naSTa honaa| ____3. Adhidaivika duHkha-jaise bhUkampa kA AnA, bhUta-preta kI bAdhA, ativRSTi Adi / bheda-vijJAna ina duHkhoM se nivRtti tabhI sambhava hai, jaba puruSa aura prakRti kA bhedajJAna ho| puruSa ajJAna ke kAraNa prakRtijanya buddhi tathA zarIra Adi ke sukha evaM duHkha Adi dharmoM ko apanA samajhatA hai / bhedajJAna se viveka aura viveka se kaivalya kI prApti hotI hai| yahI jIvanmukti hai| phira prArabdha karmoM ke kSINa hote hI vaha deha ko chor3akara, videha mukta ho jAtA hai| yoga darzana yoga darzana sAMkhya kA pUraka darzana hai| maharSi pataJjali ne isakI sthApanA kI thii| yoga kA sambandha sAdhanA se hai, jJAna se nhiiN| phira bhI yoga darzana sAMkhya kA anukaraNa karake tIna pramANa mAnatA hai-pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama / tattva vyavasthA bhI sAMkhya kI svIkAra kara letA hai| yoga kA sAhitya bahuta alpa hai| pataJjali kRta yoga-sUtra / vyAsa bhASya, bhojavRtti, tattva vaizAradI aura vijJAnabhikSakRta yoga-vArtika tathA yogasAra Adi grantha haiN| For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya | 31 yoga ke aSTa aMga haiM - yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi / samAdhi ke do bheda haiM-sabIja samAdhi aura nirbIja samAdhi / yoga sAdhanA se samAdhi prApta karanA hI yogI kA ekamAtra lakSya hotA hai / yogI parama zAnta aura parama prasanna hotA hai / vaha manovijetA hotA hai / mImAMsA darzana mImAMsA darzana kA sIdhA sambandha veda se hai / veda ko parama satya mAnA gayA hai / veda se bar3hakara anya koI zAstra nahIM ho sakatA / veda meM saba kucha hai, usase bAhara kucha bhI nahIM ho sakatA / mImAMsA zabda kA artha hai - kisI vastu ke svarUpa kA yathArtha vivecana / mImAMsA kA artha hI haivivecanA | pUjita vicAra ko aura pUjita vacana ko mImAMsA kahA jAtA hai / veda ke vicAra aura vacana donoM hI pUjita hote haiM / mImAMsA ke bheda mImAMsA ke do bheda haiM- karma-mImAMsA aura jJAna-mImAMsA / yajJoM kI vidhi tathA anuSThAna kA varNana, karma mImAMsA kA viSaya hai| jIva, jagat aura paramAtmA ke svarUpa kA tathA sambandha kA pratipAdana, jJAnamImAMsA kA viSaya hai / karma mImAMsA ko pUrvamImAMsA tathA jJAna mImAMsA ko uttaramImAMsA kahA jAtA hai / uttaramImAMsA ko Ajakala vedAnta kahA jAtA hai aura pahalI ko kevala mImAMsA kahA jAtA hai / maharSi jaimini mImAMsA darzana ke sUtrakAra haiM - jaimini / bhASyakAra haiM- zabara svAmI / mImAMsA darzana ke itihAsa meM, kumArila bhaTTa kA yuga, suvarNa yuga ke nAma se kahA jAtA hai / bhaTTa ke anuyAyI bhATTa kahe jAte haiM / isa darzana ke anya AcAryoM meM prabhAkara mizra bhI atyanta prasiddha haiM / prabhAkara ke anuyAyI prAbhAkara kahe jAte haiM / bhATTa aura prAbhAkara, donoM sampradAya alaga-alaga / donoM meM kAphI vicArabheda, matabheda aura sAtha hI bahuta gahana vyAkhyAbheda bhI rahatA hai / padArtha saMkhyA mImAMsA darzana mAnya padArtha ATha haiM- dravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya, paratantratA, zakti, saMkhyA aura sAdRzya / bhATToM ke anusAra padArtha pA~ca haiMdravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya aura abhAva / vaizeSika darzana meM nava dravya haiM / For Private and Personal Use Only

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32 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana lekina bhATa andhakAra evaM zabda ko bhI dravya mAnate haiN| dravya evaM tatvoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM donoM meM matabheda rahe haiN| pramANa saMkhyA prAbhAkara sampradAya meM pA~ca pramANa mAne jAte haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, Agama aura arthApatti / bhATa sampradAya ke anayAyI chaha pramANa mAnate haiM--pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, Agama, arthApatti aura abhAva / mImAMsA-darzana meM jJAna kA pratyakSa nahIM hotaa| jJAna na to svayaM vedya hai, aura na jJAnAntara se vedya hai / ataH jJAna parokSa hai| jJAna meM pramANatA aura apramANatA kaise hoto hai ? isa viSaya meM vibhinna darzanoM meM paraspara bahata vivAda rahA hai| nyAya vaizeSika donoM ko parataH, sAMkhya-yoga donoM ko svataH aura mImAMsaka loga prAmANya ko svataH tathA aprAmANya ko parataH mAnate haiN| sarvajJa kA niSedha bhAratIya darzanoM meM mImAMsA darzana sarvajJa puruSa aura sarvajJatA kA ekAnta niSedha karatA hai| usakA kathana hai ki koI sarvajJa puruSa athavA atIndriyadarzI nahIM ho sktaa| kyoMki kisI bhI puruSa meM jJAna aura vItarAgatA kA pUrNa vikAsa sambhava nahIM hai / nyAya-vaizeSika sarvajJa puruSa aura usakI sarvajJatA tathA vItarAgatA ko svIkAra karate haiN| sAMkhya-yoga bhI svIkAra karate haiN| bauddha bhI tathAgata ko sarvajJa mAnate haiM / ye darzana to vItarAgatA, sarvajJatA aura sarvazitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| vaha apane paine tarkoM se sarvajJa siddhi karate haiM / unakA kathana hai ki prabala evaM nirdoSa anumAna pramANa se sarvajJa kI siddhi hotI hai| koI puruSa sakala padArthoM kA jJAtA hai, kyoMki usakA svabhAva unako jAnane kA hai, tathA usameM pratibandha ke kAraNa naSTa ho gaye haiM / ataH vaha sarvajJa hai| apauruSeyavAda mImAMsA darzana veda ko apauruSeya mAnatA hai / kyoMki veda mukhya rUpa se atIndriya dharma kA pratipAdaka hai| ataH dharma meM veda hI pramANa hai| isa prakAra veda ko svataH pramANa mAnA gayA hai| veda ko apauruSeya mAnane ke kAraNa mImAMsaka zabda ko nitya mAnate haiN| mImAMsA darzana ne karma mImAMsA para atyadhika bala diyA hai / yajJa evaM yAga ko yaha parama dharma mAnatA hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya : 33 vedAnta-darzana uttaramImAMsA ko vedAnta kahA gayA hai| vedoM kA anta vedAnta hotA hai| usakA mukhya grantha vAdarAyaNa kRta brahma-sUtra hai| isameM veda ke sAra upaniSadoM ke jJAna kI mImAMsA arthAt vicAraNA kI hai| vedAnta upaniSadoM ke tattva jJAna para nirbhara karatA hai| unakA AdhAra aura yathArtha tatva brahma hai, jo akhaNDa, eka rasa aura advata hai| upaniSadoM ke vAkyoM kI arthasaMgati arthAt samanvaya karane ke lie brahma-sUtra kI racanA kI hai| brahmasUtra, vedAnta-sUtra aura bAdarAyaNa-sUtra-ye tInoM eka hI haiM / upaniSad, gItA aura brahmasUtra kI vedAnta saMjJA hai / vedAnta ke sampradAya pUrvamImAMsA ke do sampradAya haiM-bhATTa aura prAbhAkara / vedAnta ke pA~ca sampradAya haiM-- advaita, viziSTAdvaita, dvaitAdvaita, dvaita aura zuddhAdvaita / kramazaH inake pravartaka AcArya haiM-zaMkara, rAmAnuja, nimbArka, mAdhva aura vallabha / zaMkara zaiva sampradAya ke haiM, aura zeSa cAra vaiSNava sampradAya ke haiN| vaiSNava AcArya bhaktimArgI haiM / bhakta bhakti se bhagavAn kA sAmIpya evaM sAnnidhya prApta karatA hai / bhaktimArga, eka sIdhA aura sarala mArga hai / vedAnta kA sAhitya vedAnta kA sAhitya vizAla evaM vyApaka hai| prasthAnatrayI mukhya sAhitya hai| phira vibhinna bhASya haiM, jaise zArIraka bhASya evaM zrIbhASya Adi / zAMkara bhASya para bhAmatI,usa para kalpataru, phira kalpataru para parimala / advai tasiddhi, paJcadazI, vedAnta paribhASA aura vedAnta-sAra Adi grantha prasiddha haiN| zaMkara kA advaitavAda sAmAnyajana vedAnta se zaMkara kA advaitavAda hI samajhate haiN| zaMkara kA kathana hai, ki parivartanazIla saMsAra kA yathArtha tatva brahma hai| jagat asatya aura bhrama mAtra hai| mAyAvAda bhI zaMkara kA hI eka ati prasiddha siddhAnta hai| brahmavAda aura mAyAvAda donoM paraspara sambaddha mAne jAte haiN| vedAnta kA eka mukhya siddhAnta-brahma satya, jagat asatya hai, nAnAtva, bhrama mAtra hai, sarvatra ekatva hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM kAraNavAda ko lekara dIrghakAla se vivAda rahA hai / sAMkhya satkAryavAda ko mAnatA hai / kArya utpanna nahIM hotA, avyakta se For Private and Personal Use Only

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34 / jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana vyakta hotA hai / eka avasthA se dUsarI avasthA meM Ane ko pariNAma athavA vikAra kahA gayA hai| ___ nyAya-vaizeSika asatkAryavAda ko mAnatA hai, isako ArambhavAda bhI kahA gayA hai / paTa to tantuoM se sarvathA bhinna eka nayI vastu hai / vedAnta kA vivartavAda prasiddha hai| vikAra kA artha yaha hai, ki kAraNa vastutaH kArya rUpa meM badala jAtA hai / tantu paTa ke rUpa meM badala jAtA hai| dUdha dahI ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| vivartavAda kA artha hai, ki kAraNa vastutaH apane hI svarUpa meM rahe, kevala badala jAne kA bhrama banA rahe / jaise rajju meM sarpa kI pratIti hotI hai| vastutaH sarpa hai hI nhiiN| isI prakAra brahma jagat ke rUpa meM nahIM badalatA, badalane kA bhrama ho jAtA hai / vedAnta ke isI siddhAnta ko mAyAvAda kahA gayA hai / rAmAnuja kA viziSTAdvaitavAda rAmAnuja ke anusAra, cetana jIva aura jar3a jagat, brahma se hI utpanna hote haiM / brahma unakA nimitta aura upAdAna donoM hI kAraNa hai| brahma ke binA unakA astitva nahIM / ataH ekamAtra advaita tattva brahma ko kahA jA sakatA hai / parantu cetana jIva aura jar3a jagat brahma se utpanna hone para bhI asat nahIM haiM / upaniSadoM meM kahIM para advaita aura kahIM para Dha ta kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| viziSTAdvaita donoM pakSoM kA sundara samanvaya kara detA hai| eka bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki zaMkara ke advaitavAda meM, jJAna para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai, parantu rAmAnuja ke viziSTAdvaita meM, vaiSNava vedAnta sampradAyoM meM, jJAna ko gauNa karake bhakti para vizeSa bala diyA hai / rAmAnuja sampradAya ke mukhya grantha haiM- zrIbhApya, vedAntasAra saMgraha, vedArtha-saMgraha evaM vedAnta-dIpa / nimArka kA haitAdvaitavAda nimbArka ke anusAra tIna tattva haiM-cit arthAt-jIva, acit arthAt jar3a jagat aura Izvara / ye tInoM kramazaH bhoktA, bhogya aura niyantA haiM / jIva jJAna svarUpa hai, ataH vaha prajJAnaghana kahA gayA hai| jIva ke jJAna svarUpa hone kA artha yaha hai, ki jIva jJAna bhI hai, aura jJAnavAlA bhii| jaise sUrya prakAza bhI hai, aura prakAza vAlA bhI / jIva, jar3a aura Izvara meM tAdAtmya yA abheda sambandha hai / isa prakAra bheda aura abheda arthAt dvaita aura advaita donoM hI ThIka haiM / inakI sampradAya kA prasiddha grantha-vedAnta For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya | 35 pArijAta - saurabha mAnA jAtA hai / parantu yaha brahmasUtroM para nimbArka kA bhASya hai / mAdhva kA dvaitavAda mAdhva sampradAya pUrNa rUpa se dvaitavAda ko mAnatA hai / advaita kA joradAra khaNDana bhI karatA hai / usake anusAra brahma, jIva aura jar3a - ye tInoM hI svatantra evaM nitya haiM / mAdhva mata ko vastutaH dvaitavAda nahIM, traitavAda kahanA cAhie | kyoMki vaha tIna svatantra padArtha mAnatA hai | advaita kA sarvatra khaNDana kiyA hai / vallabha kA zuddhAdvaitavAda vallabha ke anusAra jIva, jar3a aura brahma ina tInoM meM se pahale donoM arthAt jIva aura jar3a, brahma se bhinna nahIM haiM / ve donoM brahmarUpa hI haiM / jIva aura jar3a kI brahma ke sAtha ekatA svataH arthAt svarUpatA hai, arthAt vaha zuddha ekatA, zuddha advaita hai / usameM mAyA kA sambandha nahIM hotA hai / vallabha ke anusAra mAyA kA astitva hI nahIM / jIva aura jar3adonoM svataH brahmasvarUpa haiM / ataH isa mata kA nAma zuddhAdvaita par3a gayA hai / vallabha ne bhI apanI mAnyatA ke anusAra brahma sUtroM para bhASya racA hai / pAzcAtya darzana bhArata ke pratyeka darzana - zAstra meM jisa prakAra svAbhimata prameya aura pramANa para vicAra gahanatA evaM gambhIratA se kiyA hai, usI prakAra yUropa ke dArzanika vidvAnoM ne bhI tatva -mImAMsA athavA sattA-mImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA athavA pramANa - mImAMsA para vicAra kiyA hai / deza, kAla aura sthiti bhinna hone para bhI pUrva aura pazcima kI vicAradhArA meM, kAphI samAnatA bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai / lekina antara bhI avazya hai / vahA~ ke vidvAnoM ne apanI paddhati ke anusAra aura apanI avadhAraNA ke anukUla tatva para aura jJAna para vicAra kiyA hai, usakA saMkSepa sAra yahA~ aMkita hai / vibhinna mata jagat kisa tatva se banA hai ? vaha tatva jisase jagata banA hai, kaisA hai ? sattA kA svarUpa kyA hai ? isa sambandha meM tIna mata haiM -adhyAtmavAdI mata, bhautikavAdI mata aura niSpakSavAdI mata / For Private and Personal Use Only

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36 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana (a) prathama mata ke anusAra, sattA manas hai, saMsAra kA mUla isI tatva meM hai| vizva isI manas kA prakaTIkaraNa hai| jagat prakriyA eka bauddhika prakriyA hai, aura viveka hai| saMsAra ke pIche eka prayojana nihita hai, binA kisI prayojana ke vyavasthA nahIM bana sktii| isa prakAra jagat mAnasika hai / arastU, pleTo, lAibanitja, barkane, kAMTa, hegala aura zaoNpenahAvara-ye saba adhyAtmavAda ke pratipAdaka rahe haiN| inakA mata hai, vizva manasa se banA hai| (ba) dvitIya mata ke anusAra, saMsAra kI racanA pudgala se banI hai / pudgala gatizIla hai, usI se vikAsa ke vibhinna staroM para jIvana aura manas kA vikAsa hotA hai / jIvana aura manas kI utpatti pudgala se hI hotI hai| (sa) tRtIya mata ke anusAra antima tatva na to manas hai, aura na hI pudgala / yaha spinojA kA abhimata hai / usake anusAra vaha parama tatva hai, eka mAtra brahma arthAt paramAtmA / vahI sRSTi kA eka mAtra mUlakAraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| jJAna-mImAMsA anubhavavAda ke anusAra, samasta jJAna kA janaka anubhava hI hai| jJAna janmajAta nahIM hotA, anubhava dvArA ajita kiyA jAtA hai| anubhava evaM saMvedanA ke binA koI jJAna sambhava nahIM hotaa| anubhavavAda ke vyAkhyAtA tIna haiM-jaoNna laoNka, barkale aura hya ma / parantu tInoM ke mata meM antara bhI hai| jaoNna laoNka kA mata anubhavavAda ke janmadAtA, jaoNna laoNka se pUrva bekana ne indriya jJAna ko hI vAstavika jJAna kA sAdhana kahA thaa| jaoNna laoNka ne janmajAta pratyayoM kA joradAra khaNDana kiyaa| usake anusAra mana eka svaccha sleTa yA korA kAgaja hai, usa para kucha bhI pUrva kA likhA nahIM hotA / jJAna ajita kiyA jAtA hai / jJAna kI utpatti aura usake vikAsa ke viSaya meM laoNka kA mata hai, ki jJAna hamAre andhakArayukta mana meM do prakAra se pahu~catA hai-saMvedanA aura cintana dvArA / saMvedanA jJAna-indriyoM dvArA prApta bAhya jJAna hai, cintana kA artha hai-antara jJAna / barkale kA mata jisa prakAra barkale ne laoNka ke bAhya padArthoM ko asvIkAra kiyA thA, For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA saMkSipta paricaya | 37 usI prakAra hya ma bhI barkale dvArA pratipAdita manas evaM AtmA ke astitva ko bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA / hyama ke anusAra manas lagAtAra pratyaya aura saMvedanA ke yoga kA phala hai / usake anusAra jJAna saMzayapUrNa hotA hai / laoNka ke anusAra jJAna pratyayoM taka hI sImita rahatA hai| hama usake atirikta aura kucha nahIM jAnate / isake sAtha hI laoNka bAharI padArthoM ke astitva ko asvIkAra karatA hai| barkale ne usake isa vicAra kA virodha kiyaa| usane kahA ki laoNka ke anusAra pratyaya aura vastu do haiM aura hama pratyaya ke atirikta kucha nahIM jAnate / isa prakAra laoNka ke vicAroM ko AlocanA karate hue barkale ne jar3a padArthoM evaM vastuoM ke astitva ko asvIkAra kara diyaa| barkale ke anusAra koI bAhya padArtha nahIM hai| bhArata meM isa prakAra ke vicAra zUnyavAda, vijJAnavAda aura advaitavAda meM upalabdha hote haiN| pAzcAtya darzana meM tatva-mImAMsA tathA jJAna-mImAMsA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| For Private and Personal Use Only

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jaina darzana meM pramANa vyavasthA AgamoM meM vyavasthA, aneka rUpoM meM prApta hotI hai, jisakA ullekha sthAnAMgasUtra, anuyogadvArasUtra aura nandIsUtra meM hai| yaha vyavasthA pA~ca jJAnoM ko AdhAra mAnakara kI hai| rAjapraznIya meM kUmArakezI rAjA pradezI ko yaha kahate haiM, ki hama zramaNa pA~ca jJAna mAnate haiM---mati, zra ta, avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / sthAnAMga meM pA~ca jJAnoM ko do pramANoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-pratyakSa aura parokSa / parokSa meM mati aura zra ta kA samAveza kiyA hai, aura pratyakSa meM avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala kaa| anuyogadvAra meM isI prakAra kA kathana hai, lekina vibhAjana kI zailI kucha bhinna hai| nandIsUtra meM vibhAjana kI zailI adhika spaSTa ho cukI hai / vaha darzanayuga ke adhika nikaTa hai| vAcaka umAsvAti-kRta tattvArthAdhigamasUtra meM athavA tattvArthasUtra meM pA~ca jJAnoM kA vibhAjana dArzanika zailI meM kiyA gayA hai, jo tarka yuga ke samIpa pahu~ca cukA hai| athavA kahanA cAhie, pramANa yuga kI pUrva bhUmikA hai| tarka yuga meM jJAna aura pramANa vAcaka umAsvAti ne jJAna aura pramANa meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM dekhA / pahale pA~ca jJAnoM kA nAma batAkara, kaha diyA, ki pA~coM jJAna pramANa haiN| pramANa ke do bheda haiM-pratyakSa aura parokSa / yahA~ pramANa kA svatantra lakSaNa nahIM diyA gyaa| pramANa ke pramANatva evaM apramANatva kI bhI carcA nahIM kI / sIdhA jJAna aura pramANa meM abheda siddha kara diyA gyaa| yaha jJAna aura pramANa kA sandhi kAla hai / jJAna, pramANa meM praveza kara cukA hai / tarka yuga kA prArambha ho gayA hai / jaina darzana meM pramANa kA lakSaNa Agama se lekara tatvArtha sUtra taka pramANa ke bheda-prabheda ho cuke the| ( 38 ) For Private and Personal Use Only

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jaina darzana meM pramANa vyavasthA ! 36 parantu pramANa kA lakSaNa evaM svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa nahIM ho sakA / isa kArya ko sampanna kiyA - parIkSAmukha meM mANikyanandI ne pramANanayatatvAloka meM vAdideva sUri ne aura pramANa- -mImAMsA meM AcArya hemacandra sUri ne / mANikyanandI ne kahA- vahI jJAna pramANa hai, jo sva kA aura apUrva artha kA nirNaya karatA ho / apUrva vizeSaNa se AcArya dhArAvAhika jJAna ko pramANa nahIM mAnate / parantu yaha dhyAna meM rahe, ki zvetAmbara AcArya dhArAvAhi jJAna ko pramANa mAnate haiM / vAdideva sUri ne kahA- sva aura para kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna pramANa hai / yahA~ apUrva vizeSaNa haTA diyA gayA / AcArya hemacandra sUri ne kahA -- artha kA samyag nirNaya pramANa hai / yahA~ sva aura para haTA giye gaye haiM / samyak artha nirNaya ko hI rakhA hai| jJAna aura pramANa meM abheda hai | jJAna kA artha hai, samyagjJAna na ki mithyAjJAna / dIpaka jaba utpanna hotA hai, taba para Adi padArtha ko prakAzita karane ke sAtha hI apane Apako bhI prakAzita karatA hai / pramANa ke bheda jaina darzana meM pramANa ke do bheda haiM- pratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa sIdhA AtmA se utpanna hone vAlA hai. aura parokSa indriya tathA mana Adi karaNoM kI sahAyatA se utpanna hotA hai / bauddhoM ne bhI pramANa ke do bheda kiye haiM | AcArya dharmakIrti ne apane grantha nyAya-bindu meM kahA - pratyakSa aura anumAna pramANa ke ye do bheda haiM / lekina jaina darzana ke anusAra anumAna parokSa kA hI eka bheda hai / ataH bauddha darzana kA pramANa-vibhAjana apUrNa hI hai / vaizeSika aura sAMkhya ke tIna pramANa haiM - pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama / naiyAyika ke cAra haiM-- pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama evaM zabda / prabhAkara ke pA~ca haiM - pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, Agama aura arthApatti | bhATTa sampradAya ke chaha haiM- pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, Agama, arthApatti aura anupalabdhi arthAt abhAva / cArvAka kevala eka hI pramANa svIkAra karatA hai - pratyakSa | jaina darzana-mAnya donoM pramANoM meM, ye saba pramANa samA jAte haiM, savakA antarbhAva do meM hI ho jAtA hai / ataeva pramANa do hI haiM-na kama aura na adhika / pratyakSa ke bheda pratyakSa apane Apa meM pUrNa hai / use kisI anya AdhAra ke sahayoga kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| pramANa-mImAMsA, pramANanayatatvAlokAlaMkAra aura parIkSAmukha meM vizada tathA spaSTa jJAna kA pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| usake do For Private and Personal Use Only

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40 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana bheda haiM ... sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa aura pAramArthika pratyakSa / pAramArthika ke do bheda haiM--sakala aura vikala / sakala pratyakSa kevalajJAna hai, aura vikala pratyakSa-avadhijJAna aura manaHparyAyajJAna haiN| sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke cAra bheda haiM-avagraha. IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA / matijJAna ke samasta bhedaprabheda isake antargata A jAte haiN| indriyajanya aura manojanya jJAna bhI sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke hI bheda mAne jAte haiN| jaina darzana meM ye saba pratyakSa pramANa ke bheda haiN| parokSa ke bheda jo jJAna avizada aura aspaSTa hai, vaha parokSa hai / parokSa, pratyakSa se ThIka viparIta hai, jisameM vizadatA evaM spaSTatA kA abhAva hai, vaha parokSa pramANa hai / usake pA~ca bheda haiM --smati, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama / atIta kA jJAna, smRti hai, atIta aura vartamAna kA jJAna, pratyabhijJAna hai, vyApti jJAna meM sahayogI jJAna, tarka hai, hetu se mAdhya kA jJAna, anumAna hai / Apta vacana se hone vAlA jJAna hai, Agama / saMkSepa meM, ye saba parokSa pramANa ke bheda haiN| pramANa kA pramANatva nyAya meM isa viSaya para kAphI tarka-vitarka hotA rahA / prAmANya kA nizcaya svataH hotA hai, ki parataH ? mImAMsaka svataH prAmANyavAdI hai / naiyAyika parataH prAmANyavAdI hai / sAMkhya kA kahanA hai, ki prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM hI svataH hote haiN| jaina darzana ina tInoM se bhinna siddhAnta kI sthApanA karatA hai / prAmANya nizcaya ke lie svataHprAmANya aura parataH prAmANya donoM kI AvazyakatA hai| abhyAsa dazA meM svataH aura anabhyAsa dazA meM parataH / yaha viSaya kA saMkSepa hai| pramANa kA phala artha kA ThIka-ThIka svarUpa samajhane ke lie pramANa kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| pramANa kA sAkSAtphala ajJAna kA nAza hai| kevalajJAna ke lie usakA phala mukha aura upekSA hai, zeSa jJAnoM ke lie grahaNa aura tyAga buddhi hai| yaha kathana AcArya siddhasena divAkara kA hai / sAmAnya dRSTi se pramANa kA phala yahI hai, ki ajJAna nahIM rahane pAtA / jaise sUryodaya hone para andhakAra nahIM rhtaa| jainadarzana meM nayavAda jaina-paramparA meM pA~ca jJAna kI mAnyatA atyanta prAcIna kAla se For Private and Personal Use Only

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jaina darzana meM pramANa vyavasthA | 41 calI A rahI hai / zruta kA artha hai, jo sunA gayA ho| paramparA se jise sunate Ae haiM, vaha zruta hotA hai / ise zAstra-jJAna aura Agama bhI kahate haiM / zrata ke do upayoga hote haiM-sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza / sakalAdeza ko pramANa yA syAdvAda kahate haiM / vikalAdeza ko naya kahate haiN| dharmAntara kI avivakSA se kisI eka dharma kA kathana, vikalAdeza kahA jAtA hai / syAdvAda yA sakalAdeza dvArA sampUrNa vastu kA kathana hotA hai| vikalAdeza arthAt naya dvArA vastu ke kisI eka deza kA kathana hotA hai| __vastu anekadharmAtmaka hai-anekAMtAtmaka hai / vastu kA jJAna naya evaM pramANa se hotA hai / anekAntAtmaka vastu ke kathana kI do prakAra kI maryAdA ke kAraNa syAdvAda aura naya kA bhinna-bhinna nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| anekAMtavAda aura naya, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI, jainadarzana ke viziSTa tathA gambhIra siddhAnta haiN| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne svaracita sanmati-tarka meM anekAnta aura nayoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai / AcArya samantabhadra ne svaracita AptamImAMsA meM syAhAda aura saptabhaMgI kA sundara varNana kiyA hai / naya bhI sapta haiM aura bhaMga bhI sapta haiM / nayoM ke bheda mUla meM nayoM ke do bheda haiM-dravyanaya aura paryAyanaya-dravyArthika tathA paryAyAthika / dravyadRSTi abhedamUlaka hai aura paryAyadRSTi bhedamUlaka hai| AcArya siddhasena ke kathanAnusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pravacana meM mUlataH do hI dRSTi haiM-dravyArthika aura paryAyAthika / jagat kA vyavahAra bhI do prakAra kA hai-bhedagAmI athavA abhedagAmI / bheda kA artha hai vizeSa / abheda kA artha hai-sAmAnya / jainadarzana meM vastu sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka mAnI hai / vyavahAra aura nizcaya AgamoM meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra se kathana karane kI prAcIna paramparA hai / kathana kahIM para nizcaya se hotA hai, to kahIM para vyavahAra se / vyavahAra Aropa athavA upacAra hotA hai| vyavahAra se koyala kRSNa varNa kI hai, lekina nizcaya se usa meM paMcavarNa haiN| ghRta ghaTa yaha kathana bhI vyavahAra kA hai, nizcaya meM ghaTa ghRta kA nahIM hotA / jo vastu jaisI pratibhAsita hotI hai, umo rUpa meM vaha satya hai, yA kisI anya rUpa meM ? vedAnta meM do dRSTi haiMpratibhAsa aura paramArtha / paramArtha se brahma satya hai, jagat mithyA hai| parantu pratibhAsa se jagata bhI satya pratIta hotA hai| pratibhAsa vyavahAra hai aura jo paramArtha hai, vastutaH vahI nizcaya kahA jAtA hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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42 | jaina nyAya- zAstra : eka parizIlana indriyamya vastu kA sthUla rUpa vyavahAra kI dRSTi se yathArtha hai / isa sthUla rUpa ke atirikta vastu kA sUkSma rUpa bhI hotA hai, jo indriyoM kA viSaya nahIM ho sakatA / vaha kevala zruta yA Atma- pratyakSa kA viSaya hotA hai / vastutaH yahI nizcaya dRSTi athavA nizcayanaya kahA jAtA hai / nizcaya aura vyavahAra meM yahI antara hai, ki vyavahAra vastu ke sthUla rUpa ko grahaNa karatA hai aura nizcaya sUkSma rUpa ko / AcArya kundakunda ne dravya aura tatva kA jo varNana kiyA hai, vaha nizcayapradhAna varNana hai / AcArya vyavahAranaya ko bhI svIkAra karate haiM / lekina gauNa rUpa meM / samayasAra to ekadama nizcaya kA kathana karatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki kundakunda darzana, sAMkhya tathA vedAnta ke nikaTa pahu~ca gayA hai / arthanaya aura zabdanaya AgamoM meM spaSTa rUpa meM sapta nayoM kA varNana milatA hai | bhagavatI sUtra, sthAnAMga sUtra aura anuyogadvAra sUtra Adi meM nayoM kI saMkhyA aura svarUpa meM kAphI matabheda rahe haiM / Agamagata naya, darzanagata naya aura tarkagata nayoM meM bahuta bhinnatA rahI hai / anuyogadvArasUtra meM zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta ko zabdanaya kahA gayA hai / bAda meM nayoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA - arthanaya aura zabdanaya / jo naya artha ko apanA viSaya banAte haiM, ve arthanaya haiM / negama, saMgraha, vyavahAra aura RjusUtra - artha ko viSaya karate haiM | ataH ye cAra arthanaya haiM / zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta - ye tIna zabda ko viSaya karate hai / ataH ye tIna zabdanaya haiM / nayoM ke sAta bheda jaina-darzana meM naya ke sAta bheda prasiddha haiM- naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta / Agama aura digambara grantha isa paramparA kA samarthana karate haiM / dUsarI paramparA nayoM ke chaha bheda mAnatI hai / isa paramparA ke anusAra naigama naya svatantra naya nahIM hai / AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne svaracita sanmati tarka grantha meM isa mAnyatA kI joradAra sthApanA kI hai / unakI yaha apanI hI parikalpanA hai / anyatra kahIM para bhI isa mAnyatA kA ullekha nahIM hai / na AgamoM meM aura na zvetAmbara - digambara sAhitya meM / tIsarI paramparA tattvArtha sUtra aura usake bhASya kI hai / isa paramparA ke anusAra mUlarUpa meM nayoM ke pA~ca bheda haiM- naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra aura zabda / inameM se prathama naigamanaya ke do bheda haiM - dezaparikSepI aura sarvaparikSepI / antima zabdanaya ke tIna bheda haiM- sAmprata, sama For Private and Personal Use Only

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jaina darzana meM pramANa vyavasthA | 43 bhirUr3ha aura evabhUta / nayoM kI saMkhyA aura svarUpa ke sambandha meM kAphI matabheda rahe haiM / lekina nayoM kI sapta saMkhyA ke viSaya meM kisI prakAra ke matabheda nahIM rahe haiM / jainadarzana meM saptanaya aura saptabhaMga prasiddha haiM / nayoM kA paraspara sambandha uttara naya kA viSaya, pUrva naya kI apekSA kama hotA jAtA hai / naigama naya kA viSaya sabase adhika hai, kyoMki vaha sAmAnya aura vizeSa athavA bheda aura abheda, donoM ko grahaNa karatA hai / saMgraha naya kA viSaya naigama naya se kama ho jAtA hai, kyoMki vaha kevala sAmAnya ko athavA abheda ko hI grahaNa karatA hai / vyavahAra kA viSaya saMgraha se kama hai, kyoMki vaha pRthakkaraNa karatA hai / RjusUtra kA vyavahAra se kama hai, kyoMki RjusUtra naya kevala vartamAna padArtha taka hI sImita rahatA hai / bhUtakAla aura anAgata kAla usakA viSaya nahIM hotA hai ? zabda kA viSaya RjusUtra se bhI kama hai, kyoMki vaha kAla, kAraka, liMga aura saMkhyA Adi ke bheda se arthabheda mAnatA hai / samabhirUr3ha kA viSaya zabda se kama hai, kyoMki vaha vyutpattibheda se arthabheda mAnatA hai / evaMbhUta kA viSaya samabhirUr3ha se kama hai, kyoMki vaha artha ko bhI tabhI usa zabda dvArA vAcya mAnatA hai, jaba artha apanI vyutpattimUlaka kriyA meM pUrNatayA saMlagna rahatA hai / ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki pUrva - pUrva naya kI apekSA uttara- uttara nya kA viSaya sUkSma, sUkSmatara tathA sUkSmatama hotA jAtA hai / isI AdhAra para nayoM meM pUrvottara sambandha hai / yaho pArasparika sambandha hai | sAmAnya aura vizeSa jaina darzana meM, sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke AdhAra para, nayoM kA dravyAfre aura paryAyAthika meM vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai| pahale ke tona naya sAmAnyagrAhI haiM / vAda ke cAra naya vizeSagrAhI haiM / jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyeka vastu sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka hotI hai / usameM abheda ke kAraNa sAmAnya bhI hai, aura bheda ke kAraNa vizeSa bhI hai / vastugata ye donoM dharma, usake avibhAjya aMza athavA aMga haiM / ataH vastu kA ekAnta rUpa meM kathana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / kyoMki aneka dharmoM kA samUha hai -- vastu / naya vastu ke eka-eka dharma ko grahaNa karatA hai, aura pramANa vastu ko samagra rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai / naya aura pramANa meM yahI antara hai / abheda aura bheda jaina darzana pratyeka vastu meM abheda aura bheda ko svIkAra karatA hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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44 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizolana vastu na ekAnta bhinna aura na ekAnta abhinna hI hai| dravya dRSTi se abheda aura paryAyadRSTi se bheda bhI hai / vastu nitya bhI hai, vastu anitya bhI hai| vastu eka bhI hai, vastu aneka bhI hai / vastu sat bhI hai, vastu asat bhI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI yahI to anekAnta dRSTi hai| isI kI vyAkhyA hainayavAda / isI kI vyAkhyA hai-syAdvAda / syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI jaina AgamoM meM syAhAda aura vibhajyavAda zabdoM kA aneka sthAnoM para prayoga kiyA gayA hai| donoM hI zabda jaina-darzana meM apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhate haiM / jaina darzana ke marma ko samajhane ke lie atyanta hI mahatvapUrNa zabda haiN| vibhajyavAda kA prayoga to bauddha piTaka majjhima nikAya meM bhI haA hai / bhagavAn buddha ne apane Apako vibhajyavAdI kahA hai, ekAMzavAdI nahIM / jaina paramparA ke sUtrakRtAMga-sUtra meM, isI zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / bhikSu ko kaisI bhASA kA prayoga karanA cAhie, isa sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki vibhajyavAda kA prayoga kare / jaina darzana meM isa zabda kA prayoga anekAntavAda evaM syAdvAda ke artha meM kiyA gayA hai| jisa apekSA se jisa prazna kA uttara diyA jA sakatA ho, usa apekSA se usakA uttara denA hI syAdvAda hai / ataH anekAntavAda, syAdvAda, vibhajyavAda aura apekSAvAda samAnArthaka zabda haiN| bhagavatI-sUtra meM mahAvIra aura jayantI kA saMvAda, mahAvIra aura gautama ke saMvAda tathA mahAvIra aura tApamoM ke saMvAda-yaha siddha karate haiM, ki bhagavAna mahAvIra anekAnta aura syAhAda siddhAnta ke pratipAdaka the / kisI bhI prazna kA uttara ve ekAntavAda se nahIM dete the, anekAntavAda se hI diyA karate the| unakI dRSTi meM sat-utpAda, vyaya aura dhra vatvabhAva se saMyukta thA / gaNadhara gautama ko bhI unhoMne yahI dRSTi pradAna kI thI, jisake AdhAra para gaNadhara ne caturdaza paryoM kI saMracanA kI thii| jaina darzana kA yaha mUla siddhAnta hai| jaina darzana meM saptabhaMgI vastu meM aneka dharma haiM / kisI eka dharma kA kathana kiso eka zabda se hotA hai| yaha sambhava nahIM ki anekAntAtmaka vastu ke sabhI dharmoM kA varNana kara skeN| kyoMki eka vastu ke sampUrNa varNana kA artha hai-sabhI vastuoM kA sampUrNa varNana / ataH vastu kA kathana karane ke lie do dRSTiyA~ haiM-sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza / sakalAdeza kA artha hai-kisI For Private and Personal Use Only

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jaina darzana meM pramANa vyavasthA | 45 eka dharma ke sAtha anya dharmoM kA abheda karake vastu kA varNana krnaa| eka guNa meM azeSa vastu kA saMgraha karanA sakalAdeza hai| yaha kathana AcArya akalaMka kA hai / unhoMne tatvArtha rAjavArtika meM kahA - "eka-guNa mukhena zeSa vasturUpa-saMgrahAt sakalAdezaH / " / vikalAdeza meM, eka dharma kI hI apekSA rahatI hai aura zeSa kI upekSA / jisa dharma kA kathana abhISTa hotA hai, vahI dharma dRSTi ke sAmane rahatA hai / anya dharmoM kA niSedha nahIM hotA, apitu usa samaya prayojana na hone se unakA grahaNa nahIM hotaa| yahI upekSAbhAva hai, lekina yaha niSedha nahIM hai / niSedha meM saMgharSa hai / vahA~ anekAnta nahIM, ekAntavAda ho jAtA hai| saptabhaMgI ko samajhane meM sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza kA bar3A mahatva hai| sakalAdeza ke AdhAra para jo saptabhaMgI banatI hai, use pramANa saptabhaMgI kahate haiM / vikalAdeza ke AdhAra para jo saptabhaMgI banatI hai, vaha naya saptabhaMgI hai / isakA artha hai ki naya kA kathana vikalAdeza aura pramANa kA kathana hai, sakalAdeza / sakala kA artha hai, sampUrNa / vikala kA artha hai-- aMza-aMza kathana / kathana kI ye do paddhatiyA~ haiN| eka meM zeSa kA abheda karake kathana karanA, aura bheda karake aMza-aMza kathana karanA / saptabhaMgoM kA kathana ___ AcArya akalaMka ne tatvArtha rAjavArtika meM kahA hai ki 'praznavazAd ekasmin vastuni avirodhena vidhi-pratiSedha-vikalpanA sptbhNgii|' eka vastu meM avirodhapUrvaka vidhi aura pratiSedha ko vikalpanA saptabhaMgI hai| jaba hama astitva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, taba nAstitva bhI niSedha rUpa se hamAre sAmane upasthita ho jAtA hai| jaba hama sat kA pratipAdana karate haiM, taba asat bhI sAmane A jAtA hai| kisI bhI varatu ke vidhi aura niSedha rUpa do pakSa vAle dharma kA vinA virodha ke pratipAdana karane se jo sAta prakAra ke vikalpa uThate haiM, vahI saptabhaMgI hai / vidhi aura niSedharUpa dharma kA vastu meM kisI prakAra kA virodha nahIM hai| donoM pakSa eka hI vastu meM avirodhabhAva se rahate haiN| saptabhaMgoM kA svarUpa 1. kathaMcit ghaTa hai, 2. kathaMcita ghaTa nahIM hai, 3. kathaMcit ghaTa hai aura nahIM hai, 4. kathaMcit ghaTa avaktavya hai, For Private and Personal Use Only

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46 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana 5. kathaMcit ghaTa hai aura avaktavya hai, 6. kathaMcit ghaTa nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai, 7. kathaMcit ghaTa hai, nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai| prathama bhaMga vidhi kI kalpanA ke AdhAra para hai| isameM ghaTa ke astitva kA vidhipUrvaka pratipAdana hai / _dUsarA bhaMga pratiSedha ko kalpanA ke AdhAra para hai| jisa astitva kA prathama bhaMga meM vidhipUrvaka pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, usI kA isameM niSedhapUrvaka pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| tIsarA bhaMga vidhi aura niSadha donoM kA krama se pratipAdana karatA hai| pahale vidhi kA grahaNa karatA hai aura bAda meM niSedha kaa| yaha bhaMga prathama aura dvitIya donoM bhaMgoM kA saMyoga hai| caturtha bhaMga vidhi aura niSedha kA yugapat pratipAdana karatA hai / donoM kA yugapat pratipAdana honA, vacana ke sAmarthya ke bAhara hai| ataeva isa bhaMga ko avaktavya kahA gayA hai| pA~cavA~ bhaMga vidhi aura yugapat vidhi-niSedha donoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai| prathama aura caturtha ke saMyoga se yaha bhaMga banatA hai| chaThA bhaMga niSedha aura yugapat vidhi aura niSedha donoM kA kathana hai| yaha bhaMga dvitIya aura caturtha-donoM kA saMyoga hai| sAtavA~ bhaMga krama se vidhi aura niSedha aura yugapat vidhi aura niSedha kA pratipAdana karatA hai / yaha tRtIya aura caturtha bhaMga kA saMyoga hai| 'kathaMcita ghaTa hai / isakA kyA artha hai ?' kisa apekSA se ghaTa hai| svarUpa kI apekSA se ghaTa hai aura pararUpa kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai / sarva padArtha svarUpa kI apekSA se haiM, pararUpa kI apekSA se nahIM hai / svarUpa aura pararUpa ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva se jisakI vivakSA hotI hai, vaha svarUpa yA svAtmA hai| vaktA ke prayojana ke anusAra artha kA grahaNa karanA, svAtmA kA grahaNa kahalAtA hai / isake viparIta parAtmA kA grahaNa hotA hai| vastu ke svarUpa aura usake pararUpa ko samajhane se vAstavika nirNaya ho jAtA hai, sahI rUpa sAmane AtA hai| cAra nikSepa eka zabda prayojana ke anusAra aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai| pratyeka zabda kA cAra arthoM meM vibhAga kiyA jAtA hai / isI artha vibhAga ko nyAsa eva nikSepa kahate haiN| ye cAra vibhAga haiM-nAma, sthApanA, dravya For Private and Personal Use Only

