Sramana 2010 04

Author(s): Ashok Kumar Singh, Shreeprakash Pandey
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525072/1

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ISSN-0972-1002 SRAMANA A Quarterly Research Journal of Jainology Vol. LXI N o. II_April-June 2010 pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI rukmiNI devI dIpacanda gADI prAkRta evaM jaina vidyA ucca adhyayana kendra vidyApI 2 Parsvanatha Vidyapitha, Varanasi pArzva nA tha vi dyA pITha, vA rA Na sI

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zramaNa SRAMANA A Quarterly Research Journal of Jainology Vol. LXI No. II April-June 2010 EDITOR Prof. Sudarshan Lal Jain JOINT EDITOR Dr. Shriprakash Pandey Publisher Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi (Recognized by Banaras Hindu University as an external Research Centre)

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zramaNa SRAMANA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI traimAsika zodha-patrikA A Quarterly Research Journal of Parsvanatha Vidyapitha Vol. LXI No. II April-June 2010 ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Shugan C. Jain, Chairman, Advisory Board Prof. Cromwell Crawford, Univ. of Hawaii Prof. Anne Vallely, Univ. of Canada Prof. Peter Flugel, SOAS, London Prof. Christopher Key Chapple, Univ. of Loyola, USA Prof. Ramjee Singh, Bhagalpur Prof. Sagarmal Jain, Shajapur Prof. K.C. Sogani, Jaipur Prof. D.N. Bhargava, Jaipur EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. S. L. Jain, Director, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth Dr. S. P, Pandey, Asst. Director, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth Prof. M.N.P. Tiwari, Dept. of History of Art, B.H.U., Varanasi-5 Prof. K. K. Jain, Dept. of Jaina Evam Bauddha Darshan, B.H.U. Prof. Viney Jain, J-972, F.F. Palam Vihar, Gurgaon-7 Dr. A. P. Singh, Dept. of An. History, S.B.P.G.College, Sikandarpur, Ballia. ISSN: 0972-1002 Subscription Patron: Rs. 5,000.00 Annual Membership Life Membership For Institutions : Rs. 500.00 For Institutions : Rs. 5000.00 For Individuals : Rs. 150.00 For Individuals : Rs. 1000.00 Per Issue Price : Rs. 50.00 Membership fee can be sent in the favour of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth Published by Shri Indrabhooti Barar, for Parshwanath Vidyapeeth I. T. I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-221005, Ph. 911-0542-2575521, 2575890, Email: pvri@sify.com, pvvaranasi@gmail.com Type setting-V. C. Mishra, Parvatipuri Colony, Varanasi Printed at- Mahaveer Press, Bhelupur, Varanasi-221010 Pub

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sampAdakIya 'zramaNa' ke bar3hate caraNa paMjAba kezarI parama pUjya zrI sohanalAla jI mahArAja kI puNya smRti meM Aja se 73 varSa pUrva (I. 1937) 'pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama' kI sthApanA vArANasI meM kI gaI thii| kAlAntara meM isa ucca zodha zikSaNa saMsthAna kA nAma 'pArzvanAtha vidyApITha' kara diyA gyaa| I. san 1949 navambara se paM. kRSNacandrAcArya (muni jI) ke sampAdakatva meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha se 'zramaNa' nAma se mAsika-patrikA kA prakAzana prArambha kiyA gyaa| jaina dharma, darzana, purAtattva, saMskRti, kalA, itihAsa, kAvya, Agama Adi se sambandhita zodhAtmaka lekhoM se susajjita isa patrikA ne zIghra hI samAja meM aura vidvajjagat meM zIrSa sthAna prApta kara liyaa| kAlAntara meM zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina (pUrva adhyakSa) ke pitA svanAma dhanya sva. zrI lAlA harajasarAya jo isa vidyApITha ke prathama maMtrI the, ke satprayAsoM se alpAvadhi meM hI yaha patrikA lokapriya ho gii| ___ 'zramaNa' kA prakAzana 40 varSoM (I. 1989) taka nirantara mAsika patrikA ke rUpa meM hotA rhaa| isake bAda varSa 48 (I. 1997) taka tIna-tIna aMkoM ko eka sAtha jor3akara traimAsika kara diyA gyaa| pazcAt varSa 49 (I. 1990) se isa mAsika patrikA ko vidhivat traimAsika banA diyA gyaa| taba se nirantara yaha traimAsika hI prakAzita ho rahI hai| bIca-bIca meM aparihArya kAraNoM se dodo aMkoM ke saMyuktAGka (SANmAsika) nikAle ge| isake pichale donoM aMka saMyuktAGka hI prakAzita hue haiN| maiMne isa vidyApITha meM 11 mArca 2010 se nidezaka kA pada bhAra grahaNa kiyA hai tathA 1.6.2010 se sampAdaka ke rUpa meM kArya karanA prArambha kiyA hai| aba merA prayAsa hogA ki samaya se zramaNa Apake pAsa pahu~ca jaae| isameM Apake sahayoga kI bhI apekSA hai| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke vartamAna adhyakSa zrI ramezacandra barar3a tathA maMtrI zrI indrabhUti barar3a ne isa dizA meM pUrNa sahayoga dene kA AzvAsana diyA hai| vidyApITha ke variSTha upAdhyakSa tathA adhyakSa, parAmarza maMDala, zramaNa, DaoN. zugana canda jaina bhI isa dizA meM pUrNa sahayoga de rahe haiN| unhoMne isakI ucca guNavattA banAe rakhane ke lie 'zramaNa' kA parAmarza maNDala bhI banA diyA hai| isameM bhAratavarSIya tathA

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iv: zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna 10 videzI vidvAnoM ko jor3A gayA hai jisase yaha patrikA videzoM meM bhI apane caraNa majabUtI se jamA ske| hama isameM kucha nae AyAma jor3anA cAhate haiM jisase yaha vidvAnoM ke sAtha jana sAmAnya ke lie bhI pratIkSaNIya ho jaae| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina jo isa vidyApITha ke pUrva nidezaka rahe haiM tathA vartamAna meM Apa apane prAcya vidyApITha ke saMcAlaka va nidezaka hokara bhI isa vidyApITha ke saMrakSaka sadasya bhI haiM, ne I. san. 1999 meM I. san 1997 taka zramaNa meM prakAzita lekhoM kI sUcI ( varSa kramAnusAra, lekhakAnusAra tathA viSayAnusAra) 'zramaNa atIta ke jharokhe meM zIrSaka se prakAzita kI thii| Age ke lekhoM kI adyatana sUcI ko hama zramaNa ke akTUbara-disambara 2010 ke aMka meM prakAzita kreNge| 'zramaNa' kI guNavattA ke bAre meM ApakI sammatiyA~ aura sujhAva Amantrita haiN| Apase prApta sammatiyoM ko hama patrikA meM saMkSepa meM prakAzita kreNge| hama yaha bhI cAhate haiM ki patrikA meM vibhinna matoM ko to diyA jAe parantu vivAdAtmaka lekha na chApe jaaeN| lekha tulanAtmaka tathA vaijJAnika paddhati se likhe gae hoM, sAtha hI tarkasaMgata aura Agama pramANa se saMpuSTa hoN| yadi kisI lekha vizeSa meM koI vivAdAspada kathana AtA bhI hai to use lekhaka kA mantavya mAnA jAya, zramaNa sampAdakoM kA nhiiN| yadyapi isa aMka ke prakAzana meM sAvadhAnI vartI gaI hai phira bhI samayAbhAva ke kAraNa kucha azuddhiyA~ raha gaI haiM / hama AzA karate haiM pAThakagaNa hameM kSamA kreNge| hama pUrA prayAsa kareMge ki AgAmI aMkoM meM azuddhiyA~ na rheN| sampAdaka sudarzanalAla jaina

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MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY BOARD (ACADEMIC COUNCIL) PARSHWANATH VIDYAPEETH 1. Prof. Cromwell Crawford, Academic Director, International School for Jaina Studies, 261 Anapalau Place, Honolulu, Hawaii. 2. Prof. Sagarmal Jain, Founder. Director, Prachya Vidyapeeth, Dupada Road, Shajapur -465001 (M.P.) 3. Prof. K. D. Tripathi, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of S. V. D. V. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 4. Prof. M. N. P. Tiwari, Dept. of History of Art, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005 5. Prof. Dharmchand Jain, Head, Dept. of Sanskrit, J. N.Vyas University, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) 6. Prof. S. L. Jain, Director (Research), Parshwanath Vidyapeeth 7. Prof. Phoolchand Jain 'Premi', Head, Dept. of Jaina Darshana Sampurnanand Sanskrit University, Varanasi-221002 8. Dr. Shugan Chand Jain, D-28, Panchsheel Enclave, New Delhi 9. Dr. Suresh Sisodiya, Director, Acharya Shri Nanesh Dhyan Kendra, 101, Basant Vihar, Sundarwas, Udaipur-313001 10. Dr. A. P. Singh, Associate Professor, Dept. of Ancient History, Shree Bajarang P.G. Degree College, Sikandarpur, Ballia (U.P)

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List of the Honorable Members Management Committee Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi Management Committee Designation Place 1. Sh. Romesh Chandra Barar President Faridabad, Haryana 2. Dr. Shugan Chand Jain Vice President New Delhi 3. Sh Subhash Oswal Vice President New Delhi Vice President New Delhi 4. Sh Vijay Kumar Jain 5. Kunvar Sh. Vijayanand Singh Vice President Varanasi, UP 6. Sh. Indrabhooti Barar Hon. Secretary Faridabad, Haryana 7. Sh. Ram Sharan Gupta Joint Secretary Faridabad, Haryana Treasurer New Delhi 8. Sh. Arun Jain 9. Dr. Megh Kumar Jain Member USA 10. Dr. Sulekh C. Jain Member USA 11. Sh. Arun Barar Member Faridabad, Haryana 12. Sh. Prathemesh Barar Member Faridabad, Haryana 13. Sh. Sanjay Kumar Jain Member Faridabad, Haryana 14. Dr. (Mrs.) Kamal Jain Member Gurgaon, Haryana 15. Sh. D. K. Jain Member New Delhi 16. Sh. Rohit Jain Member Faridabad, Haryana 17. Sh. Tilak Chand Jain Member Allahabad, UP 18. Sh. Dhanpat Raj Bhansali Member Varanasi, UP 19. Sh. Satish Chand Jain Member Varanasi, UP

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zramaNa apraila-jUna 2010 viSayasUcI 1. Adarza aura svastha jIvana jIne kI kalA -DaoN. sohanarAja tAter3a 01-10 2. jaina sAhitya meM varNita vAstukalAH eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana -DaoN. hukumacanda jaina evaM DaoN. indubAlA jaina 11-21 3. jainAgamoM meM zikSA kA svarUpa -dulIcanda jaina 22-33 4. prAkRta sAhitya meM aMkita nArI -DaoN. alpanA jaina 34-44 5. jaina dharma meM zAnti kI avadhAraNA -pro0 sAgaramala jaina, anuvAdaka-DaoN. rAjendra kumAra jaina 45-65 6. sAmAjika krAnti aura jaina dharma -DaoN. Ananda kumAra zarmA 66-71 7. tIrthakarakAlIna zramaNiyoM para eka vicAra dRSTi -sAdhvI vijayazrI AryA 72-74 8. Contribution of Acarya Mahaprajna to the World of Philosophy - Samani Dr. Shashiprajna 75-83 9. Karuna and the significance of its Social Implementation - Dulichand Jain 84-89 . 10. Potentials of Tourism with Reference to Varanasi and its Jaina Places -Vivek Tiwari 90-97 viziSTa vyaktitva 98-99 jijJAsA aura samAdhAna 100-108 vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM| 109-115 jaina jagat 116-118 sAhitya satkAra 119-120

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zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 apraila-jUna 2010 Adarza aura svastha jIvana jIne kI kalA DaoN. sohanarAja tAter3a [ isa Alekha meM AcArya zrI mahAprajJa aura unake sAhitya ko mAdhyama banAkara eka Adarza aura svastha jIvana jIne kI kalA ko batalAyA gayA hai| jaina siddhAntoM ko Adhunika vijJAna ke sAtha jor3ate hue navIna rUpa meM rUpAyita kiyA gayA hai| kuMDalinI ko tejolezyA batalAyA hai | zarIra, mana, karma aura AtmA kA samyak samanvaya karate hue bhAvanAoM kA zarIra para kyA prabhAva par3atA hai? lezyA ke raMgoM kA tathA dhyAna kA zarIra para kaisA asara par3atA hai? ina vivecanoM ke mAdhyama se Alekha ko upayogI banAyA gayA hai|] darzana, nyAya kI aneka gahana pustakoM kA adhyayana karake muni nathamala eka ora prakhara dArzanika bane to dUsarI ora saMskRta, prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana karake una bhASAoM ke prakANDa vidvAn bhI bana gye| banArasa ke saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya meM unhoMne dhArApravAha saMskRta meM pravacana evaM Azukavitva kiyaa| unake pAMDityapUrNa pravacana ko sunakara paMDitoM ne kahA - "lagatA hai inhoMne karNa pizAcinI vidyA ko siddha kara rakhA hai|' bambaI meM bhAratIya vidyA bhavana meM aneka ucca koTi ke saMskRta vidvAnoM ke bIca muni nathamala kA pravacana huA, use sunakara kucha prophesaroM ne pUchA- 'Apane kisa vizvavidyAlaya meM adhyayana kiyA hai? " muni nathamala ne kahA- tulasI vizvavidyAlaya meN| isa nAma ko sunakara prophesara Azcarya cakita raha gye| muni nathamala ne Age calate AcArya zrI tulasI kI ora saMketa karate hue kahA- vaha hai hamArA calatA phiratA vizvavidyAlaya | AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ke anusAra adhyAtma ke mUlabhUta AdhAra do haiM- AtmA aura karma / yadi hama AtmA aura karma ko haTA leM to adhyAtma AdhAra zUnya ho jaayegaa| adhyAtma kI samUcI kalpanA aura vyavasthA isa AdhAra para hai ki AtmA ko karma se mukta karanA hai| yadi AtmA nahIM hai to kise mukta kiyA jAya ? yadi karma nahIM hai to kisase mukta kiyA jAya ? " AtmA ko karma se mukta karanA hai" isa sImA meM samUcA adhyAtma samA jAtA hai|' AcArya zrI mahAprajJa svayaM eka mahAn adhyAtmayogI the| unhoMne sAdhanA ke daurAna jo AtmAnubhava kiyA, usakA spaSTa vivecana unake sAhitya meM upalabdha hotA hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa kI dRSTi se zikSA praNAlI meM saMtulana sthApita karane vAle mukhya cAra tattva haiM- (1) prANadhArA kA saMtulana, (2) jaivika saMtulana, (3) kSamatA kI AsthA kA jAgaraNa tathA (4) pariSkAra - dRSTikoNa, bhAvanA evaM vyavahAra

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2 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 kA prisskaar| mAnasika ora bhAvanAtmaka vikAsa ke lie prANadhArA kA vikAsa aura saMtulana Avazyaka hai| prANa ke do pravAha haiM- Ir3A aura piNglaa| ye prAcIna yogazAstrIya nAma haiN| Aja ke zarIra zAstrIya bhASA meM eka kA nAma hai-anukaMpI nAr3I taMtra aura dUsarI kA nAma hai-parAnukampI nAr3I tNtr| prANa ke ina donoM pravAhoM meM jaba taka saMtulana nahIM hotA taba taka hama jisa prakAra ke vyaktitva kI parikalpanA karate haiM, vaha parikalpanA sArthaka nahIM hotii| jaba prANa kA eka pravAha adhika sakriya ho jAtA hai to uddaNDatA aura ucchaMkhalatA panapatI hai, hiMsA aura tor3aphor3a kI vRtti bar3hatI hai| yaha sArA kArya dAIM prANadhArA kI sakriyatA kA pariNAma hai| yadi prANadhArA kA bAMyA pravAha sakriya hotA hai to vyakti meM hIna bhAvanA kA vikAsa hotA hai, bhaya kI vRtti bar3hatI hai, durbalatA AtI hai| donoM kA saMtulana hone para saMtulita vyaktitva kA nirmANa hotA hai| isake lie samavRtti-zvAsa-prekSA kA abhyAsa bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa kA mAnavatA ko avadAna "prekSAdhyAna" meM samavRtti zvAsaprekSA kA gahana vivecana upalabdha hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ne prekSAdhyAna-upasaMpadA ke pA~ca nimna sUtra die, jinakI sAdhanA satat aura pratyeka kriyA ke sAtha ho sakatI hai1. bhAvakriyA-upasaMpadA kA pahalA sUtra hai bhAva kriyaa| jisa kriyA-kAla meM jo bhAva hai, vaha bhAva pUrNa-kriyAkAla meM banA rahe, isI kA nAma bhAva kriyA hai| 2. pratikriyA virati-upasaMpadA kA dUsarA sUtra hai-pratikriyA virti| kriyA karanA pratikriyA nahIM krnaa| 3.. maitrI-upasaMpadA kA tIsarA sUtra hai maitrii| maitrI kA artha hai-sabameM Atmopamya buddhi kA vikAsa, AtmAnubhUti kA vikaas| arthAt jaisI AtmA mere meM hai vaisI hI AtmA dUsare meM hai, isa prakAra kI AtmatultA kA anubhava hI yathArtha rUpa meM maitrI hai| . 4. mitabhASaNa- AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ke anusAra-bhASA caMcalatA bar3hAne vAlI hai| jo acaMcala hone kI sAdhanA karanA cAhate haiM, unake lie yathAvakAza, yathocita vANI kA saMyama Avazyaka hai| mitabhASaNa usI kA prayoga hai|' bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI mauna (vacana gupti) ke mahattva ko batAte hue upadeza diyA-vacana gupti ke dvArA manuSya nirvicAratA ko prApta karatA hai| 5, mitAhAra-upasaMpadA kA pAMcavAM sUtra hai- mitaahaar| sAdhanA kA mUla prayojana hai- ruupaantrnn| rUpAntaraNa ke lie AhAra zuddhi kA abhyAsa Avazyaka

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Adarza aura svastha jIvana jIne kI kalA : 3 hai| hita-mita aura sAttvika AhAra ke abhyAsa se rUpAntaraNa ghaTita hone lagatA hai| jaise-jaise yaha abhyAsa bar3hatA hai, vaise-vaise zarIra kI vidyuta badalatI hai, rasAyana badalatA hai, caitanya kendroM kI sakriyatA bar3hatI hai, usa dina naI duniyAM kA anubhava hotA hai aura taba AdamI isa svara meM kahatA hai-jo sampadA Aja taka nahIM milI, vaha Aja hastagata ho gaI, jo jAgRti Aja taka nahIM AI, vaha Aja A gii| adhyAtma aura vijJAna donoM hI satya kI khoja ke mArga haiN| vaijJAnika yuga meM vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa apekSita hai aura zAMtipUrNa jIvana ke lie AdhyAtmikatA bhI anivArya hai| AdhyAtmikatA + vaijJAnikatA = AdhyAtmika vaijJAnika vyktitv| Aja kI apekSA hai ki vyakti na korA vaijJAnika bane aura na korA AdhyAtmika bane apitu AdhyAtmika-vaijJAnika bne| ina donoM kA yoga hI mAnava jIvana kI hara samasyA kA samAdhAna hai aura jIvana vijJAna kA prasthAna hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ke zabdoM meM-"adhyAtma aura vijJAna eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| donoM kA sApekSa vikAsa jarUrI hai| unakI dRSTi meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI kasauTiyA~ nimna haiM 1. Atmopamya bhAvanA kA vikAsa 2. indriya aura mana para saMyama 3. damita vAsanAoM kA pariSkAra 4. anAsakti kA vikAsa 5. vRtti ke saMdarbha meM sAmAjika aura Arthika paristhiti kA bodha, vaijJAnika vyaktitva kI kasauTI-satya kI khoja, cetanA kI khoja, mAnava kI khojA' kuMDalinI jAgaraNa jaina paramparA ke prAcIna sAhitya meM 'kuMDalinI' zabda kA prayoga nahIM miltaa| utaravartI sAhitya meM isakA prayoga milatA hai, jo ki taMtrazAstra aura haThayoga kA prayoga hai| haThayoga meM kuMDalinI kA jo varNana hai usakI tulanA jaina darzana meM tejolezyA, tejolabdhi se kI jA sakatI hai| AcArya zrI mahAprajJa ke anusAra kuMDalinI kA yadi vaijJAnika vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to yaha hamArI viziSTa prANazakti hai| prANazakti kA vizeSa vikAsa hI kuMDalinI kA jAgaraNa hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra zarIra ke do prakAra haiM-sthUla aura suukssm| asthi carmamaya zarIra sthUla hai| taijasa zarIra sUkSma aura karma zarIra atisUkSma hai| hamAre pAcana, sakriyatA aura tejasvitA kA mUla taijasa zarIra hai| yaha pUre zarIra meM vyApta hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra isake do vizeSa kendra haiM-mastiSka aura nAbhi kA pRSTha bhaag| mana

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4 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna 10 aura zarIra ke bIca sabase bar3A sambandha - - setu mastiSka hai| usase taijasa zakti (prANa zakti) nikalakara zarIra kI sArI kriyAoM kA saMcAlana karatI hai| nAbhi ke pRSTha bhAga meM khAe hue AhAra kA prANa ke rUpa meM parivartana hotA hai| ataH zArIrika dRSTi se mastiSka aura nAbhi kA pRSTha bhAga- ye donoM tejolezyA ke mahattvapUrNa kendra bana jAte haiM / 10 AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ke anusAra kuMDalinI ko jagAne ke aneka hetu haiN| unameM se prekSAdhyAna ke nimna prayoga bhI sazakta mAdhyama banate haiM 1. dIrgha zvAsa prekSA - dIrghazvAsa prekSA kI prakriyA hai| ve likhate haiM- yadi koI vyakti pratidina eka ghaMTA dIrghazvAsa prekSA kA abhyAsa karatA hai to usakI kuMDalinI jAgRta ho jAtI hai| 2. antaryAtrA - antaryAtrA meM suSumnA ke mArga se citta ko zakti kendra se jJAna kendra taka aura jJAna kendra se zakti kendra taka le jAyA jAtA hai| citta kI yaha yAtrA kuMDalinI ko jAgRta karane kA mahattvapUrNa mAdhyama hai| 3. zarIra - prekSA- zarIra darzana kA abhyAsa puSTa hone para kuMDalinI ( taijasa zakti) kA jAgaraNa hotA hai| 4. caitanya - kendra prekSA- caitanya kendroM ko dekhane se vahAM ke sAre avarodha samApta ho jAte haiM, jisase kuMDalinI jAgaraNa sahaja ho jAtA hai| 5. lezyA - dhyAna - kuMDalinI jAgaraNa kA yaha sabase zaktizAlI mAdhyama hai| raMga hamAre bhAvataMtra ko sabase adhika prabhAvita karate haiN| raMgoM ke dhyAna se zakti kA sahaja jAgaraNa hotA hai| isa prakAra prekSAdhyAna kI pUrI prakriyA kuMDalinI ke jAgaraNa kI prakriyA hai|" anuprekSA AdatoM ko badalane kA eka mahattvapUrNa prayoga hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ke anusAra zarIra ke kisI bhI avayava meM roga hai to usake mastiSka kA saMvAdI avayava rogagrasta ho jAtA hai| anuprekSA dvArA mastiSka ke usa avayava ko prabhAvita karake roga ko naSTa kiyA jAtA hai / 12 prekSAdhyAna meM bhAvAtmaka svAsthya ke lie aneka prayoga sujhAe gaye haiN| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ke abhimata meM bhAvAtmaka svAsthya kA mUla sUtra hai - ' vItarAgatA / vItarAga kA bhAvataMtra prazasta aura zaktizAlI hotA hai| prekSAdhyAna bhAvAtmaka svAsthya kI prakriyA hai| isakA mukhya uddezya bhAvataMtra kAM pariSkAra karanA hai| yadi bhAva svastha hai to mana bhI svastha bhI hogA aura zarIra bhI svastha hogaa| yadi bhAvataMtra asvastha hai to na mana svastha hogA aura na zarIra svastha hogaa| yaha eka nayA abhyugamaya hai| Aja adhikAMza loga zArIrika

Page #14
Adarza aura svastha jIvana jIne kI kalA : 5 svAsthya kI ciMtA karate haiN| mAnasika aura bhAvAtmaka svAsthya ko gauNa kara dete haiN| isa saMdarbha meM AcAryazrI mahAprajJa kA mAnanA hai ki zArIrika svAsthya kA mUlya 10% hai mAnasika svAsthya kA mUlya 30% hai aura bhAvAtmaka svAsthya kA mUlya 60% hai| ataH hama ulTe krama se cleN| pahale bhAvAtmaka svAsthya kI ora phira mAnasika aura zArIrika svAsthya kI ciMtA kreN| isa krama se calane para ciMtA svayaM aciMtA bana jAyegI / 13 'caitanya' vikAsa aura bhAva - pariSkAra kA eka bahuta bar3A mAdhyama haisaMkalpa zakti kA vikaas| saMkalpa zakti kA artha hai- kalpanA ko bhAvanA kA rUpa denaa| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa kA mAnanA hai - saMkalpa kI zakti asIma hai| usakI asImatA ko batAte hue ve likhate haiM- saMkalpa zakti kA vikAsa hone para hama AkAza ke vAyumaMDala se paramANuoM ko le sakate haiM aura unheM icchita AkAra meM pariNamana karA sakate haiN| vaikriyaka-labdhi ke dvArA nAnA rUpoM kA nirmANa karanA, AhAraka-labdhi ke dvArA putale kA nirmANa karanA, vicAroM kA saMpreSaNa karanA, vicAroM ko maMgavAnA, ye sAre saMkalpa zakti ke prayoga haiN| 14 AcAryazrI kA mAnanA hai ki sAre 'bhAva - moha' kI vyUha racanA hai| bhAvataMtra ko svastha banAne ke lie isa moha ke cakravyUha ko tor3anA Avazyaka hai| isa vyUha racanA kA saMcAlana karane vAle do tattva haiM- ahaMkAra aura mamakAra / inase rAga-dveSa utpanna hotA hai aura rAga-dveSa, kaSAya aura no- kaSAya ko utpanna karate haiN| eka pUrA krama haiahaMkAra-mamakAra, rAga-dveSa, kaSAya- nokaSAya aura phira yoga- mana, vacana, kAyA kI pravRtti / prekSAdhyAna isa vyUha racanA ko tor3ane kA prayoga hai| 1. caitanya kendra prekSA- moha ke cakravyUha se bAhara nikalane ke lie mUla bindu ko pakar3anA Avazyaka hai aura vaha hai - bhAva / bhAvataMtra para prahAra karane ke lie azubha bhAvoM kA virodha tathA zubha bhAvoM kI dizA meM prasthAna karanA jarUrI hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ke anusAra jyotikendra, zAMtikendra aura jJAnakendra ina tInoM caitanya kendroM para dhyAna karane se bhAvataMtra kA pariSkAra hotA hai / 15 jyotikendra para sapheda raMga ke dhyAna se krodha saMtulita hotA hai| zAMtikendra para dhyAna karane se uttejanA ke bhAva zAnta hote haiN| bhAvataMtra ke pariSkRta hone se mana meM koI vikRta ciMtana nahIM AtA, vANI se koI kaTu zabda nahIM nikalatA aura zarIra kI kriyA bhI badala jAtI hai| 2. lezyAdhyAna- zubha bhAvoM ko puSTa karane kA eka mahattvapUrNa prayoga haileshyaadhyaan| lezyAdhyAna raMgoM kA dhyAna hai| zubha raMgoM ke dhyAna se azubha bhAva

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6 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna 10 zubha bhAva meM pariNita ho jAte haiN| lAla, pIlA aura sapheda - ye raMga bhAva zuddhi ke kAraNa haiN| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ke zabdoM meM- raMga roga nivAraNa kA sAdhana hai, kyoMki yaha zarIra ke asaMtulana ko ThIka karatA hai| raMga zarIra kA svAbhAvika bhojana hai jo vanaspati jagat se prApta hotA hai| vaha saghana avasthA meM raMga hI hai| alaga-alaga raMgoM kA alaga-alaga prabhAva hotA hai jisakI pariNati bhAvAtmaka evaM mAnasika svAsthya hai| lAla raMga ke dhyAna se tejo lezyA ke spaMdana jAgate haiM, jisase mana kI durbalatA samApta hotI hai, sahanazIlatA kA vikAsa hotA hai / pIle raMga ke dhyAna se mana kI prasannatA, bauddhika vikAsa, prajJA kA vikAsa tathA mastiSka aura nAr3I taMtra sudRr3ha banatA hai| zveta raMga ke dhyAna se uttejanA, Avega, Aveza, ciMtA, tanAva, vAsanA, krodha Adi zAMta hote haiM / 16 1 AcAryazrI mahAprajJa kA kahanA hai- adhika AhAra se mala saMcita hotA hai| nAr3I saMsthAna zuddha nahIM rahatA aura mana bhI nirmala nahIM rahatA / jJAna aura kriyA donoM kI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama nAr3I saMsthAna hai| nAr3I saMsthAna ke kArya meM koI avarodha na ho, mana kI nirmalatA banI rahe, apAna vAyu dUSita na ho, inhIM tathyoM ke AdhAra para upavAsa, mitabhojana, rasa- parityAga Adi mArga sujhAe gaye haiN| nirjarA ke ye prathama cAra bheda AhAra-zuddhi se jur3e hue haiN| " AcAryazrI mahAprajJa likhate haiM- jaba hama Asana lagAte haiM taba hamAre caitanya kendra jAgRta hote haiN| ye kendra yA cakra mUlataH karma - zarIra meM haiN| vahA~ se ve prANa zarIra se sthUla zarIra pratibimbita hote haiN| Asana ke dvArA zarIra meM sakriyatA paidA kara dene para usakA prabhAva prANa zarIra aura karma zarIra taka pahu~catA hai, jisase cakrasthAna yA caitanya kendra sakriya ho jAte haiM aura apanA saMkucana chor3akara jAgRta ho jAte haiM / 18 AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ne eka zabda meM sAdhanA kA uddezya batAte hue likhA hai-"nijjaraTThAe" sAdhanA kA utkRSTa lakSya nirjarA hai / yaha amUrta kI bhASA hai| yadi ise mUrta kI bhASA meM kaheM to - sAdhanA 'svAsthya evaM zakti vikAsa ke lie ' hai / 19 jyotikendra aura zAMti - kendra para dhyAna karane se svAsthya kA vikAsa hotA hai| Ananda kendra para dhyAna karane se sukha kA vikAsa hotA hai| darzana kendra para dhyAna karane se jJAna kA vikAsa hotA hai| svAsthya kendra yA zakti kendra para dhyAna karane se zakti kA vikAsa hotA hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ne prayoga sujhAyAkAyotsarga kI mudrA meM baiThakara mana ko zAMta kara anubhava ke stara para dekheM- maiM krodha nahIM hU~, merI cetanA krodha nahIM hai, prANa kI dhArA usake sAtha jur3a rahI hai aura maiM krodha bana rahA huuN| viveka kahatA hai ki maiM prANa kI dhArA ke sAtha

