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Reals in the Jaina Metaphysics persistence, may be easily distinguished and that accordingly Time is a substance.
TIME AND OTHER REALS
Time as a substance is obviously similar to the Soul but in as much as it is essentially unconscious, it is distinct from the Soul and similar to the other Ajīvas. Time is Amūrta or formless; in this respect, it is similar not only to the Soul but to the non-souls except Matter. Käla is described as Niskriya i.e. devoid of activity and is different from Soul and Matter which are Sakriya or active; other Niskriya substances are Dharma, Adharma and Ākāśa.
THE VAIŠEŞIKA THEORY OF KĀLA
The philosophers of the great Vaiseșika school of Kanāda, as we have seen, agree with the Jaina's in maintaining that Time is a real substance. They argue that the old age of a man, for instance, is said to be subsequent to his youth; similarly, some phenomena are simultaneous; some are said to last long; some again are of short duration. Such experiences of succession, simultaneity, etc., lead us to posit the existence of Timę. The old man himself is not the cause of the judgement that his old age is subsequent to his youth; nor do the motions of the sun (i.e. the days which intervene between his old age and his youth) give rise to the said idea of succession. Accordingly something real, called Kāla or Time, which is related both to the man under observation and the motions of the sun, must be admitted as the cause of our ideas of succession, etc. This Time is a real substance and is eternal. But the Vaiseșika thinkers differ from the Jaina in contending that Kāla is one homogeneous, all-pervasive substance, having no parts. It is one whole. We talk of moments, hours, days and years. But this does not show that Time is essentially many in number. In these varied subdivisions of Time, one and the same essential reality is manifested. These subdivisions are the various modifications of the same substance. Time-phenomena, like the motions of the sun, (which determine the measures of Time) present one and the
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