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jaina darzana meM pramANa vyavasthA | 47 aura bhAva / kisI kA eka nAma rakha denA, nAma nikSepa hai / mUrti aura citra Adi sthApanA nikSepa hai| bhUtakAla aura anAgata kAla meM rahane vAlI yogyatA kA vartamAna meM Aropa karanA, dravya nikSepa hai| vartamAnakAlIna yogyatA kA nirdeza karanA bhAva nikSepa hai| ina cAroM nikSepoM meM rahane vAlA jo vivakSita artha hai, vaha svarUpa athavA svAtmA kahA jAtA hai / svAtmA se bhinna artha parAtmA athavA pararUpa hai / vivakSita artha kI dRSTi se ghaTa hai, tadbhinna dRSTi se ghaTa nahIM hai| yadi itara dRSTi se bhI ghaTa ho, to nAma Adi vyavahAra arthAt nikSepa kA uccheda ho jAyegA / ataH nikSepa ko samajhanA anivArya hai| dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI dRSTi se svarUpa aura pararUpa kA vivecana yahA~ Avazyaka hai / ghaTa kA dravya miTTI hai| jisa miTTI se ghaTa banA hai, usakI apekSA se vaha sat hai / anya dravya kI apekSA se vaha sat nahIM hai / kSetra kA artha hai-sthAna-vizeSa / jisa sthAna para ghaTa hai, usa sthAna kI apekSA se vaha sat hai / anya sthAnoM kI apekSA se vaha asat hai| jisa samaya ghaTa hai, usa samaya kI apekSA se vaha sat hai / usa samaya se bhinna mamaya kI apekSA se vaha asat hai / bhAva kA artha hai-paryAya athavA AkAra vizeSa / jisa AkAra yA paryAya kA ghaTa hai, usakI apekSA se vaha sat hai| tadbhinna AkAra evaM paryAya kI apekSA se vaha asat hai / ataH svadravya, svakSetra, svakAla aura svabhAva kI apekSA se ghaTa hai / paradravya, parakSetra, parakAla aura parabhAva kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai| pramANa saptabhaMgI sattva aura asattva ina do dharmoM meM se satvamukhena vastu kA pratipAdana karanA, pramANa vacana kA pahalA rUpa hai / asattvamukhena vastu kA pratipAdana karanA, pramANa vacana kA dUsarA rUpa hai |.sttv aura asattva ubhaya dharmamukhena kramazaH vastu kA pratipAdana karanA, pramANa vacana kA tIsarA rUpa hai| satva aura asatva ubhaya dharmamukhena yugapat vastu kA pratipAdana karanA asambhava hai| isalie pramANa vacana kA yaha caturtha rUpa avaktavya hai / ubhayamukhena yugapat vastu ke pratipAdana kI asambhavatA ke sAtha-sAtha satvamukhena vastu kA pratipAdana ho sakatA hai / yaha pramANa vacana kA pA~cavA~ rUpa hai / ubhayamukhena yugapat vastu ke pratipAdana kI asambhavatA ke sAtha-sAtha asatvamukhena bhI vastu kA pratipAdana ho sakatA hai / yaha pramANa vacana kA chaThA rUpa bana jAtA For Private and Personal Use Only

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18 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana hai / ubhaya dharmamukhena yugapat vastu ke pratipAdana kI asambhavatA ke sAthasAtha ubhaya dharmamukhena kramazaH vastu kA pratipAdana ho sakatA hai / yaha pramANa vacana kA sAtavA~ rUpa bana jAtA hai / jaina darzana meM isako pramANa saptabhaMgI nAma diyA gayA hai| pramANa saptabhaMgI prasiddha hai| naya saptabhaMgI ___ vastu ke sattva aura asattva ina do dharmoM meM se sattva dharma kA pratipAdana karanA, naya vacana kA pahalA rUpa hai / asattva dharma kA pratipAdana karanA, naya vacana kA dUsarA rUpa hai / ubhaya dharmoM kA kramazaH pratipAdana karanA, naya vacana kA tIsarA rUpa hai / ubhaya dharmoM kA yugapat pratipAdana karanA, asambhava hai| ataH nayavacana kA caturtha rUpa avaktavya banatA hai| nayavacana ke ke pA~caveM, chaThe aura sAtaveM rUpoM ko pramANa vacana ke pA~cave, chaThe aura sAtaveM, rUpoM ke samAna samajha lenA cAhie / jaina darzana meM naya vacana ke ina sAta rUpoM ko naya saptabhaMgI kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra anekAntavAda, pramANavAda, nathavAda, saptabhaMgIvAda aura syAdvAda-jaina darzana ke viziSTa siddhAnta haiN| dhArAvAhika jJAna nyAya, vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka-dhArAvAhika jJAnoM ko pramANa mAnate haiM / ataH ve gRhItagrAhI hone para bhI pramANa hI haiN| bauddha dArzanika use apramANa mAnate rahe haiM / jaina paramparA ke zvetAmbara dArzanika dhArAvAhika jJAnoM ko prAyaH pramANa hI mAnate haiM, unheM apramANa nahIM kahA hai| lekina digambara AcArya prAyaH use apramANa hI mAnate cale Ae haiM / ataH digambaroM kA pramANa lakSaNa bhI zvetAmbarAcAryoM se bhinna prakAra kA hI rahA hai| parantu samasta jainAcArya smaraNa rUpa parokSa pramANa ko evaM smRti ko pramANa hI mAnate haiM, apramANa nahIM mAnate / nyAya aura vaizeSika smRti ko pramANa mAnate haiM / AcArya hemacandra sUri ne apanI pramANa mImAMsA meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ko pramANa siddha kiyA hai / isa prakAra dArzanika evaM tAkika vidvAnoM meM kucha sthaloM para gambhIra vicAra-bheda bhI rahA hai, aura kahIM para sahamati bhI rahI hai| bhAratIya darzana meM pramANa kI carcA ne kAphI gambhIra rUpa grahaNa kiyA hai| For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 1 sUtrAtmaka jaina nyAya grantha .......................... parIkSAmukha sUtra jaina nyAya ke sUtrAtmaka granthoM meM prathama gaNanA parIkSA- mukha kI hotI hai | AcArya mANikyanandi ne racanA kI hai| jaina paramparA ke mahAn naiyAyika akalaMka deva ke nyAya granthoM kA dohana karake yaha grantha likhA gayA hai / chaha samuddezoM meM vibhakta haiM / sUtra racanA sundara tathA madhura hai / gAgara meM sAgara bhara diyA hai / yaha pramANa bahula grantha hai / pramANa, pramANa kA phala, pramANAbhAsa, pramANa kA pramANatva, pramANa kA viSaya, pramANa ke bheda-prabheda Adi viSayoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai / lekina naya, nikSepa aura vAda Adi mahatvapUrNa viSayoM kI upekSA bhI kI gaI hai / anantavIrya AcArya ne parIkSAmukha ke sUtroM para madhyama parimANa kI saMskRta TIkA kI hai / TokA prameyabahula hai / ataH usakA nAma hai-- prameya ratnamAlA / AcArya prabhAcandra ne sUtroM para ati vizAla tathA mahAkAya aar likhI hai, jisakA nAma hai - prameya kamala mArtaNDa | yaha grantha mahatva - pUrNa hai / nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, mImAMsA - vedAnta, bauddha aura cArvAka kA joradAra khaNDa kiyA hai / kevalI bhukti aura strI mukti kA vistAra se khaNDana kiyA hai / IzvaravAda, prakRtivAda, advaitavAda aura vijJAnavAda para coTa kI hai / pramANa-naya-tattvAlokAlaMkAra sUtra vAdideva sUri kRta yaha vizuddha nyAyagrantha hai | ATha paricchedoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai / isakA bhASA sauSThava dekhane yogya hai | sUtra lambe haiM, ( 49 ) For Private and Personal Use Only

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50 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana aura samAsAMta bhii| sUtroM meM mAdhurya evaM gAmbhIrya to hai, lekina prasAda guNa kama hai ! nizcaya hI sUtra atyanta vajanadAra haiM / adhyetA aura adhyApaka donoM kI kasauTI hai / sUtra saMkhyA bhI kAphI adhika hai / pramANa-saMvaddha saMpUrNa haiM / nayoM para pUrA pariccheda hai| saptabhaMgo kA vistRta varNana hai, jo jaina nyAya kA prANa rahA hai / nikSepoM kA bhI varNana hai| vAda, jalpa evaM vitaNDA jaise viSayoM ko bhI chor3A nahIM gayA / nyAya-zAstra ke itihAsa meM Aja taka anya vaisA grantha nahIM likhA gayA / mahAn tAkika vAdideva sUri kI yaha amara kRti hai| mUla sUtroM para ratnAkara sUri ne vistRta vyAkhyA likhI hai| vyAkhyA kA nAma hai- ratnAkarAvatArikA / nyAya-zAstra aura sAhityazAstra kA sundara evaM madhura saMgama hai / padAvalI atyanta lalita hai / anuprAsa alaMkAra kA vizAla bhaNDAra hai / vaidika aura vauddha darzanoM kA sacoTa khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| kevalI kavalAhAra aura strI-mokSa kA joradAra maNDana kiyA gayA hai / zvetAmbara mAnyatAoM ko tarkabala se yuktiyukta siddha kiyA gayA hai / anya darzanoM kA khaNDana hai / svayaM AcArya vAdideva sUri ne sva-racita sUtroM para ativizAla tathA mahAkAya bhASya likhA hai, jisakA nAma hai-syAdvAda ratnAkara / vastutaH Aja taka kisI bhI anya nyAya grantha para itanA vizAla bhASya nahIM likhA gayA / pramANazAstra kA, nyAya-zAstra kA, vaisA koI viSaya nahIM chor3A gayA, jisa para AcArya vAdideva ne jamakara na likhA ho / isa eka hI grantha ko par3hakara samasta bhAratIya darzana aura samasta bhAratIya nyAya para adhikAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| nyAya zAstra kA koI vAda chUTa nahIM sakA hai / AcArya kI pravAhamayI bhASA hai, toM kI garjanA hai aura nyAya prameyoM kI mUsalAdhAra varSA hai / koI vAdI sAmane Tika nahIM paataa| jaina-nyAya kA yaha akSaya bhaNDAra hai / anya mata ke pramANoM meM doSa dikhAkara svamata siddha pramANoM kI, pramANa ke viSayoM kI, pramANa ke phaloM kI tathA pramANa ke pramANatva kI lambI carcA prastuta kI hai| syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kI carcA gahana-gambhIra hai / syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI, nayavAda aura anekAnta dRSTi, jainadarzana ke pramANabhUta evaM prANabhUta siddhAnta haiM / jainadarzana kA AdhAra hI ye rahe haiM / bauddha kA vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda, vedAnta kA advaitavAda evaM mAyAvAda tathA sAMkhya kA prakRtivAda aura nyAya kA IzvaravAda-ye saba syAdvAda ratnAkara ke ratna haiN| For Private and Personal Use Only

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pramANa vyavasthA [ 51 pramANa-mImAMsA sUtra AcArya hemacandra sUri kI yaha eka amara kRti hai| isakA viSaya hai-pramANa-zAstra / pramANa ke abhAva meM prameya kI siddhi kaise ho sakatI hai ? ataH svamata aura paramata ko samajhane ke lie pramANa kA parijJAna anivArya hai / yaha pramANa hI pramANa-mImAMsA grantha kA mukhya viSaya hai / yaha bhI eka sUtrAtmaka grantha hai / pramANa-mImAMsA ke sUtra laghu, prazasta, sarala aura sundara haiN| sUtroM kI saMkhyA bhI bahuta kama hai| AcArya ne svayaM sUtroM para vRtti kI racanA kI hai / vRtti madhyama parimANa vAlI hai| vRtti kI bhASA prasAdaparipUrNa hai / adhyAya pA~ca aura Anhika daza meM vibhakta hai grantha / parantu durbhAgya se pUrNa grantha Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| kAla kavalita ho cukA hai / vRtti meM pramANa se sambaddha samasta viSayoM kI paricarcA kI hai, AcArya ne svayaM / pramANa kA lakSaNa, pramANa ke bheda, pramANa kA viSaya, pramANa kA prAmANya, pramANa kA phala-ina samasta viSayoM para AcArya kA pUrNa adhikAra pratIta hotA hai / indriyoM kI aura mana kI bar3I sundara vyAkhyA kI hai| kevalajJAna, avadhijJAna aura matijJAna kA svarUpa batAyA hai| pramAtA, pramANa, prameya, pramA aura usake phala kI bhI bahuta sundara vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| __ nyAyaratnasAra sUtra yaha nyAya-zAstra kA sUtrAtmaka grantha hai / isake racayitA sthAnakavAsI samAja ke prasiddha vidvAn AcAryapravara pUjya ghAsIlAlajI mahArAja haiM / sthAnakavAsI paramparA kA yaha sUtrAtmaka prathama graMtha hai / sUtroM kI bhASA sarala hai / sUtroM meM prasAda guNa kI kamI nahIM hai| grantha chaha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / grantha kA viSaya pramANa, pramANa ke bheda, pramANa kA lakSaNa, pramANa kA phala aura naya, saptabhaMgI, vAda, jalpa evaM vitaNDA Adi kA svarUpa bhI batAyA hai| yaha sUtrAtmaka kRti ati sundara hai| AcArya ne svayaM sUtroM para nyAyaratnAvalI saMskRta TIkA likhI hai aura eka vistRta TIkA bhI likhI hai, jisakA nAma-syAdvAda mArtaNDa hai / graMtha racanA se pUrva AcArya ke samakSa pramANa-naya-tattvAlokAlaMkAra sUtra aura una vyAkhyAoM kA Adarza avazya rahA hai / mUla preraNA aura sAmagrI kA grahaNa bhI adhikAMza vahIM se kiyA hai| vyAkhyAoM kA nAma bhI grantha ke viSaya ke anukUla hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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52 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana / sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM, sUtrAtmaka nyAya kA yaha prathama grantha hai| digambara paramparA ke parIkSAmukha tathA zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA ke pramANa-nayatattvAlokAlaMkAra se bhI adhika spaSTa, adhika sarala aura adhika buddhigamya hai-yaha laghukAya grantha / terApanthI paramparA kA nyAya-grantha 'bhikSu nyAyakaNikA' bhI eka laghukAya sundara grantha kahA jA sakatA hai| For Private and Personal Use Only

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) pramANa-prarUpaNA / For Private and Personal Use Only

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.................. pramANa aura naya jaina darzana meM samyagjJAna ko pramANa kahA gayA hai| mithyAjJAna apramANa kahA gayA hai / pramANa aura naya ke dvArA vastu svarUpa ko samajhanA samyagjJAna hai / jo jJAna zabdoM meM utArA jA sake, jisameM vastu ko uddezya aura vidheya rUpa meM kahA jA sake, use naya kahate haiN| uddezya aura vidheya ke vibhAga ke binA hI jisameM avibhakta rUpa se vastu kA jJAna ho, use pramANa kahA jAtA hai| jo jJAna vastu ke aneka aMzoM ko jAne, vaha pramANa aura apanI vivakSA se kisI eka aMza ko pramukha mAnakara vyavahAra karanA, naya hai / naya aura pramANa donoM jJAna haiM, kintu vastu ke aneka dharmoM meM se kisI eka dharma ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya hai, aura aneka dharmoM vAlI vastu kA aneka rUpa se nizcaya karanA pramANa hai| jisa prakAra dIpaka meM nitya dharma bhI rahatA hai, aura anitya dharma bhI / yahA~ anityatva kA niSedha na karake apekSAvazAt dIpaka ko nitya kahanA, naya hai| pramANa kI apekSA nityatva tathA anityatva donoM dharmoM vAlA hone se use nitya evaM anitya kahA jaaegaa| ataH pramANa aura naya se vastu kA yathArtha paribodha hotA hai| jaina darzana anekAntavAdI darzana hai| vaha kisI bhI prakAra ke ekAntavAda ko svIkAra nahIM karatA / tatva ko yathArtha rUpa meM samajhane ke lie pramANa aura naya, donoM kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| pramANa vicAra jaina darzana meM yathArtha jJAna ko pramANa kahA gayA hai| jJAna ke pAMca bheda haiM-mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / ina pAMcoM jJAnoM ko ( 55 ) For Private and Personal Use Only

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56 | jaina nyAyazAstra : eka parizIlana jJAna zabda se kahA gayA hai| jJAna ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-pratyakSa pramANa aura parokSa pramANa / prathama ke do mati zruta parokSa haiM, zeSa tIna pratyakSa | jo jJAna, indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA, kevala AtmA kI yogyatA se utpanna hotA hai, vaha pratyakSa hai / jo jJAna, indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA se utpanna hotA hai, vaha parokSa hai / anya darzanoM meM, indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa mAnA hai / jaina darzana meM, use sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahA gayA hai / vaha kevala vyavahAra meM pratyakSa hai, vastutaH to vaha parokSa hI hai / ataH jainadarzana meM, pramANa do prakAra kA kahA gayA haipratyakSa pramANa aura parokSa pramANa / ina do bhedoM meM, anya sabakA samAveza ho jAtA hai / pramANa ke bheda pramANa ke do bheda haiM- pratyakSa aura parokSa / indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA, sAkSAt AtmA se jo jJAna ho, vaha pratyakSa pramANa hotA hai / jaise ki avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / pratyakSa kI yaha vyAkhyA nizcaya naya se hai / vyavahAra naya se to indriya aura mana se hone vAle jJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa kahate haiM / indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA se jo jJAna ho, vaha parokSa pramANa hai / jaise mati evaM zruta / parokSa pramANa kI dUsarI vyAkhyA yaha bhI hai, ki jo jJAna aspaSTa ho, avizada ho, use parokSa pramANa kahate haiM / jaise ki smaraNa evaM pratyabhijJAna Adi / parokSa pramANa ke pAMca bheda hote haiM - smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama / avadhijJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI maryAdApUrvaka jo jJAna rUpI padArthoM ko jAnatA hai, vaha avadhijJAna hai / usake do bheda haiM- bhavapratyaya aura kSayopazamapratyaya / jisa jJAna ke hone meM, bhava hI kAraNa ho, janma hI nimitta ho, vaha bhavapratyaya avadhijJAna hai / jaise ki nAraka jIvoM ko aura devoM ko janma se hI avadhijJAna ho jAtA hai | japa, tapa evaM dhyAna Adi kI sAdhanA se manuSya tathA tiryaJcoM ko jo avadhijJAna hotA hai, vaha kSayopazamapratyaya avadhijJAna kahA gayA hai / isa ko guNapratyaya tathA labdhipratyaya, avadhijJAna bhI kahA jAtA hai / manaHparyAya jJAna indra aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA, dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI maryAdApUrvaka jo jJAna, saMjJI jIvoM ke mana meM sthita bhAvoM ko jAnatA For Private and Personal Use Only

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pramANa aura naya | 57 hai, vaha manaHparyAya jJAna hotA hai| usake do bheda haiM-Rjumati aura vipUlamati / dUsare ke mana meM soce hue bhAvoM ko sAmAnya rUpa se jAnanA Rjumati manaHparyAyajJAna hotA hai / jaise usa vyakti vizeSa ne ghaTa lAne kA vicAra kiyA hai| dUsare ke mana meM soce hue padArtha ke viSaya meM vizeSa rUpa se jAnanA, vipulamati manaHparyAya jJAna hai / jaise usa vyakti vizeSa ne jisa ghaTa ko lAne kA vicAra kiyA hai, vaha ghaTa rakta hai, golAkAra hai aura kAzI me banA hai evaM zItakAla meM banAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra ghaTa kI paryAyoM ko jAnanA, usakI vizeSa avasthAoM kA paribodha krnaa| yaha vipulamati manaHparyAya jJAna, Rjumati se sUkSma hotA hai / kevalajJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA trikAla tathA triloka sthita samasta padAryoM ko yUgapat hastAmalakavat jAnanA kevalajJAna hai| kevala ke viSaya rUpI evaM arUpI samasta dravya aura unakI samasta paryAya haiM / jJAnAvavaraNa karma ke sarvathA kSaya se jo jJAna prakaTa hotA hai, vaha kevalajJAna hai / isako kSAyika jJAna bhI kahA jAtA hai / parokSa jJAna parokSa jJAna ke do bheda haiM-matijJAna evaM zra tajJAna / pA~ca indriya aura mana ke dvArA yogya deza meM sthita padArthoM kA jo jJAna hotA hai, vaha matijJAna kahA gayA hai / sparzana se sparza kA jJAna, rasanA se rasa kA jJAna, ghrANa se gandha kA jJAna, netra se rUpa kA jJAna aura zrotra se zabda kA jJAna, sava matijJAna haiN| matijJAna ke bheda ___ matijJAna ke cAra bheda haiM-avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA / indriya aura padArtha ke yogya sthAna meM rahane para, sAmAnya pratibhAsarUpa darzana ke bAda hone vAle avAntara sattA sahita vastu ke sarvaprathama jJAna ko avagraha kahate haiM / dUra se kisI vastu kA jJAna honA / avagraha se jJAta padArtha ke viSaya meM, utpanna saMzaya ko dUra karate hue, vizeSa kI jijJAsA ko IhA kahate haiM / jaise dUrastha vastu manuSya hai, athavA sthANu / yaha jJAna donoM pakSoM meM rahane vAle saMzaya ko dUra kara eka ora jhukatA hai| parantu itanA kSoNa hotA hai ki jJAtA ko pUrNa nizcaya nahIM hotaa| IhA se jJAta padArthoM meM 'yaha vahI hai, anya nahIM hai|' isa nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko avAya kahA gayA hai / jaise yaha manuSya hI hai / avAya se jJAta padArthoM kA jJAna itanA dRr3ha ho For Private and Personal Use Only

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58 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana jAye ki kAlAntara meM bhI usakA kabhI vismaraNa na ho, to usako dhAraNA kahA jAtA hai / zrutajJAna ke bheda I zAstra ko sunane aura par3hane se, indriya aura mana ke dvArA jo jJAna hotA hai, vaha jJAna hai / zrutajJAna ke do bheda haiM- aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya / jina AgamoM meM gaNadharoM ne tIrthaMkara bhagavAn ke upadeza ko grathita kiyA hai, vaha aMgapraviSTa hotA hai / jaise ki dvAdazAMga vANI / dvAdazAMgI ke bAhara kA zAstrajJAna, aMga bAhya kahA gayA hai / jaise ki upAMga, mUla aura cheda zAstra / daza prakIrNakoM kA samAveza bhI isameM ho jAtA hai| zrutajJAna ke caturdaza bheda bhI anyatra kahe gae haiM / prakArAntara se pramANa bheda bhagavatI sUtra, zataka pA~ca, uddadezaka cAra meM tathA anuyogadvAra sUtra meM, pramANa ke cAra bheda haiM- pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama / nyAyazAstra meM bhI ye hI cAra pramANa svIkRta haiM / caturtha bheda meM nAma kA antara hai / vahA~ Agama na kahakara zabda pramANa kahA gayA hai / zeSa tIna meM antara nahIM hai / 1. pratyakSa - akSa zabda ke do artha haiM- AtmA aura indriya / indriyoM kI sahAyatA binA jIva ke sAtha sIdhA sambandha rakhane vAlA jJAna hI pratyakSa pramANa hai / jaise avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / indriyoM se sIdhA sambandha rakhane vAlA evaM indriyoM kI sahAyatA dvArA jIva ke sAtha sambandha rakhane vAlA jJAna, pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai / nizcaya meM to avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala hI pratyakSa haiM / vyavahAra meM indriyoM kI sahAyatA se hone vAlA jJAna bhI pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai / yaha loka pratyakSa hai / 2. anumAna - sAdhana se sAdhya ke jJAna ko anumAna kahA gayA hai / liMga arthAt hetu ke grahaNa aura sambandha arthAt vyApti ke smaraNa ke pazcAt jisa se padArtha kA jJAna hotA hai, use anumAna kahA gayA hai / yahI hai, sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna / jaise parvata meM dhUma se agni kA jJAna hotA hai / 3. upamAna - jisake dvArA sAdRzya se upameya padArthoM kA jJAna hotA hai, use upamAna kahate haiM / jaise ki roja gAya ke samAna hotA hai / yaha sAdRzya jJAna hai / 4. Agama - zAstra ke dvArA hone vAlA jJAna, Agama athavA zabda pramANa kahA jAtA hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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pramANa aura naya | 56 naya vicAra kisI viSaya ke sApekSa nirUpaNa ko naya kahA jAtA hai| kisI eka yA aneka vastuoM ke viSaya meM bhinna-bhinna manuSyoM ke athavA eka hI vyakti ke bhinna-bhinna vicAra hote haiM / yadi pratyeka vyakti kI dRSTi se dekhA jAe, to ye vicAra aparimita haiN| una sabakA vicAra pratyeka ko lekara karanA asambhava hai| apane prayojana ke anusAra ativistAra aura atisaMkSepa donoM ko chor3akara kisI viSaya kA madhyama dRSTi se pratipAdana karanA hI naya hai / vaktA ke abhiprAya vizeSa ko naya kahA gayA hai| naya ke bheda naya ke saMkSepa meM do bheda haiM-dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika / saMsAra meM pratyeka vastu bhinna bhI hai, aura abhinna bho hai| vastuoM meM samAnatA aura asamAnatA, donoM aMza hote haiM / ataH vastu mAtra ko sAmAnya-vizeSa, ubhayAtmaka kahA gayA hai / sAmAnyagAmI vicAra dravyArthika naya hotA hai, aura vizeSagAmI vicAra paryAyArthika naya hotA hai| dravyArthika naya ke tIna bheda hote haiM, aura paryAyAthika naya ke cAra bheda hote haiN| naya ke sAta bheda hote haiN| dravya naya, paryAya naya kA khaNDana nahIM krtaa| paryAya naya, dravya naya kA khaNDana nahIM krtaa| parantu apanI dRSTi ko pradhAna rakhakara, dUsarI ko gauNa samajhatA hai / donoM apane ko mukhya, aura dUsare ko gauNa samajhate haiM, para virodha nahIM karate haiM / sAmAnya aura vizeSa ___sAmAnya aura vizeSa, donoM vastu ke dharma haiM / vastu meM anya dharmoM ke samAna, ye donoM bhI rahate haiN| sAmAnya aura vizeSa ko samajhane ke lie eka dRSTAnta diyA jAtA hai| jaise kisI ne sahasA sAgara ko dekhaa| vaha eka vizAla jalarAzi hai| yaha sAmAnya kA parijJAna hai, lekina jaba vyakti sAgara ke AkAra-prakAra ko dekhatA, AyatatA-dIrghatA ko dekhatA hai, aura usake raMga-rUpa ko dekhatA hai, taba vaha usake vizeSa dharmoM ko dekhatA hai| sAgara sAmAnya hai, aura taraMga vizeSa hai| sAmAnya ko grahaNa karanA, dravyadRSTi hai / vizeSa ko grahaNa karanA, paryAya daSTi hai / mUla meM to naya ke do bheda haiM-dravyAthika naya aura paryAyAthika ny| nayoM ke sAta bheda do nayoM ke milakara sAta bheda hote haiM / jaise ki naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUDha aura evaMbhUta / naigama naya kA viSaya sabase For Private and Personal Use Only

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60 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana adhika vizAla hai / kyoMki vaha lokarUr3hi ke anusAra, sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM ko kabhI mukhya evaM kabhI gauNabhAva se grahaNa karatA hai| saMgraha kevala sAmAnya ko grahaNa karatA hai / ataH usakA viSaya naigama se kama hai| vyavahAra naya kA viSaya usase bhI kama hai / kyoMki vaha saMgraha naya se gRhIta vastU meM bheda DAlatA hai / bheda DAlane ke kAraNa hI use vyavahAra naya kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra tInoM kA viSaya uttarottara saMkucita hotA jAtA hai| naigama naya se sAmAnya-vizeSa aura ubhaya kA jJAna hotA hai| saMgraha naya se sAmAnya mAtra kA bodha hotA hai / vyavahAra naya laukika vyavahAra kA anusaraNa evaM anugamana karatA hai| Age ke cAra nayoM kA viSaya bhI Age-Age saMkucita hotA jAtA hai / RjusUtra bhUta aura bhaviSya kI kAlagaNanA ko chor3akara, vartamAna kI kAlagaNanA kI paryAya ko ho grahaNa karatA hai / zabda naya vartamAnakAla meM bhI liMga, kAraka, saMkhyA aura vacana Adi ke kAraNa bheda DAla detA hai / samabhirUDha vyutpattilabhya artha ke kAraNa bheda DAlatA hai| evaMbhUta naya tattat kriyA meM lagI haI vastu ko hI vaha nAma detA hai| sAta nayoM kA dUsarI taraha bhI vibhAga kiyA jA sakatA hai / jaise vyavahAra naya aura nizcaya naya / evaMbhUta naya nizcaya naya kI parAkASThA hai / nayoM kA vibhAga isa prakAra bhI hotA hai-zabda naya aura artha naya / jisa vicAra meM artha kI pradhAnatA ho, vaha artha naya / jisameM zabda kI pradhAnatA ho, vaha zabda naya / RjusUtra taka cAra artha naya haiM, aura zeSa tIna zabda naya haiN| nayoM kA vibhAga isa prakAra bhI ho sakatA hai-jJAna naya aura kriyA naya / padArtha ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA, jJAna naya hai| use apane jIvana meM utAranA, kriyA naya hai| anya bhI prakAra se vibhAjana kiyA jA sakatA hai| nayoM kI paribhASA 1. jo vicAra laukika rUr3hi aura laukika saMskAra kA anusaraNa kare, use naigama naya kahate haiM: 2. jo vicAra bhinna-bhinna bastu tathA vyaktiyoM meM rahe, kisI eka sAmAnya tatva ke AdhAra para, sabameM ekatA kA pratipAdana kare, usako saMgraha naya kahA jAtA hai| 3. jo vicAra sagrahanaya ke anusAra,ekatva rUpa se grahaNa kI vastuoM meM vyAvahArika prayojana ke lie bheda DAle, use vyavahAra naya kahA gayA hai| For Private and Personal Use Only

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pramANa aura naya | 61 ina tInoM nayoM kI mukhya rUpa se sAmAnya dRSTi rahatI hai / ataH ye dravyArthika naya kahe jAte haiN| 4. jo vicAra bhUta aura bhaviSyakAla kI upekSA karake, vartamAna paryAya mAtra ko grahaNa kare usako RjusUtra naya kahA gayA hai| 5. jo vicAra zabda pradhAna ho, liMga evaM kAraka Adi zabdagata dharmoM ke bheda se artha meM bheda mAne, usako zabda naya kahA jAtA hai| 6. jo vicAra zabda ke rUDha artha para nirbhara na rahakara, vyutpattilabhya artha ke anusAra samAna artha vAle zabdoM meM bhI bheda mAne, usako samabhirUDha naya kahA gayA hai| 7. jo vicAra zabdArtha ke anusAra kriyA hone para hI usa vastu ko tadrUpa svIkAra kare usako evaMbhUta naya kahA jAtA hai / pIche ke cAra naya paryAyAthika naya kahe jAte haiN| adhyAtmazAstra meM naya vicAra nayoM ke sambandha meM eka siddhAnta hai-'jitane prakAra ke vacana, utane prakAra ke naya haiM / " naya kA vacana ke sAtha sambandha hai / yadi vacana ke sAtha usakA sambandha hai, to upacAra se naya bhI vacanAtmaka kahA jA sakatA hai| pratyeka naya, vacana dvArA prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataeva vacana ko bhI naya kaha sakate haiM / isa prakAra pratyeka naya do prakAra kA hotA hai-bhAva naya aura dravya naya / jJAnAtmaka naya ko bhAva naya kahate haiM, aura vacanAtmaka naya ko dravya naya kahate haiN| naya ke do bheda mUla meM naya ke do bheda haiM-nizcaya aura vyavahAra / vyavahAra naya ko upanaya bhI kahate haiM / jo vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko prakaTa karatA hai, usako nizcaya naya kahate haiN| jo dUsare padArthoM ke nimitta se anya rUpa prakaTa karatA hai, use vyavahAra naya kahA gayA hai / jaise ki ghRta ghaTa hai| nizcaya naya ke bheda nizcaya naya ke do bheda haiM - dravya naya aura paryAya naya / dravya naya sAmAnya ko grahaNa karatA hai, aura paryAya naya vizeSa ko| dravya naya ke tIna bheda haiM- naigama, saMgraha aura vyavahAra / paryAya naya ke cAra bheda haiM-RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta / jinabhadragaNi dravya naya ke cAra bheda aura paryAya naya ke tIna bheda mAnate haiM / siddhasena divAkara dravyanaya ke tIna aura paryAya naya ke cAra bheda mAnate haiN| For Private and Personal Use Only

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62 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana vyavahAra naya ke bheda vyavahAra naya ke do bheda haiM- sadbhuta vyavahAra naya aura asadbhUta vyavahAra naya / eka vastu meM bheda ko viSaya karane vAlA, sadbhuta vyavahAra naya / usake do bheda haiM- upacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya, anupacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya / asadbhuta vyavahAra naya ke bhI do bheda haiM- upacarita asadbhuta vyavahAra naya | anupacarita asadbhUta vyavahAra naya / sopAdhi guNa guNI meM bheda grahaNa karane vAlA, sadbhUta vyavahAra naya / nirupAdhi guNa-guNI meM, bheda grahaNa karane vAlA, anupacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya / jaise jIva kA matijJAna / yahA~ para upAdhi rUpa karma ke AvaraNa se dUSita AtmA kA malasahita jJAna hone se jIva kA matijJAna sopAdhika hone ke kAraNa upacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya kahA jAtA hai / nirupAdhi arthAt upAdhirahita guNa ke sAtha, upAdhizUnya AtmA, jaba sampanna hotA hai, taba anupAdhika guNa guNI ke bheda se bhinna anupacarita sadbhUta vyavahAra naya siddha hotA hai / jaise kevalajJAnarUpa guNa se sahita nirupAdhika AtmA / sambandharahita vastu meM sambandha ko viSaya karane vAlA, upacarita adbhuta hai / jaise devadatta kA dhana / yahA~ para devadatta kA dhana ke sAtha svAbhAvika rUpa se sambandha mAnA gayA hai / vaha kalpita hone se upacarita siddha hai, kyoMki devadatta aura dhana ye donoM eka dravya nahIM haiM / ataH bhinna dravya hone se devadatta tathA dhana meM sadbhUta arthAt yathArtha sambandha nahIM hai / asadbhUta karane se upacarita asadbhUta vyavahAra naya kahA gayA hai / sambandha sahita vastu meM sambandha ko viSaya karane vAlA, anupacarita asadbhUta hai / yaha bheda jahA~ karmajanita sambandha hai, vahA~ hotA hai / jaise jIva kA zarIra / jIva aura zarIra kA sambandha kalpita nahIM hai, kintu jIvana bhara sthAyI hone se anupacarita hai, tathA jIva aura zarIra ke bhinna hone se asadbhUta vyavahAra hai / eka-eka naya ke zata-zata bheda hote haiM / ataH sAta mUla nayoM ke sAta sau bheda haiM | AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne naigama naya kA saMgraha evaM vyavahAra meM samAveza karake mUla naya chaha mAne haiM / isa apekSA se nayoM ke chahaso bheda hote haiM / dravyArthika naya ke cAra bheda tathA zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura For Private and Personal Use Only

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pramANa aura naya [ 63 evaMbhUta, ina tInoM ko eka mAnakara naya ke mUla bheda pAMca hote haiN| isa apekSA se naya ke pAMca-sau bheda kahe jAte haiM / dravyAthika naya ke tIna bhedasaMgraha, vyavahAra evaM RjusUtra aura caturtha zabda naya-zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta ko milAkara, nayoM ke cAra-sau bheda hote haiM / dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika, mUla naya do hone se nayoM ke do-sau bheda hote haiN| nayoM ke ye sthUla bheda haiM, vaise to saMkhyAta-asaMkhyAta bheda hote haiN| For Private and Personal Use Only

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meM vastu kA lakSaNa me , jaina darzana meM, vastu kA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai - 'sAmAnyavizeSAtmakaM svatu / vastu meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM prakAra ke dharma eka sAtha rahate haiM / vastu ko jJa eya bhI kahate haiN| kyoMki vaha jJAna kA viSaya hai / vastu ko prameya bhI kahate haiN| kyoMki vaha pramA kA viSaya hai / vastu ko abhidheya bhI kahate haiM / kyoMki vaha abhidhA kA viSaya hai / pramANa evaM naya se vastu kA yathArtha jJAna hotA hai / vAcaka umAsvAti ne tattvArtha sUtra meM kahA hai- 'pramANa - nayairadhigamaH / ' pramANa aura nayoM se vastu kA, tattva kA adhigama arthAt jJAna hotA hai / Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir tattvArtha sUtra vastu kA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai--' utpAdavyaya - dhrauvya yuktaM sat / ' jisameM utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya- tInoM eka sAtha rahate hoM, use sat arthAt vastu, dravya tathA tatva kahate haiM / vedAnta meM ekamAtra brahma ko sat kahA gayA hai, aura ekAnta dhruva, kuTastha tathA nitya mAnA gayA hai / bauddha darzana meM vastu ko kSaNika evaM anitya mAnA gayA hai sAMkhya darzana meM puruSa ko kUTastha nitya tathA prakRti ko pariNAmi nitya kahA jAtA hai | nyAya darzana meM, paramANu, AtmA, AkAza aura kAla Adi ko nitya yathA ghaTa-paTa Adi ko sarvathA anitya kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana se bhinna, anya darzana 'vastu ko yA to ekAnta nitya mAnate haiM, yA phira ekAMta anitya svIkAra karate haiM / jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai, ki vastu jar3a ho, yA cetana, vaha na ekAnta nitya hai, aura na ekAnta anitya / vastu sUkSma evaM bAdara ho sakatI hai, tathA vastu mUrta evaM amUrta ho sakatI hai / lekina ye saba vastu kathaMcit nitya aura kathaMcit anitya hotI haiM / ekAnta nitya aura ekAnta anitya nahIM / kyoMki ( 64 ) For Private and Personal Use Only

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vastu kA lakSaNa | 65 pratyeka vastu meM do aMza hote haiM-eka badalane vAlA, dUsarA nahIM badalane vAlA / eka sthira evaM dUsarA asthira / sthira aMza ko dhruva kahate hai, aura asthira aMza ko utpAda tathA vyaya kahA gayA hai / dhra va aMza ko dravya kahate haiM, aura adhra va aMza ko paryAya kahA jAtA hai| ataH jagat kI pratyeka vastu dravya kI apekSA nitya hai, aura paryAya kI apekSA anitya hai, kSaNika hai, kSaNabhaMgura hai / vastu ke nityatva evaM anityatva ko lekara hI jaina darzana meM saptabhaMgI kA avataraNa kiyA jAtA hai| yadi vastu ko ekAnta nitya mAnA jAe, to usameM koI kArya nahIM ho sktaa| yadi ekAnta anitya mAnA jAe to usameM pUrvApara paryAya kA pratyabhijJAna nahIM ho sakatA / ina kAraNoM se ekAnta nitya yA ekAnta anitya- donoM pakSa tarka tathA yukti ke viparIta hai| dravya aura tatva prameya, jJaya, abhidheya, vastu aura tatva saba paryAyavAcI haiM / jaina darzana meM, mukhya rUpa meM dravya aura tatva zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / SaD dravya aura nava tatva-jaina darzana ke mukhya viSaya haiN| darzanazAstra meM aura tarkazAstra meM dravyoM kI mImAMsA hotI hai, aura adhyAtmazAstra meM tattvoM kI vivecanA kI jAtI hai| sAdhanA kI dRSTi se bhI tatvoM kA adhika mahattva mAnA jAtA hai / jaina vijJAna kI dRSTi se jIva ko chor3akara zeSa pA~ca dravyoM kA adhika mahatva samajhA jAtA hai / para, pramANa aura jJAna ke viSaya, donoM mAne jAte haiM / SaDa dravya tattvArtha sUtra meM, vAcaka umAsvAti ne dravya kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai - 'guNa paryAyavad dravyam'-guNa aura paryAya ke Azraya ko dravya kahate haiM / dravya kI vyutpatti isa prakAra hai- 'dravati tAn tAn paryAyAn gacchati' iti dravyam / usake chaha bheda haiM 1. dharma dravya jIva-pudgala kI gati sahAyaka 2. adharma dravya jIva-pudgala kI sthiti sahAyaka 3. AkAza dravya jIva-pudgala ko avakAza dene vAlA 4. kAla dravya dravyoM meM vartanA karane vAlA 5. jIva dravya jisameM upayoga ho 6. pudgala dravya jisameM rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza ho For Private and Personal Use Only

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66 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana 2. acetanatva 4. gati sahAyatA 2. acetanatva 4. sthiti sahAyatA 2. acetanatva 4. avagAhanA-dAna 2. acetanatva 4. vartanA dravyoM ke guNa 1. dharmAstikAya ke cAra guNa 1. arUpitva 3. akriyAtva 2. adharmAstikAya ke cAra guNa 1. arUpitva 2. akriyAtva 3. AkAzAstikAya ke cAra guNa 1. arUpitva 3. akriyAtva 4. kAla dravya ke cAra guNa 1. arUpitva 3. akriyAtva 5. pudgalAstikAya ke cAra guNa 1. rUpitva 3. sakriyAtva 6. jIvAstikAya ke cAra guNa 1. jJAna 3. cAritra dravyoM ke paryAya : 1. dharmAstikAya ke cAra paryAya 1. skandha 3. pradeza 2. adharmAstikAya ke cAra paryAya 1. skandha 3. pradeza 3. AkAzAstikAya ke cAra paryAya 1. skandha 3. pradeza 2. acetanatva 4. pUraNa-galana 2. darzana 4. vIrya 2. deza 4. agurulaghu 2. deza 4. agurulaghu 2. deza 4. agurulaghu For Private and Personal Use Only

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vastu kA lakSaNa | 67 4. kAla dravya ke cAra paryAya1. atIta 2. anAgata 3. vartamAna 4. agurulaghu 5. pudgalAstikAya ke pA~ca paryAya1. varNa 2. gandha 3. rasa 4. sparza 5. agurulaghu 6. jIvAstikAya ke cAra paryAya1. avyAbAdha 2. anavagAha 3. amUrtatva 4. agurulaghu dravya ke sAmAnya guNa jo guNa samasta dravyoM meM rahate haiM, unheM sAmAnya guNa kahate haiM / ve chaha prakAra ke haiM 1. astitva, dravya kA sadA sat arthAt vidyamAna rahanA, astitva guNa hai / isa guNa ke hone se dravya meM sadrUpatA kA vyavahAra hotA hai| 2. vastutva, dravya kA sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka svarUpa vastutva guNa hai| dravya meM arthakriyA kA honA, vastutva guNa hai| jaise ghaTa meM jala dhAraNa rUpa arthakriyA / avagraha jJAna meM samasta padArthoM ke sAmAnya svarUpa kA AbhAsa hotA hai, aura avAya meM vizeSa kA bhI AbhAsa ho jAtA hai / 3. dravyatva, guNa aura paryAyoM kA AdhAra honA, Azraya honA, dravyatva guNa hai| 4. prameyatva, pratyakSa evaM parokSa Adi pramANoM kA viSaya honA, prameyatva guNa hai| 5. agurulaghutva, dravya kA guru arthAt bhArI na honA, yA laghu arthAt halkA na honA, agurulaghatva guNa hai| agurulaghutvaguNa sUkSma hai / ataH kevala anubhava kA viSaya hai| 6. pradezavattva, vastu ke niraMza aMza ko pradeza kahate haiM / dravyoM kA pradeza sahita honA, pradezavattva guNa hai / isake kAraNa dravya kA AkAra avazya hotA hai| For Private and Personal Use Only

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68 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana pudgala ke chaha bheda puraNa-galana dharma vAlA tathA rUpI dravya ko pudgala kahate haiM, usake chaha bheda haiM 1. sUkSma-sUkSma, paramANa pudgala / 2. sakSma, do pradeza se lekara, sakSma rUpa meM pariNata ananta pradezoM kA skandha / 3. sakSma-bAdara, gandha ke mudgala / 4. bAdara-sUkSma, vAyukAya kA zarIra / 5. bAdara, osa Adi apkAya kA zarIra / 6. bAdara-bAdara, agni, vanaspati, pRthvI tathA trasakAya ke jIvoM kA shriir| dazavakAlika adhyayana caturtha bhASya gAthA sATha kI TIkA meM kahA gayA hai, ki sakSma-sakSma tathA sakSma kA indriyoM se anubhava nahIM ho sktaa| ina donoM meM paramANu yA pradezoM kA bheda hai| sUkSma-sUkSma eka hI paramANu hotA hai, vaha eka hI AkAza pradeza ko gheratA hai| sUkSma meM paramANu adhika hote haiM, AkAza pradeza bhI aneka / sUkSma bAdara kA kevala ghrANa se anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai, aura kisI indriya se nhiiN| bAdara sUkSma kA sparzana se, bAdara kA netra aura sparzana se, bAdara-bAdara kA samasta indriyoM se anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai| pudgala ke ye chaha bheda, usakI paryAya haiM, usakI avasthA vizeSa haiM, jo kabhI najara par3atI haiM, aura kabhI najara nahIM bhI par3atI haiN| tattva kI paribhASA navatattva meM mukhya tattva do haiM-jIva aura ajIva / isake atirikta sAta tattva donoM ke saMyoga aura viyoga se bane haiN| do padArthoM ke milana ko saMyoga aura donoM ke pRthak hone ko viyoga kahate haiN| sAtoM tattva pUrNataH svatantra nahIM haiM, unameM kucha saMyoga se bane haiM, aura kucha viyoga se / Asrava, bandha, pUNya aura pApa-ye cAroM tattva saMyoga se bane haiN| saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ye tInoM tattva viyoga se bane haiN| jIva ke Atma-pradezoM ko AvRta karane vAle karma, jisa kriyA se Ate haiM, usa tattva ko Asrava kahate haiM / jahA~ Asrava hotA hai, vahA~ bandha bhI hotA hai, kyoMki kriyA se Ane vAle karma-vargaNA ke pudgaloM kA rAga-dveSa kI pariNati se bandha hotA hai / Asrava evaM bandha-zubha aura azubha bhAvoM se zubhAzubha karmoM kA hotA hai| zubha ko puNya kahate haiM aura azubha ko pApa / ataH Asrava, bandha, For Private and Personal Use Only

