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Reals in the Jaina Metaphysics
response to the stimulation from outside in the vegetable world and in the animal kingdom it produces for itself a special organ, the brain.
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SPENCER, HAECKEL, LEWES
of
Inspite of the prevalence of the doctrines of Bradley and his school, the present age is pre-eminently the age realism. The "transfigured realism" of Spencer, believing, as it does, in "some objective existence manifested under some conditions" is akin to the position of Ernst Haeckel who says: "We adhere firmly to the pure, unequivocal monism of Spinoza: Matter of infinitely extended substance and spirit (or Energy) or sensitive and thinking substance are the two fundamental attributes or principal properties of the all-embracing divine essence of the world, the universal substance". The "reasoned realism" of Lewes and what Spencer calls the 'hypothetical realism' are not materially different from his theory; they differ from the latter only in respect of the psychological way of getting at the not-self. If we leave out of account their attempt at giving their systems a monistic colour, the realism of Spencer and Haeckel would appear to be but modified forms of 'natural realism', which attributes independent reality to both mind and matter.
MATERIALISTIC THEORIES IN INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
In the Indian systems of Philosophy a persistent tendency to recognise matter as an independent reality is not less prominent. Some of the earliest Upanisads make mention of thinkers who do not believe in the doctrines of the soul and its continued existence.
ÇĀRVĀKA SCHOOL
The Çārvāka's were certainly out-and-out materialists, in asserting, as they did, that matter was the only fundamental reality.
ŠUNYAVĀDA
Among the Buddhists, the Sūṇyavādin's denied the
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