Jain Dharm Prachintam Jivit Dharm

Author(s): Jyotiprasad Jain
Publisher: Dharmoday Sahitya Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/009248/1

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jainadharma: prAcInatama jIvita dharma Hindi Translation of the English Book "Jainism : The Oldest Living Religion" lekhaka DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina anuvAdaka pulaka goyala variSTha zodha adhyetA zrI digambara jaina AcArya saMskRta mahAvidyAlaya jayapura prakAzaka dharmodaya sAhitya prakAzana sAgara (ma.pra.)

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kRti : jainadharma : prAcInatama jIvita dharma lekhaka : DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina anuvAdaka pulaka goyala saMskaraNa prathama (hindI saMskaraNa) sitambara, 2011 ISBN 978-81-910547-9-8 AvRtti : 1100 mUlya : 20/ prApti sthAna dharmodaya sAhitya prakAzana bAhubalI kaoNlonI, sAgara (ma. pra.) 094249-51771 dharmodayat@gmail.com mudraka : jayapura priTiMga seMTara, jayapura

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prakAzakIya jainadharma aura darzana paurANika mAnyatAoM ke anusAra anAdikAlIna hai| itihAsavidoM ne upalabdha Adhunika jAnakAriyoM ke AdhAra se jainadharma kI prAcInatA ko siddha kiyA hai| jainadharma kI aitihAsikatA ke sambandha meM kaI bhrAmaka tathyoM kA pracAra hotA rahA hai| ina mithyA vicAroM kA prAmANika nirAkaraNa DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina ne apanI laghu pustikA "Jainism : The Oldest Living Religion" meM kiyA hai| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, banArasa se san 1951 evaM 1988 meM isa kRti kA prakAzana do bAra ho cukA hai| isa pustikA kA hindI bhASA meM anuvAda karake zrI pulaka goyala ne jaina itihAsa ko punaH pracalita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jainadarzana ke prArambhika vidyArthiyoM se lekara vidyAnurAgI vidvat samudAya taka ke lie yaha saMgrahaNIya hai| isa kRti ko prakAzita karate hue hameM prasannatA ho rahI hai| AzA hai ki yaha zrama apane uddezyoM meM saphala hogA aura yuvA anuvAdaka prAcya vidyAoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana aura anusaMdhAna se samAja ko lAbhAnvita karate rheNge| prakAzaka

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jainadharma : prAcInatama jIvita dharma mAnava sabhyatA ke Arambha se hI bhArata ne rASTroM kI AdhyAtmika mAtA hone kA apanA kartavya sadA nibhAyA hai| DAkTara esa. sI. vidyAbhUSaNa kahate haiM- "yadi bhArata apanI AdhyAtmika aura dArzanika vikAsa ke lie vizva meM advitIya hai to koI bhI iMkAra nahIM kara sakatA ki isakA zreya jainoM ko brAhmaNoM aura bauddhoM se kama nahIM hai|" anya vidvAnoM ke samAna ve bhI isa dRSTikoNa ko mAnate haiM ki "jainadharma prAcInatama aura mahAnatama dharmoM meM se eka hai|" sara sanmukha zeTTI kahate haiM- "jainadharma kI vizAlatA ke bAre meM kucha bhI kahanA merI kSamatA se pare hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko jainoM kA yogadAna advitIya hai| mere isa kathana ko pramANita karane ke lie maiMne paryApta rUpa se par3hA hai| maiM vyaktigata rUpa se mAnatA hU~ ki yadi bhArata para kevala jainadharma kI pakar3a majabUta hotI, to sambhavataH hamAre pAsa adhika saGgaThita bhArata aura nizcita rUpa se vartamAna se vizAla bhArata hotaa|" dharma kI dRSTi se dekhane para uccatama AdarzoM ko samajhanA hI jainadharma kA mukhya uddezya rahA hai, jise vyakti kI bhautika aura naitika prakRti apane antima lakSya kI taraha cunatI hai aura jo prAsaGgika rUpa se sarva vyApakatA kA pramukha mAnadaNDa hai| phira bhI bairisTara sI. Ara. jaina ke anusAra "tIrthaGkaroM ke isa mata arthAt jainadharma kI utpatti pUrvI vidvAnoM ke lie, jinhoMne isakI utpatti ke viSaya meM hara prakAra se kalpanAe~ vikasita kI haiM, parikalpanA aura truTi kA saccA srota hai| vAstava meM sAdhAraNarUpa se anabhijJatA aura paryApta jAnakArI ke abhAva meM kabhI-kabhI gaharI dhAraNA aura pUrva

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meM banAye gaye vicAroM ke prabhAva meM tathA aksara pAramparika yA bhAvanAtmaka pUrvAgrahoM ke bahAva meM vidvAn aura itihAsakAra prAyaH jainadharma aura usake itihAsa se nyAya karane meM asaphala hue haiN|" ___ 18 vIM sadI ke antima cauthAI bhAga meM Arambhika yUropIya vidvAnoM ne Adhunika vaijJAnika AdhAra se bhArata ke itihAsa kA punarnimANa aura saGkalana kA kArya sarvaprathama prArambha kiyA thaa| vAstava meM unhoMne jainadharma para eka alaga sampradAya kI taraha pahale dhyAna hI nahIM diyaa| usa samaya unakI mukhya ruci bauddha, brAhmaNa aura islAma dharma meM thI, jo unake lie bhArata ke bhUta aura vartamAna ke akele pratinidhi the| lekina inake itihAsa ke lie bhI vizeSataH hinduoM ke lie ve dezI srotoM para bharosA nahIM kara sakate the, kyoMki unhoMne pahale se hI mAna liyA thA ki bhAratIyoM meM kabhI bhI koI aitihAsika saMvedanA nahIM rahI hai tathA unake pAsa nAmamAtra ke lie bhI aitihAsika abhilekha aura anya vizvasanIya aitihAsika srota nahIM haiM, jisase ve svayaM ke itihAsa kA punarnirmANa kara skeN| ataH ve isa niSkarSa para Aye ki isa kArya ke lie unheM Avazyaka rUpa se kahIM aura dekhanA caahiye| unheM adhika dUra nahIM khojanA thii| cauthI-pA~cavI zatAbdI IsA pUrva se lekara unake samaya taka ke aneka videziyoM ke bhArata ke bAre meM vRttAnta unake bacAva ke lie zIghra upasthita ho gye| prArambhika yUnAnI lekhaka vizeSataH ve jo alekjeMDara mahAn ke pUrvI sainya abhiyAna (326 I.pU.) meM sAtha the athavA bAda meM rAjanaitika rAjadUta kI taraha bhArata Aye the, jaise megasthanIja (305 I.pU.), cInI yAtrI jaise phAhyAna (400 san), hvenasAMga (629 san) aura ITasIMga (695 san), kucha arabI vyApArI jinhoMne 8vIM se 13vIM zatAbdI taka Dekana rAjya se vyApAra kiyA, bhaTake hue darzanArthI jaise mArko polo (1288-1293 san) aura ibna batUtA (1323 san),

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purtagAla goA ke IsAI dharma - pracAraka, jinhoMne mugala darabAra meM bheMTa kI tathA yUropIya sAhasiyoM aura 17vIM zatAbdI se Age ke yAtrI jaise TairI barniyara, Tebarniyara, menusI, pITara muNDe ityAdi ne jaisA thA aura jaisA dikhA, vaisA apanA alaga-alaga bhArata kA vRttAnta chor3a diyA / inameM se mUlabhUta yUnAnI abhilekha to bahuta pahale hI kho gye| usase kAphI zatAbdiyoM ke bAda likhI gaIM yUnAnI tathA roma kI aitihAsika kRtiyoM meM unakA AMzika mAtra hI saGkalana ho skaa| lekina ve niHsaMkoca upayoga meM Ae tathA aksara uddhRta hue / anya prArambhika vRttAntoM meM se adhikAMza pUrNarUpa se apane mUlasvarUpa meM hamAre pAsa nahIM aae| cInI yAtriyoM kA dRSTikoNa pUrNarUpa se bauddhadharma se sambandhita thA aura jo unhoMne dekhA aura varNita kiyA, vaha unake svayaM ke dharma se adhika nikaTa thA / adhikAMza musalima lekhaka aura itihAsakAra pakSapAtI the aura unakA dRSTikoNa mukhyatA se musalamAnI thaa| jaisA pro. rAvelasana kahate haiM ki 17vIM - 18vIM zatAbdI ke yUropIya yAtriyoM ne bhI hinduoM ke bAre meM prAyaH musalamAnI dRSTikoNa apanA liyaa| ye sabhI videzI lekhaka vyAvahArika rUpa se ajanabI kSetra meM ajanabI hone ke alAvA deza kI kisI bhI bhASA ko kabhI bhI nahIM jAnate the aura unameM se adhikatara ausata buddhivAle sAdhAraNa loga the| ve deza ke vAstavika jIvana se kabhI paricita nahIM hue / unake pAsa adhikAMza binduoM para bharosemanda aura paryApta jAnakArI prApta karane ke lie na ke barAbara avasara aura sAdhana the / tathA jo kucha bhI mAmUlI, aspaSTa aura prAyaH truTipUrNa jAnakAriyoM ko saGkalita karane meM ve saphala hue, ve saba kiMvadantI, nAiyoM kI dukAna aura bAjAra kI gappoM se prApta huI, jise ve apanI svayaM kI bhrAmaka aura kaI bAra pUrvAgrahapUrNa kalpanAoM se bhara dete the / sAmpradAyika bhinnatA 6

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Adi kaI viSayoM ko, jinheM ve svayaM mahasUsa karate the, na to ve samajha hI pAte aura na hI ThIka DhaMga se vyAkhyA hI kara pAte the| tathApi isa vizAla, bhinna aura prAcIna upamahAdvIpa ke aitihAsika punarnirmANa ke lie ye varNana sarvAdhika prAmANika aura eka mAtra bharosemanda srota mAne gaye, jabaki likhita hone para bhI dezI srota aura paramparAe~ avizvasanIya, kAlpanika, aksara managaDhanta yA pUrvI AvArA kalpanAoM kA pariNAma mAne gye| aneka prAcIna smAraka, purAvazeSa, zilAlekha aura naye sAhityika pramANa zIghra hI prakAza meM Ane lage, jo bhAratIya paramparA evaM anya srotoM kA samarthana karate pratIta hue| itane para bhI inheM taba hI aura utanA hI pramANita kiyA jA sakA, jaba aura jitanA inheM unake pasaMdIdA videzI vRttAntoM dvArA saMpuSTa kiyA gyaa| ataH Azcarya nahIM hai ki Adhunika bhAratIya itihAsa kI buniyAda hI prAyaH mithyA evaM kAmacalAU~ siddha huI aura kaI galata vicAra, vikRtiyA~ yA tathyoM ke mithyA kathana vartamAna kI bhAratIya itihAsa kI pustakoM meM apanA rAstA banA ske| __ yadyapi adhikAMza videzI vRttAntoM meM prArambhika kAla kI zurUAta se hI jaina aura unake dharma ko prAyaH ullikhita kiyA hai, parantu prAyaH bhASA aura lekhakoM kI samajha kI kaThinAI ke kAraNa ve isa svarUpa meM thI ki aparyApta jAnakArI aura jJAna kI kamI se bAdhita prArambhika pUrvI vidvAn unheM ThIka se bhASAntarita nahIM kara sake aura jainadharma va jainoM ko pahacAnane meM asaphala hue| unnIsavIM sadI kI dUsarI cauthAI taka bhI ve isa dharma para dhyAna dene meM sahAyaka nahIM hue| lekina durbhAgyavaza bauddhadharma se kucha binduoM para AdhyAtmika sAmya se bhramita hokara vastutaH rUDhibaddhatA ke kAraNa unhoMne zIghra hI aMdAjA lagAyA ki yaha bauddhadharma ke bAda ke eka udgama ke sivAya kucha bhI nahIM hai|

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pichalI zatAbdI (19vIM) ke anta meM isa stara ke mazahUra pUrvI vidvAn DaoN. haramana jaikobI ne praveza kiyA aura bauddhadharma sambandhita utpatti ke siddhAnta ko bahuta adhika saphalatApUrvaka khaNDita kiyaa| pahale to unheM tIvra virodha jhelanA par3A, lekina antataH unakI khoja ko sabane svIkAra kiyaa| jaikobI ne kisI bhI bhrama kI chAyA ke binA siddha kiyA ki bauddha zAstroM ke nigantha nAtaputta koI anya nahIM, balki jainoM ke antima aura caubIsaveM tIrthaGkara varddhamAna mahAvIra hI haiM, mahAvIra na kevala gautama buddha se praur3ha samakAlIna the, apitu bauddhadharma ke zaktizAlI pratidvandvI bhI the aura yaha ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM aura usase bhI pahale jainadharma kucha samaya ke lie majabUtI se sthApita dharma rahA hai aura yaha bhI ki mahAvIra ne kevala usako (dharma ko) unnata kiyA aura sAdhuoM ke niyamoM ko punargaThita kiyaa| isa prakaraNa meM jaikobI aura anya vidvAnoM ke dvArA saGkalita prAmANika sAkSyoM ko nimna prakAra se saMkSipta kara sakate haiM 1. jaina granthoM meM magadha ke rAjAoM aura usa samaya ke kucha dhArmika zikSakoM ke nAma ullikhita haiM, jo mahAvIra ke samakAlIna hone ke sAtha hI buddha ke bhI samakAlIna the| bauddha granthoM meM nigantha nAtaputta ke nAma se mahAvIra ullikhita haiM aura unakI mRtyusthalI bhI 'pAvA' nAma se darzAyI hai| ataH isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki donoM samakAlIna aura svataMtra the| bauddha prAyaH jainoM ko pratidvandvI sampradAya kI taraha iMgita karate the, lekina yaha sampradAya navIna utpanna hai, aisA saMketa bhI nahIM diyaa| isake viparIta jisa taraha se ve usake bAre meM bolate the, usase lagatA hai ki yaha nirgranthoM kA sampradAya buddha ke samaya meM bhI sthira mAnyatA vAlA rahA thaa| athavA anya zabdoM meM kathaJcit lagatA hai ki jainadharma bauddhadharma se bahuta adhika prAcIna hai| aura bhI, buddha ne jJAna kI khoja ke lie kaI prayoga kiye the, para