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vastu kA lakSaNa | 66 puNya evaM pApa - cAroM tattva jIva aura ajIva ke saMyoga se bane haiM / saMvara kA artha hai - Asrava se Ane vAle karma-pravAha ko rokanA, karmoM kA AtmA ke sAtha saMyoga nahIM hone denA / karma-vargaNA ke pudgaloM ko ekadeza se haTAne vAle tattva ko nirjarA kahate haiM / AtmA para lage hue samasta karma vargaNA ke pudgaloM ko haTA dene vAle tattva ko mokSa kahate haiM / sAdhanA kI apekSA ye nava tattva kahe haiM / cAra nikSepa nikSepa ke binA zabda kA yathArtha jJAna nahIM ho pAtA / nikSepa kI paribhASA aura vyAkhyA kI binA samajhe vastu kA bhI parivodha nahIM hotA / nikSepa zabda kA artha hai - nyAsa karanA, rakhanA, zabda ko kisI artha meM rakhanA | Agama meM kahA gayA hai ki padArthoM ke jitane nikSepa ho sakeM, utane hI karane caahie| yadi vizeSa nikSepa karane kI zakti na ho, to cAra nikSepa avazya karane cAhie / nikSepa ke cAra bheda isa prakAra hote haiM - nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / 1. nAma nikSepa - loka vyavahAra calAne ke lie, kisI dUsare guNa evaM kriyA Adi nimitta kI apekSA na rakhakara, kisI padArtha kI saMjJA rakha denA, nAma nikSepa hai / jaise kisI kA nAma mahAvIra rakha denA / nAma nikSepa guNa kI apekSA nahIM karatA / 2. sthApanA nikSepa - pratipAdya vastu ke sadRza athavA visadRza AkAra vAlI vastu meM, pratipAdya vastu kI sthApanA karanA, sthApanA nikSepa hai / jaise jambUdvIpa ke citra ko jambUdvIpa kahanA / tIrthaMkara kI mUrti ko torthaMkara kahanA / sthApanA ke do bheda haiM- tadAkAra aura atadAkAra | 3. dravya nikSepa - kisI padArtha kI bhUta evaM bhaviSyakAlIna paryAya ke nAma kA vartamAna kAla meM vyavahAra karanA, dravya nikSepa hai / jaise rAjA ke mRtaka zarIra meM, "yaha rAjA hai" isa prakAra bhUtakAlIna rAjA paryAya kA vyavahAra karanA / bhaviSya meM rAjA hone vAle yuvarAja ko rAjA kahanA / zAstra kA jJAtA, jaba usa zAstra ke upayoga se zUnya hotA hai, taba usakA jJAna, dravyajJAna kahA jAtA hai / anupayogo dravyamiti vacanAt / ' arthAt upayoga na honA dravya hai / 4. bhAva nikSepa - paryAya ke anusAra vastu meM, zabda kA prayoga karanA, bhAva nikSa epa hai / jaise rAjya zAsana karate hue rAjA ko rAjA kahanA / zAstra ke upayoga vAle ko zAstra kA jJAtA kahanA / For Private and Personal Use Only

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70 | jaina nyAya- zAstra : eka parizIlana Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir lakSaNa kI paribhASA aneka prakAra ke mizrita padArthoM meM se kisI eka padArtha ko agale evaM pichale padArthoM se pRthak karane vAle ko lakSaNa kahA gayA hai / usake do bheda haiM- AtmabhUta aura anAtmabhUta / 1. Atma-bhUta lakSaNa - jo lakSaNa vastu ke svarUpa meM milA huA ho, use AtmabhUta lakSaNa kahA gayA hai / jaise agni kA lakSaNa uSNatA aura jIva kA lakSaNa caitanya kahA jAtA haiM / 1 2. anAtmabhUta lakSaNa - jo lakSaNa vastu ke svarUpa meM milA huA na ho, usako anAtmabhUta lakSaNa kahate haiM / jaise daNDI puruSa kA lakSaNa daNDa / yahA~ daNDa, puruSa se alaga hai / phira bhI vaha daNDI ko anya puruSoM se alaga karake usakI pahacAna karA hI detA hai / lakSya kA jJAna, lakSaNa se hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / lakSaNAbhAsa sadoSa lakSaNa ko lakSaNAbhAsa kahA gayA hai / lakSaNAbhAsa ke tIna bheda haiM - avyApti, ativyApti aura asambhava / jaise ki kahA hai 1. avyApti -- lakSya ke ekadeza meM lakSaNa ke rahane ko avyApti doSa kahate haiM / jaise pazu kA lakSaNa sIMga kahanA / samasta pazuoM meM sIMga nahIM hote / jIva kA lakSaNa paJcendriyatva ko kahanA / jIvatva ekendriya meM bhI hotA hai / 2. ativyApti - lakSya aura alakSya donoM meM, lakSaNa ke rahane ko ativyApti doSa kahate haiM / jaise gAya kA lakSaNa sIMga / lakSya gAya meM sIMga hai, lekina alakSya bhaiMsa meM bhI sIMga hai / 3. asambhava - lakSya mAtra meM kahIM para bhI lakSaNa ke sambhava na hone ko asambhava doSa kahate haiM / jaise agni kA lakSaNa zItalatA / vastu ke sva-para catuSTaya jaina darzana, anekAnta darzana hai / isake anusAra vastu meM aneka dharma rahate haiM / apekSAbheda se paraspara viruddha pratIta hone vAle dharmoM kA bhI eka hI vastu meM sAmaJjasya hotA hai, samanvaya kiyA jAtA hai / jaise asti aura nAsti / jaise ghaTa padArtha svacatuSTaya kI apekSA, asti dharma vAlA hai, aura para catuSTaya kI apekSA, nAsti dharma vAlA hai / pratyeka vastu svadravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA hai, aura paradravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA nahIM hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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vastu kA lakSaNa | 71 1. dravya-guNoM ke samUha ko dravya kahA jAtA hai| jaise jaDatA Adi ghaTa ke guNoM ke samUha rUpa se ghaTa hai| parantu caitanya Adi jIva ke guNoM ke samUha rUpa se ghaTa nahIM hai| 2. kSetra-nizcaya se dravya ke pradezoM ko kSetra kahate haiN| jaise ghaTa ke pradeza ghaTa kA kSetra hai / jIva ke pradeza jIva kA kSetra hai| ghaTa apane pradezoM meM rahatA hai / jIva ke kSetra kI apekSA se vaha asat hai| yahI sthiti jIva kI hai| 3. kAla-vastu ke pariNamana ko kAla kahate haiN| jaise ghaTa svakAla se vasanta Rtu kA hai aura zizira Rtu kA nahIM hai| 4. bhAva-vastu ke guNa athavA svabhAva ko bhAva kahate haiN| jaise ghaTa svabhAva kI apekSA se jala dhAraNa svabhAva vAlA hai| parantu paTa kI bhA~ti AvaraNa svabhAva vAlA nahIM hai| ghaTatva kI apekSA sadrUpa hai, evaM paTatva kI apekSA asadrUpa hai| paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAle aneka dharmo kA samanvaya, anekAntavAda, syAdvAda, nayavAda aura saptabhaMgIvAda hai| jaina darzana ke ye cAroM mukhya siddhAnta haiN| cAroM eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiN| anekAntavAda eka dRSTi hai / use abhivyakta karane vAlI bhASA syAdvAda hai / anya darzanoM ne isakA ghora virodha to kiyA hai, lekina prakArAntara se isako svIkAra bhI kiyA hai| bauddha darzana kA vibhajyavAda aura vedAnta kA samanvayavAda, vastutaH anekAnta aura syAdvAda kI hI svIkRti hai / syAdvAda aura anekAntavAda pIche nayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA thaa| naya ko paribhASA, naya kI vyAkhyA aura nayoM ke bheda-prabhedoM para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA thaa| jaina darzana meM, nayoM kA bar3A mahatva hai| kyoMki naya aura saptabhaMga, anekAnta aura syAdvAda ke AdhAra haiN| naya sapta haiM aura bhaMga bhI sapta haiN| jo naya paraspara sApekSa haiM, ve sunaya kahe jAte haiM / jo naya paraspara nirapekSa haiM, ve durnaya kahe jAte haiM / nayoM kA sApekSa kathana hI jaina darzana hotA hai| jisa prakAra samasta saritAe~ sAgara meM samA jAtI haiN| kintu sAgara saritAoM meM nahIM samAtA, usI prakAra samasta vAdiyoM ke siddhAnta jaina-darzana meM samAhita ho jAte haiM, parantu kisI bhI vAdI kA siddhAnta jaina darzana nahIM hotaa| saptabhaMgI jaba eka vastu ke kisI eka dharma ke viSaya meM prazna karane para virodha For Private and Personal Use Only

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72 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana kA parihAra karake, vyasta aura samasta, vidhi aura niSedha kI kalpanA ko jAtI hai, taba sAta prakAra ke vAkyoM kA prayoga hotA hai, jo syAtkAra se yukta hotA hai / usa sapta prakAra ke vAkya prayoga ko saptabhaMgI kahA jAtA hai| bhaMga zabda kA artha hai-vikalpa / sAta prakAra ke vikalpoM ko sapta bhaMga kahate haiM / sapta prakAra ke bhaMgoM kA kathana isa prakAra kiyA jAtA hai 1. syAt asti 2. syAt nAsti 3. syAt asti nAsti 4. syAt avaktavya 5. syAt asti avaktavya 6. syAta nAsti avaktavya 7. syAt asti, nAsti, avaktavya artha kA kathana 2. nahIM hai, 3. hai, aura nahIM hai, 4. kahA nahIM jA sakatA, 5. hai, kahA nahIM jA sakatA, 6. nahIM hai, kahA nahIM jA sakatA, 7. hai, nahIM hai, kahA nahIM jA sakatA, vastu ke viSayabhUta astitva Adi pratyeka paryAya ke dharmoM ke sAta prakAra ke hI hone se vyasta aura samasta, vidhi-niSedha ko kalpanA se sAta hI prakAra ke sandeha utpanna hote haiM / ataH vastu ke viSaya meM, sAta hI prakAra kI jijJAsA utpanna hone ke kAraNa usake viSaya meM sAta hI prakAra ke prazna utpanna ho sakate haiM aura unakA uttara isa prakAra ke vAkyoM dvArA diyA jAtA hai| bhaMgoM kA vikAsa mUla bhaMga do haiM-asti aura naasti| donoM kI yugapat vivakSA se avaktavya nAma kA bhaMga banatA hai| yaha bhI mUla bhaMga kahA jAtA hai| ataH mUla bhaMga tIna haiM-asti, nAsti tathA avaktavya / ina tInoM ke asaMyogI bhaMga isa prakAra haiM-asti, nAsti evaM avaktavya / dvisaMyogI bhaMga isa prakAra For Private and Personal Use Only

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vastu kA lakSaNa | 73 haiM - asti nAsti, asti avaktavya evaM nAsti avaktavya / trisaMyogI bhaMga yaha hai - asti, nasti, avaktavya | anekAnta dRSTi anekAnta kA artha hai - - aneka dharma / pratyeka vastu meM aneka dharma hote haiM / ataeva vaha anekAntAtmaka kahI jAtI hai / yadi cAroM dizAoM se himagiri ke phoTo lie jAe~, to saba phoTo eka jaise nahIM hoMge, phira bhI ve saba phoTo himagiri ke hI hoMge / aneka dRSTiyoM se eka hI vastu aneka rUpoM meM najara AtI hai| Ama ke phala ko kaTahala kI apekSA choTA aura bera kI apekSA bar3A kahA jAtA hai / apekSAbheda se eka hI vastu choTI-bar3I ho sakatI hai / eka hI vyakti apekSAbheda se pitA, putra, pautra, bhrAtA, pati, mAtula aura zyAlaka Adi ho sakatA hai / kisI bhI prakAra kA virodha nahIM AtA / eka hI manuSya apekSAbheda se adhyApaka, sevaka aura svAmI Adi ho sakatA hai / basa, yahI bAta anekAnta ke viSaya meM bhI hai / eka hI vastu ko apekSAbheda se hai, nahIM hai, tathA avaktavya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / jo pustaka kamare meM hai, vaha pustaka kamare ke bAhara nahIM hai / yahA~ para hai, aura nahIM meM kisI prakAra kA virodha nahIM AtA / yaha avirodha anekAnta dRSTi kA phala hai / zIta aura uSNa sparza ke samAna, asti aura nAsti meM virodha nahIM ho sakatA / kyoMki virodha tabhI kahA jA sakatA hai, jabaki eka hI kAla meM eka hI sthAna para, donoM dharma ekatrita hokara na raheM, lekina svacatuSTaya kI apekSA astitva aura para catuSTaya kI apekSA nAstitva, raha sakate haiM / yahA~ kisI prakAra kA virodha nahIM hai / virodha kaba hotA hai, jabaki svacatuSTaya kI apekSA asti, aura svacatuSTaya kI apekSA hI nAsti kahA jAe / usa sthiti meM virodha kahA jA sakatA hai / lekina apekSAbheda se donoM meM, virodha nahIM hotA hai / syAdvAda aura saptabhagI svacatuSTaya kI apekSA vastu asti rUpa hai, aura para catuSTaya kI apekSA nAsti rUpa hai / dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kA kathana saralatA se dravya meM, asti evaM nAsti samajhAne ke lie hai / sva-rUpa meM vastu hai, aura para-rUpa se nahIM hai / sva-rUpa ko svAtmA aura para rUpa ko parAtmA kahate haiM / java vastu ke svarUpa kI apekSA hotI hai, taba asti kahate haiM, aura jaba para-rUpa kI apekSA hotI hai, taba nAsti kahate haiM / yaha prathama aura For Private and Personal Use Only

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74 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana dvitIya bhaMga hai / jaba svarUpa aura pararUpa ubhaya kI apekSA hotI hai, taba asti-nAsti kahate haiM / yaha tIsarA bhaMga kahA jAtA hai / asti aura nAsti ko eka samaya meM nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jaba asti kahate haiM, taba nAsti bhaMga raha jAtA hai / jaba nAsti kahate haiM, taba asti bhaMga raha jAtA hai| jaba krama se asti-nAsti kahate haiM, tava astinAsti, yaha tIsarA bhaMga bana jAtA hai| parantu jaba eka hI samaya meM astinAsti kahate haiM, taba avaktavya nAma kA caturtha bhaMga banatA hai| isa prakAra krama se svarUpa kI apekSA "asti-nAsti' aura yugapat svarUpa kI apekSA "avaktavya" bhaMga hotA hai| jaba vastu svarUpa kI apekSA asti hone para bhI avaktavya hai, para svarUpa kI apekSA nAsti hone para bhI avaktavya hai tathA krama se svarUpa evaM pararUpa kI apekSA asti-nAsti hone para bhI avaktavya hai, taba tIna bhaMga aura bana jAte haiM -asti avaktavya, nAsti avaktavya aura asti-nAsti avaktavya / yaha pA~cavA~, chaThA aura sAtavA~ bhaMga bana jAtA hai| yaha saptabhaMgI hai, isako syAdvAda kahA jAtA hai| nayavAda, anekAntavAda, saptabhaMgIvAda aura syAdvAda-ye cAroM siddhAnta jaina darzana ke AdhArabhUta haiM, prANa tattva haiM tathA vizeSa siddhAnta haiM / inakA paripUrNa prabodha, pramANa ke binA nahIM ho sakatA / ataH pramANavAda ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai ! pramANavAda jaina paramparA meM, pA~ca jJAnoM kI carcA bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrva bhI thii| isakA pramANa rAjapraznIya sUtra meM hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane mukha se atIta meM hone vAle kezIkumAra zramaNa kA vRttAnta rAjapraznIya meM kahA hai / kezIkumAra ne rAjA pradezI ko kahA hai ki hama zramaNa loga pA~ca prakAra kA jJAna mAnate haiM jaise ki mati, zra ta, avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevl| AgamoM meM, pA~ca jJAnoM ke bheda-prabhedoM kA jo varNana hai, karmazAstra meM jJAnAvaraNa ke bhedoM kA jo varNana hai, mArgaNA sthAnoM meM jo jJAna mArgaNA kA varNana hai, aura jJAnapravAda pUrva meM jo varNana kiyA gayA hai, ina sabase yahI phalita hotA hai, ki pA~ca jJAna kI carcA bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva kI hai| isa jJAna carcA ke vikAsa-krama ko Agama ke AdhAra para dekhanA ho, to use tIna bhUmikAoM meM samajhanA caahie| Aga For Private and Personal Use Only

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vastu kA lakSaNa | 75 1. prathama bhUmikA meM, jJAnoM ko pA~ca bhedoM meM hI vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| 2. dvitIya bhUmikA meM jJAnoM ko pratyakSa aura parokSa, do bhedoM meM vibhakta karake pA~ca jJAnoM meM se mati aura zrata ko parokSa kahA gayA aura zeSa tInoM ko pratyakSa kahA gyaa| isa bhUmikA meM loka kA anusaraNa karake indriyajanya pratyakSa ko, indriyaja mati ko pratyakSa meM sthAna nahIM diyA, parantu jaina siddhAnta ke anusAra jo jJAna Atma-mAtra-sApekSa hai, usako pratyakSa meM sthAna diyaa| 3. tRtIya bhUmikA meM indriyajanya jJAnoM ko pratyakSa aura parokSa, ubhaya meM hI sthAna diyA gayA hai / isa bhUmikA meM, loka kA anugamana spaSTa najara par3atA hai, loka kA prabhAva hai / prathama bhamikA ke anusAra jJAna kA varNana hameM bhagavatI-satra meM upalabdha hotA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM. jJAna kI paricaryA dvitIya bhUmikA kI kahI jA sakatI hai| isI bhUmikA ke AdhAra para umAsvAti ne bhI pramANoM ko pratyakSa aura parokSa meM vibhakta karake do meM pA~ca jJAnoM kA samAveza kara diyA hai / tRtIya bhUmikA nandIsUtragata jJAna-carcA meM abhivyakta ho jAtI hai| anya sabhI darzanoM ne indriya jJAnoM ko parokSa nahIM, kintu pratyakSa mAnA hai / unako pratyakSa meM sthAna dekara usa loka mata kA samanvaya karanA bhI nandIkAra ko abhISTa thaa| AcArya jinabhadra ne isa samanvaya ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI kahA, ki vastutaH indriyaja pratyakSa ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahanA caahie| lokavyavahAra ke anurodha se hI indriyaja mati ko pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| vastutaH vaha parokSa hI hai / jaina darzana ke AcAryoM ne Agama kAla se pramANa kI carcA ko mahatva diyA thA, aura Agama kI mAnyatA kA bhI parityAga nahIM kiyaa| vyavasthA isa prakAra hai 1. avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala pAramArthika pratyakSa haiN| 2. tha ta parokSa hI hai| 3. indriyajanya matijJAna pAramArthika dRSTi se parokSa hai, aura vyavahAra dRSTi se pratyakSa hai| 4. manojanya matijJAna parokSa hI hai| AcArya akalaMka ne tathA unake anugAmI anya jaina AcAryoM ne pratyakSa ke sAMvyavahArika aura pAramArthika, jo do bheda kiye haiM, For Private and Personal Use Only

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76 / jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana yaha unakI naI sUjha nahIM kahI jA sakatI / kyoMki usakA mUla nandIsUtra, aura usake jinabhadrakRta spaSTIkaraNa meM vidyamAna hai| anuyogadvAra sUtra pIche kahA jA cukA hai, ki anuyogadvAra meM, pramANa zabda ko usake vistRta artha meM lekara pramANoM kA bheda varNana kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ para anuyogadvAra sammata cAra pramANoM kA varNana hai| unameM se pratyakSa pramANa kA varNana isa prakAra hai 1. indriya pratyakSa 2. noindriya pratyakSa indriya pratyakSa meM-zrotra pratyakSa, netra pratyakSa, ghrANa pratyakSa, rasanA pratyakSa aura tvacA pratyakSa-ina pA~ca prakAra ke pratyakSoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| noindriya pratyakSa pramANa meM jaina zAstra meM prasiddha tIna pratyakSa jJAnoM kA samAveza hai-avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / pramANa ke bheda __ anuyogadvAra sUtra meM, pramANa ke sodhe cAra bheda bhI upalabdha hote haiM / jaise ki pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama / pramANa bheda ke viSaya meM prAcInakAla meM, aneka paramparA prasiddha raho haiN| unameM se cAra aura tIna bhedoM kA nirdeza Agama meM bhI milatA hai| naiyAyikoM ne pramANa ke cAra bheda hI mAne haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna evaM aagm| tattvArtha sUtra vAcaka umAsvAti ne tattvArtha sUtra meM vistAra ke sAtha pA~ca jJAnoM kA varNana kiyA hai / jJAnoM ko do pramANoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-pratyakSa aura parokSa / mati aura zruta-parokSa pramANa haiM / avadhi, manaHparyAya evaM kevala pratyakSa haiN| pravacanasAra __ AcArya kundakunda ne umAsvAti kI bhA~ti prAcIna AgamoM kI vyavasthA ke anusAra hI jJAnoM ko pratyakSa evaM parokSa mAnA hai| AcArya kA kathana hai, ki dusare dArzanika indriyajanya jJAnoM ko pratyakSa mAnate haiM, kintu vaha pratyakSa kaise ho sakatA hai ? kyoMki indriya to anAtma rUpa hone se para. For Private and Personal Use Only

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vastu kA lakSaNa | 77 dravya haiM / drandriyoM ke dvArA upalabdha vastu kA jJAna pratyakSa nahIM ho sktaa| indriyajanya jJAna ke lie parokSa zabda hI upayukta hotA hai, kyoMki para se hone vAlA jJAna parokSa hI hotA hai / AcArya siddhasena divAkara jaina nyAya-zAstra kI AdhArazilA rakhane vAle AcArya siddhasena haiM / jase diGa nAga ne vauddhasammata vijJAnavAda aura ekAnta kSaNikatA ko siddha karane ke lie pUrva paramparA meM thor3A-bahata parivartana karake bauddha pramANa-zAstra ko vyavasthita rUpa diyA, usI prakAra siddhasena ne bhI nyAyAvatAra meM, jaina nyAya-zAstra kI nIMva nyAyAvatAra kI racanA karake rkhii| siddhasena ne nyAyAvatAra meM pUrva paramparA kA anukaraNa na karake apanI svatantra buddhi tathA apanI pratibhA se kAma liyaa| siddhasena ne jaina daSTikoNa ko apane sAmane rakhate hue bhI lakSaNa racanA meM diGa nAga ke granthoM kA paryApta mAtrA meM upayoga kiyA hai, aura svayaM siddhasena ke lakSaNoM kA upayoga anugAmI jainAcAryoM ne atyadhika mAtrA meM kiyA hai, yaha bAta spaSTa hai| AcArya siddhasena ne bhI pramANa to do hI mAne-pratyakSa aura parokSa / lekina unameM jaina paramparA anugata pAMca jJAnoM kI mukhyatA nahIM, lokasammata pramANoM kI mukhyatA hai| unhoMne pratyakSa kI vyAkhyA meM laukika tathA lokottara donoM pratyakSoM kA samAveza kara liyA hai| parokSa meM anamAna aura Agama kA / isa prakAra AcArya ne Agama meM mukhya rUpa meM kathita cAra pramANoM kA nahIM, apitu pramANa ke tIna bheda svIkAra kie haiMpratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama / sAMkhya aura yoga bhI ukta tIna pramANa mAnate haiN| nyAya-zAstra evaM pramANa-zAstra meM, dArzanikoM ne pramANa, pramAtA, prameya aura pramiti-ina cAra tatvoM ko pradhAnatA dI hai| AcArya siddhasena hI prathama jaina tArkika haiM, jinhoMne nyAyAvatAra meM, ina cAroM kI vyAkhyA kI hai / pramANa kA lakSaNa kiyA hai / usake bheda-prabheda kie haiN| nayoM kA lakSaNa aura viSaya batAkara, jaina nyAya-zAstra kI gaharI evaM sthira noMva DAlI hai| AcArya ne anyathAnupapatti rUpa hetu lakSaNa ko racanA kI, jo Aja taka sabhI jaina naiyAyikoM dvArA pramANabhUta mAnA jAtA hai, sabane unhoM kA anukaraNa tathA anusaraNa kiyA hai / sanmati tarka meM, AcArya ne anekAntavAda kA joradAra maNDana kiyA hai, aura virodha kA khaNDana kiyA hai| For Private and Personal Use Only

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78 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana AcArya siddhasena divAkara jaina nyAya-zAstra tathA tarka-zAstra ke pitA mAne jAte haiN| nyAyazAstra evaM pramANavAda ko unhoMne nayI dizA dI hai| jaina nyAyazAstra ke to ve janaka hI haiN| lekina unhoMne anekAntavAda kI sthApanA karake jaina darzana ko eka Thosa AdhAra pradAna kiyA / pramANa ke kSetra meM nayI dizA dekara unhoMne nayoM kI bhI atyanta gahana-gambhIra mImAMsA kI hai| unhoMne naigama naya kA antarbhAva saMgraha evaM vyavahAra meM kara diyaa| tarka-yuga meM pramANa pramANa ke sambandha meM cAra bAtoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai-pramANa kA svarUpa, pramANa kI saMkhyA, pramANa kA viSaya aura pramANa kA phala / isa yuga meM jJAna gauNa ho gayA, aura pramANa mukhya / hara bAta ko pramANa kI kasauTI para kasA jAne lgaa| AtmA, paramAtmA, mokSa tathA paraloka ko bhI binA pramANa ke mAnane se inkAra kara diyA gyaa| pramANa meM bhI anumAna pramANa kA atizaya mahatva bar3ha gyaa| pratyakSa kI vastu ko bhI anumAna kA viSaya banAyA gayA / pramANa kI paribhASA pramANa kA lakSaNa karane vAle sarvaprathama AcArya siddhasena divAkara haiM / pramANa kA lakSaNa isa prakAra haiM- "pramANaM svaparAbhAsi jJAnaM bAdhavivajitam / " bAdharahita, sva tathA para ko prakAzita karane vAlA jo jJAna, vaha pramANa hotA hai| bAdharahita kA artha hai-saMzaya, viparyaya tathA anadhyavasAya se rahita / mANikyanandI AcArya mANikyanandI ne pramANa kA lakSaNa kiyA hai-'vahI jJAna pramANa hai, jo sva kA aura apUrva artha kA nirNaya karatA hai| jJAna apane ko bhI jAnatA hai, aura bAhya artha ko bhI jAnatA hai / artha-jJAna meM bhI viSTapeSaNa na ho, kucha nUtanatA ho / ataH artha kA apUrva vizeSaNa hai| vAdideva sUri AcArya vAdideva sari ne pramANa kA lakSaNa kiyA hai-"sva-para vyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam / " sva aura para kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna pramANa hai| apUrva vizeSaNa haTA diyA gyaa| jo jJAna nizcayasvarUpa hai, vaha pramANa hai| For Private and Personal Use Only

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vastu kA lakSaNa | 76 AcArya hemacandra AcArya ne apanI pramANa -mImAMsA meM pramANa kA lakSaNa diyA hai'samyag arthanirNayaH pramANam / ' artha kA samyak nirNaya pramANa hai / yahA~ para sva evaM para ko haTA diyA hai / kyoMki artha kA nirNaya svanirNaya ke abhAva meM nahIM ho sakatA / jaba svanirNaya hotA hai, tabhI artha nirNaya hotA hai / ataH AcArya ne svanirNaya vizeSaNa kA prayoga nahIM kiyA / jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna aura pramANa meM abheda hai / jJAna kA artha, samyagjJAna hai, na ki mithyAjJAna / jaina darzana meM jJAna ko sva-para prakAzaka mAnA gayA hai / nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa kahA jAtA hai / nizcayAtmaka kA artha hai - savikalpaka | nizcayAtmaka, vyavasAyAtmaka, nirNayAtmaka aura savikalpaka ho, vahI jJAna pramANa ho sakatA hai / " samyagjJAnaM pramANam / " yaha bhI pramANa kA lakSaNa hai / anya AcAryoM ne anya prakAra se bhI lakSaNa kie haiN| lekina pramANa banane ke lie jJAna kA honA Avazyaka hai / pramANa kA pramANatva jaina tArkika kahate haiM, ki pramANa ke pramANatva kA nizcaya kahIM para svataH aura kahIM para parataH hotA hai / abhyAsa dazA meM svataH aura anabhyAsa dazA meM parata: hotA hai / mImAMsaka svataH prAmANyavAdI haiM / naiyAyika parataH prAmANyavAdI haiM / sAMkhyoM kI mAnyatA hai, ki pramANatva tathA apramANatva donoM svataH hote haiM / pramANa kA phala pramANa kA mukhya prayojana artha - prakAza hai / pramANa kA sAkSAt phala ajJAna kA nAza hai / kevalajJAna ke lie usakA sukha aura upekSA hai / zeSa jJAnoM ke lie grahaNa aura tyAga buddhi hai / sAmAnya dRSTi se pramANa kA phala yahI hai, ki ajJAna nahIM rahane pAtA / jaise sUrya ke udaya se andhakAra kA nAza ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra pramANa se ajJAna kA vinAza ho jAtA hai | pramANa ke bheda For Private and Personal Use Only jaina darzana mukhya rUpa se pramANa ke do bheda mAnatA hai - pratyakSa aura parokSa / bauddha bhI pramANa ke do bheda karate haiM- pratyakSa aura anumAna / jaina darzana ke anusAra anumAna parokSa kA bheda hai / ataH bauddha darzana kA pramANa

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80 ! jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana vibhAjana apUrNa hai / cArvAka kevala eka pratyakSa ko ho pramANa svIkAra karatA hai / vaizeSika aura sAMkhya tIna pramANa mAnate haiM- pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama athavA zabda / naiyAyika cAra pramANa svIkAra karate haiM- pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura zabda / AcArya siddhasena ne bhI tIna pramANa mAne haiMpratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama / anuyogadvAra sUtra meM bhI cAra pramANa kI mAnyatA rahI hai - pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama / mImAMsA darzana kI eka zAkhA ke AcArya prAbhAkara pA~ca pramANa mAnate haiM - pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, Agama aura arthaaptti| mImAMsA darzana kI dvitIya zAkhA ke AcArya bhATTa chaha pramANa mAnate haiM- pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, Agama, arthApatti aura abhAva / pramANa kI saMkhyA sabakI bhinna bhinna rahI hai / sabakI mAnyatA alaga-alaga hai / jaina nyAya ke AcAryoM ne do hI pramANa svIkAra kie haiN| pramANa ke do bheda haiM- pratyakSa aura parokSa | jainadarzanasammata do pramANoM meM ye saba pramANa samA jAte haiM / jaina paramparA ke AcAryoM ne pratyakSa ke do bheda mAne haiM / parokSa ke pA~ca bheda mAne haiM / bhAratIya darzanoM meM pramANa ke svarUpa aura pramANa kI saMkhyA ke viSaya para bahuta hI matabheda rahe haiM / lekina pramANa ko sabhI ne svIkAra kiyA hai, aura usakI vyAkhyA kI hai / pratyakSa aura parokSa jaina nyAya ke AcAryoM ne pramANa ke do bheda kie haiN| do bhedoM meM anya sabhI pramANoM kA samAveza kara liyA gayA hai| inakI vyAkhyA unhoMne vistRta artha meM kI hai / pAMca jJAnoM kA samAveza bhI do bhedoM meM kara liyA / pratyakSa zabda meM jo akSa pada hai, usake do artha haiM-akSa arthAt jIva evaM AtmA, aura akSa arthAt indriyA~ evaM mana / isa AdhAra para unhoMne pratyakSa ke do bheda kara lie haiM - sIdhA AtmA se hone vAlA jJAna, aura indriya tathA mana ke nimitta se hone vAlA jJAna / pratyakSa ke do bheda haiM, aura parokSa pramANa ke pAMca bheda haiM / pratyakSa pramANa jaina tAkikoM ne pratyakSa kA do dRSTiyoM se pratipAdana kiyA- eka lokottara athavA pAramArthika dRSTi hai, aura dUsarI laukika athavA vyAvahArika dRSTi hai / pAramArthika pratyakSa ke do bheda haiM-sakala evaM vikala / For Private and Personal Use Only

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vastu kA lakSaNa | 81 sakala pratyakSa kevalajJAna hai| vikala pratyakSa ke do bheda haiM-avadhijJAna aura manaHparyAyajJAna / sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa ke cAra bheda haiM-avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhaarnnaa| parokSa pramANa ___ jo jJAna avizada athavA aspaSTa hai, vaha parokSa hai| parokSa pramANa, pratyakSa se ThIka viparIta hotA hai / parokSa pramANa ke pA~ca bheda haiM-smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anamAna aura Agama athavA zabda pramANa / unakA svarUpa isa prakAra se hai 1. smaraNa-vAsanA evaM saMskAra ke udbodhana se utpanna hone vAlA, 'vaha' isa AkAra vAlA, jo jJAna hai, vaha smaraNa evaM smRti hai / saMskAra kA jAgaraNa kaise hotA hai? smRti,atIta ke anubhava kA smaraNa hotA hai / samAnatA evaM virodha Adi aneka kAraNoM se vAsanA kA udbodhana ho sakatA hai / kyoMki smRti atIta ke anubhava kA smaraNa hai, ataeva 'vaha' isa prakAra kA jJAna smaraNa kI vizeSatA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM, eka jaina darzana hI aisA darzana hai, jo smRti ko pramANa rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| 2. pratyabhijJAna-darzana aura smaraNa se utpanna hone vAlA, 'yaha vahI hai' yaha usake samAna hai, yaha usase vilakSaNa hai, yaha usakA pratiyogI hai, Adi rUpa vAlA, saMkalanAtmaka jo jJAna hotA hai, vaha pratyabhijJAna kahA gayA hai| pratyabhijJAna meM, do prakAra ke anubhava hote haiM, eka pratyakSa darzana, jo vartamAna kAla meM rahatA hai, aura dUsarA smaraNa, jo bhUtakAla kA anubhava hotA hai / jisa jJAna meM, pratyakSa aura smRti, ina donoM kA saMkalana hotA hai, vaha jJAna pratyabhijJAna hai / 'yaha ghaTa, usa ghaTa ke samAna hai' yaha sAdRzyaviSayaka jJAna hai, isako anya darzanoM meM upamAna kahA gayA hai| 3. tarka-upalambha-anupalabhbha nimitta vyApti jJAna, tarka hotA hai| isakA dUsarA nAma Uha bhI kahA jAtA hai| upalambha kA artha hai-liMga ke sadbhAva se sAdhya ke sadbhAva kA jJAna / dhUma liMga hai, aura agni sAdhya hai / dhUma ke sadbhAva ke jJAna se agni ke sadbhAva kA jJAna karanA, upalambha hai| anupalambha kA artha hai- sAdhya ke asadbhAva se liMga ke asadbhAva kA jJAna / 'jahA~ agni nahIM hai, vahA~ dhUma bhI nahIM ho sktaa|' isa prakAra kA nirNaya anupalambha kahA jAtA hai| upalambha aura anupalambha rUpa jo vyApti hai, usase utpanna hone vAlA jJAna, tarka kahA gayA hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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82 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizolana 4. anumAna-sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna honA, anumAna hai / sAdhana kA artha hai-hetu yA liMga / sAdhana ko dekhakara tad avinAbhAvi sAdhya kA jJAna karanA anumAna hotA hai / dhama, jo ki agni kA sAdhana hai, use dekhakara agni, jo ki sAdhya hai, usakA jJAna anumAna hai| sAdhana aura sAdhya ke madhya avinAbhAva sambandha honA, parama Avazyaka hai| avinAbhAva kA artha hai--kisI ke binA na honaa.| dhUma, agni ke binA nahIM ho sktaa| dhUma ke hone para agni kA honA, yaha avinAbhAva sambandha hotA hai / anumAna do prakAra kA hai-svArthAnumAna aura dUsarA parArthAnumAna, kahA gayA hai| 5. Agama-Apta-puruSa ke vacana se AvirbhUta hone vAlA, arthasaMvedana, Agama kahA jAtA hai| Apta puruSa kA artha hai-tattva ko yathAvasthita jAnane vAlA aura tatva kA yathAvasthita kathana karane vaalaa| rAgadvapa se zunya puruSa hI Apta ho sakatA hai| kyoMki vaha mithyAvAdI nahIM ho sakatA / Apta puruSa kI vANI se hone vAlA jJAna, Agama kahA jAtA hai| upacAra se Apta ke vacanoM kA saMgraha bhI Agama hai| laukika aura lokottara ke bheda se Apta do prakAra ke hote haiM-sAdhAraNa vyakti laukika Apta ho sakate haiM / lokottara Apta puruSa to ekamAtra tIrthakara deva hI ho sakate haiN| jaina dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kA kAla tattvArtha satra se prArambha hotA hai / isameM prameya kI pradhAnatA hai, pramANa kI gaunntaa| Age calakara nyAya pradhAna granthoM meM, pramANa kI mUkhyatA ho cukI thii| nyAyAvatAra, nyAyavinizcaya, parIkSA-mukha, pramANanayatattvAloka, pramANa-mImAMsA, nyAyadIpikA aura jaina tarka-bhASA jaise tarkapradhAna granthoM kI eka dIrgha paramparA cala par3I, jinameM prameya kI gauNatA aura pramANa kI mukhyatA rhii| phira vyAkhyA graMthoM kI racanA hone lgii| ratnAkarAvatArikA, syAdvAda ratnAkara, prameyakamala-mArtaNDa aura nyAyAvatAra-vAtika-vRtti tathA zAstra vArtA samuccaya jaise vizAlakAya granthoM kI racanA hone lgii| yahI pramANa-yuga kahA jAtA hai| tarka yuga meM nayAbhAsoM kA kathana jaba naya apane viSaya ko grahaNa karake dUsare naya ke viSaya kA niSedha karatA hai, taba vaha naya na rahakara nayAbhAsa ho jAtA hai| samyak naya na rahakara, mithyA naya ho jAtA hai, sunaya na rahakara, durnaya kahA jAtA hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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vastu kA lakSaNa | 83 tarka yuga meM, nayAbhAsoM para gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai / jitane prakAra ke naya haiM, utane hI prakAra ke nayAbhAsoM kA kathana, tarka granthoM meM kiyA gayA hai / dravya mAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA, aura paryAya kA niSedha karane vAlA, dravyArthika nayAbhAsa hai / paryAya mAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA kintu dravya kA niSedha karane vAlA, paryAyArthika nayAbhAsa hai / ye donoM mUla nayAbhAsa haiM / 1 naigamAbhAsa - dharmI aura dharma, arthAt dravya aura guNa meM, aneka guNoM meM athavA dravyoM meM ekAnta bheda svIkAra karane vAlA, naigamAbhAsa / jaise naiyAyika aura vaizeSika darzana / 2. saMgraha nayAbhAsa - eka mAtra sattA ko aMgIkAra karane vAlA aura samasta vizeSoM kA niSedha karane vAlA, saMgraha nayAbhAsa hai / jaise samasta atavAdI darzana aura sA~khya darzana / 3. vyavahAra nayAbhAsa- - dravya aura paryAya kA avAstavika bheda svIkAra karane vAlA naya, vyavahAra nayAmAsa hai / jaise cArvAka darzana / yaha darzana pramANa se siddha jIva dravya aura paryAya Adi ke bheda ko kAlpanika kahakara, asvIkAra karatA hai, aura sthUla loka vyavahAra kA anuyAyo hone se bhUtacatuSTaya kA vikAra mAtra svIkAra karatA hai / 4. RjusUtra nayAbhAsa -- kevala vartamAna paryAya ko svIkAra karane vAlA aura trikAlavartI dravya kA sarvathA niSedha karane vAlA, RjusUtra nayAbhAsa hai, jaise ki bauddha darzana / 5. zabda nayAbhAsa - kAla Adi ke bheda se artha bheda ko hI svIkAra karane vAlA aura abheda kA niSedha karane vAlA, zabda nayAbhAsa hai / jaise meru thA, hai aura rahegA - zabda bhinna artha ke hI pratipAdaka hai / kyoMki ve bhinna kAlavAcI zabda haiN| jo bhinna kAlavAcI zabda hote haiM, ve bhinnArthaka hI hote haiM, jaise agacchat, paThati, bhaviSyati, Adi zabda | 6. samabhirUDha nayAbhAsa - paryAyavAcaka zabdoM ke artha meM bhinnatA hI mAnane vAlA, aura abhinnatA kA niSedha karane vAlA, samabhirUDha nayAmAsa hai / jaise ki indra, zakra aura purandara Adi zabdoM kA artha bhinna-bhinna hai, kyoMki ve zabda bhinna-bhinna haiM / jaise karI, kuraMga Adi zabda | 7. evaMbhUta nayAbhAsa - jisa zabda se jisa kriyA kA bodha hotA hai, vaha kriyA jaba kisI vastu meM na pAI jAe, taba usa vastu ke lie usa For Private and Personal Use Only

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84 | jaina nyAyazAstra : eka parizIlana zabda kA prayoga nahIM hI karanA cAhie / isa prakAra mAnane vAlA aura anya nayoM kA niSedha karane vAlA, abhiprAya evaMbhUta nayAbhAsa hai / jaise viziSTa ceSTA se zUnya ghaTa vastu 'ghaTa' zabda kA vAcya nahIM hai, kyoMki ghaTa zabda kI pravRtti nimitta kriyA nahIM hai / jaise ki ghaTa zabda meM / pravRtti nimitta mukhya hai / 1. artha nayAbhAsa - artha kA abhidhAna karane vAlA aura zabda kA niSedha karane vAlA dRSTikoNa artha nayAbhAsa kahA gayA hai / 2. zabda nayAbhAsa - zabda kA abhidhAna karane vAlA aura artha kA niSedha karane vAlA zabda nayAbhAsa kahA gayA hai / 3. arpita arthAt vizeSa ko svIkAra karane vAlA aura anarpita arthAt sAmAnya kA niSedha karane vAlA, arpita nayAbhAsa hai / 4. arpita kA vidhAna karane vAlA aura arpita kA niSedha karane vAlA anarpita nayAbhAsa | 5. vyavahAra nayAbhAsa - loka vyavahAra ko aMgIkAra karane vAlA, aura tattva kA niSedha karane vAlA, vyavahAra nayAbhAsa hotA hai / 6. nizcaya nayAbhAsa - tattva ko aMgIkAra karake loka vyavahAra kA niSedha karane vAlA nizcaya nayAbhAsa kahA jAtA hai / 7. jJAna nayAbhAsa - jJAna ko svIkAra kara, kriyA kA niSedha karane vAlA, jJAna nayAbhAsa hai / 8. kriyA nayAbhAsa - kriyA ko svIkAra karake jJAna kA niSedha karane vAlA, kriyA nayAbhAsa kahA jAtA hai / jina zAsana meM jJAna aura kriyA se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / navya-nyAya-yuga meM pramANa jaina darzana ke vikAsa krama ko cAra vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / jina manISI vidvAnoM ne yaha vibhAjana kiyA hai, unhoMne jaina darzana ke marma ko samajha kara hI vaisA kiyA hai / vibhAjana tarkasaMgata hai, aura jaina darzana kI prakRti ke anukUla bhI hai / vibhAjana ko rUpa-rekhA isa prakAra kI hai, jisameM vikAsa krama kA paripUrNa rUpa parilakSita ho jAtA hai 1. Agama yuga - isameM mUla Agama tathA usake upa-vibhAgoM evaM aMgoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / dvAdaza aMga, dvAdaza upAMga, chaha cheda, mUla, do cUlikA tathA daza prakIrNaka / Agama ke vyAkhyA grantha- 1 -niryukti, cAra For Private and Personal Use Only

