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Reals in the Jaina Metaphysics sophers urge that the Rāga for Mokșa or Emancipation, a state of bliss, is nothing wrong. Rāga is harmful when it is for the transitory pleasures of the world. The Jaina's turn the Nyāya line of argument against the Nyāya thinkers themselves. If Moksa consists in want of misery, people striving after it would be actuated by Dueșa of misery,— Dveșa which is as much an impediment to the attainment of Mokşa as Rāga itself. The fact is that there is no inconsistency in regarding emancipation as a state of joy. Indeed, in the state of Mokşa,—the Jaina's contend, the psychical attributes e.g. joy, knowledge etc. etc. become fully explicit in the soul, and not uprooted as the Naiyāyika's and the Vedāntins maintain.
THE SOUL OF FOUR KINDS In accordance with the differences in the Becoming or Status (Gati) the souls are divided into four classes viz: (1) the Celestial (Deva); (2) the Infernal (Nāraka); (3) the Human (Manusya); and (4) the sub-human (Tiryak).
CELESTIALS, HUMANS, SUB-HUMANS AND INFERNALS
According to the Jaina's, the Deva's are either (a) Bhavana-vāsi i.e. home-living or (6) Vyantara i.e. beings living in various places or (0) Jyotiska i.e. luminaries or (d) Vaimānika i.e. living in high heavens. The Bhavana-vāsideities are of 10 kinds viz:- Nāgakumāra, Asūra-kumāra, Suparņa-kumāra, Agni-kumāra, Dik-kumāra, Vāta-kumāra, Stanita-kumāra, Udadhi-kumāra, Dvīpa-kumāra and Vidyutkumāra. The Vyantara Deva's are of eight modes viz:-- Kinnara, Kimpuruşa, Gāndharya, Mahoraga, Yaksa, Rākșasa, Bhūta and Piśāça. The Jyotişkas are of five classes viz:-Sūryya, Çandra, Graha, Nakșatra and Tāraka. The Kalpotpanna and the Kalpātīta are the two subdivisions of the Vaimānika gods. These Deva's are not emancipated souls, they enjoy heavenly pleasures as results of meritorious deeds, done in their previous lives. They have births and
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