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mahAvIra ke sAtha aisA nahIM thaa| mahAvIra ne nayA dharma khojane yA sikhAne ke lie koI prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| tathya kI dRSTi se yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki apane jJAna kI khoja ke lie buddha jainoM kI sAdhu caryA meM bhI praviSTa hue the| 2. bauddha sAhitya meM nigantha nAtaputta (mahAvIra) aura unakI mahAnatA ke ullekha pAye jAte haiN| majjhima nikAya (PT.S. II, p. 214) meM likhA hai ki nirgrantha sAdhuoM ne buddha ko batAyA ki unake svAmI nAtaputta sarvajJa the aura unake ananta jJAna ke dvArA unane (mahAvIra ne batAyA ki pUrva janmoM meM unhoMne (sAdhuoM ne) kyA pApa kiye the| samayutta nikAya (P.T.S. IV, p.398) isa mAnyatA ke bAre meM batAtA hai ki prasiddha nAtaputta batA sakate the ki unakA anuyAyI mRtyu ke bAda kahA~ janma legA aura pUchane para yaha bhI batA sakate the ki koI vyakti punaH kahA~ utpanna huaa| aMguttara nikAya isa mAnyatA para bhI saMketa karatA hai ki nigantha nAtaputta saba kucha jAna sakatA thA, saba anubhUta kara sakatA thA, usakA jJAna sImArahita (ananta) thA aura hara samaya jaba hama calate, sote yA apane sAMsArika kAryoM ko kara rahe hote haiM, taba bhI vaha sarvajJa hotA hai| raoNkahila apanI (pustaka) "lAipha oNpha buddhA" (pRSTha 259) meM rAjA ajAtazatru ke lie mahAvIra ke dvArA kahe gaye isa kathana ko puSTa karate haiN| samAgAma sutta meM mahAvIra kI mRtyu (nirvANa) ke bAda pAvA meM unake anuyAyiyoM ke matabheda kA saMketa hai- yaha tathya bauddhoM se sambandhita thA, jo pratyakSa rUpa se mahAvIra ke uttarajIvI the| "buddha vRttAnta, unake saiddhAntika kArya aura anya pustakoM meM yaha dekhA jA sakatA hai ki yaha pratidvandvI (mahAvIra) khataranAka aura prabhAvazAlI vyakti thA aura buddha ke samaya meM bhI usake upadeza bahuta jyAdA phaila cuke the (vhUlara- da jainaas)|" jaikobI kahate haiM ki mahAvIra apane hI taraha kA mahAn vyakti aura

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usake samakAlInoM ke bIca zreSTha mArgadarzaka rahe hoNge| hornila kahate haiM ki apane mahAn pratidvandvI buddha kI taraha ve bhI eka zreSTha prabhAvaka vyaktitva rahe hoNge| bauddha paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra buddha ke samaya ke atimahattvapUrNa chaha tIrthaGkaroM meM se eka the / brAhmaNa ghere se bAhara, nigantha nAtaputta, makkhalI gozAla ( AjIvaka saMpradAya kA praNetA), saMjaya belaTThiputta, ajita kezakaMbalina, pUrNa kazyapa aura pAkuddha kacAyana prasiddha upadezaka the / prAcIna bauddha sutta " mahAparinibbAna sutta" (S.B.E. XI, p. 106) meM varNita hai ki mahAvIra ke anuyAyI nirgranthoM ko anuyAyI aura ziSya saMgha ke mukhiyA, ziSyoM ke guru, prasiddha aura siddhAnta zAlAoM ke khyAta praNetA kahate the, jo jana-samudAya ke dvArA acche vyakti ke rUpa meM sammAnita the| 3. donoM sampradAyoM ke bIca paraspara dharmAntaraNa ke sandarbha mahAvagga meM vaizAlI ke lakSviyoM ke senApati aura bha. mahAvIra ke sAdhAraNa anuyAyI siMha ke bAre meM likhA hai jo unake niSedha ke viruddha buddha ko dekhane jAtA hai aura usake dvArA dharmAntarita ho jAtA hai| majjhimanikAya meM bha. mahAvIra ke sAdhAraNa anuyAyI upAlI kA zarIra aura mana ke pApoM kA tulanAtmaka durAcAra viSaya para buddha se vivAda ke bAda ke sandarbha haiN| - zrImatI rAhyasa DeviDsa ne " sAma (bhajana) oNpha da arlI buddhisTa" (laMDana 1903) meM bauddhadharma se jainadharma aura isase viparIta dharmAntaraNoM ke kaI pramANa diye haiM, jaise- ajjuna nAmaka eka bauddha anuyAyI jainoM se samparka karatA hai aura unake niyamoM meM praveza karatA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki nAtaputta ke dvArA rAjakumAra abhaya ko viSama paristhiti meM par3hAyA gayA thA, ityAdi / 10

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DaoN. bI.sI. lau ne apanI " hisTorikala glIniMgsa" meM buddha ke nirgranthoM ke sAtha sambandha aura unake pArasparika dharmAntaraNoM kA udAharaNa diye haiM / jaise- siMha, saccaka, zrIgupta, grahaddina, dIghatApasI, upAlI, abhaya rAjakumAra, vizAkha ityAdi / # sumaMgalA vilAsanI, lalita vistara, jAtaka, dAthA vaMso ityAdi anya prasiddha pustakoM meM bhI jainadharma ke ullekha haiN| 4. purAnI bauddha pustakoM meM suprasiddha aura jAne-mAne jainavidyA, adhyAtmavidyA aura AcAra siddhAntoM ke sandarbha haiM dIghanikAya ke brahmajAla sutta meM AtmA se sahita zItala jala arthAt jalakAyika jIvoM ke sandarbha haiM / # usI meM AjIvaka siddhAnta ke jaina khaMDana arthAt AtmA ke varNa (lezyA kA siddhAnta) ke sandarbha haiN| majjhimanikAya meM kAya, vacana aura mana ina tIna daNDoM kA, jisameM jaina vizvAsa karate haiM aura upAlI ke dharmAntaraNa se bhI sambandhita, kAya aura mana meM pApoM kI jaina saMkalpanA kA sandarbha hai| aMguttara nikAya meM jaina digvirati vrata aura uposattha (proSadha) divasa ke sandarbha haiM / digvirati vrata arthAt "Aja maiM kevala isa nizcita dizA meM jAU~gA / " uposattha- upavAsa rakhanA, jisameM sAdhAraNa ziSya bhI apane vicAroM aura kRtyoM se sAdhuoM kI taraha mAnA jAtA hai| usa hI nikAya meM rAjakumAra abhaya aura buddha kI mulAkAta se sambandhita tapasyA ke dvArA purAne yA naye karmoM ke vinAza aura pUrNa jJAna kI prApti kI jaina vicAradhArA ke saMdarbha haiN| mahAvagga meM kriyAvAda ke jaina siddhAnta ke saMdarbha haiM I 11

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5. bauddhoM para jaina prabhAva ke saMketa DaoN. jaikobI kahate haiM ki bauddhoM ne jainoM se 'Asrava' pada ko saiddhAntika mahattva binA jAne hI udhAra liyA hai| cU~ki buddha mukhyatayA mokSa le jAnevAle para ruci rakhate the, ataH unhoMne naye aura Atmanirbhara, sadAcAra ke AdhArasvarUpa manovijJAna para vicAra nahIM kiyaa| pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne isa viSaya para tatkAlIna vicAroM aura usake sAtha hI unako vyakta karanevAle tatkAlIna zabdoM ko adhikatA se grahaNa kara liyaa| ataH bauddha manovijJAna kucha aspaSTa aura aparibhASita hai| jaikobI jora dekara kahate haiM ki yadi jainoM ne pahale hI usakA aitihAsika arthoM meM prayoga na kiyA hotA, to bauddha 'Asrava' zabda kA prayoga usake aitihAsika artha se pare kabhI nahIM kara sakate the / (jaise leTina jyotiSiyoM kA 'inphlUeMsa' zabda aMgrejI ne goda liyA, ityaadi|) bauddha 'saMvara' pada kA bhI prayoga karate haiM arthAt 'zIla saMvara' (naitika niyamoM kA saMyama) aura kRdanta 'saMvRta' (saMyamita) zabda, jo brAhmaNa lekhakoM ke dvArA ina arthoM meM prayukta nahIM hue / ataH adhika sambhava hai ki ye zabda jainadharma se hI goda liye gaye haiM, jahA~ para unakA sahI artha sUcita kiyA hai, jise ve paryApta rUpa se vyakta karate haiN| 6. jainadharma ke mahattva aura saMbhAvya adhika prAcInatA ke bauddhoM ke dvArA saMkalita apratyakSa sAkSya 1. ve jainoM (niganthoM) kA pratidvandviyoM aura bauddha se dharmAntaritoM kI taraha ullekha karate haiM, parantu isakA artha yaha kabhI nahIM hai ki yaha navIna nirmita saMpradAya hai / 2. ve vaizAlI ke lakSviyoM ke purAne nigantha caityoM ke ullekha karate haiN| 12

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3. dIghanikAya ke sAmaNNaphala sutta meM bha. pArzvanAtha ke cAra vratoM (cAturyAma dharma) ke sandarbha haiN| DaoN. jaikobI kahate haiM ki "yaha bhAga vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai, kyoMki yaha darzAtA hai ki bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke samaya aura upadezoM se sambandhita jainoM ke purAne rivAjoM se bhI bauddha paricita the / " 4. makkhalI gosAla mAnava jAti ko chaha bhAgoM meM bA~TatA hai / tIsarA bheda nigantha saMpradAya hai| jaikobI kahate haiM ki eka naye sampradAya ko mAnava jAti ke vibhAga meM itane mahattvapUrNa sthAna para nahIM rakhA jA sakatA thA / 5. nirgrantha pitA ke anirgrantha putra saccaka ke sAtha buddha kA matabheda thaa| jaikobI ke anusAra yaha tathya nirNAyakarUpa se siddha karatA hai ki jaina bauddhadharma kI zAkhA nahIM hai / 6. bauddha 'dhammapada' meM (Gka. 422) pahale aura antima tIrthaGkaroM, RSabha aura mahAvIra kA kramazaH ullekha hai| 7. bauddha vidvAn Aryadeva jainadharma ke vAstavika saMsthApaka ke rUpa meM RSabhadeva kA ullekha karate haiM / I 7. aba yahA~ para svayaM jaina granthoM ke bhI pramANa draSTavya haiM DaoN. jaikobI kahate haiM, " aneka vargoM ke logoM kI saMgrahIta paramparAoM ko arthahIna asatyoM kI bunI huI jAlI kI taraha khArija karane ke lie koI tarkapUrNa AdhAra upasthita nahIM hai| unakI prAcInatA se sambandha rakhanevAlI sabhI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAe~ aura prasaMga lagAtAra itane mahattvapUrNa DhaMga se saMgrahIta haiM ki unheM taba taka ThIka DhaMga se nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jaba taka ki jainadharma kI prAcInatA para sandeha rakhanevAle vidvAnoM ke dvArA prastuta sAkSya kI apekSA adhika majabUta sAkSya prastuta nahIM kiye jAte / " uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra 13

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aura pArzva ke anuyAyI kramazaH gautama aura kezI ke bIca udyAna meM mulAkAta huI aura lagabhaga rahasyapUrNa viSayoM para acchI carcA hone ke bAda donoM (dharma) netAoM ne siddhAntoM kI AdhArabhUta ekatA ko svIkAra kiyA aura ve eka hI kSetra ke kAryakarttA haiM, isa prakAra pUrNa sahamata hokara udyAna ko chor3A / yaha punaH spaSTa karatA hai ki mahAvIra ke Agamana se pahale eka purAtana jaina mAnyatA pracalita thI aura jo unake dvArA prabhAvazAlI rUpa se unnata huI / 8. antataH jainadarzana kI purAtana vizeSatAe~ haiM- unakI sarvacetanavAdI mAnyatA, brahmANDa ke mukhya saMghaTaka tattvoM kA abhAva, dharma (jo vastuoM ko gati meM sahAyaka hai) aura adharma ( sthiti kA mAdhyama yA sAdhana) kA jIva (AtmA), pudgala (padArtha), AkAza (avakAza) aura kAla (samaya) ke sAtha tattvoM ke samUha meM samAveza, chaha sanAtana dravya yA brahmANDa ke tattva | jainadarzana ke ina tathyoM ke phalasvarUpa DaoN. jaikobI upasaMhAra karate haiM ki bhArata meM AryoM kI sthApanA ke bahuta prArambhika samaya meM hI yaha dharma vikasita huA thA aura kahA ki jainadharma bauddhadharma kI zAkhA hai, isa bhrAnti ko yaha tathya hamezA ke lie naSTa karatA hai / isa prakAra jhagar3e ke binA hI yaha siddha huA ki jainadharma sarvathA svataMtra aura asAdhAraNa rUpa se prAcIna dhArmika vyavasthA hai, jo na kevala bauddhadharma kI zAkhA nahIM hai, sAtha hI usase bahuta adhika prAcIna bhI hai I kucha anya aneka vidvAnoM ko uddhRta karate haiM pro. rahyasa DeviDsa- " sampUrNa bhArata ke itihAsa meM bauddhadharma ke udbhava ke pahale se lekara vartamAna samaya taka jainadharma eka suvyavasthita sampradAya rahA hai|" 14

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I. DablyU. hopakinsa- "bauddhoM ke dvArA kabhI bhI nigaMthoM ko naye sampradAya kI taraha ullikhita nahIM kiyA gayA aura na hI usake vikhyAta saMsthApaka nAtaputta ko usakA saMsthApaka kahA gyaa| jAne kisa srota se jaikobI dikhAvaTI tarka karate haiM ki usakA sahI saMsthApaka mahAvIra se bhI prAcIna thA aura yaha sampradAya bauddhadharma se pahale kA hai|" isa prakAra vyAvahArika rUpa se pro. meksamUlara, olDanabarga, beMDola, sara moniyara viliyamsa, sara DablyU. DablyU. haMTara, hArve, vhIlara, DaoN. Ara. jI. bhaNDArakara, DaoN. ke. pI. jAyasvAla, bI.jI.tilaka ityAdi sameta sabhI pazcimI aura pUrvI Adhunika vidvAnoM ko jainadharma kI bauddhadharma se adhika prAcInatA ke viSaya meM koI saMdeha nahIM hai| isake alAvA aba jainoM ke 23 veM tIrthaGkara aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 250 varSa pUrva hue bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA ko sarvasammati se svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai| ve uraga vaMza ke (kazyapa vaMza bhI kahA jAtA hai) kAzI ke rAjA azvasena ke putra the aura jaina paramparA ke 12 cakravartiyoM meM se antima samrAT brahmadatta (eka aitihAsika vyaktitva) ke vaMzaja the| jaikobI kahate haiM "aba sabhI ke dvArA adhika sambhAvyarUpa se svIkArA gayA hai ki pArzva aitihAsika puruSa the|" DaoN. jArla cArapeMTiyara kahate haiM- "hameM donoM bAtoM ko yAda rakhanA cAhiye ki mahAvIra ke khyAta pUrvaja pArzva pUrNa nizcaya se eka vAstavika puruSa ke rUpa meM astitva meM hone ke kAraNa jainadharma nizcita rUpa se mahAvIra se prAcIna hai aura isake pariNAma svarUpa mahAvIra se pahale hI mUla siddhAntoM ke mukhya bindu nirdhArita hue hone 15