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vastu kA lakSaNa | 85 bhASya, cUNi aura TIkA anuTIkA grantha / isa yuga kI parisamApti, vAcaka umAsvAti ke tattvArtha sUtra para ho jAtI hai / 2. anekAnta yuga-isameM anekAntavAda para, hone vAle AkSepoM kA nirAkaraNa karake, anekAnta kI vizada vyAkhyA kI jAne lgii| virodha kA prabala khaNDana kiyA gyaa| apane pakSa kI parIkSA karake anekAntavAda kI sthApanA kA saphala prayAsa kiyA gayA / isa yUga ke mahAn manISI theAcArya siddhasena divAkara, jinhoMne sanmati tarka jaise grantha ratna kI racanA karake, usameM, nyAya-vaizeSika darzana ke IzvaravAda evaM paramANavAda kI samIkSA kii| sAMkhya-yoga ke prakRtivAda evaM puruSavAda kI samAlocanA kii| vedAnta aura mImAMsA darzana ke brahmavAda, mAyAvAda tathA yajJa-homa karma kI parIkSA kii| cArvAka ke bhautikavAda kA virodha evaM nirodha kiyA / bauddha darzana ke zUnyavAda tathA vijJAnavAda kI vistRta samAlocanA kii| phira anekAntavAda kI gahana gambhIra vyAkhyA karake, sthApanA kI / sanmati tarka ke tRtIya naya-kANDa meM anekAntavAda kA sarvatomukhI vikAsa kiyaa| AcArya ne apane nyAyAvatAra gantha meM, pramANa aura naya kI nayI vyAkhyA kii| unake isa kArya meM, AcArya samantabhadra ne bhI apanI kRti AptamImAMsA meM, unakA anusaraNa karake, anekAnta kI sthApanA meM apanA pUrApUrA sahayoga pradAna kiyaa| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne pramANa aura naya kI tarkamUlaka jo nayI vyAkhyA karake mahAna kArya kA prArambha kiyA thA, use Age bar3hAyA, vAdideva sUri ne, syAdvAda ratnAkara kI racanA karake / AcArya hemacandra ne apanI pramANa-mImAMsA meM, adhika vizada vyAkhyA kI / AcArya malli SeNa ne apanI syAdvAda maJjarI meM syAdvAda kI sapta bhaMgI ke dvArA vistRta rUpa rkhaa| vAcaka yazovijaya ne apane aneka granthoM meM, anekAnta aura syAdvAda kI gambhIra paricarcA kI hai| isa prakAra AcArya siddhasena ke prArambha kArya ko unake anugAmI AcAryoM ne pUre vega se Age bar3hAyA, aura usameM saphalatA prApta kii| 3. pramANa-yuga isa yuga meM prameya kA vivecana gauNa ho gayA aura pramANa kI vivecanA pradhAna / nyAyAvatAra kI racanA ke bAda, vAdidevasUri ne pramANanayatattvAloka sUtrAtmakagrantha racA, usa para syAdvAda ratnAkara, unake ziSya ne ratnAkarAvatArikA kI racanA kii| AcArya hemacandra ne pramANa mImAMsA For Private and Personal Use Only

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86 / jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana racI / isameM sUtra aura vistRta vRtti rcii| pramANa zAstra para yaha eka mahatvapUrNa racanA hai| akalaMka deva ne siddhi vinizcaya evaM laghIyastraya kI racanA kii| mANikyajandi ne parIkSAmukha sUtrAtmaka grantha bnaayaa| prameya kamala mArtaNDa evaM prameya-ratna-mAlA bnii| dharmabhUSaNa ne nyAya dIpikA jaise laghu grantha kI racanA kI / anya bhI aneka AcAryoM ne pramANa viSayaka granthoM kI racanA kii| navya-nyAya yuga caturtha-yuga-navya nyAya kA kahA jAtA hai| navya nyAya kI navya bhASA meM, vAcaka yazovijaya ne pramANa aura naya para aneka granthoM kI racanA kI / "jaina tarka bhASA" unakA atyanta lokapriya grantha hai, jisameM pramANa, naya aura nikSepa jaise gambhIra viSayoM para navya nyAya kI nUtana zailI meM vivecanA kI hai| naya-rahasya evaM naya pradIpa granthoM meM naya tathA sapta bhaMgI jaise granthoM kI racanA kii| pramANa, naya, sapta bhaMgI aura nikSepa Adi para tarka bhASA meM atyanta sundara zailI se likhA hai| isa yuga kI eka anya racanA, vimaladAsa ne kI hai, jisakA nAma hai-sapta bhaMga trNginnii|| For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya-nirUpaNA Imran For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya.nirUpaNA jaina darzana meM, nayoM kA apanA eka vizeSa sthAna mAnA jAtA hai| anekAnta vAda aura syAdvAda jaina darzana ke prANabhUta siddhAnta haiN| anekAnta kA AdhAra hai, nayavAda / syAdvAda kA AdhAra hai, saptabhaMgavAda / saptanaya aura saptabhaMgI prasiddha haiM / jainadarzana ekAntavAda ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| kyoMki vaha to anekAntavAdI darzana hai / anekAntavAda vastu ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA eka dRSTikoNa hai| use bhASA meM abhivyakta karatA hai, syAdvAda / anekAnta eka vicAra hai, use bhASA meM abhivyakta karanA, syAdvAda hai| ataH saptanaya aura saptabhaMga ko samajhanA, parama Avazyaka hai / binA inako samajhe jainadarzana ko nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| ina donoM siddhAntoM ke kAraNa hI jainadarzana kA anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM apanA eka vizeSa sthAna bana gayA hai ! jainadarzana kA artha hai-anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda / jaise ki vedAnta ko advaitavAda ke nAma se pahacAnA jAtA hai| sAMkhya ko prakRtivAda ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / vaizeSika darzana ko paramANuvAda ke nAma se tathA padArthavAda ke nAma se samajhA jAtA hai| nyAya-darzana ko pramANavAda ke nAma se jAnA gayA hai| mImAMsA darzana kI prasiddhi karmavAda se hai / vauddha darzana kI prasiddhi zUnyavAda tathA vijJAnavAda ke kAraNa mAnI jAtI hai, vaise hI jaina darzana kI khyAti bhI anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda ke kAraNa hai| jaina darzana ke marmasthala ko samajhane ke lie pramANa, naya aura nikSepa-tInoM ke parijJAna kI AvazyakatA hai / pramANa kA artha hai-vastu For Private and Personal Use Only

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90 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana kA yathArtha jJAna / naya kA artha hai - pramANa dvArA parijJAta vastu ke kisI eka dharma kA parijJAna / nikSepa kA artha hai-- aprakRta artha kA nirAkaraNa karake prakRta artha kA vidhAna karanA / nikSepa, zabda prayoga kI eka sundara prakriyA hai / nayoM kA svarUpa, lakSaNa aura paribhASA samajhane se pUrva nayoM ke bhedoM ko samajhanA Avazyaka hogA / AgamoM meM nayoM ke sAta bheda haiM / Agamottara sAhitya meM ekarUpatA nahIM rahI tattvArtha sUtra mUla meM nayoM ke sAta bheda haiM / pAMca bheda bhI haiM - naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra aura zabda | zabda ke tona bheda haiM- sAmprata, samabhirUr3ha evaMbhUta | AcArya siddhasena divAkara ke svaracita sanmati sUtra meM nayoM ke chaha bheda haiM- saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha evaMbhUta / nayoM ke mUla meM do bheda bhI haiM - dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika / isa prakAra nayoM ke bheda ke viSaya meM ekamata nahIM hai / sAmAnya rUpa meM nayoM ke sAta bheda hI prasiddha haiM / ve sAta bheda isa prakAra haiM- naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta / AcArya siddhasena divAkara naigama naya ko svIkAra nahIM karate / ataH unheM SaDnayavAdI kahA jAtA hai / anya kisI ne nayoM ke chaha bheda nahIM kie haiM / vicAra aura vyavahAra sAmAnyatayA vyavahAra ke AdhAra tIna haiM - jJAna, zabda aura artha | kisI bhI vastu para vicAra karanA jJAna hai / jisa vyakti kA jitanA jJAna hogA, vaha utanA hI usa vastu ke svarUpa ko samajha sakegA / vyavahAra kA jJAnAzrayI pakSa vastu kA pratipAdana vicAra pradhAna dRSTi se karatA hai / vyavahAra kA arthAzrayI pakSa mukhyatayA artha kA vicAra karatA hai / artha meM jahA~ eka ora eka, nitya aura vyApI carama abheda kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai, to vahAM dUsarI ora kSaNikatva, paramANutva aura niraMzatva kI dRSTi se carama bheda kI kalpanA bhI kI jAtI hai / tIsarI kalpanA, ina donoM carama koTiyoM ke madhya kI hai / sarvathA hI abheda svIkAra karane vAle advaita vAdI haiM | sUkSmatama vartamAna kSaNika artha - paryAya para dRSTi rakhane vAle kSaNikavAdI bauddha haiN| tIsarI koTi meM padArtha ko nAnA rUpa se vyavahAra mai lAne vAle nyAya-vaizeSika haiM, jo sAmAnya vizeSa ubhayavAdI haiM / vyavahAra kA zabdAzrayI pakSa, bhASA zAstrI hai, jo artha kI ora dhyAna na dekara kevala zabda kI ora hI adhika dhyAna dete haiN| unakA kathana For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya-nirUpaNA | 61 hai, ki bhinna kAla vAcaka, bhinna kArakoM meM niSpanna, bhinna vacana vAle, bhinna paryAya vAcaka aura bhinna kriyAvAcaka zabda eka artha ko nahIM kaha skte| jahA~ zabda bheda hotA hai, vahA~ arthabheda bhI hotA hai| tattva paribodha ke upAya mUla AgamoM meM, aura unake vyAkhyA grantha-niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM meM, tattva-paribodha ke do upAya parikathita haiM-pramANa aura naya / ina donoM ke binA tatvoM kA yathArtha jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| AcArya umAsvAti ne bhI apane sUtra grantha tatvArthAdhigamameM,tatvoM kA adhigama arthAt yathArtha jJAna ke lie pramANa aura naya ko svIkAra kiyA hai| kahA hai, ki pramANa aura naya se jIva evaM ajIva Adi kA adhigama hotA hai, tatvoM kA parivodha hotA hai / pramANa kyA hai ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA ki samyag jJAna hI pramANa hai / naya kyA hai ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA, ki pramANa dvArA parigRhIta anantadharmAtmaka vastu ke kisI eka dharma ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra naya hai / jJAtA ke abhiprAya ko bhI naya kahA gayA hai / Agama kI bhASA meM, samyaktva sahacarita jJAna ko samyagajJAna kahA jAtA hai| mithyAtva sahacarita jJAna ko mithyAjJAna kahA jAtA hai| mithyAjJAna kabhI pramANa nahIM ho sakatA / kyoMki usameM saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya hote haiM, jinake kAraNa vastu kA nirNaya nahIM ho pAtA / naya bhI do prakAra ke hote haiM-sanaya aura durnaya / jo naya apane viSaya ko grahaNa karatA parantu dUsare dharmoM kA niSedha nahIM karatA hai, vaha sunaya hai| jo naya apane viSaya ko grahaNa karake dUsare dharmoM kA niSedha karatA hai, virodha karatA hai, vaha durnaya hai| jJAna aura pramANa AgamoM meM aura unake vyAkhyA granthoM meM, jJAna kA varNana do prakAra se upalabdha hotA hai-jJAna rUpa meM aura pramANa rUpa meM / jJAna ke sodhe pA~ca bheda haiM--mati, zrata, avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / inake avAntara bhedaprabheda milAne para jJAna ke 340 bheda ho jAte haiM / tatvArtha sUtra meM aura karma granthoM meM ye bheda upalabdha haiN| parantu nyAya-zAstra ke yuga meM AcAryoM ne jJAna kA vibhAjana pramANa rUpa meM, Avazyaka samajhA / ataH nandIsUtra meM paJcavidha jJAna ko do pramANoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA--pratyakSa aura parokSa / tattvArtha sUtra meM bhI pahale paJcavidha jJAna kA kathana kiyA gayA, aura bAda meM do pramANoM meM use vibhakta kiyA gayA-pratyakSa aura parokSa / For Private and Personal Use Only

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62 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana pramANa aura naya AgamoM meM, sthAnAMga sUtra meM tathA anuyogadvAra-sUtra meM sapta nayoM kA ullekha hai| anuyoga dvAra kA varNana vistRta hai, jabaki sthAnAMga meM sapta nayoM kA ullekha hai, usake bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana nahIM kiyA gyaa| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM, jJAna, naya aura nikSepoM kA ati vistAra se varNana upalabdha hai / tatvArtha sUtra meM nayoM ke sAta bheda nahIM, kevala pA~ca bheda haiMnaigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjasUtra aura zabda / zabda ke tIna bheda kie gae haiM-sAmprata, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhuta / phira aura bhI saMkSepa huA, to naya ke kevala do bheda rahe - dravyAthika naya aura paryAyAthika naya / nayoM kA sAmAnya paricaya bhAratIya darzanoM meM, naya vicAra jaina darzana kI apanI eka vizeSatA hai, jo anya darzanoM meM nahIM hai / yadi hai, to vaha ekAntarUpa hai, anekAnta rUpa nahIM / sAmAnyatayA naya kI sugama evaM subodha paribhASA yahI hai, ki padArtha ke samagra dharmoM evaM guNoM kI ora dhyAna na dekara, vastu ke kisI eka viziSTa dRSTikoNa se viSaya kA nirUpaNa krnaa| isI ko jainadarzana meM naya vicAra kahA gayA hai| naya ke mUla meM do bheda haiM-dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika / prathama kA viSaya dravya hai, aura dvitIya kA viSaya paryAya hai| dravyAthika naya ke tIna bheda haiM- naigama, saMgraha aura vyavahAra / paryAyAthika naya ke cAra bheda haiMRjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta / nayoM kA yaha eka sAmAnya paricaya hai / dUsarI eka paddhati yaha bhI hai ki nayoM ke sIdhe sAta bheda hote haiMjaise ki naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUDha tathA evaMbhUta / nayoM kI paribhASA 1. naigamanaya-saMkalpa mAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra hai / jaise eka vyakti bana kI ora jA rahA hai / dUsarA pUchatA hai, kahA~ jA rahe ho ? vaha uttara detA hai, hala lene jA rahA huuN| vastutaH vaha hala ke lie kASTha lene jA rahA hai / lekina saMkalpa hai, hala kaa| 2. saMgraha naya-jo vicAra vastu ke vizeSa dharmoM ko goNa kara, sAmAnya ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha saMgraha naya hotA hai| jaise ki gat kahane bhara se jIva aura ajIva, sabakA grahaNa ho jAtA hai| 3. vyavahAra naya-jo vicAra vastu ke sAmAnya dharma ko gauNa karake For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya nirUpaNA | 63 vizeSa dharmoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha vyavahAra naya hotA hai / jaise sat ke do bheda karanA, jIva aura ajIva / 4. RjusUtra naya - jo vicAra dravya ko grahaNa na karake usakI vartamAna kSaNika paryAya ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha RjusUtra naya hai / jaise ki bauddhadarzana meM kahA gayA hai, ki yat sat tat kSaNika | jaina darzana ke anusAra paryAya kSaNika hI hotA hai / 5. zabda naya - jo vicAra zabda ko aura usake artha ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha zabda naya hotA hai / yahA~ pradhAnatA zabda ko hai / yaha naya zabda ke bheda se artha kA bheda mAnatA hai / ekArthavAcaka zabda bhI liMga, vacana tathA kAraka bheda se artha kA bheda svIkAra karate haiN| jaise ki taTaH, taTI, taTam | liMga bheda ke kAraNa artha bheda hai / 6. samabhirUDha naya -- jo vicAra vyutpatti ke bheda se arthabheda karatA hai, vaha samabhirUDha naya hai / jaise indra aura purandara, donoM zabdoM kA vAcya artha eka hone para bhI vyutpatti ke bheda se artha bheda ho jAtA hai / indanAt indra tathA puraM dArayati, iti purandaraH / ataH indra evaM purandara kA artha bhinna hai / 7. evaMbhUta naya - jo vicAra vartamAna kriyA pariNata artha ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha evaMbhUta naya hai / jaise ki jaba siMhAsana para baiThA ho, tabhI usako rAjA mAnA jA sakatA hai / anyathA, sthiti meM usako rAjA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / eka bAta yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhane kI hai, ki Upara se nIce kI ora Ane se pUrva naya se uttara naya sUkSma hotA jAtA hai / nIce se Upara kI ora car3hane se uttara naya kI apekSA pUrva naya kA viSaya, vizAla hotA jAtA hai / jaise evaMbhUta kI apekSA, naigama kA viSaya bahuta hI vizAla hotA hai / usakI paridhi bhI bar3hatI calI jAtI hai / yahA~ para kevala nayoM kA saMkSipta paricaya diyA gayA hai / dUsare, isa bAta kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA hai, ki nayoM kA vibhAjana athavA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra kA hai / nayoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM bhI ekamata nahIM hai / do, pA~ca, chaha evaM sAta tathA nayoM ke bheda saMkhyAta - asaMkhyAta bhI ho sakate haiM / jitane vacana-prakAra, utane hI naya prakAra hote haiM / For Private and Personal Use Only

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Ex | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir naya pratipAdana paddhati jisa prakAra nayoM ke prakAra bhinna bhinna haiM, tathA unakI saMkhyA bhI bhinna-bhinna hai, usI prakAra nayoM ke pratipAdana kI paddhati bhI bhinna-bhinna haiM / tIna prakAra se nayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA haiM- Agama, darzana, tarka / 1. Agama paddhati - mUla AgamoM meM, unake vyAkhyA grantha, niryukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura vizeSa rUpa meM, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM nayoM kA jo pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, vaha saba Agamadhara vidvAnoM ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai / anuyoga tathA nikSepa kI bhA~ti naya bhI Agama vyAkhyA ke sAdhana haiM, sAdhya nahIM / anuyogadvAra - sUtra meM, Agama paddhati se nayoM kA varNana kiyA hai / lakSaNa aura paribhASA na dekara bheda tathA upabhedoM kA kathana adhika kiyA gayA hai / Agama paddhati kA dUsarA varNana digambara paramparA ke AgamoM meM, aura AcArya kundakunda ke samayasAra evaM pravacanasAra Adi granthoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai, jahA~ naya ke do bheda haiM - nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya | AcArya amRtacandra kI saMskRta TIkAoM meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke aneka upabhedoM kA kathana milatA hai / isa paddhati kA vikAsa mAilladhavala viracita nayacaka grantha meM tathA devasenakRta AlApa paddhati meM atyanta cAru rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / 2. darzana paddhati - mUla tatvArtha sUtra meM, umAsvAti AcArya dvArA racita svopajJa bhASya meM aura usakI vizAla TIkA siddhasenIyA meM, dArzanika dRSTikoNa se nayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / zvetAmbara paramparA ke parama dArzanika AcArya siddhasena divAkara ke prasiddha grantharatna sanmati sUtra ke prathama kANDa meM, nayoM kA varNana vizuddha dArzanika dRSTikoNa se kiyA gayA hai / anya granthoM meM, tathA usake TIkA granthoM meM bhI yahI paddhati svIkAra kI hai / yaha dArzanika dRSTikoNa vastutaH AcArya siddhasena divAkara kI dena hai / digambara paramparA meM, isa paddhati se nayoM kA vivecana tatvArtha sUtra kI vRtti sarvArtha siddhi meM, rAja- vArtika meM tathA zloka - vArtika meM upalabdha hotA hai, jo atyanta mahatvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai / 3. tarka paddhati - tarka zailI se nayoM kA varNana AcArya siddhasena divAkara ke nyAya grantha nyAyAvatAra se prArambha hotA hai / zvetAmbara paramparA ke mahAna tArkika AcArya vAdidevasUri ne svapraNIta nyAya grantha pramANa For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya-nirUpaNA | 65 naya tatvAloka meM nayoM kA vivecana tarka paddhati se kiyA hai / itanA vistAra anya kisI nyAya-grantha meM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| kyoMki AcArya hemacandrakRta pramANa-mImAMsA meM pUrA pramANa kA bhI varNana nahIM hai / parIkSAmukha meM isa naya viSaya kA sparza bhI nahIM kiyA / vAcaka yazovijayakRta jaina tarka bhA meM nayoM ke vaNana meM vAdideva kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| adhyAtma-dRSTi se nayoM kA kathana adhyAtmadRSTi se bhI AcAryoM ne tathA granthakAroM ne nayoM kA kathana kiyA hai / Astika darzanoM meM AtmA kI sattA ke viSaya meM, vivAda nahIM hai / matabheda hai, usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM / ataH AtmA ke svarUpa meM jo vivAda hai, use dUra karanA bhI parama Avazyaka hotA hai| AtmA kA jJAna athavA AtmA meM jJAna tathA jJAna hI AtmA hai| ina vAkyoM ke rahasya ko naya prayoga se ho samajhA jA sakatA hai| AtmA meM jJAna, yahA~ AtmA AdhAra hai, aura jJAna Adheya hai / donoM meM AdhAra Adheya sambandha banatA hai| AtmA kA jJAna yahA~ donoM meM bheda spaSTa hai| lekina jaba kahA jAtA hai, ki AtmA hI jJAna athavA jJAna hI AtmA hai, taba donoM meM abheda sambandha siddha hotA hai / jaina darzana meM do dRSTi haiM-abheda aura bheda / abhinna aura bhinna / nizcayanaya to abheda ko grahaNa karatA hai, aura vyavahAranaya bheda ko grahaNa karatA hai / nizcayanaya se AtmA jJAna svarUpa hai| AtmA aura jJAna meM bheda nahIM hai / parantu vyavahAra naya ko sthiti bhinna hai| usa meM para-nimitta se jJAna hotA haiM / vyavahAra naya bheda kI pradhAnatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| nizcayanaya ke bho aneka bheda haiM, aura vyavahAranaya ke bheda-anubheda aura upameda bahuta hote haiM / lekina nizcaya aura vyavahAra mukhya bheda haiM / anya darzana aura naya anya darzanoM meM nayoM kA ullekha to nahIM hai| lekina vedAnta meM do dRSTiyoM kA to varNana upalabdha hotA hai| jaise ki pAramArthika dRSTi aura vyAvahArika dRSTi / pahalI dRSTi se jagat meM eka hI sattA hai, parama brahma / usake atirikta zeSa jagat mithyA hai, satya nahIM hai / jagat kA nAnAtva bhI mithyA hai| kintu vedAnta siddhAnta ke anusAra vyAvahArika dRSTi se jagat sat pratIta hotA hai / jagata nAnAtva kI pratIti mAyA ke kAraNa hI hotI haiN| ataH vedAnta meM do dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| For Private and Personal Use Only

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6 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana bauddha darzana meM bhI do dRSTi haiM - paramArtha dRSTi aura saMvRta- dRSTi / bauddha darzana kA zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda - ina donoM ke AdhAra para hI jagat vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai / jaina darzana meM, jina do nayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, unhIM kA rUpAntara dRSTiyoM meM spaSTa pratIta ho rahA hai / nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya meM, donoM kA samAveza sugamatA se kiyA jA sakatA hai / sAMkhya darzana kI viveka khyAti kA bhI nayoM meM antarbhAva kiyA jA sakatA hai / nyAyavaizeSika darzana ke sAmAnya aura vizeSoM kA AdhAra bhI bheda dRSTi aura abheda - dRSTi hI haiM / ataeva anya darzanoM meM naya zabda kA prayoga na karake ukta zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / anuyogadvArasUtra meM naya anuyoga zabda AgamoM kA viziSTa zabda hai jisakA artha hotA hai, vyAkhyAna athavA vivecana / isa sUtra meM Avazyaka sUtra kA vyAkhyAna vistAra se kiyA gayA hai / isameM jJAna, pramANa, naya aura nikSepa kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai / bhAva pramANa ke dvitIya bheda naya pramANa kA vivecana karate hue sUtrakAra ne prasthaka, vasati evaM pradeza ke dRSTAnta se naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta - ina sAta nayoM kA svarUpa spaSTa kiyA hai / naya nAmaka caturtha anuyogadvAra meM naMgama Adi sAta nayoMkA svarUpa batAyA gayA hai / sthAnAMga sUtra meM bhI nayoM ke sAta bheda kahe gaye haiM / 1. naigama naya - jo vicAra lokarUr3hi ke AdhAra para kahA jAtA hai, athavA jisameM dravya aura paryAya kA abheda mAnakara kathana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha naigama naya hai / jaise kisI ne cAvala sApha karane vAle se karate ho ? vaha kahatA hai, ki bhAta pakA rahA hU~ / yaha naya grAhI hotA hai / pUchA- kyA saMkalpa mAtra 2. saMgraha naya - jo vicAra sarvagrAhI ho, vaha saMgraha naya hotA hai / jaise ki jIva kahane se sarva jIvoM kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai - saMsArI bhI siddha bhI / 3. vyavahAra naya - jo vicAra bheda kA grahaNa karatA hai, vaha vyavahAra naya hotA hai / jaise jIva ke do bheda, tIna bheda, cAra bheda aura pA~ca bheda Adi / binA bheda ke vyavahAra cala nahIM sakatA / For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya-nirUpaNA | 67 ... -jusUtra naya-jo vicAra kSaNa-mAtra grAhI hotA hai, vaha Rju sUtra naya kahA jAtA hai| yaha atIta aura anAgata ko gauNa karake kevala vartamAna ko hI grahaNa karatA hai / jaise jo kSaNika hai, vaha sat hai / kyoM ki kSaNa mAtra sthAyI hotA hai, paryAya / yaha naya paryAya ko hI grahaNa karatA hai| 5. zabda naya-jo vicAra kAla, kAraka, liMga aura vacana ke bheda se eka hI zabda kA arthabheda mAnatA ho, vaha zabda naya hai| jaise ki bhArata thA, hai aura rhegaa| isa naya kI daSTi meM bhArata tIna deza haiM, kevala eka deza nahIM rhtaa| 6. samabhirUr3ha naya -- jo vicAra paryAyavAcaka zabdoM meM bhI arthabheda karatA hai, vaha naya samabhirUr3ha hotA hai| jaise samudra, sAgara tathA ratnAkara / tInoM paryAyavAcaka zabda haiM aura tInoM kA artha bhA eka hai, phira bhI yaha naya vyutpatti ke AdhAra para arthabheda karatA hai / 7. evaMbhUta naya-jo vicAra vartamAna kriyA-pariNata padArtha ko hI mAnatA hai, vaha evaMbhUta naya hai / jaise jo sevAkArya meM rata hai, usako hI sevaka kahatA hai, jo rAjya siMhAsana para baiThA hai, vahI rAjA hai| ____ isa prakAra yadi ye sAtoM naya apane-apane viSaya ko grahaNa kareM aura dUsare kA virodha na kareM, to ye sunaya kahe jAte haiM / yadi ye saba paraspara virodha karate haiM, to ye durnaya kahe jAte haiM / yaha nayoM kI vyavasthA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM naya tattvArtha sUtra ke prathama adhyAya ke sUtra 34 aura 35 meM, nayoM ke bhedoM kA kathana hai| usameM naya kA sAmAnya lakSaNa nahIM diyA gyaa| bheda isa prakAra haiM-naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra aura zabda / mUla bheda pA~ca haiN| naigama ke do bheda haiM, aura zavda ke to na bheda haiN| naigama naya ke do bheda haiM.deza-parikSepI aura sarva-parikSepI / zabda ke tIna bheda isa prakAra haiM-sAmprata, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta / naya ke bhedoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM tIna paramparAeM rahI haiN| sAta bheda vAlI paramparA Agama aura digambara granthoM kI hai| dUsarI paramparA tatvArtha sUtra aura usake bhASya kI hai, jisameM nayoM ke pA~ca bheda hote haiN| tIsarI paramparA AcArya siddhasena divAkara kI hai, jisameM nayoM ke chaha bheda haiN| naigama ko chor3akara zeSa chaha bheda svIkAra haiN| For Private and Personal Use Only

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18 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana naya kA sAmAnya lakSaNa kisI bhI viSaya kA sApekSa nirUpaNa karane vAlA, vicAra naya hai / saMkSepa meM nava ke do bheda haiM-dravyAthika naya aura paryAyAthika ny| jaina darSana meM vastumAtra sAmAnya-vizeSa ubhayAtmaka hai| manuSya kI cetanA athavA buddhi, kabhI vastu ke sAmAnya ko grahaNa karatI hai, to kabhI vizeSa ko| jaba vaha vastu ke sAmAnya ko grahaNa karato hai, taba usakA vaha vicAra dravyAthika naya kahA jAtA hai / jaba vastu ke vizepa ko grahaNa karatI hai, tava usakA vicAra paryAyArthika naya hotA hai| lekina yaha nahIM samajha lenA cAhie ki dravya dRSTi meM vizeSa arthat paryAya nahIM rahatA, aura paryAyadRSTi meM sAmAnya arthAt dravya nahIM rahatA hai / donoM hI rahate haiM, kintu gauNa-mukhya bhAva hotA hai / kabhI paryAya gauNa hai, to dravya mukhya rahatA hai| kabhI dravya gauNa hai to paryAya mukhya ho jAtA hai / ataH nayoM ke mUla meM do bheda ho jAte haiM / eka dravyAthika naya aura dUsaga paryAyAthika naya / nayoM ke vizeSa lakSaNa 1. naigama naya-jo vicAra lokarUr3hi tathA loka saMskAra ke anusaraNa se utpanna hotA hai, vaha naigama naya kahA jAtA hai / / jaise ki kisI kAma ke saMkalpa se jAte kisI vyakti se pUchA jAe, ki kahA~ jA rahe ho, vaha kahatA, ki gAr3I lene jA rahA huuN| vaha gAr3I lene ke lie lakar3I lene jA rahA hai, lekina saMkalpa gAr3I kA hai / yaha eka prakAra kI lokarUr3hi hai| Aja mahAvIra-jayantI hai / Aja rAmanavamI hai| yaha bhI lokarUr3hi hai| bhArata aura cIna lar3a rahe haiM / vastutaH bhArata aura cIna ke loga lar3a rahe haiM / yaha bhI lokarUr3hi aura loka saMskAra ke anusAra hI kahA jAtA hai / AlaMkArika vidvAn yahA~ para zabda kI lakSaNA zakti mAnate haiN| kAvya prakAza meM, AcArya mammaTa ne 'gaMgAyAM ghopaH / " yahA~ para gaMgA zabda ke tIna artha svIkAra kie haiM-pravAha, taTa aura zItatva -pAvanatva / zabda kI tIna zaktiyoM ke AdhAra para hai --abhidhA, lakSaNA aura vyaJjanA ye tIna vRttiyaaN| 2. saMgraha naya-jo vicAra, jIva aura ajIva tathA jar3a aura cetana kA vibhAga na karake sadrUpa se savako eka mAnatA hai, vaha saMgraha naya hai / samasta saMsAra sadpa hai, kyoMki sattAzUnya vastu jagat meM hai hI nahIM / jaise samasta manuSya eka haiM / kyoMki saba meM manuSyatva sAmAnya anusyUta rahatA hai| yaha naya bastugata sAmAnya ko grahaNa karane vAlA hotA hai| jo-jo vicAra, For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya-nirUpaNA / 66 sAmAnya tatva ke Azraya se vividha vastuoM kA ekIkaraNa karate haiM, ve ve vicAra saMgraha naya kI sImA evaM paridhi meM A jAte haiM / 3. vyAvahAra naya-jo vicAra bheda ko grahaNa karane vAlA hotA hai, vaha vyavahAra na ya kahA jAtA hai| binA vibhAga ke vyavahAra sambhava nahIM hai / jagat kA samasta vyavahAra vibhAga para hI calatA hai| jaise manuSya meM vibhAga karanA, ki yaha vrAhmaNa hai, yaha kSatriya hai, yaha vazya aura yaha annyaja hai| phira una meM bhI bheda karate jAnA / sat ko eka mAnakara bhI usameM bheda karanA ki yaha jIva aura yaha ajIva hai| jIva meM bhI vibhAga karanA ki yaha saMsArI hai tathA yaha siddha hai| negama naya kA AdhAra lokarUr3hi hai, lokarUr3hi Aropa para Azrita hotI hai| ataH naigama naya sAmAnya-vizeSa donoM ko grahaNa karatA hai| saMgraha naya, kevala sAmAnya ko grahaNa karatA hai| vyavahAra naya bheda ko, vibhAga ko grahaNa karatA hai| phira bhI ye tonoM kama-adhika rUpa meM abhedagrAhI tathA sAmAnyagrAhI hone se dravyAthika naya ke bheda mAne jAte haiN| kyoMki kisI na kisI rUpa meM, ina tInoM meM, dravya, abheda evaM sAmAnya aza rahatA hai| 4. RjusUtra naya-jo vicAra atIta aura anAgata kAla kA vicAra na karake vartamAna ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha RjusUtra naya kahA jAtA hai| yaha naya mAnatA hai, ki bhUta tathA bhAvi vastu vartamAna meM kArya sAdhaka na hone se zunyavat hai / jaise ki vartamAna samRddhi hI mukha kA sAdhana hone se samRddhi kahI jA sakatI hai / lekina bhUta kAla kI samRddhi kA smaraNa athavA bhAvI samRddhi kI kalpanA, vartamAna meM sukha dene vAlo na hone se samRddhi nahIM hai| jo putra atIta ho athavA bhAvI ho, vartamAna na ho, vaha putra hI nahIM hotA-isa naya kI dRSTi meM / 5. zabda naya-jo vicAra zabda pradhAna hokara zabdagata dharma kI ora jhukakara, tadanusAra hI arthabheda kI kalpanA karatA hai, vaha zabda naya kahA jAtA hai| kAla, kAraka, liMga aura vacana ke bheda se zabda kA artha bhI bhinna ho jAtA hai / jaba manuSya kI buddhi kAla tathA liMga ke bheda se artha meM bhI bheda karane lagatI hai, taba vaha zabda naya hotA hai / jaise ki rAjagRha nAmaka eka nagara thaa| lekina bhUtakAla meM thaa| vartamAna meM vaha nahIM hai / ataH bhUtakAlIna rAjagRha nagara, vartamAna nagara se bhinna hai| yaha kAla bheda se artha bheda hai / taTaH, taTI, taTam / yahA~ para liMga bheda se artha bheda hai| kyoMki tInoM zabda pulliga, strIliMga aura napuMsakaliMga haiM / isI prakAra saMsthAna, prasthAna For Private and Personal Use Only

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100 jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana aura upasthAna tathA ArAma aura virAma Adi zabdoM meM eka hI dhAtu hone para bhI upavarga ke bheda se arthabheda spATa dRSTigocara hotA hai| yaha zabda naya kA svarUpa hai| 6. samAbhirUr3ha naya-jo vicAra zabda kI vyutpatti ke AdhAra para, arthabheda kI kalpanA karatA hai, vaha samabhirUr3ha naya hotA hai / jaba manuSya kI buddhi vyutpatti bheda kA Azraya grahaNa karatI hai, taba vaha ekArthaka zabdoM kA bhI vyutpatti ke anurUpa bhinna-bhinna artha karatI hai| jaise ki rAjA, napati aura bhUpati Adi ekArthaka zabda haiN| lekina vyutpatti ke anusAra rAjacinhoM se zobhita rAjA, manuSyoM kA rakSaNa karane vAlA napa aura pRthvI kA pAlana karane vAlA bhUpati hotA hai| yahA~ vyutpattibheda se arthabheda hai| ataeva samabhirUr3ha naya vyutpatti ko pradhAnatA detA hai| 7. evaMbhUta naya-jo vicAra zabda se phalita hone vAle artha ke ghaTane para hI usa vastu ko usa rUpa meM, mAnatA hai, anyathA nahIM, vaha evaMbhata naya hotA hai| evaMbhUta naya kA kathana hai, ki java vyutpatti-siddha artha ghaTita hotA ho, tabhI usa zabda kA vaha artha svIkAra karanA cAhie, anyathA evaM anyadA nahIM / isake anusAra, chatra evaM cAmara se zobhita hI rAjA ho sakatA hai / rakSaNa kriyA meM rata hI nRpa ho sakatA hai| bhU kA pAlana karate samaya hI bhUpati ho sakatA hai| abhiprAya yaha hai, ki rAjA zabda kA prayoga tabhI ThIka hogA, jaba vyutpatti-siddha artha ghaTita ho rahA ho / ina cAroM nayoM kA mUla paryAyArthika naya kahA gayA hai| tatvArtha sUtra ke bhASyAnusAra naigama naya ke do bheda hote haiM-deza parikSepI aura sarvaparikSepI deza parikSepI kA artha hai-aMzagrAhI athavA vizeSa graahii| sarvaparikSepI kA artha hai-sarvagrAhI athavA sAmAnya grAhI / kyoMki naigama naya donoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, sAmAnya ko bhI aura vizeSa ko bhii| dravya ko bhI aura paryAya ko bhI / ataH vaha ubhayagrAhI hone se dezaparikSepI tathA sarvaparikSepI kahA jAtA hai / yaha sarva viSayI naya hai| naya dezanA kA prayojana naya-nirUpaNa kA artha hai, vicAroM kA vargIkaraNa / nayavAda kA artha hai, vicAroM kI mImAMsA / ataH nayavAda kI paribhASA isa prakAra hai-paraspara viruddha vicAroM ke vAstavika avirodha ke bIja kI gaveSaNA karake vicAroM kA samanvaya karane vAlA zAstra / jaise ki darzana-zAstra meM AtmA ke sambandha meM paraspara viruddha vicAra haiM-nityatva aura anityatva tathA For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya-nirUpaNA | 101 ekatva aura anekatva / isakA samAdhAna nayavAda karatA hai, ki dravyadRSTi se AtmA nitya hai, paryAyadRSTi se AtmA anitya hai| caitanya svarUpa kI apekSA se AtmA eka hai| vyakti ko apekSA se AtmA aneka haiN| ataH nayavAda ko apekSAvAda bhI kahA jAtA hai / __nayavAda ko dezanA kA prayojana kyA hai ? isake sambandha meM kahA gayA hai, ki zrata, yaha vicArAtmaka jJAna hai, naya bhI eka prakAra se vicArAtmaka jJAna hone se tha ta meM hI samA jAtA hai| yahA~ para prazna yaha hotA hai, ki tha ta kA nirUpaNa ho jAne ke bAda nayoM ko usase bhinna karake nayavAda kI dezanA alaga kyoM kI jAtI hai ? jaina darzana kI eka vizeSatA nayavAda ke kAraNa mAno jAtI hai| lekina naya to zrata hai, aura zruta kahate haiM, Agama pramANa ko| tha ta pramANa meM arthAt Agama pramANa meM naya kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| phira usakI alaga dezanA kyoM ? samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki kisI bhI viSaya ko sarvAMza meM sparza karane vAlA vicAra zrata hai, aura usI viSaya ke kisI eka aMza ko sparza karane vAlA vicAra naya hotA hai| naya na pramANa hai, aura na apramANa / jaise ki hAtha kI aMgulI ke agra bhAga ko a~gulI nahIM kaha sakate, aura na a~gulI nahIM hai, yahI kaha sakate haiM / phira bhI vaha a~gulI kA aMza to hai ho / naya bhI zruta pramANa kA aMza hai| ataH samagra vicArAtmaka zrata se aMza vicArAtmaka naya kA nirUpaNa bhinna kiyA hai| nayoM ke anya bheda prakArAntara se bhI sAta nayoM ke do bheda kiye jAte haiM --zabdanaya aura arthanaya / jisameM artha kA vicAra pradhAna rUpa se kiyA jAtA hai, vaha artha naya hotA hai / jisameM zabda kA mukhya rUpa se vicAra ho, vaha zabda naya kahA jAtA hai| prathama naya se RjusUtra praryanta cAra artha naya haiM, aura zeSa tIna zabda naya haiM / naya ke do bheda isa prakAra bhI haiM-jJAna naya aura kriyA naya / naya ke do prakAra anya bhI haiM--nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya / __ sanmati-tarka prakaraNa meM naya sanmati tarka prakaraNa graMtha AcArya siddhasena divAkara kI eka amara kRti hai / pUrva AcAryoM ke granthoM kI samIkSA karake AcArya ne isakI racanA kI hai / uttara kAla bhAvI AcAryoM ko kRtiyoM para sanmati sUtra kA pUrA-pUrA prabhAva paDA hai / isakI bhASA prAkRta hai| viSaya nyAya evaM tarka hai / prastuta For Private and Personal Use Only

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102 / jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana grantha tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| isake tIna kANDa haiM ! prathama kANDa meM anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda kA viziSTa zailI meM viziSTa varNana kiyA hai / anekAntavAda kA AdhAra hai, nayavAda / syAdvAda kA AdhAra hai, sapta bhaMgavAda / ye donoM hI jaina darzana ke AdhArabhUta tatva haiM, jisa para anekAntavAda kA bhavya prAsAda khar3A hai| AcArya ne sanmati sUtra grantha ke prathama kANDa meM nayavAda kI vistAra se paricarcA kI hai| anya darzanoM kA nayoM meM samAveza kara liyA hai / ataH prathama kANDa meM nayavAda kI bar3I gambhIra vicAraNA kI hai| prathama kANDa kA nAma hI nayakANDa rakhA hai| dvitIya kANDa meM jJAna aura darzana kI gahana gambhIra mImAMsA kI hai, jo isake pUrva racita granthoM meM anupalabdha hai| dvitIya kANDa meM jJAna evaM darzana ke sambandha meM, tIna pakSa haiM- kramavAda, yugapatvAda aura abhedavAda arthAt ekatvavAda / tRtIya kANDa meM, sAmAnya aura vizeSa kI lambI carcA kI hai / isa prasaMga para anya darzanoM kI bhI vicAraNA kI hai| nayoM ke mUla bheda AcArya ne naya kA lakSaNa na karake sIdhe nayoM ke bheda kA nirUpaNa kara diyA hai / sambhavataH unhoMne socA ho, ki mere pAThaka prabuddha haiM / vastutaH yaha grantha hai bhI prabuddha pAThakoM ke lie hI, sAmAnya pAThaka kA isameM praveza nahIM hai| ___ AcArya kA kahanA hai ki aneka naya haiM, lekina unakA samAveza do nayoM meM ho jAtA hai| ve mukhya do naya isa prakAra haiM-dravyAstika naya aura paryAyAstika naya / ina donoM ke nAmAntara haiM-dravyAthika naya aura paryAyAthika naya / inhIM ko sAmAnya bhASA meM, abhedagAmI dRSTi aura bhedagAmI dRSTi bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / AcArya ne donoM ke lie ina zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai-saMgraha prastAra aura vizeSa prastAra / ina do nayoM ke kathana se anya sabhI kA kathana samajha lenA caahie| nayoM ke uttara bheda dravyAstika naya ke do bheda haiM-- saMgraha aura vyavahAra / sattA rUpa tatva ko akhaNDa rUpa meM grahaNa karane vAlI dRSTi, saMgraha naya kahA jAtA hai / yahI zuddha dravyAstika naya hai| sattA ko jIva aura ajIva rUpa meM khaNDita karake vyavahAra karane vAlI dRSTi vyavahAra naya hai / ataH saMgraha aura vyavahAra, ina donoM ko dravyAstika naya ke anukrama se zuddha aparimita aura azuddha pari For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya-nirUpaNA | 103 mita aMza kahate haiM / nayoM kA isa prakAra kA pratipAdana anyatra upalabdha nahIM hai / yaha tarka paddhati se nayoM kA vibhAjana hai / kAlakRta bheda kA Alambana lekara vastu vibhAga kA prArambha hote hI RjusUtra naya mAnA jAtA hai, aura vahIM se paryAyAstika naya kA prAraMbha samajhA jAtA hai / ataH RjusUtra naya ko paryAyAstika naya kA mUla AdhAra kahA gayA hai| bAda ke zabda Adi jo tIna naya haiM, ve Rjutra ke bheda haiN| phira bhI Rz2amatra Adi cAroM naya paryAyAstika ke hI bheda mAne jAte haiN| zabda nayoM ke bheda jo dRSTi tattva ko kevala vartamAna kAla taka hI sImita karatI hai / bhUta aura bhAvI kAla ko kArya ke asAdhaka mAnakara unako svIkAra nahIM karatI, isa prakAra kI kSaNika dRSTi ko RjUsUtra naya kahA jAtA hai|| __ vartamAna kAla ke tatva meM bhI jo dRSTi liMga aura puruSa Adi ke bheda se bheda ko svIkAra karatI hai, usako zabda naya kahA gayA hai| zabda naya dvArA mAnya samAna liMga aura vacana Adi ke aneka zabdoM ke eka artha meM vyatAtti ke bheda se, paryAya ke bheda se jo dRSTi arthabheda kI parikalpanA karatI hai, vaha samabhirUr3ha naya hotA hai / samabhirUr3ha naya dvArA svIkRta eka paryAya zabda ke eka artha meM bhI jo dRSTi kriyA kAla taka hI artha tattva ko svIkAra karatI hai, aura kriyA zunyakAla meM nahIM, usako evaMbhUta naya kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra kA cAroM nayoM kA svarUpa hai / AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne chaha naya svIkAra kie haiM-saMgraha, vyavahAra, Rjutra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta / naigama naya ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA / vaha svatantra naya nahIM hai / nyAyAvatAra-satra meM naya mahAvAdI AcArya siddhasena divAkara jaina paramparA meM zvetAmbara sampradAya ke mahAn tAkika, naiyAyika aura dArzanika the| unhoMne aneka gaurava granthoM kI cArU racanA kI / do grantha ratna atyanta prasiddha haiM-sanmati sutra aura nyAyAvatAra sUtra / prathama meM dArzanika tatvoM kI gahana-gambhIra vicAraNA hai, aura dvitIya meM nyAya-zAstra ke prameyoM para saMkSepa meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai / nyAyAvatAra meM battIsa kArikAe~ haiM, jinameM pramANa aura naya para mImAMsA kI hai / yaha grantha jaina nyAya ke granthoM meM mukuTamaNi mAnA jAtA hai / jaina nyAya kA Adima tathA prathama grantha hai-nyAyAvatAra / For Private and Personal Use Only

