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Jaina Epistemology and Logic: Development and Doctrines
life. For example: back part of a wall is inferred by perceiving front part of it.
121
It seems clear that the Jaina logicians have accepted these probans, because of their corresponding nature in behavior. It is also clear that they are very precise in defining the probans (hetu) but they have elaborately conceived kinds and sub-kinds of probans (hetu).
38
Regarding the members of syllogism (parārthānumāna), the Jaina logicians have propounded that pakṣa-vacana (the statement of the thesis) and hetu (probans) these two members are sufficient for an inference for others (parārthānumāna), but for the dull minded persons, they have accepted five members including udaharana (illustration with concomitance), upanaya (statement of probans in the place of probandum) and nigamana (conclusion). One more contribution of Jaina logicians is to introduce a concept of antarvyāpti, where invariable concomitance of probans is found in probandum only.
Theroy of standpoints (nayavāda) :
Nayamīmāmsā is also a dimension of epistemology which has been discussed extensively by Jaina philosophers. Pramāṇa-mīmāmsā and nayamīmāmsā are not absolutely different from jñānamīmāmsā. The Tattvärthasūtra of Umāsvāti propounds clearly that knowledge of an object is attained by pramāṇa and naya". Herein it is also clear that adhigama (knowledge) is a resultant and pramāņa and naya are the means. pramāņa and jñāna are the terms which are
38PT 3.28 and 3.42
"TS 1.6: pramāṇa-nayairadhigamaḥ.
