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Jaina Epistemology and Logic : Development and Doctrines
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Ācārya Hemacandra says that refutation of triple characteristics (trairūpya) will also serve as a refutation of the five characteristics (pāñca-rūpya). Since this is nothing but an elaboration of universal concomitance.
Thus it is a new perspective of Jaina logic which speaks of the deep and penetrative thinking of Jaina logicians. (vi) Establishment of new probans (such as kāraṇa etc.):
The Jaina logicians propounded four new probans also, namely kāraṇa (cause), pūrvacara, (predecessor), uttaracara (successor), sahacara (simultaneous). These kinds of probans have not been accepted by other Indian systems. The Jaina logicians propose so many examples of these probans as means of inference. “There would be rain, since a particular type of clouds is seen” is an example of kāraṇa hetu. “Sakața constellation would rise because otherwise the rise of krttika would not have been there” is an example of pūrvacara hetu. Here, after the rise of krttikā the rise of the sakața takes place immediately after it, without exception, and therefore, the kṛttikā indicates the rise of the sakața as its predecessor reason. “Bharaṇī rose before, because kịttikā is rising” is an example of uttaracara probans. Here the rise of krttikā which succeeds the rise of Bharani indicates it. These Two pūrvacara and uttaracara are different from the cause and effect as they are mediated by the obstacle of time. “The fruit of mango should be possessed of a colour because the fact of being possessed of taste”-is an example of sahacara hetu. Here taste which is always simultaneous with the colour being not justified in its absence indicates it. All these probans are valid because of their invariable concomitance with their probandum.