Page #16
caahie|" DaoN. Ara. sI. majUmadAra- "yadyapi unameM se prathama 22 to itihAsa ke lie ajJAta haiM aura unameM se adhikAMza ke sambandha meM tarkapUrNa sandeha dimAga meM lAye jA sakate haiN| parantu pratIta hotA hai ki 23 veM tIrthaGkara pArzva kA astitva vAstavika hai| unakI mRtyu (nirvANa) IsA pUrva 8 vIM zatAbdI meM rakhI jA sakatI hai|" hArsavartha- "ve jaina aneka saMkhyA meM nAtapatta (mahAvIra varddhamAna) ke pUrvaja pravartakoM meM vizvAsa rakhate haiM aura inameM se antima pArzva yA pArzvanAtha ke lie vizeSa pUjyabhAva rakhate haiN| isa sthAna para ve sahI haiM, jahA~ taka pUrva vyaktitvoM kI bAta hai, ve apekSAkRta adhika kAlpanika haiN| vAstava meM ve jainadharma ke zAhI saMsthApaka the (776 ii.puu.)| jabaki unake uttarAdhikArI mahAvIra kaI pIr3hI choTe haiM aura kevala pravartaka ke rUpa meM hI samajhe jA sakate haiN| gautama se bhI prAcIna kAla se pArzva ke dvArA saMsthApita nirgrantha nAma se prasiddha dhArmika dala aupacArika rUpa se sthApita ho cukA thaa| bauddha lekhoM ke anusAra yaha dala bauddhadharma ke utthAna ke mArga meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ paidA karatA thaa|" prasiddha purAtattvavid pro. rAmaprasAda caMdA kahate haiM, "zvetAmbara jaina siddhAnta meM jo kucha hai, use pAlI sutta paryApta mAtrA meM puSTa karate haiN| IsA kI prathama zatAbdI kI mathurA kI prAcIna jaina zilpakalAe~ kaI jaina paramparAoM kI prAcInatA aura prAmANikatA kA AzvAsana detI haiN| sAdhAraNatayA mAnA jAtA hai ki jaina sAdhu mahAvIra se pahale pArzvanAtha ke dvArA sthApita niyamoM ke anusAra calate the| unake pAsa svayaM unake hI caitya bhI the| DaoN. bI. sI. laoN., (DI. liTa, epha. Ara. e. esa. bI. ___16

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ityAdi) kahate haiM, "mahAvIra ke udbhava se pUrva, jisa mAnyatA ke ve antima pratipAdaka the, vaha vaizAlI aura Asa-pAsa ke deza meM kucha prAcIna rUpa meM pracalita rahI hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai| aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha dharma uttara-pUrvIya bhArata vizeSataH vaizAlI ke rahane vAloM ke madhya kSatriya logoM dvArA sthira aura sthApita kiyA gayA thaa| AcArAMga sUtra se hameM patA calatA hai ki mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA pArzva ke pUjaka aura zramaNoM kA anusaraNa karane vAle the|" mahAbhAratakAlIna dhArmika guruoM ke bAre meM bolate hue pro. je. sI. vidyAlaMkAra kahate haiM, "aisA eka mahAn sudhAraka tIrthaGkara pArzva IsA pUrva 8vIM-9vIM zatAbdI meM utkarSa para thaa| usake pitA azvasena vArANasI (banArasa) ke rAjA the aura usakI mAtA kA nAma vAmA thaa| jaina mAnate haiM ki unakA dharma bahuta prAcIna hai aura mahAvIra ke pahale teIsa anya tIrthaGkara ho cuke the| isa mAnyatA ko ekadama truTipUrNa aura AdhArahIna ThaharAnA aura sabhI pUrva tIrthaGkaroM ko kAlpanika aura anaitihAsika ThaharAnA nyAsasaMgata aura ucita nahIM hai| isameM kucha bhI avizvasanIya nahIM hai| bhArata kA prArambhika itihAsa jainoM se utanA hI sambandhita hai, jitanA veda ko mAnanevAloM kA, kyoMki vartamAna Adhunika AlocakoM ne tIrthaGkara pArzva kI aitihAsikatA svIkAra kara lI hai| anya tIrthaGkaroM ke vRttAnta paurANika kathAoM meM itane ulajhe hue haiM ki abhI taka unakA punarnirmANa nahIM huaa| lekina mahAvIra aura buddha se bhI pahale vaidika mAnyatA se bhinna sampradAya bhArata meM thA, isa tathya ke nizcita pramANa haiN| buddha ke janma se pUrva arhata aura unake caitya maujUda the| (buddha svayaM hI mahAvIra ke vaMza likSviyoM aura unake dharma kA saMketa dete haiN|) una arhatoM aura caityoM ko mAnanevAloM ko vrAtya ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai, jinakA atharvaveda meM bhI ullekha hai|"

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ina vrAtyoM ke bAre meM bolate hue DaoN. ke.pI. jayasvAla ne kahA, "ve vrAtya athavA abrAhmaNika kSatriya kahalAte haiN| unakI prajAtaMtrAtmaka sarakAra thI, unake svayaM ke tIrtha the, unakI avaidika pUjA thI, unake svayaM ke dhArmika netA the aura ve jainadharma ko saMrakSaNa dete the|" ataH DaoN. e. gyurinoTa ke zabdoM meM, "pArzvanAtha aitihAsika vyaktitva the, aba isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ho sakatA hai|" aura unakI mAnyatA na kevala bhArata ke vibhinna hissoM meM vyApta thI, balki isa deza kI sImAoM ke pAra bhI phaila gayI thI, isa bAta ko batAne ke pramANa haiN| gautama buddha se bahuta pahale jainadharma ke pracalana ke bAre meM likhate hue sara pI. sI. mogha avagata karAte haiM ki lagabhaga 1885 meM pro. bIla ne rA'yala esiyATika sosAiTI se kahA ki niHsaMdeha madhya raziyA meM zAkya muni gautama ke dvArA bauddhadharma ke pracAra se bahuta pahale aisI mAnyatA thii| sara henarI raulinasana ne bhI raoNyala jyographIkala sosAiTI ke kAryavAhI Alekha (sita. 1885) aura apanI "senTrala eziyA" (pR. 246) meM kazyapoM ke astitva ko dikhAte hue bAlkha meM eka naye vihAra aura IMToM meM anya smArakoM ke avazeSoM para dhyAna AkarSita kiyaa| kazyapa eka prAcIna jaina muni kA nAma aura kaI tIrthaGkaroM kA gotra hone ke alAvA pArzvanAtha kA bhI gotra thaa| AdipurANa ke anusAra kazyapa, jisakA anya nAma maghavA thA, vaha uraga vaMza (prAcIna nAga parivAra kI eka zAkhA) kA saMsthApaka thA, jisameM tIrthaGkara pArzva janme the| bhaugolika nAma kAspiyA kazyapa kA ekArthaka hai| IsA kI 18

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7vIM zatAbdI meM madhya eziyA ke isa zahara (arthAt kiApisi) meM hyuna TsAMga ne nigaMthoM athavA jainoM kI maujUdagI para dhyAna diyA thA aura usase lagabhaga hajAra varSa pahale bhArata kI uttara pazcima sImAoM ke pAsa yUnAnI bhI isI prakAra unase mile the| ataH tArkikarUpa se niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra se bhI pUrva kAsapiyA, amAna, samarakhaMDa ke zaharoM, bAlkha ityAdi meM kabhI jainadharma pracalita thaa| yUnAnI itihAsa ke pitA, heroDoTsa ne IsA pUrva kI 5vIM zatAbdI meM eka bhAratIya dhArmika sampradAya ke bAre meM likhA, jo kucha nahIM hai, jisameM jIvana thA aura jo jvAra jaise dhAnya khAkara jIvana nirvAha karate the| mahAvIra aura buddha ke samakAlIna yUnAnI dArzanika pAIthAgorasa (IsA pUrva 580 meM janmA) adhyAtma vidyA ke siddhAnta, AtmAoM ke punarjanma aura karma ke siddhAnta ko mAnate the, jIvana ke vinAza aura mAMsa khAne se dUra rahate the aura kucha zAkoM ko niSiddha mAnate the| vaha apane pUrva janmoM ko smaraNa karane kI zakti rakhane kA dAvA bhI karatA thaa| anAtha dArzanika nAma se prasiddha eziyA mAInara ke ye prArambhika ekAkI dArzanika AtmA kI tulanA meM zarIra kI hInatA ko bhI mAnate the| aba ye sabhI mAnyatAe~ vicitra aura pRthak sUcaka rUpa se jainoM kI haiM aura inakA bauddhadharma athavA brAhmaNadharmoM se kucha bhI samAnatA nahIM hai| kyoMki ve mAnyatAe~ ina dUra ke kSetroM meM pahale se hI aise samaya meM svIkRta thIM, jaba mahAvIra aura buddha ne upadeza denA zurU hI kiyA thA aura kyoMki isameM koI saMdeha bhI nahIM hai ki ye vicAra bhArata se hI vahA~ phuNce| ataH yahA~ koI saMdeha zeSa nahIM hai ki unhoMne kisI prArambhika kA na sahI, kama se kama pArzva aura unake anuyAyiyoM kA pracAra nizcita rUpa se svIkAra kara liyA thaa| vAstava meM jaisA DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana kahate haiM, "isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki varddhamAna aura pArzvanAtha ke pUrva bhI jainadharma pracalita thaa|"

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" prasiddha vidvAn saMskRtajJa aura kozakAra DaoN. nAgendra nAtha basu kahate haiM, "lekina bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke pUrvaja, jainoM ke 22 veM tIrthaGkara, bha. neminAtha kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the / yadi hama bhagavAn kRSNa kI aitihAsikatA ko mAnate haiM, to isameM koI tarka nahIM hai ki jisase hama unake samakAlIna 22 veM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn neminAtha ko vAstavika aura aitihAsika puruSa nahIM svIkAreM / " DaoN. phuharara kahate haiM, "jainoM ke 22veM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn neminAtha aitihAsika puruSa ke rUpa meM svIkAre gaye haiM / " pro. ela. DI. bAraneTa kA bhI yahI vicAra hai / mi. karava kahate haiM, "neminAtha kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the| jaba jainoM ke 22veM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn kRSNa ke samakAlIna the, to pAThaka zeSa 21 tIrthaGkaroM kI prAcInatA kI kalpanA acche prakAra se kara sakate haiM / " karnala TaoNDa- "mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki cAra pRthak buddha yA jJAnI puruSa the| IsA pUrva 1120 meM dUsare (jainoM ke 22veM) neminAtha the|" aura kahA ki ve kRSNa ke samakAlIna the / DaoN. harisatya bhaTTAcArya (ema.e., bI.ela.) ko neminAtha kI aitihAsikatA para koI saMdeha nahIM hai aura vastutaH ve isa AdhAra se kRSNa kI aitihAsikatA sthApita karate haiM / ve kahate haiM, "mahattvapUrNa bhinnatAe~ hone para bhI jaina purANoM meM varNita kRSNa kathA vaidika purANoM se mUlabhUtarUpa se samAna hai|" ve isa vicAradhArA ke haiM ki jaina saMskaraNa brAhmaNa paramparA se kAphI svataMtra hai aura " jaina pavitra granthoM meM kRSNakathA kI maujUdagI batAtI hai ki mahAbhArata ke kRSNa vizuddha kAlpanika puruSa nahIM ho sakate haiM, parantu pUrNa sambhAvanAoM se ve aitihAsika puruSa the aura eka ucca bhAvanAtmaka tAkatavara rAjA the|" 20

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isake alAvA jaisA mAnanIya je. keneDI kahate haiM, "jaina paramparAe~ kRSNakathA ke prAcInatama svarUpa kA pratinidhatva karatI haiN|" vAstava meM neminAtha yA ariSTanemi ke bAre meM jaina paramparAe~ jaisA ki unake harivaMza (purANa), ariTThaNemi cariu aura anya kRtiyoM meM saGkalita hai, brAhmaNa paramparAoM ke dvArA pUrNarUpa se puSTa hai| ariSTanemi ke viziSTa ullekha vedoM, unakI TIkAoM aura hindu purANoM meM hai, jo spaSTa rUpa se jaina tIrthaGkara ko darzAte haiN| vaidika maMtroM meM ve usa vyakti kI taraha varNita haiM, jo janma aura maraNa ke samudra ko pAra karane meM samartha hai, jo hiMsA ko miTAnevAlA hai, jo jIvoM ko coTa na pahu~cAne ke sAdhaka haiM aadi| suprasiddha vaidika vidvAn jaise svAmI virupAkSa vAdiyara (ema.e., vedaratna) bhI pUrNa sahamata haiM ki ye vaidika aura paurANika ullekha nisaMdeha kisI anya ko nahIM, balki jaina tIrthaGkara ariSTanemi ko hI iMgita karate haiN| jo sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai, vaha yaha ki mahAbhArata meM bhI kama se kama do sthAnoM para jinezvara vizeSaNa ke sAtha unake nAma kA ullekha hai| DaoN. prANanAtha vidyAlaGkAra ne bebIloniyA ke (cAlaDI) rAjA nebUcaDanajAra (IsA pUrva 1140 lagabhaga) kI eka anudAna tAmrapaTTikA kA prakAzana 19 mArca 1935 ke "TAimsa oNpha iMDiyA' (sAptAhika) meM kiyA, jise unhoMne kAThiyAvAr3a meM khojA thaa| unake Azaya ke anusAra isa dastAveja ne udghATita kiyA hai ki "vaha rAjA nebUcaDanajAra, jo revAnagara (kAThiyAvAr3a meM) kA svAmI thA aura jo su (sumera) jAti se sambandhita thaa| vaha yadu rAjA ke kSetra (dvArakA) meM aayaa| usane eka maMdira banAyA aura sammAna prakaTa kiyA aura raivata parvata ke sarvottama deva bhagavAn nemi ke lie nirantara anudAna kiyaa| pro. prANanAtha svayaM kahate haiM, "yaha zilAlekha mahAn aitihAsika mUlya kA hai| yaha jainadharma kI prAcInatA siddha karane ke lie bahuta 21