Page #16
Adarza aura svastha jIvana jIne kI kalA : 7 krodha ko na joii| prANa kI dhArA ko haTAeM aura krodha ko apanI cetanA se alaga anubhava kreN| anubhava ke stara para pahu~cakara yaha anubhava kareM-maiM krodha nahIM hU~, maiM abhimAna nahIM hU~, maiM ghRNA nahIM hU~, maiM rAga nahIM hU~, maiM dveSa nahIM huuN| ye mere svabhAva nahIM haiN| isa gaharAI meM jAkara yaha anubhava kareM aura vahA~ jo zeSa bacegA, vaha maiM hU~ yaha viveka kI paddhati hai| yahI samyak darzana hai|21 AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ke anusAra svataMtratA, pUrNatA evaM Ananda kI anubhUti hai|22 jisake abhAva meM samasyAeM utpanna hotI haiM aura jisake hone para samasyAeM sulajhatI haiM, usakA nAma 'adhyAtma' hai| adhyAtma kevala AtmAnubhUti kA prayoga hai| yaha sarvathA apadArtha kI cetanA hai| ise cetanA kA sarvottama vikAsa kahA jA sakatA hai|23 AcArya mahAprajJa kI mAnyatA hai jaba kAyotsarga kA abhyAsa puSTa ho jAtA hai, taba yaha anubhava hotA hai ki-zarIra acetana hai, maiM zarIra nahIM hU~, zvAsa nahIM hU~, indriya acetana hai, maiM indriya nahIM huuN| mana acetana hai, maiM mana nahIM huuN| bhASA acetana hai, maiM bhASA nahIM huuN| kAyotsarga ke abhyAsa se zarIra, zvAsa, indriya Adi AtmA se pRthak haiM, yaha bheda-jJAna hone para hI astitva kA darzana arthAt samyak-darzana hotA hai| samyagdarzana ke phala haiM- zAnti, mukti kI cetanA, anAsakti, anukampA aura satya ke prati smrpnn|24 AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ke anusAra-sakarmA, satkarmA aura niSkarmA AtmA kI ye tIna avasthAe~ haiM jo kramazaH bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA ke hI nAmAntara haiN| jo manuSya zarIra aura AtmA ko eka mAnatA hai vaha bahirAtmA hai| jo manuSya zarIra aura AtmA kI bhinnatA kA anubhava karatA hai, vaha antarAtmA hai| jo manuSya samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra ke dvArA AtmA ke AvRta rUpa ko prakaTa karatA hai vaha paramAtmA hai|5 inheM kramazaH mUrchA kI cetanA, jAgRti kI cetanA aura vItarAgatA kI cetanA kaha sakate haiN|26 AcArya mahAprajJa jI likhate haiM-jisa vyakti kI antardRSTi jAgaM jAtI hai, usakA cintana svastha ho jAtA hai| svastha cintana kA pahalA sUtra hai-'anyatva kI anuprekssaa'| maiM zarIra se bhinna hU~ aura zarIra mujhase bhinna hai, isa taraha zarIra kA bodha hone para vyakti zarIra meM hone vAlI ghaTanAoM ko draSTA kI bhA~ti dekhatA hai| usakA saMvedana nahIM krtaa| anyatva anuprekSA se pahalI bAra use anubhava hotA hai ki maiM akelA huuN| vaha socatA hai, jaba zarIra hI merA nahIM hai to dUsarA kauna merA hogA? ekala anuprekSA ke sthira hone para eka nayA ciMtana ubharatA hai, vaha hai- AtmA ke sAtha zarIra, padArtha, vyakti kA sNyog| jahA~ saMyoga hai, vahA~ viyoga nizcita hai| jaba anitya anuprekSA anubhava

Page #17
8 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 kA viSaya bana jAtI hai taba usameM se eka Aloka kI kiraNa nikalatI hai aura use lagatA hai ki parivAra, padArtha se trANa mAtra buddhibhrAMti hai| ve svayaM anitya aura atrANa haiM ataH mujhe trANa kaise deMgeM? isa prakAra aMtardRSTi ke jAgaraNa se anyatva, anyatva se ekatva, ekatva se azaraNatva kA bodha spaSTa ho jAtA hai|" karmoM kA virodha karane vAlI AtmA kI avasthA kA nAma saMvara hai| tattvArtha sUtra meM Azrava ke nirodha ko saMvara kahA hai|8 AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ne saMvara kA artha kiyA hai-apane caitanya kA anubhava apane astitva kA bodh| yaha taba taka saMbhava nahIM jaba taka karmacaya ko rikta nahIM kiyA jaataa|29 jisa prakAra AMdhI Ane para pahale daravAje baMda kara diye jAte haiM aura phira jhAr3a lekara kacare kI saphAI kI jAtI hai, usI prakAra Atmazodhana ke lie Azrava rUpI dvAra ko baMda kiyA jAtA hai| isa virodha ke dvArA bAhara se Ane vAle paramANuoM kA sthagana ho jAtA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne tapa ke bAraha bheda batalAe haiN| ina bAraha bhedoM meM prathama chaH bahiraMga tapoyoga ke aura zeSa chaH antaraMga tapoyoga ke prakAra haiN| 'anazana, UnodarI, vRtti-saMkSepa, rasa-parityAga, kAyakleza aura prtisNliintaa'| tapasyA ke ye chaH prakAra sthUla zarIra ke mAdhyama se karma-zarIra ko prakampita karate haiM, ataH inheM bahiraMga tapa kahA jAtA hai| 'prAyazcitta, vinaya, vaiyAvRtya, svAdhyAya, dhyAna aura vyutsarga tapasyA ke ye chaH prakAra mana ke mAdhyama se karma-zarIra ko prakampita karate haiM, ataH inheM antaraMga tapa kahate haiN| dArzanika hone ke sAtha kavi honA dularbha saMyoga mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya mahAprajJa kI kavitAoM ko par3hakara rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' aura maithilIzaraNa gupta bhI atyanta prabhAvita hue| AcArya mahAprajJa ke vyaktitva kA mUlyAMkana karate hue rASTrakavi dinakara ne kahA hai-"hama vivekAnanda ke samaya nahIM the, hamane unako nahIM dekhA, unake viSaya meM mAtra par3hA hai, parantu muni nathamalajI Aja ke vivekAnanda haiN| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa se jaba-jaba unake vikAsa kA rahasya pUchA gayA to ve isakA uttara dete hue kahate -'maiMne apane lie kucha saphalatA ke sUtra nizcita kiye haiM- maiM aisA koI kAma nahIM karUMgA, jo mere vidyAguru muni tulasI ko apriya lge| maiM aisA koI kAma nahIM karU~gA, jisase mere vidyAguru ko yaha socanA par3e ki maiMne jisa vyakti ko taiyAra kiyA, vaha merI dhAraNA ke anurUpa nahIM bana skaa| maiM kisI vyakti kA aniSTa cintana nahIM kruuNgaa| merI yaha nizcita dhAraNA ho gaI hai| dUsare kA aniSTa cAhane vAlA usakA aniSTa kara pAtA hai yA nahIM kara pAtA kintu apanA aniSTa nizcita hI kara letA hai| ina sUtroM ne 'merA jIvana-patha sadA

Page #18
Adarza aura svastha jIvana jIne kI kalA : 9 Alokita kiyA hai| mujhe kabhI bhI digbhrAnta hone kA avasara nahIM milaa|"32 isa prakAra AcAryazrI mahAprajJa dvArA likhita sAhitya vartamAna yuga kI vikaTa samasyAoM-tanAva, asaMvedanazIlatA, Aveza, Avega, avasAda, AtaMkavAda, hInabhAvanA, ghRNA, dhokhAdhar3I, anaitikatA, apramANikatA, azAnti Adi ke samAdhAna meM eka rAmabANa davAI kI taraha kAragara siddha ho rahA hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ke sAhitya meM prayoga va prazikSaNa ke mAdhyama se vibhinna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna batalAye gaye haiN| Apake sAhitya kA gahana adhyayana karane se dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi hotI hai, Adarza jIvana jIne kI preraNA milatI hai tathA jIvana kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa hotA hai| ApakA sAhitya mAnava kI vartamAna samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kara mAnavatA kI bahuta bar3I sevA kara rahA hai| Aja kA mAnava Apake sAhitya ke mAdhyama se die gaye avadAnoM ke lie ciraRNI rhegaa| sandarbha-sUcI 1. jaina yoga- AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 10 2. jIvana vijJAna-zikSA kA nayA AyAma, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR.6-9 3. bhItara kI ora, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 50 4. apanA darpaNa apanA bimba, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 31 5. bhItara kI ora, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 58 6. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29/55 7. AhAra aura adhyAtma-AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 54 8. nayA mAnava nayA vizva, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 160 9. maiM hU~ apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR.86 10. jaina yoga- AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 158 11. maiM hU~ apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 89 12. tuma svastha raha sakate ho, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 9 13. ekalA calo re, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR 215 14. jaina yoga, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR 215 15. dhyAna kyoM?-AcArya mahAprajJa, pR 84 16. AbhAmaNDala-AcArya mahAprajJa, pR 239 17. jaina yoga, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR 123 18. mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kA rahasya, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR 215 19. maiM hU~ apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR72

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10 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 20. vahI, pR. 71 21. kisane kahA mana caMcala hai, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR 23 22. maiM : merA manaH merI zAMti, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR 73 23. adhyAtma ke rahasya, prastuti se 24. kisane kahA mana caMcala hai, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR 12-13 25. jaina yoga, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR 13 26. mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kA rahasya, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 19 27. jaina yoga, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR 70-71 28. tattvArtha sUtra, AcArya umAsvAti, 9/1 29. karmavAda, yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, pR. 97 30. satya kI khoja : anekAMta ke Aloka meM, AcArya mahAprajJa, pR70 31. mahAprajJa : jIvana darzana, muni dhanaMjayakumAra, pR. 52 32. vahI, pR.7

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zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 apraila-jUna 2010 jaina sAhitya meM varNita vAstu kalA : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana DaoN. hukumacanda jaina __DaoN. indubAlA jaina [vAstu zAstra Aja sarvAdhika prasiddha evaM pracalita zAstroM meM se eka hai| jaina sAhitya meM vAstu vidyA ke anekazaH ullekha milate haiN| aparAjitapRcchA, samarAMgaNasUtradhAra, prAsAdamaMDana Adi jaina grantha vAstu-zilpa para pramukhatayA prakAza DAlate haiN| vaise to jaina-siddhAntoM ke anusAra vAstu heya hai kyoMki isase moha utpanna hotA hai, prANI kAmArta ho jAtA hai, kintu Aja ke bhautika yuga meM isakA mahattva kAphI bar3ha gayA hai| Aja bhI jaina mandiroM Adi kA nirmANa binA vAstu ke sambhava nahIM hai| prastuta lekha jaina sahitya meM vAstu vidyA ke prakIrNa sandarbho aura unakI upAdeyatA para samyak prakAza DAlatA hai| manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai aura use samAja meM jIvanayApana karane ke lie roTI, kapar3A aura makAna kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| manuSya ko sukhI jIvana bitAne ke lie vAstuyukta makAna evaM jamIna kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| vAstu aura kalA se milakara vAstukalA zabda banA hai jisakA artha nimravata hai kalA-bhautika padArthoM meM kalA hI saundarya evaM sajIvatA kI sRSTi karatI hai| saundarya sRSTi athavA bhAvanAoM kI sajIva, sAkAra aura maulika abhivyakti kalA hai, sAhitya ke kSetra meM kalA ko lalita kalA kahA gayA hai| kalAkAroM ne lalita-kalAoM ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai- kAvya, saMgIta, citra, mUrti aura vAstukalA / bhautika AdhAra hone ke kAraNa vAstukalA ko jaina dRSTi se nikRSTa kahA gayA hai kintu bhautika yuga meM ise bhautika sukha evaM vaibhava kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| vAstu kA artha- prANiyoM ke nivAsa sthAna ko vAstu kahA gayA hai| pAiyasaddamahaNNava meM vatthu kA artha 'ghara' yA 'gRha' yA gRha-nirmANa zAstra diyA * saha-AcArya, jainolaoNjI eNDa prAkRta vibhAga, mohalalAla sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udypur|

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12 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna 10 gayA hai / khetta-vatthu vihipatimANAM kare / jaina AgamoM meM vatthu kA artha ghara, makAna yA nirmANa - kalA hai| arddhamAgadhI zabdakoSa meM ghara yA ghara Adi banAne kA jJAna vAstu batAyA gayA hai jise Aja kalA (ArkiTekTa) kahA jAtA hai / " DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina ne apane grantha 'jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja' meM ise 'gRha-nirmANa-vidyA' bhI kahA hai| ise vAstu pAThaka bhI kahA hai| yaha sthApatya kalA meM AtI hai / " hemacandra ne apane abhidhAnacintAmaNi nAmaka grantha meM kahA hai- 'gehU bhUrvAstu' arthAt gRha nivAsa hI vAstu hai / isa taraha jaina sAhitya meM vAstu kA artha gRha yA bhUmi, yA vAsa sthala kiyA gayA hai yA gRhanirmANa kI vidyA ko vAstu-vidyA yA vAstu kalA kahA jA sakatA hai| utpatti - vAstu kI utpatti ke sambandha meM vAstu-zilpa ke prAcIna aparAjita- pRcchA nAmaka bRhat grantha meM likhA hai ki- aMdhakAsura kA vinAza karane ke lie mahAdeva jI ko yuddha karanA pdd'aa| isake parizrama se mahAdeva jI ke kapAla se pasIne kI eka bUMda bhUmi ke Upara sthApita agnikuMDa meM girI, isase eka mahAkAya bhUta utpanna huaa| use devoM ne auMdhA paTaka diyA aura usake Upara paiMtAlIsa deva car3ha baiThe aura rahane lge| ina devoM dvArA mahAkAya bhUta ke Upara bane nivAsa sthAna ko vAstu puruSa mAnA gyaa| isalie gRhAdi ke prArambha meM aura samApti meM ina devoM kA pUjana pracalita huA, jo vAstu pUjana ke nAma se prasiddha hai|" vAstu- kalA kA jaina sAhitya meM vistRta varNana hai| isake antargata mandira, mUrti, vApikA, rAjamahala, caitya, stambha, maMDapa, jAlI, gavAkSa Adi bhI Ate haiN| vAstu-kalA ke pramukha grantha- vAstu-zilpa jAnane ke lie aparAjitapRcchA, samarAMgaNasUtradhAra, prAsAdamaMDana, zilparanam, mayamatam, pariNAmamaMjarI draSTavya jaina grantha haiN| vAstu-zilpa ke lie vatthusArapayaraNa, jinasaMhitA, praznavyAkaraNa, jJAtAdharmakathA, pratiSThAsAra, joNipAhuDa, AdipurANa, yazastilakacampU, rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM, rayaNaseharINIvakahA, pratimA - vijJAna Adi pramukha grantha bhI haiN| inake atirikta mRcchakaTikam, paumacariyaM, jayodaya mahAkAvya Adi grantha bhI haiM jo vAstukalA para prakAza DAlate haiN| anya kaI jaina sAdhusAdhviyoM ne bhI vAstu - kalA paraM grantha likhe haiM / vAstu-zilpa kA kSetra - vAstuzilpa ke upayoga kSetra haiM- devAlaya, mUrti stambha, samosaraNa, gumbaja, caitya, vApikA, gandhakuTI, dhvajanirmANa, prAsAda Adi /

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jaina sAhitya meM varNita vAstu kalA : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana : 13 mandira (jinAlaya)- paumacariu ke anusAra munisuvrata tIrthaMkara ke tIrtha meM sampUrNa bharata kSetra jinendra bhavanoM se suzobhita thaa| tatkAlIna jinAlaya vizAla tathA bahumUlya dhAtuoM se nirmita hote the| laMkA nagarI meM zrI zAntinAtha jinendra kA mandira hajAroM (staMbhoM) khaMbhoM vAlA thaa| zarat kAlIna megha ke samAna sapheda, aneka prakAra ke citroM se sajA huA tathA Upara uThI huI patAkA se yukta thaa| aisA lagatA thA jaise- nIce utarA huA svarga-vimAna ho| vAstu-kalA se yukta hone ke kAraNa saumya evaM sukhada thaa| aise hI zAntinAtha jinAlaya kA varNana rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM meM bhI vidyamAna hai, jo nimna hai- 'rayaNacUDa meM tIna bAra mandiroM kA ullekha huA hai, usameM eka RSabhadeva kA mandira hai jisameM saikar3oM svarNa khambhe the| usake zikhara AkAza tala ko chUne vAle the, usa para svarNa ke kalaza the| mandira kA dUsarA prasaMga zAntinAtha jina mandira kA hai jisase sthApatya (vAstu) kalA ke sambandha meM nimna jAnakArI milatI hai- (1) vaha mandira U~cI aura vizAla caukI para nirmita thaa| (2) usakA pharza sphaTikamaNi se banA huA thaa| (3) dIvAra marakata maNi se suzobhita thii| (4) karoMta kI taraha usakA parakoTA thaa| (5) usameM eka vijaya dvAra evaM bar3A daravAjA thaa| (6) usakA toraNadvAra kaI prakAra ke maNiyoM se saMcita thaa| (7) mandira ke U~ce zikharoM para car3hane ke lie sopAna paMkti thii| (8) patAkAoM meM manohara AvAja vAle cUMgharU baMdhe hue the| (9) mandira meM sone aura ratna kI banI huI zAlabhaMjikAe~ thiiN| tIsarA ullekha amaradatta aura mitrAnaMda kI kathA ke prasaMga meM pATalIputra meM eka mandira ke darzana kA prasaMga hai jo bagIcoM aura vApikAoM se ghirA huA thaa| usakI kArIgarI zreSTha thii| usa mandira kA karor3aka bhAga zreSTha zAlabhaMjikAoM se suzobhita thaa| vahA~ aneka prakAra kI jIvoM kI AkRtiyA~ banI huI thiiN| mandira ke bAyIM ora kAma rati kI taraha rUpavatI staMbha zAlabhaMjikA thii| aisA hI sthApatya evaM vAstukalA, khajurAho ke zAntinAtha jina mandira meM aura usI samaya (11vIM zatAbdI) ke AbU ke jaina mandira meM hai| isa taraha kI kalA rANakapura ke jaina mandiroM meM bhI milatI hai jahA~ havA ke pravAha se patAkAoM kI ghaMTiyAM madhura AvAja karatI rahatI haiN| isI taraha kA varNana 15vIM zatAbdI meM AcArya jinaharSa gaNi ne apane 'rayaNaseharINIvakahA meM bhI ullekha kiyA hai| isa prakAra prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka bar3e mandira bana rahe haiM jo vAstu sandarbha meM darzanIya haiM, jaise-devagar3ha ke jaina mandira, khajurAho kA zAntinAtha mandira aadi| aise hI jinAlayoM, mandiroM, mUrtiyoM ke ullekha anya jaina sAhitya meM bhI milate haiN|

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14 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna 10 : 14 mUrtiyA~ - mandiroM meM jo mUrtiyA~ hotI thIM ve bhI vAstu-kalA se yukta thiiN| kuvalayamAlA meM tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM meM vAstu- kalA ke darzana hote haiM, jisameM padmadeva saudharma vimAna se jinagRha meM praviSTa huA, vahA~ sthApita jina - pratimAoM koI sphaTika maNise, koI sUryakAnta maNi se, koI mahAnIla maNi se, koI karketana ratna se, koI pratimA muktAphala se nirmita thIM / 4 muktAzaila se nirmita zivaliMga tathA caSaka kA ullekha bANabhaTTa ne apanI kAdambarI meM bhI kiyA hai / 15 isI taraha mUrtiyoM meM vAstu - kalA ke darzana - rayaNacUDa meM zAntinAtha evaM RSabhadeva kI mUrti meM milate haiN| ye mUrtiyA~ zvetAmbara mUrtiyoM ke anurUpa haiN| zAntinAtha mandira kI mUrti ko ATha prAtihAryoM se yukta batAyA gayA hai, jo tribhuvana ke prabhuttva ke sUcaka the| vaha mUrti apane prazAnta zarIra ko tathA vItarAgatA ko prakaTa kara rahI thI / dRSTi ke zAntarAga se karuNarasa ko sUcita kara rahI thI / prasanna mukha - kamala se samasta prANiyoM ke prati maitrI bhAva prakaTa kara rahI thii| vaha mUrti svarNa evaM ratnoM se nirmita, puSpoM se alaMkRta evaM divya AbhUSaNoM se suzobhita thI / rayaNacUDa meM mUrtikalA se sambandha rakhane vAlI zAlabhaMjikA kA kaI bAra ullekha huA hai| yaha zAlabhaMjikA atyanta sundara, ramaNIya evaM manamohaka thI / 6 DaoN. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne apane grantha ' kAdambarI kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' meM isa para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai| 17 aisI hI zAlabhaMjikA kA varNana udyotana sUri ne apanI kuvalayamAlA" meM samosaraNa kI racanA ke prasaMga meM kiyA hai| pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI" tathA vAtsyAyana kI jayamaMgalA TIkA meM bhI isapara vistAra se varNana milatA hai| caityAlaya ke UparI bhAga meM utkIrNa putaliyoM para mohita honA batAyA gayA hai tathA rAjavallabhakRta padmAvatIcarita meM bhI rAjaputra citrasena kA putaliyoM para mohita honA batAyA gayA hai| paumacariyaM meM vAstu ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jinAlaya meM sthApita jina-mUrti kI pUjA Adi kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thA tathA usa mUrti kA apamAna karane se bar3e bhArI pApa kA bandha hotA thA, jo kAlAntara meM mahAduHkha paidA karatA thaa| rAnI kanakodarI ne apane sautana se ruSTa hokara jina - pratimA ko caityagRha se uThAkara ghara ke anya bhAga meM rakha diyA thaa| AryikA dvArA samajhAne para punaH caityagRha meM rakha diyA, phira bhI jinapratimA ke apamAna ke kAraNa agale janma meM anjanA ko 22 varSa taka pativiyoga evaM cAritrika kalaMka ke duHkha ko sahanA pdd'aa| 20 mandiroM para dhvajAoM kA phaharAnA bhI Avazyaka thaa| dhvajA, deva mandira kA Avazyaka aMga thaa| ThakkarapherU ne apane vatthusArapayaraNa meM likhA hai ki deva mandira ke zikhara para dhvajA na ho to usa mandira meM asuroM kA nivAsa hotA hai| 21 jayodaya mahAkAvya meM devAlayoM

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jaina sAhitya meM varNita vAstu kalA : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana : 15 ko gaganacumbI evaM dhvajA se yukta kahA gayA hai| 22 mandira zabda kA dUsarA artha bhavana tathA nagara hai| samarAMgaNasUtradhAra ke 18veM adhyAya meM mandira kA artha rAjaprAsAda yA bhavana hai| amarakoza meM bhI bhavana artha meM maMdira zabda prayukta huA hai|23 - prAsAda- rAjapraznIyasUtra meM sUryAbhadeva ke vimAna (prAsAda) kA varNana kiyA gayA hai jisase patA calatA hai ki vAstuvidyA una dinoM paryApta vikasita ho cukI thii| yaha vimAna cAroM ora se prAkAroM se pariveSTita thA tathA sundara kapi - zIrSakoM (kaMgUroM) se alaMkRta thaa| isake cAroM ora dvAra bane hue the jo IhAmRga, vRSabha, naraturaya, magara, vihaga, sarpa, kinnara Adi se alaMkRta the| isake Upara vidyAdhara yugala kI AkRti vAlI vedikAe~ banI huI thiiN| aise hI rAja- prAsAdoM ke varNana anya kaI granthoM meM milate haiN| mRcchakaTikam meM zUdraka, zakAra evaM cArudatta ke prAsAda kI bhavyatA ke varNana ke sAtha vasantasenA ke mahala ke ATha prakoSThoM kA varNana vAstu kalA se ota-prota hai / 25 isI prakAra anya dhanADhya puruSoM ke prAsAda varNana meM vAstu kalA ke darzana hote haiN| harmya, mahala, aTTAlikAoM, parakoToM ke varNana ke sAtha nagara varNana meM bhI vAstukalA ke darzana hote haiN| AdipurANa meM ayodhyA evaM hastinApura kA varNana vAstu-kalA se yukta thaa| ayodhyA ke madhya meM rAjabhavana thaa| nagarI ke cAroM tarapha dhUlikoTa, prAkAra evaM mukhya daravAjoM sahita patthara se bane sudRr3ha koTa aura parikhA the| nagara ke cAroM ora prAkAra rahanA Avazyaka thaa| nagara ke madhya meM bAjAra evaM caurAhe banAye jAte the| choTe mArga mukhya mArga se milate the| yaha varNana vAstu-zAstra ke siddhAntoM para AdhArita hai| isI taraha ke nagara varNana anya jaina sAhitya meM milate haiN| prAsAdoM meM vApikA kA varNana bhI vAstu yukta thaa| jJAtAdharmakathA meM naMdamaNikAra seTha ne vApikA banavAyI jo vAstukalA kI dRSTi se itanI bhavya thI ki naMdamaNikAra ko usa vApikA se moha ho gayA phalasvarUpa marakara vaha usI vApikA meM meMDhaka ke rUpa meM utpanna huA / 27 vApikA yA dIrghikA kA ullekha AdipurANa meM bhI AyA hai jisameM lambI nahara thii| usI nahara meM vApikA thii| AdipurANa meM vajrajaMgha ke rAjamahala meM dIrghikA kA ullekha hai, jo pUrNa vAstu yukta evaM sukhada thI / 28 26 isa prakAra jIvana ko sukhakArI evaM Anandamaya banAne ke lie vApikA meM dhArAgRha, pramadavana Adi krIr3A sthala banAye jAte the| aise ullekha kaI jaina granthoM meM milate haiN| isake atirikta rAniyoM ke antaHpura (ranivAsa) ko bhI sundara evaM sukhada banAne ke lie vAstu kalA ke prayoga kA ullekha milatA hai jisameM

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16 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 rAnI dhAriNI kA zayanagRha hai, jo raMgIna maNiyoM se racita thaa| andara sundara citrakArI thii| sugaMdhita padArthoM se gRha suzobhita thaa| aisA hI sundara evaM ramaNIya varNana samarAiccakahA meM milatA hai jo pUrNa vAstu yukta hai| isake atirikta bhavanodyAna, mahAnasagRha, bAhyalI, AsthAna-maMDapa meM bhI vAstu-kalA ke darzana hote haiN| sabhI kA vistAra se varNana yahA~ saMbhava nahIM hai| ina sabhI ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki ye bhavanodyAna Adi prakAzayukta vibhinna raMgIna maNiyoM se khacita tathA sugandhita hone se hRdaya ko sukhakArI lagate the| samosaraNa (samavasaraNa)- vAstu-kalA kI dRSTi se jainadharma meM samavasaraNa kA mahattva sarvAdhika hai| isakI racanA ke antargata vAstukalA ke samasta aMgaupAMga samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| AdipurANa meM varNita samavasaraNa vAstu-kalA kI dRSTi se adbhuta hai| isake bAharI bhAga meM dhUlisAlakoTa rahatA hai| isakI AkRti valayAkAra hotI hai| raMgIna pattharoM se nirmita hone ke kAraNa isameM indradhanuSa jaisI AbhA pratIta hotI hai| yaha dhUlisAla aneka ratnoM kI dhUli se banA hotA hai| dhUlisAla ke cAroM tarapha stambha, ghanTe, cAmara, dhvajA laTakI rahatI hai| isakI cAroM dizAoM meM cAra pratimAeM virAjamAna haiN| isameM vApikA hotI hai| vApikA ke pAsa jala-parikhA hai jo samosaraNa kI bhUmi ko veSTita karatI rahatI hai| isake bhItarI bhAga meM latA-vana hotA hai, jo darzakoM ke mana ko anurakta karatA rahatA hai| isake Upara prakoSTa, jo gopura-dvArA ratnakhaMcita alaMkRta evaM maNiyoM, ratnoM se dhUsarita rahatA hai| samavasaraNa meM pazu-pakSI, devI, devatA sabhI kA Agamana hotA rahatA hai jo pUrNa vAstu-kalA se yukta hone ke kAraNa darzanIya hotA hai| samosaraNa kA varNana pAsaNAhacariu, paumacariuM, NemiNAhacariuM, sukumAlacariuM meM bhI milate haiN| yaha manuSyakRta hai yA devakRta yaha kahanA abhI sambhava nahIM kyoMki samosaraNa racanA atibhavya, ati vizAla evaM manohara hai, samavasaraNa ke atirikta nandIzvara dvIpa, merU, aSTApada, pAtAla nagariyoM Adi kI racanA meM vAstukalA apanI carama sImA para hai| jisakA varNana Aja kalpanAtmaka lagatA hai| isa prakAra devAyatana, jinAlaya, harmya prAsAda, bhavana, pramadavana, vApikAeM, dIrghikAeM, AsthAna-maMDapa, antaHpura Adi banAne ke lie to prathamataH bhUmi kA parIkSaNa kiyA jAtA thA, vatthusArapayaraNa meM likhA hai diNatiga-bIappasavA caurasA DavammiNI aphuTThA / asallA bhU suhayA puvvesaannuttrNbuvhaa|

