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Jaina Ethics
influx of bad karman'. It further says: 'Penance is my firekarman is my fuel'. It is penance which makes a man respectable. It is on account of penance that a man is called Brāhmaṇa.*
3
penances should world or to the
Sthānanga Sutra makes it clear that all be devoid of any desire pertaining to this next world. Tapas devoid of spiritualism is called Balatapa. Pravacanasara says that those who are spiritually endowed, get their karmans destroyed much more earlier than those who are not endowed with spirituality, even though they may perform external austerities."
Even though the inner aspect of penances is duly emphasised in Jainism, yet the importance of external penances is also not underrated. Penances are classified under two heads external and internal.' External austerity involves physical endurance and renunciation of something perceptible, whereas the internal austerity involves control of mind. The external austerity being something physical can be pursued even by a man who is not possessed of right attitude.9
External austerities
There are six types of external austerities: 1. Fasting (Anasana), 2. Eating less than one's fill (Avamaudarya), 3. Taking a secret vow to accept food from a householder only if certain condition is fulfilled (Vṛttiparisamkhyāna), 4. Abstention from one or more of the following six objects of taste (Rasaparityaga): (i) Ghee,, (ii) Milk, (iii) Curd, (iv) Sugar, (v) Salt, (vi) Oil., 5. Sitting and sleeping in a lonely place
I. Uttaradhyayana, 30.5, 6. SBE Translation.
2. Uttaradhayana, 22.44.
3. Ibid., 12.37.
4. Ibid., 25.22.
5. Cf. Sthananga, 10.1.759.
6. Pravacanas āra. 3.38.
7. Virasena on Satkhanḍāgama, 5.4.26 (Vol. XIII, p. 54),
Also Tattvarthasutra, 9.19-20.
8. Pujyapada on Tattvärthasutra, 9.19-20.
9.
Virasena on Satkhanḍāgama, 5.4.26 (Vol. XIII, p. 59). Also Anagaradharmamṛta, 7.6.
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