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Jaina Ethics
tastes acrid, bitter, astringent, sour and sweet. The purpose of this tapas is emasculation of the senses, subduing sleep, and unobstructed pursuance of study.2
5. Vivikta sayyasana: The monk should choose a secluded place for his residence. It should not be frequented by women, eunuch, she-animals, and depraved house-holders. It helps in celibacy, self-study and meditation.*
6. Kaya klesa: It means inflicting some pain on the body by adopting certain postures or by exposing it to the vagaries of weather just like remaining in the hot sun in summer season.5 The purpose of this tapas is to endure physical hardships and to alleviate attachment to pleasure.&
Mülācāra makes it clear that external penances should not engender mental disquietude, or abate the zeal for the performance of disciplinary practices of ethical and spiritual nature but should rather enhance spiritual conviction." Samantabhadra also emphasises the inner aspect of penance and says that external austerities are means for spiritual austerity.8
Internal austerities
The internal austerities are also classified under six heads. They are as follows:
1. Expiation (Prayaścitta)
2. Reverence (Vinaya) 3. Service (Vaiyyavṛtya) 4. Study (Svadhyaya) 5. Detachment (Vyutsarga) 6. Meditation (dhyāna).
1. Mūlācāra, 5.155. Also Uttaradhyayana, 30.26; Bhagavatiārādhanā, 215; and Virasena on Satkhandagama, 5.4.26 (Vol. XIII. p. 57).
2. Pujyapada on Tattvarthasutra, 9.19.
3. Mulācāra, 5.160. Also Virasena on Satkhaṇḍagama, 5.4.26 (Vol. XIII, P. 57).
4. Pujyapada on Tattvarthasutra, 9.19.
5. Uttaradhyayana, 30.27; Bhagavati- Aradhana 222-227; and Virasena Satkhandagama, 5.4.26 (Vol. XIII, p. 58).
6. Pujyapada on Tattvärthasutra, 9.19.
7. Mūlācāra, 5.161. Also Bhagavati-Aradhana, 236.
8. बाह्यं तपः परमदुश्चरमाचरंस्त्वमाध्यात्मिकस्य तपसः परिबृंहणार्थम् ।
-Svayambhustotra, 83.
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