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jaina sAhitya meM varNita vAstu kalA : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana : 17 bambhaiNI vAhikarI UsarabhUmIi ivai rorakarI / aiphuTTA miccukarI dukkhakarI taha a sasallA / 33 arthAt jisa bhUmi meM bIja bone se tIna dina meM aMkura nikala jAye aisI samacaurasa, dImaka rahita, binA phaTI huI, zalya rahita tathA pUrva, IzAna aura uttara dizA kI tarapha nIcI bhUmi makAna banAne ke lie prazasta (zubha) hai, dImaka vAlI bhUmi vyAdhikAraka hai, Usara bhUmi upadravakAraka hai, adhika phaTI huI mRtyukAraka aura zalyavAlI duHkhakAraka hai| bhUmi meM zalya (haDDI kA Tukar3A) rahanA hAnikAraka hai| isI grantha meM zalya ke duSpariNAma bhI batAye gaye haiN| manuSya kI haDDI kA zalya raha jAye to makAna mAlika kI mRtyu ho, gadhe kI haDDI kA zalya raha jAye to rAjadaMDa bhoganA par3e, kutte kA zalya raha jAye to bAlaka jIye nahIM, bAlaka kA zalya raha jAye to usa makAna meM mAlika kA nivAsa na ho, gau kA zalya raha jAye to dhana kA vinAza hotA hai| arthAt bhavana hetu cunI gayI bhUmi meM pAnI A jAye athavA pASANa A jAye athavA eka puruSapramANa bhUmi ko khoda karake koI zalya ho to nikAla denA cAhie, usake bAda hI bhUmi para gRha banAnA caahie| Adhunika vidvAnoM evaM jaina sAdhu-sAdhviyoM dvArA vAstu ke samasta granthoM kA adhyayana karane ke bAda sAra rUpa meM vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| AryikA vizuddhimati ne apane vatthuvijjA meM batAyA hai ki zalyayukta bhUmi meM nivAsa se grAma ujar3anA, samAja meM katla honA, dhArmika bhAvanAeM hIna honA, rAja-bhaya, rogotpatti, agnibhaya, paradezagamana, mitranAza, santAna-hAni, kleza, pazuhAni, akAlamaraNa, khoTe svapna, pAgalapana Adi se zalya kI sUcanA milatI hai| 35 aise zalya yukta bhUmi ke ullekha anya granthoM meM bhI milate haiN| bhUmi ke adhiSThAtrI deva yA mAlika kI pUjA-pATha karake yA use santuSTha karake hI bhavana kArya prArambha karanA cAhie / 6 yativRSabhAcArya kI tiloyapaNNatti meM nIMva ke khanana ke samaya kyA-kyA karanA cAhie isakA vistAra se varNana milatA hai tathA sAtha meM paMcAmRta kA siMcana Avazyaka kahA gayA hai| devAlaya, jalAzaya aura gRha banAte samaya dizA kA vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| 37 makAna banAte samaya rasoI, snAnaghara, mukhyadvAra, jala saMrakSaNa sthala, nala, pAnI kI Avaka, pAnI kI nikAsI (nAlI) caukIdAra kA AvAsa, pUjAghara, adhyayana kakSa, pazuzAlA, khir3akiyA~, daravAje Adi kahA~ kisa dizA meM rakhanA cAhie Adi kA vistAra se varNana milatA hai tathA aisA nahIM karane para duSpariNAma bhI batAye gaye haiM / vAstuzAstra ke 30 mahattvapUrNa 36

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18 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 sUtra bhI batAye gaye haiM jinakA pAlana Avazyaka hai|38 bhUmi kA DhalAna jisa koNa meM hogA usI ke anurUpa lAbha-hAni hogA isakA bhI vistAra se varNana hai, tathA jisa prakAra kI bhUmi hogI gRhasvAmI usI prakAra kI lAbha-hAni ko prApta kregaa| aise varNana anya kaI Adhunika vAstuvidoM ke granthoM meM bhI milate haiN| vistAra ke lie una granthoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| kauna sI rAzi vAle ko kauna sI dizA kA gRha zubha rahatA hai yaha bhI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, jaise- karka rAzi vAle vyakti ke liye pUrvadizAmukhI makAna zubha rahatA hai vaise hI anya sabhI rAziyoM ke bAre meM vistAra se batAyA gayA hai| miTTI-parIkSaNa meM kisa varNa kI aura kaisI bhUmi kA upayoga honA cAhie isake bAre meM 'muhUrta gaNapati' nAmaka pustaka meM yaha zloka diyA gayA hai- zvetA bhUmistu viprANAMraktamA zAstA dhanurbhRtAm 11 vizAM pItA'dadata zUdrANAM zyAmA mizretarasya c| arthAt zveta miTTI brAhmaNa (vidvAn) ke lie, lAla raMga kI miTTI kSatriya ke lie, pIle raMga kI miTTI vaizya ke lie tathA kAlI miTTI (zudra) ke lie hotI hai tathA svAda bhI kramazaH mIThA, tIkhA, khaTTA evaM kar3avA hotA hai| isa bhUmi kA pAnI pIkara miTTI ke svAda kA patA lagatA hai| makAna prArambha karane kA samaya apraila-maI, julAI-agasta, pharavarI aura mArca zubhakArI hai| isake atirikta anya mAha azubha haiN| uparyukta adhyayanoM ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki jo mana ko prasanna kare vaha kalA hai| 64 evaM 72 kalAoM meM vAstu bhI eka kalA thI jisako vAstu-zilpa bhI kahate haiN| vAstu gRha nivAsa yA nivAsa artha meM prayukta hotA hai| bAda meM calakara vAstu-puruSa kI pUjA kA bhI pracalana huaa| prAcIna kAla meM devAlayoM, jinAlayoM, mandiroM, mUrtiyoM, caityAlayoM, pramada vanoM, parakoToM, nagaroM, AsthAna-maMDapoM, vApikAoM, dIrghikAoM, samosaraNa-racanAoM meM vAstukalA kA digdarzana hotA hai, samosaraNa varNana meM to vAstukalA ne apanI parAkASThA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA taba yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki isameM devoM ne apanI sArI zakti lagA dI hai| aisI atyanta bhavya, rocaka, atiramaNIya, samosaraNa racanA manuSya se saMbhava nahIM hai| ina sabhI meM vAstu ke niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue use rocaka, ramaNIya, atyanta manamohaka banAne ke lie vibhinna prakAra ke raMgIna maNiyoM, hIrejavAharAta, ratnacUrNi, ubaTana evaM sugandhita padArthoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, cAhe vaha rAjA kA prAsAda ho, nagara ho, prAkAra ho, cAhe mandira kI mUrti ho sabhI ko vAstu-kalA ne atyanta rocaka banA diyA hai|

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jaina sAhitya meM varNita vAstu kalA : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana : 19 yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki dUsaroM ke makAna meM jAne ke lie apane makAna meM se rAstA ho to vinAzakAraka hai| vRkSa kA vedha ho to saMtAna vRddhi na ho, kIcar3a kA vedha ho to zoka huA karatA hai, paranAle kA vedha ho to dhana kA nAza hotA hai| kuA~ kA vedha ho, apasmAra roga ho, ziva, sUrya, deva Adi vedha ho to gRhasvAmI kA vinAza hotA hai| stambha vedha ho to strI kaSTadAyaka rahe, brahmA ke sAmane dvAra ho to kula kA vinAza ho, gRha ke samIpa kAMTe vAle vRkSa hoM to zatru kA bhaya rahatA hai, dUdha vAle vRkSa hoM to lakSmI kA vinAza hotA hai aura phala vAle vRkSa hone se saMtAna vRddhi nahIM hotii| makAna meM bijorA, kaselA, dADima, nIbU, amarUda, imalI, babUla, bera, pIle phUla vAle vRkSa nahIM bone cAhie kyoMki ye vRkSa kula ke lie hAnikAraka mAne jAte haiN| isalie makAna meM kevala sarasvatI, lakSmI, phala vAle vRkSoM, kalaza, svastika ke hI citra lagAne caahie| ina sAtoM vedhoM kA phala vAtthusAra-payaraNa meM likhA hai ki tala vedha se kuSTha roga, koNa vedha se uccAla, tAlu vedha se bhaya, staMbhavedha se kulakSaya, kapAla aura tulA vedha se dhana kA vinAza aura daridra kA bhAva hotA hai| jaina siddhAntoM ke anusAra vAstu heya hai kyoMki isase moha utpanna hotA hai| prANI kAmArta ho jAtA hai, kintu Aja ke bhautika cakAcauMdha ke yuga meM saMsAra ke prANI vAstu ke pIche hI apanA sarvasva luTA rahe haiN| isa pratiyogitA ke yuga meM loga paise ko pAnI kI taraha bahA kara vAstu-kalA ke mAdhyama se AlIzAna baMgale banAne meM lage hue haiN| inakA eka mAtra uddezya jIvana meM bhautika sukha ko prApta karanA hai| tabhI Aja ke vAstuvid karor3apati haiN| pUrva meM kevala devAlayoM, rAjaprAsAdoM evaM dhanikoM ke bhavya bhavanoM meM hI vAstu-kalA dikhAI detI thI kintu Aja ke yuga meM jo bhI makAna Adi kA nirmANa karAtA hai vAstuvidoM se jarUra samparka sthApita karatA hai jise Aja kA ArkiTekTa iMjiniyara bhI kahate haiN| pratyeka vyakti kA mAnanA hai ki 'yAvat jIvet sukham jiivet| RNaM kRtvA ghRtaM pivet|' jaba usakA kadama AdhyAtmikatA ke sopAna para par3atA hai to dhIre-dhIre ina saba se nirmoha hone lagatA hai| sandarbha-sUcI 1. zAstrI nemicandra, AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pRSTha 291 2. muni hajArImala smRti grantha, pR. 669 3. haragovindadAsa,pAiyasaddamahaNNavo, pR. 744 4. ardhamAgadhI zabdakoSa, pR. 341

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20 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 5. jaina jagadIzacandra, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 330-332 6. hemacaMdra kRta, abhidhAnacintAmaNi nAmamAlA, pR. 44 7. (a) muni, hajArImala smRti grantha,pR. 669 ___ (ba) dekheM -aparAjitapRcchA grantha 8. jaina, surendrakumAra, paumacariyaM kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR. 283 9. jaina, hukamacaMda, AcArya nemicandra sUrikRta rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM kA samAlocanAtmaka sampAdana evaM adhyayana, lekhaka kA aprakAzita zodha prabandha (17)-1 10. vahI (86)-11 11. vahI (86)-1 12. jaina hIrAlAla, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 328 se 334 13. jaina, sudhA, AcArya jinaharSa gaNikRta, rayaNaseharINIvakahA kA samAlocanAtmaka sampAdana evaM adhyayana (aprakAzita zodha prabandha), pR. 418-419 14. jaina, prophesara premasumana, kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR. 334 15. (a) kAdambarI, anuccheda 139 _(ba) harSacarita, pR. 158 16. jaina, DaoN. hukamacaMda, rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM kA samAlocanAtmaka sampAdana evaM ____ adhyayana, lekhaka kA aprakAzita grantha, pR. (61)-3 17. agravAla, vAsudevazaraNa, kAdambarI kA sAMskRtika adhyayana,pR. 32 18. jaina, premasumana, kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR. 337 19. (a) pANini, aSTAdhyAyI, 6.7, 74 (ba) zAstrI, devendrakumAra, bhalavisyatakahA tathA apabhraMza kathAkAvya, pR. 378 (sa) vahI,pR. 378 20. paumacariyaM, 17vAM uddesh| 21. (a) ThakkarapherU kRta vatthusArapayaraNa, 3/35 (ba) jaina gokulacaMda, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR. 248 22. (a) DaoN. rekhA rAnI, jayodaya mahAkAvya kA dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR. 269 (ba) jayodaya, 21/63 23. bhAratIya sthApatya, pR. 103 24. jaina, jagadIzacandra, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 531 25. zarmA, vizvanAtha, zudraka kA mRcchakaTika, pR. 273

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jaina sAhitya meM varNita vAstu kalA : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana : 21 27. jJAtAdharmakathA, durdura adhyayana 28. zAstrI, nemicandra, AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR. 307 29. (a) jJAtAdharmakathA 1, pR. 3-4 (ba) jaina, jagadIzacandra, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 334 30. zAstrI, nemicandra, haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana, pR. 365 31. DaoN. sAdhvI sAdhanA, apabhraMza kA jaina sAhitya aura jIvana mUlya, pR. 187 32. vahI, pR. 188 33. ThakkarapherUkRta, vatthusArapayaraNa,pR. 4-5 34. AryikA vizuddhamati, vatthuvijjA, pR. 23 35. AryikA vizuddhamati, vatthuvijjA, pR. 23 36. jayasenakRta pratiSThApATha, zloka 32 37. AryikA vizuddhamati, vatthuvijjA, pR. 34-35 38. saravAnA, esa.sI., vAstuzAstra doSa nivAraNa, pR. 34-35 39. (a) vahI, pR. 26-27 (ba) muhUrtta gaNapati, zloka 10 40. vAsturAjavallabha, zloka 1/7 41. (a) ThakkarapherUkRta vatthusArapayaraNa (ba) vRhatsaMhitAgrantha

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zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 apraila-jUna 10 jainAgamoM meM zikSA kA svarUpa dulIcaMda jaina 'sAhityaratna' [jainAgamoM meM zikSA viSayaka jo sAmagrI milatI hai usakA yahA~ saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa cAroM puruSArthoM kI pUrNatA zikSA kA lakSya rahA hai| AdhyAtmika aura bhautika donoM zikSAoM kA samanvaya Avazyaka hai| kyoMki binA cAritra ke zikSA artha zUnya hai| isa Alekha ko aura adhika samRddha karane kI AvazyakatA hai| vartamAna bhAratIya zikSA ___ bhAratavarSa kI vartamAna zikSA praNAlI parataMtratA kAla se hI aMgrejoM dvArA pracArita zikSA siddhAntoM para AdhArita hai| svataMtratA prApti ke tirasaTha varSoM ke bAda bhI usameM koI maulika parivartana nahIM huaa| eka vicAraka ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki vartamAna bhAratIya zikSA-praNAlI na to 'bhAratIya' hai aura na hI vAstavika rUpa meM 'zikSA' hai| svAmI vivekAnanda ne kahA hai ki 'zikSA mAtra una vividha jAnakAriyoM kA Dhera nahIM hai, jo hamAre mastiSka meM dUMsa-ThUsa kara bhara diye jAte haiM aura jo AtmasAt hue binA vahA~ jIvana bhara rahakara gar3abar3a macAyA karate haiN| hameM una vicAroM kI anubhUti kara lene kI AvazyakatA hai, jo 'jIvananirmANa', 'manuSya-nirmANa' tathA 'caritra-nirmANa meM sahAyaka hoN|' sahasroM varSoM se isa deza meM tIrthaMkaroM, RSiyoM evaM AcAryoM ne mUlya-AdhArita zikSA praNAlI kA pracAra kiyA hai| DaoN0 altekara ne prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA ke sandarbha meM likhA hai-'prAcIna bhArata meM zikSA antaryoti aura zakti kA srota mAnI jAtI thI, jo zArIrika, mAnasika, bauddhika aura AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM ke saMtulita vikAsa se hamAre svabhAva meM parivartana karatI hai aura use zreSTha banAtI hai tAki hama eka vinIta aura upayogI nAgarika ke rUpa meM raha skeN|'2 svataMtratA prApti ke bAda zikSA paddhati meM parivartana karane hetu aneka AyogoM kA gaThana huA aura unhoMne bhI caritranirmANakArI jIvana-mUlyoM ko zikSA meM antarbhUta karane para jora diyaa| san 1964 se san 1966 taka DaoN0 daulata siMha koThArI, jo eka pratiSThita vaijJAnika the, kI adhyakSatA meM koThArI Ayoga kA gaThana huaa| isane apane prativedana meM kahA thA-'kendrIya evaM prAntIya sarakAroM ko naitika, sAmAjika tathA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM *adhyakSa- karuNA inTaranezanala, 70, sembudAsa sTrITa, cennaI- 600001

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jainAgamoM meM zikSA kA svarUpa : 23 para AdhArita zikSA kA prabandha apanI adhInastha saMsthAoM meM karanA caahie|' san 1975 meM rASTrIya zaikSika anusaMdhAna aura prazikSaNa pariSad (NCERT) ne apane prativedana meM kahA - 'vidyAlaya pAThyakrama kI saMracanA isa DhaMga se kI jAe ki caritra nirmANa zikSA kA eka pramukha uddezya bane / ' vartamAna bhAratIya zikSA praNAlI kA sabase bar3A doSa hai ki isameM bhArata ke zAzvata rASTrIya jIvana mUlyoM para AdhArita zikSA darzana para samyak vicAra tathA unakA anupAlana nahIM huaa| aMgrejoM dvArA sthApita zikSA vyavasthA Aja bhI usI prakAra se pracalita hai| usake pariNAma svarUpa Aja kA vidyArthI dizA - vihIna tathA binA patavAra kI naukA ke samAna bhaTakatA dikhAI de rahA hai| zikSA kSetra meM cAroM ora arAjakatA phaila gaI hai| anuzAsanahInatA vyApaka rUpa meM phaila gaI hai aura usakA ghAtaka prabhAva hamAre sampUrNa rAjanaitika evaM sAmAjika kSetroM meM bhI hai| mahAn cintaka DaoN0 nemIcanda jaina ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki 'Aja deza ke pAsa saba kucha hai, sirpha eka niSkalaMka, niSkAma aura dezabhakta caritra nahIM hai|'' isa bhayAvaha paristhiti kA sabase bar3A kAraNa hai- hamArI dizA- vihIna zikSA niiti| ataH AvazyakatA hai ki bhAratIya jIvana mUlyoM ko hamArI zikSA-praNAlI antarbhUta kiyA jAye / bhAratIya adhyAtma evaM pazcimI vijJAna kA samanvaya avazya hI hamAre zikSA kSetra meM krAnti lAyegA tathA usakA anukUla prabhAva hamAre sAre rASTrIya jIvana para pdd'egaa| hamAre saMvidhAna meM 'dharma nirapekSatA' ko hamArI nIti kA eka aMga mAnA gayA hai| 'dharma nirapekSatA' zabda hI bhrAmaka hai kyoMki bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra hama 'dharma' se nirapekSa nahIM raha skte| dharma nirapekSatA kA artha mAtra itanA hI ho ki rAjya kisI vizeSa dharma kA pracAra nahIM kare, taba taka to ThIka hai, lekina isakA artha dharma se vimukha ho jAnA kadApi nahIM hai| hamAre deza meM prAcIna kAla se hI tIna dharmoM kI dhArAe~ mukhya rUpa se bahatI rahI haiM- vaidika dharma, jaina dharma aura bauddha dhrm| bAda meM sikkha dharma kA bhI prArambha huaa| ina cAroM dhArAoM ne kucha aise naitika va AdhyAtmika mUlya sthApita kie, jinheM sanAtana jIvana-mUlya kaha sakate haiM aura ve pratyeka mAnava para lAgU hote haiN| unakA hamArI zikSA praNAlI meM viniyojita honA atyAvazyaka hai| jainAgamoM meM zikSA jainAgamoM meM zikSA evaM jJAna ke bAre meM vistRta carcAe~ milatI haiM / vahA~ para AdhyAtmika evaM bhautika donoM prakAra kI zikSAoM kA vivecana evaM dizAnirdeza milatA hai| hameM adhyAtma-vidyA evaM AjIvikA kI vidyA donoM kI AvazyakatA hai| Agama meM zikSA athavA jJAna prApti ke tIna uddezya batAe gae haiM

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24 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 jeNa taccaM vibujhejja, jeNa cittaM Nirujjhadi / jeNa attA visujjhejja, taM jANaM jiNasAsaNe // arthAt jina zAsana meM usI ko jJAna kahA gayA hai jisase tattvoM kA bodha hotA hai, jisase citta kA nirodha hotA hai, tathA jisase AtmA vizuddha hotI hai| yaha AdhyAtmika zikSA kA svarUpa hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM zikSA ke cAra uddezya batAe gae haiM 1. mujhe zrutajJAna (Agama kA jJAna) prApta hogaa| 2. maiM ekAgracitta houuNgaa| 3. maiM apane Apa ko dharma meM sthira bnaauuNgaa| 4. maiM svayaM dharma meM sthita hokara dUsaroM ko dharma meM sthira bnaauuNgaa| isa prakAra zikSA kA uddezya mAtra akSara-jJAna nahIM mAnA gyaa| zikSA dvArA citta kI ekAgratA evaM buddhi kI sthiratA prApta honI cAhie tathA zikSArthI ko dharma ke jIvana-mUlyoM ko apanAne ke yogya bananA caahie| ekAgratA ke binA vyakti kisI bhI kSetra meM saphala nahIM ho sktaa| eka vyakti zikSita ho para mAnasika ekAgratA se zUnya ho; use zikSA kI viDambanA hI kahanA caahie| isI bAta ko svAmI vivekAnanda ne kahA-'hameM aisI zikSA cAhie, jisase caritra kA nirmANa ho, mAnasika bala bar3he, buddhi kA vikAsa ho aura jisase manuSya apane pairoM para khar3A ho ske|' yahI bhAratIya saMskRti kA udghoSa hai, jo sanAtana kAla se calA A rahA hai| upaniSad meM kahA hai-'yA vidyA sA vimuktaye' arthAt vidyA vahI hai jo hameM vimukta karatI hai| vidyA kisa cIja se vimukta karatI hai? to kahA gayA ki hamameM jo duHkha kI sthiti hai, AkulatA aura vyAkulatA hai, tanAva kI sthiti hai, ye cAhe zArIrika stara para hoM yA mAnasika stara para unase mukti kA sAdhana antatogatvA vidyA hI hai| prAcIna kAla meM zikSA (vidyA) ke do bheda kahe gae haiM- aparAvidyA (bhautika jJAna) aura parAvidyA (AdhyAtmika jnyaan)| jisa prakAra se eka skUTara do pahiyoM ke binA nahIM cala sakatA hai, vaise hI parAvidyA aura aparAvidyA donoM kA sAmaMjasya nahIM ho to jIvana kI gAr3I bhI nahIM cltii| isa prakAra hamAre deza ke AcAryoM ne zikSA ke sahI saMskAroM kA sAre deza meM pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| ye saMskAra hamAre rASTra kI sampadA haiM, anamola dharohara haiN| hamAre deza meM bhautika jJAna kI avahelanA nahIM kI gaI kintu usake sAtha AdhyAtmika jJAna ko apanAne para adhika jora diyA gayA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne zikSA ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA karate hue adhyAtma vidyA ko mahAvidyA kI saMjJA pradAna kii| RSibhASitasUtra meM AyA hai

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jainAgamoM meM zikSA kA svarUpa : 25 imA vijjA mahAvijjA, sabbavijjANa uttamA / jaM vijjaM sAhaittANAM, savvadukkhANa muccatI / / jeNa bandhaM ca mokkhaM ca, jIvANaM gatirAgatiM / AyAbhAvaM ca jANAti, sA vijjA yA dukkhamoyaNI / / arthAt vahI vidyA mahAvidyA hai aura sabhI vidyAoM meM uttama hai, jisakI sAdhanA karane se samasta duHkhoM se mukti hotI hai| jisa vidyA se baMdha aura mokSa kA, jIvoM kI gati aura agati kA jJAna hotA hai tathA jisase AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai, vahI vidyA sampUrNa duHkhoM ko dUra karane vAlI hai| jJAna aura caritra jaina AgamoM meM AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM zramaNa/zramaNiyoM ko vidyA pradAna karane kA adhikAra diyA gyaa| AcArya zruta-jJAna ke prakAzaka hote haiM ataH kahA gayA hai jaba dIvA dIvasamaM, paippae so ya dippae dIvo / dIvasamA AyariyA, dippaMti paraM ca dIveti / / arthAt jaise eka dIpaka se saikar3oM dIpaka jala uThate haiM aura vaha svayaM bhI jalatA rahatA hai, vaise hI AcArya hote haiM, ve svayaM prakAzamAna rahate haiM aura dUsaroM ko bhI prakAzita karate rahate haiN| bodhapAhur3a meM kahA gayA hai ki AcArya ve haiM, jo karma ko kSaya karane vAlI zuddha dIkSA aura zuddha zikSA dete haiN|' jaina dharma meM zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ko bhI zrutajJAna prApta karane ko kahA gayA hai| zrutajJAna do prakAra se prApta hotA hai-AcAryoM, upAdhyAyoM yA zramaNoM dvArA athavA apane svayaM kI preraNA dvaaraa| lekina usa jJAna kA koI mahattva nahIM, jo AcAra meM pariNata nahIM ho| AcArya umAsvAti ne kahA hai samyagdarzana-jJAnacAritrANi mokssmaargH|0 samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra tInoM kI sammilita ArAdhanA dvArA mokSa kA mArga upalabdha hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai nAdasaNissa nANaM, nANeNa viNA na huMti caraNaguNA / aguNissa natyi mokkho, natthi amokkhassa nivvANaM / / 11 arthAt samyagdarzana ke binA jJAna nahIM hotaa| jJAna ke binA cAritraguNa niSpanna nahIM hotaa| cAritraguNa ke binA mokSa (karmakSaya) nahIM hotA aura mokSa ke binA paramazAMti kA lAbha nahIM hotaa| isI bAta ko eka udAharaNa dvArA isa prakAra samajhAyA gayA hai

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26 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 hayaM nANaM kiyA hINaM, hayA aNNANao kiyaa| pAsaMto puMgalo daDaDho, dhAvamANo yA aMdhao // 2 arthAt kriyAvihIna kA jJAna vyartha hai| ajJAnI kI kriyA vyartha hai| jaise eka paMgu vana meM lagI huI Aga ko dekhate hue bhI bhAgane meM asamartha hone se jala maratA hai aura aMdhA vyakti daur3ate hue bhI dekhane meM asamartha hone se jala maratA hai| Age bhI kahA gayA ki 'saMjoasiddhIi phalaM vayati3 arthAt jJAna aura kriyA ke saMyoga se hI phala kI prApti hotI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne cAritra zuddhi para bahuta adhika jora diyA hai| zikSA dvArA manuSya ke udAtta bhAvoM kI jAgRti honI caahie| isameM prema, karuNA, anukampA, kSamA Adi mUlyoM kA jAgaraNa ho, vaha mAtra jAnakAriyoM taka sImita nahIM rhe| AcArAMga niyukti meM kahA hai aMgANaM kiM sAro? aayaaro|14. arthAt aMga sAhitya kA sAra kyA hai? unakA sAra AcAra hai| zIlapAhuDa meM kahA hai sIleNa viNA visayA, NANaM vinnaasNti|15 arthAt zIla ke binA indriyoM ke viSaya jJAna ko naSTa kara dete haiN| isI grantha meM kahA hai sIlaguNavajjidANaM, NiratyayaM maannusNjmm|16 arthAt zIla guNa se rahita vyaktiyoM kA manuSya janma pAnA nirarthaka hI hai| manuSya cAhe kitanA bhI jJAna prApta kara le, binA cAritra ke jJAna kA koI mUlya nhiiN| Avazyaka niyukti meM kahA hai, subahaMsi suyapahIyaM, kiM. kAhI crnnvipphiinnss| __aMdhassa jaha palittA, dIvasayasahassakoDi vi / / 17 arthAt zAstroM kA atyadhika adhyayana bhI caritrahIna ke lie kisa kAma kaa| kyA karor3oM dIpaka jalA dene para bhI aMdhe ko koI prakAza mila sakatA hai? isa prakAra jaina AcAryoM ne usa zikSA ko grahaNa karane kA pratipAdana kiyA jo cAritra ko unnata karane vAlI ho| zikSAzIla kauna? Agama zAstroM meM zikSArthI ke guNoM-avaguNoM para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| zikSA prApti kI yogyatA kisameM hai? isakA varNana uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM milatA hai

