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CHAPTER 7
SOUL
I. THE NATURE OF THE SOUL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JIVA What is other than Matter, Space etc., in the universe is called Jiva or Soul by the Jaina philosophers. Roughly speaking, what is “Purușa” in the Sāmkhya and the Yoga systems of philosophy, "Atmā” in the Nyāya, the Vaišeșika and the Vedānta thoughts, is Jiva in the Jaina philosophy. Yet there is difference between the Puruşa of the Sāṁkhya and the Yoga and the Jiva of the Jaina; the Ātmā of the Nyāya and the Vaiseșika philosophy is not quite the same as the Jiva of the Jaina system of philosophy; the Atmā of the Vedānta again, is different from the Jiva of the Jaina system. The Jaina's repudiate the Soul-denying position (Nirāt ma-vāda) of the Çārvāka's and criticise the Buddhist theory of the Conscious Series (Vijñāna-vāda, Santāna-vāda) as well. What, then, are the characteristics of the Jiva, according to the Jaina's'?
Vādi-deva, a thinker of the Svetāmbara Sect of the Jaina's says,
"Jiva is essentially conscious; undergoes modification; is a doer; is a direct enjoyer; is of the same extent as its body; is different in each individual; has transmigrations owing to its being attached to Pudgala or Matter”.
7-56. Pramāņa-naya-tattvālokālaṁkāra
* Kundakundācāryya says,
"Jiva is existent; is conscious; has cognition; is a doer; is active; is an enjoyer; is of the same extent as its body; is formless; is attached to Karma or non-psychical Matter”,
27. Pañcāstikāya-samaya-Sära Acāryya Nemicandra also has said, ---
"Jiva is possessed of cognition; is formless; is a doer; is of the same extent as its body; is an enjoyer; migrates (in its state of Bondage) in the Samsāra or the series of existences; is free (in its essence); and has an upward motion".
2. Dravya-Sangraha
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