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104 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana nyAyAvatArakAra divAkara AcArya siddhasena, jaina paramparA ke anusAra, vikrama kI prathama zatI ke parama prabhAvaka AcArya the / itihAsakAroM ke anusAra caturtha zatI ke carama caraNa ke vidvAn the / kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra paJcama zatI ke prathama caraNa meM unakA samaya mAnA gayA hai / bauddha naiyAyika dina kA aura siddhasena kA samaya eka hI thaa| donoM hI naiyAyika the| donoM ne apanI-apanI paramparA ke nyAya - zAstra kI racanA kI / diGnAga kA nyAya praveza aura siddhasena kA nyAyAvatAra, donoM yugAntarakArI grantha- ratna hai / diGnAga bauddha nyAya ke pitA the, to siddhaseva jaina nyAya ke janaka mAne jAte haiM / naya vicAra nyAyAvatAra kA mukhya viSaya hai, pramANa mImAMsA / usakI battIsa kArikAoM meM se aTThAIsa kArikAoM meM pramANa para vicAra kiyA hai / untIsavIM tathA tIsavIM, do kArikAoM meM naya para vicAra kiyA hai / yahA~ para na to naya kA lakSaNa kiyA hai, aura na usake bheda batAye haiM / naya ke viSaya meM kevala do bAta kahI haiM 1. aneka dharmAtmaka vastu pramANa kA viSaya hotI hai / aneka dharmAtmaka vastu meM se kisI eka aMza kA, eka dharma kA jJAna, naya kahA jAtA hai / ekadeza viziSTa artha naya kA viSaya hotA hai / 2. eka niSTha arthAt eka-eka dharma ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya hotA hai / samagra artha ko grahaNa karane vAlA syAdvAda ta hotA hai / 3 zrata ke mukhya do bheda haiM-vastu ke eka aMza kA sparza karane vAlA, aMzagrAhI hotA hai, aura vastu ko samagra bhAva se grahaNa karane vAlA, samagra hotA hai / aMzagrAhI naya zruta hai, aura samagragrAhI syAdvAda zruta hai / jaise ki samagra cikitsA - zAstra yaha Arogya tattva kA syAdvAda ta hai, parantu Arogya tatva se sambaddha - AdAna, nidAna aura phira cikitsA Adi bhinnabhinna aMzoM para vicAra karane vAle aMza, ye cikitsA zAstra rUpa syAdvAda ke aza mAtra hone se naya ta kahe jAte haiM / yahA~ para pramANa aura naya kA pRthakakaraNa kiyA gayA hai / siddhaSigaNi nyAyAvatAra sUtra ke TIkAkAra siddharSi gaNi haiN| TIkAkAra ne apanI TIkA racane kA prayojana dhAraNA kI pravRddhi batAyA hai| carama tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ko namaskAra karane kA kAraNa batAyA hai, ki unhoMne For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya-nirUpaNA | 105 apanI dArzanika dRSTi se sAmAnya aura vizeSa kI bhinnatA tathA abhinnatA ke sambandha meM, vastusthiti kA digdarzana karAyA hai aura anekAnta dRSTi se pratipAdana kiyA hai, ki sAmAnya aura vizeSa, donoM paraspara meM kathaMcit bhinna haiM, aura vathaMcit abhinna haiN| ekAnta bhinna aura ekAnta abhinna nahIM haiN| nyAyAvatAra kA artha TIkAkAra ne nyAyAvatAra kA artha kiyA hai, ki ni pUrvaka iN dhAtu se ni / Aya, nyAya zabda banA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai-pramANa evaM naya mArga / avatAra zabda kA artha hotA hai-tIrtha arthAt ghATa / vyutpatti "avatAra yati, iti avatAra:' ke anusAra artha hotA hai- jisake dvArA manuSya avatarita hote haiM, vaha avatAra kahA jAtA hai| nyAyasya avatAraH" kA artha hotA hai-- nyAya kA arthAt pramANanaya kA mArga arthAt ghATa / jaise ghATa ke dvArA gambhIra evaM vizAla nadI ko pAra karanA sarala hotA hai, vaise hI isa nyAyAvatAra grantha ke adhyayana dvArA adhyetA gahana gambhIra nyAya zAstra rUpa vizAla sAgara ko sugamatA tathA saralatA se pAra kara sakatA hai / naya kA lakSaNa tathA bheda TIkAkAra siddharSi gaNi ne apanI TIkA meM naya kA lakSaNa bhI diyA hai, aura naya ke bheda bhI kie haiN| naya ke sAta bhedoM kA kathana kiyA hai / naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjU sUtra, zabda, samabhirUDha aura evaMbhUta / TIkAkAra purAtana paramparA kA anugAmI hai, use siddhasena divAkara dvArA saMsthApita par3a bheda vAlI paramparA svIkAra nahIM hai| TIkAkAra naigama ko naya mAnatA hai / jaina paramparA meM, anya bhI kisI AcArya ne siddhasena divAkara kA anukaraNa nahIM kiyA hai| mahAn zru tadhara AcArya siddhasena divAkara kA digambara paramparA ke AcArya bhI bahumAna evaM sammAna karate rahe haiM / lekina unake dvArA saMsthApita SaD bheda vAlI naya sthApanA ko unhoMne bhI mAnyatA nahIM dii| TIkAkAra ne naya kA lakSaNa isa prakAra se kiyA hai-pratyakSa Adi pramANa se yathAvasthita vastu svarUpa ke grahaNa ke anantara "yaha nitya aura yaha anitya hai'' Adi apane Azaya se vastu ke eka aMza kA parAmarza naya hotA hai / pramANa dvArA jJAta artha kA ekadeza jAnanA, vaha naya hai| yaha lakSaNa jitane naya vizeSa haiM, una sabameM jAtA hai, aura vaha para-rUpoM ke haTAne meM bhI samartha hai| inakI saMkhyA ananta hai, kyoMki vastu meM ananta For Private and Personal Use Only

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106 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana dharma haiN| lekina prAcIna AcAryoM ne nayoM ke sAta bheda hI mukhya rUpa meM mAne haiM / Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir eka-eka naya kA lakSaNa jJAtA ke abhiprAya vizeSa ko naya kahA gayA hai / yaha naya kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai, jo samasta nayoM meM ghaTita hotA hai / abhiprAya dUsare ko do prakAra se prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai- artha dvArA athavA zabda dvArA / artha do prakAra kA hotA hai- sAmAnya rUpa tathA vizeSa rUpa / zabda bhI rur3hi athavA vyutpatti se pravartita hotA hai / TIkAkAra ke anusAra naya kI prAcIna AcAryoM ne yahI vyAkhyA kI I paraspara meM vizakalita, sAmAnya aura vizeSa ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra naigama naya hai / kevala sAmAnya ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra saMgraha naya hai | loka vyavahAra ke anusAra vizeSa ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra vyavahAra naya hai / padArtha kI vartamAna paryAya ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra Rju sUtra naya hai / rUr3hi se zabdoM kI pravRtti ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra zabdaya hai / vyutpatti se zabdoM kI pravRtti ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra samabhirUr3ha naya hai / vartamAnakAlIna vyutpatti ko nimitta karake zabdoM kI pravRtti ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra evaMbhUta naya hai / naigama naya meM, nyAya-vaizeSika mata kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / saMgraha naya meM vedAnta aura sAMkhya kA samAveza hotA hai / vyavahAra naya meM cAvaki mata kA samAveza hotA hai ! RjusUtra naya meM bauddha mata kA antarbhAva hotA hai / zabda nayoM meM vaiyAkaraNa aura mImAMsaka matoM kA antarbhAva ho jAtA hai / nayoM kA vyutpattilabhya artha 1. naigama naya - gama kA artha hai. jAnanA / ni kA artha hai, nizcita rUpa se jAnanA / 'nigamyante nizcita rUpeNa jJAyante arthAH, iti nigamAH / nigama meM hone vAlA jo abhiprAya, vaha naigama hotA hai / 2. saMgraha naya - saMgRhAti, iti saMgrahaH / jo saMgraha karatA hai, vaha saMgraha hai| , 3. vyavahAra naya - vyavaharati iti vyavahAraH jo loka rUr3hi ke anusAra vyavahAra karane vAlA, vyavahAra / 4. RjusUtra naya -- RjUM sUtrayati saralaM sUcayati / atIta tathA " For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya - nirUpaNA | 107 anAgata vakra haiM, vartamAna Rju arthAt sarala hai, usakI sUcanA karane vAlA RjusUtra ! 5. zabda naya -- zabdayati, iti zabdaH / jo vicAra zabda ke anusAra paryAyavAcaka zabdoM kA eka hI artha karatA hai, vaha zabda naya hai / jisa abhiprAya se artha bulAyA jAtA hai, yaha zabda kI nirukti arthAt vyutpatti mAnI jAtI hai / zabdayate AhUyate anena abhiprAyeNa, arthaH iti niruktAt / ) Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 6. samabhirUr3ha natha - samabhirudayati, iti samabhirUDhaH / sam kA artha hai - ekIbhAvapUrvaka / ekIbhAvapUrvaka jo abhiprAya zabda kI pravRtti meM vyutpatti kA nimitta hotA hai, vaha samabhirUr3ha naya hai / saMjJA bheda se bhI artha bheda ho jAtA hai / 7. evaMbhUta naya - evaM zabda kA artha hotA hai, prakAra | evaM arthAt jaisA vyutpAdita hai, usa prakAra ko bhUtaH arthAt prApta jo zabda vaha evaMbhUta naya hai / vartamAna kiyA viziSTa artha ko grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra / pramANa-naya-tattvAloka meM naya pramANa - naya tattvAloka eka sUtrAtmaka grantha hai / yaha grantha ratna nyAya zAstra kA prasiddha grantha hai / AcArya devasUri evaM vAdideva sUri kI amara kRti hai / aSTa paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai / isakA viSaya hai- pramANa, naya aura vAda / mUla sUtroM kI saMkhyA 377 hai / AcArya vAdideva yA devasUri na svayaM sUtroM para vizAla bhASya likhA hai, jisakA nAma syAdvAda ratnAkara hai, aura jisakA zloka parimANa 84 hajAra hai| jaina, bauddha aura vaidika nyAya tathA darzana kA gahana adhyayana, isa eka hI vizAla grantha se samagra rUpa meM sampanna ho jAtA hai, eka bhI viSaya zeSa nahIM raha pAtA / eka hI grantha se bhArata ke samagra darzana ko samajhanA ho, to yahI ekamAtra grantha hai / AcArya ke ziSya ratnasiMha sUri ne saMkSipta - ruci logoM ke lie sUtroM para ratnAkarAvatArikA grantha kI cAru racanA kI hai / adbhuta grantha haiM, donoM hI / mUla sUtroM kI bhASA madhura, rucira aura sundara hai / nyAya jaise karkaza viSaya ko madhura bhASA ne madhura kAvya kA rUpa pradAna kiyA hai / bhASya aura TIkA kI bhASA, zailI tathA bhAva atyanta rucikara haiM / jaina nyAya kA yaha sarvAdhika sundara grantha hai / parIkSAmukha adhUrA hai, kyoMki usa meM naya aura vAda kA viSaya nahIM hai / mImAMsA grantha arthAt AcArya hemacandra sUri kRta pramANa - mImAMsA apUrNa upalabdha hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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108 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana nayoM kA lakSaNa pramANa-naya-tatvAloka ke saptama pariccheda meM nayoM ke lakSaNa nayAbhAsoM ke lakSaNoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| naya kA sAmAnya lakSaNa AcArya vAdideva sUri ne isa prakAra kiyA hai zrata jJAna dvArA parijJAta padArtha kA eka dharma, anya dharmoM ko gauNa karake, jisa abhiprAya se jAnA jAtA hai, vaktA kA vaha abhiprAya, naya hotA hai| zruta jJAna rUpa pramANa anantadharmAtmaka vastu ko grahaNa karatA hai / tadgata ananta dharmoM meM se kisI eka dharma ko jAnane vAlA jJAna, naya kahA jAtA hai| naya jaba vastu ke eka dharma ko jAnatA hai, taba zeSa rahe hue dharma bhI usa vastu meM rahate haiM, kintu unako gauNa kara diyA jAtA hai| ataH vastu ke kisI eka dharma ko mukhya karake use grahaNa karane vAlA, jJAna hI vastutaH naya kahA gayA hai / nayAbhAsoM kA lakSaNa apane abhiprata aMza ke atirikta anya aMzoM kA apalApa karane vAlA jJAna, nayAbhAsa kahA gayA hai / nayAbhAsa kA yaha sAmAnya lakSaNa hai| ___ ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ke dharmoM meM se kisI eka dharma ko grahaNa karake zeSa samasta dharmoM kA abhAva mAnane vAlA jJAna hI nayAbhAsa hai| vastu ke eka aMza ko jo grahaNa karatA hai, aura anya aMzoM kA apalApa athavA virodha karatA hai, dUsaroM kI upekSA karatA hai, vaha nayAbhAsa kahA jAtA hai| naya ke bheda-prabheda AcArya vAdideva sari ne naya ke do bheda mAne haiM--vyAsa naya aura samAsa naya / vyAsa naya ke aneka bheda haiM / samAsa naya ke do bheda haiM- dravyAthika naya aura paryAyAthika naya / vyAsa kA artha hai---vistAra / sabhAsa kA artha hai ----saMkSepa / vyAsa kI apekSA naya ke ananta bheda ho sakate haiN| kyoMki jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyeka vastu meM ananta dharma hote haiN| jaise pudgala eka vastu hai, usameM varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparNa Adi ananta dharma haiN| samAsa kI apekSA na ya ke bheda hote haiM--dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika / jo jJAna dravya ko mukhya rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai, vaha dravya naya hotA hai / jo jJAna paryAya ko mukhyarUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai| vaha paryAya naya hotA hai| For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya-nirUpaNA | 106 AcArya ne dravyAthika naya ke tIna bheda mAne haiM-nagama naya, saMgraha naya aura vyavahAra naya / prAcIna paramparA bhI yaho rahI hai| ___ AcArya vAdideva sUri, AcArya siddhasena divAkara ke uttarakAla bhAvI haiM, phira bhI unhoMne divAkara ke SaDbhedavAda ko svIkAra na karake sAta bhedavAdI prAcIna Agama paramparA ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| AgamoM meM, tatvArtha sUtra meM aura jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNavRta vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM sapta nayavAda ko hI mAnA hai / ina sabhI ne negama naya ko svatantra naya mAnA hai / SaDnayavAda ke janmadAtA svayaM AcArya siddhasena divAkara hI mAne jAte haiN| naigama naya jiga vicAra ke anusAra do dharmoM kI, do dharmiyoM kI tathA dharma aura dharmI kI gauNa-mukhya bhAva se vivakSA kI jAtI hai, tathA isa prakAra aneka mArgoM se vastu kA parijJAna karAne vAlA naigama naya kahA gayA hai / isa lakSaNa meM tIna aMza haiM-dharma, dharmI aura ubhaya dharma-dharmI / do dharmoM meM se kisI eka dharma kI pradhAnatA, dUsare kI gauNatA hogii| do dharmiyoM meM se eka kI pradhAnatA dUsare kI gauNatA hogii| dharma aura dharmI meM se kisI eka kI pradhAnatA, dUsare kI gauNatA hogI / jaise ki 1. AtmA meM, sat caitanya hai| yahA~ para AtmA meM do dharma haiM----sata aura caitanya / satvayukta caitanya kahane se sat gauNa ho gayA aura caitanya mukhya ho gayA / yaha naigama naya ho gyaa| 2. paryAya vAlA dravya vastu hai| yahA~ do dharmI haiM-~-vastu aura dravya / paryAyavat dravya gauNa hai, aura vastu pradhAna ho gyaa| yaha bhI naigama naya hai| 3. viSayoM meM Asakta jIva kSaNa bhara ko hI sukhI hotA hai| phira duHkha hI duHkha hai| yahA~ para jIva dharmI hai, aura kSaga sukha dharma hai| jIva mukhya hai aura sukha gauNa hai / yaha bhI naigama naya hai| ___ jahA~ para do dharmoM meM se eka dharma kI mukhya rUpa se vivakSA karanA aura dUsare dharma kI gauNa rUpa se vivakSA karanA, vahA~ naMgama naya hotA hai| do dravyoM meM se eka kI mukhya, aura dUsare kI gauNa rUpa se vivakSA karanA, tathA dharma evaM dharmI meM se eka kI mukhya rUpa meM aura dUsare kI gauNa rUpa meM vivakSA karanA, vahA~ naigama naya hotA hai / yaha naya aneka mArgoM se vastu kA parijJAna karatA hai| ataH na eka gama, naigama kahA jAtA hai| For Private and Personal Use Only

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110 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana prathama udAharaNa meM, caitanya dharma mukhya hai, aura sattva ko caitanya kA vizeSaNa karake gauNa kara diyA gayA hai / dvitIya udAharaNa meM, paryAyavat dravya ko gauNa karake vastu kI mukhya rUpa meM vivakSA kI hai| tRtIya udAharaNa meM, jIva mukhya hai aura nukhI vizeSaNa gauNa par3a gayA hai / vizeSya mukhya hotA hai, aura vizeSaNa gauNa ho jAtA hai / naigamAbhAta do dharmoM kA, do dharmiyoM kI aura dharma tathA dharmI kA ekAnta bheda karanA, naigamAbhAsa hai / anekAntavAda ke anusAra, do dharmoM meM, do dharmiyoM meM tathA dharma aura dharmI meM ekAnta bheda nahIM hotA / kathaMcit bheda hI ho sakatA hai| ekAnta bheda ko mAnane vAlA naigama naya nahIM hotA, naigamAbhAsa kahA jAtA hai / jaise ki AtmA meM sattva aura caitanya ko sarvathA pRthak mAnanA / donoM meM kathaMcit bheda ho sakatA hai, sarvathA bheda nahIM ho sakatA hai | jaise hetvAbhAsa hetu kA doSa mAnA gayA hai, vaise hI naigama kA AbhAsa, naigama naya kA doSa hai / naigamAbhAsa meM naigama na hokara, naigama jaisA AbhAsa hotA hai, naigama kA bhrama ho jAtA hai / saMgraha naya jo vicAra sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka vastu ke sAmAnya aMza ko grahaNa karatA, aura vizeSa aMza kI upekSA kara detA hai, vaha saMgraha naya kahA jAtA hai / usake do bheda haiM- para saMgraha aura apara saMgraha | yaha naya vizeSa kI ora dhyAna na dekara, kevala eka sattA rUpa para sAmAnya ko tathA avAntara sattA rUpa dravya evaM jIvatva Adi Ara sAmAnya ko hI grahaNa karatA hai / sAmAnya ke do bheda hone se saMgraha naya ke bhI do bheda ho jAte haiM / AcArya ne para saMgraha kA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA hai- azeSa vizeSoM kI ora udAsInatA rakha kara, eka mAtra zuddha dravya sanmAtra ko hI grahaNa karane vAlA vicAra / isI ko para saMgraha kahate haiM / jaise samagra vizva eka hai, saba meM sattA hone se / para sAmAnya ko mahAsattA kahA gayA hai / mahAsattA kI apekSA samasta saMsAra eka hai| kyoMki eka bhI padArtha sattA - zUnya nahIM hai / yaha para saMgraha kA kathana hai / para saMgraha navAbhAsa para saMgraha nayAbhAsa kI paribhASA isa prakAra hai- jo abhiprAya ekAnta sattA mAtra ko hI grahaNa karatA ho, aura ghaTa-paTa Adi vizeSoM kA For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya - nirUpaNA | 111 niSedha karatA ho, vaha para saMgraha nayAbhAsa hotA hai| jaise ki jagata meM sattA hI eka mAtra vastu hai, usase bhinna ghaTa-paTa Adi vizeSa kI sattA nahIM hai / para saMgraha naya aura saMgraha nayAbhAsa donoM hI eka mAtra sattA ko svIkAra karate haiM, phira bhI donoM meM antara yaha hai, ki para saMgraha naya vizeSa kA niSedha nahIM karatA, aura para-saMgraha nayAbhAsa vizeSoM kA ekAnta rUpa se niSedha hI karatA hai| dUsare aMza kI upekSA karanA, naya hai / dUsare aMza kA niSedha, AbhAsa hai / isakA udAharaNa hai- vedAnta darzana / jaina darzana ke anusAra vedAnta darzana para saMgraha nayAmAsa mAnA gayA hai / kyoMki vaha eka mAtra sattA brahma ke atirikta sabakA ekAnta niSedha karatA hai / AcArya vAdideva sUri ne apara saMgraha naya kA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA hai- jo vicAra dravyatva Adi avAntara sAmAnya ko mAnatA ho, aura usake bhedoM kI upekSA karatA ho, vaha apara - saMgraha naya hotA hai / jaise ki dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla, pudgala aura jIva- ye saba dravya eka haiM, kyoMki sava meM dravyatva vyApta hai / dravyatva rUpa meM saba dravya eka haiM / apara saMgraha naya, apara sAmAnya ko viSaya karatA hai / isa naya kI dRSTi meM, eka hone se sabhI dravya eka hote haiM / apara saMgraha nayAbhAsa jo vicAra dravyatva Adi apara sAmAnya ko mAna kara bhI unake bhedoM kA niSedha karatA ho vaha apara saMgraha nayAbhAsa hai / jaise dravyatva hI vAstavika hai, usase bhinna dharma Adi dravya kI upalabdhi nahIM hotI hai / yaha apara saMgraha nayAbhAsa apara sAmAnya ke bhedoM kA niSedha karatA hai / ataH usakI gaNanA nayAbhAsoM meM kI jAtI hai / vyavahAra naya AcArya ne vyavahAra naya kA lakSaNa karate hue kahA hai, ki vaktA kA jo abhiprAya saMgraha naya dvArA jJAta arthAt viSayIkRta sAmAnya rUpa padArthoM meM, vidhipUrvaka bheda karatA ho, vaha vyavahAra naya hotA hai / jaise ki jo sat hotA hai, arthAt jo sattAvAn padArtha hai, vaha dravya hogA yA paryAya hogA / saMgraha naya dvArA saMgRhIta sAmAnya meM bheda karane vAlA, vyavahAra kahA jAtA hai | kyoMki kevala sAmAnya ke AdhAra para loka vyavahAra nahIM calatA / loka vyavahAra ke lie vizeSoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai / jAti se kAma nahIM calatA, usake liye vyakti Avazyaka hai| dUdha kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti For Private and Personal Use Only

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112 | jaina nyAya -zAstra : eka parizIlana sAmAnya meM bheda karanA Avazyaka hotA hai / ko svIkAra kiyA, lekina vyavahAra naya aura paryAya / yaha vyavahAra naya hai / gotva sAmAnya nahIM karatA, usake lie go vyakti anivArya hotA hai / ataH saMgraha naya ne sattA rUpa abheda usake do bheda kara diye - - dravya ne vyavahAra nayAbhAsa jo vicAra dravya aura paryAya kA apAramArthika vibhAga svIkAra karatA hai, vaha vyavahAra nayAbhAsa hai / jaise ki vRhaspati vA cArvAka darzana / dravya aura paryAya meM vAstavika bheda mAnanA, vyavahAra naya hai, aura bhedana mAnanA, vyavahAra nayAbhAsa hai / cArvAka darzana dravya aura paryAya meM bheda ko nahIM mAnatA, jo ki vastutaH vAstavika hai, kintu jo avAstavika bhUta catuSTaya hai, usako mAnatA hai / ataH cArvAka darzana vyavahAra nayAbhAsa hai / RjusUtra naya dravyArthika nayoM kA bheda-prabheda karake AcArya ne paryAyArthika nayoM ke bheda-prabheda isa prakAra prArambha kiye haiM / paryAyArthika naya ke cAra prakAra haiM - RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta / cAra meM se prathama RjusUtranaya kA lakSaNa AcArya ne isa prakAra kiyA hai jo vicAra, padArtha kI vartamAna kSaNa meM hone vAlI paryAya ko hI mukhya rUpa se grahaNa karatA hai, vaha RjusUtra naya kahA jAtA hai / jaise ki isa samaya jIva kI sukha rUpa paryAya / dravya ko gauNa karake mukhya rUpa se paryAya ko hI grahaNa karane vAlA naya, paryAyArthika naya kahA gayA hai / RjusUtranaya paryAya ko hI pradhAna rUpa se grahaNa karatA hai / yahA~ para sukha paryAya kI mukhyatA hai, aura usakA AdhArabhUta jIva dravya gauNa ho gayA hai / Rjuputra nayAbhAsa jo vicAra dravya kA ekAntarUpa meM apalApa arthAt niSedha karatA hai, vaha RjusUtra nayAbhAsa hai / jaise ki bauddha darzana / RjusUtra dravya ko apradhAna karake paryAya ko pradhAnatA pradAna karatA hai / lekina RjusUtra nayAbhAsa to dravya kA sarvathA hI apalApa arthAt niSedha karatA hai / vaha paryAya ko ho vAstavika mAnatA hai / paryAyoM meM anusyUta dravyatva kA niSedha karatA hai / ataH bauddha darzana kSaNavAdI hone se RjusUtra nayAbhAsa kahA gayA hai / zabda naya AcArya vAdidevasUri kA kathana hai, ki kAla aura kAraka Adi ke bheda se dhvani ke artha meM, bheda karane vAlA vicAra, zabda naya hotA hai / yaha For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya - nirUpaNA | 113 naya zabda ke bheda se artha kA bheda karatA hai / vAcaka ke bheda se vAcya meM bheda svIkAra karatA hai jaise ki merugiri thA, hai aura hogA arthAt rahegA | zabda naya ke tIna bheda haiM- zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evNbhuut| tInoM zabda ko pradhAna mAnakara usake vAcya artha kA pratipAdana karate haiM / isI kAraNa AcArya ne tInoM ko zabda naya kahA hai / zabda naya kAla, kAraka, liMga tathA vacana ke bheda se artha kA bheda mAnatA hai / merugiri kA astitva tInoM kAla meM batAyA gayA hai / ataH ve eka na hokara aneka haiM / yahA~ kAlakRta bheda hai / meru eka nahIM, tIna haiMatIta kA anAgata kA aura vartamAna kA | liMga bheda jaise taTaH taTI taTam / vacana bheda jaise dArA, parigraha, kalatram Adi / zabda nayAbhAsa jo vicAra kAla Adi ke bheda se zabda ke artha meM ekAnta bheda svIkAra karatA hai, vaha zabda nayAbhAsa hotA hai / zabdanaya paryAya dRSTi vAlA hai / vaha dravya ko amukhya karake bhinna-bhinna paryAyoM ko mukhya mAnatA hai / lekina zabda nayAbhAsa dravya kA sarvathA niSedha karane ke kAraNa nayAbhAsa hai / samabhirUDha naya jo vicAra paryAya vAcaka zabdoM meM, nirukti-bheda se arthAt vyutpatti bheda se bhinna artha kA kathana karane vAlA hai, samabhirUDha naya hotA hai / jaise fa indana hone se indra, zakana hone se zaka aura pura kA vidAraNa karane se purandara hotA hai / zabda naya kAla ke bheda se zabda kA artha bheda mAnatA hai / samabhirUDha naya kAla kA bheda na hone para bhI paryAya vAcaka zabdoM ke bheda se artha-bheda mAna letA hai | indra, zakra aura purandara ekArthavAcaka haiM, kintu vyutpattibheda se bhinna-bhinna haiM / samabhirUDha naya artha sambandho abheda ko gauNa mAnakara, paryAyabheda se arthabheda mAnatA hai / samabhirUDha nayAbhAsa jo vicAra ekAnta rUpa meM, 'paryAyavAcaka zabdoM ke vAcya artha meM bheda mAnatA hai, vaha samabhirUDha nayAbhAsa hai / samabhirUDha naya paryAyabheda se arthabheda mAnatA hai, parantu vaha abheda kA niSedha nahIM karatA / use gauNa kara detA hai / samabhirUDha nayAbhAsa paryAyavAcaka zabdoM ke artha meM rahane vAle abheda kA ekAnta niSedha karatA hai, aura ekAnta bheda kA kathana karatA hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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114 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana isI AdhAra para usako samabhirUDha nayAbhAsa kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana anekAnta ko svIkAra karatA hai, ekAnta ko nahIM / phira bhale vaha ekAnta vicAra kA ho, athavA zabda kA ho / evaMbhUta naya jo vicAra, zabdoM kI pravRtti kI nimitta rUpa kriyA se yukta padArtha ko usa zabda kA vAcya mAnatA ho, vaha evaMbhUta naya kahA gayA hai| jaise indana kriyA kA anubhava karane vAlA indra, zakana kriyA meM pariNata zaka aura pUradAraNa kriyA meM pravRtta purandara hotA hai| yaha evaMbhUta naya pratyeka zabda ko kriyA zabda mAnatA hai / pratyeka zabda se kisI na kisI kriyA kA artha prakaTa hotA hai| jaise pAcaka zabda se pAka kriyA kA bodha hotA hai| jaba vyakti pakA rahA hai, tabhI vaha pAcaka hotA hai| anya kAla meM vaha pAcaka nahIM hotaa| yahI bhAva evaM bhUta naya kahA jAtA hai| yaha usakA svarUpa hai| evaMbhUta nayAbhAsa ___ jo vicAra, kriyA zunya vastu ko usa zabda kA vAcya mAnane kA niSedha karane vAlA ho, vaha evaMbhUta nayAbhAsa hai| jaise vizeSa prakAra kI ceSTA se zUnya ghaTa nAmaka vastu ghaTa zabda kA vAcya nahIM hai| kyoMki vaha ghaTa zabda kI pravRtti kA kAraNarUpa kriyA se zunya hai, jaise ki paTa Adi / evaMbhUta naya kriyA se yukta padArtha ko hI usa kriyA-vAcaka zabda se kathita karatA hai, kintu apane se bhinna kA niSedha nahIM karatA / jo vicAra ekAnta rUpa se kriyA yukta padArtha ko hI zabda kA vAcya mAnane ke sAtha usa kriyA se rahita vastu ko usa zabda ke vAcya hone kA niSedha karatA hai, vaha evaMbhUta nayAbhAsa kahA gayA haiM / AbhAsa mithyA jJAna / arthanaya aura zabdanaya sAta nayoM meM prathama ke cAra naya to arthanaya kahe jAte haiN| kyoMki ye cAroM hI artha kA nirUpaNa karate haiN| ataH arthanaya haiN| anta ke tIna naya zabdanaya kahalAte haiN| kyoMki ye tInoM zabda ke vAcya artha ko grahaNa karane vAle haiN| kisa zabda kA vAcya kyA hotA hai ? isakA kathana karate haiM / ataH tInoM zabdanaya kahe jAte haiN| nayoM meM alpabahutva AcArya vAdideva sUri sapta nayoM ke sambandha meM kahate haiM, ki pUrvapUrva naya vizAla viSaya hote haiN| uttara-uttara naya alpa viSaya hote haiN| For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya - nirUpaNA | 115 nayoM kI yaha apanI maryAdA hotI hai / yaha eka prakAra kI vyavasthA hai / pUrva - pUrva naya sthUla hotA hai, aura uttara-uttara naya sUkSma hotA jAtA hai / sabase adhika sUkSma evaMbhUta naya hai / sabase adhika sthUla naigama naya hotA hai | isako alpatva-bahutva kahate haiM / naya saptabhaMgI saptabhaMgI kA artha hai - sAta vikalpoM kA samudAya | bhaMga kA artha hai - vikalpa | ataH saptabhaMgI zabda pAribhASika zabda hai / isakA prayojana evaM prayoga jaina darzana meM hotA hai / saptabhaMgI nyAya syAdvAda kA AdhAra hai / isake do bheda haiM- pramANa saptabhaMgI aura dUsarI hai, naya saptabhaMgI / pramANa vAkya ke samAna naya vAkya bhI apane viSaya meM pravRtta hokara, vidhi aura niSedha kI vivakSA se saptabhaMgI ko prApta hotA hai| naya vAkya kA artha hai - vikalAdeza / jisa prakAra vidhi - niSedha kI apekSA se pramANa sapta bhaMgI banatI hai, usI prakAra naya sapta bhaMgI bhI banatI hai| naya sapta bhaMgI meM bhI 'syAt tathA eva' pada lagAyA jAtA hai / pramANa sapta bhaMgI sakala vastu ko prakAzita karatI hai, aura naya sapta bhaMgI vastu ke eka dharma ko hI prakAzita kara sakatI hai / ataH eka sakalAdeza hai aura dUsarI vikalAdeza kahI jAtI hai / naya kA phala jaise pramANa kA phala hotA hai, vaise hI naya kA bhI phala hotA hai / AcArya kA kathana hai ki pramANa ke samAna naya ke phala kI bhI vyavasthA honI cAhie / pramANa kA sAkSAtphala ajJAna kI nivRtti mAnA gayA hai / vahI phala naya kA bhI mAnA jAnA cAhie / pramANa se vastu sambandhI ajJAna dUra hotA hai aura naya se vastu ke aMza sambandhI ajJAna kI nivRtti hotI hai / upAdAna-buddhi, hAna-buddhi aura upekSA buddhi bhI naya ke parokSa phala hote haiM / naya kA phala naya se kathaMcit bhinna bhI hotA hai, aura kathaMcit abhinna bhI hotA hai / anekAnta darzana meM ekAnta bhinnatva aura ekAnta abhinnatva nahIM hotA hai / jaina tarka bhASA meM naya jaina tarka bhASA upAdhyAya yazovijayajI kI eka atyanta sundara evaM rucira kRti hai / yaha eka laghu grantha hai / tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai -- pramANa, naya aura nikSepa / tInoM viSaya jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta AdhAra mAne jAte For Private and Personal Use Only

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11: | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizolana haiN| saMyogavaza isa prakAra ke granthoM kA aba adhyayana evaM adhyApana hone lagA hai| jaina tarka bhASA meM, pA~ca jJAna aura cAra nikSepoM kA jo varNana upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne kiyA hai, usakA mUla AdhAra vizeSAvazyaka bhASya hai| pramANa aura nayoM kA pratipAdana, pramANanayatattvAloka tathA syAdvAda ratnAkara ke AdhAra para hai / jaima tarka bhASA kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai, ki isa meM Agamika aura tArkika donoM paramparAoM kA sundara samanvaya samUpalabdha hotA hai / yaha grantha saMkSipta hone para bhI apane pratipAdya viSaya kA kAphI spaSTIkaraNa karatA hai| yaha isa kI mukhya vizeSatA hai / ___ nayavAda jaina darzana kI maulika dena hai / isa kA mukhya sambandha vyavahAra ke sAtha hai| manuSya eka hI vastu ko svArtha ke AdhAra para vibhinna dRSTikoNa se dekhatA hai| eka hI vyakti ko mukhya rUpa meM manuSya, brAhmaNa, devadatta aura adhyApaka Adi zabdoM dvArA prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai / kAvyazAstra meM zabda kI abhidhA ke atirikta lakSaNA evaM vyaJjanA ko bhI mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM sAmAnyagrAhI tathA vizeSagrAhI dRSTiyoM kA vibhAjana nayoM meM hai| nayoM ke bheda __ zruta pramANa ke dvArA gRhIta anantadharbhAtmaka vastu ke ekadeza dharma ko grahaNa karane vAlA, kintu usa gRhIta dharma se itara dharmoM kA niSedha yA virodha na karane vAlA abhiprAya naya kahA jAtA hai| pramANa ananta dharmAtmaka samasta vastu kA grAhaka hotA hai, jabaki naya kevala eka dharma ko grahaNa karatA hai / isa kAraNa naya, pramANa kA eka aMza hai / jaise ki sAgara kA eka aMza, na sAgara kahA jA sakatA hai, aura na asAgara hI kahA jA sakatA hai, jaise hI naya, na pramANa hai, aura na apramANa, vaha to kevala pramANa kA eka aMza bhara hI ho sakatA hai| naya ke do bheda haiM-dravyAthika naya aura paryAyAthika naya / pradhAna rUpa se kevala dravya ko grahaNa karane vAlA dravyAthika hai, aura pradhAna rUpa se paryAya mAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA paryAyAthika hai| dravyAthika naya ke tIna bheda haiM-naigama, saMgraha aura vyavahAra / paryAyArthika ke cAra bheda haiM-RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta naya / lekina jinabhadragaNi kSamA-zramaNa ke mata se R jusUtra naya, dravyAthika naya For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya-nirUpaNA | 117 kA hI bheda hai / anya sabhI AcArya RjusUtra naya ko paryAyArthika naya kA hI bheda svIkAra karate haiM / unakA anusaraNa anya kisI bhI AcArya ne nahIM kiyA hai / yaha una kA svayaM kA abhimata hai / digambara paramparA bhI RjusUtra naya ko paryAyArthika kA bheda mAnatI hai / sapta bhaMgI nyAya jaina darzana kA sarvAdhika gambhIra evaM gahana viSaya hai, sapta bhaMgI nyAya / bhaMga kA artha hai, vikalpa / sAta vikalpoM ke samudAya ko sapta bhaMgI kahA gayA hai| usakA AdhAra hai, tarka-zAstra / ataH isa ko sapta bhaMgI nyAya kahA jAtA hai| sAta hI bhaMga hote haiM-na kama hote haiM, na adhika hote haiN| kisI bhI eka vastu ke eka-eka dharma sambandhI prazna ke anurodha se 'syAt athavA kathaMcit' zabda se yukta sAta prakAra kA vacana prayoga sapta bhaMgI kahA jAtA hai| vivakSAoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para vacana prayoga, isa prakAra kiyA jAtA hai, ki usa meM paraspara virodha na ho| kisI meM vidhi kI kalpanA hotI hai| kisI meM niSedha kI kalpanA hotI hai| kisI meM vidhi aura niSedha, donoM kI kalpanA hotI hai / eka vastu ke eka paryAya meM, sAta prakAra ke hI dharma sambhava haiM-kama athavA adhika nahIM / ataH sAta prakAra ke hI saMzaya utpanna hote haiM / kyoM ki jijJAsA sAta prakAra hI hotI hai / ataeva prazna sAta prakAra ke hote haiM, unake uttara rUpa bhaMga bhI sAta hI hote haiN| yahI sapta bhaMgI kA svarUpa kahA gayA hai / jahA~ pramANa, naya aura nikSepa kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai, vahA~ saptabhaMgI nyAya kA varNana bhI Avazyaka hotA hai| yahA~ para saptabhaMgI kA saMkSepa meM, paricaya isa prakAra hai-- 1. prathama bhaMga-kathaMcit ghaTa hai / sva dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se ghaTa hai| 2. dvitIya bhaMga-kathaMcit ghaTa nahIM hai| para dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai| 3. tRtIya bhaMga-kathaMcit ghaTa hai, nahIM hai| sva kI apekSA se hai, kintu para kI apekSA se nahIM hai| 4. caturtha bhaMga-kathaMcit ghaTa avaktavya hai| kisI eka pada se eka sAtha asti nAsti kA kathana nahIM ho sakatA / For Private and Personal Use Only

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118 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 5. paJcama bhaMga - kathaMcit ghaTa hai, lekina vaha avaktavya hai / 6. SaSTha bhaMga - kathaMcit ghaTa nahIM hai, lekina avaktavya hai / 7. saptama bhaMga - kathaMcit ghaTa hai, nahIM hai, lekina avaktavya hai / 1. vidhi 2. niSedha 3. vidhi - niSedha ubhaya 5. vidhi, avaktavya 7. vidhi, niSedha, avaktavya | saptabhaMgI do prakAra kI hai-sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza / pramANa saptabhaMgI aura naya sapta bhaMgI / isa prakAra jaina tarka bhASA meM, pramANa aura pramANAbhAsa, naya aura nayAbhAsa, saptabhaMgI, saMkSepa meM inakA varNana kiyA hai / nikSepoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai / parIkSA-mUkha meM naya 4. avaktavya 6. niSedha, avaktavya digambara paramparA ke prasiddha naiyAyika AcArya mANikyanandI - kRta sUtrAtmaka nyAya grantha parIkSAmukha, eka sundara kRti hai / usa para eka vizAla bhASya hai, prameya kamala mArtaNDa / yaha AcArya prabhAcandra kI kRti hai / usa para eka laghu TIkA hai, AcArya anantavIrya viracita prameya-ratna mAlA / prastuta grantha meM vaidika aura bauddha nyAya kA anusaraNa kiyA hai / jisa prakAra AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM para vedAnta aura sAMkhya kA prabhAva hai, usI prakAra parIkSAmukha grantha para bhI prAcIna vaidika nyAya tathA bauddha nyAya paddhati kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai / kyoMki dharmakIrtikRta nyAyabindu ke sUtroM kA isa para prabhAva hai / boddha nyAya meM hetu mukha tathA nyAya mukha jaise mukhAnta grantha haiM, mANikyanandI ne unhIM kA anusaraNa kiyA hai / parIkSAmukha meM, pramANa aura pramANAbhAsoM kA lambA aura vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / kintu naya, nikSa epa aura vAda ke viSaya meM, varNana nahIM kiyA gayA / mUla sUtroM meM unakA ullekha taka bhI nahIM kiyA, jabaki jaina darzana ke ye vizeSa viSaya samajhe jAte haiM / prameyaratnamAlA meM, isa kamI kI pUrti kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| parIkSAmukha kA AdhAra AcArya akalaMka deva ke laghIyastraya, nyAya-vinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya aura pramANa saMgraha Adi grantha mAne jAte haiM / AcArya akalaMka deva jaina nyAya hI nahIM, samagra bhAratIya nyAya ke parama vidvAn the / nayoM ke bheda AcArya anantavIrya ne prameyaratnamAlA meM, nayoM ke mUla bheda do For Private and Personal Use Only

