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Sütras 27-28 ) Cognition, Ways of Approach, Transferred Epithet 787
Of them (viz the seven nayas), the first three focus attention on the unitive aspect of things quâ substance. The last four have reference to the variation of modes.
(Note) This naya "affirms that only the actualized meaning of the word is the real meaning. The word signifies an action and the fact which actually exercises the action should be regarded as the real meaning. So the ghata should mean the jar which actually draws water and not the jar which remains idle in a corner of the room. The latter does not possess the connotation and so cannot be designated by the word. Thus the king is the person who actually exercises sovereignty, the minister is one who actually exercises the function of a counsellor and framer of state policy. So when the king is engaged in domestic affairs or talking to his wife, he is not the king proper. The exponent of the preceding approach hits upon the truth that difference of words entails difference of meaning, but he fails to grasp the real significance of connotation when he affixes the word to the fact which is bereft of the action connoted by it, The idle jar is as different and distinct from the water-carrying jar as the pen. If, however, the word could signify a fact devoid of the connotation there is no logic why it would not be labelled upon a different fact having a different connotation. Light, for instance, means an entity which actually illuminates. If it could be affixed to a lamp which has gone out it could with equal logical propriety be affixed to an opaque stone".-Nayas-Ways of Approach and Observation (by Dr. N. Tatia), p. 80.
२७. निश्चयो व्यवहारांचापि । : afraiefferent fray: 1 791-79T: Yaqut: 1 07746
statatoffarut OTTERT: 1991-7#T: grurauf: 1 27. niscayo vyavahāraś capi.
tāttvikārthābhidhāyi niscayah. yathā-bhramaraḥ pañcavarṇaḥ. lokapratītārthāmnāyī vyavahāraḥ. yathā-bhramaraḥ kṣşộavarṇaḥ.
(Aph.) (The naya is also divided into two varieties, viz.) scientific (appraisal) and popular (estimate). (XXVII)
(Gloss) The scientific appraisal gives expression to the real nature of the thing; for instance, the black bee (bhramara) is said to possess five colours. The popular estimate takes cognizance of the character of a real as it is understood by common people; for instance, bhramara is popularly called a black bee
तत्वार्थ निश्चयो वक्ति व्यवहारस्तथोवितम् ।
tattvārtham niscayo vakti vyavahāras tathoditam. The scientific appraisal gives out the real nature of a thing as it is, whereas a popular 'estimate is guided by common sense. २८. द्रव्यपर्यायात्मकं वस्तु प्रमेयम् ।
प्रमाणविषय इति यावत् ।
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