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sahAyaka hogA, kyoMki isa zilAlekha meM nemi kA nAma maujUda hai|" yaha mahattvapUrNa dastAveja yadyapi siddha karatA hai ki pArzva aura mahAvIra ke udbhava se bhI pUrva mahAbhArata ke bAda ke dinoM meM 22veM jaina tIrthaGkara bhagavAn neminAtha kI pUjA pahale se hI acchI taraha sthApita ho cukI thI / ataH aba bhagavAn ariSTanemi kI aitihAsikatA aura pArzvanAtha (IsA pUrva 9vIM zatAbdI) se bahuta pUrva jainadharma ke astitva ke bAre meM koI saMdeha zeSa nahIM rahanA cAhiye / ariSTanemi bhaga. kRSNa ke cAcA aura zaurIpura (AgarA ke pAsa) ke rAjA samudravijaya ke putra the| lekina jaba sabhI yaduvaMzI kRSNa ke netRtva meM pazcimI taTa para dvArakA meM sthAnAntarita hue, taba neminAtha bhI unake sAtha A ge| kRSNa ne apane cacere bhAI kA vivAha jUnAgar3ha ke rAjA kI putrI rAjulamatI ke sAtha taya kara diyaa| lekina vivAha ke avasara para bhoja ke lie jinako mArA jAnA thA, una jAnavaroM para dayA karate hue neminAtha ne vivAha ke samAroha ko turaMta chor3a diyA, saMsAra ko tyAga diyA, raivata parvata (giranAra yA Urjayanta) ke zikhara para ArUr3ha ho gaye / vahA~ kaThora tapa kiyA, kevalajJAna prApta kara pUrvavartI tIrthaGkaroM ke ahiMsaka mata kA upadeza vizva ko diyA aura antataH mokSa prApta kiyA / ataH unake vAstavika aitihAsika puruSa hone meM koI prazna nahIM hai, lekina unakA samaya nizcita karane meM kucha kaThinAI hai, kyoMki mahAbhArata yuddha ke sahI samaya ke viSaya meM mAnyatAe~ abhI bhI bhinna haiM, jo ki IsA pUrva 900 se IsA pUrva 3000 taka vibhinna vidvAnoM ke sAtha badalatI haiM / lekina mAnyatAoM kI Adhunika sAmUhika rAya use IsA pUrva 15vIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM sthira karatI hai aura aba sAdhAraNatayA ise bhArata ke satata itihAsa kA prArambhika bindu 22

Page #23
mAnA jAtA hai| usase pahale ke kAla ko itihAsa (likhita) se pUrva kA kahate haiM, jisake bAre meM hamArA jJAna mukhyatayA dhArmika paramparAoM arthAt jaina aura hindU purANoM para AdhArita hai| mukhyatayA kyoMki usa samaya ke itihAsa ko abhI taka kisI Thosa AdhAra para punanirmANa nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai| lekina rAma kA nAma athavA rAmAyaNa kI kathA bhArata meM pratidina utanI hI gharelu hai, jitanA kRSNa kA nAma athavA mahAbhArata kI kthaa| yadyapi bahuta se vidvAn abhI bhI rAmakathA ko kAlpanika mAnane kA Agraha karate haiM, phira bhI deza kA sAdhAraNa janasamUha aura buddhijIvI varga ke sAtha vizeSatayA bhAratIya vidvAn dRr3hatA se mAnate haiM ki kathA se jur3I huI adhikatara ghaTanAe~ aura puruSa ekadama vAstavika aura aitihAsika haiM, bhale hI unakA samaya ajJAta ho aura ve vaijJAnika itihAsa ke ghere ke para hoN| yahA~ phira se DaoN. eca. esa. bhaTTAcArya kahate haiM, "rAmAyaNa" kI kathA jaisI jaina purANoM meM batAI hai, vaha mUlabhUta rUpa se vAlmikI ke vRttAMta ke samAna hai| vaha brAhmaNika saMskaraNoM se bhI kAphI svataMtra hai|" usase Age ki "ataH yaha mahattvapUrNa tathya ki jainoM ke pavitra sAhitya meM pUrNa Adara se sAkAra huI rAmakathA isa bAta kA pUrNa akATya pramANa hai ki yaha pratIkAtmaka pozAka meM dArzanika parikalpanA mAtra nahIM hai aura isakA aitihAsika AdhAra bhI avazya hai| ina paristhitiyoM meM yaha mAnanA anyAyasaMgata nahIM hogA ki rAmakathA kama se kama aitihAsika saca kA mahattvapUrNa aMza hai|" vAstava meM isa kathA kA prAcInatama upalabdha jaina saMskaraNa arthAt vimalasUrI kA paumacariu bhI usa hI samaya kA hai, jisa samaya kA prAcInatama brAhmaNika saMskaraNa vAlmikI kI rAmAyaNa hai 23

Page #24
arthAt IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI kaa| isake alAvA jaina saMskRta padmapurANa (7vIM zatAbdI), apabhraMza kI svayaMbhU rAmAyaNa (8vIM zatAbdI), munisuvrata kAvya aura purANoM ne brAhmaNa purANoM aura apekSAkRta bahuta bAda ke dezI bhASA ke rAmAyaNoM kI apekSA isa kathA ko saMrakSita aura lokapriya banAne meM kama yogadAna nahIM diyA hai| lekina brAhmaNa rAmAyaNa se jaina saMskaraNa jisa bAta se bhinna hai, vaha jainadharma kI sthiti para bahuta mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlatA hai| jaina saMskaraNoM ke anusAra rAvaNa aura aneka rAkSasa vidyAdharoM kI jAti ke atyadhika sabhya loga haiM aura jina ke mahAn bhakta haiN| yahA~ hindu mahAkAvyoM se bhinna ve DarAvanI zakla, duSTa svabhAva aura adhArmika daitya, rAkSasa, pizAca yA asuroM kI taraha pradarzita nahIM hue haiM, balki nizcitarUpa se vaidika sAdhuoM ke balidAnI bhaktoM ke virodhiyoM ke rUpa meM varNita hue haiN| isalie hI DaoN. bhaTTAcArya ne pAyA ki "ina donoM vRttAntoM para eka sAtha vicAra karane para vartamAna samaya ke kucha vidvAn ugratA se Agraha karate haiM ki vaidika logoM ne rAkSasoM ko burA batAyA, kyoMki ve jaina the aura kahate haiM ki vAlmikI kI rAmAyaNa meM rAkSasoM kA varNana spaSTarUpa se darzAtA hai ki ve jainoM se bhinna nahIM ho sakate the aura rAmAyaNa ke lekhakoM ne kevala dhArmika haThadharmitA ke kAraNa unheM DarAvane svarUpa meM prastuta kiyaa|" epha. I. pAragiTara bhI jora dekara kahate haiM ki "hinduoM ke dvArA jainoM ke sAtha asuroM aura daityoM (dveSa ke zabda) kI taraha bartAva kiyA jAtA thaa|" eDikansa kahate haiM, "rohaDa bhI jainoM ko asuroM aura rAkSasoM ke vaMzaja hone kI kalpanA karate the|" sI. epha. olghama isa mAnyatA ke haiM ki "bauddha aura jaina donoM vyavasthAe~ sUrya aura sarpa se nikaTatA se jur3I haiM aura unane apane pramukha sahAyaka sUryavaMza se pAe, jo brAhmaNa prabhAva meM na ke barAbara Aye the| purANa varNana hai ki jaina asuroM 24

Page #25
meM utpanna hue| buddha se pUrva bhI jainoM kA astitva thaa| sabhI caubIsa tIrthaGkara kSatriya the aura do ke alAvA sabhI sUrya vaMza ke ikSvAku the|" rAma sUryavaMza ke ikSvAku the, isa viSaya para aba koI prazna nahIM hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra ve apane parivAra ke adhikatara sadasyoM ke sAtha jainadharma ke anuyAyI the| itanA hI nahIM, balki rAmacandra, unakA bhAI lakSmaNa aura unakA zatru rAvaNa jaina paramparA ke 63 mahattvapUrNa vyaktiyoM (63 zalAkA puruSoM) meM se tIna the| vahA~ para rAmAyaNa ke rAkSasa aura vAnaroM ko arddhamAnava, arddhamAnavapazu yA daityoM kI taraha nahIM, apitu atyadhika sabhya aura saMskArita vidyAdharoM kI jAti ke manuSyoM kI taraha prastuta kiyA hai, jo adhikatara jina ke bhakta the| ye prArambhika bhArata ke gaira Arya nivAsI sAdhAraNatayA aba draviDa kahalAte haiN| pAragiTara ke anusAra yahA~ taka ki "sUryavaMzI hI isa deza ke naisargika nivAsI the aura draviDa paramparA ke the|" aura jaisA ki Age darzAyA jAyegA, ina prArambhika draviDoM kA dharma jainadharma hI thaa| yogavaziSTha rAmAyaNa, jisake lekhaka ke bAre meM kucha loga rAmacandra ke pArivArika purohit vaziSTha ko aura anya vAlmikI ko uddhRta karate haiM, ullekha karatA hai ki "rAma jina ke samAna bananA cAhate the|"jo vAlmikI rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata kI taraha brAhmaNa punarjIvana ke yuga kA phala thA aura usa hI taraha atyadhika pUrvAgrahapUrNa aura punarjIvakoM kI sAmpradAyika bhAvanA kA saccA pratinidhitva karatI hai aura jo jainoM aura jainadharma ke kisI bhI ullekha karane kA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka niSedha karatI hai, vaha bhI kucha sthAnoM para skhalita huI hai| udAharaNa ke lie vaha ullekha karatI hai ki rAma ke pitA rAjA dazaratha ne zramaNoM kI sevA kI thI, jo ki bhUSaNa kI TIkA ke anusAra digambara jaina 25

Page #26
tapasvI the| ataH isameM koI saMdeha nahIM hai ki rAma ke samaya meM jainadharma maujUda thA aura jainoM ke 20veM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn munisuvratanAtha, jo rAjagRha ke rAjakumAra aura rAma ke variSTha samakAlIna the, svayaM rAma kI taraha hI vAstavika vyakti the| isake alAvA vaha munisuvrata kA hI samaya thA, jaba rAjA vasu caidyoparicara ke darabAra meM "vaidika yajJoM meM pazuoM athavA vanaspati utpAdoM kI balI karanI cAhie'' isa viSaya para tIkSNa zAstrArtha rakhA gayA thaa| yadyapi rAjA vasu ne apanA nirNaya pazubali ke samarthana meM diyA aura taba hI se yaha bhayAnaka kRtya prArambha huaa| vasu kI yaha kathA jaina aura brAhmaNa donoM paramparAoM meM vyAvahArikarUpa se samAna hai, jo isakI satyatA kA pramANa hai| zeSa tIrthaGkaroM meM prathama RSabha, dvitIya ajitanAtha aura sAtaveM supArzva kA ullekha bhI vedoM meM khojA jA sakatA hai| aba rAjA veNu kI eka vicitra kathA hai, jo mUlataH vedoM kA anuyAyI hindu thA, lekina eka jaina muni ke nirdeza para jaina sAdhu bana gayA aura isalie pApI kahalAtA hai aura usakI mAnyatA kA parivartana patana mAnA gyaa| zrI esa. sI. ghozAla (ema.e., bI.ela., purANa kAvyatIrtha ityAdi) kahate haiM, "yaha mAtra akRtrima hai, jaisA ki kRti (arthAt hindu padmapurANa) jisameM sambandhita kathA hai, una upadezoM ko prastuta karatI hai, jo jainadharma ke lie anukUla nahIM haiM, lekina isa kahAnI se hama yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki yaha eka aitihAsika tathya honA cAhiye ki veNu nAmaka hindu rAjA jainadharma meM dharmAntarita huaa| jahA~ taka maiM jAnatA hU~ yaha tathya una vidvAnoM ke dhyAna meM nahIM AyA, jinhoMne jainadharma kI prAcInatA ko sthApita karane __26

Page #27
kA prayAsa kiyaa|" aba yaha kathA prAyaH sabhI brAhmaNa purANoM meM upasthita hai aura yaha rAjA veNu padma aura varuNa purANoM meM mAnavajAti ke mUla brahmA se vaMzakrama meM chaThA ghoSita kiyA gayA hai, jabaki bhAgavata meM gyArahavA~, garuDapurANa meM terahavA~ aura viSNu evaM zeSa anya purANoM meM racanAkAra brahmA ke putra aura prathama puruSa svayaMbhUmanu se vaMzakrama meM nauvAM mAnA gayA hai| yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki veNu ne asuroM ko jainadharma kA upadeza diyA thaa| zrI ghozAla kahate haiM "sabhI purANoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki veNu prArambha se hI pazubali aura brAhmaNoM kA virodha karatA thA aura vaha na kevala nAstika aura vedavirodhI thA, balki jaina bhI thaa|" jainadharma ke udgama ke bAre meM vibhinna purANoM meM kucha anya kathAe~ bhI haiN| lekina unake bAre meM rocaka tathya hai ki ve apane mata ke kisI bhI mahattvapUrNa anuyAyI ko usI prakAra se sarvaprathama kisI na kisI guru ke prabhAva se jainadharma meM dharmAntarita karate haiM aura phira yaha nayA dharmAntarita vyakti apane naye mata kA upadeza detA hai| yaha spaSTarUpa se do viSaya siddha karatA hai, pahalA ki prArambhika vaidika kAla meM brAhmaNa mata se jainadharma meM dharmAntarita honA bahuta sAdhAraNa bAta thI aura dUsarA ki prArambhika samayoM meM bhI jainadharma sthApita dharma thA aura gaira Arya dezI vaMzoM meM adhika lokapriya thA, jinheM AryoM ke dvArA asura, daitya, rAkSasa Adi kahA jAtA thaa| aura cU~ki jaisA maikaDonala kahate haiM, "hindu purANoM meM bahuta kucha purAnA maujUda hai aura ve hamezA mahAbhArata aura manu se udhAra nahIM lete haiM, lekina svayaM vedoM aura kucha anya prAcIna saGkalanoM se jAnakAriyA~ prApta karate haiN|' ina kahAniyoM kA mahattva atyadhika nahIM AMkA jA sakatA hai, khAsakara veNu kI kahAnI jo sabhI purANoM se