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jainAgamoM meM zikSA kA svarUpa : 27 vase gurukule niccaM jogavaM uvahANavaM / piyaMkare piyaMvAI se sikkhaM ladbhumarihaI / / 18 arthAt jo sadA gurukula meM vAsa karatA hai, yogavAna aura tapasvI hotA hai, mRdula hotA hai tathA madhura bolatA hai, vahI zikSA prApta kara sakatA hai| isI grantha meM batAyA gayA hai ki zikSAzIla kaisA ho- 1. ha~sI-majAka nahIM karanA, 2. indriya aura mana para sadA niyaMtraNa rakhanA, 3. kisI kA marma (rahasya) prakaTa nahIM karanA, 4. zIla-rahita (AcAra-vihIna) nahIM honA, 5. doSoM se kaluSita nahIM honA, 6. ati rasa-lolupa nahIM honA, 7. krodha nahIM karanA evaM 8. satya meM rata rhnaa|9 / jaina AgamoM meM zikSArthI ke lie vinaya, anuzAsana evaM prAmANika jIvana para bala diyA gayA hai| inhIM guNoM se vyakti kA jIvana zreSTha banatA hai| upadezamAlA meM kahA hai viNao sAsaNe mUlaM, viNIo saMjao bhave / viNayAo dippamukkaksa, kao dhammo ko tvo?||20 . arthAt vinaya jina-zAsana kA mUla hai| saMyama aura tapa se vinIta bananA caahie| jo vinaya se rahita hai, usakA kaisA dharma aura kaisA tapa? dazavaikAlika sUtra meM bhI kahA hai vivattI aviNIyassa, saMpattI viNIyassa vA / jasseyaM duhao nAyaM, sikkhaM se abhigacchai / / 21 arthAt avinIta ko vipatti aura suvinIta ko sampatti-ye do bAteM jisane jAna lI haiM, vahI zikSA prApta kara sakatA hai| isI sUtra meM yaha bhI kahA gayA evaM dhammassa viNao, mUlaM paramo se mokkho| jeNa kittiM suyaM sigdhaM, nissesaM cAbhigacchai / / 22 arthAt isI taraha dharma kA mUla vinaya hai aura mokSa usakA aMtima lakSya hai| vinaya ke dvArA hI manuSya jaldI zAstra-jJAna evaM kIrti kA saMpAdana karatA hai| aMta meM niHzreyas (mokSa) bhI isI ke dvArA prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra Agama meM viveka-sammata AcAra para jora diyA gayA hai| zikSArthI pratyeka kArya vivekapUrNa kre| kahA hai caradi jaMda jadi NiccaM, kamalaM va cale Niruvalevo / 23 arthAt yadi sAdhaka (zikSArthI) pratyeka kArya yatanA (viveka) se karatA

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28 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 hai, to vaha jala meM kamala kI bhA~ti jagat meM nirlipta rahatA hai| Agama meM vANI ke viveka para bhI jora diyA gyaa| kahA hai hia-mia-apharusavAI, aNuvIibhAsi vAiyo vinno|24 arthAt hita-mita, mRdu aura vicArapUrvaka bolanA vANI kA vinaya hai| isI prakAra kahA hai puvviM buddhIe pAsettA, tatto vakkamudAhare / acakkhuo va neyAraM buddhimanesae girA // 25 arthAt pahale buddhi se parakha kara phira bolanA caahie| aMdhA vyakti jisa prakAra patha-pradarzana kI apekSA rakhatA hai, usI prakAra vANI buddhi kI apekSA rakhatI hai| zikSA ke sAdhaka tattva nIce dI huI pandraha prakAra kI pravRttiyoM kA sevana karane vAlA vyakti zikSA ke yogya kahA gayA hai- 1. jo namra hotA hai, jo capala nahIM hotA, 3. jo mAyAvI nahIM hotA, 4. jo kutUhala nahIM karatA, 5. jo kisI para AkSepa nahIM karatA, 6. jo krodha ko TikAkara nahIM rakhatA, 7. jo maitrI karane vAle ke sAtha maitrI kA vyavahAra karatA hai, 8. jo mana kA mada nahIM karatA, 9. skhalanA hone para kisI kA tiraskAra nahIM karatA, 10. mitroM para krodha nahIM karatA, 11. apriyatA rakhane vAle mitra kI bhI ekAnta meM prazaMsA karatA hai, 12. kalaha aura hAthApAI kA varjana karatA hai, 13. kulIna hotA hai, 14. lajjAvAna hotA hai, 15. pratisaMlInaindriya aura mana kA saMgopana karane vAlA hotA hai|26 zikSA ke bAdhaka tattva uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zikSA ke bAdhaka tattvoM kA bhI varNana hai aha paMcahiM ThANehiM, jehiM sikkhA na labbhaI / thaMbhA kohA pamAeNaM rogeNA'lassaeNa ya / / 27 nimna caudaha prakAra kI pravRttiyoM kA Asevana karane vAlA avinIta- zikSA ke ayogya kahalAtA hai| vaha nirvANa-mAnasika zAMti ko prApta nahIM hotA hai1. jo bAra-bAra krodha karatA hai, 2. jo krodha ko TikA kara rakhatA hai, 3. jo maitrI karane vAle ke sAtha bhI amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra karatA hai| 4. jo jJAna kA mada karatA hai, 5. kisI kI skhalanA hone para usakA tiraskAra karatA hai, 6. mitroM para kupita hotA hai, 7. priyatA rakhane vAle mitra kI bhI ekAnta meM burAI karatA hai, 8. asambaddhabhASI hai, 9. drohI hai, 10. abhimAnI hai, 11. lubdha hai, 12.

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jainAgamoM meM zikSA kA svarUpa : 29 jitendriya nahIM hai, 13. saMvibhAga nahIM karatA hai, 14. vizvasanIya athavA prItikara nahIM hai|28 svAdhyAya mahattva jaina sAdhanA meM svAdhyAya ko bahuta mahattva diyA gayA hai| svAdhyAya zikSA kA abhinna aMga hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA ki svAdhyAya mahAn tapa hai| bAraha prakAra ke AMtarika va bAhya tapoM meM svAdhyAya ke samAna tapa na to hai, na huA hai aura na hogaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhagavAn se pUchA gayA, 'he bhagavan ! svAdhyAya karane se jIva kisakA lAbha prApta karatA hai?' bhagavAn ne uttara diyA___ sajjhAeNaM nANAvaraNijja kammaM khveii|29 arthAt svAdhyAya se jIva jJAnAvaraNIya (jJAna ko rokane vAle) karmoM kA nAza karatA hai| ____ bhagavatIsUtra meM prabhu mahAvIra ne batalAyA hai ki sahI prakAra se svAdhyAya karane se manuSya apane jIvana ke sarvocca lakSya arthAt paramAtma-svarUpa ko prApta kara sakatA hai savaNe nANe vinnANe, paccakhANe ya saMjame / aNaNhaye tave ceva, bodANe akiriyA siddhI / / " arthAt dharma-zramaNa (svAdhyAya) se nimna lAbha hote haiM 1. jJAna, 2. viziSTa tattva-bodha, 3. pratyAkhyAna (sAMsArika padArthoM se virakti), 4. saMyama, 5. anAsrava (navIna karmoM kA nirodha), 6. tapa, 7. pUrvabaddha karmoM kA nAza, 8. sarvathA karmarahita sthiti tathA 9. siddhi (mukta sthiti)| isase jJAta hotA hai ki jIvana kI sAdhanA meM svAdhyAya kA sthAna sarvopari hai| svAdhyAya ke aMga jaina zAstroM meM svAdhyAya ke bAre meM vizad vivecana milatA hai| prAcIna kAla meM jaba pustakoM kA pracalana nahIM thA taba bhI svAdhyAya kiyA jAtA thaa| usa samaya jJAna ko kaMThastha rakhane kA pracalana thaa| ziSya gurujanoM se zAstra-zravaNa kara unheM apanI smRti meM saMjokara rakhate the| vedoM ko 'zruti' aura Agama ko 'zruta kahA gayA hai, yaha isI tathya kA sUcaka hai| jaina AcAryoM ne svAdhyAya ke nimna pA~ca aMgoM kA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai 1. vAcanA- gurujanoM se jJAna grahaNa karanA, unake pravacana sunanA 'vAcanA' kahalAtA hai| bar3e-bar3e jJAniyoM ne jo jJAna pustakoM meM lipibaddha kiyA hai, use par3hanA vAcanA kahalAtA hai| par3hanA aura kisI se sadvacana sunanA, yaha donoM vAcanA

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30 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 ke antargata Ate haiN| 2. pRcchanA- par3he yA sune hue jJAna ke bAre meM koI zaMkA ho yA usakA artha spaSTa nahIM ho to usake bAre meM jijJAsAvRtti se prazna pUchanA tAki viSaya spaSTa ho jAye 'pRcchanA' kahalAtA hai| isase jJAna samyak banatA hai| jaina paddhati meM praznottara ko pRcchanA kA aMga mAnA gayA hai| 3. parAvartanA- pUrva paThita jJAna ko bAra-bAra smaraNa karanA yA usakA punaH-punaH pArAyaNa karanA tAki pATha bhUle nahIM 'parAvartanA' kahalAtA hai| bArabAra yAda karane se jJAna smRti meM sthAyI rUpa se sthira ho jAtA hai| 4. anaprekSA- jJAna ke bAre meM nirantara cintana-manana karanA tathA paThita jJAna ko vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se samajhanA. 'anuprekSA' kahalAtA hai| isase jJAna meM vyApakatA AtI hai| anuprekSA dvArA svAdhyAyI jJAna se gambhIratA prApta karatA hai| 5. dharmakathA- jaba svAdhyAyI jJAna ko grahaNa kara use nizzaMka kara letA hai taba usase yaha apekSA kI jAtI hai ki vaha apane nirmala jJAna ke srota se anya logoM ko jJAna dekara unake jJAna meM abhivRddhi kre| sAdhaka vArtA, carcA, pravacana, adhyApana, praznottara ityAdi dvArA apane jJAna ko bhI sudRr3ha karatA hai evaM samAja ko bhI lAbhAnvita karatA hai| jIvana kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa . ... uparokta vivecana se yaha kadApi nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya zikSA ne jIvana ke bhautika aMgoM kI upekSA kI hai| hamAre yahA~ zAstroM meM jIvana ke samagra aMgoM ko liyA gayA hai| puruSArtha dvArA jIvana ke sampUrNa aMgoM kA vikAsa karanA zikSA kA uddezya hai| isako spaSTa karane ke lie hama eka nadI kA udAharaNa leN| agara nadI ke donoM kinAre (taTabaMdha) majabUta hote haiM to usa nadI kA pAnI pIne ke, siMcAI ke, udyoga-dhandhoM Adi ke kAma meM AtA hai, usase jIvoM kA kalyANa hotA hai| lekina jaba usake kinAre kamajora par3a jAte haiM to nadI bAr3ha kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai aura taba vahI pAnI aneka gA~voM ko jalamagna kara detA hai, aneka manuSya aura paza usameM baha jAte haiM, bhayaMkara trAhi-trAhi maca jAtI hai| isI prakAra manuSya kA jIvana dharma aura mokSa ke do kinAroM kI taraha hai| ina do taToM kI maryAdA meM artha aura kAma kA sevana kiyA jAe to manuSya kA jIvana svayaM ke lie evaM anyoM ke lie bhI upayogI aura kalyANakArI siddha hotA hai| hamAre yahA~ jagat aura jIvana kI upekSA nahIM kI gii| lekina saMyamamaya, maryAdAnukUla jIvana ke vyavahAra para jora diyA gyaa| hamAre yahA~ pArivArika jIvana meM isI dharma kI bhAvanA ko vikasita karane ko kahA gyaa| zAstroM meM patnI ko

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jainAgamoM meM zikSA kA svarUpa : 31 'dharmapatnI' kahA gayA hai jo dharma bhAvanA ko bar3hAne vAlI hotI hai| vaha vAsanA kI mUrti nahIM hai| Agama meM patnI ke bAre meM bar3A sundara varNana AtA hai bhAriyA dhammasahAiyA, dhmmviijjiyaa| dhammANurAgarattA, samasuhadukkhasahAiyA / / 31 arthAt patnI dharma meM sahAyatA karane vAlI, sAtha dene vAlI anurAgayukta tathA sukha-duHkha ko samAna rUpa meM baMTAne vAlI hotI hai| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki hama duniyAM kI sabhI sUcanAe~ prApta kareM, vijJAna va bhautika jagat kA pUrNa jJAna prApta kareM, sArI upalabdhiyA~ prApta kareM lekina ina sabake sAtha dharma ke jIvanamUlyoM kI upekSA na kreN| usa sthiti meM vijJAna bhI vinAzaka zakti na hokara mAnava jAti ke lie kalyANakArI siddha hogaa| tIna prakAra ke AcArya rAjapraznIyasUtra meM tIna prakAra ke AcAryoM kA ullekha milatA hai- kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dhrmaacaary| kalAcArya jIvanopayogI lalita kalAoM, vijJAna va sAmAjika jJAna jaise viSayoM kI zikSA dete the| bhASA, lipi, gaNita, bhUgola, khagola, jyotiSa, Ayurveda, saMgIta aura nRtya ina sabakI zikSAe~ kalAcArya pradAna karate the| jainAgamoM meM puruSoM kI 64 kalAoM aura striyoM ke 72 kalAoM kA vivaraNa milatA hai| zilpAcArya AjIvikA se sambandhita zikSA dete the| zilpa, udyoga va vyApAra se sambandhita sAre kAryoM kI zikSA denA zilpAcArya kA kArya thaa| ina donoM ke atirikta tIsarA zikSaka dharmAcArya thA, jisakA kArya dharma kI zikSA pradAna karanA va cAritra kA vikAsa karanA thaa| dharmAcArya zIla aura sadAcaraNa kA jJAna pradAna karate the| ina saba prakAra kI zikSAoM ko prApta karane ke kAraNa hamArA zrAvaka samAja bahuta sampanna thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai- 'je kamme sUrA te dhamme sUrA', arthAt jo karma meM zUra hotA hai, vahI dharma meM zUra hotA hai| caritra ko unnata banAe~ __ Aja sUcanA takanIkI kA drutagAmI vikAsa huA hai| reDiyo TI.vI., kampyUTara, iMTaraneTa Adi dvArA vizva kA sampUrNa jJAna sahajatA se upalabdha ho rahA hai, lekina yadi bAlaka ke caritra nirmANa para dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA to ye vaijJAnika sAdhana use patita kara sakate haiN| Aja vizva ke sarvAdhika samRddha rASTra amerikA kA eka vidyArthI 18 varSa kI umra taka kama se kama aneka hatyAoM, balAtkAra Adi ke dRzya TI.vI. Adi para dekha letA hai| usa vidyArthI ke komala mastiSka para bhayaMkara duSprabhAva par3atA hai? Aja yahI takanIkI hamAre deza meM bhI sulabha ho gaI hai| aneka prakAra ke cainala va calacitra TI.vI. para pradarzita hote haiM jo

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32 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 24 ghaMTe calate rahate haiN| unameM se aneka hiMsA evaM azlIlatA ko bar3hAvA dene vAle, hamAre pArivArika jIvana ko vikhaNDita karane vAle hote haiN| hamArI sarakAra bhI adhika AmadanI kI lAlaca meM unheM bar3hAvA detI hai| isIlae samAja kA yaha dAyitva hai ki jo vyakti zikSaNazAlAe~ calAte haiM, unake dvArA vidyArthiyoM ko caritra-nirmANa ke saMskAra die jaaeN| hameM vidyAlayoM meM jaina saMskAroM kA bhI jJAna denA hogA, yathA mAtA-pitA kI bhakti, guru-bhakti, dharma-bhakti evaM rASTra bhkti| isI prakAra vidyArthiyoM ko mAnava mAtra se prema, paropakAra kI bhAvanA, jIva rakSA ke saMskAra dene hoNge| use yaha mahasUsa karAnA hogA ki koI duHkhI vyakti hai to usako yathAzakya madada denA, sAmAnya-jana ke sukha-duHkha meM sammilita honA, kisI ke bhI prati dveSa nahIM rakhanA Adi saMskAra jIvana ko utkarSa kI ora le jAte haiN| Aja vizva kA bauddhika vikAsa to bahuta huA hai para AdhyAtmika vikAsa nahIM huaa| DhoMgI sAdhu adhyAtma ke nAma para dhokhA adhika de rahe haiN| mahAkavi dinakara kI bar3I sundara ukti hai buddhi tRSNA kI dAsI huI, mRtyu kA sevaka hai vijJAna / cetatA aba bhI nahIM manuSya, vizva kA kyA hogA bhagavAn? / / manuSya kI buddhi tRSNA kI dAsI ho gaI hai| tRSNA nirantara bar3hatI jA rahI hai| vijJAna kA bhI upayoga adhikAMzataH vidhvaMsaka astroM ke sarjana meM ho rahA hai| aisI sthiti meM manuSya ko sukha aura zAnti kaise prApta hogI? jaina zikSA kA Adarza jainAgamoM meM zikSA kA Adarza thA-bhautika jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha AdhyAtmika jJAna kA smnvy| jaina zikSA ke tIna abhinna aMga haiM- zraddhA, bhakti aura krm| samyagdarzana se hama jIvana ko zraddhAmaya banAte haiM, samyagjJAna se hama padArthoM ke sahI svarUpa ko samajhate haiM tathA samyak cAritra se hama sukarma kI ora prerita hote haiN| ina tInoM kA jaba hamAre jIvana meM vikAsa hotA hai tabhI hamAre jIvana meM pUrNatA AtI hai| zikSA ke dvArA bauddhika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha zikSArthI kA Antarika vyaktitva bhI badalanA caahie| yahI jaina zikSA kA saMdeza hai- hama apramatta baneM, jAgarUka baneM, cAritra-sampanna bneN| tabhI hamAre rASTra kA tathA vizva kA kalyANa sambhava hai| sandarbha-sUcI 1. zikSA, svAmI vivekAnanda, pR.7, prakAzaka- rAmakRSNa maTha, naagpur| 2. prAcIna bhArata meM zikSA- DaoN. e.esa. altekara, pR. 12

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jainAgamoM meM zikSA kA svarUpa : 33 3. zAkAhAra-krAnti (mAsika, navambara-disambara 2001) pR. 6 4. mUlAcAra, gAthA 267 5. dazavaikAlikasUtra, gAthA 267 6. zikSA svAmI vivekAnanda, pR.8 7. isibhAsiyAiMsUtra, gAthA 17/1-2 8. uttarAdhyayanasUtra niyukti,gAthA 8 9. bodha pAhur3a, gA. 16 10. tattvArthasUtra,gAthA 1 11. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, gAthA 28/30 12. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 101 13. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 102 14. AcArAMganiyukti, gathA 16 15. zIlapAhur3a, gAthA 2 16. zIlapAhur3a, gAthA 15 17. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 98 18. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, gAthA 11/14 19. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, gAthA 11/4-5 20. upadezamAlA, gAthA 1/341 21. dazavaikAlika sUtra, gAthA 9/2/22 22. dazavaikAlika sUtra, gAthA 9/2/2 23. pravacanasAra, gAthA 3/18 24. dazavaikAlika niyukti, gAthA 322 25. vyavahAra bhASyapIThikA, gAthA 76 26. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, gAthA 10/13 27. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, gAthA 11/3 28. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, gAthA 11/6-9 29. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, gAthA 29/19 30. bhagavatIsUtra, gAthA 2/111 31. upAsakadazAMgasUtra, gAthA 7/22/7

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zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 apraila-jUna 10 prAkRta sAhitya meM aMkita nArI DaoN. kalpanA jaina [lekhikA ne isa Alekha meM 'nArI' ke vividha rUpoM kA citraNa kiyA hai| jaisI paristhitiyA~ prAcIna kAla meM thIM vaisI Aja to nahIM hai parantu nArI ke ve sabhI rUpa (utkRSTa aura adhama ) Aja bhI dRSTigocara hote haiN| Aja zikSA kA prasAra jyAdA hai tathA svAtantrya bhI adhika hai ] * prAkRta sAhitya ke granthoM meM samAja ke vibhinna vargoM aura viSayoM kA varNana karate samaya nArI kI vibhinna sthitiyoM va avasthAoM kA aMkana bhI huA hai| prAkRta sAhitya kI pramukha vizeSatAoM meM eka vizeSatA usakA kathAtmaka honA hai| AyAmoM kI vividhatAoM ke kAraNa prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke AkAza meM aneka nArI pAtra aise haiM jo apane viziSTa guNoM ke kAraNa camakIle nakSatroM kI bhAMti jagamagAte haiN| sadAcaraNa, zIla- pAlana, sAhasa, tyAga, kalA-kauzala, vAtsalya evaM utkaTa prema-bhAvanA Adi jIvana mUlyoM kI pratiSThA meM prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM nArI pAtroM ne vizva ke kathA premiyoM kA dhyAna apanI aura AkarSita kiyA hai| svastha samAja aura samRddha rASTra ke nirmANa meM bhI ina nAriyoM ke caritra Aja bhI patha pradarzaka haiM, preraNAspada haiN| prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM nArI ke vividha rUpoM kA jIvanta citraNa hai| 'samarAiccakahA' 'kuvalayamAlAkahA', 'NAyAraMbhakahA', paumacariyaM, gAthAsaptazatI, dhUrtAkhyAna Adi granthoM kA vizeSa adhyayana karane vAle vidvAnoM ne nArI ke kanyA, premikA, bhAryA, mAtA, bahina, dAsI, sAdhvI Adi kaI rUpoM meM samAja meM unakI kyA sthiti thI, isa para prAsaMgika rUpa se prakAza DAlA hai| isa yuga ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM aMkita kanyA, bhAryA aura mAtA ko kendra meM rakhakara hI tatkAlIna samAja meM unakI pratiSThA Adi kA rekhAMkana kiyA gayA hai| kanyA parivAra meM anya sadasyoM ke sAtha putrI arthAt kanyA kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| putroM ke samAna hI putrI ke janma kA bhI utsava manAyA jAtA thaa| kuvalayamAlA kA janma hone para putra janma se bhI adhika utsava manAyA gayA variSTha prAdhyApikA, prAkRta bhASA vibhAga, zrI lAlabahAdura zAstrI saMskRta vidyApITha, naI dillI- 110016

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prAkRta sAhitya meM aMkita nArI : 35 thaa| bArahaveM dina usakA nAmakaraNa saMskAra kiyA gayA evaM usake lAlana-pAlana kI vyavasthA kI gii| samarAiccakahA se jJAta hotA hai ki vilAsavatI ke janma hone para usake mAtA-pitA ne usake lAlana-pAlana ke lie dhAya niyukta kI thii| kanyA ko snehavaza bacapana meM aneka alaMkAroM se alaMkRta kiyA jAtA thaa| pitA ke ghara putrI kA lAlana-pAlana bar3e sneha se hotA thaa| kanyAoM ko zikSita karanA isa yuga meM Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thaa| haribhadra ne vivaraNa diyA ki putrI ratnavatI kI zikSA ke liye usake mAtA-pitA ne sabhI sAdhana juTAye the aura apanI putrI ko saMgIta, citrakalA evaM kaI vijJAnoM meM niSNAta kiyA thaa| kusumAvalI ko bacapana se hI kAvya evaM citrakalA kI zikSA pradAna kI gayI thii| zikSA para itanA adhika bala dene ke kAraNa kucha kanyAyeM itanI adhika viduSI ho jAtI thIM ki ve adhyApana kArya bhI nipuNatA se karatI thiiN| kuvalayamAlA kI eka kathA meM bharukaccha kI kanyA madanamaMjarI ne apane pitA kI AjJA se eka rAjagIra ko thor3e hI samaya meM akSarajJAna, lipijJAna, vAstu-lakSaNa, nRtyajJAna, sabhI darzana, Adi kI zikSA dekara paMDita banA diyA thaa| kanyA madanamaMjarI ke dvArA par3hAyA gayA vaha rAjagIra bhI adhyApana kalA meM itanA nipuNa ho gayA ki usane jaMgala meM palane vAlI eka kanyA ko vahIM vana ke vAtAvaraNa meM itane suMdara DhaMga se zikSA pradAna kI ki vaha bAda meM mahAviduSI saMnyAsinI aiNikA bnii| zikSA ko grahaNa karane vAlI Age calakara kuzala gRhiNI banatI hai| unake guNoM ke vikAsa meM zikSA kI vizeSa bhUmikA rahatI hai| kintu azikSita aura saMskAroM se rahita kanyAyeM kumArga para jaldI agrasara ho jAtI haiN| samarAiccakahA meM pundarabhaTTa kI patnI narmadA aura jinadharma kI patnI bandhulatA aziSTa AcaraNa karane vAlI nAriyA~ thiiN| jinhoMne bacapana meM koI saMskAra prApta nahIM kiye the| eka dhUrta ne eka julAhe kI lar3akI ko AkarSita kara usako apane sAtha bhAgane ke lie taiyAra kara liyaa| julAhe kI lar3akI ne jaba apanI sahelI rAjakumArI ko sAtha bhAga jAne kI salAha dI to rAjakumArI ko kisI nItipUrNa gAthA ne smaraNa dilAyA ki- he Ama! yadi kisI mAha meM kanera ke vRkSa para adhika phUla Aye to tujhe usa samaya phUlanA ucita nahIM kyoMki nIca logoM ke azobhana kArya kA anukaraNa nahIM kiyA jaataa| isa zikSA se rAjakumArI usa dhUrta se bacakara rAja-mahala meM vApasa lauTa gii| jai kullA kaNiyArayA cuyaya! ahimAsayaMmi putttthmi| tuha na khayaM phulleuM jai paccaMtA kariti DamarAI / /

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36 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna 10 samAja meM apanI kanyA, bahana ko jo pratiSThA aura sammAna prApta thA, vahI dUsarI kanyAoM ko pradAna karane kI apekSA kI jAtI thI / ataH kanyAoM ke sAtha anaitika saMbaMdha evaM unake apaharaNa, saMskAra yukta samAja meM bahuta kama hote the| mahAkavi vimalasUri ne kanyAoM ko pratiSThA dene ke uddezya se maMdodarI dvArA rAvaNa ko aisI zikSA dene kA prasaMga upasthiti kiyA hai| vaha rAvaNa se kahatI hai - jaise Apa apanI bahana ke apaharaNa se krodhita ho uThe, vaise hI dUsaroM kI kanyAoM ke viSaya meM samajheM paramesara kaho viNa appaNiya, jiha kaNNa tema - parabhANaNiyA / 11 isa yuga meM kanyA Adi ke vivAha ke saMbaMdha meM kaI varNana prApta hote haiN| unase jJAta hotA hai ki kaMnyA kA vivAha samaya para evaM acche suyogya vara ke sAtha karane kI pratyeka pitA kI abhilASA hotI thI / paumacariyaM meM varNita aMjanA ke pitA ne jaba geMda khelatI huI apanI putrI ko dekhA to zIghra hI vara khojakara kanyAdAna karane kA nirNaya kara liyA kyoMki yadi yuvAvasthA meM kanyAdAna na kiyA jAye to ve pitA para doSa lagA sakatI haiN| 12 kanyAdAna ke lie vara ke kula, zIla evaM kIrti Adi kI jAnakArI karanA Avazyaka thaa| 13 - prAyaH donoM kuloM ke vaibhava, saMskAra evaM zIla samAna hone para hI vivAha saMbaMdha hote the| kintu kanyAeM rUpa, guNa, sAhasa Adi se kisI yuvaka ke prati AkarSita hone para usase prema vivAha bhI karatI thiiN| samarAiccakahA meM dvitIya evaM saptama bhava kI kathA meM aise prema-prasaMgoM kA varNana hai / paumacariyaM meM maMdodarI, kalyANamAlA evaM aMjanA nAmaka kanyAoM ke prema-vivAha hue the, parantu pratyeka kI paristhitiyA~ bhinna-bhinna thIM / 15 prema-vivAha meM citradarzana dvArA AkarSaNa kI vizeSa bhUmikA hotI thI / kuvalayamAlA meM kAma - gajendra aura ujjaina kI rAjakumArI kA vivAha citradarzana ke AkarSaNa se hI huA thaa| ujjayinI ke rAjA prajApAla ne apanI guNavatI surasundarI ko par3hane ke lie eka dvija ke pAsa bhejA aura indrANI ko bhI jItane vAlI dUsarI kanyA madanasundarI ko bhI isI uddezya se eka muni ke pAsa le jAne kA Adeza diyaa| surasundarI ne itanA adhyayana kiyA ki usake sAmane koI vidvAn Thahara nahIM pAtA thaa| vaha itanI niSNAta ho gaI jitanA koI dRr3hapratijJa aura atyanta buddhimAn vyakti hI ho sakatA hai| usane vyAkaraNa, chanda aura nATaka samajha lie the| nighaNTu, tarkazAstra aura lakSaNa zAstra par3ha lie aura amarakoSa tathA alaMkAra zAstra bhii| usane Agama aura jyotiSa grantha bhI samajha liye| mukhya bahattara kalAyeM bhI usane jAna liiN| usI prakAra caurAsI khaNDa

