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170
Faina Ethics the first and the last in whose time one was required to perform pratikramaņa for all transgressions. This difference is attributed to the firmness, concentration of mind and absence of infatuation in the monks of the times of the intervening period, and fickleminedeness and infatuation of the monks of the times of the first and last Tirtharkaras. 2
Pratyākhyāna
Pratyakhyana means determination to avoid sinful activities. Pratikramana is connected with the sinful activities of the past whereas pratyākhyāna is related to the activities of the future. Pratyākhyāna can be easily practised by a person who is free from passions, self-controlled, brave, enterprising and afraid of the dangers of transmigration.3
Mūlācāra recommends modesty, correct following of the teacher in the recitation of the sūtra, observance of the vows even in emergency and detachment, as necessary for Pratyakhyāna. It specially connects pratyākhyāna with fasting and classifies it into the following ten categories :
1. Keeping a fast earlier than the due time. 2. Keeping it later. 3. Keeping it according to one's capacity. 4. Keeping it at proper time. 5. Doing penances with concentration on constellations. 6. Doing penances at will. 7. Fasting for varying periods. 8. Keeping fasts by renouncing all foods throughout
the life. 9. Fasting while crossing a forest, etc. 10. Fasting with some purpose.5
Kāyotsarga
It means devotion to auspicious meditation, keeping the feet at four-angula distance, without moving the body and
1. Mūlācāra, 7.129-131. 2. Ibid., 7.132-1333. Ibid., 2.104. 4. Ibid., 7.145. 5. Ibid., 7.140-141.
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