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Society, Epistemology and Logic in Indian Tradition
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and (ii) Vikala. Sakala pāramārthika perception is Kevalajñāna and vikala pāramārthika perception is of two types - (i) Avadhijñāna (ii) Manaḥparyāyajñāna.
PART II AN APPRAISAL OF CONTRIBUTION TO
EPISTEMOLOGICAL DOCTRINES The fivefold knowledge i.e. matijñāna(sensuous knowledge), śrutajñāna(scriptural or verbal knowledge), avadhijñāna (visual intuition), manaḥparyāyajñāna (intuition of mental modes) and kevala-jñāna (pure and perfect knowledge) is an original contribution of Jaina tradition which was maintained by the Jaina logicians by including it in the twofold pramāṇas.
Now we should highlight the points on which Jaina logicians contributed to the Indian epistemology and logic regarding pramāņa. The main contributions of the Jaina logicians are as follows: (i) Definition of pramāņa and its nature illuminating the self
and the object. (ii) Establishment of recollection (smrti) as an independent
pramāņa. (iii) Establishment of recognition (pratyabhijñāna) as an
independent pramāņa. (iv) Establishment of inductive reasoning (tarka) as an
independent pramāņa. Definition of probans (hetu) as incompatibility with the contradictory (anyathānupapatti).