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prAkRta sAhitya meM aMkita nArI : 37 vijJAna bhii| phira usane gAthA, dohA, aura chappaya kA svarUpa jAna liyaa| usane caurAsI bandhoM kA svarUpa jAna liyA tathA rAga aura sattara svaroM ko bhii| pA~ca zabdoM aura causaTha kalAoM ko bhI jAna liyaa| phira gIta, nRtya aura prAkRta kAvya ko bhI jAna liyaa| usane saba zAstra aura purANa jAna liye| anta meM chaha bhASAyeM evaM SaDdarzana bhI jAna liye| chiyAnave sampradAyoM ko bhI usane jAna liyaa| usane sAmudrika zAstra ke lakSaNoM ko bhI zIghra samajha liyaa| usane caturdaza vidyAoM ko par3ha liyaa| auSadhiyoM aura bhAvI ghaTanAoM ke samUha kA use jJAna ho gyaa| chiyAnave vyAdhiyA~ vaha uMgaliyoM para ginA sakatI thii| bahuta se dezoM kI mukhya bhASAoM ko bhI usane sIkha liyaa| usane aThAraha lipiyA~ bhI jAna lii| nau rasoM aura cAra vargoM ko usane jAna liyaa| jinazAsana ke anusAra cAritra aura nirveda vidyA ko bhI jAna liyaa| dussaha rati aura kAmArtha meM use koI jIta nahIM sakatA thA? usane kSapaNaka muni ke pAsa jIvoM ke aTThAnave samAsoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| samAdhigupta muni ke pAsa usane ina samasta-zAstroM ko acchI taraha jAna liyaa| __ svecchA se pati-varaNa kI svataMtratA ke lie svayaMvaroM kA Ayojana isa yuga meM bhI hotA thA jisakA varNana prAkRta sAhitya meM prApta hai| prAyaH uccavarga meM hI svayaMvara pracalita the| tosalI deza meM eka aise vivAha sthala kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai jahA~ dAsa-dAsiyA~ ekatra hokara Apasa meM eka dUsare ko pasaMda kara apanA vivAha karate the| kabhI-kabhI ucca gharAnoM kI kanyAyeM sAmAnya vyakti athavA ghara ke sevakoM se paraspara AkarSaNa ke kAraNa vivAha kara letI thiiN| eka rAjakumArI ne indradatta se vivAha kara mRtyudaNDa se usakI rakSA kI thii| azvoM ke svAmI eka dhanika kanyA ne apane naukara se vivAha kara use apanA gharajamAI banA liyA thaa| prAkRta sAhitya meM kanyAoM ke jIvana ke sambandha meM kucha aise prasaMga prApta hote haiM jo unakI svatantratA aura karttavyaparAyaNatA ke dyotaka haiN| kuvalayamAlA meM caMDasoma kI kathA kA ullekha hai ki caMDasoma kI bahana zrI somA apanI bhAbhI ke rokane para bhI gA~va meM ho rahe nATaka ko dekhane calI jAtI hai| usakA bar3A bhAI caMDa atyaMta krodhI thA phira bhI apane prANoM kA bhaya na karake rAta meM gA~va meM akele nATaka dekhane jAnA kanyA ke svataMtratApUrNa jIvana kA paricAyaka hai| mahAkavi vimalasari ne do aisI kanyAoM kA varNana kiyA hai jo apane pitA ke zatru se badalA lene ke lie yuddha bhUmi meM jA pahu~catI haiN| vIra rAkSasa bajramukha kI kanyA laMkA suMdarI apane pitA ke baMdhaka hanumAna se lar3ane ke lie yuddhabhUmi

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38 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 meM unakA sAmanA karatI hai| isI prakAra kalyANamAlA ke pitA ko koI mleccha baMdI banAkara le gayA taba zoka manAne ke sthAna para kalyANamAlA svayaM nalakuMvara ke puruSa veSa meM rAjA bana gii| usane puruSa veSa taba taka nahIM tyAgA jaba taka use pitA kI mukti kA AzvAsana nahIM mila gyaa| isase yaha bhI dhvanita hotA hai ki putra hI nahIM apitu putriyA~ bhI pitA ke prati putravat hI apane kartavyoM kA pAlana karatI thiiN| bhAryA suzikSita saMskArayukta evaM sAhasI kanyAyeM jaba manapasanda vara ke sAtha vivAha-sambandha meM baMdhatI haiM to ve bhAryA, gRha-lakSmI Adi padoM ko dhAraNa karatI haiN| prAkRta sAhitya meM patnI kI bhUmikA gRhastha jIvana meM sahacarI ke rUpa meM rahI hai| vaha apane pati kI mitra, salAhakAra evaM saMrakSikA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thii| prAcIna sAhitya meM patniyoM ke Adarza rUpoM kI pramukhatA hai, kintu adhama bhAryAoM ke vivaraNa bhI kama nahIM haiN| ata: yaha sAhitya tatkAlIna samAja meM nArI ke yathArtha rUpa ko prastuta karane meM saMkoca nahIM krtaa| ina granthoM meM varNita grahiNI ke rUpa kevala paurANika yA kAlpanika hI nahIM haiM apitu unakA janajIvana se sIdhA sambandha hai| patiyoM ke sAtha mana-vacana-kAya se rahanA sabhI nAriyoM kA kartavya thaa| udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM pati se prema karane vAlI patniyoM ke kaI sundara dRSTAnta prastuta kiye haiN| ____ AdipurANa se jJAta hotA hai ki isa yuga meM vivAhita nArI kA mahattva kramazaH bar3ha rahA thaa| vaha ghUmane-phirane evaM dhArmika utsavoM meM Ane-jAne ke lie svatantra thii| guNavatI bhAryA ko pAkara pati apane ko kRtArtha mAnate the| patnI se pati kI zobhA hotI thii|22 ataH patniyoM kA apamAna karanA ziSTa vyaktiyoM ke liye aparAdha jaisA thaa| sadguNI evaM buddhimatI nArI puruSa para adhikAra jamAne meM, use apane vaza meM karane meM saphala rahI hai| haribhadrasUri ke dhUrtAkhyAna nAmaka grantha meM khaNDapAnA nAma kI nArI pA~ca sau puruSoM para vijaya prApta karatI hai, unheM vAdavivAda meM harAtI hai tathA anta meM unheM bhojana karAkara tRpta karatI hai| yaha bhI nArI kI vijaya kA ghoSaNApatra hai AThavIM zatAbdI kaa| kavi ne isa AkhyAna ke dvArA nArI ke svatantra vyaktitva ke vikasita hone kI sUcanA dI hai|23 striyA~ pati ke pratyeka kArya meM sahayoga kiyA karatI thiiN| vimalasUri racita paumacariyaM meM kaikeyI ko pratyutpannamati, kalA-sampanna, dUradarzI mahilA ke rUpa meM darzAyA gayA hai| sahRdayA, kalA-marmajJA kaikeyI yuddhakalA meM nipuNa thii| ratha

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prAkRta sAhitya meM aMkita nArI : 39 kalA meM bhI niSNAta thii| kitanI zUratA aura vIratA unameM rahI hogI kahA nahIM jA sktaa| prAcIna kAla ke yuddha Amane-sAmane lar3e jAte the| aise raNasthala para ratha-cakra kI kIlI nikala jAne para apanI aMgulI rathacakra meM DAlakara calAye rakhanA, apUrva sAhasa kI apekSA rakhatA hai| vaha Adhunika pragatizIla mahilA thI, samaya se Age calane vAlI / AcArya vimalasUri ne rAvaNa kI paTTarAnI kI bhI bhavyatA siddha karane kI pUrNa ceSTA kI hai| svataH usake aneka vizeSaNa die haiM, tathA pAtroM se bhI usakI prazaMsA karAI hai aura usake kAryoM se bhI use udAra evaM udAtta mahilA siddha karane kI saphala ceSTA kI hai| vaha vanitottamA hai| sarasvatI kI pratimUrti jaisI lagatI hai aura usako prApta kara rAvaNa ko lagatA hai mAno usane samasta bhuvanAzrita zrI hI pA lI hai| vaha pati kI hitaiSiNI hai aura zAnta mastiSka kI vicAravatI strI hai| candranakhA ke kharadUSaNa dvArA haraNa kara lie jAne para rAvaNa khaDga lekara lar3ane jAnA cAhatA hai kintu mandodarI use samajhAtI hai "he nAtha! kanyA nizcita hI parAyA dhana hotI hai, use pitA kA ghara tyAganA hI hotA hai| kharadUSaNa jo ApakI bahana ko le gayA hai vaha yogya hai, pAraMgata hai| yadi vaha yuddha meM mArA gayA to apaharaNa ke doSa se dUSita kanyA kA dUsarA koI varaNa nahIM karegA ataH use vidhavA hI rahanA pdd'egaa"| Aja ke bhautikavAdI aura vivAha saMsthA ke prati Adara na rakhane vAlI unmukta AcaraNa ke patha para bar3hane vAlI kanyAoM aura mAtAoM ke lie mandodarI ke vacana preraka haiN| apane unmukta AcaraNa se Aja nArI krUratAoM aura amAnavIyatA kI zikAra bana rahI haiN| apanI patana ko alavidA kahane kA jauhara dikhAne kA tathA caritra apane aMdara svayaM nArI ko utpanna karanA hogaa| rAvaNa kI prakRti meM jahA~ uttejanA thI vahIM mandodarI kI prakRti zAMta thI, vaha apanI dUradarzitA evaM vivekazIlatA se samaya-samaya para hitakArI upadeza detI hai| vaha AtmadIpta dAha se rAvaNa ko dhikkAratI bhI hai- he mahAzaya! alpa sukhakara aura bahuta duHkhadAyI ina viSaya sukhoM kA parityAga karo aura paranArI ke saMsarga ko chor3a do| jaba tumheM hajAroM rAniyoM se tRpti nahIM ho sakI to eka se kaise hogii| pati ko supatha para lAnA hI patnI kA uddezya hai na ki usake anaitika kAryoM meM sahayoga denaa| AcArya haribhadrasUri ne prAcIna AgamoM kI prasiddha kathA 'dhanya kI cAra putravadhuyeM prastuta kI hai| isameM zvasura dhanya zreSThi dvArA pradatta kulaparamparA rUpI dhAnya ko apane buddhi aura zrama se kaI gunA kara dene vAlI choTI bahU ghara kI svAminI banatI hai| jabaki svAda meM ruci rakhane vAlI, saMgraha karane

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40 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna 10 vAlI, bar3oM ke nirdeza ko vyartha samajhane vAlI anya bahuyeM ghara ke anya kAmoM niyukta hotI haiN| guNa aura buddhi ke sAtha yahA~ zrama se yukta nArI kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai| 28 dazavaikAlika hAribhadrIyavRtti meM subhadrA kI kathA zIla ke mahattva ko prastuta karane vAlI hai| " zIlavatI nAriyoM kI hara yuga meM pratiSThA rahI hai| samarAiccakahA meM aisI saccaritrA patniyoM ko 'sudAhArata tulyA, vizuddhazIlA, dharmakalpavRkSa Adi sammAna-sUcaka vizeSaNa diye gaye haiM / " usa samaya kI eka nArI pAtra kusumAvatI pativratA aura gRhasaMcAlikA patnI ke rUpa meM upasthita huI hai| jaba use yaha AzaMkA hotI hai ki apazakuna - dohada se utpanna usakA putra kahIM apane pitA ke lie duHkhadAyI na ho to kusumAvatI aise putra ko tyAga detI hai / kyoMki use bharosA thA ki pati ke mana para to vaha hI adhikAra rakhatI hai| usane pati se vacana le liyA thA ki vaha jo kucha bhI isa loka meM dekhatA, sunatA, anubhava karatA hai vaha saba kucha Akara use batAnA hogA / haribhadrasUri ne eka manoraMjaka kathA dvArA yaha saMketa kiyA hai ki usa samaya kisa prakAra nArI puruSoM para zAsana calAne ko socane lagI thii| eka brAhmaNI ne apanI tIna kanyAoM ko vivAha ke samaya yaha zikSA dI ki yadi tuma apane patiyoM ko apane vaza meM rakhanA cAhatI ho to prathama milana meM pAda- prahAra se usakA svAgata krnaa| bar3I kanyA ne jaba pAda- prahAra kiyA to usakA pati usake paira ko sahalAte hue bolA ki tumheM coTa to nahIM lagI? yaha sunakara mA~ ne beTI ko kahA terA pati jIvana bhara terA gulAma banake rhegaa| ma~jhalI kanyA ke pati ne lAta khAkara use turaMta bhalA burA kahA kiMtu phira zAMta ho gayA, taba mA~ ne beTI se kahA- tuma kabhI-kabhI rUThatI rahanA to ArAma se rhogii| choTI kanyA ne jaba pAda- prahAra kA sAhasa dikhAyA to usake pati ne use khUba pITA aura usakI mA~ ko bhI apazabda khe| patA calane para mA~ ne beTI ko akele meM samajhAyA ki-putrI tumheM sabase zreSTha pati milA hai, tuma isakI AjJA meM rahogI to sukhI rhogii| AThavIM zatAbdI meM prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM nAriyoM kI svacchaMdatA ke kaI udAharaNa prApta hote haiM parantu aisI caritra vAlI karttavyahIna nAriyA~ samAja meM sammAna kI pAtra nahIM thiiN| udyotanasUri dvArA mohadatta kI kathA meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki anaitika saMbaMdha kA patA calate hI parivAra aura samAja ke vyakti doSI ko sajA dilAne ke lie sakriya ho jAte the| suvarNA nAmaka vaNika putrI parityaktA ke rUpa meM apane mA~-bApa ke yahA~ rahatI thI / kintu rAjakumAra tosala ke sAtha usakA anaitika saMbaMdha ho jAne para use ghara chor3anA par3A, aura rAjakumAra ke lie mRtyudaMDa kI vyavasthA kI gii| 32

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prAkRta sAhitya meM aMkita nArI : 41 isI taraha mahAkavi hAla kI 'gAhAsatasaI nAmaka graMtha meM bhAryA ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki patnI apane pati, devara ke mana ko azuddha jAnakara bhI sAre dina ghara kI dIvAra para rAma kA anugamana karate hue lakSmaNa kA caritra aMkita karatI rahI tAki parivAra meM vighaTana kI sthiti na utpanna ho, bhAI-bhAI meM paraspara saMgharSa Tala jaaye| isa prakAra vaha viparIta paristhiti ko apane DhaMga se anukUla karanA cAhatI hai, yaha eka bhAryA kI saMskArazIlatA hai|32 mAtA zIlavatI evaM kartavyaparAyaNA gRhiNI santAna ko prApta karate hI mAtA ke pratiSThita pada ko suzobhita karatI thii| mAtA kI pratiSThA aura mahattva hara yuga meM rahA hai, kyoMki mAtA gRhastha jIvana kI dhurI hai| usake dvArA die gaye saMskAra vyakti ko mahApuruSoM kI koTi meM biThA dete haiN| mahAkavi haribhadrasUri ke vyaktittva ke nirmANa meM unakI dharmamAtA yAkinI mahattarA kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA mAnI jAtI hai| putra zraddhA se mAtA kI vandanA karate the tathA avasara Ane para mAtA kI khuzI ke lie apane bhAga kA rAjya chor3akara muni bana jAte the| prAkRta sAhitya ke paumacariyaM meM sItA ne garbhavatI hote hue bhI bhrUNahatyA kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI tathA pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM rahate hue na sirpha yugala putroM ko janma diyA apitu saMtAnoM ko ucita saMskAra dekara unheM kula meM sammilita kara unakA uttarAdhikAra dilAkara hI apanI mA~ hone kA gaurava hAsila kiyaa| isI kAraNa sItA nArI varga kI samasta nirbalatA ko naSTa karane vAlI eka dAyitvabodha vAlI mAtA hai| usameM sAhasika nirNaya-kSamatA bhI hai| jar3atA ko vicchinna kara jaba nArI Antarika cetanA ko jagA kara apanA kartavya patha nirdhArita kara letI hai to vaha ajeya ho jAtI hai| paumacariyaM meM nArI cetanA ko alaMkRta karane vAlI mahattvapUrNa caritra satI aMjanA kA bhI hai jisane apane ko durAcAriNI ghoSita hone para, zvasura-gRha tathA pitR-gRha se niSkAsita hone para bhI sampUrNa jagat ko vaha putraratna diyA jisake dvArA sadA-sadA ke lie isa saMsAra se rAkSasatva miTAkara 'rAmatva' kI pratiSThApanA huI hai| rAma ne rAvaNa vijaya ke bAda jaba apanI mAtA ke putra-viyoga kA duHkha sunA to ve dravita ho utthe| unheM mAtA aura janmabhUmi svarga se bhI priya lagane lgii| aisI mAtAoM ko dekhakara hI kahA gayA hai ki mAtA kA sthAna pitA se bhI U~cA hai kyoMki mAtA pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM bhI apanI saMtAna kI sevA ke lie tatpara rahatI hai| udyotana sUri ne mAtA-putra ke sneha ko apane varNana

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42 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna 10 dvArA sAkAra kara diyA hai| kuvalayacandra ko jaba mAyAvI azva ur3Akara le gayA to usake viyoga meM usakI mA~ priyaMgu zyAmA pachAr3a khAkara gira pdd'ii| usakI hAlata pAgaloM jaisI ho gyii| 3 mAtA kA duHkha putra ko bhI sahana nahIM hotA / vaha apanI mAtA ke apamAna ke lie bar3e se bar3e zatru se bhir3ane ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai cAhe vaha usakA pitA hI kyoM na ho| rAma dvArA sItA ke parityAga ko sItA to yaha kahakara sahana kara gaI ki he rAma ! Apa eka vRkSa se bhI baune ho gye| vRkSa marate dama taka apane se lipaTI latA ko nahIM tyAgate, jabaki Apane mujhe tyAga diyaa| nara aura nArI ke svabhAva meM yahI aMtara hai / 34 kintu sItA ke putra apanI mAtA ke parAbhava ko nahIM bhUla ske| prAkRta jaina sAhitya meM aMkita mAtA kA itanA sammAna hote hue bhI haribhadrasUri ne samarAiccakahA ke dUsare bhava kI kathA meM jAlinI nAmaka mAtA ko kumAtA ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| vaha apane putra ko duHkha dene ke nayenaye kucakra racatI rahatI hai / antataH putra zikhIkumAra ko apane hAthoM se mAra DAlatI hai| sambhavataH aisI kumAtA ke prasaMga usa samaya apavAda rahe hoM athavA pUrvajanmoM ke karmoM ke nidAna ke kAraNa mAtA ko aise duSkRtya karane par3e hoN| dharma-pAlana aura vratAcaraNa meM agrasara nArI nAriyoM ko sAdhAraNataH dharmabhIru, vrata-upavAsa meM tatpara, deva - deviyoM aura sAdhu-sAdhviyoM Adi kI ArAdhanA meM agrasara dikhAyA gayA hai| nAriyoM kI yaha pravRtti kucha prakRti aura kucha paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa apekSAkRta adhika hI rahI hai| isakA citraNa bhI samasta bhAratIya sAhitya meM samAna rUpa se huA hai| apabhraMza ke sAhityakAroM ne bhI isake aneka udAharaNa saMjoye haiN| nAriyoM ne eka ora 'to kramazaH abhyAsa karate hue yathAvidhi jinadIkSA grahaNa kI aura dUsarI ora samaya-samaya para parvArAdhana, tapazcaraNa, sAdhu-bhakti, devArAdhana, rAtri - bhojana tyAga Adi meM bhI ekAMkI yA sAmUhika rUpa se bhAga liyaa| nArI - jIvana aura usake gaurava tathA apamAna se jur3e hue kucha prAsaMgika citra anya prAkRta sAhitya meM bhI milate haiN| kanyA ke vivAha ke samaya yA usake vidAI meM pitA apanI zakti bhara dhana-dhAnya detA thaa| pitA dvArA dakSiNA svarUpa vibhinna vastuoM ko bheMTa svarUpa dene kA ullekha samarAiccakahA meM hai / 36 kuvalayamAlA ke pitA ne bhI beTI ke vidAI ke samaya dhana-dhAnya Adi diyA thaa| kintu ise Aja kI daheja-prathA se nahIM jor3A jA sktaa| isI prakAra vidhavAjIvana ke bhI do-tIna prasaMga yahA~ upalabdha haiM / 37 kintu ve utane kaSTadAyaka nahIM

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prAkRta sAhitya meM aMkita nArI : 43 ki carcA ke viSaya bneN| pati ke prema meM Asakta koI patnI agni-praveza kI athavA AtmadAha kI pratijJA bhI karatI dikhAI detI hai| kintu vaha dhArmika vizvAsa ke liye yA kisI Dara se kiyA gayA satImaraNa nahIM hai| nirdhanatA ke kAraNa yA karja cukAne ke lie striyA~ naukarI Adi bhI karatI thiiN| unheM dAsI, dhAI, Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA thaa| isa vivecya yuga meM prAkRta sAhitya meM nArI ke prAyaH una sabhI rUpoM kA vivaraNa prApta hai, jinase usakI pratiSThA aura mahattva kA jJAna hotA hai| prAkRta sAhatyi meM nArI pAtroM ke caritra kA rekhAMkana sukha evaM duHkha donoM meM preraNA detA hai| inake mAdhyama se hama eka pUrI sAMskRtika-aitihAsika virAsata se jur3ate haiM jo tamAma viSamatAoM meM sukha evaM zAnti ko naSTa hone se bacA letI hai| ina nAriyoM ke jIvana caritra meM hameM Aja bhI nAriyoM se jur3e samasta praznoM ke uttara aura sAmAjika visaMgatiyoM kA sarvasammata pratikAra dRSTigocara hotA hai| jisa pala bhI jIvana nirarthaka lage, samasyAoM kA jAla jakar3ane lage athavA jIvana meM koI rAha dRSTigata na ho to satyaniSThatA, ekAgratA, pavitratA se ina sAttvika nAriyoM kA smaraNa apratyAzita rUpa se urjAsvita kara degaa| Aja kI pratyeka nArI ke antara meM inakA nivAsa hai, AvazyakatA hai inake guNoM ko samAhita kara vikasita karane kii| sandarbha-sUcI 1. puttakumAra puNNamaMto ahayaM jassa tumaM putto, kuvalayamAlA, 162.10 2. tatto tIe putta dhammAo vi ahiyaM kayAi vddhaavnnyaaiN| kuva0 162.91 3. samarAiccakahA, bhava-5, pR. 35 4. samarAiccakahA, bhava, 8, pR. 744 5. vahI, bhava-8 pR. 6. vahI, bhava-2 pR.87-88 7. savva kalAgama-kusalo jiNavayaNasaNicchao mahAbuddhI-kuvalayamAlA, 123.26 8. imiNApa ogeNa akkhara-livIo gaahiaa| kuvalayamAlA, 27-1-18 9. samarAiccakahA, bhava-9, pR. 922 10. jaina, jagadIzacandra, prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya, pR. 60 11. paumacariu 12. kaNNa dANu kahiMtaNau jai, pauma.,63/9 13. kula sIla-kitti-parivvajjiyAhaM, pauma, 82/2/4

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44 : zramaNa, varSa 61; aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 14. yAdava, jhinakU, samarAiccakahA- eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR. 122 15. zarmA, yogendra nAtha, svayaMbhU aura tulasI ke nArI pAtra, meraTha, 1979, 2 pR. 62 16. bRhatkalpabhASya, 2 gAthA, 3446 17. AcArAMgacUrNi, 5 pR. 186 18. bRhatkalpabhASya 3, gAthA 3959 19. kuvalayamAlAH eka anuzIlana 10, pR. 461 20. vahI 10, pR. 461 21. paumacariyaM, saMdhi 48/10/1 22. vahI, saMdhi, 26/19/9 23. upAdhye e. ena., dhUrtAkhyAna, bambaI, bhUmikA 24. paumacariThaM, saMdhi, 24/23/31 25. paumacariuM, saMdhi 9 26. paumacariThaM, saMghi 9-10 27. paumacariyaM, saMdhi, 9.10-15 28. upadezapada, gAthA 1172.179 29. dazavaikAlika, gAthA 73 pR. 92 30. jaina, jagadIzacaMdra 1000 kahAniyA~, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI 31. kuvalayamAlA, anuccheda 45, pR. 75 32. gAthAsaptazatI, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI, 1995, 1.35 33. mucchA mohiya jAyA tujjha mauttIti aasaasijhNtii| tA putta! turayaM yA jaNaNI pecchAsi jiyNtii| 157.8 34. Nara-NArihIM evauTha antarU bharaNe vivAlli Na bhellai tkhruu| pauma., 8 35. zAstrI, nemicandra, haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA-sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana, ___ vaizAlI, 1865 pR. 242 aadi| 36. yAdava jhinakU, samarAiccakahA- eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, bhAratIya prakAzana, vArANasI, 1977, pR. 112 aadi| 37. jaina, jagadIzacandra, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI 1965, pR. 158 38. samarAiccakahA, bhava, 7 pRSTha 664

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zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 aprela-jUna 10 jaina dharma meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA pro. sAgaramala jaina anu. DaoN. rAjendra kumAra jaina [vidvAn lekhaka ke aMgrejI Alekha kA yaha anuvAda lekhaka kI antarvedanA ko prakaTa karatA hai| Aja jo jIvana meM azAMti kA kAraNa hai vaha hai tanAva, ananta icchAoM kA makar3ajAla (rAga-dveSa bhAva) ityaadi| vastutaH duHkha yA tanAva zArIrika yA bhautika kama haiM aura mAnasika adhika haiN| ataH? yadi mana kI caJcalatA, tRSNA, lobha, Asakti, mamatva Adi vRttiyoM ko saMyamita kara liyA jAtA hai, to parama zAMti sulabha hai, anyathA asaMbhava hai| ahiMsA, aparigraha, vItarAgatA, sahiSNutA, anekAnta dRSTi ina sabhI zabdoM kA lakSya eka hI hai 'zAnti' yA parama shaanti| zAntipUrNa jIvana aura sAmAjika-vAtAvaraNa : yugIna-AvazyakatA : vartamAna samaya vijJAna aura takanIkI kA yuga hai| vaijJAnika-jJAna ke kSetra meM pragati ke pariNAmasvarUpa hamAre dhArmika-aMdhavizvAsoM aura mithyA-dhAraNAoM kA anta huA hai| durbhAgyavaza isa pragati ke kAraNa hamAre pArasparika-vizvAsa, naitika aura AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM meM uttarottara girAvaTa bhI AI hai| vaijJAnika-jJAna aura takanIkI-soca ke vikasita hone se eka ora to mAnavatA ke sUtra meM jor3ane vAlI kar3I ke rUpa meM kAma karane vAle, dhArmika-AsthAoM para AdhArita paramparAgata sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika-jIvanamUlya aprAsaMgika ho gae haiM tathA dUsarI ora zAMtipUrNa aura sArthaka-jIvana jIne ke lie navIna-mUlyoM para AdhArita sAmAjika-vyavasthA hama Aja taka vikasita nahIM kara pAe haiN| hama pUrNatayA astavyasta yA arAjaka-sthiti meM jIvana jI rahe haiN| vastutaH, vartamAna samaya parivartanoM kA yuga yA saMkramaNa kAla yA sandhi-yuga hai, kyoMki purAne mUlya aprAsaMgika ho gae haiM aura navIna mUlya sthApita nahIM hue haiN| paramANu zakti aura vyavasthA ke saMbaMdha meM bhI hamArA jJAna uttarottara vikasita huA hai, phalasvarUpa mAnava-samAja meM zAMtimaya vAtAvaraNa ko sthApita karane ke lie aura sAtha hI eka sacce rakSaka ke rUpa meM bhI Aja hama usI para pakkA bharosA karate haiM tathA isa sandarbha meM dhArmika-AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko aMdhavizvAsa kahakara khArija kara dete haiN| zrI DI.Ara. mehatA ne sahI kahA hai-'vartamAna samaya meM vizva-samudAya apane dainika

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46 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 jIvana meM dharma se vimukha hotA jA rahA hai, vyAvasAyika yA udyogajA hiMsA kA vistAra bRhat rUpa le cukA hai tathA prANIjagat (manuSya ho yA pazu yA jIvana ke anya rUpa) ke prati mAnavIya saMvedanA AnupAtika rUpa se kama huI hai|" Aja, manuSya hamAre lie yA to eka jaTila mazIna ke samAna hai yA kama se kama eka vikasita paza, jo yaMtravata tarkoM se sampanna aura naisargika-preraNAoM se saMcAlita hai| isa prakAra mAnava-samAja meM jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM pUrNatayA bhautikavAdI aura svArthI-dRSTikoNa vikasita ho cukA hai| yadyapi vaijJAnika-pragati huI hai, parantu hamAre pAzavika-vRttiyoM aura svArthI-svabhAva kA kiMcit bhI pariSkAra nahIM huA hai| hamAre andara pAzavika-vRttiyAM adhika prabala haiM, jo hamAre vyaktigata aura sAmAjika-jIvana ko saMcAlita kara rahI haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa, hamArA jIvanavyagratAoM, uttejanAoM, manovikAroM aura mAnasika-tanAvoM se vyApta hai| jo rASTra Arthika-dRSTi se jitanA adhika samRddhazAlI hai, vahA~ mAnava-samAja meM ina duSTapravRttiyoM kI jar3eM utanI hI adhika gaharI haiN| tanAva ko isa yuga kA ekamAtra viziSTa lakSaNa nirUpita kiyA jA sakatA hai| Ajakala, vyakti vizeSa hI nahIM, apitu sampUrNa mAnavajAti tanAva meM hI jI rahI hai| ___ yadyapi, dikhAve ke lie yA UparI taura para to hama zAMtipUrNa taura-tarIkoM aura ahiMsAmaya AcaraNa kI vakAlata karate haiM; parantu hRdaya se to hama bhI jaMgalakAnUna, arthAt 'jisakI lAThI usakI bhaiMsa ke siddhAnta meM hI dRr3ha vizvAsa rakhate haiN| vastutaH, hama kevala apanI pAzavika-vRttiyoM kI santuSTi ke lie hI jI rahe haiM, phira cAhe hama ucca sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI bAteM kyUM na kreN| jIvana kA yaha doharApana yA kathanI-karanI meM antara hI ekamAtra kAraka hai, jo hamAre vyaktigata jIvana aura sAmAjika-vAtAvaraNa meM azAnti phailAtA hai| eka bAra jaba hama uccastarIya jIvana-mUlyoM ko prabhAvahIna hotA dekhate haiM, yA hamAre vizvAsa ko coTa pahuMcatI hai, to hama pratyeka vyakti, samudAya aura rASTra ko zaMkA bharI dRSTi se dekhane lagate haiM, nizcita taura para yaha vikSubdha mAnasikatA kA pratIka hai| __bhautikavAdI aura yantravat dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa hamArI vizvAsa-bhAvanA kA AdhAra kamajora huA hai| jaba pArasparika-vizvAsa, sahayoga aura saha-astittva ke uccastarIya jIvana-mUlyoM ke prati vizvAsa TUTatA hai, to saMdeha kA janma hotA hai| saMdeha, bhaya kA kAraNa hai| bhaya, hiMsA ko sthAna detA hai| hiMsA, pratihiMsA ke lie prerita karatI hai| vastutaH, hiMsA hamAre bhautikavAdI-dRSTikoNa aura zaMkAlusvabhAva kI pariNati hai| vartamAna samaya meM mAnavajAti apanI jo sabase bahumUlya