Page #28
sambandhita hai| yaha spaSTarUpa se jainadharma kI prAcInatA ko brAhmaNa racanA ke ekadama prArambhika samaya taka athavA svayaM brAhmaNadharma utpatti se pUrva ke samaya taka bhI pIche le jAtA hai| phira bhI kucha vidvAn haiM jo adhikatayA gaharA pUrvAgraha aura anya bhAvanAtmaka tarkoM ke kAraNa mAnane kA Agraha karate haiM aura tarka karate haiM ki jainadharma brAhmaNadharma kI eka zAkhA hai yA bauddhoM kI taraha jaina bhI mAtra hindudharma ke matAntara haiM, cAhe unakA dharma jainadharma se ekadama svataMtra aura adhika prAcIna hI kyoM na ho / jaisA ki pUrva kathana se spaSTa ho jAnA cAhiye ki aisI dhAraNA rakhane kA vAstava meM koI bhI puSTa kAraNa nahIM hai / vedoM se purANoM taka brAhmaNa sAhitya aura anya madhyayugIna sAhitya meM jainoM kA, unake dharma kA, unake tIrthaGkaroM kA aura unake siddhAntoM kA bhI kabhI upahAsa karate hue aura burA batAte hue, to kabhI prazaMsA aura anumodanA karate hue, lekina prAyaH galata samajhate hue aura galata artha lagAte hue anaginata bAra ullekha hai| kucha sthAnoM para jina yA koI tIrthaGkara yA jaina tapasvI ke prati bhakti ko zrutiyoM aura smRtiyoM ke dvArA kahe gaye dhArmika pracalanoM se bhI adhika ucca darjA diyA hai| aura yadi aisI kathAoM ko khojA jA sakatA hai, jisake phalAnusAra jainadharma kisI vedoM ke anuyAyI ke dvArA prasArita kiyA gayA, jo apane mUlavarga se matabhinna thA, to jaina paramparA meM bhI utanI hI prAcIna samAna kathAe~ haiM ki vaha bhagavAn RSabha kA potA marIcI thA, jisane jina ke tapasvI mata se zithila hokara jhUThe siddhAntoM kA upadeza diyA, jisameM se bAda meM jina ke ahiMsaka mata se pratikUla vaidika aura usI jaise 363 pAkhaMDa - matoM kA nirmANa huA / vAstava meM jaina paramparA ke anusAra vaha dasaveM tIrthaGkara zItalanAtha kA samaya thA, jaba brAhmaNadharma ne apanI prathama upasthiti darja kI aura bIsaveM tIrthaGkara 28

Page #29
ke samaya meM khUnI baliyoM ne apanA prathama protsAhana zAhI saMrakSaNa meM prApta kiyaa| yahA~ taka ki prasiddha vaidika vidvAn pro. vI. pI. vAdayAra bhI kahate haiM ki "jaina zAstroM ke anusAra RSabhadeva kA potA marIcI bhautikavAdI thaa| kyoMki veda usa hI bhautikavAdI bhAvanA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, yaha nizcitarUpa se usake kAraNa hI thA ki ve (Rgveda Adi) lokapriya hue| pariNAmasvarUpa sAdhu marIcI ke smaraNa meM vedoM aura purANoM meM kaI maMtra pAye jAte haiM aura kaI sthAnoM para jaina tIrthaGkaroM ke bhI ullekha haiN| ataH jainadharma ke astitva ko vaidika yuga meM svIkAra na karane kA koI tarka hamAre pAsa nahIM hai|' vAstava meM aisA koI spaSTa pramANa nahIM hai, jo batA sake ki amuka samaya meM vaidika dharma yA usake kisI paravartI vikAsa se jainadharma alaga huA aura na hI donoM vyavasthAoM ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM aura Avazyaka lakSaNoM ke bIca koI cihnita samAnatA hai, jo usa sambhAvanA kA samarthana kara ske| pUrNatayA ahiMsaka mata, sarva caitanyavAdI mAnyatA, sUkSma aura viziSTa karma siddhAnta, eka racanAkAra aura racanA siddhAnta kA niSedha aura aisI hI anya vizeSatAoM ke sAtha jainadharma na kevala pUrNatayA maulika vyavasthA hai, apitu anya sabhI vyavasthAoM se sarvathA svataMtra bhI hai| apane udgama meM yaha na kevala gaira Arya aura prAk Arya hai, isa Azaya se ki ye saMjJAe~ aba sAdhAraNatayA samajhI jAtI haiM, lekina sAtha hI AdikAlIna aura sarvathA dezI bhI hai| hindu matAntara ke isa siddhAnta kA saphalatApUrvaka khaNDana karate hue bairisTara sI. Ara. jaina niSkarSa nikAlate haiM ki "ataH pAvana tIrthaGkaroM kA yaha mata jainadharma, hindudharma kI putrI yA bAgI saMtAna hona se dUra, vAstava meM niHsaMdeharUpa se usa prAcIna mata kA AdhAra hai|" aura yadi vahA~ koI RNa thA, to vaha dUsarI ora adhika thaa| 29

Page #30
pro. jaikobI kahate haiM, "niSkarSa meM maiM apane dRDha vizvAsa ko kahanA cAhU~gA ki jainadharma anya sabhI se ekadama bhinna aura svataMtra, eka maulika vyavasthA hai aura isalie yaha prAcIna bhArata meM dArzanika vicAra aura dhArmika jIvana ke adhyayana ke lie bahuta mahattva kA hai|" bhAratIyadarzana kI vyavasthA meM jainadharma kA sthAna viSaya para carcA karate hue ema. ema. DaoN. gaMgAnAtha jhA niSkarSa nikAlate haiM, "jainadarzana niHsaMdeha bauddhadharma, vedAMta, sAMkhya, nyAya aura vaizeSika vyavasthAoM se kucha siddhAnta sAmyatA rakhatA hai, lekina yaha usake svataMtra udgama aura mukta vikAsa ko asiddha nahIM karatA hai| yadi usameM anya bhAratIya vyavasthAoM ke sAtha kucha samAnatAe~ haiM, to usakI apanI vizeSatAe~ aura cihnita antara bhI haiN|" pro. jI. satyanArAyaNa mUrti bhI pAte haiM, "usake kucha siddhAnta apane-Apa meM viziSTa haiM aura jainamata para vyaktivAda kI chApa chor3ate haiN|" DaoN. giyaranaoNTa kahate haiM ki "jainadharma bahuta maulika, svataMtra aura vyavasthita siddhAnta hai|" pro. cintAharana cakravartI- "yadyapi hamAre jJAna ke isa stara para jaina aura brAhmaNa vastuoM kI tulanAtmaka prAcInatA kA nizcaya karanA sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI jainadharma meM vAstavika aura tarkapUrNa stara Akasmika prekSaka kA bhI dhyAna AkarSita karane meM asaphala nahIM hotA hai|" anya vidvAn kahate haiM, "hama yaha kahane ke lie sAhasI ho sakate haiM ki ahiMsA kA dharma, jainadharma sambhavatayA utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanA vaidikadharma, yadi prAcInatara nhiiN| koI saMdeha nahIM hai ki ahiMsA kA dharma utanA hI prAcIna thA, jitane svayaM veda thaa|" 30

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eka anya mahattvapUrNa ciMtaka bhI pAte haiM, "vedoM aura purANoM meM jainadharma ke anaginata ullekhoM ke atirikta, eka anya sAdhAraNa tathya darzAtA hai ki jainadarzana utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanA hinduudrshn| adhyAtma vidyA ke vikAsa ke prArambhika yuga kA lakSaNa hai ki guNoM kI zreNI paribhASita nahIM hai| udAharaNa ke lie vedAnta meM brahmA ko unake svAbhAvika guNoM kI taraha sattA, jJAna aura sukha (sat, cit, AnaMda) kA dhAraka nahIM batAyA hai, lekina vaha svayaM hI sattAgamya, jJAnamaya aura AnandasvarUpa hai (sccidaanNd)| jaina adhyAtma vidyA meM bhI samAna hI varNana hai| vaha dharma aura adharma ko guNa kI bajAya AdhAra mAnatA hai, jisase AtmA samparka meM AtA hai| anya tathya hai usakI nAyaka pUjA, pUrNatA prApta manuSyoM kI devatAtulya puujaa| aura aisI pUjA sabhI purAtana dharmoM se vilakSaNa hai| antataH unakI sarvacaitanyavAdI mAnyatA, punaH eka purAtana bhAva hai|" vAstava meM jaisA DaoN. eDavarDa thomasa jainadharma kI saralatA aura atyadhika prAcInatA ke viSaya meM kahate hue TippaNI karate haiM, "mUlabhUtarUpa se adhika sarala mAnyatA adhika jaTila mAnyatA ke pUrvaja ke rUpa meM mukhyatayA svIkAranI caahiye|" mejara janarala phoraloMga pUchate haiM, "jainadharma se adhika sarala aura kyA ho sakatA hai, cAhe vaha pUjA, rIti-rivAz2a yA naitikatA meM hI kyoM na ho|" sampUrNa paristhitiyoM kA punaravalokana karate hue pro. ema. esa. rAmAsvAmI ayaMgara uddhRta kiye jA sakate haiM, jo kahate haiM "prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa ke vaijJAnika chAtra ke lie jainoM ke itihAsa kA prArambha jainadharma ke saMsthApaka mAne jAnevAle mahAvIra ke samaya se hotA hai| mAnyatA ke udbhava se sambandhita isa vicAra ne durbhAgyavaza vidvAnoM ko yaha mAnane ke lie prerita kiyA ki jaina paramparA aura sAhitya itihAsa ke punarnirmANa ke lie avizvasanIya aura anupayogI haiN| 31

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unameM se kama jAnakara yahA~ taka kahane lage ki jainadharma bauddhadharma kI eka zAkhA mAtra hai, sAdhAraNatayA kyoMki mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana kI kucha ghaTanAe~ saMyoga se samAna haiN| isa viSaya ke lekhakoM meM se zAyada adhika jAnakAra DaoN. haoNinila bhI saccAI ke nikaTatara nahIM the, jaba unhoMne kahA ki koI bhI saMpradAya apane naitika niyamoM kI maulikatA ke viSaya meM dAvA nahIM kara sakatA hai, lekina brAhmaNa tapasvI unake Adarza the, jisameM se unhoMne kaI mahattvapUrNa paramparAe~ aura saMsthAna udhAra lie the (vAIDa haoNirnilsa presiDenziyala aiDresa, sIeesa, 1898) / yadyapi jainoM aura unake pavitra sAhitya ke vartamAna jJAna ke sAtha, yaha siddha karanA kaThina nahIM hai ki bauddhadharma yA brAhmaNadharma kI zAkhA hone se dUra jainadharma bhArata ke prAcInatama gharelu dharmoM meM se eka thaa| brAhmaNa vyavadhAna ke binA jainoM kI sarala bhakti aura unakI gharelu prArthanA na kevala unakI atyadhika prAcInatA, balki jo adhika mahattvapUrNa hai, unake astitva ke svataMtra svabhAva ko siddha kara sakatI hai| aura epha. Dablyu. thaoNmasa ke anusAra, "dUsarI tarapha jainadharma ne (arthAt bauddhadharma Adi ke viparIta) apanI akhaNDatA ko hindudharma se ghire hone para bhI eka pRthak saMsAra kI taraha vartamAna samaya taka saMrakSita kiyA hai|" kucha nyAyika adhikAriyoM ko uddhRta karane ke lie, TI. ena. zeSagiri auyara (ema. ela. e.) pUrva nyAyAdhIza, madrAsa hAIkorTa kahate haiM "merI icchA nahIM hai ki jainadharma ko vedoM ke AgAmI samaya kA nirdhArita karU~, yaha unakA samakAlIna ho sakatA hai| jaina hindu matAntara nahIM hai| maiM pUrNarUpa se isa tathya kA samarthana kara sakatA hU~ ki sabhI jaina vaizya nahIM haiN| ve sabhI jAtiyoM aura vargoM se haiN|" mahAmahima jasTisa kumArasvAmI zAstrI, mukhya nyAyAdhIza, madrAsa hAIkorTa kahate haiM, "maiM mAnanA cAhU~gA ki Adhunika zodha ne 32

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spaSTa kiyA hai ki jaina hindu matAntara nahIM hai, lekina jainadharma kA mUla aura itihAsa hai, jo hindu niyama aura prathA ke prasiddha adhikRta smRti aura TIkAoM taka sudUra pUrvakAla kA hai| vAstava meM jaina tIrthaGkaroM meM antima mahAvIra buddha ke samakAlIna the aura lagabhaga 527 I. pUrva meM divaGgata hue (mokSa prApta kiyaa)| jainadharma kaI pUrva tIrthaGkaroM kA ullekha karatA hai aura isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki jainadharma IsApUrva kaI zatAbdiyoM se eka pRthak dharma kI taraha phala-phUla rahA thaa| vAstava meM jainadharma vedoM kI prAmANikatA ko asvIkAra karatA hai, jisase hindudharma kI AdhArazilA banI hai aura hindu jise Avazyaka mAnate haiM, una kucha anuSThAnoM ke mahattva ko nakAratA hai|" baoNmbe hAIkorTa ke nyAyAdhIza zrI raMganekara kahate haiM, "yaha satya hai ki jaina vedoM ke zAstrIya caritra ko asvIkAra karate haiM aura aMtima saMskAra anuSThAna, zrAddha sampAdana aura divaGgata AtmA kI mukti ke lie bhoga car3hAne se sambandhita brAhmaNa siddhAnta ko nAmaMjUra karate haiN| unameM aisI koI mAnyatA nahIM hai ki jAtaka athavA dattaka putra ke dvArA pitA ko AdhyAtmika lAbha prApta hotA hai| brAhmaNa hinduoM ke mRtakoM ke prati vyavahAra meM se mRtazarIra ko jalAne athavA daphanAne ke bAda sabhI antima saMskAroM ko chor3a dene se bhI ve bhinna haiN| aba yaha satya hai, jaisA ki bAda ke aitihAsika zodhoM ne pramANita kiyA ki brAhmaNavAda ke astitva meM Ane se athavA hindutva meM parivartita hone se bahuta pahale jainadharma isa deza meM cAroM ora phailA huA thaa| yaha bhI satya hai ki deza meM bahumata banAnevAle hinduoM ke sAtha dIrghakAlIna sAhacarya hone ke kAraNa brAhmaNa dharma se sambandhita aura hinduoM ke dvArA kaThoratA se pAle jAnevAle kaI rivAja aura dhArmika anuSThAna taka jainoM ne grahaNa kiye|" anta meM svAdhIna bhArata ke prathama pradhAna paM. javAharalAla neharu 33

