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Sütras 16-17 ] Cognition, Ways of Approach, Transferred Epithet
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Fire is the efficient cause of smoke and there is no necessity that the effect should be associated with the efficient cause throughout its carrer. But the effect is necessarily bound up with the efficient cause in the stage of inception. The smoke which is actually originating should, therefore, be the logical ground for inference. १६. आप्तवचनावर्थज्ञानमागमः।
यथावस्थितवस्तुविद् तथोपदेशकश्च आप्तः । 16. áptavacanād arthajñānam āgamaḥ.
yathāvasthitavastuvid tathopadeśakaś ca āptaḥ.
(Aph.) Verbal testimony is the knowledge of the meaning of a statement made by a person of unimpeachable authority. (XVI)
(Gloss) A person of unimpeachable authority is one who has knowledge of an object as it is and who states it in strict conformity with his knowledge. १७. प्रश्नवशादेकस्मिन् वस्तुन्पविरोधेन स्याल्लाञ्छिता विधिनिषेध कल्पना
GAWEI यथा स्यादस्त्येव घटः । स्यान्नास्त्येव घटः । स्यादस्त्येव, स्यान्नास्त्येव : घटः । स्यादवक्तव्यमेव घटः । स्यादस्त्येव, स्यादवक्तव्यमेव घटः । स्यान्नास्त्येव, स्यादवक्तव्यमेव घटः । स्यादस्त्येव, स्यान्नास्त्येव, स्यादवक्तव्यमेव घटः ।
17. praśnavasād ekasmin vastuny avirodhena syällāñchitā vidhinişedha,
kalpanā saptabhangi.
yathā syād asty eva ghataḥ. syān nästy eva ghataḥ. syād asty eva, syān nästy eva ghataḥ. syād avaktavyam eva ghataḥ. syād asty eva, syäd avaktavyam eva ghataḥ. syān nāsty eva, syād avaktavyam eva ghataḥ. syād asty eva, syān nāsty eva, syād avaktavyam eva ghataḥ.
(Aph.) The affirmation of a positive and a negative predicate in respect of an identical subject, in pursuance of an enquiry, without incurring logical contradiction, and prefixed by the proviso syād (that is, in different contexts) constitutes sevenfold predication. (XVII)
(Gloss) For example, (i) 'In a particular context, the jar exists as a matter of factual necessity'. Similarly, (ii) 'In another context, the jar does not exist as a matter of factual necessity'. (iii) 'In another context, the jar both does exist and does not exist as a matter of factual necessity'. (iv) 'In another context, the jar is inexpressible as a matter of factual nece
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