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jaina dharma meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA : 47 vastu kho cukI hai, vaha mAnasika-zAMti ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM ho sakatI hai| vijJAna aura takanIkI vikAsa ne hameM jIvana kI sukha-suvidhA ke sabhI sAdhana pradAna kie haiN| phalasvarUpa, pRthvI para jIvana Aja jitanA vilAsI aura sukhada ho gayA hai, utanA pahale kabhI nahIM thaa| phira bhI, manuSya kI bhautikavAdI aura svArthI-soca tathA zaMkAlU-svabhAva ke kAraNa koI bhI prasanna aura sukhI nahIM hai| hama hara samaya tanAva meM rahate haiM, yahA~ taka kI hama gaharI nIMda se bhI vaMcita ho gae haiN| jo loga bhautika rUpa se adhika samRddhazAlI haiM tathA jinake pAsa jIvana kI sabhI sukha-suvidhAe~ haiM, ve adhika tanAvagrasta haiN| samRddhazAlI rASTroM ke cikitsA aura manovaijJAnika prativedanoM se isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| dhanADhyavarga meM mAdaka padArthoM aura nazIlI-davAiyoM ke sevana kI bar3hatI huI pravRtti se bhI yaha bAta pramANita hotI hai| saca to yaha hai ki mAnasika-zAnti kI kImata para hamane bhautika-vikAsa ke pAyadAnoM ko taya kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, hama apanI naisargika-jIvanazailI se bhI vaMcita ho gae haiN| zrI esa. botharA kahate haiM"durbhAgya se yaha huA hai ki mahattvAkAMkSA aura saphalatA ke unmAda meM hama naisirgika-anuzAsana ko bhUla cuke haiM, jo hameM pazujagat se vaMzAnugata hastAMtarita huA hai|"2 takanIkI aura vaijJAnika-jJAna ke kSetra meM uttarottara pragati ke sAtha hI hamane na kevala sAmAjika aura dhArmika niyaMtraka-tattvoM, apitu naisargika - niyaMtraka-tattvoM ko bhI svIkAra karanA chor3a diyA hai| Aja sthiti yaha hai ki hamArI jIvanarUpI gAr3I ko gati dene ke lie eksIlareTara to hai, parantu use niyaMtrita karane ke lie usameM breka nahIM hai| hamArI icchAoM kI koI sImA nahIM hai| ye sadaiva apUrNa hI rahatI haiM, jisase manuSya nirAzAgrasta hokara udAsIna ho jAtA hai| ye nirAzAe~ aura udAsInatAe~ hamAre tanAva kA kAraNa haiN| vartamAna samaya meM yAtAyAta ke sarva-sulabha sAdhana upalabdha hone se bhinna-bhinna rASTroM, saMskRtiyoM aura dharmoM ke logoM se samparka karane meM bhautika-dUrI aba bAdhA nahIM rahI hai aura isa dRSTi se hamArA vizva simaTa rahA hai, parantu durbhAgya se bhautikavAdI aura svArthapUrNa dRSTikoNa ke phalasvarUpa hamAre diloM kI dUriyA~ dina-ba-dina bar3hatI jA rahI haiN| hama Apasa meM pArasparika-prema, sahayoga aura vizvAsa vikasita karane ke bajAya ApasI ghRNA aura zatrutA ko hI bar3hAvA de rahe haiN| ravIndranAtha Taigora ne sahI kahA thA-"manuSya ke lie eka-dUsare ke nikaTa Akara bhI mAnavIya dAyittvoM (mAnavIya guNoM) kI upekSA karanA nizcita hI mAnavajAti kI AtmahatyA kI hI prakriyA hogii|"3

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48 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 jainadharma meM zAnti kI avadhAraNA 'zAnti' zabda ke vividha artha haiN| yaha bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa se bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA jA sakatA hai| Abhyantarika rUpa meM zAnti zabda kA artha mana kI zAnta-avasthA se hai, jisameM AtmA apane svabhAva meM sthita ho jAtI hai, bAhya vAtAvaraNa se aprabhAvita rahatI hai| 'zAnti' zabda kA eka artha AtmA kA vikAroM-vikSepoM tathA icchAoM-AkAMkSAoM se rahita ho jAnA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM dRr3hatApUrvaka kahA gayA hai-'AtmazAnti kA icchuka mumukSu icchArahita hotA hai|" zAnti, arthAt sabhI prakAra kI icchAoM kA avasAna ho jaanaa| sUtrakRtAMga ise nirvANa ke samatulya mAnatA hai, arthAt yaha sabhI prakAra kI icchAoM se mukta avasthA hai| anya zabdoM meM, yaha AtmasantoSa yA vizuddha draSTAbhAva kI avasthA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM nizcayAtmakatApUrvaka kahA gayA hai-"jo AtmazAMti ke prati sajaga hai, vaha manovikAroM kI giraphta se bahuta dUra hai| zAnti ko paribhASita karate hue saMta thaoNmasa ekvinasa bhI yahI kahate haiM"zAnti zabda meM do bAteM antarnihita haiM : prathama-AtmA bAharI nimittoM se prabhAvita nahIM honA cAhie aura dvitIya-hamArI icchAe~ usameM, arthAt AtmA meM zAnta ho jAnI caahie|"6 zAnti zabda ke isa artha kI nakArAtmaka aura sakArAtmakadRSTikoNa se bhI vivecanA kI jA sakatI hai| nakArAtmaka-rUpa meM yaha AtmA kI samasta prakAra kI icchAoM aura AvegoM kI samApti yA rAga aura dveSa ke mArga se mukti kI avasthA hai| sakArAtmaka-rUpa meM yaha paramAnanda yA AtmasantoSa kI sthiti hai, parantu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AtmazAnti ke ye sakArAtmaka aura nakArAtmaka pahalU eka-dUsare para anyonyAzrita haiN| AtmazAMti kevala nirapekSa bhAva nahIM hai, apitu yaha aisA kucha hai, jo pUrNa aura pratyakSa hai| yaha hamArI ananta-AtmA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| aba hama bAhyazAMti kI ora rukha karate haiN| yadi Abhyantarika-zAnti, Atma-zAnti hai, to bAhyazAnti, sAmAjika-zAnti hai| hama ise paryAvaraNIya yA vAtAvaraNIya-zAnti ke rUpa meM bhI paribhASita kara sakate haiN| jainadharma meM prAkRta zabda 'saMti' saMskRta ke 'zAnti' zabda ke samAna hI hai, jisakA Azaya bhI kSamAzIlatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM dasa sadguNoM meM kSamAzIlatA sarvaprathama guNa hai, jo sAmAjikazAnti ke lie mUlabhUta hai| yaha vibhinna vyaktiyoM, vyakti aura samAja, vibhinna sAmAjika-samudAyoM aura rASTroM ke bIca yuddha, zatrutA Adi kI samApti kI sthiti

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jaina dharma meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA : 49 hai| isa bAhya-zAnti yA sAmAjika-zAnti ko bhI nakArAtmaka aura sakArAtmaka donoM rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA jA sakatA hai| nakArAtmaka rUpa meM yaha yuddha aura zatrutA kI samApti kI sthiti hai| yaha vibhinna vyaktiyoM, sAmAjika-samudAyoM aura rASTroM ke pArasparika-sahiSNutApUrvaka rahane kI sthiti hai| yaha pArasparika sahayoga aura sahaastitva kI sthiti hai, parantu hameM isa tathya ke prati bhI sajaga honA cAhie ki vAstavika bAhya-zAnti ayuddha kI sthiti ke atirikta kucha aura bhI hai| yaha sajIva zAnti hai| yaha pArasparika-saMdeha aura bhaya se mukti kI sthiti hai| jaba taka eka-dUsare ke prati saMdeha aura AzaMkAeM vidyamAna haiM, vAstavika yuddha kI anupasthiti ke bAvajUda yaha zAnti kI sthiti nahIM hai, kyoMki jahA~ bhaya hai, vahA~ yuddha kI saMbhAvanA banI rahatI hai| Adhunika-vizva meM ise zItayuddha ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| yuddha, yuddha hai; phira cAhe vaha vAstavika ho yA zIta, vaha sAmAjika-zAnti ko prabhAvita karatA hai| vAstavika sAmAjika-zAnti tabhI saMbhava hai, jaba hamAre mana, bhaya aura AzaMkAoM se mukta hoM aura pratyeka vyakti na kevala 'jIo aura jIne do' ke siddhAnta meM, apitu 'dUsaroM ke lie jInA' kI ukti ko jIvana kA Adarza yA dhyeya-vAkya mAnane meM vizvAsa karatA ho| jaina-dArzanika AcArya umAsvAti ke anusAra 'prANIjagat svabhAvataH ekadUsare ke lie banA huA hai|' (parasparopagraho jIvAnAm) yadi hamArA mana bhaya aura AzaMkAoM se grasita hai tathA hama apanI pAzavika-vRttiyoM para niyaMtraNa nahIM karate haiM aura pArasparika-sahayoga evaM sahaastitva ke jIvana mUlyoM meM dRr3ha vizvAsa . nahIM karate haiM, to isa dharA para, vAstavika rUpa meM sAmAjika-zAnti sthApita honA sambhava nahIM hai| vAstavika rUpa meM, zAnti kevala tabhI prakaTa hotI hai, jaba prANI jagat ke prati hamArA hRdaya sArvabhaumika prema se paripUrNa hotA hai| yaha rAga-bhAva se kucha haTakara sthiti hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra rAga sadaiva dveSa se jur3A hai, parantu sArvabhaumika-prema 'sabhI prANiyoM kI samAnatA kI avadhAraNA' aura 'prANIjagat svabhAvataH eka-dUsare ke lie bane haiM ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai| hameM isa tathya ke prati bhI sajaga honA cAhie ki sAmAjika-zAnti vyaktiyoM kI mAnasikazAnti para AdhArita hai, kyoMki hamArA AcaraNa, hamArI icchAoM tathA jIvana ke prati hamAre najarie kI hI abhivyakti hai| isa prakAra zAnti ke vividha pahalU pRthak-pRthak na hokara pArasparika-rUpa meM eka-dUsare se jur3e hue haiN| sAmAjikazAnti yA bAhya-zAnti tabhI prabhAvita hotI hai, jaba vyakti kI mAnasika-zAnti

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50 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 prabhAvita hotI hai| donoM eka-dUsare kI sahagAmI haiN| mere vinamra vicAra meM, yuddha aura zatrutA rugNa mAnasikatA kI abhivyaktiyA~ aura niSpattiyA~ haiN| yaha vyakti aura samAja kA AkrAmaka aura svArthapUrNa dRSTikoNa hI hai, jo vibhinna vyaktiyoM, vyakti aura samAja, vibhinna sAmAjika-samudAyoM aura rASTroM ke Apasa meM AmanesAmane ho jAne kI sthiti ko janma detA hai| sabhI prakAra ke yuddha aura zatrutA, jinase hamArA vAtAvaraNa azAMta ho jAtA hai, ke mUla meM asaMtoSa kI bhAvanA tathA sattA, sampatti aura saMgraha ke prati hamArI aparimita icchA hI hai| isa prakAra sAmAjika-azAnti, ApasI-TakarAhaTa, yuddha aura zatrutA hamAre mAnasika rUpa se bImAra yA tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM hone ke lakSaNa haiN| vastutaH, sAmAjika-zAnti, samAja meM rahane vAle logoM ke manovaijJAnika yA mAnasika-svabhAva para nirbhara karatI hai, parantu yaha bhI saca hai ki sAmAjikavAtAvaraNa aura sAmAjika-prazikSaNa, jIvana ke prati hamAre dRSTikoNa aura bAharIAcaraNa ke pratimAna nirdhArita karate haiN| ahiMsaka-samAja hiMsaka-samAja se spaSTatayA bhinna hotA hai| eka ora jahA~ sAmAjika-paristhitiyA~, sAmAjikapratimAna aura Adarza vyakti ke mAnasika-svabhAva aura bAharI AcaraNa para prabhAva DAlate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora vyaktiyoM ke mAnasika-svabhAva aura bAharI AcaraNa dvArA sAmAjika-pratimAnoM aura AdarzoM kA svarUpa nirdhArita karate haiN| yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki kaI bAra pratikUla sAmAjika-paristhitiyA~ aura pratikUla vAtAvaraNa hamAre mAnasika asantulana ke lie jimmedAra hote haiM, parantu eka dRr3ha AdhyAtmika puruSa ina sthitiyoM se aprabhAvita rahatA hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra AdhyAtmika-rUpa se vikasita AtmA mAnasika stara para bAhya-halacaloM se aprabhAvita rahatI hai, parantu vikArI-AtmA nizcitatayA hamArI sAmAjika-zAnti ko prabhAvita karatI hai| Adhunika tanAva-siddhAnta bhI isa vicAra kA samarthana karate haiN| eka pustaka jisakA nAma hai 'Tensions that causes Wars' hameM batAtI hai- "Arthika asamAnatAeM, asurakSA evaM nirAzA samAja ko vibhinna vargoM meM bAMTate haiM aura vibhinna rASTroM ke bIca TakarAhaToM ko janma dete haiM, parantu jaina-dRSTikoNa ke anusAra Arthika asamAnatA aura asurakSA kA bhAva una vyaktiyoM ko prabhAvita nahIM kara sakatA hai, jo AtmasantoSI tathA bhaya aura AzaMkAoM se mukta haiN| jahA~ taka asaphalatA yA nirAzA kA prazna hai, vaha hamArI mahattvAkAMkSA, udAsInatA, akarmaNyatA, saMkIrNatA, manomAlinyatA Adi se utpanna hotI hai, jo kevala icchAoM kI parimitatA yA samApti dvArA hI niyaMtrita ho sakatI hai, isaliye prathamataH hameM

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jaina dharma meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA : 51 AtmazAnti yA mAnasika-zAnti banAe rakhane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| jainAgamoM meM zAnti ke mahattva aura svabhAva ke sambandha meM pakke pramANa milate haiN| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai-'jisa prakAra se pRthvI prANI jagat kI nivAsasthalI hai, usI prakAra se vartamAna meM jo AtmAeM AtmajJAna se prakAzita haiM, bhUtakAla meM jo thIM aura bhaviSya meM jo hoMgI- ve zAnti kI nivAsasthalI haiN|" ye AtmAeM AdhyAtmika U~cAiyoM ko prApta kara cukI haiM aura sadaiva zAMtaavasthA meM rahatI haiM tathA zAMti kA upadeza detI haiN| jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zAMti kA abhiprAya mana kI zAnta-avasthA se hai, isalie ve zAnti zabda ko samabhAvaavasthA yA samatA se samAnIkRta karate haiN| zAnti mAnasika-samatA aura sAmAjika-samAnatA para nirbhara karatI hai| jaba mAnasika-samatA khaNDita hotI hai, to manaHzAnti bhaMga hotI hai, ThIka isI prakAra se jaba sAmAjika-samAnatA, asamAnatA kA rUpa le letI hai, to sAmAjika zAnti bhaMga ho jAtI hai| jainadharma, dharma ke rUpa meM mAnasika samatA aura sAmAjika-samAnatA kI sAdhanA ke alAvA kucha nahIM hai| isake lie ve vizeSa rUpa se prAkRta-bhASA kA zabda 'samAiya' (samatA) kA upayoga karate haiM, jo jainadharma kI mUla avadhAraNA hai| yaha vaha dhurI hai, jisake cAroM aura sampUrNa jainadharma paribhramaNa karatA hai| aMgrejI-bhASA bhinnabhinna sandarbho meM, 'samAiya' zabda ke vividha arthoM kA saMketa karatI hai jaise-samatA, samAnatA, sahiSNutA, sadbhAva, pUrNazAMti, nyAyasaMgatatA, aadi| kabhI-kabhI isa zabda kA artha mana kI santulita avasthA se liyA jAtA hai, jisameM mana bhAvanAtmaka-AvegoM-saMvegoM, sukha-duHkha, harSa-viSAda, saphalatA-asaphalatA Adi se akampa-aDola yA avicalita rahatA hai, to kabhI isakA artha eka aise vyaktitva se liyA jAtA hai, jo rAga-dveSa ke duScakra se pUrNatayA mukta ho gayA hai, arthAt eka pUrNatayA zAMta vyktittv| 'samatA' yA zAnti' zabda kI ye Abhyantarika paribhASAeM haiM, parantu jaba isa zabda kA upayoga bAhya rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai, to isakA artha prANIjagat meM samAnatA kI bhAvanA se liyA jAtA hai aura taba yaha sAmAjika-samAnatA aura sAmAjika sadbhAva kA saMdeza sampreSita karatA hai| zAnti yA samatA-jIvana kA carama lakSya jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra jIvana kA carama lakSya hamAre mUlabhUta svabhAva, arthAt zAnti yA samatA kI sthiti ko prApta karanA hai| jainadharma ke sabase prAcIna grantha AcArAMgasUtra meM hama dharma kI do paribhASAe~ pAte haiN| eka-zAnti ke rUpa meM aura dUsarI-ahiMsA ke rUpa meN| zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate haiM-"mahAtmA

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52 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 puruSa, zAnti yA samatA yA samabhAva kI sAdhanA ke rUpa meM dharma kA pratipAdana karate haiN| zAnti yA citta kI zAnta avasthA, dhArmika-sAdhanA kA kendrIya tattva hai, kyoMki yaha prANIjagat aura mAnavajAti kA mUlabhUta svabhAva hai| eka anya jaina-dhArmika grantha bhagavatIsUtra meM zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra aura unake jyeSTha antevAsI indrabhUti gautama ke bIca hue saMvAda kA varNana milatA hai jisameM eka prazna ke antargata gautama pUchate haiM- "bhagavan! AtmA kA svabhAva kyA hai?" mahAvIra uttara dete haiM-"AtmA kA svabhAva zAMti yA samatA hai| gautama punaH pUchate haiMbhagavan! AtmA kA carama lakSya kyA hai?" mahAvIra uttara dete haiM-'gautama! AtmA kA carama lakSya bhI zAnti yA samatA yA samabhAva-avasthA ko prApta karanA hai|" sUtrakRtAMga meM zAnti zabda ko mukti ke samatulya mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra zAMti, AtmA kA mUlabhUta svabhAva, arthAt sva-svabhAva hone se, jainAcAryoM ne ise jIvana kA carama lakSya nirUpita kiyA hai| jainadharma kI dRSTi meM sva-svabhAva yA citta kI zAMta avasthA kA bodha karane kI sAdhanA hI dharma hai| dharma apane mUlabhUta svabhAva kI anubhUti karane kA sAdhana hai, jo sAdhana citta ke samAdhistha yA sAkSIbhAva ke rUpa meM sthita hone se hai| isa avasthA meM citta bAharI-halacaloM se aprabhAvita rahatA hai| yaha vizuddha AtmabhAva- avasthA hai, jise jainadharma kI takanIkI zabdAvalI meM 'sAmAyika' zabda ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM AtmA bAharI-sphuraNoM, AvegoM aura saMvegoM tathA kaSAya-bhAvoM meM pUrNatayA mukta rahatI hai| AdhyAtmika-AnaMda, jo ki citta kI zAMta-avasthA kA eka sakArAtmaka-pahalU bhI hai, kI anubhUti karane kI pahalI zarta mAnasika-tanAvoM se mukta honA hai, arthAt AtmA kA vibhAva se svabhAva meM sthita honA yA vikArI-bhAvoM se rahita honA hai| koI bhI vyakti, tanAva meM rahanA nahIM cAhatA hai| vaha becainI meM nahIM, apitu mAnasika-zAnti se jInA cAhatA hai| yaha tathya batAtA hai ki mAnasika-zAnti ke lie, hamArA mUlabhUta svabhAva citta meM sakriya rahatA hai| vastutaH, dharma isa zAnta-sthiti, arthAt mAnasika-zAnti ko pAne kA mArga hone ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai| jainadharma ke anusAra jainAcAryoM kA yaha karttavya hai ki ve vyaktigata-stara para mAnasika-zAnti aura sAmAjika-stara para zAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa ko punarsthApita karane ke lie, sAdhanApatha aura AcaraNa-saMhitA kI dRSTi se mAnava-samAja kA mArgadarzana kreN| caittasika-zAnti yA mAnasika-zAnti yA tanAvarahita-avasthA ko prApta karane ke lie, jainadharma meM sAmAyika karane kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma meM sAdhu evaM

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jaina dharma meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA : 53 gRhastha ke lie chaH Avazyaka kartavyoM (SaDAvazyaka) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, usameM sAmAyika-kartavya kA prathama sthAna hai| aba prazna yaha utpanna hotA hai ki mAnasika-samatA yA citta-zAnti kaise prApta ho sakatI hai? jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, vItarAga-bhAva yA anAsakta-bhAva kI sAdhanA dvArA ise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH, rAga-bhAva hI hamArI citta-azAMti yA mAnasika-tanAva kA ekamAtra kAraNa hai| jaisA ki maiM pUrva meM kaha cukA hU~ ki mAnasika tanAva hamAre yuga kI jvalaMta samasyAoM meM se eka hai| aise rASTra, jo adhika susabhya evaM suzikSita hone kA dAvA karate haiM tathA Arthika-dRSTi se samRddhazAlI haiM, ve apekSAkRta adhika mAnasika-tanAvagrasta haiN| jainadharma kA sarvocca lakSya, manuSya ko duHkhoM aura mAnasika-tanAvoM se mukta karanA hai| isa sandarbha meM sarvaprathama hameM mAnasika tanAvoM ke kAraNoM ko jAnane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| jainadharma kI dRSTi meM mAnavajAti kA duHkha, daihika yA bhautika na hokara caittasika yA mAnasika hai| mAnasika tanAvoM ke mUla meM padArthoM ke prati hamArI rAga-vRtti hai| yaha rAga-vRtti hI sabhI duHkhoM kA mUla hai| prasiddha jainAgama uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ullikhita hai- "manuSya ho yA devatA, sabhI ke mAnasika evaM zArIrika duHkhoM kA mUla rAga-bhAva hI hai| rAga, mAnasika-tanAvoM kA mUla hai| sAMsArika sukhoM ke prati anAsakta dRSTi yA nirmamatva buddhi hI mAnavajAti ko mAnasika tanAvoM se chuTakArA dilA sakatI hai|"13 zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke anusAra indriya-sukhoM ke prati, rAgAtmaka vRtti banI rahane se hI, manuSya isa viSama sAMsArika-cakra meM paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai| ve kahate haiM- "jisa vyakti ko moha nahIM rahA hai, usane samasta duHkhoM ko naSTa kara diyA hai, aura jisa vyakti meM tRSNA nahIM rahatI hai, usane lobha ko miTA diyA hai| jisa vyakti meM lobha nahIM rahA hai, usane tRSNAoM kA nAza kara diyA hai, aura jo vyakti rAga-vRtti yA tRSNA se mukta ho gayA hai, usane icchAoM ko miTA diyA hai aura jisameM icchA hI nahIM rahI, vaha sarvaduHkhoM se mukta ho gayA hai|"4 vastutaH bhautika padArthoM dvArA mAnavIya icchAoM kI pUrti karane kA prayAsa karanA to icchArUpI jar3oM ko sIMcane ke samAna hI hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa nita naI-naI icchAoM kI zAkhAeM prasphuTita hotI haiN| isa prakAra hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki sAMsArika-sukhoM ke prati lAlasA aura rAga-vRtti hI mAnavajAti ke samasta duHkhoM aura dvandvoM kA ekamAtra kAraNa hai| yadi manuSya tanAvamukta honA cAhatA hai, to use jIvana ke prati anAsaktadRSTi, nirmamatva-buddhi vikasita karanI hogii| jainadharma kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki Asakti

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54 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 jitanI mAtrA meM kama hogI, jIvana meM zAnti utane hI anupAta meM adhika hogii| isa prakAra jaba manuSya meM rAga-vRtti yA Asakti samApta ho jAtI hai, to vaha mAnasika tanAvoM aura manovikAroM se mukta ho jAtA hai| aparigraha : Arthika asamAnatA kA samAdhAnakArI tattva rAga-vRtti yA Asakti sattA, svAmitva aura saMgraha kI icchA ko janma detI hai| yaha hamArI lAlaca vRtti ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai| kahA gayA hai- "lobhavRtti sabhI duHkhoM, kaSToM kA mUla hai| yaha sabhI sadguNoM ko naSTa karane vAlI hotI hai|"5 krodha, ahaMkAra, pramAda, dhokhebAjI, Adi sabhI rAga-bhAva, merepana kA bhAva yA lobha-vRtti kI hI prazAkhAe~ haiN| hiMsA, jisase hamArI mAnasika aura sAmAjika zAnti prabhAvita hotI hai, svAmitva kI icchA kI pariNati hai| sUtrakRtAMga (1/ 2/2) meM kahA gayA hai- "jinake pAsa jo kucha bhI priya, choTI yA bar3I, sajIva yA nirjIva vastuoM kA saMgraha hai, ve duHkhoM aura dvandvoM se chuTakArA nahIM pA sakate haiN|" svAmitva aura saMgraha, samAja meM Arthika-asamAnatA ke aguA haiM, jinake kAraNa yuddha hote haiM, ataH samAja meM zAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa aura ahiMsA AdhArita AcaraNa-saMhitA ko prabhAvI banAne ke lie, svAmitva aura saMgraha kI icchA para lagAma kasanA sabase pahalI jarUrata hai| isIlie, bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zramaNazramaNiyoM ke lie pUrNa aparigraha kA aura zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ke lie svAmitva aura saMgraha kI sImA (parigraha-parimANavrata) bAMdhane kA aura upabhoga para niyaMtraNa (upabhoga-paribhoga parimANavrata) karane kA vidhAna prastuta kiyA hai| jainadharma kA mAnanA hai ki yadi hama pRthvI para zAnti cAhate haiM, to samAja meM vyApta Arthika asamAnatA kI gaharI khAI ko pATanA hogA aura upabhoga ke stara meM vidyamAna vyApaka antara ko nyUna stara para lAnA hogaa| yuddha aura hiMsA ke kAraNoM meM svAmitva kI icchA pramukha hai, kyoMki isake kAraNa samAja meM Arthika-asantulana kI sthiti utpanna hotI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa, samAja meM amIra aura garIba varga astitva meM Ate haiM tathA varga-saMgharSa evaM zoSaNa-vRttiyoM kA udaya hotA hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra hama apane stara para svAmitva, saMgraha aura upabhoga kI sImAeM nirdhArita kara isa pRthvI para Arthika-khuzahAlI aura zAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa kI punarsthApanA kara sakate haiN| ahiMsA : mAnasika evaM sAmAjika zAnti kI punarsthApanA kA sarvocca siddhAnta __ mAnasika-zAnti, Abhyantarika anubhUti hai| jaba isake AdhAra para sAmAjika jIvana meM vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai, to yaha ahiMsA kahalAtI hai| ahiMsA,

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jaina dharma meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA : 55 mAnasika-zAnti kI bAhya abhivyakti hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra udghoSita karate haiM-'bhUtakAla meM jo tIrthaMkara bhagavAn ho gae haiM, vartamAna meM jo haiM aura bhaviSya meM jo hoMge-ve saba isa prakAra se bolate haiM, kahate haiM, samajhAte haiM, prarUpaNA karate haiM ki sabhI prANiyoM (dvIndriyAdi), sabhI bhUtoM (vanaspati), sabhI jIvoM (paMcendriya) aura sabhI sattvoM (pRthvIkAyAdi) ko daNDAdi se nahIM mAranA cAhie, una para AjJA nahIM calAnA cAhie, unheM dAsa kI bhA~ti adhikAra meM nahIM rakhanA cAhie, unheM zArIrika va mAnasika santApa nahIM denA cAhie aura unheM prANoM se rahita nahIM karanA caahie| yahI dharma zuddha hai, nitya hai aura zAzvata hai|"16 anya zabdoM meM, ahiMsA dharma kA vizuddha aura zAzvata rUpa hai| jainadharma meM ahiMsA vaha dhurI hai, jisake irda-girda usakA sampUrNa AcArazAstra paribhramaNa karatA hai| jainadharma ke anusAra hiMsA sabhI durguNoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jabaki ahiMsA sabhI sadguNoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| ahiMsA ekala guNa nahIM hai, apitu sadguNoM kA samUha hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM ahiMsA zabda ko zAMti, sadbhAva, kalyANa, vizvAsa, nirbharatA- ke sAtha samIkRta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra ahiMsA eka vyApaka zabda hai, jisameM sadAcAra ke sabhI mAnadaNDa aura sabhI sadguNa sannihita haiN| ___ vastutaH, ahiMsA samasta prANIjagat ke sAtha samAna vyavahAra ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai| samAnatA kI avadhAraNA ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kA kendrIya tattva hai| jIvana ke pratyeka rUpa kA sammAna karanA, ahiMsA kA pAlana karanA hai| jainadharma jAti, raMga aura paMtha ke AdhAra para manuSyoM meM bheda nahIM karatA hai| usake anusAra ye sabhI baMdhana yA sImAeM kRtrima haiM, manuSya nirmita haiN| sabhI manuSyoM ko zAntipUrNa jIvana jIne kA samAna adhikAra hai| yadyapi hiMsA aparihArya hai, phira bhI yaha hamAre jIvana kA mArgadarzaka siddhAnta nahIM ho sakatA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki yaha hamAre prAkRtika-niyamoM kI avadhAraNA aura viveka-buddhi ke AdhAra para nirNaya lene ke viruddha siddhAnta hai| yadi maiM socatA hU~ ki kisI ko bhI merA jIvana samApta karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai, ThIka usI prakAra se mujhe bhI anya prANiyoM kA jIvana samApta karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai| 'dUsaroM ke jIvana kI kImata para jInA' yA 'dUsaroM ko mArakara jInA' kA siddhAnta apaneApa meM virodhAbhAsI hai| samAnatA kA siddhAnta mAnatA hai ki hara-eka ko jIne kA adhikAra hai| jIvana kA mArgadarzaka siddhAnta 'dUsaroM ke jIvana kI kImata para jInA' yA 'dUsaroM ko mArakara jInA' na hokara 'dUsaroM ke sAtha jInA' yA 'dUsaroM ke lie jInA hai| (parasparopagraho jiivaanaam)| yadyapi sAMsArika-jIvana meM pUrNa

