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Jaina Ethics harmful activities as will do no good to the agent. Samantabhadra has pointed out that such activities are to be avoided even within the limits set under diguruta and deśāvakāśikavrata.?
Five forms of anarthadaņdavrata :
Pūjyapāda has mentioned the following five forms of Anarthadaņda : 1. Evil thinking (apadhyāna), 2. Advice to commit sin (pāpopadeśa), 3. Non-vigilant action (pramādācarita), 4. Giving of weapons of violence (hıṁsādāna), 5. Wrongreading (aśubhasruli).3
1. Apadhyāna : This involves (1) finding faults with others (2) wishing loss to others, (3) seeing wives of others with a lusty eye, (4) taking interest in other's dispute.4 Amrtacandra adds thoughts about hunting, victory, defeat, war, adultery and theft to these. In short, all ārthadhyāna and raudradhyāna is a form of apadhyāna.
2. Pāpopadeśa : It means giving instructions to a fellow man in sinful professions. Samantabhadra includes in it : (1) advising to buy cheap slaves to sell them dearer elsewhere (kleśavānijya), (2) to advise the same thing for beasts (tiryagvānijya), (3) to tell about the animals to hunters, or trappers (badhikopadeśa), (4) to advise about such activities as involve violence (ārambhakopadeśa ).6
Here it may be noted that though, Upāsakadaśānga did not prohibit agriculture, yet in Ratna karandaśrāvakācāra it is held to be a profession which involves violence; and, therefore, advising a man to cultivate the land is also prohibited under this vow.?
3. Pramādācarita or Pramādacaryā : Kārtikeyānuprekşā gives the following under Pramādācarita : (i) digging of land (ii) crushing stones, (iii) sprinkling water on lawns, (iv) burning fire, (v) plucking leaves, fruits or flowers and (vi) blowing wind.8 Āsādhara adds to these, obstructing the wind, irrigat1. Kārtikeyānuprekṣā, 343. 2. Ratnakarandafrāvakācāra, 74.. 3. Pujyapāda on Tattvārthasūtra, 7.21. 4. Kartikeyānuprekşā, 344 Also Ratnakarandaśrāvakācāra, 78.
Puruşārthasiddhyupāya, 141. 6. Ratnakarandastāvakācāra, 76. 7. Ibid., 77. 8. Subhacandra on Kärtikeyānupreksā, 346.
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