Studies In Umasvati And His Tattvartha Sutra

Author(s): G C Tripathi, Ashokkumar Singh
Publisher: Bhogilal Laherchand Institute of Indology

Page 123

Sources of Meditation in Tattvārthasūtra from Jaina ... 113 Dhammajjhāņa is also of four types, such as, contemplation on scripture (ānāvijae), meditation upon faults arising upon passions (avāyavijae), meditation upon the intensity of karmas (vivāgavijae) and meditation upon the form of universe, continent, ocean, etc. (samhānavijae). The characteristic features of dhammajjhāņa are—liking produced by the order, teaching of the Omniscient (āņārui), natural faith or inclination (ạisaggarui), faith in scriptures (suttarui) and love for religion excited by a sermon or a study of scriptures (ogādharui). The four types of support or basis are-reading of holy scripture (vāyaṇā), doing work by the permission of Guru (padipucchaņā), to discuss or examine the meaning of the sutra (pariyaaņā) and contemplation (aņuppehā). Four types of anuppehā discussed in the canons are—contemplation upon the solitariness of the soul (egāņuppehā), contemplation upon impermanence of wealth etc. (aņiccāņuppehā), contemplation upon soul's helplessness in the world (asaraņāņuppehā) and contemplation that the world is endless, full of troubles, etc. (samsārāņuppehā).
The features of sukkajjhāņa are—free from affliction (avvahe), free from bewilderment (asammohe), abandoning a thing fit to be abandoned (vivege) and checking all the activities of the body (viussagge). The basis or support of sukkajjhāņa is patience (khamti), emancipation from karmic bondage (mutti), straight forwardness (ajjave) and politeness (maddave). Four types of contemplations are—deep meditation on emancipation (anamtavattīyāņuppeha), meditation that every object changes at different times (vippariņāmānuppehā), meditation upon the evils of worldly existence and meditation upon the influx of karman, etc. (avayāņuppehā)..
The source of meditation can be traced even in the PreVedic stage. The idols found in the excavation of Mohenjodoro has various meditative postures. In the Veda also meditation has been admitted by means of both yoga and austerity. Even then the rituals are believed to be the gate-way of emancipation