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Jaina Epistemology and Logic: Development and Doctrines
This is the only characteristic of probans; for example, smoke a probans cannot exist in the absence of a probandum fire.
The Jaina philosophers have refuted the notion of triple characteristics (trairūpya) and five characteristics (pāñcarūpya) of probans maintained by Buddhists and Naiyāyikas respectively. The Jaina philosophers right from Siddhasena down to Yaśovijaya have indifferently propounded that a probans has only one characteristic and that is the certainty of logical impossibility of that (probans) in the absence of probandum. It is having the sole and solitary characteristic of standing in necessary concomitance with the probandum. Pātrasvāmin was profound logician who wrote a separate book Trilaksanakadarthana to refute the Buddhist view. Buddhust logician Śantarakṣita has criticized the view of Pātrasvāmin, but the Jaina logicians have firmly defended their views. The main arguments of the Jaina philosophers are as follows:33
1. The sole and solitary characteristic of standing in necessary concomitance with the probandum is sufficient for defining probans. Three or five characteristics are not required for a valid probans. There are some probans (hetus) possessed of three characteristics, but devoid of validity, e.g.he must be swarthy in complexion since he is the son of Maitreyī(a woman of swarthy complexion). It is an instance of a defective probans," although, here triple characteristics have been used. 'Tatpūtratvāt' propabans remain in maitreyi's son which is subject (pakṣa), other "For references of arguments see Jain, Dharm Chand (1995) pp. 223 to 234 (i) TSn 1369: Sa śyāmās tasyā putratvād dṛstā śyāmā yathetare | Iti tri-lakṣaṇo hetur na niscityai pravartate || (ii) PP p. 45: sa- syāmaḥ tat-putratvād tasyāanyaputravat.
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