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jora dekara kahate haiM, "jainadharma aura bauddhadharma nizcitarUpa se na hindudharma aura na hI vaidika dharma hI the, tathApi ve bhArata meM janme the aura bhAratIya jIvana, saMskRti evaM dArzanika vicAra ke abhinna aGga / bhArata kA jainadharma athavA bauddhadharma zata pratizata bhAratIya vicAra evaM sabhyatA kA pariNAma hai, phira bhI inameM se koI bhI hindu nahIM hai| ataH bhAratIya saMskRti ko hindu saMskRti ke nAma se pukAranA bhrAmaka hai / " ataH yaha bahuta AzcaryakArI pratIta hotA hai ki abhI bhI kucha loga haiM aura unameM se kucha prasiddha vidvAn bhI haiM, jo jainadharma kI prAcInatA aura svataMtra prakRti ke bAre abhI bhI meM saMdeha rakhate haiN| jaisA ki pro. esa. zrIkAMta zAstrI kahate haiM, "kucha itihAsavidoM ke kathanoM ko svIkArane kA calana ho gayA hai ki bauddhadharma kI taraha jainadharma bhI vaidika AryoM kI baliprathA kI pratikriyA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai aura jainadharma ke mAmale meM kaI vidvAn isa mata ke itihAsa ko pArzvanAtha se pUrva lagabhaga 9vIM zatI I. pU. taka le jAne ke icchuka nahIM haiM / " lekina jaisA DaoN. jaikobI dhyAna AkarSita karate haiM, "pArzvanAtha jainadharma ke saMsthApaka the, isameM kucha bhI siddha karane yogya nahIM hai| jainaparamparA prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ko apanA saMsthApaka banAne ke lie ekamata hai| yahA~ unheM prathama tIrthaGkara banAnevAlI paramparA ke viSaya meM maiM kucha aitihAsika ho sakatA hU~ / " DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye (ema. e., DI. liT.) kahate haiM, " vyAvahArika dRSTi ko lete hue RSabhadeva, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra ityAdi jaina tIrthaGkara saMsAra ke kucha mahAnatama gUr3havAdI rahe haiM / yaha ullekha karanA rocaka hogA ki bhAgavata meM varNita RSabhadeva 34

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vyAvahArika aura maulika dRSTi se jainaparamparA ke dvArA likhita vivaraNa se mAnya haiN|" pro. Ara. DI. rAnADe RSabhadeva ke gUDhavAdI jIvana kA vivaraNa dete hue jainoM ke isa prathama tIrthaGkara ko sahI tarIke se prakaTa karate haiM, "eka aura alaga prakAra kA gUDhavAdI jisakA zarIra ke prati pUrNarUpeNa asAvadhAnatA hI usake bhAgavat sAkSAtkAra kA sarvotkRSTa cihna hai|" DA. esa. sI. vidyAbhUSaNa- "jainadharma svayaM hI sRSTi ke prArambha taka pIche pahu~catA hai| mujhe jora dekara kahane meM koI saMdeha nahIM hai ki vedAnta aura anya siddhAntoM se jainadarzana adhika pUrvakAlika hai|" DA. ena. ena. bAsu- "saMbhavataH RSabhadeva lekhana kI kalA ko khojane meM prathama the| pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne brahmavidyA ke pracAraprasAra ke lie brAhmI lipi kA AviSkAra kiyA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki ve 8 veM avatAra ke rUpa meM jAne ge| ve bhAratIya zAsaka nAbhirAja kI rAnI marudevI se janme the aura bhAgavata meM 22 avatAroM meM se 8veM ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiN|" DA. sara rAdhAkRSNana bhI dRr3hatApUrvaka kahate haiM ki "bhAgavata purANa isa dhAraNA kA samarthana karatA hai ki RSabha jainadharma ke saMsthApaka the| sAkSya haiM, jo dikhAte haiM ki bahuta pIche lagabhaga I. pU. prathama zatAbdI meM bhI prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ko pUjanevAle loga maujUda the| isameM koI saMdeha nahIM hai ki varddhamAna athavA pArzvanAtha se pUrva bhI jainadharma cAroM ora phailA huA thaa| yajurveda tIna tIrthaGkaroM ke nAmoM kA ullekha karatA hai- RSabha, ajitanAtha aura arissttnemi|" Rgveda ke maMtroM meM usake prAcInatama TIkAkAra kAtyAyana 35

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apanI sarvAnukramaNikA meM, sadguru ziSya apanI vedArthadIpikA meM, sAyaNa apane bhASya meM, (ye) sabhI RSabha pada ko vyaktigata nAma ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM, parantu ve nAmita vyakti kA vizeSa vivaraNa prastuta nahIM karate haiN| DA. sara rAdhAkRSNana yadyapi mAnate haiM ki vaidika ullekhoM kA spaSTarUpa se Azaya viziSTa jaina tIrthaGkaroM se hai| jaise-taise yaha pUrNataH spaSTa hai ki maMtroM meM ullikhita nAma se tAtparya RSabha nAma ke eka mahAn puruSa se hai| aura abhI taka samAna nAmavAle kisI anya mahAn puruSa kA koI bhI saMketa upalabdha nahIM hai, yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki ullikhita mahApuruSa jaina tIrthaGkara bhagavAn RSabha nahIM haiN| anya vikhyAta vaidika vidvAn svAmI vI. pI. vAdiyAra vedaratna bhI spaSTa rUpa se apanA mata prastuta karate haiM ki ullikhita puruSa koI anya nahIM hai, balki jaina tIrthaGkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva hI haiN| kaI prAmANika saMskRta aura hindI ke zabdakoza bhI zabda RSabha kA artha prathama jaina tIrthaGkara kA nAma hI karate haiN| yajurveda, sAmaveda aura vaidika sAhitya kI anya zAkhAe~ bhI unake nAma kA ullekha karatI haiN| isake alAvA vedoM ke TIkAkAra svayaM hI AgrahapUrvaka kahate haiM ki purANoM meM varNita paramparAoM kI sahAyatA se vaidika paramparAoM kA spaSTIkaraNa honA cAhiye aura hama jAnate haiM ki RSabhadeva kA varNana, jaisA ki AdipurANa, harivaMzapurANa Adi jaina purANoM meM diyA gayA hai, upalabdha adhikAdhika brAhmaNika purANoM ke varNana se pUrNataH samAna hai| bhAgavata ke TIkAkAra paM. jvAlAprasAda mizra nizcitarUpa se jora dekara kahate haiM ki "avatAra bhagavAn RSabha nAbhi aura 36

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marudevI ke putra aura bhagavAn agnidhra (manu ke pautra, brahmA ke putra) ke pautra the, unhoMne yoga kA abhyAsa kiyA, mahAn RSiyoM ke dvArA unheM zraddhAJjali arpita kI gaI aura unhoMne jainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| vAstava meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke madhya jainadharma ke saMsthApaka RSabha hone ke viSaya meM yaha svIkRti itanI vilakSaNa aura prabhAvazAlI hai ki isakI vaidhatA para sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaisA ki pro. sTIvenasana kahate haiM ki "jainoM aura brAhmaNoM meM sahamati itanI kabhI-kabhAra hotI hai ki maiM nahIM samajhatA ki isa viSaya meM hama unakI dhAraNA ko kaise asvIkRta kareM, anya kisa sthAna para ve isa prakAra sahamata hote haiN|" ataH saMkSepa meM bairisTara campatarAya ke zabdoM meM, "hindudharma ne svayaM hI jainadharma kI prAcInatA aura hinduoM dvArA viSNu ke avatAra ke rUpa meM mAne jAnevAle jainadharma ke saMsthApaka RSabhadeva ko hamezA svIkAra kiyA hai aura kabhI bhI vivAda nahIM kiyA hai| ve purANoM meM ullikhita haiM, jo unakI aitihAsikatA ko praznoM ke pare rakhate haiN| unakI mAtA kA nAma marudevI aura unake putra kA nAma bharata batAte haiM, jisake kAraNa hI pUrvakAla meM bhArata ko bhAratavarSa nAma se pukArA jAtA thaa| bhAgavata purANa ke anusAra RSabhadeva viSNu ke avatAroM meM 9veM the aura avatAra ke rUpa meM mAne jAnevAle vAmana, rAma, kRSNa Adi se krama meM pUrvavartI haiN| aba kyoMki gaNanA krama meM pandrahaveM vAmana avatAra kA vizeSarUpa se ullekha Rgveda meM kiyA gayA hai, isakA tAtparya hai ki ullekhayukta maMtroM kI racanA kI apekSA samaya kI dRSTi se vaha pUrva kA honA cAhiye aura jitanA adhika RSabhadeva vAmanAvatAra se krama meM pUrva haiM, utanA adhika pahale ve maujUda the|"svaamii karmAnanda bhI vaidika sAhitya ke apane talasparzI aura tulanAtmaka adhyayana 37

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se saphalatA pUrvaka siddha karate haiM ki pRthvI para dharma ke prathama pracAraka RSabhadeva the| yahA~ taka ki IsA se kaI zatAbdI pUrva ke zilAlekhIya pramANa bhI isa vicAra kA paryApta rUpa se samarthana karate haiN| aba ye RSabhadeva bhAratIya kSatriyoM kA kulInatama aura sarvAdhika prAcIna ikSvAkuvaMza ke prArambhakartA the, jisameM se bAda meM sUrya aura candravaMza prasphuTita hue| RSabha svayaM hI bhArata ke sarvAdhika AdikAlIna aura naisargika vaMza mAnava se sambandhita haiN| unake pitA aura kaI anya prasiddha pUrvaja, sAtha hI ve svayaM bhI manu kahalAte the| anya jAtiyA~ jo bhArata meM unake samaya se lekara prakaTa honA zurU huIM, ve rakSa, yakSa, nAga, phaNI, gandharva, kinnara, vAnara Adi vidyAdharoM ke sAdhAraNa nAmoM para pracalita huiiN| vibhinna prakAra kI kalA, zilpa, AbhiyAntrikI aura aisI hI anya vaijJAnika sAhasika kAryoM meM anivArya kuzalatA prApta thii| Adhunika vidvAn sAdhAraNarUpa se ina logoM ko jAtigata nAma dravir3a se pukAranA pasaMda karate haiN| RSabha ne apanA dharma samAnarUpa se mAnava aura vidyAdhara donoM ko pradAna kiyaa| unakA putra bharata bhArata kA prathama samrAT thA aura usake nAma para hI yaha deza bhAratavarSa nAma se jAnA gayA aura usake vaMzaja bhArata nAma se jAne ge| isase pahale yaha pRthvI ajanAbha athavA himavarSa nAma se jAnI jAtI thii| prathama bhAratIya nagara ayodhyA hI RSabha kA janmasthala aura bharata kI sarakAra kA baiThaka-sthala thaa| gajapura (bAda meM hastinAgapura nAma se vikhyAta) aura kucha anya nagara aura rAjya zIghra hI astitva meM aae| ___yadyapi kucha vidvAn abhI bhI mAnanA pasaMda karate haiM ki puruvaMzI sarvadamana arthAt hastinAgapura kA bharata, duSyanta aura zakuntalA (kAlidAsa dvArA prasiddha) kA putra hI deza ke isa nAma ke lie jimmedAra hai| 38

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lekina yaha darzAne ke lie paryApta pramANa haiM ki zakuntalA ke isa putra ke janma se pUrva, itanA hI nahIM, balki usake vaMza ke janaka puru ke bhArata Agamana se bhI pUrva yaha deza bhAratavarSa kahalAtA thA aura isake mUla nivAsI bhArata kahalAte the| na kevala jainaparamparA balki lagabhaga sampUrNa brAhmaNika purANa isa tathya kI ghoSaNA karate haiM ki vaha nAbhiputra RSabha kA putra bharata hI thA, jisake nAma para isa deza ko bhArata kahA jAtA thaa| isa tathya ke ullekha vedoM aura vaidika sAhitya kI anya zAkhAoM meM bhI upalabdha haiN| pro. je. sI. vidyAlaMkAra kahate haiM, "hama yaha socane ke lie majabUra haiM ki hamAre deza kA nAma bhAratavarSa isa bharata (zakuntalA aura duSyanta kA putra) ke kAraNa thA, lekina isa nAma kA zreya eka anya adhika pUrvavartI RSabhaputra rAjA bharata ko jAtA hai, jo eka paurANika vyakti athavA koI prAgaitihAsika puruSa haiN|" kisI anya prakaraNa meM ve kahate haiM, "una jaina tIrthaGkaroM meM prathama RSabhadeva the, jinake putra bharata ke nAma para yaha deza bhAratavarSa nAma se jAnA gyaa|" ataH yahA~ koI bhI kAraNa nahIM hai ki isa paramparA kI sacAI aura bhagavAn RSabha ke putra bhAratIya rAjA samrATa bharata kI aitihAsikatA para saMdeha kiyA jA sake, jo vizva kA vijetA aura saMsAra kA zAsaka thA, vizeSarUpa se taba, jaba vibhinna paramparAoM ke dvArA usakA astitva acchI prakAra se puSTa hai| tathya ke rUpa meM bhArata ke hinduoM kA itihAsa sAdhAraNarUpa se AryoM ke isa deza meM Agamana se prArambha kiyA jAtA hai, ThIka jaise ki bhArata ke aMgrejoM athavA yUropiyoM kA itihAsa elekjeMDara ke AkramaNa se prArambha kiyA jAtA hai| aura isalie hI vaidikadharma aura saMskRti ke ghere se bAhara athavA pUrva kI sabhI ghaTanAoM aura puruSoM ko anaitihAsika athavA zreSTha hone para prAgaitihAsika mAnA jAtA hai| vedoM meM prAcInatama aura prathama Rgveda hai aura saMsAra ke pustakAlaya 39