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naya-nirUpaNA | 116 mAne haiM--dravyArthika naya aura paryAyAthika naya / pradhAnatayA dravya kI vivakSA karane vAle naya ko dravyArthika kahate haiM / pradhAnatayA paryAya kI vivakSA karane vAle naya ko paryAyArthika kahate haiM / dravyAthika ke tIna bheda haiM-naigama, saMgraha aura vyavahAra / paryAyAthika ke cAra bheda hote haiM / jaise ki RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta / AcArya ne sAta nayoM kA aura unake sAta AbhAsoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai / AbhAsoM kA lakSaNa pIche diyA jA cukA hai| nayoM ko samajhane kA dRSTAnta prameya-ratna-mAlA TIkA ke TippaNakAra ne eka bahuta sundara rUpaka diyA hai, jaise ki kahIM para kisI pakSI ke zabda ko sunakara naigama naya kI dRSTi se kahA jAegA, ki gA~va meM pakSI bola rahA hai / saMgraha naya kahegA, ki vRkSa para pakSI bola rahA hai / vyavahAra naya kahegA, ki viTapa para pakSI bola rahA hai / RjUsUtra naya kahegA, ki zAkhA para pakSo bola rahA hai| zabda naya kahegA, ki ghoMsale meM pakSI bola rahA hai| samabhirUr3ha naya kahegA, ki vaha apane zarIra meM bola rahA hai / evaMbhUta naya kahegA, ki vaha apane kaNTha meM bola rahA hai| jisa prakAra yahA~ pakSI ke bolane ke pradeza ko lekara uttarottara kSetra viSayaka sUkSmatA hai, usI prakAra sAtoM nayoM ke viSaya meM uttarottara sUkSma viSayatA samajhanI cAhie / AcArya nANikyanandI parIkSAmukha sUtra nyAya viSaya kA prArambhika sUtrAtmaka grantha hai / sUtra sarala evaM subodha haiM, parantu isameM pramANa-naya-tattvAloka jaisI viSaya kI vyApakatA nahIM hai / naya jaise mahattvapUrNa viSaya para, jo jaina darzana kI apanI vizeSatA hai, usa para kucha bhI nahIM likhA, jabaki jaina tarka-bhASA jaise laghu grantha meM bhI upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne naya tathA unake AbhAsoM para khUba likhA hai| phira bhI parIkSAmukha prabhANa viSayaka eka sundara kRti hai| pramANa-mImAMsA pramANa-mImAMsA AcArya hemacandra kI amara racanA kahI jA sakatI hai| sUtroM kI racanA aura una para vistRta vatti kI racanA bhI AcArya ne svayaM kI hai / mUlakAra bhI svayaM haiM, aura vRttikAra bhI svayaM haiM / pratyakSa aura parokSa pramANoM kA vizada varNana kiyA gayA hai| lekina AcArya kI yaha For Private and Personal Use Only

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120 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana 1 amara kRti apUrNa hI rahI / anumAna kA bhI pUrA varNana nahIM ho sakA / Agama pramANa taka racanA pahuMcI hI nahIM / ataH isameM sapta bhaMgI nyAya aura nayoM kA tathA unake AbhAsoM kA varNana nahIM ho sakA / phira bhI unakI vRtti meM do mUla nayoM kA ullekha hai - dravyArthika naya aura paryAyArthika naya / unakI vizeSa vyAkhyA kA vahA~ prasaMga bhI nahIM thA / AcArya hemacandra zvetAmbara paramparA ke mahAn zratadhara haiM / nyAya dIpikA | lekina viSaya kA abhinava dharma bhUSaNa yati kI yaha eka laghu kRti pratipAdana saMkSipta hone para bhI spaSTa aura sundara hai dharmabhUSaNa digambara paramparA ke the / pramANa ke lakSaNa, pratyakSa aura parokSa, isake mukhya viSaya haiM / kintu isameM nayoM kA atyanta saMkSipta varNana kiyA hai| mUla naya do mAna kara unake bhedoM kA ullekha hai / lekina vaha varNana ulajhana bharA hai / usameM viSaya kI spaSTatA nahIM kI jA sakI / AlApa paddhati yaha naya viSayaka eka sugama aura subodha kRti hai / isa laghu kRti meM kAphI viSaya ko sameTa liyA gayA hai / isake racanAkAra AcArya devasena haiM | digambara paramparA ke AcArya haiM / isa kRti meM pramANa kA bhI varNana hai, kintu mukhya to nayoM kA varNana hai / bhASA atyanta sarala hai / AcArya devasena ne nayoM kA varNana do dRSTiyoM se kiyA hai - dArzanika dRSTi aura adhyAtma dRSTi / mUla naya do mAne haiM - dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika | pahale ke tIna bheda haiM- naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra | dUsare ke cAra bheda haiM- RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta / adhyAtma dRSTi se nayoM ke mUla meM do bheda haiM - nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya | nizcaya ke do bheda haiM- zuddha nizcayanaya aura azuddha nizcayanaya / vyavahAranaya ke do bheda haiM- sadbhuta aura asadbhuta / sadbhUta ke do bheda haiM- upacarita aura anupcrit| isa prakAra devasena ne apane laghu grantha meM nayoM kA jamakara varNana kiyA hai / viSaya kahIM para bhI adhUrA nahIM rahA / jaina darzana kA mukhya viSaya vastutaH naya hai, jisa para anekAntavAda kA aura syAdvAda kA bhavya ramaNIya prAsAda khar3A haiM / ataH anekAnta ko samajhane ke lie nayavAda ko samajhanA, Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya bhI hai / yaha jaina darzana kA mukhya tatva hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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nikSepa-paddhati For Private and Personal Use Only

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.. .. .. .. .... .. ... .... ... nikSepa-siddhAnta ................. manuSya apane vicAroM ko abhivyakta karane ke lie bhASA kA prayoga karatA hai| binA bhASA ke athavA binA zabda prayoga ke vaha apane vicAroM kI abhivyakti bhalI-bhA~ti nahIM kara pAtA / pazu kI apekSA manuSya kI yaha vizeSatA hai, ki vaha apane vicAroM kI abhivyakti bhASA ke mAdhyama se kara letA hai| yaha eka satya hai, ki jagat kA koI bhI vyavahAra, binA bhASA ke cala nahIM sktaa| ataH paraspara ke vyavahAra ko sucAru rUpa se calAne ke lie bhASA kA sahArA aura zabda prayoga kA mAdhyama manuSya ko pakar3anA par3atA hai| saMsAra meM hajAroM prakAra kI bhASAe~ haiM, aura una bhASAoM ke zabda hajAroM hI prakAra ke haiN| pratyeka bhASA ke zabda alagaalaga hI hote haiN| bhASA ke jJAna ke lie zabda jJAna Avazyaka hai, aura zabda jJAna ke lie bhASA-jJAna bhI Avazyaka hai| bhASA avayavI hai, aura zavda usake avayava haiN| vyAkaraNa zAstra ke anusAra avayavI ke jJAna ke lie avayava kA jJAna paramAvazyaka hotA hai| bhASA-jJAna ke lie zabdoM kA jJAna bhI nitAnta Avazyaka hotA hai| hama kisI bhI bhASA kA ucita prayoga tabhI kara sakeMge, jaba ki usake zabdoM kA ucita prayoga karanA hama sIkha leNge| kisa samaya para aura kisa sthiti meM, kisa zabda kA prayoga kaise kiyA jAtA hai, aura vaktA ke abhiprAya ko kaise samajhA jAtA hai ? yaha eka bahuta bar3A siddhAnta hai / zabda prayoga ke AdhAra para vaktA ke abhiprAya ko ThIka rUpa meM samajha lenA, jaina darzana meM, nikSepavAda kahA jAtA hai / nikSepa kA dUsarA nAma, nyAsa bhI hai / nikSepa aura nyAsa ko jaina darzana meM bar3A mahatva milA hai / nikSepa siddhAnta ko samajhane ke lie bhASA ke zabdoM ko aura una zabdoM ke arthoM ko ThIka For Private and Personal Use Only

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124 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana rUpa meM samajhanA Avazyaka hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra nikSepa kA lakSaNa yaha hai, ki zabdoM kA arthoM meM, aura arthoM kA zabdoM meM, Aropa karanA, arthAt nyAsa krnaa| eka zabda ke sambhAvita arthoM kA patA lagAnA, aura una arthoM meM zabda kA prayoga karanA / vyAkaraNa aura nikSapa saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke anusAra zabda aneka prakAra ke hote haiM / jaiseki nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga aura nipAta / ghaTa, paTa Adi nAma zabda haiM / paThati, gacchati Adi AkhyAta arthAt kriyA zabda haiM / pra, parA, upa Adi upasarga aura nipAta zabda haiN| ina cAra prakAra ke zabdoM meM, nikSepa kA sambandha kevala nAma se hai| anya zabdoM ke sAtha nikSepa kA sambandha nahIM hotaa| kyoM nahIM hotA? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki AkhyAta, upasarga aura nipAta zabda vastuvAcaka nahIM hote haiN| nikSepa kA sambandha usI zabda se rahatA hai, jo vastuvAcaka hotA hai| vyAkaraNa ke anusAra vastuvAcaka zabda nAma hI hotA hai / ataH ukta cAra prakAra ke zabdoM meM se nikSepa kA sambandha kevala nAma ke sAtha hI hai| nikSepa aura naya bhArata ke anya darzanoM meM, vaidika aura bauddha darzanoM meM, nikSepa aura naya kA ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai / darzanoM meM, jaina darzana kI apanI hI yaha eka maulikatA hai| pratyeka darzana kI apanI maulikatA hoto hai / jaina darzana ko nikSepa aura naya, kyoM svIkAra karane par3e ? isa prazna kA eka hI uttara hai, ki jaina darzana, anekAnta darzana rahA hai, vaha ekAntavAda ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| ekAnta nityavAda tathA ekAnta kSaNavAda ko vaha nahIM mAnatA / kathaMcit nitya aura kathaMcita anitya ko mAnatA hai / anekAnta darzana kI vyAkhyA, binA pramANa, binA naya aura binA nikSepa ko samajhe, nahIM kI jA sktii| ataH nikSepa aura naya kA vizeSa pratipAdana, jaina darzana meM kiyA gayA hai / pramANa kA pratipAdana to anya darzanoM meM bhI bahulatA se huA hai| paribhASA aura prayoga jaba taka kisI vastu kI paribhASA ko na samajhA jAye, taba taka usakA prayoga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataH nikSepa kI paribhASA ko samajhanA parama Avazyaka hai / vaktA ke abhiprAya ko ThIka se samajhane kI paddhati ko hI nikSepa kahA gayA hai| kisI bhI zabda evaM vAkya kA artha karate For Private and Personal Use Only

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nikSepa siddhAnta | 125 samaya vaktA kA abhiprAya kyA hai ? kauna-sA artha saMgata hai ? yaha nizcita karane ko hI nikSepa kahA gayA hai / yahI nikSepa kI paribhASA hai, yahI usakA upayoga hai / paribhASA aura upayoga ke bAda hI prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / usakA prayoga karane se pUrva usake prayojana ko bhI samajhanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai / nikSa epa kA prayojana nikSepa kA prayojana kyA hai ? isakA samAdhAna zvetAmbara paramparA ke mahAn dArzanika, mahAn naiyAyika AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne svaviracita sanmati sUtra ke prathama kANDa kI chaThI gAthA meM isa prakAra kiyA hai " nAma, sthApanA aura dravya - ye dravyAstika naya ke nikSepa haiM / bhAva, paryAyAstika naya kI prarUpaNA hai, yahI paramArtha hai / " ina nikSepoM kA prayojana yaha hai, ki loka meM pratyeka vastu kA cAra prakAra se vyavahAra hotA pAyA jAtA hai| zraddhAna Adi kA aura jIva Adi kA dravya evaM bhAva ke dvArA nikSepa hotA hai / akhaNDa tathA anirvacanIya vastu ko vyavahAra meM lAne ke lie usameM bheda - kalpanA karane ko nikSepa kahA gayA hai / yaha bheda kalpanA, zabda, jJAna aura artha rUpa meM kI jAtI hai / zabdAtmaka vyavahAra ke lie hI vastu kA nAmakaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, jaise ki vardhamAna mahAvIra aura sanmati Adi / jJAnAtmaka vyavahAra ke lie sthApanA kI jAtI hai / arthAtmaka vyavahAra ke lie dravya tathA bhAva nikSepa kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai / dravya, guNa, jAti aura kriyA Adi nimittoM kI apekSA se zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / nikSepa kA prayojana hai, zabda kA yathArtha artha samajhakara usakA prayoga karanA / nikSepa - siddhAnta ke anusAra pratyeka zabda ke kama se kama cAra artha avazya hI hote haiM / vaise eka zabda ke adhika artha bhI ho sakate haiM, aura hote bhI haiM, kintu yahAM para nikSepa kA varNana abhISTa hai, ataH zabda koSa ke anusAra zabda kA artha grahaNa na karake yahA~ para kevala nikSepa siddhAnta ke anusAra hI zabda kA artha grahaNa karanA hai| eka bar3e hI mahatva kA prazna yaha hai, ki nikSepa ke siddhAnta kA uddezya kyA hai ? aura usakA jIvana meM upayoga kyA hai ? ukta prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki aprastuta artha kA nirAkaraNa karake prastuta artha ko batalAnA / jaise kisI ne kahA, ki guru to mere hRdaya meM hai / yahA~ para guru zabda kA artha, guru vyakti kA jJAna For Private and Personal Use Only

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126 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana lenA hogA, kyoMki dehadhArI guru kisI ke hRdaya meM kaise raha sakatA hai ? ataH ukta vAkya meM guru kA jJAna, yaha artha prastuta hai, na ki svayaM guru vyakti / nikSepa kA sabase bar3A upayoga yaha hai, ki vaha aprastuta artha ko dUra karake prastuta artha kA jJAna karA detA hai / nikSepa kI upayogitA kevala zAstra meM hI nahIM, balki manuSya ke dainika vyavahAra meM bhI rahatI hai / binA nikSepa ke manuSya kA vyavahAra cala nahIM sakatA / vAcya vAcaka sambandha saMsAra ke jIvoM kA samagra vyavahAra padArtha ke Azrita rahatA hai / padArtha eka nahIM ananta haiM / una samagra padArthoM kA vyavahAra eka sAtha nahIM ho sakatA / yathAvasara prayojana-vazAt amuka kisI eka padArtha kA hI vyavahAra hotA hai / ataH jisa upayogI padArtha kA jJAna hama karanA cAhate haiM, usakA jJAna zabda ke AdhAra se hI kiyA jA sakatA hai | kintu kisa zabda kA kyA artha hai, yaha kaise jAnA jAe ? vastutaH isI prazna kA samAdhAna, nikSepa siddhAnta hai / vyAkaraNa ke anusAra, zabda aura artha paraspara sApekSa hote haiM / zabda ko artha kI apekSA rahatI hai aura artha ko zabda kI apekSA rahatI hai / yadyapi zabda aura artha donoM svatantra padArtha haiM, tathApi una donoM meM eka prakAra kA sambandha mAnA gayA hai / isa sambandha ko vAcya vAcaka sambandha kahA jAtA hai / zabda vAcaka hai aura artha vAcya hai / vAcya vAcaka sambandha kA jJAna hone para hI zabda kA ucita prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se nikSepakA siddhAnta eka vaha siddhAnta hai, jisase zabda ke artha ko samajhane kI kalA kA parijJAna hotA hai / nikSepa eka paddhati hai / vAcaka umAsvAti ne svaracita tatvArtha sUtra ke prathama adhyAya ke paMcama sUtra meM, nikSepa ke cAra prakAra kahe haiM- nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / cAroM kI milakara nikSepa saMjJA hai / nikSepa kA artha hai - pheMkanA tathA nyAsa karanA, rakhanA / zabda ko cAra arthoM meM pheMkanA / kisI bhI sArthaka zabda kA artha vicAranA ho, to usako ina cAroM kA AdhAra lekara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai, jisase vaktA ke vicAra ko sahI samajhA jA sake / jaise ki eka zabda hai, rAjA / isakA vAkya prayoga isa prakAra ho sakatA hai- - rAjA A rahA hai / 'A rahA hai' kriyApada hai, usakA kartA rAjA hai / rAjA zabda ke cAra artha haiM For Private and Personal Use Only

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nikSepa siddhAnta | 127 1. nAma rAjA 2. sthApanA rAjA 3. dravya rAjA 4. bhAva rAjA jo nAma bhara kA rAjA ho, vaha nAma rAjA hai| rAjA kA citra, rAjA kI mUrti, rAjA kI pratikRti ko sthApanA rAjA kahA jAtA hai| jo vartamAna kSaNa meM rAjA na ho, kintu atIta meM raha cukA ho, athavA anAgata meM hogA, usako dravya rAjA kahate haiN| jo vartamAna kSaNa meM, rAjapada kA anubhava karatA ho, jo rAjya siMhAsana para sthita ho, usako bhAva rAjA kahA gayA hai| nikSepa meM naya-yojanA mUla naya do haiM-dravyAstika naya tathA paryAyAstika naya / nayoM ke anya bheda tathA prabheda. ina do kA hI vistAra hai / AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne sanmati-sUtra meM kahA, ki mula naya do hI haiM, zeSa inakA vistAra hai| prathama ke do bheda haiM--saMgraha naya aura vyavahAra ny| dvitIya ke cAra bheda ! haiM-RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evNbhuut| donoM ke milAkara naya ke par3a bheda hote haiN| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne nagama naya ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| usakA samAveza saMgraha evaM vyavahAra meM ho jAtA hai| ___ zAstra aura loka ke vAkyoM meM, paryAya vizeSa kA vacana pratipAdita kiyA jAtA hai| saba prakAra kA vacana krama sAmAnya aura vizeSa athavA dravyAstika evaM paryAyAstika, ubhaya naya para Azrita hai| vastusthiti na kevala dravyAstika naya hI hai, aura na kevala paryAyAstika naya rUpa hI hai / vaha to ubhaya rUpa hai / yahI hai, anekAnta darzana / ekAnta darzana eka dRSTikoNa ko lekara calatA hai, dUsare dRSTikoNa kA niSedha karatA hai| ataH jaina darzana ke anusAra, ekAnta darzana, mithyAdarzana hotA hai| anekAnta darzana, samyagdarzana hotA hai| pratyeka vastu jaba anantadharmAtmaka hai, taba usakA eka dharma lekara hI use sampUrNa mAna lenA, ekAntavAda hai / anekAntavAda vastu ke anya dharmoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| naya kI sImA __ anekadharmAtmaka vastu kA kisI eka dharma ke AdhAra para vicAra karanA, naya kahalAtA hai| vaha naya sAta prakAra kA hai-naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUDha aura evaMbhUta / nayoM meM bhAratIya darzana kI samasta ekAntavAdI paramparAoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| jaise ki saMgraha meM sAMkhya kA, parama saMgraha meM vedAnta kA, vyavahAra meM cArvAka kA, For Private and Personal Use Only

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128 | jaina nyAya zAstra : eka parizIlana RjusUtra meM bauddha kA aura zabda meM vyAkaraNa Adi kA samAveza sahaja ho jAtA hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM Avazyaka niyukti ke naya dvAra meM sAta mUla nayoM ke nAma tathA lakSaNa diye gaye haiM, tathA yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai, ki pratyeka naya ke zatAdhika bheda-prabheda ho sakate haiN| jina-mata meM eka bhI sUtra, athavA usakA artha aisA nahIM hai, jisakA naya dRSTi ke binA vicAra ho sakatA ho / ataeva naya-vizArada kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha thotA kI yogyatA ko dekhakara naya kA kathana kare, use smjhaaye|| vyAkhyA zailI AgamoM ke zabdoM tathA vAkyoM kI vyAkhyA zailI kA prAcIna nAmanikti evaM nikSepa paddhati, hotA hai| yaha vyAkhyA paddhati bahuta prAcIna hai| isa paddhati meM, kisI eka pada ke sambhAvita aneka artha karane ke bAda unameM se aprastuta arthoM kA niSedha karake prastuta artha kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / jaina nyAya paddhati meM, nikSepa paddhati kA bahuta mahatva rahA hai / nikSepa paddhati ke AdhAra para kiye jAne vAle zabdArtha ke nirNaya nizcaya kA nAma hI niyUkti hai| Avazyaka niyukti meM kahA gayA hai, ki eka zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM, kintu kauna-sA artha kisa prasaMga ke lie upayukta hotA hai, bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza ke samaya kauna-sA artha kisa zabda se sambaddha rahA hai, ina bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue samyak rUpa se artha-nirNaya karanA, aura usa artha kA mUla sUtra ke zabdoM ke sAtha sambandha sthApita karanA~yahI niyukti kA prayojana mAnA gayA hai / nikSepa bhI eka prakAra kI vyAkhyA zailI mAnI jAtI hai / niyukti aura nikSepa, donoM kA upayoga evaM prayoga, Agama meM hotA hai| pramANa, naya aura nikSepa prameyoM ke parijJAna ke lie pramANa kI parama AvazyakatA hai| lekina sAtha meM naya aura nikSepa ko bhI AvazyakatA hai / pramANa samasta vastu kA jJAna karatA hai, jJAna viSayI hotA hai, vastu usakA viSaya hai| naya se kisI bhI vastu kA eka dharma grahaNa hotA hai| anantadharmAtmaka vastu ke eka aMza ko grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna, naya hai / nikSepa vastu ko vyavahAra yogya banAtA hai| kisa zabda se vaktA kA kyA abhiprAya, kisa artha meM vaktA ne zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai ? isakA parijJAna binA nikSepa ke kadApi nahIM ho sakatA hai / ataH nikSepa kI parama AvazyakatA hotI hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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nikSepa siddhAnta | 126 nikSepa ke bheda nikSepa ke kitane prakAra haiM ? isake uttara meM itanA kahanA hI paryApta hogA ki kisI bhI vastu-vinyAsa ke jitane krama ho sakate haiM, utane hI nikSepa hote haiM / parantu kama se kama cAra nikSepa mAne jAte haiN| jaise ki nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / nAma kA artha hai-saMjJA athavA saMketa / sthApanA kA artha hai-AropaNA arthAt Aropa karanA / dravya kA artha haivastu vizeSa / bhAva kA artha hai-vartamAna paryAya vizeSa / nAma nikSepa kisI vyakti kA athavA kisI vastu kA apanI icchA ke anusAra nAma rakha denA hI nAma nikSepa hai| jaise kisI manuSya kA nAma usake mAtA evaM pitA ne 'indra' rakha diyA / yahA~ para indra zabda kA jo artha hai, vaha apekSita nahIM hai, balki eka saMjJA mAtra hI hai| nAma nikSepa meM, jAti, guNa, dravya aura kriyA kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI hai, kyoMki yaha nAma to kevala loka vyavahAra calAne ke lie hI hotA hai / nAmakaraNa saMketa mAtra se kiyA jAtA hai / yadi nAma ke anusAra, usameM guNa bhI hoM, taba vaha nAma nikSepa na kahalAkara, bhAva nikSepa kahalAyegA / bhAva nikSepa usI ko kahA jAtA hai, jisameM tadanukUla guNa bhI vidyamAna hote hoN| sthApanA nikSepa kisI vastu kI kisI anya vastu meM, yaha parikalpanA karanA ki yaha vaha hai, sthApanA nikSepa kahA jAtA hai| jo padArtha tadpa nahIM hai, use tadrUpa mAna lenA ho sthApanA nikSepa hai / usake do bheda haiM 1. tadAkAra sthApanA 2. atadAkAra sthApanA kisI mUrti athavA kisI citra meM, vyakti ke AkArAnurUpa sthApanA karanA, tadAkAra kI sthApanA hai / zataraMja Adi ke moharoM meM, azva, gaja Adi kI jo apane AkAra se rahita kalpanA kI jAtI hai, use atadAkAra sthApanA kahA jAtA hai| nAma aura sthApanA, donoM yathArtha artha se zUnya hote haiN| dravyanikSepa atIta avasthA, anAgata avasthA aura anuyogadazA--ye tInoM vivakSita kriyA meM, pariNata nahIM hote| isI kAraNa inheM dravyanikSepa kahA jAtA hai / jaise jaba koI kahatA hai, ki rAjA to mere hRdaya meM hai taba usakA artha hotA hai-rAjA kA jJAna mere hRdaya meM hai / kyoMki dehadhArI rAjA kA kabhI For Private and Personal Use Only

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130 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana kisI ke hRdaya meM rahanA sambhava nahIM hai| yaha anupayoga dazA hai| dravyanikSepa ke anya do udAharaNa haiM, ki jo pahale kabhI rAjA rahA hai, kintu vartamAna meM rAjA nahIM hai, use rAjA kahanA, atIta dravya nikSepa hai| vartamAna meM jo rAjA nahIM hai, kintu bhaviSya meM jo rAjA banegA, use vartamAna meM rAjA kahanA, anAgata dravya nikSepa hai| ukta dravya nikSepa kA artha hai-jo avasthA atIta kAla meM ho cukI ho, athavA bhaviSya kAla meM hone vAlI ho, usakA vartamAna meM kathana krnaa| yaha dravya nikSepa hai| jIva ke sambandha meM, yaha bhaMga ghaTita nahIM hotaa| ataH use zUnya kahA gayA hai| jIva vizeSa kI apekSA se isa bhaMga ko ghaTAne kA bhI prayatna kiyA gayA hai| bhAva nikSepa vartamAna paryAya-pariNata vastu ko bhAva nikSepa kahA gayA hai| jaise rAjya siMhAsana para sthita vyakti ko rAjA kahanA / bhAva nikSepa kI dRSTi meM, rAjA vahI vyakti ho sakatA hai, jo vartamAna meM rAjya kara rahA ho| isake viparIta jo vyakti pahale rAjya kara cukA hai, athavA bhaviSya meM rAjya karegA, kintu vartamAna meM vaha rAjya nahIM kara rahA hai, to bhAvanikSepa use rAjA nahIM maantaa| nikSepa ke anusAra, rAjA zabda ke cAra artha hote haiM-nAma rAjA, sthApanA rAjA, dravya rAjA aura bhAva rAjA / kisI vyakti kA nAma rAjA rakha denA, nAma rAjA hai| kisI rAjA ke citra ko athavA mUrti ko rAjA kahanA, athavA kisI bhI padArtha meM, yaha rAjA hai, isa prakAra kI parikalpanA karanA yaha sthApanA rAjA hai| dravya rAjA use kahA jAtA hai, jo vartamAna meM to rAjA nahIM hai, kintu atIta meM raha cukA hai, athavA bhaviSya meM rAjA banegA / bhAva rAjA vaha hai, jo vartamAna meM, rAjya pada para sthita hai, aura rAjya kA saMcAlana kara rahA hai / nAma aura sthApanA __nAma nikSepa meM aura sthApanA nikSepa meM kyA antara hai ? kyoMki nAma nikSepa meM kisI vyakti kA kucha bhI nAma rakha diyA jAtA hai, aura sthApanA nikSepa meM bhI mUrti aura citra Adi meM nAma rakha diyA jAtA hai / isake samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki nAma aura sthApanA meM itanA hI bheda hai, ki nAma nikSepa meM Adara aura anAdara buddhi nahIM rahatI, jabaki sthApanA nikSepa meM Adara aura anAdara buddhi kI jAtI hai| For Private and Personal Use Only

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nikSepa siddhAnta | 131 kalpanA karo, eka vyakti kisI nadI meM se gola patthara uThA lAyA, aura usane usameM zAligrAma kI sthApanA kara lI, usa sthiti meM vaha vyakti usameM Adara buddhi bhI rakhatA hai / zAstrIya rahasya ko samajhane ke lie hI nikSa epa siddhAnta kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, balki loka vyavahAra kI ulajhanoM ko sulajhAne ke lie bhI nikSepa kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai / ataH nikSa epa kA jJAna parama Avazyaka ho jAtA hai / vaktA ke sahI abhiprAya ko isake binA nahIM samajhA jAtA / naya aura nikSepa meM bheda naya aura nikSepa meM kyA bheda hai ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki naya aura nikSepa meM viSaya aura viSayI bhAva sambandha hai / naya jJAnAtmaka hai, aura nikSepa jJeyAtmaka / nikSepa ko jAnane vAlA naya hai / zabda aura artha meM jo vAcya vAcaka sambandha hai, usake sthApanA kI kriyA kA nAma, nikSa epa hai, aura vaha naya kA viSaya hai, tathA naya usakA viSayI hai / prathama ke tIna nikSa epa, dravyArthika naya ke viSaya haiM, aura antima bhAva nikSa epa, paryAyArthika naya kA viSaya hai / nikSepa kI yaha paddhati, mUla AgamoM meM, niyuktiyoM meM tathA bhASyoM meM prayukta hotI rahI hai| darzana aura nyAyazAstra meM isakA prayoga bahuta kama huA hai / zabda aura artha kI paddhati nikSa epa zabda jaina AgamoM meM prayukta hone vAlA eka pAribhASika zabda hai / yaha zabda evaM artha ko samajhane kI eka paddhati vizeSa hai / kisa avasara para kisa zabda kA kyA artha karanA, aura usa artha ke anusAra kaisA vyavahAra karanA, isa kalA ko nikSepa kahA gayA hai / zabdoM kA prayoga kaise karanA, yahI to nikSepa prakriyA kA tAtparya hai / zabdoM ke artha badalate rahate | vaktA ke abhiprAya ko samajhanA kaThina hotA hai, usako sarala karane kI kalA hI vastutaH nikSa epa tathA anuyoga kahA jAtA hai / binA inake zAstra IT artha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / nikSepa, bhASA aura bhAva kI saMgati karatA hai / zabda binA artha kA nahIM hotA, aura artha bhI binA zabda kA nahIM hotA / zabda vAcaka hai, aura artha vAcya hai / vAcaka ho, aura vAcya na ho, yaha to sambhava hI nahIM / vAk aura artha donoM sAtha hI rahate haiM, kabhI alaga nahIM ho sakate / zvetAmbara tathA digambara donoM paramparAoM meM, jJAna, pramANa, naya, saptabhaMgI, syAdvAda aura For Private and Personal Use Only

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132 | jaina nyAya zAstra : eka parizIlana anekAntavAda ke nirUpaNa meM, kisI prakAra kA vibheda nahIM hai / lekina nikSepa ke viSaya meM vaisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kyoMki donoM ke pAsa AgamaparamparA eka nahIM rahI hai / nikSepa kA prayoga evaM upayoga, Agama vyAkhyA meM hI adhika hotA hai / Agama donoM ke bhinna haiM / ataH nikSepa kI paribhASA aura usake bheda-prabhedoM meM kAphI antara A gayA hai| donoM ke dArzanika granthoM meM nikSepa kA pratipAdana- bahuta virala huA hai, aura nyAya-zAstra ke granthoM meM to nAmamAtra kA hI varNana hai| tattvArtha sUtra ke bhASya meM, jo ki tattvArtha sUtra kI sabase prAcIna vyAkhyA hai, aura svayaM umAsvAti ko kRti hai, usameM nikSepa kA nirUpaNa hai, tathA sarvArthasiddhi meM bhI varNana upalabdha hai / nyAya granthoM meM AcArya akalaMkadeva ke ladhIyastraya meM eka pUrA pariccheda hai, aura vAcaka yazovijayakRta jaina tarka-bhASA meM bhI eka pariccheda hai / zeSa nyAya granthoM meM isa viSaya kI upekSA kara dI hai, athavA anupayogI samajhA hai| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM nikSepa anuyogadvAra sUtra meM nikSepa ke cAra bheda haiM-nAma nikSepa, sthApanA nikSepa, dravya nikSepa aura bhAva nikSepa / mukhya bheda cAra hI haiN| nAma nikSepa ke tIna bheda haiM --yathArtha nAma, ayathArtha nAma aura arthazUnya nAma / nAma ke anusAra guNa ho, to yathArtha nAma / nAma ke anusAra guNa na ho, to ayathArtha nAma / jisakA koI artha hI na nikalatA ho, vaha artha-zUnya nAma / sthApanA nikSepa ke cAlIsa bheda haiM-jo isa prakAra ke kahe jAte 1. kASTha kI sthaapnaa| 2. citra kI sthApanA / 3. motI kI sthaapnaa| 4. miTTI kI sthApanA / 5. granthi kI sthaapnaa| 6. kasIde kI sthaapnaa| 7. koraNI kI sthApanA / 8. vastu kI sthApanA / 6. akasmAt sthaapnaa| 10. paTa kI sthApanA / ina dasoM ke AkAra ke bIsa bheda haiM-ina bIsoM kI sadbhAva sthApanA, aura asadbhAva sthApanA karanA, isa prakAra cAlIsa bheda hote haiN| jo padArtha AgAmI pariNAma kI yogyatA rakhane vAlA ho, use usa avasthA se saMbodhita karanA jaise rAjA ke putra ko rAjA kahanA, yaha dravya For Private and Personal Use Only

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nikSepa siddhAnta | 133 nikSepa hai / atIta aura anAgata paryAya ke kAraNa ko bhI dravya nikSa epa kahA jAtA hai / usake do bheda haiM 1. Agama dravya nikSa epa / 2. no Agama dravya nikSepa / Agama kA paThana-pAThana to kare, parantu na to usakA artha samajhe, aura na upayogapUrvaka par3he athavA bole, zUnya citta se totA raTana kara le, vaha Agama dravya nikSepa hai / no Agama dravya nikSepa ke tIna bheda haiM 1. jJAyaka zarIra dravya nikSepa / 2. bhavya zarIra dravya nikSepa / Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir - 3. jJAyaka - zarIra, bhavya zarIra, tad vyatirikta dravya nikSepa / 1. eka zrAvaka Avazyaka sUtra kA jJAtA thA, vaha maraNa ko prApta ho gayA / usakA zarIra par3A hai / use dekhakara yaha kahanA ki yaha Ava zyaka sUtra kA jJAtA thA / yaha jJAyaka zarIra dravya nikSa epa hai / 2. zrAvaka ke ghara putra janmA / usako dekhakara kahanA, ki yaha Avazyaka sUtra kA jJAtA hogA / yaha bhavya zarIra no Agama dravya nikSa epa 1 3. jJAyaka - zarIra, bhavya zarIra aura tad vyatirikta dravya nikSepa ke tIna bheda haiM 1. laukika / 2. lokottara | 3. kuprAvacanika / 1. rAjA, seTha evaM senApati Adi dvArA sabhA meM baiThakara, avazya karane yogya kAryoM kA kiyA jAnA / yaha laukika tad vyatirikta dravya nikSepa hai / 2. jo nAma se to sAdhu hai, para usameM sAdhu ke guNa nahIM haiM / SaTkAya ke jIvoM kI dayA nahIM karatA, tapa nahIM karatA, ubhayakAla Avazyaka karatA hai, vaha lokottara dravya nikSepa ke anusAra hai / 3. yajJa Adi hiMsAmUlaka kriyA ko karane vAlA tApasa, brAhmaNa evaM pAkhaNDa mArga para calane vAlA, mithyAtvI devoM kI bhakti karane vAlA, dhUpa dIpa karane vAlA, gRhastha dharma ko hI kalyANakara samajhane vAlA, yaha For Private and Personal Use Only

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134 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana kuprAvanika dravya nikSepa hai / ye vividha bheda dravya nikSa epa ke haiM / bheda aura bhI bahuta haiM, para yahA~ saMkSepa se kathana kiyA gayA hai / jisa vastu kA jo guNa hai, guNAnusAra usakA nirUpaNa karanA, bhAva nikSa epa hai / bhAva nikSa epa ke do bheda haiM ---- 1. Agama bhAva nikSa epa 2. no Agama bhAva nikSa epa Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 1. upayoga pUrvaka zAstra par3hanA, yahI Agama se bhAva nikSepa hai / 2. no Agama se bhAva nikSa epa ke tIna bheda haiM 1. laukika 2. lokottara 3. kuprAvacanika 1. jo vyakti prAtaHkAla upayoga pUrvaka mahAbhArata ko aura madhya belA meM, rAmAyaNa ko par3hate haiM, athavA sunate haiM, use laukika no Agama se bhAvanikSepa kahate haiM / 2. jo zramaNa athavA zrAvaka ubhayakAla upayogapUrvaka evaM zuddha Avazyaka karate haiM, unakA yahI lokottara no Agama se bhAva nikSa epa hai / 3. jo vyakti arthAt andhavizvAsI evaM anyadharmI upayogapUrvaka evaM zuddha tathA artha sahita OM Adi kA japa tathA dhyAna karate haiM, unakA yaha kuprAvacanika no Agama bhAva nikSa epa hai / isa prakAra anuyogadvAra sUtragata nikSa epa kA svarUpa tathA usake prabhedoM kA saMkSepa meM hI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / tatvArtha sUtra meM nikSepa vAcaka umAsvAti ne sva-viracita grantha tattvArtha sUtra adhyAya prathama, sUtra pA~ca meM cAra nikSepoM kA varNana kiyA hai- nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / ina cAra nikSa epoM se samyagdarzana tathA jIva Adi kA nyAsa arthAt nikSa epa hotA hai / loka meM, athavA Agama meM, jitanA zabda vyavahAra hotA hai, vaha kahA~ aura kisa apekSA se kiyA jA rahA hai ? isa samasyA ko sulajhAnA hI nikSepa vyavasthA kA kAma hai / prayojana ke anusAra eka hI zabda ke aneka artha ho jAte haiM / mahAbhArata meM, 'azvatthAmA hataH, yudhiSThira ke itanA kahane bhara se yuddha kI dizA meM parivartana ho gyaa| isase jJAta hotA hai, ki eka hI For Private and Personal Use Only

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nikSepa siddhAnta | 135 zabda prasaMgAnusAra vividha arthoM kA jatAne vAlA ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra yadi eka zabda ke mukhya artha dekhe jAe~, to cAra hote haiM / ye hI cAra artha usa zabda ke artha kI dRSTi se cAra bheda haiM / isI ko nyAsa evaM nikSepa kahate haiM / inako jAna lene se prakRta artha kA bodha hotA hai, aura aprakRta artha kA nirAkaraNa hotA hai| nikSepa ke cAra bheda isa prakAra haiM 1. nAma nikSepa-jisameM vyutpatti kI pradhAnatA nahIM, kintu jo itara logoM ke saMketa bala se jAnA jAtA hai, vaha artha nAma nikSepa kA viSaya hai / jaise mAtA-pitA ne apane putra kA sevaka nAma rakha diyaa| kintu usameM sevA kA guNa nahIM hai| 2. sthApanA nikSepa --jo vastu asalI vastu kI pratikRti, mUrti yA citra hai, jisameM asalI vastu kA Aropa kiyA gayA hai, vaha sthApanA nikSepa kA viSaya hai| jaise gA~dhIjI kA citr| 3. dravya nikSepa-jo artha, bhAva kA pUrva yA uttara rUpa ho, vaha dravya nikSepa kA viSaya hai / jo vartamAna meM, sevA nahIM kara rahA hai, kintu kara cukA hai, athavA karegA, vaha dravya sevaka hotA hai| 4. bhAva nikSepa-jisa artha meM, zabda kA vyutpatti yA pravRtti nimitta vartamAna meM, ghaTamAna ho, vaha bhAva nikSepa kA viSaya hai / jo vartamAna meM sevA kArya meM saMlagna hai, vaha bhAva sevaka hotA hai| inameM se prAraMbha ke tIna nikSepa, sAmAnya rUpa hone se dravyAthika naya ke viSaya haiM, aura bhAva paryAya rUpa hone se paryAyAthika naya kA viSaya hai / vyavahAra aura bhASA samasta vyavahAra kA mukhya sAdhana bhASA hai / kisako kyA denA aura kisase kyA lenA, isa prakAra kA jo vyavahAra hai, vaha binA bhASA sambhava nahIM hai / guru apane ziSya ko jJAna detA hai, ziSya use grahaNa karatA hai, vaha bhI bhASA ke binA nahIM ho sakatA hai / bhASA zabdoM se banatI hai, zabda padoM se banate haiM, aura pada akSaroM se banate haiM / ataH akSara, pada, zabda, vAkya aura bhASA / yahI vikAsa kA krama rahA hai| eka zabda ke aneka artha ho sakate haiN| kama se kama cAra artha to haiM hii| ye hI cAra nikSepa, nyAsa aura vibhAga kahe jAte haiM / prasiddha nAma nikSepa hai| zabdoM ke bheda zabdoM ke aneka bheda hote haiN| jaise ki saMjJA zabda, AkhyAta zabda aura dhAtu zabda arthAt kriyA zabda tathA nipAta zabda / zabda ke do bheda bhI For Private and Personal Use Only

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136 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana hote haiM - yaugika aura rUr3ha / tIsarA bheda bhI ho sakatA hai - yoga- rUr3ha | vAcaka aura kumbhakAra Adi yaugika zabda haiN| gAya aura ghor3A Adi rUr3ha zabda haiM / pacati, iti pAcaka, tathA kumbhaM karoti, iti kumbhakAraH / ina zabdoM kI vyutpatti kA nimitta hai / ye zabda kriyA ke Azraya se bane haiM, vaha kriyA zabdoM kI vyutpatti kA nimitta kahI jAtI hai / pAcaka aura kumbhakAra Adi zabdoM meM pAka kriyA aura ghaTana kriyA ko vyutpatti nimitta samajhanA cAhie / yaugika zabdoM meM, vyutpatti kA nimitta hI unakI pravRtti kA nimitta banatA hai / lekina rur3ha zabdoM ke viSaya meM yaha bAta nahIM hai / rUr3ha zabda vyutpatti ke AdhAra para vyavahRta nahIM hote, rUr3hi ke anusAra hI unakA artha hotA hai / jaise ki gAya aura ghor3A - ina zabdoM kI vyutpatti nahIM hotI, rUr3hi ke anusAra hI unakA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / vyutpatti ke anusAra unakA prayoga nahIM hotA / AkRti aura jAti hI rUr3ha zabdoM ke vyavahAra kA nimitta hai / ataH AkRti aura jAti ko usa prakAra ke zabdoM kA vyutpatti nimitta nahIM, lekina pravRtti nimitta hI kahA jAtA hai / jahA~ yaugika zabda vizeSaNa rUpa ho, vahA~ vyutpatti nimitta vAle artha ko bhAva nikSepa aura jAti nAma jahA~ rUr3ha zabda ho, vahA~ pravRtti nimitta vAle artha ko bhAva nikSepa samajhanA cAhie / Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir jaina siddhAnta dIpikA meM nikSepa AcArya tulasI gaNi ne sva-praNIta, sUtrAtmaka tathA savRtti grantha jaina siddhAnta dIpikA meM nikSepa kA atyanta sundara evaM sarala vyAkhyAna kiyA hai / grantha ke navama prakAza meM, nikSepa kA varNana isa prakAra prArambha kiyA hai / " zabdoM meM vizeSaNa dvArA pratiniyata artha kA pratipAdana karane kI zakti nihita karane ko nikSepa kahA gayA hai / pratyeka zabda meM, asaMkhya arthoM ko prakaTa karane kI zakti hotI hai / aprastuta artha kA nirAkaraNa, aura prastuta artha kA kathana, yaha nikSepa kA prayojana hai / usake cAra bheda haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM- nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / 1. jAti, dravya, binA saMketa mAtra se jo vastu-nyAsa ke jitane krama haiM, utane hI nikSepa hote haiN| kama se kama cAra nikSepa hote haiM / ve avazyameva karane cAhie / guNa, kriyA aura lakSaNa ina nimittoM kI apekSA saMjJA kI jAtI hai, vaha nAma nikSepa hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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nikSepa siddhAnta | 137 2. mUla artha se zUnya vastu ko usI ke abhiprAya se sthApita karane ko sthApanA nikSepa kahA hai / 3. bhUta aura bhAvI avasthA ke kAraNa tathA anupayoga ko dravya nikSepa kahate haiM / dravya nikSepa ke do bheda, Agama meM isa prakAra haiM-2. no AgamataH 1. AgamataH AgamataH dravya nikSepa - jIva Adi padArthoM kA jJAtA, kintu vartamAna meM upayoga zUnya | AgamataH kA artha hai - jJAna kI apekSA se / no AgamataH dravya nikSepa - isake tIna bheda haiM- jJa- zarIra arthAt jAnane vAle kA zarIra bhavya zarIra aura tadvyatirikta / no AgamataH kA abhiprAya hai- jJAna ke sarvathA abhAva aura deza abhAva - donoM kA sUcaka hai / jJa zarIra aura bhavya zarIra meM, jJAna kA sarvathA abhAva hai tathA anupayukta avasthA meM kI jAne vAlI kriyA meM, jJAna kA dezataH abhAva hai / jahA~ jJa zarIra aura bhavya zarIra ke pUrvokta lakSaNa ghaTita nahIM hote, vahA~ tadvyatirikta dravya nikSepa hai / 4. vivakSita kriyA meM pariNata vastu ko bhAvanikSa epa kahA jAtA hai / usake do bheda haiM 1. AgamataH 2. no AgamataH upAdhyAya ke artha ko jAnane vAle tathA usa anubhava meM, pariNata vyakti ko AgamataH bhAva upAdhyAya kahA jAtA hai / upAdhyAya ke artha ko jAnane vAle tathA adhyApana kriyA meM pravRtta vyakti ko no AgamataH bhAva upAdhyAya kahA jAtA hai / nikSepoM ke parijJAna ke binA Agama ke arthoM ko vAstavika rUpa meM nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai / ataH pramANa aura nayoM kI bhA~ti hI nikSepoM kA parijJAna parama Avazyaka hai / sanmati tarka meM nikSepa sanmati tarka prakaraNa athavA sanmati sUtra zAsana prabhAvaka grantha mAnA jAtA hai | zvetAmbara paramparA ke mahAn AcArya siddhasena divAkara kI yaha eka amara kRti / dUsarI kRti hai, unakI nyAyAvatAra-sUtra / donoM kI racanA padya meM kI hai | sanmati sUtra meM mukhya viSaya naya aura anekAnta kA hai / nyAyAvatAra sUtra meM pramANa aura jaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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138 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana donoM kRtiyoM para zvetAmbara paramparA ke AcAryoM ne bhASya, TIkA aura vRtti likhI haiM / donoM grantha gahana gambhIra hai / AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne saMskRta bhASA meM, jaina nyAya kA prathama grantha diyA, yaha unakA mahAn avadAna hai / ataH ve jaina nyAya ke pitA evaM janaka haiM / unhoMne pramANa ke tIna bheda kahe haiM - pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama / sanmati tarka sUtra kI racanA AcArya ne prAkRta bhASA meM kI hai / isameM tIna kANDoM meM bhinna-bhinna viSaya haiN| naya aura anekAnta, darzana aura jJAna tathA dravya, guNa aura paryAya / ina viSayoM kA isa grantha meM gahana cintana kiyA hai | zvetAmbara paramparA kA yaha mUrdhanya aura atizaya grantha mAnA gayA hai / vistRta vivecana ke sAtha isakA prakAzana ho cukA haigujarAtI bhASA meM bhI aura hindI bhASA meM bhI / paNDitapravara sukhalAlajI vivecana kiyA hai / nikSepa kathana sanmati sUtra kA mukhya viSaya naya hai, pramANa aura nikSepa nahIM / pramANa kA pratipAdana AcArya ne nyAyAvatAra meM kara diyA / nayoM kA pratipAdana sanmati sUtra meM vistAra se kiyA hai / prathama kANDa kI chaThI gAthA meM AcArya ne nikSepa kA kathana atyanta saMkSepa meM kiyA hai / unhoMne kahA hai, ki jisase loka kA vyavahAra calatA hai, use nikSepa kahate haiM / pratyeka padArtha kA vyavahAra cAra prakAra se hotA hai| ye cAra prakAra haiM, cAra nikSepa - nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / inameM se prathama tIna - nAma, sthApanA aura dravya, ye dravyArthika naya ke nikSepa haiM / kintu jo bhAva nikSepa hai, vaha paryAyArthika naya kA nikSepa kahA gayA hai| yahI inakA paramArtha hai / Age kahA gayA hai, ki nAma se nAma vAlA, sthApanA se sthApanA vAlA, dravya se dravya vAlA, ye paraspara bhinna nahIM haiM / ataH abheda hone se tInoM dravyArthika naya ke viSaya haiM / parantu pratyeka samaya meM bhAva meM bhinnatA hone se bhAva nikSepa paryAya rUpa hai / ataH bhAva nikSepa paryAyArthika naya kA viSaya hai / dravyArthika naya abheda rUpa tathA sAmAnya kathana karatA hai, kintu paryAyArthika naya kA viSaya bheda rUpa paryAya kI vizeSatAoM kA kathana karanA hai / donoM naya paraspara sApekSa hone ke kAraNa hI ye naya haiM / nirapekSa naya mithyA naya hote haiM / For Private and Personal Use Only

