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Reals in the Jaina Metaphysics. gration, nevertheless refers to (1) the law of Similars, (2) the law of Contrast, (3) the law of Co-adjacency (e.g. cause and effect etc.), (4) the laws of Immediacy and Homogeneity, (5) the law of Facility. Even this list of the laws of association is hardly exhaustive and there may be various other ways in which two ideas may be associated. Dugald Stewart, for instance, thinks that the idea of a thing suggests that of another, if in previous experience (1) it resembled it; (2) if it was contrary to it; (3) if it was in its vicinity in place; (4) if it was in its vicinity in time. He also adds that (5) words are suggestive; (6) the idea of the cause suggests the idea of the effect; (7) similarly, the idea of the effect suggests the idea of the cause; (8) the idea of the means suggests the idea of the end: (9) the idea of the end may suggest the idea of the means; (10) the premises suggest the conclusion; (11) the conclusion may also suggest the premises. We need not further multiply the principles of association as stated by other thinkers of the west. The list given by any of them is hardly complete and for instances of other principles of association which may claim a place in the list we may turn to the Nyāya theory of the revival of ideas.
NYĀYA THEORIES ABOUT REVIVAL OF IDEAS
According to the philosophers of the Nyāya school there are no less than 27 ways in which one idea may revive and give rise to another. These are:-(1) Praņidhāna. It means attention. The idea of an object is revived when attention is directed towards it or towards some distinguishing characteristic of it. (2) Nibandha or serial order. One unit in a series revives the idea of the next in relation to it. (3) Saṁskāra. Our interest and repeated experience etc. may make two ideas so connected that on the appearance of the one, the other is revived. (4) Linga or mark. An idea revives another, if the former is invariably related to the latter. (5) Lakşaņa. The class-idea revives the idea of the class. (6) Sādịśya ;-associated similars revive one another. (7) Parigraha. Ideas of objects related as owner and owned revive one another. (8) and (9) Aśraya and Aśrita.
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