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Ethical Literature of the Jainas
235 also, we find that full stories are not given. In the first adhyayana of the 3rd varga graphic descriptions of the penances of dhanya have been given. (x) Praśna-Vyākaraṇa :
It is divided into two śrutakhandas. Each śrutakhanda has five adhyayanas. The first śrutakhanda deals with āšrava and the second with samvara. These two tattvas, aśrava and samvara, which deal with the inflow of karmans and their stoppage respectively are very important for understanding the moral teachings of Jainism.
Besides the țikā by Abhayadeva, Velankar mentions seven more commentaries on this Arga. (xi) Vipākas ātra :
The two śrutaskandhas, each having ten adhyayanas, of this Anga give the pleasant and unpleasant consequences of our actions respectively. The first frutaskandha thus brings out the immorality of tyrannising, flesh-eating, egg-selling, sexual indulgence and human sacrifices, etc. The second frutaskandha, on the other hand, praises such qualities as giving of alms.
Besides Vrtti of Abhayadeva, Velankar mentions one more commentary on this work.2 (xii) Dršțivāda :
As already mentioned, this Anga, together with 14 pūrvas, which formed its part, was lost in 1000 Vira Samvat. Nandis ūtra says that it has five divisions—Parikarma, Sūtra, Pūrvāgata, Anuyoga and Cülikās—dealing with mathematics, Nayas, pūrvas, life-stories of great persons, and mantra vidyā, respectively.
The Upāngas
The Upārgas, occupy a seco..dary position as compared to the above-mentioned Angas. Some of these Upāngas are works of little ethical interest. Süryaprajñapti and Chandra
1. Velankar, H.D. (ed.), Jinaratnakośa, p. 274-275. 2. Ibid., p. 357. 3. Jain, J.G., Prākrta sāhitya kā itihāsa, Varanasi, 1961, p. 102.
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