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nikSepa siddhAnta | 136 jaina tarka - bhASA meM nikSepa vAcaka yazovijaya viracita jaina tarka- bhASA eka atyanta sundara kRti hai, jo navya nyAya kI bhASA evaM zailI meM racI gayI hai / nyAya zAstra meM tIna tarka bhASA haiM. mokSAkara kI bauddha tarka bhASA, kezava mizra kI tarka bhASA aura yazovijaya upAdhyAya kI jaina tarka bhASA / prastuta grantha tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai - pramANa, naya aura nikSepa / jaina tarka bhASA meM pA~ca jJAna aura cAra nikSepoM kA jo varNana hai, usakA AdhAra vizeSAvazyaka bhASya hai / dUsare pramANa aura nayoM kA pratipAdana syAdvAda ratnAkara ke AdhAra para hai / jaina tarka bhASA kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai, ki isameM Agamika evaM tArkika donoM paramparAoM kA sundara samanvaya milatA hai / viSaya saMkSipta hone para bhI spaSTa hai / jahA~ taka pramANa aura naya kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara aura digambaroM meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM | kintu nikSepa ke sambandha meM mAnyatA eka nahIM hai, donoM meM kAphI bheda hai / nirUpaNa kI paddhati bhI eka nahIM hai / yazovijayajI ne yahA~ vizeSAvazyaka kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai / kyoMki bhASya meM nikSepoM kI bar3I lambI carcA kI hai / vaha varNana bahuAyAmI aura bahumukhI hai / digambara paramparA kA nikSepa varNana akalaMka kRta laghIyastraya tathA usakI TIkA nyAya - kumudacandra para AdhArita hai / ataH donoM paramparAoM meM bheda svAbhAvika hai / bheda hone para bhI kisI prakAra kA virodha nahIM hai / tarkabhASA kA viSaya tarkazAstra kA mukhya viSaya pramANa mAnA jAtA hai / isameM pramANa kA svarUpa, lakSaNa, bheda aura phala Adi kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / pramANa ke pratipAdana meM, AcArya vAdideva sUri kRta pramANa-naya-tatvAloka aura usa para syAdvAda ratnAkara kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| jaina dRSTi se pramANa kA nirUpaNa sugama aura subodha hai / kintu kahIM-kahIM para carcA gambhIra bhI hai / For Private and Personal Use Only naya, jaina darzana kI maulika dena hai / kyoMki anya kisI bhI vaidika nyAya aura bauddha nyAya meM isa viSaya kA nAma mAtra bhI nahIM hai / nayavAda para hI anekAntavAda TikA huA hai / vastutaH naya kA mukhya sambandha loka vyavahAra ke sAtha hai| binA naya ke loka vyavahAra cala hI nahIM sakatA / eka hI vyakti pitA, putra, bhrAtA, pati Adi zabdoM ke dvArA prakaTa kiyA

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140 / jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana jAtA hai, apekSA bheda se / naya kA sAra tattva yahI to hai / ataH naya mahatvapUrNa viSaya hai| kAvya zAstra meM zabdoM kI abhidhA zakti ke atirikta lakSaNA tathA vyaMjanA zakti ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / kyoMki unake vinA zabdoM kA sahI artha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / eka zabda ke aneka artha sambhava haiM, jo zabda vattiyoM se hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| jaise hama kabhI-kabhI kahate haiM, ki devadatta nirA baila hai| lekina manuSya baila kaise ho sakatA hai ? para, isa prakAra kA kathana asatya bho nahIM ho sktaa| ataH lakSaNA ke dvArA yahA~ baila kA artha hai-nirA buddha athavA mUrkha / jaina darzana isa prakAra ke vacanoM ko naigama naya meM hI antarbhUta kara letA hai| ataH naya mahatvapUrNa haiM / nayoM kA bhI tarka bhASA meM vistAra se kathana hai| tabhASA meM nikSepa isa graMtha kA tRtIya viSaya hai-nikSepa / naya kama adhika mAtrA meM artha kI apekSA rakhatA hai, kiMtu aneka sthala isa prakAra ke bhI hote haiM, jahA~ vyavahAra ke sAtha artha kA kisI prakAra kA sambandha nahIM hotaa| kalpanA karo, mohana vyakti parama mUrkha hai, lekina usakA nAma bRhaspati rakha diyA gayA / yahA~ yaha prazna hotA hai, ki kyA usa vyakti ko bRhaspati kahanA, asatya vacana hai ? nahIM, vaha kathana asatya nahIM hai, satya hI hai| patthara kI mUrti ko viSNa, miTTI kI mUrti ko durgA Adi devI-devoM ko nAma se saMbodhita kiyA jAtA hai| zataraMja ke pAsoM ko gaja evaM azva Adi kahA jAtA hai / gA~dhIjI ke citra ko gAMdhIjI kahA jAtA hai| para, yaha asatya nahIM hai kyoMki isake lie jaina darzana nikSepa ke siddhAnta ko prastuta karatA hai| yaha zabda kSip dhAtu se banA hai| usakA artha hai-pheMkanA / artha kA vicAra kie binA zabda ko vastu para pheMkanA, nikSepa hotA hai| yaha nikSepa zabda kI vyutpatti hai / nikSepa kA artha-nyAsa aura vibhAga bhI kiyA jAtA hai / naya aura nikSepa naya jJAna rUpa hai, aura nikSepa zabda rUpa hai| naya meM vyavahAra kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| usameM artha kI ora bhI dhyAna rahatA hai, jabaki nikSepa meM zabda kI ora lakSya rahatA hai| usameM artha kI ora dhyAna nahIM rahatA hai| tRtIya dravya nikSepa bhUta aura bhAvI avasthAoM ko lekara calatA hai, jabaki caturtha nikSepa vartamAna kI vAstavikatA ko lekara calatA hai| nikSepa kA siddhAnta bhI jaina darzana kI maulika dena hai / Agama sAhitya meM, vyAkhyA kI For Private and Personal Use Only

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nikSepa siddhAnta | 141 paripATI meM inhIM nikSa epoM kA Azraya liyA jAtA hai| jaise ki jJAna kA pratipAdana karate samaya pahale nAma, sthApanA, aura dravya rUpa meM, isakA vivecana kiyA jAegA, aura isake bAda bhAva jJAna ke rUpa meM asalI vastu kA kathana hotA hai / lakSaNa aura bheda Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne nikSa epa kA lakSaNa karate hue kahA hai, ki zabda aura artha kI vizeSa racanA, jisase prakaraNa Adi ke anusAra apratipatti Adi kA nivAraNa hokara yathAsthAna viniyoga hotA hai, vaha nikSepa kahA jAtA hai / usa nikSa epa ke cAra bheda haiM-nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / inake anantara bhedoM kI carcA nahIM kI hai / 4. nAmanikSa epa -- kisI ne apane putra kA nAma indra rakhA / indra zabda zaka kA vAcaka hai: para putra kA nAma rakhate samaya usake yathArtha artha para dRSTi nahIM rakhI jAtI / jisakA nAma indra rakhA gayA hai, vaha indra ke paryAya vAcaka zatra evaM purandara Adi zabdoM dvArA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / nAma aura nAmavAn padArtha meM, upacAra se abheda hotA hai / ataH indra yaha nAma, nAma kahA jAtA hai, sAtha hI indra nAma vAlA vyakti bhI indra kahA jAtA hai / 2. sthApanA nikSepa - jo vastu usa mUlabhUta artha se rahita ho, kintu usI ke abhiprAya se Aropita kI jAe, vaha sthApanA nikSepa hai / vaha citra Adi meM tadAkAra aura akSa Adi meM atadAkAra hotI hai / vaha citra kI apekSA alpakAlika hai, aura nandIzvara dvIpa ke caityoM kI zAzvata pratimA kI apekSA zAzvata bhI hotI hai / 3. dravya nikSa epa - bhUta bhAva athavA bhAvI bhAva kA jo kAraNa nikSipta kiyA jAtA hai, vaha dravya nikSa epa kahA jAtA hai / jaise ki jisa ghaTa meM bhUtakAla meM ghRta rakhA thA, athavA bhaviSya meM rakhA jAegA, vartamAna meM bhI use ghRta ghaTa kahA jAtA hai / 4. bhAvanikSa epa - vivakSita kriyA kI anubhUti se yukta jo svatattva nikSipta kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bhAva nikSepa hai / jaise vartamAna meM indana kriyA karane vAlA 'bhAva- indra' hotA hai / tarka bhASA meM nikSepoM kA kathana, na to bahuta na ati saMkSa epa meM hI hai / viSaya kI gambhIratA ke bhAva aura bhASA gambhIra avazya ho gaye haiM / For Private and Personal Use Only vistAra se hai, aura kAraNa kahIM-kahIM para

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142 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana jagaccatuSTayamaya nAma apane se bhinna kA nahIM, abhinna nAmavAn padArtha meM sambandha kA kAraNa hai / jaba zrotA ghaTa nAma kA zravaNa karatA hai, taba use ghaTa Adi se bhinna aura apane se abhinna ghaTa padArtha kA hI bodha hotA hai / ataH sabhI padArthoM ko nAmarUpa samajhanA cAhie / sabhI padArtha sthApanA rUpa haiM, kyoMki mati, zabda aura ghaTAdi sabhI meM AkAra hotA hai / nIla Adi tathA saMsthAna vizeSa Adi AkAra anubhava siddha hai / sabhI padArtha dravyAtmaka haiM / utkaNa, viphaNa aura kuNDalita sarpavat / sarpa kabhI phaNa phailA letA hai, kabhI sikor3a letA hai, kabhI golamola ho jAtA hai, kabhI lambA phaila jAtA hai, lekina sabhI avasthAoM meM sarpa rUpa dravya to vahI pratIta hotA hai / paryAya meM vikAra hotA hai, dravya meM kisI prakAra kA vikAra nahIM hotA / sabhI padArtha isI prakAra dravya rUpa haiM / sabhI padArtha bhAvAtmaka aura paryAya rUpa haiN| kyoMki paryAya pratikSaNa badalate rahate haiM / ataeva jagat ke samasta padArtha nAmAdi catuSTaya rUpa haiM / yaha nAma naya, sthApanA naya, dravya naya aura bhAva naya kA samudAyavAda kahA kahA jAtA hai / saMsAra ke samasta padArtha - dravya, guNa aura paryAyarUpa haiM / guNoM kA pariNamana paryAya hai, guNa sadA dravya meM sthita haiM / dravya ke binA guNa nahIM, guNa ke binA dravya nahIM / ataH jagat dravya, guNa aura paryAya kahA jAtA hai / nikSapoM ko nayoM meM yojanA cAra nikSepoM meM se nAma, sthApanA aura dravya nikSepa ko dravyArthika naya hI svIkAra karatA hai / bhAva nikSepa ko paryAyArthika naya mAnya karatA hai | AcArya siddhasena divAkara ke mata ke anusAra jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM kahA hai--nAmAdi tIna nikSepa dravyArthika naya ko aura bhAva nikSepa paryAyArthika naya ko mAnya hai / kintu jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne apane nija ke mata ke anusAra namaskAra ke nikSepoM para vicAra karate hue kahA hai, ki zabda, samabhirUDha aura evaMbhUta naya bhAva nikSa epa ko hI svIkAra karate haiM, aura zeSa naya sabhI nikSa epoM ko svIkAra karate haiM / cAra nikSa epoM se jIva Adi padArthoM kA nyAsa arthAt vibhAga karanA cAhie / For Private and Personal Use Only

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nikSepa siddhAnta | 143 vastu nAma arthAt abhidhAna hai, usakA AkAra sthApanA hai, bhAvI paryAya ke prati kAraNatA dravya hai aura kAryApanna vaha vastu bhAva hai| AlApa paddhati meM nikSepa pramANa aura naya ke nikSepaNa arthAt AropaNa ko nikSepa kahate haiN| vaha cAra prakAra kA hotA hai--nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / nikSepa kA artha hai, rakhanA / prayojanavaza nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva meM padArtha ke sthApana karane ko nikSepa kahate haiN| 1. nAma---jisa padArtha meM jo guNa nahIM hai, usako usa nAma se kahanA, nAma nikSepa hai| jaise kisI daridra ne apane putra kA nAma rAjakumAra rakhA hai / vaha kevala nAma bhara se rAjakumAra hai / 2. sthApanA-sAkAra athavA nirAkAra padArtha meM, "vaha yaha hai" isa prakAra kI sthApanA karane ko sthApanA nikSepa kahate haiN| citra meM sthaapnaa| 3. dravya---AgAmI pariNAma kI yogyatA rakhane vAle padArtha ko dravya nikSepa kahate haiN| jaise rAjA ke putra ko rAjA kahanA, yuvarAja ko rAjA khnaa| 4. bhAva-vartamAna paryAya se viziSTa dravya ko bhAva nikSepa kahate haiM / jaise rAjya karate samaya hI rAjA ko rAjA kahanA / naya-cakra meM nikSepa dravya aneka svabhAva vAlA hotA hai| una meM se jisa svabhAva ke dvArA vaha jJeya hotA hai, usake lie eka hI dravya ke cAra bheda kie jAte haiM / ataH nikSepa ke cAra bheda hai-nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / dravya kI saMjJA ko nAma kahate haiN| dravya nikSepa ke do bheda hai- Agama dravya nikSepa aura no Agama dravya nikssep| jo vyakti jina viSayaka zAstra kA jJAtA hai, kintu usameM upayukta nahIM hai, arthAt jJAtA hote hue bhI jaba vaha usa viSayaka zAstra ke cintana meM nahIM lagA hai, use Agama dravya jina kahate hai / no Agama dravya ke tIna bheda haiM-jJAyaka zarIra, bhAvi aura karma nokarma / jJAyaka zarIra ke tIna bheda haiM-cyuta, cyAvita aura tyakta / bhAva nikSepa ke do bheda haiM-- Agama bhAva nikSepa aura no Agama bhAva nikssep| ___ Agama meM kahA gayA hai, ki jisa padArtha kA pramANa ke dvArA, naya ke dvArA aura nikSepa ke dvArA sUkSma dRSTi se vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, vaha For Private and Personal Use Only

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144 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana padArtha kabhI yukta hote hue bhI ayukta-sA pratIta hotA hai, aura kabhI ayukta hotA huA bhI yukta-sA pratIta hotA hai| ataH pramANa, naya aura nikSepa ke dvArA padArtha kA nirNaya karanA, ucita hotA hai| jo kisI eka nizcaya yA nirNaya meM kSepaNa karatA hai, use nikSepa kahate haiM / aprakRta viSaya ke nirAkaraNa ke lie tathA prakRta artha kA kathana karane ke lie, saMzaya dUra karane ke lie aura tattvArtha kA nizcaya karane ke lie nikSepoM kA kathana avazya hI karaNIya hotA hai| kyoMki nikSapoM ko chor3akara, varNana kiyA gayA siddhAnta, sambhava hai, vaktA aura zrotA donoM ko viSama mArga para le jAe / ataeva Agama meM nikSepoM kA kathana Avazyaka kahA gayA hai| pramANa kA ekadeza naya hotA hai| kyoMki pramANa sakalAdeza hai, aura naya vikalAdeza / vastu ke ananta dharmoM ko pramANa grahaNa karatA hai, aura naya usake kisI bhI eka dharma ko grahaNa karatA hai / naya jJAna svarUpa hotA hai / ataH nikSepa usake viSaya hote haiM / naya viSayI hotA hai / Agama ke gahana tattvoM ko samajhane ke lie hI pramANa, naya aura nikSepa kA parijJAna Avazyaka kahA gayA hai| tInoM se tattva kA nirNaya hotA hai| 00 For Private and Personal Use Only

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vibhinna darzana - zAstroM meM zabdArtha vivecana For Private and Personal Use Only

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..... .. ...... .... .... .... zabdArtha-vivecana ............... zabda, artha aura ina donoM kA sambandha mukhyatayA vyAkaraNa kA viSaya hai / parantu anya zAstroM meM bhI isa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / jaise ki nyAyazAstra meM, aura kAvya-zAstra meM / nyAya aura mImAMsA meM, isa para vizeSa rUpa se vistRta vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vibhinna dArzanikoM ne zabda pramANa kA vizada nirUpaNa karate samaya zabda kI paribhASA, zabdoM ke bheda tathA zabdArtha kA paraspara sambandha para apane vicAra prakaTa kiye haiN| vahA~ zabda aura artha ke sambandha kA abhiprAya zabda se artha-pratyAyana kI prakriyA se samajhanA caahie| isa viSaya meM bhASA-paricchedakAra naiyAyika vizvanAtha paJcAnana ne kahA hai, ki zabda-bodha rUpa phala ke prati pada-jJAna karaNa arthAt asAdhAraNa kAraNa hai, padArtha-jJAna dvAra arthAt vyApAra hai, avAntara vyApAra hai aura zakti-jJAna sahakArI kAraNa hai| yaha neyAyika kA abhiprAya hai / lekina zabdArtha sambandha ke viSaya meM eka mata nahIM hai / mImAMsaka zabda evaM artha meM, nitya sambandha mAnate haiM / vaizeSika tathA navya naiyAyika zabdArtha sambandha kI ekarUpatA meM AsthA nahIM rakhate / naiyAyikoM ke anusAra zabda anitya hai| zabda ke samAna artha kI paribhASA, prabheda Adi kA nirUpaNa bhI darzana meM kiyA gayA hai| tatva-cintAmaNi meM, jo navya nyAya kA mukhya grantha mAnA gayA hai, usameM artha kI paribhASA isa prakAra hai--"yatparaH zabdaH sa zabdArthaH / " zabda jisa paraka hotA hai, usa bhAva ko artha kahate haiN| zabda aura artha ke sambandha meM, prAyaH samasta zAstrakAroM ne vicAra kiyA hai| zabda ko pramANa mAnane vAloM ko to vicAra karanA Avazyaka ( 147 ) For Private and Personal Use Only

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148 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana hI thA, lekina jinhoMne pramANa rUpa meM zabda ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA, unheM bhI zabda aura artha para vicAra karanA par3A hai| zabda to vyavahAra mAtra kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| artha binA zabda ke raha nahIM sktaa| vAcaka hai, to usakA vAcya bhI honA cAhie / ataH zabda ko pramANa nahIM mAnane vAle cArvAka aura bauddha ko bhI vyavahAra calAne ke lie zabda aura artha kA vicAra karanA par3A hai| zabdArtha para arthAt vAcya vAcaka para vicAra karane vAle dArzanikoM meM mukhya tIna haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM- sphoTavAdI vaiyAkaraNa, dhvanivAdI AlaMkArika aura pramANavAdI naiyAyika / ina tInoM ne zabdArtha para gambhIra vicAra kiyA hai| zabda meM tIna prakAra kI zakti svIkAra kI hai-abhidhA, lakSaNA aura vynyjnaa| kucha vicArakoM ne eka zakti, tAtparya vatti ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| lekina anya sabakA samAveza tInoM meM ho jAtA hai| tInoM ne apanI-apanI paddhati se vicAra kiyA hai / vyAkaraNa ko darzanazAstra pradAna karane vAle nAgeza bhaTTa haiN| AcArya Anandavardhana ne tathA AcArya mammaTa ne vyaJjanA kI siddhi ke dvArA alaMkAra zAstra ko darzana kA rUpa diyA / naiyAyikoM ne zabda ko caturtha pramANa siddha kara diyaa| parama laghu-maMjUSA nAgeza bhaTTakRta parama-laghu-maMjUSA navya vyAkaraNa kA prasiddha grantha hai| usameM caturdaza prakaraNa haiM, una meM sphoTa-nirUpaNa bhI eka prakaraNa arthAt adhyAya hai, jisameM vaiyAkaraNoM ke prasiddha siddhAnta sphoTavAda para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa sphoTa zabda kI vyutpatti isa prakAra hai'sphoTaH sphuTanti arthAH yasmAt / vikasana artha meM sphuTa dhAtu se apAdAna artha meM 'gha' pratyaya hokara sphoTa zabda niSpanna hotA hai / usake ATha bheda 1. varNa jAti sphoTa 2. varNa vyakti sphoTa 3. pada jAti sphoTa 4. pada vyakti sphoTa 5. vAkya jAti sphoTa 6. vAkya vyakti sphoTa 7. akhaNDa pada sphoTa 8. akhaNDa vAkya sphoTa varNa, pada aura vAkya ke bheda se sphoTa tIna prakAra ke haiM-- 1. jisameM varNa hI vAcaka ho, vaha varNa sphoTa / 2. jisameM pada hI vAcaka ho, vaha pada sphoTa / For Private and Personal Use Only

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zabdArtha - vivecana | 146 3. jisameM vAkya hI vAcaka ho, vaha vAkya sphoTa / isa prakAra trividha hote hue bhI jAti vyakti ke bheda se punaH chaha prakAra haiM / sphoTAtmaka zabda, para brahma paramezvara se abhinna hai / yaha zabda rUpa parabrahma hai / pramANoM meM zabda pramANa maharSi gautama ne cAra pramANoM meM eka zabda ko bhI pramANa mAnA hai / zabda se hone vAle bodha ko zabda kahA hai / ziSTa janoM kA Adeza hI caturtha zabda pramANa hai / caraka meM pataJjali ne Apta kA lakSaNa kahA hai- " Apto nAma anubhavena vastu tattvasya pUrNataH nizcayavAn rAgAdi vazato'pi nAnyathAvAdI yaH saH / " apane anubhava se vastu svarUpa kA nizcaya karane vAlA, rAga Adi vaza hokara jo kabhI asatya nahIM bolatA, use Apta kahA jAtA hai / Apta puruSa kA upadeza hI zabda pramANa hai / zabda meM rahane vAlI vRtti tIna prakAra kI hotI hai-zakti, lakSaNA aura vyaJjanA | zakti ko abhidhA aura saMketa bhI kahate haiM / nAgeza bhaTTa kA mata vAk cAra haiM- parA, pazyantI, madhyamA aura vaikharI / unameM parA vAk use kahate haiM, jo mUlAdhAra meM sthita vAyu se saMskRta mUlAdhAra meM hI rahane vAlI zabda brahma svarUpa kriyA- zUnya bindu rUpa hI parAvAk kahI jAtI hai / usake bAda nAbhi meM sthita pavana se vyaJjita mana meM hI dRSTigocara hotI hai, vaha pazyantI vAk kahI jAtI hai / ye donoM parA pazyantI, vAgrUpa brahmayogiyoM kI samAdhi meM nirvikalpa aura savikalpa viSaya kahA jAtA hai / usake bAda hRdaya sthita pavana se prakaTita arthoM kA pratipAdana karane vAlI sphoTa rUpa, buddhi grAhya madhyamA vAk kahI jAtI hai / usake bAda meM mukha meM sthita pavana se TakarAkara, vyaJjita hokara, jise dUsare loga For Private and Personal Use Only suna 'sakeM, vaha vaikharI vAk kahI jAtI hai / yaha vAg rUpa brahma hai / mUla cakra meM sthita vAk parA, nAbhi meM sthita vAk pazyantI, hRdaya meM sthita vAk madhyamA aura kaNTha meM sthita vAk vaikharI hai / vaikharI vAk se kiyA huA zabda anya logoM ke bhI zravaNa gocara hotA hai / madhyamA vAkU . se kiyA huA zabda sphoTa vyaJjaka kahA jAtA hai | zabda kI utpatti eka hI bAra madhyamA aura vaikharI vAk se zabda utpanna hotA hai /

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150 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana usameM madhyamA-janya zabda, artha kA vAcaka hotA hai, aura sphoTAtmaka zabda kA vyaJjaka hotA hai| vaikharInAdajanya dhvani sabhI logoM ke zravaNa hone se zravya hotA hai, aura bherI nAda kI bhA~ti nirarthaka hotA hai| madhyamA nAda atyanta sUkSma hai aura kAna banda kara lene para japa Adi meM sUkSmatara vAyu se vyaMgya zabda brahmarUpa sphoTa kA vyaJjaka hai| ataH madhyamA-nAda vyaMgya zabda sphoTAtmaka brahmarUpa hai, aura nitya hai| jisa prakAra brahma se saMsArI kI sRSTi hotI hai, usI prakAra brahma se arthAt zabda brahma se varNapada Adi vyAkaraNa kI sRSTi hotI hai / jisase spaSTa artha vyakta ho, vahI sphoTa hai / zabda aura artha ke sambandha meM, yaha vaiyAkaraNoM kA abhimata mammaTa kA kAvya-prakAza - AcArya mammaTa kA guru gambhIra grantha kAvya-prakAza hai| yaha grantha alaMkAra zAstra kA athavA sAhitya zAstra kA mukUTamaNi grantha hai / jo isameM hai, vaha anyatra bhI ho sakatA hai, lekina jo isameM nahIM hai, vaha anyatra bhI upalabdha nahIM ho sakatA hai / mammaTa parama vidvAn haiM, vyAkaraNa, sAhitya, evaM darzana zAstra meM / samajhautAvAdI nahIM haiM, vipakSa para kaThora prahAra karake apane pakSa kA samarthana hI nahIM karate tarkoM se use siddha bhI karate haiM / ataH nyAya-zAstra ke bhI ve pAraMgata paNDita haiN| kAvya-prakAza ke adhyayana se, vizeSataH grantha kI guru-granthiyoM se pratIta hotA hai, ki mammaTa pada, vAkya aura pramANa-tInoM meM parama nipUNa the| pada, vyAkaraNa, vAkya-mImAMsA aura pramANa, nyAya kA gahana adhyayana thaa| ataH kAvya-prakAza meM sthAnasthAna unakA prakANDa pANDitya sphuTa hotA rahatA hai| AcArya mammaTakRta kAvya prakAza meM, daza ullAsa haiN| 142 kArikAeM aura 603 udAharaNa haiM, jo vibhinna kAvyoM se aura nATakoM se saMkalita kie gae haiN| udAharaNoM ke cunAva meM bhI AcArya kI prakhara pratibhA prakaTa hotI hai| AcArya ne kAvya-prakAza meM, kAvya-zAstra ke vibhinna viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| unakI painI najara se koI viSaya chUTA nahIM hai| 1. prathama ullAsa meM, kAvya ke hetu, lakSaNa aura trividha bhedoM kA varNana hai| 2. dvitIya ullAsa meM, tIna prakAra kI zabda zaktiyoM kA varNana hai-abhidhA, lakSaNA aura vynyjnaa| For Private and Personal Use Only

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dArtha-vivecana | 151 3. tRtIya ullAsa meM, zAbdI vyaJjanA aura ArthI vyaJjanA kA varNana hai| 4. caturtha ullAsa meM, dhvani kA svarUpa, usake bheda-prabheda, rasa aura bhAvoM kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai / 5. paJcama ullAsa meM, guNIbhUta vyaMgya ke bheda-prabheda tathA vyaJjanA kI siddhi kI hai| 6. SaSTha ullAsa meM, citra kAvya kA varNana kiyA hai, jo adhama kAvya mAnA jAtA hai| 7. saptama ullAsa meM, pada doSa, vAkya doSa, rasa doSa, artha doSa Adi kA atyanta vistAra se pratipAdana kiyA hai| 8. aSTama ullAsa meM, mAdhurya evaM prasAda Adi guNoM kA aura gaur3I, pAJcAlI vRttiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / 6. navama ullAsa meM, zabdAlaMkAroM kA varNana kiyA hai / 10. dazama ullAsa meM, arthAlaMkAroM kA vistAra se pratipAdana kiyA hai| ___ isa prakAra kAvya-prakAza meM, kAvya ke samasta siddhAntoM kA varNana hai| AcArya mammaTa AcArya mammaTa ko vAgdevatAvatAra kahA jAtA thaa| unakI amara kRti kAvya prakAza, kAvyazAstra kA advitIya, anupama tathA atulanIya grantha mAnA jAtA hai| unakI eka ho kRti ne unako sAhitya jagat meM amara banA diyA hai| kAvya zAstra para, alaMkAra zAstra para aura sAhitya zAstra para Adhipatya prApta karane ke lie isa grantha kA adhyayana parama Avazyaka hai| __AcArya mammaTa dhvanivAdI AcAryoM meM sarvazreSTha mAne jAte haiN| dhvanivAda kI sthApanA AcArya Anandavardhana ne kI thii| kintu usako sthAyitva pradAna kiyA, AcArya mammaTa ne / dhvanivAda ke virodhI AcAryoM ke matoM kA khaNDana unhoMne isa prakAra kiyA, ki Aja taka kisI ko dhvani ke virodha meM khar3A hone kA sAhasa nahIM huaa| Anandavardhana ne dhvani tattva para to vivecana kiyA hai, para kAvya ke anya sAdhanoM se dUra ho rahe / abhinava gupta kI kAvya zAstra ko locana aura abhinava bhAratI anupama dena hai / parantu doSa, guNa aura alaMkAra kA vivecana nahIM kiyaa| AcArya For Private and Personal Use Only

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152 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana mammaTa ne kAvya prakAza meM sabhI viSayoM ko eka sundara vyavasthA dI / vastutaH mammaTa ke samAna vyavasthita aura vyAvahArika vyAkhyA karane vAlA unake bAda koI dUsarA nahIM ho sakA / isa kSetra meM unakA vyaktitva advitIya rahA hai / zabda aura artha Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir mammaTa zabdArtha yugala ko kAvya mAnate haiM / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne mammaTa ke kAvya lakSaNa kA khaNDana kiyA hai / nAgeza bhaTTa ne jagannAtha ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai, ki jisa prakAra kAvya sunA, yaha vyavahAra hotA hai, usI prakAra kAvya samajhA, yaha vyavahAra bhI hotA hai | samajhanA artha kA hotA hai, zabda kA nahIM / veda Adi bhI zabdArtha vRtti ke pratipAdaka haiM / ataH zabda aura artha ke ubhaya rUpa ko kAvya mAnane meM kisI prakAra kA doSa nahIM hai / vastutaH dekhA jAe to donoM kA sambandha bhI anivArya hai / artha kI sthiti zabda meM nihita hai| binA zabda ke artha kA bhAsa asambhava hai / ataH AcArya mammaTa ne zabda aura artha, ubhaya ko kAvya kahA hai / kAvya lakSaNa nirdoSa hai / zabda aura artha donoM milakara kAvya kahe jAte haiM / yahI kAraNa hai, ki mammaTa ne eka ora to dhvani ko kAvya mAnA hai, dUsarI ora citra kAvya ko bhI kAvya pada pradAna kiyA hai| apane se pUrva hone vAle vidvAnoM ke vicAroM kA sAra lekara mammaTa ne jo lakSaNa kiyA hai, usameM zabda aura artha donoM ko samAna sthAna milA hai, upekSA nahIM haiM, kisI kI / kina zabdArtha doSarahita ho, guNasahita ho aura kahIM para ho sakate haiM / nirdoSa, saguNa aura sAlaMkAra zabdArtha kAvya dhvani-kAvya alaMkAra - zUnya bhI kahA jAtA hai / bha kAvya - zAstra ke prakANDa paNDita AcArya mammaTa ne kAvya ko tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai- uttama kAvya, madhyama kAvya aura adhama kAvya | uttama ko dhvani, madhyama ko guNIbhUta vyaMgya aura adhama ko citra kahA hai / jahA~ vAcyArtha kI apekSA vyaMgyArtha meM adhika camatkAra ho, use uttama kAvya kahA jAtA hai / kAvya zAstra ke vidvAnoM ne usako dhvani kAvya kahA hai | apane abhimata ke samarthana meM AcArya mammaTa ne vaiyAkaraNoM kI sammati kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA hai - "budhaiH vaiyAkaraNaiH pradhAnabhUta-sphoTa-rUpa vyaMgya-vyaJjakasya zabdasya dhvaniriti vyavahAraH kRtaH / " arthAt vidvAn vaiyAkaraNoM ne pradhAnabhUta vyaMgya rUpa kI abhivyakti karAne meM samartha zabda For Private and Personal Use Only

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zabdArtha-vivecana | 153 ke lie dhvani isa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| ataH kAvya-zAstra ke vidvAn dhvani zabda kA prayoga karane lge| sphoTavAda __ vaiyAkaraNoM kA mukhya siddhAnta sphoTavAda hai / sphuTaya ti, prakAzayati, arthamiti sphottH| isa vyutpatti ke anusAra jisase artha kI pratIti ho, use sphoTa kahate haiN| zrotragrAhya dhvani arthAt varNa Azutara vinAzI hone ke kAraNa eka varNa ke uccAraNa ke bAda jaba dvitIya varNa kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA ho, taba prathama varNa naSTa ho jAtA hai| varNa-samUha kI eka sAtha upasthiti kaise ho sakatI hai ? isakA samAdhAna karane ke lie vaiyAkaraNoM ne mphoTa vAda kI parikalpanA kii| unakA kathana hai, ki pUrva pUrva vargoM ke anubhava se eka prakAra kA saMskAra utpanna hotA hai| usa saMskAra ke sahakRta antya varNa ke zravaNa se pada kI pratIti hotI hai, use hI sphoTa kahate haiN| vaha dhvanyAtmaka sphoTa rUpa zabda nitya evaM brahma svarUpa hai / ataH vyAkaraNa zAstra meM sphoTa kI abhivyakti zabda se hone ke kAraNa vaiyAkaraNa sphoTa ke vyajaka zabda ke lie dhvani kA prayoga karane lage / AcArya Anandavardhana tathA AcArya mammaTa ne bhI unakA anusaraNa kiyaa| tIna prakAra kI zakti ___ kAvya-zAstra meM, tIna prakAra kI zakti haiM---abhidhA, lakSaNA aura vyjnaa| ina zaktiyoM ke dvArA hI zavdabodha arthAt zabdoM ke artha kA jJAna hotA hai| isako vAkyArtha-bodha evaM vAkyArtha-jJAna bhI kahate haiM / AcArya mammaTa ne apane kAvya prakAza meM, tIna prakAra ke zabda aura tIna prakAra ke artha mAne haiM / tIna prakAra ke zabda isa prakAra haiM-vAcaka, lakSaka aura vyaJjaka / tIna prakAra ke artha isa prakAra haiM-vAcya, lakSya aura vyaMgya / tIna prakAra ke zabdoM se tIna prakAra ke arthoM ke jJAna ke lie abhidhA, lakSaNA aura vyaJjanA tIna prakAra kI zabda zaktiyA~ mAnI haiN| jaise ki 'gaMgAyAM ghopaH'arthAt gaMgA meM ghoSa arthAt AbhIra pallI hai / ahIroM kA gA~va hai| eka hI gaMgA zabda, pravAha rUpa artha kA vAcaka, tIra-rUpa artha kA lakSaka aura zaitya-pAvanatva rUpa artha kA vyaJjaka hotA hai| vAcya artha abhidhA ke dvArA, lakSya artha-lakSaNA ke dvArA aura vyaMgya artha vyaJjanA ke dvArA pratipAdita kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ vAcya artha, pravAha hai / lakSya artha For Private and Personal Use Only

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154 ] jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana tIra hai / zItatva-pAvanatva vyaMgya artha hotA hai / nAgeza bhaTTa bhI yahA~ vyaMjanA svIkAra karate haiN| __ abhidhA vRtti ke sahAre jo zabda sAkSAt saMketika artha kA bodha karAtA hai, vaha vAcaka zabda kahA jAtA hai / saMketika artha vaha hotA hai, ki jisake sunate hI turanta arthabodha ho jAtA hai / saMketika artha cAra prakAra ke hote haiM-jAti, guNa, kriyA aura yadRcchA zabda / ataH kahA gayA hai-'catuSTayI zabdAnAM pravRttiH / ' jaise ki go, zukla, calana aura Ditthaina cAra prakAra ke zabdoM kA pravRtti-nimitta-jAti, guNa, kriyA aura saMjJA-ina cAra upAdhiyoM se hotA hai| mammaTa ke matAnusAra, jisa zabda kA jisa artha meM binA vyavadhAna ke saMketa kA grahaNa hotA hai, vaha zabda usa artha kA vAcaka hotA hai / loka vyavahAra meM binA saMketa graha ke zabda ke artha kI pratIti nahIM ho pAtI hai / pratyeka zabda saMketa graha kI sahAyatA se hI apane artha ko prakaTa karatA hai| saMketa graha kisameM ho ? vyakti meM, jAti meM athavA upAdhi meM ? isa viSaya meM vyAkaraNa, mImAMsA, nyAya aura bauddha kA alaga-alaga apanA dRSTikoNa rahA hai| mImAMsaka kevala jAti meM saMketa graha mAnatA hai| naiyAyika jAti-viziSTa vyakti meM aura bauddha apoha meM saMketa graha svIkAra karatA hai / parantu AcArya mammaTa vaiyAkaraNa ke mata ko svIkAra karake upAdhi meM saMketa graha mAnate haiN| isa prakAra mammaTa ke matAnusAra kevala vyakti se saMketa graha na hokara vyakti ke upAdhirUpa, jAti, guNa, kriyA evaM yadRcchA Adi dharmoM meM hotA hai, aura tabhI zabdoM kA cAra vibhAga bhI banatA hai| vibhinna mata isa viSaya meM, vibhinna zAstroM meM, eka mata na hokara, vibhinna mata haiN| sabakA apanA-apanA dRSTikoNa alaga hai| kyoMki zabda aura artha ke sambandha meM, vyAkaraNa, mImAMsA, nyAya aura alaMkAra-zAstra kabhI eka mata nahIM ho sake / yahA~ para saMkSepa meM sabakA ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai / mImAMsaka mata __ mImAMsaka kevala jAti meM saMketa graha mAnate haiN| unakA tarka hai, ki hima, dugdha aura zaMkha Adi meM sthita zukla guNoM ke alaga-alaga hote hae bhI zuklatva sAmAnya eka hai / cAvala Adi meM pAka kriyA bhinna-bhinna hone para bhI pAkatva sAmAnya eka hai / bAla, taruNa evaM vaddha Adi dvArA uttacarita Ditthatva zabda kA uccAraNa bhinna-bhinna hone para bhI Ditthatva sAmAnya eka For Private and Personal Use Only

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zabdArtha-vivecana | 155 hai / ataH spaSTa hai, ki sarvatra pravRtti nimitta jAti hI hai / isalie jAti meM saMketa graha honA caahie| naiyAyika mata naiyAyika jAti viziSTa vyakti meM saMketa graha mAnate haiN| unakA abhiprAya hai, ki kevala vyakti meM saMketa graha mAnane para Anantya aura vyabhicAra doSa Ate haiN| kevala jAti meM saMketa mAnane para zabda se kevala jAti kA hI bodha hone se zabda se vyakti kA bodha nahIM ho skegaa| yadi yaha kahA jAye, ki jAti meM hI saketa graha mAnakara AkSepa se vyakti kA bodha ho jAyegA, to usakA zabda-bodha meM anvaya nahIM hogaa| kyoMki zabda zakti se prApta artha kA hI anvaya hotA hai| ataH naiyAyika na kevala jAti meM saMketa graha mAnate haiM, na kevala vyakti meM hI mAnate haiM, jAti viziSTa vyakti meM saMketa graha mAnate haiN| bauddha mata bauddha naiyAyika apoha meM saMketa graha mAnate haiM / unakA kathana hai, ki zabda kA artha apoha hotA hai, aura apoha kA artha hai, atad vyAvRti athavA tabhinnatva / bauddha jAti ko nahIM mAnate, jAti ke sthAna para apoha ko mAnate haiM / unakA mata hai, ki aneka ghaTa vyaktiyoM meM jo ghaTaH ghaTaH ghaTaH kI pratIti hotI hai, vaha atad vyAvatti hai| jaise ghaTa se bhinna hai, ghaTa ko chor3akara sArA jagat aura sAre jagat se bhinna ghaTa hai| ataH bauddha ke mata meM, apoha meM saMketa graha mAnA jAtA hai| lekina yaha mata cAru nahIM hai| mammaTa kA pakSa AcArya mammaTa vaiyAkaraNoM ke mata ke anusAra jAti, guNa, kriyA aura yadRcchA rUpa upAdhi meM saMketa graha mAnate haiN| ve ina sabhI matoM kA khaNDana kara, vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA samarthita jAti Adi cAroM meM saMketa graha mAnane kA siddhAnta svIkAra karate haiN| saMketita artha cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-jAti, guNa, kriyA aura ydRcchaa| ina cAra saMketita arthoM ke vAcaka zabda bhI cAra prakAra ke hote haiM-jAtivAcaka, guNavAcaka, kriyAvAcaka aura yadRcchAvAcaka / mammaTa kA yahI pakSa rahA hai| Anandavardhana AcArya Anandavardhana dhvani-sampradAya ke pratiSThApaka mAne jAte haiN| unhoMne dhvani sampradAya kI sthApanA kara AlocanA-zAstra meM eka nayI For Private and Personal Use Only