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meM yaha sabase purAnI pustaka mAnI jAtI hai| pUrvI aura pazcimI donoM prakAra ke vidvAnoM ke bahumata ke dvArA mAnA jAtA hai ki isa veda kA nirmANa kabhI 4500 I. pU. aura 2000 I. pU. athavA 1500 I. pU. ke madhya lambI avadhi meM pracalita alaga-alaga mantroM ke rUpa meM huA hai| bhArata kI uttara-pazcimI sarahadoM se vaidika AryoM ke Agamana kA kAla bhI lagabhaga 3500 se 2500 I. pU. nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai| bhagavAn RSabha aura unakA putra mahAn samrATa bharata spaSTarUpa se ina samayoM se adhika pahale ke haiN| pro. esa. zrIkAMta zAstrI jainaparamparA kI prAcInatA ko kama se kama 20,000 I. pU. taka le jAte haiM aura jora dekara kahate haiM ki jainadharma kA vAstavika nivAsasthala nizcitarUpa se bhAratavarSa meM hI kahIM para thA, hAlAMki isa hI samaya ve yaha mAnane kA rujhAna rakhate haiM ki vedoM kI bali prathA kA prArambha hone se pUrva jainadharma dezI AryoM kI saMskRti kA dRSTikoNa mAtra thaa| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA kI prAgaitihAsika sindhughATI sabhyatA kI yuganirmApaka khoja jainadharma kI prAcInatA para eka navIna aura mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlatA hai| sara jAna mArzala joradAra DhaMga se kahate haiM ki "sindhu aura vaidika saMskRtiyoM kI tulanA nirvivAdarUpa se darzAtA hai ki ve saMskRtiyA~ asambaddha thiiN| vaidikadharma sAdhAraNarUpa se mUrtipUjaka nahIM hai| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke gharoM meM agnikuNDa spaSTarUpa se gAyaba hai|'' mohanajodar3o meM kaI nagna AkRtiyA~ khojI gaI haiM, jo zreSTha puruSoM ko pradarzita karatI haiM, jo yogiyoM ke alAvA anya nahIM haiN|" aura nagnatA jaina zramaNoM ke lakSaNoM meM se eka rahA hai| bhagavAn RSabha svayaM nagna ho gae the aura unakI pratimAe~ bhI aisI hI banAI jAtI haiN| yahA~ taka ki RksaMhitA meM "munayaH vAtavasanAHvAyu lapeTe hue ku~vAre yogiyoM" kA ullekha hai| DA. e. vaibara ke 40

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anusAra ve jaina tapasviyoM ke alAvA anya nahIM hai, jo "elekjeMDara mahAn ke samaya ke bhAratIya jimanosophisTa ( bhramaNakAriyoM ? ) ke prasiddha vivaraNoM meM bhI ullikhita pratIta hote haiM / " aba mohanajodar3o kI ina nagna yogika AkRtiyoM ke bAre meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki " ye mUrtiyA~ spaSTarUpa se saMketa karatI haiM ki sindhughATI ke loga tAmrapASANa yuga meM na kevala yoga kA abhyAsa karate the, balki yogiyoM kI pratimAoM ko pUjate bhI the / " Ara. bI. pro. rAmaprasAda caMdA kahate haiM, "kucha sindhu moharoM meM utkIrNa na kevala baiThe hue devatA yogamudrA meM haiM aura usa dUravartI kAla meM sindhughATI meM yoga ke phailAva ke sAkSya yoga kI kAyotsarga mudrA ko dikhAte haiN|" usase Age "kAyotsarga mudrA viziSTarUpa se jainoM kI hai / yaha mudrA baiThe hue kI nahIM hai, balki khar3e hue kI hai| AdipurANa, pustaka 18 meM kAyotsarga mudrA kA varNana RSabha athavA vRSabha kI tapasyA ke sambandha meM hai| kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3e hue jaina RSabha kI pratimA, aisI hI cAra pratimAoM ko eka zilA meM darzAte hue IsA kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM samAvezita karane yogya karjana purAtattva saMgrahAlaya, mathurA meM citra kra. 12 meM pradarzita hai| prArambhika rAjavaMzoM ke samaya kI misra kI zilpakalAoM meM bAjuoM ko donoM tarapha laTakAe hue khar3I mUrtiyA~ zAmila haiN| lekina yadyapi ye prArambhika misra kI mUrtiyA~ aura purAtAttvika yUnAnI koroI (?) lagabhaga samAna mudrA darzAtI haiM, tathApi unameM parityAga kI bhAvanA kI kamI hai, jo sindhu moharoM kI khar3I AkRtiyoM aura kAyotsarga mudrA meM jainoM kI pratimAoM kA citraNa karatI haiN| RSabha nAma kA artha baila hai aura baila hI jaina RSabha kA cihna hai|" pro. prANanAtha vidyAlaGkAra kahate haiM, "paTTikAoM meM jor3e gae 41

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nAma aura cihna hinduoM aura jainoM kI prAcIna dhArmika saMskRti kA sindhu logoM kI saMskRti ke sAtha sambandha ko ujAgara karate hue pratIta hoNge| yaha bhI rekhAGkita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki merI samajha ke anusAra sindhu mohara kra. 449 para lekha jinezvara athavA jineza par3hA jAtA hai|" ve isa mata ke bhI haiM ki sindhu loga zrI, hrI, klIM ityAdi aise tAntrika devatAoM ko pUjate the, jo prasaMgavaza jaina paMthiyoM ke mahattvapUrNa strI devatA haiN| Age ve kahate haiM, "yaha rekhAGkita karanA rocaka hai ki purANa aura jaina dhArmika pustaka donoM hI (sindhu logoM ke) ina devatAoM ko ucca sthAna pradAna karate haiM / " usa dUravartI kAla meM sindhughATI meM jainadharma ke astitva ke kaI anya sAkSya haiM, jaise ki sira aura gardana ko Dhake hue tapasviyoM kI AkRtiyA~, jo sAtaveM tIrthaGkara supArzva ko pradarzita kara sakatI haiM aura anya bhii| pro. esa. zrIkAnta zAstrI kahate haiM, "I.pU. 30002500 kI, nagnatA aura yoga kI apanI saMskRti ke sAtha, baila aura anya cihnoM ko pUjanevAlI sindhusabhyatA kI jainadharma se samAnatA hai aura isalie sindhu sabhyatA Arya athavA vaidika Arya mUla kI nahIM mAnI jAtI hai|" kyoMki mAnA jAtA hai ki jainadharma anArya athavA kama se kama prAk vaidika Arya mUla kA hai| yadyapi pro. humAyU~ kabIra ke zabdoM meM "kucha vidvAn rahe haiM, jo mohanajodar3o ke pUrNarUpa se prAk vaidika saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karane meM saMdeha karate haiM / ve mAnate haiM ki AryoM kA vAstavika ghara bhArata thA aura mohanajodar3o Arya saMskRti ke vikAsa kA prArambhika stara mAtra thaa|" phira bhI vidvAnoM kI sAdhAraNa pravRtti isa siddhAnta ke pakSa meM rahI hai ki sindhu loga draviDa vaMza paramparA ke the I AdaraNIya phAdara DaoN. hIrAsa joradAra DhaMga se isa mAnyatAvAle haiM ki mohanajodar3o loga draviDa the, ki unake zilAlekhoM kI bhASA vizuddharUpa 42

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se drAviDI bhASA thI aura unakI saMskRti, dharma ityAdi bhI drAviDI thaa| unake anusAra kekar3oM kI dharatI, nAndura mohanajodar3o kA purAtana nAma thaa| ve mAnate haiM ki nAndura lipi lekhana para manuSya kA prathama prayAsa thA aura nAndura athavA mohanajodar3o sabhyatA prAk rAjavaMzIya misra kI sabhyatA se bhI prAcInatara thI aura sambhavataH manuSya kI prAcInatama sabhyatA thii| isa sabhyatA kA stara tAmrapASANa kahalAtA hai, lohA abhI taka jJAta nahIM thaa| sara jAna mArzala ke anusAra yaha sabhyatA "bhArata kI miTTI para lambe pUrvakAlika itihAsa ko avazya rakhatI hai, hameM aise yuga taka le jAtI hai, jisakA dhuMdhalerUpa se mAtra aMdAjA lagAyA jA sakatA hai aura use AvazyakarUpa se madhyauttarI bhArata kI tatkAlIna bahina athavA mAtA sabhyatA ke sAtha juDA honA cAhie (arthAt ayodhyA-hastinApura kssetr)| pro. cAIlDI ne likhA, "bhArata apanI pUrNataH vyaktigata aura svataMtra sabhyatA ke sAtha tIna hajAra varSoM ke Asa-pAsa misra aura bebIloniyA kA sAmanA karatA AyA hai, takanIkIrUpa se zeSa ke samakakSa hai| aura sApha taura para vaha bhAratIya miTTI meM gaharI jamI huI hai| usane sahana kiyA hai, vaha pahale se hI vizeSarUpa se bhAratIya hai aura Adhunika bhAratIya saMskRti kI buniyAda banAtI hai| ataH sarvAdhika prAcIna phira bhI atyanta vikasita sindhu logoM kI sabhyatA, jisakA vikhyAta purAtattvavettAoM aura purAvidoM ke dvArA draviDa logoM ke rUpa meM jikra kiyA gayA hai, risale ke anusAra "jo bhArata ke prAcInatama nivAsI haiM, jinake bAre meM hamAre pAsa kucha jAnakArI hai, "jo vaidikadharma ke janma se bahuta pahale athavA Arya sabhyatA ke prArambha se bhI pahale, ina logoM ke jainamata kA hone ke paryApta pramANa prastuta karatI hai| ye prAcIna jaina prArambhika brAhmaNika 43

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sAhitya meM vrAtya athavA vRSala kahalAte the| ve apane acchI prakAra se bane hue nagara aura ahiMsaka, balirahita saMskRti ke sAtha dezI pratidvandvI aura zatru the, jinase prathama AryoM ko isa deza meM sthApita hone aura phailane ke lie bhir3anA pdd'aa| vAstava meM jainaparamparA ke anusAra bhagavAn RSabha kA putra rAjakumAra dravir3a isa vaMza kA prArambhakartA thA, jo bAda meM draviDa kahalAne lge| mAnA jAtA hai ki prAcInakAla ke kaI draviDa rAjakumAra jaina sAdhu bana gae aura Aja taka bhI pUje jA rahe haiN| mejara janarala je. jI. Ara. phoralaoNnga apane satraha varSoM se adhika ke adhyayana aura zodha ke pariNAmasvarUpa iMgita karate haiM ki "lagabhaga 1500 se 800 I. pU. aura vAstava meM ajJAta samaya se sampUrNa uttarI, pazcimI, madhya-uttarI bhArata turAniyoM ke dvArA zAsita thaa| suvidhAjanakarUpa se jo draviDa kahalAte the aura vRkSa, sarpa aura cihna ko pUjate the, parantu usa samaya sampUrNa uttarI bhArata meM eka prAcIna aura atyanta saGgaThita dharma, darzana, naitika AcAra aura kaThora tapasyA vAlA jainadharma maujUda thA, jisameM se spaSTarUpa se brAhmaNadharma aura bauddhadharma ke prArambhika tapa kI rUparekhA vikasita huii| AryoM ke gaMgA athavA sarasvatI taka pahu~cane se bahuta pahale hI 8vIM athavA 9vIM zatAbdI I. pU. ke teIsaveM buddha pArzva se pahale kucha bAIsa prasiddha buddha, saMnyAsI athavA tIrthaGkaroM ke dvArA jaina zikSita ho cuke the| vaha pArzva samaya ke lambe antarAloM meM nivAsa karanevAle apane sabhI pUrvaja pavitra RSiyoM ke bAre meM aura pUrvo athavA purANoM ke nAma se vikhyAta tatkAlIna kaI zAstroM ke bAre meM jAnatA thaa| ve prAcIna haiM, jo ki yugoM-yugoM se vizvasta sAdhuoM, vAnaprasthoM athavA vanavAsiyoM kI smRti ko sauMpa diye jAte the| yaha adhika viziSTarUpa se eka jaina Adeza hai, jo unake sabhI buddhoM ke dvArA aura vyaktigatarUpa se 6vIM 44

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zatAbdI I. pU. meM caubIsaveM aura antima tIrthaGkara arthAt 598-526 I.pU. ke mahAvIra ke dvArA kaThoratA se lAgU kiyA gyaa| yaha saMnyAsiyoM kA Adeza brAhmaNadharma aura bauddhadharma meM sampUrNa dUravartI bAkaTrIA aura DAkIA (?) taka jArI rahA, jaisA ki hamAre adhyayana DhDha aura "sekareDa buksa oNpha IsTa" aMka 22 aura 45 meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| Age ve kahate haiM, "jaisA ki pahale anumAna kiyA gayA thA ki bauddhadharma kI zAkhA hone ke bajAya jainadharma 3000 I.pU. taka pIche phailatA huA dikhAyA gayA hai| uttarI bhArata meM kaThora jAtiyoM kI prakRti pUjA ke sAtha-sAtha yaha unnati karatA huA pAyA gayA hai|" esa. ena. gokhale ke zabdoM meM, "prAk AryakAla se cale A rahe darzana jainadharma kA kendrabindu ahiMsA hai|" DaoN. kAlIdAsa nAga kahate haiM, "itihAsa ko jAnane kI zapatha lenevAloM meM se bhI koI nahIM jAnatA hai ki buddha se lAkhoM aura karor3oM varSa pUrva, na kevala eka athavA do balki kaI jaina tIrthaGkaroM ne ahiMsA kI zikSA kA upadeza diyA thaa| jainadharma bahuta prAcIna dharma hai aura isane bhAratIya saMskRti ko bahuta kucha pradAna kiyA hai / " DaoN. jaikobI bhI isa matavAle the ki jainadharma bhArata ke prArambhika darzana se sambandhita thaa| bhAratIyoM ke dvArA ANvika siddhAnta ke vikAsa para bolate hue eka anya vikhyAta vidvAn kahate haiM, "jaisA ki upaniSadoM meM saMrakSita hai, brAhmaNoM kI prAcInatama dArzanika parikalpanA meM hama ANvika siddhAnta kA leza bhI khoja nahIM pAte haiM, aura isalie hI upaniSadoM kI zikSAoM kI vyavasthita rUpa se vyAkhyA karane kA dAvA karanevAle vedAnta sUtra meM isakA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| sAMkhya aura yoga darzana meM bhI isa nahIM svIkArA hai, jo ki paramparAgata hone kA agalA dAvA karate haiM arthAt vedoM se acchA sambandha banAye hue haiM, kyoMki vedAnta sUtra taka unheM smRti isa zIrSaka kI anumati detA hai| lekina 45

