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Jaina Ethics for a period below forty-eight minutes (antarmuhūrta) and can be practised by a person possessed of the best type of body. 1
Types of Dhyāna :
Tattvārthas ūtra has classified Dhyāna into four categories : 1. ārta, 2. raudra, 3. dharmya and sukla. The first two are inauspicious and the other two auspicious. 3. The last two types of dhyāna are said to lead to liberation. The arta dhyāna :
The ārta dhyāna has been further classified under four heads : (i) anista samyogaja, (ii) įsta viyogaja, (iii) vedanā janita, (iv) nidāna janita. As is clear from the names of these types of ārta dhyāna, all of them are connected with worries emanating from worldly objects. Anista samyogaja relates to anxiety to remove the undesirable objects like poison, thorn, enemy, weapon, etc. The opposite of it is ista viyogaja where one thinks of means of attaining such desirable objects as son, wife or wealth in their absence.6 Vedanā janita ārta dhyāna is connected with anxiety for finding devices to remove the physical diseases.? Nidāna janita means concentrating on the means of obtaining the worldly pleasures by a person who yearns for them.& iñānārnava includes in this type of ārta dhyāna, the desire to attain the status of Tirthankara or god by performing meritorious actions."
The ārta dhyāna, though agreeable in the beginning, yields bad results in the end.10 It continues upto the sixth stage of spiritual development. The last type of this dhyāna, however, continues only upto the fifth stage.11 From the point
1. Tattvärthasūtra, 9.27, 28. Also jñānārnava, 25.15. 2. Tattvārthas ütra, 9.28. 3. Pujyapada on Ibid.. 9.28. Also jñānārnava, 25.20. 4. Tattvārthas ütra, 9.29. 5. Pūjyabāda on Tattvärthasūtra, 9.30. Also Jñanārnava, 25.25. 6. Ibid., 9.31. Also Ibid., 25.29. 7. Ibid., 9.32. Also Ibid., 25 32. 8. Ibid., 9.33. Also Ibid., 25.34. 9. Jñānārņava, 25.35. 10. Ibid., 25.38. 11. Ibid., 25-39.
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