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56 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 ahiMsA saMbhava nahIM hai, phira bhI hamAre jIvana kA dhyeya-vAkya 'kama se kama hiMsA behatara jIvana hai honA caahie| saMgharSa nahIM, apitu sahayoga jIvana kA niyama hai| mujhe apane astitva ko banAe rakhane ke lie dUsaroM ke sahayoga kI AvazyakatA hai, isalie mujhe bhI dUsaroM ke jIvana meM sahayogI bananA caahie| isase bhI Age, hameM isa tathya se bhI avagata honA cAhie ki jainadharma meM ahiMsA kevala eka nakArAtmaka avadhAraNA nahIM hai, arthAt 'kisI ko mata mAro', parantu isakA sakArAtmaka pakSa bhI hai, arthAt 'mAnavajAti kA klyaann|' eka bAra zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUchA gayA-'he bhagavan! eka vyakti jarUratamaMdoM ko apanI sevAeM de rahA hai aura dUsarA ApakI pUjA-arcanA kara rahA hai, ina donoM meM kauna ApakA saccA anuyAyI hai?' bhagavAn ne uttara diyA- 'vaha, jo jarUratamaMdoM ko apanI sevAeM de rahA hai, merA saccA anuyAyI hai, kyoMki vaha mere dvArA batAe gaye mArga kA anusaraNa kara rahA hai|"19 vizva ke lagabhaga sabhI dharmoM meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA aura jIvana ke prati sammAna-bhAva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, parantu jaina dharma meM isa para bahuta hI sUkSmatA se dhyAna diyA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM manuSya evaM pazu-jIvana ko mAranA hI pratibandhita nahIM hai, apitu vanaspati-jagat ke prati bhI yahI pratibandha-vyavasthA pratipAdita hai| per3a-paudhoM ko nukasAna pahu~cAnA, kuoM ko sukhAnA, jala aura vAyu ko pradUSita karanA bhI hiMsaka kRtya mAne gae haiM, kyoMki inase paryAvaraNa-santulana bigar3atA hai| jaina dharma kA mUlabhUta siddhAnta hai- jIvana cAhe kisI bhI rUpa meM ho, usakA sammAna honA caahie| hameM kisI kA jIvana lene, arthAt kisI ko mArane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai| zveTjara kahate haiM-'jIvana ko sampoSita karanA yA usakA sahayoga karanA yA use Age bar3hAnA puNya hai aura use nukasAna pahu~cAnA yA naSTa karanA yA usake mArga meM bAdhA upasthita karanA pApa hai|' ve Age kahate haiM-'eka dina aisA ho sakatA hai, jaba jIvana ke sabhI rUpoM kA sammAna karane kI jarUrata sArvabhaumika rUpa se svIkAra kI jaaegii|"20 dazavaikAlika sUtra meM ullikhita hai-'jisa prakAra se hama jInA cAhate haiM usI prakAra se hara prANI jInA cAhatA hai, koI maranA nahIM caahtaa| isa sAmAnya tarka ke AdhAra para nirgrantha hiMsA ko pratibandhita karate haiN|"21 yahAM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainoM kI ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA atiraMjita yA ativAdI yA avyAvahArika hai, parantu mAnava-samAja ke sandarbha meM hama ise cunautI nahIM de sakate haiN| yadyapi jainadharma meM pUrNa ahiMsA (Abhyantarika evaM bAhya donoM) kA Adarza lakSya niyata kiyA gayA hai, parantu

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jaina dharma meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA : 57 vyAvahArika jIvana meM isa Adarza lakSya ko upalabdha karanA kisI bhI taraha sambhava nahIM hai| pUrNa ahiMsA eka AdhyAtmika Adarza hai, jisakA kriyAnvayana kevala AdhyAtmika tala para hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| eka vyakti kA vAstavika jIvana bhautika-AdhyAtmika jIvana kA sammizraNa hai, ataH isa stara para pUrNa ahiMsA sambhava nahIM hai| jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra hiMsA cAra prakAra kI hotI hai- (1) saMkalpI yA AkrAmaka-hiMsA yA uddezyapUrvaka mAranA (2) virodhI yA rakSAtmakahiMsA, arthAt samAja meM zAnti, nyAya aura surakSA sunizcita karane ke lie yA AtmarakSA ke lie yA dUsaroM ke jIvana ko bacAne ke lie kI jAne vAlI hiMsA (3) udyogajA-hiMsA, arthAt khetI karane ke daurAna yA kArakhAnoM yA udyogoM ko saMcAlita karane meM hone vAlI sAmAnya hiMsA aura (4) ArambhI arthAt gRhasthajIvana ke antargata nityakarma, jaise snAna, bhojana banAnA, TahalanA Adi ke daurAna hone vAlI hiNsaa| hiMsA ke prathama prakAra, saMkalpI-hiMsA se sabhI ko dUra rahanA cAhie, kyoMki yahI hamArI mUla-vRtti hai| jahA~ taka vaicArika-hiMsA kA sambandha hai, pratyeka vyakti apane vicAroM kA svAmI hotA hai, isalie isa kSetra meM sabhI ko ahiMsaka hone kA prayAsa karanA caahie| yadyapi bAhya paristhitiyA~ isa stara para hameM prabhAvita kara sakatI haiM, parantu saMcAlita nahIM kara sakatI haiN| vyAvahArika dRSTi se saMkalpIhiMsA AkrAmaka hotI hai, isalie yaha hiMsA na to AtmarakSA ke lie aura na hI jIvana jIne ke lie Avazyaka hai, ataH sabhI ko isase bacanA caahie| jahA~ taka vyakti ke bhautika-stara para jIvana jIne kA saMbaMdha hai, hiMsA ke anya rUpa, arthAt rakSAtmaka, udyogajA Adi aparihArya haiM, parantu isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki ahiMsA kA Adarza vyAvahArika nahIM hone se mAnava jAti ke lie Avazyaka nahIM hai| bhautika jIvana se pare rahakara hI eka vyakti pUrNa ahiMsA ke Adarza-patha para jitanA Age jAnA cAhatA hai, jA sakatA hai| rakSAtmaka-hiMsA rakSAtmaka-gatividhiyoM, arthAt jAna-mAla kI hiphAjata karane ke lie Avazyaka hotI hai| bAhya-paristhitiyA~ eka vyakti ko AtmarakSArtha yA apane sAthIsambandhiyoM kI rakSA ke lie hathiyAra uThAne yA hiMsaka hone ke lie bAdhya karatI haiN| aise loga, jo sattA aura sampatti se jur3e hote haiM aura jina para dUsaroM kI rakSA karane kA sAmAjika uttaradAyitva hotA hai, ve rakSAtmaka hiMsA kA tyAga karane meM asamartha hote haiM, kyoMki ve apane parivAra ke sadasyoM aura sage-sambandhiyoM kI rakSA karane ke lie vacanabaddha hote haiN| isI prakAra se pulisa yA phauja meM

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58 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 naukarI karane vAle vyakti bhI isa hiMsA se chuTakArA nahIM pA sakate haiM, kyoMki ve mAnavAdhikAroM evaM rASTrIya-sampatti ke abhirakSaka hote haiN| pro. mUrti dRr3hatApUrvaka kahate haiM-'jaina, bauddha, hindU-dharmagranthoM aura nItijJoM dvArA AkrAmaka aura anyAyapUrNa tarIkoM se yuddha karane kI niMdA kI gaI hai, parantu unhoMne yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki rakSAtmaka dRSTi se donoM pakSa dvArA nyAyasaMgata tarIke se tathA ekadUsare ke prati karuNA aura maitrI bhAva rakhate hue yuddha lar3A jA sakatA hai|'22 __yaha hakIkata hai ki hamAre samaya meM bhI mahAtmA gAMdhI ne ahiMsaka tarIke se virodha karane kI yojanA banAI thI aura usa para unhoMne aura unake anuyAyiyoM ne saphalatApUrvaka amala bhI kiyA thA, parantu sabake lie ahiMsaka tarIke se saphalatApUrvaka virodha karanA sambhava nahIM hotA hai| aisA karane kA sAhasa kevala unhIM vyaktiyoM meM hotA hai, jo sattA aura sampatti ke prati anAsakta ho gae hoM, yahA~ taka ki jinameM apane zarIra ke prati bhI mamatvabuddhi nahIM rahI hai, jinakA hRdaya nirmala ho gayA hai, ve hI apane adhikAroM kI rakSA ahiMsaka-vidhi se kara sakate haiN| punaH, aisA prayAsa kevala suzikSita, susaMskArita aura sabhya samAja meM hI pariNAmadAyI ho sakatA hai| vastutaH, ahiMsaka tarIke se virodha karanA bhI pariNAmadAyI ho sakatA hai, jaba pratipakSa bhI pASANa-hRdaya kA na hokara insAnI hRdayavAlA ho| isa prakAra ke prayAsoM kI saphalatA taba sandehAspada ho jAtI hai, jaba isakA prayoga aise vyakti aura samAja ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai, jo mAnavIya malyoM meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhatA hai aura hiMsAtmaka tarIkoM se svArthapUrti ko apanA Adarza mAnatA hai| phira bhI aise kaI dRSTAnta itihAsa ke pannoM meM milate haiM jaba krUra vyakti bhI eka dina ahiMsaka bana jAtA hai| ___jahAM taka udyogajA-hiMsA aura dainika jIvana ke antargata nityakarmoM meM hone vAlI hiMsA kA prazna hai, koI bhI vyakti isase pIchA nahIM chur3A sakatA hai| eka vyakti, jo ki apanI AjIvikA calAnA cAhatA hai, bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi karanA cAhatA hai, usake lie, vanaspati-jagat ke prati saMkalpI hiMsA aparihArya hai| jainadharma meM eka gRhastha ke lie saMkalpI hiMsA tyAjya hai, cAhe vaha jIvana-nirvAha yA AjIvikA calAne ke lie Avazyaka hI kyoM na ho| isa prakAra se rakSAtmaka gatividhiyoM aura yuddhoM meM hone vAlI hiMsA ke sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kA kahanA hai ki vaha yathAsaMbhava kama-se-kama honI caahie| isaprakAra abodha evaM nirIha prANiyoM ko kisI bhI kImata para nahIM mArA jAnA caahie| jainAcAryoM ne ahiMsaka tarIke se yuddha karane aura hiMsA ko kama karane ke lie,

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jaina dharma meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA : 59 yahAM taka ki nyAyapUrNa aura surakSita DhaMga se yuddha lar3ane ke lie aneka tarIkoM aura upAyoM ke sujhAva prastuta kie haiN| bharata aura bAhubalI ke bIca huI lar3AI aise ahiMsaka - yuddha kA zreSTha udAharaNa hai| yadyapi kucha anya prakAra kI hiMsA bhI hamAre jIvana meM aparihArya hotI hai, kintu isa AdhAra para hameM isa niSkarSa para nahIM pahu~canA cAhie ki vartamAna samaya meM ahiMsApUrNa AcaraNa prAsaMgika nahIM hai| jisa prakAra se jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hiMsA aparihArya hai, usI prakAra se jahA~ taka mAnavajAti ke astitva kA sambandha hai, vaha pArasparika sahayoga, eka-dUsare ke prati tyAga evaM sammAna kI bhAvanA para nirbhara karatA hai| yadi sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie ye guNa- tattva anivArya haiM, to hama kaise kaha sakate haiM ki ahiMsA, mAnava-jIvana ke lie prAsaMgika nahIM hai| samAja hiMsA para nahIM, apitu ahiMsA para aura kevala apane adhikAroM ke lie mAMga karane para nahIM, apitu dUsaroM ke adhikAroM ko svIkAra karane ke lie apane karttavya para khar3A hotA hai| isa prakAra ahiMsA mAnava-samAja ke astitva ke lie aparihArya siddhAnta hai| vartamAna samaya paramANu hathiyAroM kA yuga hai, jisake kAraNa mAnavajAti kA astitva khatare meM hai / AcArAMgasUtra (IsA pUrva cauthI zatAbdI) meM zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra udghoSita karate haiM-' asthi satthaMpareNa paraM, natthi asatthaM pareNa paraM, ' arthAt zastroM meM eka se bar3hakara eka zreSTha ho sakatA hai, parantu ahiMsA se zreSTha kucha bhI nahIM hai| anupAlanA dvArA hI mAnava jAti ko bacAyA jA sakatA hai| sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samAdara bhAva dvArA hI mAnava-samAja meM zAMti aura sadbhAva kI punarsthApanA ho sakatI hai aura jAna-mAla kI rakSA kI jA sakatI hai| sabhI dharmoM aura vicAradhArAoM ke prati samAdara bhAva kevala ahiMsA kI pArasparika- vizvAsa, dhArmika matAndhatA yA asahiSNutA hamAre yuga kA eka aura abhizApa hai| jainadharma apane Arambhika kAla se hI mAnava-samAja kI zAnti, sadbhAva aura sahiSNutA kA pATha par3hAtA AyA hai, aura inhIM sArvabhaumika mUlyoM meM vizvAsa karatA hai| apane astitva ke sampUrNa aitihAsika - kAla - krama meM dUsaroM kI AsthAoM aura dhArmika vicAradhArAoM ke prati usakA dRSTikoNa sadaiva hI sahiSNu aura sammAnajanaka rahA hai| jainadharma ke itihAsa meM dhArmika TakarAhaTa kA muzkila se hI aisA koI udAharaNa milatA hai, jisameM dharma ke nAma para hiMsA aura raktapAta huA ho| vaha to sadaiva vaicArika matabhedoM kI carcA kara anekAMta dRSTi se unheM sulajhAne kA hI prayatna karatA rahA hai| jainAcAryoM kI zikSA yaha hai ki dUsaroM kI -

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60 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2/ apraila-jUna-10 vicAradhArA evaM dhArmika siddhAntoM kA virodha karate samaya unheM pUrNa Adara denA cAhie tathA yaha bhI svIkAra karanA cAhie ki unakI dhAraNAeM bhI kisI nizcita dRSTikoNa se nyAyasaMgata ho sakatI haiN| dharmonmAda aura asahiSNutA phailAne vAle kAraNoM meM aMdhavizvAsa pramukha hai| yaha mithyAtvamoha kA pariNAma hai, ataH dharma ke prati yaha avivekapUrNa dRSTikoNa hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra moha (mUrchA) baMdhana kA pradhAna kAraNa hai| yaha viparyasta buddhi kA bhI kAraNa hai| jainadharma meM moha ke vibhinna prakAra batAe gae haiN| unameM darzana-moha yA dRSTirAga (andhavizvAsa) apanI prakRti ke anusAra sarvopari hai| yaha dhArmika asahiSNutA kA kendrIya tattva hai| isake kAraNa vyakti apanI dhArmika mAnyatAoM aura AsthAoM ko hI ekamAtra satya samajhatA hai aura apane se virodhI mAnyatAoM aura vizvAsoM ko asatya mAnatA hai, isalie vItarAgatA samyak dRSTikoNa kI sarvaprathama zarta hai| durAgrahapUrNa manovRtti ke kAraNa vyakti vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ke sambandha meM samyak vicAra karane meM ThIka usI prakAra asamartha ho jAtA hai, jisa prakAra pIliyA kI bImArI se grasta vyakti yA apanI A~khoM para raMgIna cazmA car3hAyA huA vyakti vastuoM kA sahI raMga dekhane meM asamartha ho jAtA hai| dArzanikacintana ke kSetra meM rAga aura dveSa do bahuta bar3e zatru haiM, satya to vItarAgadRSTi se hI prakaTa ho sakatA hai| ___ eka niSpakSa aura pUrvAgraha se rahita vyakti hI apane virodhiyoM kI vicAradhArA evaM dharma meM nihita satyAMzoM ko samajha sakatA hai aura isI prakAra unheM bhI cintana karane ke lie prerita kara apanI vicAradhArA aura dharma ko nindita hone se bacA sakatA hai| dhArmika-netAoM, matAgrahoM, dhArmika siddhAntoM aura karmakANDoM ke prati rAgAtmaka dRSTi vyakti meM andhavizvAsa kA kAraNa banatI hai, pariNAmataH, samAja meM dhArmika asahiSNutA aura dharmonmAda kA vAtAvaraNa nirmita hotA hai| jainadharma kahatA hai ki eka satyAnveSI yA vItarAgatA ko pAne kI abhilASA rakhane vAle ke lie apane dharmaguru, dharmagranthoM aura sAdhanA-mArga ke prati rAgabhAva rakhanA bhI usake AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mArga meM bahuta bar3I bAdhA hai| rAga, dharma ke prati ho yA dharma viruddha dveSa ke binA nahIM raha sakatA hai| vastutaH rAgAtmakatatA andhavizvAsa paidA karatI hai aura andhavizvAsa se ghRNA, asahiSNutApUrNa AcaraNa kI utpatti hotI hai, isalie jainAcArya vyakti ko rAgAtmakatA se Upara uTha jAne para jora DAlate haiM, kyoMki yahI pakSatApUrNa dRSTikoNa aura asahiSNutApUrNa AcaraNa kA mUla kAraNa hai|

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jaina dharma meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA : 61 yadyapi jainadharma meM triratnoM meM se eka- samyagdarzana, arthAt samyakzraddhA kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai, kintu andhazraddhA asahiSNutA kI jananI hai, isaliye jainadharma kabhI bhI andhazraddhA kA samarthana nahIM karatA hai| jainAcArya nizcaya pUrvaka kahate haiM ki samyagdarzana, samyak jJAna kA anugAmI honA caahie| samyak jJAna yA tarkabuddhi dvArA anumodita zraddhA, andhI nahIM ho sakatI hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra viveka aura zraddhA eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiM aura donoM ke bIca koI vivAda nahIM hai| ve isa bAta ko dRr3hatApUrvaka kahate haiM ki vivekarahita zraddhA andhI hotI hai aura samyagdarzana (zraddhA/vizvAsa/AsthA) kA vikAsa, samyak jJAna ke binA sambhava nahIM hai| ve kahate haiM ki dhArmika AcAra ke niyamoM kA prajJApUrvaka samIkSA yA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAnA caahie| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mahAvIra ke pradhAna ziSya indrabhUti gautama, pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke tatkAlIna pramukha AcArya kezI ke samakSa apane isa vicAra ko dRr3hatApUrvaka rakhate haiM ki donoM kI saMgha-vyavasthA meM (paramparA meM) AcAra ke bAhya niSedhoM meM jo antara hai, usakA tarka yA viveka ke AdhAra para mUlyAMkana kiyA jAnA caahie| vastutaH, vivekabuddhi ke AdhAra para hI vidhiniSedhoM yA dhArmika-vicAra ke niyamoM kI satyatA kA samyak mUlyAMkana ho sakatA hai|5 yadi koI vyakti yaha kahatA hai ki dharma kevala zraddhA yA vizvAsa yA AsthA para AdhArita hai aura viveka kA isameM koI sthAna nahIM hai, to vaha nizcita taura para eka aisA ekAMgI dRSTikoNa apanA rahA hai, jo yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki kevala usake dharmaguru hI mAnavajAti ko saMkaTa se ubAra sakate haiM; usakI sAdhanA paddhati hI paramazreya (mokSa) kI anubhUti karA sakatI hai aura usake dharmagrantha meM varNita AcaraNa-saMhitA aura niyama hI samIcIna haiM, to aisA vyakti apane dhArmika niyamoM kA tarkabuddhi/prajJA/viveka ke AdhAra para mUlyAMkana karane meM asamartha rahatA hai| isake sthAna para yadi koI vyakti yaha kahatA hai ki dhArmika-jIvana meM viveka/prajJA/tarkabuddhi kI bhI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai, to vaha nizcita hI apane dhArmika niyamoM/siddhAntoM yA rIti-rivAjoM kA vivekabuddhi se mUlyAMkana yA samIkSA kara sakatA hai| eka rAgI vyakti isa kathana meM vizvAsa karatA hai jo merA hai, kevala vahI satya hai, jabaki eka vItarAgI isa kathana meM vizvAsa karatA hai-'jo satya hai, vaha merA hai|' AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM-'na to mahAvIra ke prati merA moha hai, na kapila Adi RSiyoM ke prati dveSa; jisakI bhI bAta yuktisaMgata hai, use hameM grahaNa karanA caahie|'26 isa prakAra jaba dharma vivekAbhimukha hotA hai, to vahAM andhavizvAsa yA asahiSNutA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hotA hai, ata:

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62 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila - jUna - 10 vaha jo vyakti yA samAja dharma ke sambandha meM vivekapUrNa dRSTikoNa rakhatA hai, nizcita hI matAgrahI aura asahiSNu nahIM hogA / matAndhatA aura dharmAndhatA nirapekSavAda / ekAntavAda kI santAneM haiN| eka caramapaMthI yA nirapekSavAdI samajhatA hai ki jo kucha vaha pratipAdita karatA hai yA kahatA hai, vahI satya hai aura jo kucha bhI dUsare kahate haiM, vaha mithyA hai, jabaki sApekSatAvAdI cintaka kA dRSTikoNa yaha hotA hai ki yadi kisI vastu, vicAra, ghaTanA Adi ke sambandha meM do bhinna-bhinna saMdarbhoM meM vicAra kiyA jAe to vaha aura usakA pratipakSI donoM hI sahI ho sakate haiN| isa prakAra sApekSatAvAdI cintaka anya dharmoM ke prati sahiSNu - dRSTikoNa apanAtA hai| jainAcArya dvArA pratipAdita anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta para hI dhArmika sahiSNutA kI avadhAraNA AdhArita hai| jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM ahiMsA hI dharma kA sAra hai| usI se anekAntavAda yA syAdvAda kI avadhAraNA utpanna hotI hai| ekAntavAda yA nirapekSavAda vicAroM kI hiMsA' kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| vaha apane virodhiyoM kI vicAradhArA aura jIvanamUlyoM kA khaNDana karatA hai aura isa prakAra dUsaroM kI bhAvanAoM ko coTa pahu~cAtA hai| anekAntavAda ahiMsApUrvaka satya kI khoja karatA hai| jainAcAryoM kA anekAntavAda vyakti ko matAndha hone kI anumati nahIM detA hai aura usakI ekAMgI soca ko bhI niSiddha karatA hai| vaha to udAra dRSTikoNa aura mAdhyastha-bhAva kA samarthana karatA hai| yahI ekamAtra upAya hai, jisake dvArA dharmoM evaM vicAradhArAoM meM vividhatA ke kAraNa utpanna saMgharSoM ko sulajhAyA jA sakatA hai| anekAntavAda apane virodhiyoM ke vicAroM ko bhI satya mAnakara unakA Adara karatA hai| jaisA ki siddhasena divAkara (IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI) kahate haiM- 'sabhI sampradAyoM kI vicAradhArAyeM apane-apane dRSTikoNa se satya haiM, ve asatya tabhI hotI haiM, jaba ve apane se virodhI vicAradhArAoM kI satyatA kA niSedha karatI haiN| anekAntavAda kI samajha rakhane vAlA unheM satya aura mithyA kI koTi meM vibhAjita nahIM karatA hai| ve mithyA tabhI hote haiM, jaba ve dUsaroM ke satya - mUlyoM ko pUrNarUpa se nakArate haiN| '27 anekAntavAda kI isI udAradRSTi ne jainAcAryoM meM sahiSNu soca vikasita kI hai| jainAcAryoM ke isa sahiSNu najarie kA pratipAdana karate hue upAdhyAya yazovijayajI (17vIM zatAbdI) nizcayapUrvaka kahate haiM- 'eka saccA anekAntavAdI kisI bhI dharma kI avamAnanA nahIM karatA hai, balki sabhI dharmoM ke sAtha usI prakAra se samAna vyavahAra karatA hai, jisa prakAra se eka pitA apane lar3akoM ke

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jaina dharma meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA : 63 sAtha samAna vyavahAra karatA hai| usakA dRSTikoNa kisI ke prati rAga yA dveSa para AdhArita nahIM hotA hai| syAdvAda (anekAntavAda) kA saccA premI vahI hai, jo sabhI dharmoM evaM AsthAoM ke prati samAdara-bhAva rakhatA hai| sabhI dharmoM ke prati AdarabhAva honA hI dhArmika hone kA sAra hai| dharmagranthoM kA ekapakSIya gahana jJAna hone kI tulanA meM unakA alpajJAna bhI yadi vyakti ko udAra hone ke lie prerita karatA hai, to vaha adhika mUlyavAna hai|28 jainAcArya vizva ke sabhI dharmoM kI ekatA meM vizvAsa karate haiM, parantu ekatA se unakA Azaya sarvagrAsI ekatA se nahIM hai, apitu dharmoM kI usa vizeSa prakAra kI ekatA se hai, jisameM sabhI dharmoM meM samAna rUpa se pratipAdita sadguNoM ke AdhAra para ve sabhI dharma paraspara eka dUsare se jur3eM tathA jisameM pratyeka dharma kA svataMtra astitva evaM pahacAna akSuNNa rahe, sAtha hI sabhI dharmoM ke prati samAdara bhAva ho| dUsare zabdoM meM, ve sabhI dharmoM ke sauhArdapUrNa, sahaastitva aura mAnavajAti meM zAnti sthApita karane ke lie kArya karane meM vizvAsa karate haiN| dharma ke nAma para hone vAlI hiMsA ko rokane evaM saMgharSoM ko samApta karane ke lie kucha loga eka dharma kA nArA de sakate haiM, parantu mAnavIya vicAroM meM vividhatA vidyamAna hone se na to yaha saMbhava hai aura na hI vyAvahArika hai| niyamasAra meM kahA gayA hai-'isa jagat meM bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke vyakti haiM aura unake bhinna-bhinna karma yA gatividhiyA~ haiM aura unakI kSamatAe~ evaM yogyatAe~ bhI bhinna-bhinna haiM, ataH pratyeka vyakti ko cAhie ki vaha dharma ke kSetra meM hone vAle ugra vivAdoM yA dharma ke nAma para nihita svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie hone vAle AndolanoM meM apane-Apako saMlipta nahIM kreN|29 samadarzI AcArya haribhadra spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM-'RSiyoM ke upadezoM meM jo bhinnatA hai, vaha upAsakoM kI yogyatA meM bhinnatA yA una RSiyoM ke dRSTikoNa meM bhinnatA yA dezakAlagata AdhAra meM bhinnatA para AdhArita hai| jisa prakAra se eka vaidya alaga-alaga vyaktiyoM ko unakI prakRti kI bhinnatA, athavA roga kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para bhinna-bhinna auSadhi pradAna karatA hai, yahI bAta dhArmika upadezoM kI bhinnatA para bhI lAgU hotI hai|'30 isa prakAra sAdhakoM yA upAsakoM meM deza, kAla, paristhiti, vaiyaktika yogyatA aura svabhAvagata vividhatAe~ aparihArya haiM, ataH ina vividhatAoM ke kAraNa hone vAle dhArmika saMgharSoM kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie mAnavIya samAja meM eka udAra dRSTikoNa aura vibhinna dharmoM ke bIca sadbhAva vikasita karanA Aja kI carama AvazyakatA hai| isa prakAra jainoM kA anekAntavAda