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ANvika siddhAnta vaizeSika kA Avazyaka bhAga banAtA hai aura nyAya ke dvArA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, ye donoM brAhmaNika darzana haiM, jo divya athavA dhArmika logoM ke bajAya laukika vidvAnoM (paMDitoM) ke dvArA utpanna hue haiN| bhinnatAvAdiyoM meM se, yaha jainoM aura AjIvakoM ke dvArA bhI goda liyA gayA hai| hama jainoM ko prathama sthAna para rakhate haiM, kyoMki ve padArtha ke bAre meM atyanta prArambhika vicAroM se apanI vyavasthA kA hala nikAlate hue pratIta hote haiN|" yaha bAta jainoM ke karmasiddhAnta ke bAre meM, jo ki unake svayaM ke ANvika siddhAnta para AdhArita hai, unakI sarvacetanAvAdI mAnyatA aura nAyakapUjA ke bAre meM bhI samAnarUpa se satya hai| pro. jI. satyanArAyaNa mUrti ne 1916 meM likhA ki "jainadharma bhAratIya cintana ke prAcIna vidyAlayoM ke dezI utpAda ke rUpa meM pratIta hotA hai| jo kucha bhI yUropIya khyAti ke prArambhika sAvaMtoM ne kahA hai, usake viparIta yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jainadharma apane dharma kI sampUrNa mahimA aura apane sAhitya kI pracuratA ke sAtha, laukika aura dhArmika donoM rUpa se atyadhika prAcInakAla se sauMpA jA rahA hai| jainadharma ke pAsa unakA svayaM kA itihAsa hai| eka itihAsa, jisake adhikAMza ajJAta hissoM para bhArata aura videza donoM meM kaI vidvAnoM ke dhairyapUrNa zodhoM kI vajaha se prAyaH pratyeka varSa tAjA prakAza DAlA jAtA hai| jainadharma ke itihAsa ke lie aba kaI srota haiM aura apanA svayaM kA itihAsa hai| arthAt eziATika samAja ke prakAzita vivaraNa aura eziATika zodha- Devisa, naoNksa, kepTana mAhonI, haoNgasana, DaoN. bucAnana, pro. vilasana, DI lA maine, DaoN. jaikobI aura vhUlara aura anya jaina itihAsakAroM kA mejbaan|" gusTaoNva oNparTa ke anusAra jainadharma-pracAraka dezI janasaMkhyA ke 46

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lie samarpita prathama upadezaka aura dhArmika zikSaka the / sambhavataH isalie hI adhika vyaktigatarUpa se jainoM kA mandira pAlI kahalAtA hai| I anta meM uddhRta karane ke lie eka aura jJAnI vidvAn sara sanmukhama zeTTI, "yaha eka bahuta rucikara aitihAsika parikalpanA ke rUpa meM mere dhyAna meM AI ki bhArata meM isa mahAn dharma kA vAstavika prArambha kyA honA cAhiye - usa dRSTikoNa se isa mahAn dharma ko dekhate hue maiM mAnane ke lie bAdhya hU~ ki jaba AryoM kA Agamana bhArata meM huA aura jaba vedoM kA dharma paMjAba meM utpanna huA thA, taba jainadharma saMbhavatayA bhArata meM pracalita prAcInatama dharma thaa| maiM socatA hU~ ki yaha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dvArA chor3A gayA asAdhAraNa prabhAva hI thA, jisane vAstava meM bhagavAn buddha kA nirmANa kiyA / isa bAta meM bahuta gaharA mahattva hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha samakAlIna the bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dvArA sthApita krAnti ke Adarza ko hI bhagavAn buddha ke dvArA apanAyA huA honA cAhiye / mahattvapUrNa tathya hai ki mahAn hindu santoM jo hindudharma ko dakSiNa bhArata meM punaH pracalita karanA cAhate the, unako jainadharma kA sarvanAza karane ke lie krUra tarIkoM kA bhI Azraya lenA pdd'aa| yaha isa majabUta pakar3a kA pramANa hai, jo jainadharma kI dakSiNa bhArata ke logoM para rahI honI cAhiye / adyatana aitihAsika zodha aura purAtattva vibhAga kI khojoM ne yaha mAnane ke lie vidvAnoM kA mArgadarzana kiyA hai ki prAk AryakAla meM bhArata meM eka bahuta mahAn sabhyatA phala-phUla rahI thI, jise maiM suvidhA ke lie dravir3a sabhyatA nAma se pukaaruuNgaa| maiM suvidhA ke lie isa zabda kA prayoga yoM hI karatA hU~, kyoMki ina dinoM meM jaba hama dravir3a sabhyatA aura aise hI kucha vAkyAMzoM kA prayoga karate haiM, to anAvazyaka garmI utpanna ho jAtI hai aura merA svayaM kA mAnanA hai ki 47

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jainadharma dravir3a logoM kA dharma hai, jo ki bhArata ke prAk Arya mUla nivAsI the| Arya apane svayaM ke pUjA-pATha aura pazubali para AdhArita vicAroM ke sAtha aae| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM punaH pracalana ko prApta mahattva krAnti kI usa bhAvanA kA eka saMketa mAtra hai, jo isa deza ke jainoM ke vizAla samUhoM meM isa naye pantha aura abhyAsoM ke prati AI, jo ki jainoM ke dvArA mAnya siddhAntoM ke pratikUla the|" __ bhArata ke prAcInatama gUDhavAdI cihna jaise svastika, tridaNDa (athavA ratnatraya kA pratIka trizUla), dharmacakra (nyAya kA cakra aura samaya cakra), nandyAvarta aura varddhamAnaka (athavA nAndIpada), vRkSa, stUpa, arddhacandra, kamala, pazu jaise baila, hAthI, siMha, kekar3A, sarpa aura kaI anya prAcInatama samayoM se brAhmaNadharma aura bauddhadharma ke dvArA goda lie jAne se bhI pUrva aura pratIka banAne kA pracalana hone se bhI pUrva, jainoM ke dvArA sAdhAraNarUpa se upayoga meM lAye hue pAye jAte haiN| aura kucha navapASANakAlIna guphAoM meM jaise ki rAyagar3ha rAjya ke siMganapura meM, jo ina prAcIna kAloM meM jainadharma ke prabhAva ke suspaSTa cihnoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai, dasoM hajAra varSa prAcIna kucha prAgaitihAsika citrakAriyA~ khojI gaI haiN| bhArata meM purApASANakAlIna aura navapASANakAlIna logoM ke dhArmika vicAra taka, jo kucha thor3A unake bAre meM jJAta hai, jainadharma ke mUlabhUta svarUpa se nikaTa kI samAnatA rakhate haiN| jaise ki sarvacetanAvAda, punarjanma, AtmA kA astitva aura ananta svabhAva, karma ke jaina siddhAnta ke samarUpa kAraNa aura kArya kA AdhyAtmika asAdhAraNa tathya aura kaI any| yaha dikhAne ke lie bhI paryApta pramANa haiM ki hiMsArahita kevala zAkAhAra para Azrita ahiMsaka loga, mAMsa khAnevAle hiMsaka svabhAvavAloM ke sAtha samAnarUpa se hamezA maujUda the| lAkhoM varSa purAnA mAnA jAnevAlA bahuta prAcIna prAk 48

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rAjavaMzIya misra kA dharma bhI jainadharma kA ekadama sajAtIya dikhAI detA hai| vAstava meM phoralaoNnga ke zabdoM meM, "jainadharma ke prArambha ko khojanA asambhava hai|" jainoM ke anusAra unakA dharma anAdikAlIna hai, yaha RSabha se pahale bhI astitva meM thA aura RSabha kA kAla jo ve dete haiM, bhI gaNanA se pare hai| lekina vaijJAnika itihAsa ke kaThora tathyoM para vApasa Ane para bhUgarbhazAstriyoM, mAnavavijJAnI bhUgolazAstriyoM aura prAk itihAsavidoM ke anusAra AdikAlIna himayuga kA antima kAla lagabhaga I. pU. ATha se dasa hajAra varSoM meM samApta huA aura isake sAtha hI himayugottara kA prArambha huaa| yaha vahI samaya hai, jo kvArTanarI yuga ke navapASANakAla ke samApana samaya ke lie bhI nirdhArita hai| yaha isa samaya ke bhI nikaTa hai, jaba tathAkathita Arya logoM kA apane uttaradhruvIya ghara se bAhara nikalanA zurU huA kahA jAtA hai| isa samaya ke ThIka bAda mukhyarUpa se bhArata meM tAmrapASANa yuga prArambha hone ko thA, jo prathama sabhyatA kI zurUAta ke lie cihnita hai, jaisA ki hama Aja use samajhate haiN| eka rocaka pramANa kA aMza utsukatApUrvaka bhagavAn RSabha ko ThIka isa samaya ke Asa-pAsa nirdhArita karatA hai| ekAntapriya rAjadUta maigasthanIja, jo kucha samaya ke lie pATalIputra meM rahe, sarvasammatarUpa se jaina sAdhu ke rUpa meM aba svIkRta samrATa candragupta ke darabAra meM, lagabhaga I.pU. 305 meM lipibaddha karate haiM ki usa samaya kI pracalita dezI saMskRti bhAratIya itihAsa kI zurUAta kA kAla usa samaya se 6462 varSa pUrva se nirdhArita karatI thI, usake anusAra jaba mahAn bhAratIya DAyonisasa aura usakA putra mahAn harkulasa rahatA thaa| vaha isa DAyonisasa ko meru parvata aura kailAza (hemoDosa) ke sAtha bhI jor3ate haiM, vibhinna kalA aura zilpa ke AviSkAra aura khoja, nagaroM kA nirmANa, rAjyoM kI sthApanA aura 49

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anya bhI kAryoM kA zreya unheM detA hai| vaha unheM linAyosa kahatA hai, kyoMki unhoMne khojA ki rasa utpanna karane ke lie phaloM ko kaise baTorA aura dabAyA jAnA caahiye| usake samaya se pahale, kahA jAtA hai ki pRthvI para nirantara utpanna honevAle phaloM para hI mUla nivAsI nirbhara the| usakA putra harkulasa eka mahAn yoddhA aura vijetA thA, vaha kaI patniyA~ aura aneka bacce rakhatA thaa| DAyonisasa 250 varSoM kI lambI umra taka jIvita thaa| aba yaha sampUrNa vivaraNa kisI anya nahIM, balki bhagavAn RSabhadeva athavA AdinAtha (prathama Izvara) para saMketa karatA hai, jo dharma ke prathama pracAraka, vidhi aura nyAya ke prathama prakAzaka, kalA, udyoga aura sAmAjika saMgaThana ke mArgadarzaka the| jisane bhogabhUmi (prakRti Azrita prAcIna jIvana) kI samApti para karmabhUmi (karma aura buddhi kA yuga) ko udghATita kiyaa| unake putra prathama vizvavijetA bharata cakravartI kI kaI patniyA~ aura aneka putra the| ataH koI saMdeha nahIM hai ki yaha do hajAra varSoM se adhika purAnI paramparA nizcitarUpa se bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA saMketa karatI hai, jinakA kAla usa paramparA ke anusAra I. pU. 6765 athavA lagabhaga 9000 varSa pUrva aayegaa| kama se kama yaha vaha kAla hai, jo paramparAgatarUpa se I.pU. tRtIya-caturtha zatAbdI meM mAnA jAtA thaa| lekina prasaMgavaza yaha uparyukta bhUgarbhavijJAna sambandhI A~kar3oM se paryApta madhuratA banAye huye hai aura sarvAdhika prAcIna sindhughATI kI sabhyatA kI zurUAta se (I.pU.6000), prArambhika misra kI sabhyatA se (I.pU. 5000), AryoM ke Agamana se (I.pU. 3000) bhI paryAptarUpa se prAcIna hai| aura isa prakAra jainadharma sampUrNa prAgaitihAsika (prAk likhita itihAsa), pUrva-aitihAsika aura aitihAsika kAla meM maujUda pAyA jAtA hai| mAnava kA yaha prAcInatama dharma mukhyarUpa se sAdhAraNatayA dharma 50

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athavA mAnavadharma athavA magga (mArga) kahalAtA thA, sindhughATI ke dinoM meM RSabha pantha athavA jainadharma ke rUpa meM, vaidika logoM ke dvArA vrAtyadharma athavA ahiMsA dharma ke rUpa meM, upaniSadoM ke samaya meM arhatdharma athavA Atmadharma ke rUpa meM, buddha ke samaya meM nigantha dharma ke rUpa meM, bhArata-mitra aura inDosithiyAna kAla meM zramaNadharma ke rUpa meM, tathAkathita hindukAla meM jainadharma, syAdvAda mata athavA anekAnta mata ke rUpa meM, bhakti Andolana ke dinoM meM vizeSarUpa se Dekkana meM bhavya dharma ke rUpa meM, rAjaputAnA meM zrAvaka dharma ke rUpa meM, paMjAba meM bhAvadAsa ke dharma ke rUpa meM aura anya rUpa se bhI kahalAtA thaa| sabhya logoM kI prAcInatama aura vizuddharUpa se dezI dhArmika vyavasthA hone ke alAvA bhI, yaha eka mAtra dharma hai, jo camatkArika rUpa se itane lambe samaya taka pracalita rahA aura vartamAna samaya taka apanI akhaNDatA ko surakSita rkhaa| apane prArambha se hI, yaha samparka meM AnevAle sabhI dhArmika vyavasthAoM para kriyA aura pratikriyA karatA rahA hai aura mAnava cintana evaM saMskRti ko prabhAvita karatA rahA hai| sabhI saMskRtiyoM ke kSetroM meM bhI isakA sahayoga mAmUlI athavA nimna starIya nahIM hai| isake pAsa kulInatama aura adhika vyavahAra yogya zAnti aura acchAI kA vizvabhAIcAre kA aura jabaradasta sukha aura khuzI kA sandeza, na kevala apanI janmasthalI ke lie balki vistRta vizva ke lie, na kevala eka vyakti ke lie balki sampUrNa mAnavajAti ke lie hai| DaoN. nAga ne kahA hai, "jainadharma kisI eka nizcita jAti athavA varga kA dharma nahIM hai| lekina yaha sakala jIvamAtra kA dharma hai| yaha antarrASTrIya aura sArvabhaumika hai|" AdaraNIya e. je. DuboIsa ke zabdoM meM, "hA~! sampUrNa mAnavajAti kA prAcInatama vizvAsa arthAt usa (jina) kA dharma hI isa pRthvI para eka mAtra saccA hai|" jinamata kI mahimA ho!!! 51