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156 / jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana dizA pradAna kii| darzana-zAstra meM jo sthAna advaitavAdI zaMkara kA hai, alaMkAra-zAstra meM vahI sthAna Anandavardhana kA hai / inake grantha kA nAma dhvanyAloka hai / isameM cAra udyota haiN| isameM dhvani siddhAnta kA pratipAdana hai| kAvya-zAstra ke itihAsa meM, dhvanyAloka ne eka tUphAnI krAnti utpanna kara dii| usake prabala prabhAva se koI bhI aprabhAvita nahIM raha skaa| dhvanyAloka AcArya Anandavardhana kI racanA dhvanyAloka saMskRta kAvya-zAstra kI eka amara kRti hai| dhvanyAloka meM tIna bhAga haiM - kArikA, vRtti aura udAharaNa / kArikA aura vRtti svayaM AcArya ko haiM, udAharaNoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| AcArya abhinava gupta ne kArikA aura vatti bhAga para vizAla vyAkhyA kI racanA kI hai, jisakA nAma locana rakhA gayA hai| yaha TIkA atyanta mahatvapUrNa rahI hai / kAvya-zAstra ke itihAsa meM dhvani siddhAnta ke pravartaka AcArya Anandavardhana kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| inhoMne dhvani siddhAnta pratipAdaka dhvanyAloka nAmaka grantha kI racanA kara ke kAvya jagat ko eka apUrva dena pradAna kI hai| kAvya-zAstra ke itihAsa meM Anandavardhana ko vahI pratiSThA prApta hai, jo pratiSThA vyAkaraNa-zAstra meM maharSi pANini ko aura darzana-zAstra meM AcArya zaMkara ko prApta hai / alaMkAra zAstra ke itihAsa meM Anandavardhana eka yuga-pravartaka mAne jAte rahe haiM / Anandavardhana ne apane se pUrva pracalita kAvya-zAstra ke siddhAntoM kA parizIlana kara dhvani ko sarvocca pada para pratiSTita kiyA aura guNa, alaMkAra, rIti, aura vRtti Adi sabhI ko dhvani ke antargata samAviSTa kara diyaa| unake anusAra dhvani ho eka mAtra tatva hai, isI meM sabhI kAvya-zAstra ke tatva antahita haiN| Anandavardhana kA kathana hai, ki dhvani hI kAvya kI AtmA hai| isI se kAvya prANavAn banatA hai| isake vinA kAvya niSprANa hai / AcArya ne kAvya meM artha tatva ko sarvAdhika mahatva pradAna kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai, ki zarIra meM caitanya ke samAna kAvya meM artha tatva mahanIya tatva hai| vaha artha tatva do prakAra hai-vAcya aura pratIyamAna / pratIyamAna artha kI kalpanA Anandavardhana kI svaya kI sUjhabUjha hai / ve pratIyamAna artha ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnate haiM / zabda tatva ke sambandha meM Anandavardhana kA dRSTikoNa alaga hai| unake anusAra pratyeka For Private and Personal Use Only

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zabdArtha-vivecana | 157 zabda kAvya ke lie upayukta nahIM hotA hai| jo zabda pratIyamAna artha se yukta ho, vahI zabda kAvya ke lie upayukta hotA hai / dhvanyAloka kA viSaya 1. dhvanyAloka kI prathama vizeSatA hai-dhvani kI sthApanA / AcArya Anandavardhana ne use kAvya kI AtmA ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA thaa| 2. dhvanyAloka kI dUsarI vizeSatA hai---dhvani kAvya kI pratiSThA / dhvani kAvya uttama kAvya hai| 3. dhvanyAloka kI tIsarI vizeSatA hai-artha tattva vicAra / unake anusAra artha do prakAra ke hote haiM-vAcya aura pratIyamAna / 4. dhvanyAloka kI caturtha vizeSatA hai-zabda tatva vicAra / Anandavardhana zabda ko vAcaka-dhvani ke rUpa meM mAnate haiN| 5. dhvanyAloka kI paMcama vizeSatA hai-zabda zakti vicAra / unake anusAra zabda zaktiyA~ tIna prakAra kI haiM-abhidhA, guNa-vRtti arthAt lakSaNA aura dhvani arthAt vyNjnaa| abhinava gupta alaMkAra zAstra ke itihAsa meM, AcArya abhinava gupta kA mahAn yogadAna rahA hai / gupta, zaiva darzana ke parama vidvAn tathA tantra-zAstra ke pAraMgata paNDita the / sAhitya meM inake do grantha ati prasiddha haiM 1. abhinava bhAratI-bharata ke nATaya zAstra kI TIkA hai| isameM prAcIna alaMkArAcAryoM evaM saMgItAcAryoM ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha TIkA na hokara, abhinava gupta kA eka maulika grantha bana gayA hai / 2. dhvanyAloka locana-AcArya Anandavardhana ke dhvanyAloka kA eka vizAla TIkA grantha hai| isameM prAcIna AcAryoM ke vibhinna matoM kI AlocanA kI hai| yaha bhI eka maulika grantha hai| AcArya abhinava gupta rasa sampradAya ke parama poSaka the| unhoMne rasa dhvani ko hI kAvya kI AtmA ke sthAna para rakhA hai| kAvyagata rasoM kA tathA unake bheda-prabhedoM kA jitanA sUkSma varNana unhoMne kiyA hai, vaisA anya kisI vidvAn ne nahIM kiyA hai / zabda kI tIna vRttiyoM kA arthAt abhidhA, lakSaNA aura vyaJjanA kA bhI vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| vizvanAtha kA sAhitya-darpaNa alaMkAra-zAstra ke itihAsa meM isa sAhitya darpaNa grantha kA gaurava For Private and Personal Use Only

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158 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana pUrNa sthAna hai| yaha graMtha atyanta lokapriya rahA hai| sAhitya ke samasta aMgoM aura upAMgoM para vistAra se likhA gayA hai / nATya-zAstra ke siddhAMtoM para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai / isameM kAvya, nATaka, kathA, gadya aura padya sabhI prakAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| sAhitya ke kisI kSetra ko chor3A nahIM gayA hai / vizvanAtha svayaM bhI kavi aura nATakakAra rahe haiM / dhvanivAdI AcAryoM meM vizvanAtha kI gaNanA kI hai| zabda aura artha para bhI zabda vattiyoM ke dvArA vicAra kiyA gayA hai, sAhitya-darpaNa meM / vAkya svarUpa sAhitya darpaNa ke dvitIya pariccheda meM vAkya ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / vAkya una padoM ke samUha kA nAma hai, jisameM yogyatA, AkAMkSA aura Asatti kA rahanA anivArya hai| isa prakAra vAkya padoM kA samUha hai, aura isa pada samUha meM yogyatA, AkAMkSA aura Asatti anivArya rUpa meM rahatI hai| 1. yogyatA-vaha vizeSatA hai, jise padArthoM ke paraspara sambandha meM kisI bAdha athavA virodha kA abhAva kahA jAtA hai| jaise 'agninA siJcati / ' Aga aura sIMcanA ina padoM ke arthAt padAtha! ke paraspara sambandha meM, bAdha tathA virodha donoM hI sarvAnubhava siddha haiN| 2. AkAMkSA-AkAMkSA kA artha hai-jahA~ eka pada ko dUsare pada kI jijJAsA rahatI hai| sAkAMkSa padoM kA samUha hI vAkya banatA hai, nirAkAMkSa padoM se vAkya nahIM banatA / jaise ki gaurazvaH puruSo hastI / go, azva, pUruSa aura hAthI-inameM kisI bhI pada kA artha, dUsare pada kI AkAMkSA nahIM rakhatA hai| 3. Atti- Asatti rahita pada bhI vAkya nahIM ho sktaa| jaise ki devdttH"graamm""gcchti"| avilamba se uccarita padoM kA vAkya banatA hai, vilamba se bhASita padoM kI Asatti arthAt saMnidhi nahIM ho sakatI / ataH vaha vAkya nahIM bntaa| manovijJAna meM, AkAMkSA kA mahatva hai / tarkazAstra meM yogyatA kA mahatva hai| bhASAvijJAna Asatti ko mahatva pradAna karatA hai| mImAMsakoM ne AkAMkSA ko, naiyAyikoM ne yogyatA ko tathA vaiyAkaraNoM ne Asatti ko mahattva diyA hai| sAhitya-darpaNakAra AcArya vizvanAtha ne naiyAyika mAnyatA kA anusaraNa karake yogyatA ko pradhAnatA dI hai| kAvya-zAstrakAroM ne zabda aura artha kA gambhIra vicAra kiyA hai| sabane zabda zakti ko bhI apane granthoM meM mahatva pradAna kiyA hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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zabdArtha - vivecana | 156 zabda-pramANa nyAya - zAstra meM cAra pramANa mAne jAte haiM, unameM eka pramANa zabda bhI hai | tarka saMgraha grantha meM usakA lakSaNa isa prakAra hai - " Apta- vAkyaM zabdaH / " Apta puruSa ke vacanoM ko zabda pramANa kahate haiM / Apta kauna hai ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki "Aptastu yathArtha vaktA / " jo sadA yathArtha bolatA hai, vaha Apta hai / maharSi gautama ne kahA hai- " AptopadezaH zabdaH / " Apta kA upadeza hI zabda pramANa hotA hai / yaha vistRta paribhASA hai / zabda pramANa ke bheda zabda do prakAra ke hote haiM - laukika, jinako dRSTArtha zabda bhI kahate haiM / vaidika jinake artha ko laukika pratyakSa dvArA siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka vedoM ko apauruSeya mAnate haiM / nyAya-vaizeSika sampradAya vAloM ne vedoM kI Izvara dvArA utpatti mAnI hai / unake anusAra veda IzvarakRta haiM / Apta puruSa ke vAkya ko zabda pramANa kahate haiM / padoM ke samUha ko vAkya kahate haiM / kahA gayA hai - " vAkyaM pada samUhaH / " padoM kA samUha vAkya hai / zabda ke bheda zabda do prakAra ke hote haiM-dhvanyAtmaka aura varNAtmaka / dhvanyAtmaka zabda vaha hai, jisameM kevala dhvani mAtra kA jJAna hotA hai / spaSTa arthoM kA parijJAna nahIM hotA / varNAtmaka zabda do prakAra ke hote haiMsArthaka aura nirarthaka | sArthaka zabda se arthavizeSa kA jJAna hotA hai| nirarthaka zabda se arthavizeSa kA parijJAna nahIM ho pAtA / zabda kI zakti zabda meM artha pradAna karane kI zakti hai / isa zakti ko saMketa kahate haiM / naiyAyika ke anusAra yaha Izvara pradatta hai / mImAMsA ke anusAra yaha zabda kI zakti nitya aura svAbhAvika hI hai / saMketa ke do bheda haiM- AjAnika evaM Adhunika / AjAnika kA artha hai - paramparAgata, jo Adi kAla se hI calA A rahA hai / aura Adhunika kA artha haiM - navIna jo Adhunika samaya meM calatA hai / pada ke bheda For Private and Personal Use Only pada ke cAra prakAra haiM- rUr3ha, yaugika, yogarUr3ha aura yaugika rUr3ha /

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160 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana 1. rUr3ha - samudAya zakti ke AdhAra para arthabodha karAne vAle pada / jaise go, ghaTa evaM paTa / 2. yaugika - avayavoM ke dvArA artha kA bodha karAne vAle pada / jaise pAcaka, pAThaka evaM vAcaka | 3. yoga- rUr3ha - avayava tathA samudAya zakti donoM ke dvArA artha kA bodha karAne vAle pada / jaise paMkaja / paMkAjjAyate iti paMkajaH / kIcar3a tathA kRmi Adi / lekina kamala meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai / 4. yaugika rUr3ha - avayavArtha aura samudAyArtha kA svatantra rUpa se bodha karAne vAle pada jaise udbhid tathA maNDapa Adi pada / udbhida eka bhAga vizeSa aura latA - gulma Adi / maNDapa kA artha hai - mA~Da pIne vAlA aura yajJa kA sthAna vizeSa / vAkya kI paribhASA vAkya padoM ke samUha ko kahate haiN| padoM ke samUha ke dvArA sArthaka vAkya kA bananA, kucha bAtoM kI apekSA rakhatA hai / jaiseki AkAMkSA, yogyatA aura saMnidhi | 1. jisa dUsare zabda ke uccAraNa hue vinA jaba kisI anya zabda kA abhiprAya samajha meM na Aye, taba isa prakAra ke una donoM padoM kA sambandha AkAMkSA kahA jAtA hai / 2. artha kA bodha na honA, yogyatA hai / abhiprAya yaha hai, ki vAkya ke bodha ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai, ki uddezya aura vidheya donoM meM paraspara virodha nahIM honA cAhie / 3. pada ke binA vilamba ke uccAraNa ko saMnidhi kahate haiM / binA vyavadhAna ke uccArita zabda hI sArthaka vAkya kA nirmANa kara sakate haiM / zabda zakti ke bheda nyAya- zAstra meM zabda kI vibhinna vRtti haiM / usake do bheda haiMabhidhA evaM lakSaNA / ye donoM vRttiyA~ zabda aura artha kA sambandha batAtI haiM / naiyAyika vyaJjanA vRtti ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / usakA antarbhAva anumAna meM kara lete haiM / abhidhA mukhya-vRtti hai, aura lakSaNA gauNa vRtti hai / lakSaNA ke tIna prakAra haiM- jaise ki jahatsvArthA, ajahatsvArthA aura bhAga tyAga lakSaNA / vedAnta bhI lakSaNA ko svIkAra karatA hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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pariziSTa VIRAIL IPIN Tili For Private and Personal Use Only

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Page #172
// pAzcAtya tarkazAstra // tarka ko paribhASA tarka zAstra, tarka kA evaM nyAya kI paddhati kA zAstra hai| tarka kyA hai ? anumAna hI tarka hai / anumAna usa jJAna ko kahate haiM, jo pratyakSa jJAna ke bAda meM hotA hai| pahale jJAta tathya kA pratyakSa hotA hai, bAda meM ajJAta tathya kA jJAna hotA hai / jaise ki kisI ghara se dhUma nikalate dekhakara Aga kA anumAna karate haiN| dhUma prakaTa hai, usase aprakaTa Aga kA jJAna karate haiN| kyoMki dhUma aura Aga meM vyApaka sambandha hai| dUsarA udAharaNa isa prakAra hai| sabhI manuSya maraNa-zIla haiN| sabhI zikSaka manuSya haiN| sabhI zikSaka maraNa-zIla haiN| isameM manuSyatva jJAta tathya hai| isa jJAta tathya manuSyatva ko sabhI zikSakoM meM dekhakara, isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki sabhI zikSaka maraNazIla haiN| kyoMki manuSyatva evaM maraNazIlatA meM aTUTa sambandha hai / ataeva anumAna, pratyakSa jJAna para AdhArita eka prakAra kA parokSa jJAna hai| zAstra ke do rUpa hote haiM-vidhi aura niSedha / jo ucita kArya karane kI AjJA de aura anucita kArya karane kA niSedha kare, vaha AdarzavAdI zAstra hai| dharmazAstra aura nItizAstra AdarzavAdI zAstra haiN| kyoMki ina zAstroM meM hama 'cAhie' kI bhAvanA se anuprANita hote haiN| manovijJAna tathA bhautika vijJAna, mana aura jar3a dratya kA varNana karate haiN| ye 'cAhie' se nahIM, 'hai' se sambandhita hote haiM / ataH manovijJAna tathA bhautika vijJAna yathArthavAdI zAstra haiN| tarka-zAstra yathArthavAdI jJAna-mUlaka zAstra hai, kyoMki isameM anumAna ke yathArtha rUpa kA adhyayana hotA hai / sTebiMga ke anusAra "tarka zAstra ( 163 ) For Private and Personal Use Only

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164 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana sambhAvita AkAroM kA vijJAna hai|" unake anusAra-anumAna eka mAnasika kriyA hai, jo yathArtha niyamoM tathA siddhAntoM ke dvArA saMcAlita hotA hai| ataH tarka-zAstra, vidhi-zAstra hai / tarka-zAstra yathArthavAdI hone ke sAthasAtha Adarza bhI hai| kyoMki anumAna meM kevala yahI jAnanA yatheSTa nahIM hai ki jJAta tathya se ajJAta tathya kI ora kaise jAte haiM, balki yaha jAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai, ki jJAta tathya se ajJAta tathya kI ora kaise jAnA caahie| dUsarI bAta yaha hai, ki tarka-zAstra ko Adarza anumAna ke mAdhyama se satyatA kI prApti hai / vyAvahArika jIvana kI saphalatA ke lie zuddha aura sahI anumAna hI dhyeya honA caahie| jJAna ke bheda tarka-zAstra, tarka kA vizeSa jJAna hai / jJAna kyA hai ? eka manuSya jaba eka Amra-phala ko cakhatA hai, taba usake sambandha meM, yaha jJAna hotA hai, ki yaha Amra phala madhura hai / isa jJAna meM do manobhAvoM kI vyavasthA spaSTa hai / prathama manobhAva eka Ama kA hai, aura dvitIya manobhAva usa kI miThAsa kA hai| jJAna ke do bheda mukhya haiM-eka pratyakSa jJAna aura dUsarA parokSa jJAna / pratyakSa jJAna vaha hai, jo vastu ke sIdhe samparka se milatA hai| pratyakSa vinA kisI mAdhyama kA jJAna hai / yaha do prakAra kA hotA hai-prathama indriyapratyakSa, aura dUsarA atIndriya pratyakSa / indriya pratyakSa meM, indriyoM ke sAtha vastu kA sodhA samparka hotA hai / pA~ca bAhya indriyA~ haiM / mana Antarika indriya hai| isake dvArA sukha-duHkha, saMkalpa-vikalpa, bhAva, saMvega tathA vicAravimarza jaisI antaraMga anubhUtiyoM kA pratyakSa hotA hai| parokSa jJAna usako kahate haiM, jo kisI dUsare jJAna ke mAdhyama se prApta hotA hai| anumAna parokSa jJAna hai, kyoMki yaha pratyakSa jJAna ke mAdhyama se prApta hotA hai| jaise ki dhUma ko dekhakara apratyakSa agni kA jJAna hotA hai / isa meM dhUma kA pratyakSa mAdhyama hai| anumAna vaha vicArAtmaka prakriyA hai, jisameM jJAta tathya se ajJAtatathya kA jJAna kiyA jAtA hai| kisI manuSya ko muskarAte dekhakara anumAna karate haiM, ki vaha prasanna hai| muskarAnA jJAta tathya hai, aura usake prasanna hone kI bAta ajJAta tathya / A~khoM meM A~sU dekhakara kisI vyakti ke viSaya meM yaha anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki vaha duHkhI hai, viSAda-grasta hai| A~khoM meM A~sU jJAta tathya hai, aura usake duHkhI hone kI bAta ajJAta tathya For Private and Personal Use Only

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pariziSTa | 165 hai / anumAna galata bhI ho sakatA hai / muskAna duHkha meM bhI sambhava hai, aura A~sU sukha meM bhI / Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir vastutaH zuddha aura sahI anumAna para hI vyAvahArika jIvana kI saphalatA nirbhara | yadi manuSya ke pAsa anumAna kI zakti na hotI, to vaha kadApi pazu se bhinna nahIM mAnA jAtA / manuSyoM meM zreSTha aura dUradarzI vahI hai, jo pratyakSa tathyoM ke AdhAra para bhUta aura bhaviSyakAla kI ghaTanAoM kA sahI aura zuddha anumAna kara sake / sophisTa loga anumAna para atyadhika bala diyA karate the / kyoMki anumAna vAda-prativAda meM virodhiyoM ko parAsta karane kA prabala astra bhI hai / yaha ThIka hai, ki unake vAdavivAda se hI anumAna ke niyamoM tathA siddhAntoM kA janma huA / unhIM niyamoM evaM siddhAntoM ko vyavasthita kara arastU ne tarka ko vyavasthita rUpa pradAna karake zAstra kA rUpa diyA / vyAvahArika jIvana meM, AkAra evaM vastu abhinna haiM / parantu vicAra ke kSetra meM, vastu evaM AkAra ko bhinna-bhinna vicAra sakate haiM / tArkika logoM ne anumAna ke sambandha meM, AkAra aura vastu kA bheda kiyA hai(kha) sabhI bAlaka caMcala haiM dineza bAlaka hai dineza caMcala hai | (ka) sabhI bUr3he anubhavI haiM ratana bUr3hA hai ratana anubhavI hai / (ga) sabhI manuSya maraNazIla haiM (gha) koI manuSya amara nahIM hiteza manuSya hai jinadatta manuSya hai jinadatta amara nahIM / hiteza maraNazIla hai / tarka - zAstra eka paddhati hai, usake do bheda haiM - nigamana-paddhati aura Agamana-paddhati | Agamana aura nigamana tarka zAstrIya vidhiyoM evaM prakriyAoM ko svIkAra kie binA "koI vijJAna saMbhava nahIM ho sakatA / ataH tarka-zAstra ukta vidhiyoM kA nirUpaNa karatA hai / yaha vijJAnoM kA bhI vijJAna hai / isa zAstra kI viSaya sImA meM, mukhya rUpa se anumAna hI AtA | anumAna sambandhI niyamoM evaM siddhAntoM kI khoja, tarka - zAstra kA mukhya viSaya mAnA gayA hai / isa zAstra ke kSetra meM, nigamanAtmaka aura AgamanAtmaka donoM prakAra ke anumAna Ate haiM / spaSTa hI pAzcAtya paddhati, bhAratIya nyAya paddhati se bhinna rahI hai / For Private and Personal Use Only

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pramANa naya tathA nikSepa lakSaNa aura bheda ---- tattvArtha-sUtra (AcArya umAsvAti) 1-pramANa-nayairadhigamaH 2-matizra tAvadhimanaHparyAyakevalAni jJAnam 3-tat pramANe 4-Adya parokSam 5-pratyakSamanyat 6-tad indriyAnindriyanimittam 7-avagrahehAvAyadhAraNA 8-zrutaM matipUrva dvi-aneka dvAdazabhedam 6-mati-zru tayoH nivandhaH sarvadravyeSu asarvaparyAyeSu 10-rUpiSu avadheH 11-tadanantabhAge manaHparyAyasya 12-sarva dravya-paryAyeSu kevalasya 13-mati-zra tAvadhayo viparyayazca 14-negama-saMgraha-vyavahAra-RjusUtra-zabdA nayAH 15-Adya-zabdau dvi-tri bhedI pramANa-mImAMsA (AcArya hemacandra) 1-samyag artha-nirNayaH pramANam 2-anUbhayatra ubhaya-koTi-sparzI pratyayaH saMzayaH 3-vizeSa-anullekhI anadhyavasAyaH 4-atasmin tadeva iti viparyayaH / 5-prAmANya-nizcayaH svataH parato vA 6-pramANaM dvidhA For Private and Personal Use Only

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pariziSTa | 167 7-pratyakSa parokSaM ca 8-vizadaH pratyakSam 6-tat sarvathA-AvaraNa-vilaye cetanasya svarUpa-AvirbhAvo mukhya kevalam 10-tat tAratamye'vadhi-manaHparyAyau ca 11-indriya-manonimittaH avagrahehAvAya-dhAraNAtmA sAMvyavahArikam 12-sparza-rasa-gandha-rUpa-zabda-grahaNa-lakSaNAni, sparzana-rasana-ghrANacakSa :zrotrANi, indriyANi, dravya-bhAva bhedAni 13-dravya-indriyaM niyatAkArAH pudgalAH 14-bhAva-indriyaM labdhi-upayogI 15-sarvArtha-grahaNaM manaH 16-akSArtha-yoge darzana-anantaram artha-grahaNam avagrahaH 17-avagRhIta-vizeSa-AkAGa kSaNam IhA 18-Ihita-vizeSa-nirNayaH avAyaH 16-smRti-hetUH dhAraNA / 20-pramANasya viSayo dravya-paryAyAtmakaM vastu 21-phalam artha prakAzaH 22-ajJAna-nivRttiH vA 23-hAna-Adi-buddhayo vA 24-sva-para-AbhAsI, pariNAmI, AtmA pramAtA 25-avizadaH parokSam 26-upalambha-anupalambha-nimittaM vyAptijJAnam UhaH 27-sAdhanAt sAdhya-vijJAnam anumAnam 28-tad dvidhA svArtha parArthaM ca 26-saha-krama-bhAvinoH saha-krama-bhAva-niyamaH avinAbhAvaH 30-UhAt tat nizcayaH 31-sAdhya-nirdezaH pratijJA 32-sAdhanatva- abhivyaMjaka-vibhaktyantaM sAdhana-vacanaM hetaH 33-dRSTAnta vacanam udAharaNam 34-dharmiNi sAdhanasya upasaMhAra upanayaH 35-sAdhyasya nigamanam For Private and Personal Use Only

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168 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana samakSaM 36 - sAdhana-doSa - udbhAvanaM dUSaNam, tattva-saMrakSaNArthaM prAzkiAdika 37 - sAdhana- dUSaNa - vadanaM vAdaH 38 - sva- pakSasya siddhiH jayaH 36 -- asiddhiH parAjayaH 40 - so nigraho vAdi-prativAdinoH Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir nyAya - ratna-sAra ( AcArya zrI ghAsIlAla jI mahArAja ) 1 - sva-para-vyavasAyi jJAnam abAdhitaM pramANam - viruddhAneka-koTi-sparza jJAnaM saMzayaH 3 -- atasmin tad avagAhi jJAnaM viparyayaH 4- - vizeSAdhyavasAya - vihInaM jJAnamanadhyavasAyaH 5 - pratibhAta-viSayAvyabhicAritvaM prAmANyam 6 - sAMvyavahArika - pAramArthikAbhyAM pratyakSaM dvividham 7 - indriyAnindriyajaM dezato vizadaM sAMvyavahArikam 8- kAlAntarAvismaraNa hetuH dhAraNA 6 - dvividham atIndriyaM jJAnaM pAramArthikaM pratyakSam 10 - pUrvAnubhUta viSayakaM tattA- ullekhi jJAnaM smRtiH 11 - pratyakSa - smRtija ekatvAdi saMkalanAtmikA saMvit pratyabhijJA 12 - trikAla - varti, sAdhya - sAdhana-viSayaka vyApti jJAnaM tarkaH 13 - sAdhyAvinAbhAvi liMgajaM jJAnam anumAnam 14 - sAdhyAvinAbhAvo vyAptiH 15 - sAdhya - dharmAdhAraH pakSaH 16 - sAdhyavinAbhAvI hetuH 17- avinAbhAva pratipatterAspadaM dRSTAntaH 18 - sAdhyAdhAre punaH hetu - sadbhAva - khyApanam upanayaH 16 - pratijJAyAH punarvacanaM nigamanam 20 - bhAvarUpovidhirabhAvarUpazca niSedhaH / 21 - vivakSita - paryAyAvirbhAva rikto'anAdi- sAntaH prAg upAdAna - pariNAmaH prAgabhAvaH / 22 - bhUtvA abhavanaM sAdi - anantaH pradhvaMsAbhAvaH / For Private and Personal Use Only tasyotpatteH

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pariziSTa | 166 23 - paryAyAt paryAyAntara - vyAvRttiranyonyAbhAvaH sAdiH sAntazca 24--dravyAd dravyAntara- vyAvRttiratyantAbhAvaH anAdiranantazca 25 - AptavAkyajanyam athajJAnam AgamaH 26 - varNa-pada vAkyAtmakaH zabdaH Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 27 - ekatra eka dharma - prazna- vivakSAtaH avirodhena vyasta - samastavidhi-niSedhayoH pratipAdakaH syAt cihnitaH saptadhA vAkya prayogaH saptabhaMgAt 28 - saptabhaMgI sakalAdeza - vikalAdeza-bhedAd dvividhA 26 - dravya - paryAyArpitena kAlAdibhiH abhedena upacAreNa ca sakala vastunaH pratipAdakatvaM sakalAdezatvam / 30 - ekadharmamukhena bhedaM kRtvA vastu pratipAdaka vAkyatvaM vikalAdezatvam 31 - pramANa - viSayI bhUto'rthaH sAmAnya vizeSAdyanekAntAtmakaH 32 - saMkSepato nayo dvividhaH dravya - paryAyArthika vikalpAt 33 - naigama-saMgraha-vyavahAra - vikalpaiH tredhA dravyArthikaH 34 - gauNa mukhyabhAvena paryAyayoH dravyayoH dravya - paryAyayozca vivakSaNAtmako naigamaH 35 - sattAmAtra grAhI saMgraha - nayaH parApara bhedAcca dvividhaH 36 - saMgraheNa saMkalita - sAmAnya-bheda - prabhedaM vidhAya vyavahAra prathamA - vatArakaH abhiprAyavizeSo vyavahAraH nayaH bhedAt / 37 - paryAyArthika nayaH caturvidhaH RjusUtra - zabda- samabhirUr3ha evaMbhUta 38 - vartamAna samayamAtra paryAyagrAhI nayaH RjusUtraH 36 -- kAlAdi-bhedena vAcyArtha bhedajJaH abhiprAyaH zabdaH 40 - paryAya - vAci zabdAnAM bhinnArthatvam abhimanyamAnaH 'abhiprAyaH samabhirUr3ha 41 - evaMbhUtamarthaM sva-vAcyatvena kakSIkurvANo vicAraH evaMbhUtaH 42 - vidhi - niSedhAbhyAM naya - vAkyamapi saptabhaMgAtmakam 43 - pratyakSAdi pramANa- siddhaH pramAtA caitanya svarUpaH jJAnAdipariNAmI kartA bhoktA gRhIta - zarIra - parimANaH pratizarIraM bhinnaH paudgalikAdRSTavAn kathaMcit nitya AtmA For Private and Personal Use Only

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170 | jaina nyAya-zAstra : eka parizIlana 44- gRhIta - puruSa - strI - napuMsaka - zarIrasya kriyAbhyAM kRtsna - karma-kSayo mokSaH avadhijJAnam jaina tarka - bhASA ( upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ) Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 45 - tattva nirNaya icchu- vijigISu kathA- bhedAt kathA dvividhA P AtmanaH 1 - sva-para-vyavasAyi jJAnaM pramANam 2 - tad dvibhedam pratyakSaM parokSaM ca 3 - pratyakSaM dvividhaM, sAMvyavahArikaM pAramArthikaM ca 4- tacca dvividhaM indriyajaM anindriyajaM ca 5- dvayamapi mati zrutabhedAt dvidhA 6 - indriya manonimittaM zrutAnanusAri jJAnaM matijJAnam 7- zrutAnusAri ca zruta jJAnam 8 - dhAraNA trividhA - avicyutiH smRtiH vAsanA ca 6 - smRti-hetuH saMskAro vAsanA 10 - svotpattI Atma-vyApAra - mAtrApekSaM pAramArthikam 11 - tat trividham - avadhi - manaH paryAya - kevala bhedAt 12 - sakala-rUpi dravya-viSayakam, Atma- mAtrApekSaM samyagjJAna For Private and Personal Use Only 13- tacca SoDhA - anugAmi vardhamAna pratipAtItara bhedAt 14 - manomAtra - sAkSAtkArimanaHparyAya jJAnam 15 - nikhila - dravya - paryAya - sAkSAtkAri kevala-jJAnam 16 - sAdhanAt sAdhya - vijJAnam anumAnam 17 - nizcitAnyathA anupapatti - eka lakSaNo hetuH 18 - sa cAyaM dvividhaH, vidhirUpaH pratiSedharUpaH 16 - yathAsthitArtha parijJAna pUrvaka hitopadeza-pravaNa AptaH 20- prakaraNAdivazena zabdArtha - racanAvizeSA nikSepAH 21 - aprastutArthApAkaraNAt prastutArtha-vyAkaraNAcca nikSepaH 22 - sa ca caturdhA -- nAma- sthApanA - dravya bhAva bhedAt jJAnam

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pariziSTa | 171 nyAya-dIpikA (dharmabhUSaNa yati) 1-vivektavya-nAma-mAtra-kathanam uddezaH 2-vyatikIrNa-vastu-vyAvRtti-hetuH lakSaNam 3-paraspara-vyatikare sati yena anyatvaM lakSyate tallakSaNam 4-dvividhaM lakSaNam-AtmabhUtam anAtmabhUta ca 5-asAdhAraNa-dharma-vacanaM lakSaNam 6-viruddha-nAnA-yukti-prAbalya-daurbalya-avadhAraNAya pravartamAnovicAraH parIkSA 7-samyagjJAnaM pramANam 8--nirAkAraM darzanaM, sAkAraM jJAnam 6-vizada-pratibhAsaM pratyakSam 10-anvaya-vyatireka-gamyaH kArya-kAraNa bhAvaH 11-katipaya-viSayaM vikalam 12--sarva-dravya-paryAya-viSayaM sakalam 13- prAk anubhUta-vastu-viSayA smRtiH 14-anubhava-smRti-hetukaM saMkalanAtmakaM jJAnaM pratyabhijJAnam 15-vyApti-jJAnaM tarkaH 16-sarvopasaMhAravatI vyAptiH 17-sAdhanAt sAdhya-vijJAnamanumAnam 18-nizcita-sAdhya-anyathA-anupapattikaM sAdhanam 16--anumAnaM dvividhaM, svArtha parArtha ca 20-nizcitAt sAdhanAt sAdhya-jJAnam, svArthAnumAnam 21--paropadezamApekSya sAdhanAt sAdhya-vijJAnaM parArthAnumAnam tasya trINi aMgAni, dharmI, sAdhyam, sAdhanaM ca 22-Apta-vAkya-nibandhanam artha-jJAnam, AgamaH 23-AptaH pratyakSa-pramita-sakalArthatve sati, parama-hitopadezakaH 24-arthaH anekAntaH, aneke antA dharmAH, sAmAnya-vizeSa-paryAyaguNA yasya iti siddhaH anekAntaH 25-paryAyo dvividhaH artha-paryAyaH, vyaJjana-paryAyaH 26-artha-paryAyaH, bhUtatva-bhaviSyatva-saMsparza-rahita-zuddha-vartamAna-kAla avicchinnaM vastu-svarUpam For Private and Personal Use Only

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172 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana 27 - vyaJjana paryAyaH, vyaJjanaM vyaktiH, pravRttinivRtti - nibandhanam, jalAnayanAdyarthaM kriyA- kAritvam 28 - guNa - paryAyavad dravyam 2e-sarvam anekAntAtmakaM sattvAt 30 - pramANa - siddham anekAntAtmakaM vastu 31 - pramANa - gRhItArtha - ekadeza-grAhI pramAtuH abhiprAya - vizeSo nayaH 32 - nayo jJAtuH abhiprAyaH 23 - nayAntara - viSaya - sApekSaH san nayaH 34--naya- ya - viniyoga-paripATI saptabhaMgI 35 - bhaMga - zabdasya vastu-svarUpa-bhedavAcakatvAt 36 - saptAnAM bhaMgAnAM samAhAraH saptabhaMgI 37 - vidhi-niSedhAbhyAM saptabhaMgI pravartate 38-naya- pramANAbhyAM vastu-siddhiH 36-artha-kriyA- kAritvaM vastuno lakSaNam 40 - siddho'yaM siddhAntaH Agama meM pramANa ( sthAnAMga sUtra ) 1 - nANaM paMcavihaM - AbhiNibohiyanANaM suyanANaM, ohinANaM, maNApajjavanANaM, kevalanANaM , Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 2 - duvihe nANe paNNatte - paccakkhe ceva parokkhe ceva 3 - paccakkhaM duvihaM paNNattaM - indiya - paccakkhaM no indiya-paccakkhaM ca 4- satta mUla nayA paNNattA game, saMga, bavahAre, ujjusue, sadda, samabhirUDhe, evaMbhUe 5 - AvasyaM cauvihaM paNNatta nAma AvasyaM ThavaNA AvassayaM, davva AvassayaM, bhAva AvassayaM tarka -saMgraha ( annaM bhaTTa -kRta ) 1. pratyakSa jJAna - karaNaM pratyakSam 2. indriyArtha saMnikarSa - janyaM jJAnaM pratyakSam 3. tad dvividhaM nirvikalpakaM savikalpakaM ca 4. anumitikaraNam anumAnam For Private and Personal Use Only

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pariziSTa | 173 5. parAmarza-janyaM jJAnam anumitiH 6. vyApti-viziSTa-pakSa-dharmatA-jJAnaM parAmarzaH 7. anumAnaM dvividhaM svArtha parArthaM ca 8. liMga (hetu) trividhaM-anvaya-vyatireki, kevalAnvayi, kevalavyatireki 6. saMdigdha-sAdhyavAn pakSaH 10. nizcita-sAdhyavAn sapakSaH 11. nizcit-sAdhyAbhAvavAn vipakSaH 12. upamiti-karaNam upamAnam 13. saMjJA-saMjJi-sambandha-jJAnam upamitiH 14. tatkaraNaM sAdRzya-jJAnam 15. Apta-vAkyaM zabdaH 16. Aptastu yathArtha-vaktA 17. vAkyaM pada-samUhaH 18. zaktaM padam 16. vAkyaM dvividham 20. vaidikaM laukikaM ca 21. vaidikam IzvaroktatvAt sarvameva pramANam laukikaM tu AptoktaM pramANam anyad apramANam 22. vAkyArtha-jJAnaM zabda-jJAnam 23. tatkaraNaM zabdaH 24. ekasmin dharmiNi viruddha-nAnA dharma-vaiziSTyAvagAhijJAnaM saMzaya 25. mithyA-jJAnaM viparyayaH 26. vyApyAropeNa vyApakAropaH tarka 27. smRtirapi dvividhA yathArthA ayathArthA ca 28. pramAjanyA yathArthA 26. apramAjanyA ayathArthA 30. yathArthAnubhavaH trividhaH-saMzaya, viparyaya, tarka-bhedAt For Private and Personal Use Only

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nyAya-bindu (AcArya dharmakIti) 1. kalpanApoDham abhrAntam pratyakSam 2. abhilApa-saMsarga-yogya-pratibhAsa-pratItiH kalpanA, tayA rahitam 3. nAma jAtyAdi-yojanA vA kalpanA, tayA apoDham, kalpanA svabhAvazUnyaM 4. yanna bhrAmyati tad abhrAntam 5. pratyakSaM kalpanApoDham -nyAya praveza yat jJAnam arthe rUpAdau nAmajAtyAdi kalpanA-rahitam, tad akSam, akSaM prativartate, iti pratyakSam 6. pratyakSaM kalpanApoDhaM, nAmajAtyAdyasaMyutam -pramANa-samuccaya 7. kalpanApoDhaM pratyakSam, iti diGa nAgasya pratyakSa-lakSaNam, 8. abhrAnta-vizeSaNa-sahitaM tu dharmakIrteH 6. ajJAtArtha-jJApakaM pramANam -pramANa-samuccaya 10. pramANam avisaMvAdi jJAnam -pramANa-vArtika 11. arthAd vijJAnaM pratyakSam -pramANa-saMgraha 12. sAdhanAt sAdhya-vijJAnam anumAnam ( 174 ) For Private and Personal Use Only

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pramukha grantha evaM granthakAra pramANa-prarUpaNA 1. parIkSA-mukha 2. prameya-ratna-mAlA 3. pramANa-mImAMsA 4. nyAya-dIpikA 5. pramANa-prameya kalikA naya-nirUpaNA 1. anuyogadvAra sUtra 2. tattvArtha bhASya 3. sanmati-sUtra 4. pramANa-naya-tattvAloka 5. jaina tarkabhASA nikSepa-paddhati 1. anuyogadvAra sUtra 2. tattvArtha sUtra 3. sanmati-sUtra 4. jaina tarka-bhASA 5. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA jaina nyAya ke prasiddha AcArya 1. AcArya siddhasena divAkara : (ka) sanmati tarka sUtra (kha) nyAyAvatAra-sUtra 2. AcArya samantabhadra : (ka) Apta-mImAMsA 3. AcArya haribhadra : (ka) zAstra vArtA samuccaya (kha) SaD darzana samuccaya (ga) anekAnta jaya-patAkA 4. AcArya akalaMka deva : (ka) pramANa-saMgraha (kha) laghIyastrayI (ga) nyAya vinizcaya ( 175 ) For Private and Personal Use Only

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176 | jaina nyAya - zAstra : eka parizIlana 5. upAdhyAya yazovijaya : (ka) jaina tarka- bhASA (ga) nayopadeza sUtrAtmaka jaina nyAya grantha 1. parIkSA - mukha 2. pramANa- naya tattvAlokAlaMkAra 3. pramANa - mImAMsA 4. bhikSu nyAya - kaNikA 5. nyAyaratna- sAra 1. AcArya diGa nAga kRta grantha : 1. nyAya praveza - 3. hetu cakra - hamarU 5. Alambana parIkSA 2. AcArya dharmakIti kRta grantha 1. nyAya bindu 3. siddhi vinizcaya (kha) naya - rahasya bauddha nyAya ke prasiddha grantha 1. nyAya sAra 2. tarka bhASA 3. tarka - kaumudI 4. nyAyasiddhAntamuktAvalI 5. tarka saMgraha 6. sapta padArthI 7. tarkAta - mANikyanandi kRta - vAdideva sUri kRta - AcArya hemacandra kRta - AcArya zrI tulasI kRta - AcArya ghAsIlAlajI kRta Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 2. pramANa - samuccaya 4. pramANa zAstra 6. trikAla - parIkSA vaidika nyAya ke prasiddha grantha 2. hetu bindu 4. pramANa - vArtika nyAya-vaizeSika mukhya grantha For Private and Personal Use Only 1. nyAya sAra 2. sapta padArthI 3. tarkabhASA 4. tarka kaumudI 5. bhASA-pariccheda nyAya siddhAntamuktAvalI 6. tarka - saMgraha - dIpikA - bhAsarvajJa - kezava mizra - logAkSi bhAskara - vizvanAtha paJcAnana - annaM bhaTTa - zivAditya -- jagadIza bhaTTAcArya -bhAsarvajJa - zivAditya - kezava mizra - laugAkSi bhAskara -annaM bhaTTa

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ni 0 vyAkaraNa, zabda kA artha va vyAkhyA karane kI kuMjI hai, to nyAya-zAstra tatva parIkSaNa karane kI (MASTER KEY) mukhya cAbI hai / . bhAratIya darzanakAro ne nyAyavidyA kA sahArA lekara apane-apane darzana kI satyatA eva nirdoSatA kA maNDana karane kA bharapUra prayAsa kiyA hai aura sAtha hI anya darzanoM ke khaNDana meM bhI isakA prayoga kiyA hai / jaina nyAya-zAstra kI zailI khaNDanAtmaka kama, maNDanAtmaka adhika rahI hai| naya-nikSepa-pramANa (anekAnta evaM syAdvAda) paddhati kA sarvathA svataMtra evaM abhinava cintana jaina nyAya-zAstra kI vilakSaNatA hai, isIkAraNa bhAratIya nyAya-zAstra me jaina nyAya-zAstra kI pratiSThA hai / jainadarzana evaM nyAya-zAstra ke viddhAna zrI vijayamuni jI zAstrI ne bahuta hI saMtulita tathA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se jaina nyAya-zAstra kA sundara pratipAdana prastuta kiyA hai, isame samagra bhAratIya nyAya zAstra ke sAtha hI zabdazAstra kI dRSTi se bhI naya- nikSepa paddhati kI upAdeyatA siddha kI hai / pariziSTa meM lakSaNAvalI meM mUla graMthoM ke sUtra dekara nyAya ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie gAgara meM sAgara bhara diyA hai / pAzcAtya tarka zAstra ke pariprekSya meM jaina nyAya-zAstra kA avalokana eka navIna cintana prastuta karatA hai / / rASTrasaMta upAdhyAya zrI amaramuni jI ke vidvAna ziSya zrI vijayamuni jI zAstrI sAhitya, saMskRti, adhyAtma, darzana evaM nyAya-zAstra ke gahana abhyAsI hai / prastuti kRti - kI ra mahatvapUrNa pustaka , siddha hogI / Serving JinShasand 011740 anmandir@kobatirth.org fat gyanmanaren vorne 282002. For Private and Personal Use Only