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Śūtra 25 :)
Path of Emancipation
dharma, artha, kama and mokşa is a case of anarthadanda.
The sâmāyika has a negative as well as a positive aspect, the former standing for abstinence from all sinful activities and the latter for the practice of such activities as are free from any kind of violence.
The deśāvakasika is to be distinguished from the dig vrata in that the former is done daily afresh, while the latter is undertaken for a longer period of time, or for the whole life. The word pausadha is derived from Skt. upavasatha (cf. Pali uposatha). Originally it stood for a disciple sitting beside his teacher for instruction in spirituality. In course of time the word came to stand for the sacred days of a fortnight, such as the new and full moon days including the fourteenth day, and later on, the eighth and other days also. Fasting in some form or other was observed on the sacred days.
The Jaina and Buddhist conceptions of pausadha are to be understood in this background. In Buddhism, the monks did not fast on the uposatha day, but it was compulsory for them to assemble and recite the pātimokkha, a Buddhist counterpart of Jaina pratikramaņa text, which perhaps served as a model for the Buddhists.
Abstaining from the pleasure of the five senses such as sounds, and dwelling in the self in deep concentration is upavāsa or fasting, wherein one gives up food and drink for one or more days, and does not take bath or avoids cosmetics and garlands, and desists from all sinful activities thereby spending the time in yogic posture. He remains vigilant and self-aware during the whole length of fastings. He observes strict celibacy.
The last supplementary vow prescribes that the śrävaka should offer food, drink, etc., to the monastic order avoiding all blemishes of pindaisaņā. P%. TXA--ATA1f04-0108-Fiat 11-19-alaattiajoutfęcz
वर्जन-श्रमणभूताश्च प्रतिमाः।
द्रव्यक्षेत्रकालभावः प्रतिमोयमानः साधनाविशेषः प्रतिमा । 25. darśana-vrata-sāmāyika-pauşadha-kāyotsarga-brahma-sacittārambha
preşyoddisfavarjana-śramanabhūtāś ca pratimāḥ. "dravyakşetrakālabhāvaiḥ pratimīyamānaḥ sādhanāvišeṣaḥ pratimā.
(Aph.) The intensive courses also (prescribed for a layman) are : (i) faith, (ii) vows, (iii) sāmāyika, (iv) paușadha, (v) käyotsarga, (vi) celibacy, (vii) abstinence from live food, (viii) abstinence from activities involving injury to life, (ix) abstinence from activities through deputies, (x) abstinence from food prepared for oneself, and (xi) conduct like that of a monk. (XXV)
(Gloss) Pratimā is an intensive discipline which is measured in point of excellence by means of stages attained by the practiser in respect of his personal ability (dravya), place (kşetra), time (kāla) and his mental dispositions (bhāva).
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