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The Conduct of a Householder
123
Parigraha is the result of mohakarma, which is the main obstacle to self-realisation. Moha has two sides : (i) attachment and (ii) aversion. The former of these manifests itself as parigraha whereas the latter as himsā. Therefore, on its subjective side parigraha represents one side of moha, whereas hiṁsā represents another side. Aparigraha, therefore, is as important as non-violence.
Aparigraha is neither only non-attachment nor only nonpossession; it is both. It stands, in its inner meaning, for non-attachment. To be particular, inner parigraha includes mithyādarśana, four kaşāyas and nine nokaṣāyas. 2 These are, as it were, symbols of attachment and should be avoided for the perfection of this vow. • The external parigraha is classified under ten heads :
(1) kşetra (land) (2) vāstu (house) (3) hiranya (coins etc. of gold) (4) suvarņa (gold) (5) dhana (livestock etc.) (6) dāsi (maid servants) (7) dāsa (men servants) (8) kupya (jewels etc.) (9) sayyāsana (bed), (10) other luxury items.3 Transgressions of the vow of non-possession
The five transgressions of the vow of non-possession are :4
(1) Kșetra-vāstu-pramāṇātikramana : This means adding a field or a house to the existing one in order to save himself from breaking the vow under which he must have fixed the number. Though the number of the fields or houses does not exceed the fixed limit yet the spirit of the vow is violated.
(2) Hiranyasuvarṇapramāṇātikramaņa : This means giving some newly acquired precious articles to one's acquaintance with the understanding that he will return the same to hi after the expiry of the time for which he may have taken the vow.
(3) Dhanadhānyapramāṇātikramana : This means keeping
1. Puruşarthasiddhyupāya, 113. 2. Ibid., 116. 3. Caritrasāra, p. 12. 4. Upāsakadaśānga, 1.49. Also Tattvārthas ütra, 7.24. for explanations of
these aticāras. 5. Cf. Hemacandra on Yogaśāstra, Bhavanagar, 1926, 3.56 (p. 195).
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