Book Title: Studies In Umasvati And His Tattvartha Sutra
Author(s): G C Tripathi, Ashokkumar Singh
Publisher: Bhogilal Laherchand Institute of Indology
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138 Studies in Umāsvāti
permanency of the purusa and the pariņāmi-nityatā, of the qualities.14
B. Dualism: TS and YS The soul has been variously conceived by philosophers. The yoga and the Jain systems of philosophy believe in the distinct existence of soul and matter, so they are dualists.
(a) TS: TS accepts the soul (jīva) and matter (ajīva or pudgala) are only partially different.15 The non-dualist and other systems don't assign a common origin of soul and the matter, so the only alternative is to accept two distinct substrata to account for the soul and the matter. But absolute distinction and opposition can find meaning, only when one entity is existent and other is nonexistent. Jaina view of the relation of the soul and the matter is partial difference and partial agreement between them. This view is as distinction-cum-non-distinction or ‘kathañcit bhedābheda'.
Jaina dualism admits the contribution of both soul and matter in the world process. If the dualism of the soul and the matter is admitted, a relationship between them must also be accepted.
According to the Jaina system, a substance cannot transform its attributes to those of another substance. All substances manifest by themselves. 16 TS formulates the theory of auxiliary causation (nimitta) to explain the relation between the soul and the matter. Different substances work in coordination with each other (thereby maintaining their individuality) and also helping each other's functions. According to this theory, there is no mutual transformation of two substances or their attributes. The one by accepting the virtual action (upakāra) of the other undergoes transformation in its own constitution. This theory presupposes a capacity in both the soul and the matter by virtue of which the mutual upakāra becomes possible.17
Interaction and parallelism are two main theories of soul and the matter relation. Above mentioned causation (nimitta)
