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65
Means of Valid Cognition Other Than Verbal Testimony
the rival vyapti is absent in the case under dispute. But the fact is expressed by saying that in the case of the subtype viruddhavyabhicärin the presence of a rival vyapti renders it doubtful whether the probandum is actually present in the case under. dispute. Thus we see that the three subtypes of the harvabhasa sandigdha are in fact. three diffeirent types of cases where the vyapti is invalid for three different reasons, and if all these cases seem to show the common feature 'rendering doubtful the presence of the probandum in the case under dispute' that is because any case of invalid vyapti is bound to do that. This should become clear on examining the type of hervabhasa called viruddha-which, as we have noted, is the only other type of hervabhasa having to do with vyapti. In the case of viruddha the vyapti is so much invalid that instead of the probans indisputably establishing the presence of the probandum it indieputably establishes the absence of it-so that while in the case of sandigdha we are left in doubt whether the probandum is present in the case under dispute in the case of viruddha we are left in no doubt that it is absent there. So logically speaking, Kumārila has no option but to bring under the type sandigdha all the most diverse cases of invalid vyapti barring those few ones which belong to the exceptional type viruddha.
The above represents the kernel of Kumārila's account of the hetvabhāsas. sandigdha and viruddha, but his actual words too deserve notice. Thus he begins by saying that the three subtypes of sandigdha are a cause of doubt because:
(i) the subtype sadharana is found to be present along with the probandum and also in the absence of it,
(ii) the subtype asadharaṇa is found to be present neither along with the probandum nor in the absence of it,
(iii) the subtype viruddhavyabhicärin involves the contingency of two contradictory features being attributed to one and the same thing (vv. 84-85).
Then are cited four illustrative cases for the subtype sädharana, one for the subtype sädhäraṇa and one for the subtype asādhāraṇa. The illustrative cases for sadharana are (a) when the probans is being knowable' and the probandum 'being eternal'. (b) when the probans is 'being transient and the probandum 'being not born of effort', (c) when the probans is "being transient and the probandum 'being born of effort', (d) when the probans is 'being incorporeal' and the probandum 'being eternal'; in each of these cases it is possible to quote an instance where the probans is present along with the probandum as also an instance where it is present in the absenee of the probandum (v. 26). The illustrative case for asadharaṇa is when the probans is being possessed of smell. and the probandum 'being eternal'; here earth is the only thing where the probane
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