________________
Society, Epistemology and Logic in Indian Tradition
160
2. Sthāpanā Nikșepa - When a word is used for an artificial identity of a person, thing etc. representing its original identity then it is called “Sthāpanā nikṣepa’. Through this nikṣepa a real character is understood in its image, picture, role etc. For example Rāma was a son of king Dasharatha, but through Sthāpanā niksepa Rāma word can be used for his statue or for a dramatist playing a role of Rāma. By this nikṣepa a child understands a picture of peacock as a real peacock. An idol of Mahāvīra is treated as Tīrthankara Mahāvīra by this nikṣepa. 3. Dravya nikṣepa - In dravya nikṣepaa word is used for a person, thing etc. on the basis of its past and future state. For example a student studying in a medical college may be called doctor on the basis of his future position. A patavārī (a person serving in a village for farms measurement etc.) even after his retirement called as patavārī on the basis of his past position. 4. Bhāva nikṣepa - when an activity is also performed according to the use of a word then that is called bhāva nikṣepa. for example when a person is engaged in teaching, then the use of teacher word is proper in the light of bhāva nikṣepa. Thus use of word dancer is quite proper at the time of a person's dancing activity
The concept of niksepa is useful for finding a proper meaning of a canonical word, but it is also useful in our daily life as well. Conclusion
Theory of naya is ancient, unique and an original contribution of Jaina thinkers to the Indian tradition. It is clearly found in Anuyogadvāra sūtra and Tattvārthasūtra. Application of drayārthika naya and paryāyārthika naya is very much
