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Society, Epistemology and Logic in Indian Tradition
sons are homologue (sapakṣa) and that probans does not go into hetrologue (vipkṣa). But it is not necessary that every son of Maitreyī will be swarthy in complexion. So in the absence of necessary factor of universal concomitance the three characteristics are useless.
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There are many probans which are not possessed of triple characteristics but they are competent, because of having a unitary characteristic of necessary concomitance with the probandum; for example tomorrow will be Thursday because today is Wednesday. Śakața constellation will arise after some time (muhurta), because the krttika constellation has just arisen," are such probans which do not have triple characteristics (Trirūpatā), but competent enough for the inferential cognition of a probandum. The only one characteristic of Anyathānupapatti is needed to define a probans. Pātrakesarin says (As quoted in Tattvasangraha (verse 1368) of Buddhist Philosopher Śāntaraksta)
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anyatha-nupapannattvam yatra tatra trayeņa kim. nānyatha-nupapannattvam yatra tatra trayeṇa kim.
Vidyananda gives two arguments to prove the illegitimacy of triple characteristics of probans as under:"
(i)
It is found in fallacious probans also.
(ii)
It is not a differentia to distinguish a probans from a pseudo-probans.
"Clavel has discissed in her paper presented at Lumbini Seminar (12-15 March 2013) that this inference may not happen right in some cases. See proceedings as 'Buddhist and Jaina Studies'.
36TSV part 3 p. 273 na ca trairūpyasyāsādhāraṇatā tadhetau tadābhāsepi tasya samudbhavat. tato na tadhetulakṣaṇam yuktam.