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64 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna 10 kA siddhAnta hameM matAgrahI aura ekAMgI vicAraka hone se rokatA hai| yaha hameM eka vyApaka dRSTikoNa aura udAratApUrvaka socane kI zikSA detA hai| yaha vibhinna dharmoM aura vicAradhArAoM ke bIca hone vAlI TakarAhaTa kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karane ke lie adhika Avazyaka hai| pro. TI. jI. kalaghATagI kahate haiM - 'anekAntavAda kI bhAvanA sAmAjikapariprekSya meM atyadhika Avazyaka hai, vizeSakara Aja ke samaya meM, jabaki Apasa meM TakarAhaTa rakhane vAlI vicAradhArAe~ Akramaka zailI meM apane atizreSTha hone kA dAvA prastuta karane kA prayAsa kara rahI haiN| anekAntavAda yuktisaMgatatA aura sAmAjika sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA kA saMdeza detA hai / 31 Aja samAja meM sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA ko prabhAvakArI tarIke se vikasita karane kI AvazyakatA hai| jainadharma apane prAraMbhika kAla se hI sahiSNutA arthAt anya dharmoM ke prati AdarabhAva kA samarthaka rahA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM mahAvIra udghoSita karate haiM- 'jo apane dharma aura vicAradhArA kI prazaMsA karate haiM aura apane virodhiyoM ke dharma aura vicAradhArA ko mithyA kahakara asvIkRta karate haiM, to ve satya kA apalApa karana vAle janma aura mRtyu ke cakra meM paribhramaNa karate haiM / 32 jainadArzanika sadaiva yaha kahate haiM ki sabhI vicAradhArAe~ apanI-apanI dRSTi se satya hotI haiM, parantu jo dUsaroM ke vicAroM yA matoM ko pUrNatayA nakArate haiM, ve mithyAvAdI hote haiN| isa prakAra jaina-saMta sadaiva hI anya dharmoM ke prati sahiSNu rahe haiM aura unhoMne sadaiva hI dharmoM ke bIca TakarAhaTa ko TAlane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| vartamAna samAja kI mUlabhUta samasyAe~ mAnasika tanAva, hiMsA aura vibhinna dharmoM aura vicAradhArAoM ke bIca TakarAhaTa kI hai| jainadharma ne mAnavajAti kI ina samasyAoM kA aparigraha, ahiMsA aura anekAnta ke tIna mUlabhUta siddhAntoM ke mAdhyama se samAdhAna karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadi mAnavajAti sAmUhika rUpa se ina siddhAntoM kA anusaraNa karatI hai, to vizva meM zAnti aura sahiSNutA sthApita ho sakatI hai / sandarbha 1. ahiMsA, da sAinsa oNpha pIsa, botharA surendra, phoravarDa, DI. Ara. mehatA, pR. 27 2. vahI, pR. 46 3. da vAyasa oNpha hyUmainiTI, DeviDa, sI. DablyU., pR. 1 4. AcArAMga (AyAro), jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 1/7/149 5. vahI, 2/4 / 96

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jaina dharma meM zAMti kI avadhAraNA : 65 6. enasAiklopIDiyA oNpha rIlijana eNDa Ithiksa, vAlyUma IX pR. 700 7. tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 5/21 8. da kvesTa phaoNra pIsa, ke. esa. mUrti, pR. 157 9. sUtrakRtAMga (sUyagaDo), jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 1/11/36 10. AcArAMga (AyAro), jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 1/8/3 11. bhagavatIsUtra (bhagavata), jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 1/9 12. sUtrakRtAMga (sUyagaDo), jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 1/11/11 13. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, sampAdita-sAdhvI caMdanAjI, 32/19 14. vahI, 32/7-8 15. dazavaikAlikasUtra (dazavaiAliyam), jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanaM. 5/37 16. AcArAMga (AyAro), jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 1/4/1 17. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 2/1/21 18. tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 5/21 19. AvazyakavRtti, pR. 661-662 20. ena. entholaoNjI, zveTjara, sampAdita-sI.Ara. jvAya, pR. 248-83, koTeDa bAya, ke.esa. mUrti, da kvesTa phaoNra pIsa, pR. 42 21. dazavaikAlikasUtra, lADanUM, 6/10 22. da kvesTa phaoNra pIsa, ke.esa. mUrti, prolAga pR. XXI 23. AcArAMga (AyAro), jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 1/3/4 24. sTaDIja ina philaoNsaphI, ena.ema. TATiyA, pI.vI. risarca insTITyUTa, vArANasI, pR. 22 25. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 23/25 26. lokatattvanirNaya, haribhadra, jainagrantha prakAzana sabhA, ahamadAbAda, gAthA-24 27. sanmatiprakaraNa, siddhasena, jJAnodaya TrasTa, ahamadAbAda, 1/28 28. adhyAtmopaniSad, yazovijayajI, jainadharma prakAzana sabhA, bhAvanagara 29. niyamasAra, kundakunda, da senTrala jaina pabliziMga hAUsa, lakhanaU, 155 30. yogadRSTisamuccaya, haribhadra, ela.DI. insTiTyUTa, ahamadAbAda 31. vaizAlI insTITyUTa risarca, buleTina naM.4, pR. 31, 133 32. sUtrakRtAMga, (sUyagaDo), jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 1/1/2/25

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zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 apraila-jUna 10 sAmAjika krAnti aura jaina dharma DaoN. Ananda kumAra zarmA [jaina dharma para prAya: yaha Aropa lagatA rahA hai ki nivRttimArgI dharma hone ke kAraNa yaha samAja se vimukha hone kA mArga batalAtA hai isaliye isameM sAmAjika sarokAra kA abhAva hai| kintu jaina sAhitya ke samyak evaM niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki prArambha se hI jaina dharma samAjopayogI siddhAntoM kA na kevala puraskartA rahA hai apitu samAja meM unake samyaka upayoga aura svastha samAja ke vikAsa kA mArga sujhAtA rahA hai| RSabhadeva se lekara mahAvIra taka sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ne sAmAjika samatA ko apanI dezanA kA mukhya AdhAra banAyA hai| jaina dharma deza ke prAcInatama dharmoM meM se eka hai| jaina dharma kI prAcInatA saindhava sabhyatA se mAnI jAtI hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai ki saindhava sabhyatA se prApta vRSabha kI mUrtiyA~ kisI na kisI rUpa meM 'RSabhadeva kI pratIka rahI hoNgii| Rgveda meM 'RSabha' zabda kA ullekha huA hai| yajurveda meM ullekha hai ki RSabha dharma-pravartakoM meM zreSTha haiN|' atharvaveda evaM gopatha brAhmaNa meM ullekhita svayaMbhU kAzyapa kA tAdAtmya 'RSabhadeva' se kiyA jAtA hai| zrImadbhAgavata meM 'RSabhadeva' kA ullekha huA hai| jaina dharma ne apane sAmAjika vicAroM evaM mUlyoM se tatkAlIna samAja meM dabe-kucale evaM pichar3e vyaktiyoM ko saMbala pradAna kiyaa| jaina dharma ne apane sazakta sAhityika evaM vaicArika vAGmaya se samAja meM samAnatA kA saMdeza diyA jisase samAja ke utthAna kA mArga prazasta huaa| jaina dharma ne apanI saiddhAntika vicAradhArA se dharAtala para sAmAjika krAnti kA sUtrapAta kiyA jo isa prakAra haisamAjavAda kI avadhAraNA _jaina dharma ke sampUrNa vaicArika vAGmaya evaM vyAvahArika dharAtalIya dRSTikoNa ke adhyayana se vidita hotA hai ki isameM samAjavAda kI vicAradhArA ke bIja nihita the| jaina dharma ke siddhAnta sampUrNa mAnavamAtra ke hita evaM samAnatA kA saMdeza dete haiN| jaina manISiyoM kA vyavahAra bhI saiddhAntika vicAradhArA se mela khAtA * bAlAjI vihAra kAlonI, guDIguDA kA nAkA, lazkara, gvAliyara-1

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sAmAjika krAnti aura jaina dharma : 67 hai| unhoMne manuSyoM ko sAttvika jIvana jIne kA saMdeza diyaa| jisakA samAja para dUragAmI prabhAva honA nizcita thaa| sAttvikatA, manuSya ke jIvana ko sarala, nirvikAra, caritra sampatra aura naitikatAvAdI banAtA hai| yaha saMdeza aise samaya AyA jaba samAja naitika rUpa se patita hotA jA rahA thA, manuSyoM kA jIvana jaTila, avyAvahArika vyavasthAoM meM jakar3A huA thaa| bhAratavarSa kA vizAla jana samUha Arthika vipannatA ke bojha ke nIce dabA thaa| samAja meM U~ca-nIca, amIrI-garIbI kA bhAva vidyamAna thA aura isa kAraNa samAja kA bahuta bar3A tabakA Arthika evaM sAmAjika adhikAra vihIna thaa| aise samaya meM jaina dharma ne aparigraha evaM samyak AcaraNa kA sandeza diyaa| isameM Arthika samAnatA evaM sarvodaya kI samAjavAdI vicAradhArA nihita thii| apiragraha arthAt utanA hI saMgraha karo, jitanA Avazyaka ho| isase samAja ke sabhI logoM ko vastue~ mila skeNgii| aparigraha AvazyakatAoM ke ananta phailAva para tArkika roka kA sandeza detA hai| isase icchAoM para niyaMtraNa hotA hai aura samAja meM asAmAjikatA evaM asantulana kI sthiti para lagAma lagatI hai| jaina dharma samAnatA kA sandeza detA hai| jaina dharma ne samAja meM U~ca-nIca, amIra-garIba, jAti-pAMti, strI-puruSa sabhI ko eka nigAha se dekhaa| mahAvIra svAmI ne saMgha meM sabhI kA svAgata kiyA evaM unheM mAnyatA pradAna kii| jaina saMghoM evaM jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ne aneka samAja-hitaiSI kArya kiye jinase samAja ke pratyeka vargoM mukhyataH dalita evaM nirdhanoM ko atyadhika lAbha huaa| jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne auSadhAlaya, vizrAmAlayoM, zikSaNa saMsthAoM Adi kI niHzulka vyavasthA kI jisase nirdhanoM evaM nicale tabake ke logoM ke prati dayAbhAva, anugraha evaM dAna bhAvanA kI pravRtti bddh'ii| nArI kI sthiti meM krAntikArI badalAvoM kA sUtrapAta bhAratIya saMskRti meM strI ko sarvazakti-sampannatA evaM sarvaguNa-sampannatA ke pratIka ke rUpa meM AkhyAyita kiyA gayA hai| usako puruSa kI pUrNatA ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gyaa| usake jIvana meM strI kA Agamana zubha evaM sukha-samRddhi tathA sammAna kA pratIka mAnA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM nArI ko sAmAjika tathA dhArmika kAryoM ko karane kI pUrNa svatantratA thii| jaina dharma ne pardA-prathA, satIprathA, bAla-vivAha, bAlikA-hatyA, azikSA Adi burAiyoM evaM kurItiyoM se dUra rahakara puruSoM kI taraha striyoM ko bhI apane vikAsa kI pUrNa svataMtratA pradAna kii| vaha apanI icchAnusAra vrata, dAna Adi kara sakatI thiiN| use samAja evaM ghara

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68 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 parivAra meM sammAnajanaka sthAna prApta thaa| jaina kalA meM bhI nArI devI, yakSI, AryikA, zrAvikA, sAdhvI Adi rUpoM meM aMkita hai, jo nArI ke mahattva kI samAja meM pradhAna sthiti ko iMgita karatA hai| mahAvIra svAmI ne nArI ko 'dhamma-sahAyA' kahakara dharma kI sahAyikA mAnakara Adara aura sammAna pradAna kiyaa| ve strI-samAja ke samAnAdhikAra ke pUrNa pakSapAtI the| mahAvIra svAmI ne unheM mokSAdhikAra bhI pradAna kiyaa| unhoMne striyoM ke lie saMgha ke dvAra khola diye| jaina dharma meM zramaNI aura zrAvikA ye do varga nAriyoM ke hI the| bhadrabAhu kRta kalpasUtra meM varNita hai ki pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI bhikSu 16,000, bhikSuNiyA~ 38,000, zrAvaka 1,64,000 tathA zrAvikAyeM 3,27,000 thiiN| ataH spaSTa hai ki pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyiyoM meM striyoM kI saMkhyA sarvAdhika thii| mahAvIra svAmI ke jaina saMgha meM 36,000 zramaNiyA~, 14,000 zramaNa, 1,59,000 zrAvaka evaM 3,18,000 zrAvikAe~ thiiN| ataH jaina saMgha meM puruSoM kI apekSA striyoM kI saMkhyA adhika thii| vAstava meM striyoM ko bhikSuNiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA eka krAntikArI kadama thaa| varNa-nirapekSa Andolana kA sUtrapAta jaina dharma ne sarvaprathama varNa-vyavasthA kI burAiyoM para gaMbhIra ciMtAeM pragaTa karate hue jAti-baMdhana evaM jAti-bheda kI bhartsanA kii| mahAvIra svAmI ke samaya prAcIna andhavizvAsoM, karmakANDoM aura varNa-vyavasthA kI vizAla dIvAreM jarjarita ho rahI thIM, prabala gaveSaNA, satyAnusaMdhAna evaM rahasyodghATana kI durdharSa utkaNThA ke isa kAla meM unhoMne samAja ko sanmArga dikhaayaa| mahAvIra svAmI ke anusAra sabhI vyakti cAhe ve kisI bhI jAti yA dharma ke hoM puruSArtha dvArA nirvANa arthAt sarvocca pada prApta kara sakate haiM, ataH nirvANa prApti hetu unhoMne jAti-bheda ko samApta kara diyaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM jAtyAbhimAna ko 18 pApoM meM eka pApa mAnA gayA hai| mahAvIra svAmI ne nirvANa-prApti kI yogyatA kA varNana karate hue kahA hai__"jo na abhimAnI hai aura na dInavRtti vAlA hai, jisakI pUjA-prazaMsA meM unnata bhAva nahIM hai, aura na nindA meM avanata bhAva hai, vaha RjubhAva ko prApta saMyamI maharSi pApoM se virata hokara nirvANa mArga ko prApta karatA hai|"12 ataH jaina saMgha ne jAti bheda ko pare rakhakara evaM samAnAdhikAra pradAna kara samasta jAtiyoM ke lie pravrajyA ke dvAra khola diye| mahAvIra svAmI ne samAja meM karma kI pradhAnatA ko btlaayaa| unhoMne manuSya ko IzvarIya hastakSepa se mukta karake svayaM apanA

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sAmAjika krAnti aura jaina dharma : 69 bhAgya-vidhAtA mAnA aura apane sAMsArika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana meM manuSya ko usake pratyeka karma ke lie uttaradAyI btaayaa| vAstava meM jaina dharma evaM jaina saMgha ne janasAdhAraNa kI bar3I sAvadhAnI se sevA kI5 jaina dharma ne samAja ke utpIDita vargoM ko atyadhika prabhAvita kiyaa| vaizyoM ko bhI jo Arthika dRSTi se zaktizAlI the parantu jinheM tadanurUpa sAmAjika mAnyatA prApta nahIM thI aura zUdroM ko jo spaSTa rUpa se dalita aura satAe hue the, ko isa varNa-nirapekSa sampradAya meM sammilita hokara apane varNa se ubarane kA avasara diyaa| isa prakAra jaina mata varNa vyavasthA kA virodhI thA aura isa dRSTi se ise varNa-nirapekSa Andolana kahA jA sakatA hai|6 vyApAra-vANijya evaM nagara-saMskRti ke prasAra meM bhUmikA jaina dharma ne apane saiddhAntika evaM vyAvahArika DhA~ce se vyApAra-vANijya evaM nagara-saMskRti ke vikAsa evaM prasAra meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhaayii| jaina dharma vyAvahArika zucitA tathA mitavyayitA ke vyavasAyocita guNoM ko protsAhita karatA thaa| 'jIvoM kI hiMsA kama se kama ho ise dhyAna meM rakhakara jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne mukhyataH vyApAra ko apanI AjIvikA kA sAdhana bnaayaa|8 isase pratyakSa aura apratyakSa rUpa se kalA, kalAtmaka zilpoM ko protsAhana milA tathA navIna vyAvasAyika tattvoM kA udaya huaa| yaha dharma alpa saMcaya tathA mitavyayitA ko protsAhana detA hai| pazcimI taTa para samudrI vyApAra hotA thA, jahA~ jainiyoM ne sAhUkArI kA dhaMdhA zurU kiyA jisase dUsare loga paNya-vastuoM ke sAtha samudra-pAra yAtrA para jAne lge| jainiyoM kI vANijyavRtti se na kevala nagara-saMskRti kA vikAsa huA! apitu rASTrIya evaM antarrASTrIya stara para bhAratIya vyApAra aura vANijya ko gatizIlatA milii| karma kI zreSThatA kI samAja meM sthApanA jaina dharma kA karma siddhAnta manuSya kI utpatti meM IzvarIya hastakSepa ko khArija karate hue, use svayaM ke bhAgya kA vidhAtA mAnatA hai| apane sAMsArika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana meM manuSya apane pratyeka karma ke lie uttaradAyI hai|20 ataH manuSya svayaM apane karmoM kI kRti hai| mahAvIra svAmI ne kahA 'karma se hI manuSya brAhmaNa yA zUdra hotA hai| usa samaya bhAratIya samAja kA bahusaMkhyaka varga pada-dalita thA aura yuga-yuga se Izvara ke nAma para pratAr3ita kiyA jA rahA thaa| jaina dharma ne unheM navIna mArga dikhAyA aura unheM batAyA ki unakI dalita sthiti ke lie Izvara jimmedAra nahIM hai apitu ve svayaM jimmedAra haiM, unheM acche karma ke patha para agrasara

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70 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 hone kI salAha dI aura batAyA ki samyak karma se ve zreSTha sthiti ko prApta kara sakate haiN| samAja ke bahusaMkhyaka kamajora, pada-dalita, adhikAra-vihIna manuSyoM ke andara karma ke siddhAntoM ne jabaradasta AtmavizvAsa kA saMcAra kiyaa| isa prakAra jaina dharma ne apane AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke sAtha sAmAjika mUlyoM kI sthApanA karake tatkAlIna samAja meM samAjavAda kI vicAradhArA ko sthApita kiyaa| striyoM kI sthiti meM krAntikArI badalAva kiyaa| varNa-nirapekSa Andolana kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| vyApAra-vANijya evaM nagara-saMskRti ke vikAsa evaM prasAra meM yogadAna kiyaa| IzvarIya hastakSepa kA niSedha kara karma kI vizeSatA ko samAja meM sthApita kara dhArmika andhavizvAsoM tathA hiMsA pradhAna bAhya dhArmika kriyAoM kA niSedha karake vivekapUrvaka dhArmika AcaraNa karane kI salAha dii| saMyamI, vItarAgI, aparigrahI, anekAntadRSTi se jIne kI rAha btlaaii| yahI jaina dharma kI sAmAjika krAnti hai| Aja isa vaijJAnika yuga meM bhI unhIM sAmAjika mUlyoM ko mahattva diyA jA rahA hai jinheM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva batalAyA thaa| sandarbha grantha-sUcI 1. Rgveda, 10.166.1 2. atharvaveda, 11.5.24-26, gopatha brAhmaNa, 2.8 3. zrImadbhAgavata, 5.28 4. vistRta adhyayana ke lie par3heM, bAzama, e.ela. (sampAdana), e kalcarala hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA, oNksaphorDa yUnIvarsiTI presa, naI dillI, 1975, pR. 100-110, pANDeya, vI.sI.- prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanItika evaM sAMskRtika itihAsa, bhAga-1, senTrala pabliziMga hAusa, ilAhAbAda, 1998, pR. 261,262, 278, 282, 283, zarmA, Ara.esa. prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, enasIIAraTI, naI dillI, 1990, pR. 97, pAMDe, bizambharanAtha- bhArata aura mAnava saMskRti, khaNDa-1, prakAzana vibhAga, sUcanA aura prasAraNa maMtrAlaya, bhArata sarakAra, naI dillI, 1996, pR. 100-125 5. sUtrakRtAMga, 2.1.35 6. vistRta adhyayana ke lie par3heM, zarmA, DaoN. Ananda kumAra, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti meM striyoM kI sthiti (gupta-vardhana kAla taka),zodha-samaveta, zrI kAverI zodha saMsthAna, ujjaina, vo. 16, naM. 02, julAI-sitambara, 2007, pR. 147-151 7. mizra, jayazaMkara-prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, bihAra hindI grantha akAdamI, paTanA, 2001, pR.776 8. kalpasUtra, 134-37, Avazyaka niyukti, gA. 259, 263

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sAmAjika krAnti aura jaina dharma : 71 9. zarmA, Ara.esa., pUrvokta, pR. 98, majUmadAra, Ara. sI., prAcIna bhArata, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, naI dillI, 1973, pR. 142-43, jhA. zrImAlI-prAcIna bhArata, hindI grantha akAdamI, naI dillI, 2001, pR. 143 10. pANDeya, vI.sI.-pUrvokta, pR. 254 11. pANDeya, vI.sI.-pUrvokta, pR. 281 12. uttarAdhyayana, 21.20 13. sUtrakRtAMga, 2.1.35 14. sUtrakRtAMga (jaikobI-jaina sUtra, jilda 2, pR. 301-04), uddhRta pANDeya, vI.sI.-pUrvokta, pR. 277 15. bAzama, e.ela.-adbhuta bhArata, zivalAla agravAla eNDa kampanI, AgarA, pR. 211 16. thApara, romilA- bhArata kA itihAsa (prAcIna bhArata), rAjakamala prakAzana, naI dillI , 1989, pR.59-60 17. bAzama, e.ela.-adbhuta bhArata, pR. 211 18. zarmA, Ara.esa.- pUrvokta, pR. 97 19. thApara, romilA- pUrvokta, pR. 57-58 20. sUtrakRtAMga (jaikobI- jaina sUtra, jilda 2, pR. 301), uddhRta pANDeya, vI.sI. pUrvokta, pR. 277, bAzama, e.ela. (sampAdana)- e kalcarala hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA, pR. 101, majUmadAra, Ara.sI.-pUrvokta, pR. 142-43, pAMDe, bizambharanAtha-pUrvokta, pR.86 21. uttarAdhyayana, 25.33

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zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 apraila-jUna 10 tIrthaMkarakAlIna zramaNiyoM para eka vicAra dRSTi -zramaNI DaoN. vijayazrI AryA [ jaina granthoM meM hameM sadAcAra evaM pativrata dhAraNa karane vAlI striyoM ke paryApta udAharaNa milate haiN| inake sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki ye striyAM hI tIrthaGkaroM ko janma dene vAlI haiM tathA ye mAtRrakSitA, pitRrakSitA, bhrAtRrakSitA, kulagRharakSitA evaM zvasurakularakSitA Adi haiN| dharma ke kSetra meM dIkSita sAdhviyoM ko upalabdha itihAsa kI pRSThabhUmi meM dekheM to jahAM mahAvIra ke zramaNa saMgha meM 14,000 sAdhuoM kA ullekha milatA hai vahIM 36,000 sAdhviyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai kintu itihAsa ke pannoM para inake nAmo-nizAM ko khojane kA prayAsa kareM to kucha prakIrNa sandarbho ko chor3a kara prAyaH nirAzA hI hAtha lagatI hai| prastuta lekha meM aisI hI tyAga kI pratimUrti sAdhviyoM ke caraNa-cihnoM ko jaina itihAsa aura AgamoM kI pagaDaMDiyoM para khojane kA prayAsa kara rahI haiM- sAdhvIvaryA DaoN. vijayazrI aaryaa|] jaina Agama sAhitya kA avalokana karane para yaha tathya spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva se lekara mahAvIra taka ke pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke kAla meM zramaNiyoM kI saMkhyA hajAroM yA lAkhoM meM thii| yadi sabhI AcAryoM, zrutadharoM aura tIrthaMkaroM ke kAloM kI sabhI zramaNiyoM kI saMkhyA ko sammilita kiyA jAye to gaNanAtIta saMkhyA meM zramaNiyAM ho cukI haiN| kintu kheda hai ki saMyama aura tyAga kI sAkSAt mUrti bhagavatI svarUpa ina zramaNiyoM kA sampUrNa itihAsa atIta kI goda meM vilupta ho kara raha gayA hai| unakA nAma taka Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| 23 tIrthaMkaroM ke zAsana kAla ke sAkSI antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne una ajJAta zramaNiyoM meM se kitanoM ko zabdAyita kiyA hai, yaha prayatna pUrvaka khojane para bhI nahIM miltaa| vartamAna Agama sAhitya aura prAcIna graMthoM meM tIrthaMkaroM kI pramukhA zramaNiyoM ke nAma aura zeSa zramaNiyoM kI mAtra saMkhyA hI upalabdha hotI hai| pramukhA zramaNiyoM meM prathama tIrthaMkara kI ziSyA brAhmI-sundarI tathA antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI pramukhA ziSyA candanabAlA kA yatkiMcit vRttAnta upalabdha hotA hai| zeSa zramaNiyAM jo tIrthaMkaroM ke vizAla zramaNI saMsthA kI saMvAhikA rahIM, unakA vRttAnta na milanA eka durbhAgyapUrNa ghaTanA hai| yadyapi bIsaveM tIrthaMkara munisuvrata evaM bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke samaya kI kucha anya zramaNiyAM ke bhI vRttAnta haiM, jinhoMne jIvana ke caturtha bhAga meM zramaNI dIkSA aMgIkAra kara lI thii| sItA, mandodarI, kaikeyI

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tIrthaMkarakAlIna zramaNiyoM para eka vicAra dRSTi : 73 Adi tathA padmAvatI, satyabhAmA, rukmiNI Adi ke dIkSA lene Adi kA varNana vistAra se upalabdha hotA hai, kintu vahAM bhI zramaNI pramukhA ke jIvana-vRtta ke viSaya meM zAstrakAra mauna haiN| isase yaha dhvanita hotA hai aura bahuta sambhava hai ki rAma aura kRSNa ko hinduoM meM avatAra ke rUpa meM mAnya hone ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya meM bhI unakA viziSTa rUpa varNana huA ho tathA unake sAtha rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhAratakAlIna nAriyoM ko bhI vizeSa mahattva milA ho| yahAM eka bAta ullekhanIya hai ki rAmAyaNa kAla kI jitanI bhI mahilAoM ke zramaNI jIvana apanAne kA varNana milatA hai, ve prAyaH rAma yA raghuvaMza se sambandhita haiN| mandodarI kA sambandha rAvaNa se hai vaha bhI rAma ke kAraNa hI hai| udhara ariSTanemi ke kAla kI jitanI zramaNiyoM ke jIvana-vRtta upalabdha hote haiM,una sabakA sambandha 'kRSNa' ke sAtha hai, prAyaH ve sabhI yaduvaMza kI nAriyAM thiiN| . isI sandarbha meM jaba hama tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke kAla kA avalokana karate haiM to pAte haiM ki vahAM bhI zramaNI pramukhA puSpacUlA kA sAmAnya varNana bhI upalabdha nahIM hotA aura dUsarI ora tIrthaMkara pArzvayuga kI 26 zramaNiyoM ke ullekha haiM jinakA zramaNI rUpa kama zithilAcArI rUpa adhika prakaTa huA hai| unake nAma, mAtA-pitA, pati evaM janma sthAna Adi nAmoM ke sAtha ve mRtyu prApta kara kahAM utpanna huIM, bhaviSya meM kahAM jAyeMgI, una sabakA vistRta varNana jJAtAdharmasUtra aura puSpacUlikA sUtra meM prApta hotA hai| ataH tIrthaMkara pArzva ke kAla meM puSpacUlA aura suvratA ke alAvA anya kisI aisI zramaNI kA ullekha nahIM milatA jisakA zramaNI jIvana viziSTatA sampanna ho| tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi aura pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM 84 hajAra 650 varSoM kA sudIrgha antarAla hone para bhI ariSTanemi kAla kI 19 sAdhviyoM kA jIvana-vRtta aura pArzvanAtha kAla kI do zramaNiyoM kA ullekha milanA eka vicAraNIya prazna chor3a jAtA hai| caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI prasiddha-aprasiddha, paricayaprApta yA nAmaprApta 317 zramaNiyoM kA varNana kramazaH isa prakAra milatA haitIrthakara kAla kI 317 zramaNiyAMprathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke samaya kI tIna sAdhviyA-brAhmI, sundarI, sulocnaa| dvitIya tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha ke samaya kI tIna sAdhviyA- phalgu, vipulA, sulkssnnaa| bArahaveM tIrthaMkara vAsupUjya ke samaya kI cAra sAdhviyAM- dhAriNI, rohiNI, manohArI aura meghamAlA (shithilaacaarinnii)| bIsaveM tIrthaMkara kAla kI zvetAmbara-digambara paramparA kI sammilita 14 zramaNiyAMpuSpavatI, purandarayazA, maMdodarI, candranakhA, kaikeyI, sItA, aMjanA, manodayA, gaNinI

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74 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila - jUna - 10 anuddharA, gaNinI varadharmA, gaNinI baMdhumati, gaNinI zrImatI, gaNinI zazikAntA, pravartinI caraNazrI / bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke kAla kI 19 zramaNiyAM yakSiNI, rAjImatI, zivA, draupadI, satyabhAmA, rukmiNI, padmAvatI, gaurI, gAMdhArI, susImA, lakSmaNA, jAmbavatI, mUlazrI, mUladattA, kanakavatI, ketumaMjarI, ekanAzA, kamalAmelA aura suvratA / teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI pramukha zramaNiyAM- puSpacUlA, suvratA / zeSa jJAtAdharma evaM puSpacUlikA meM prApta 216 zramaNiyAM tathA Avazyakaniryukti meM prApta pANDurAryA Adi kula 217 zramaNiyAM (zithilAcArI) / caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke kAla kI 35 zramaNiyAM- caMdanabAlA, devAnaMdA, priyadarzanA, padmAvatI, prabhAvatI, mRgAvatI, zivAnaMdA, aMgAravatI, madanamaMjarI, jyeSThA, - jayantI, naMdA Adi zreNika kI 13 evaM 23 mahArAniyAM evaM durgandhA Adi kula 35 zramaNiyoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| zeSa 17 tIrthaMkaroM kI eka-eka pramukhA zramaNI ko parigaNita kara leM to caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI kula 317 zramaNiyoM ke ullekha Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM prApta hote haiN| bArahaveM tIrthaMkara kI sAdhvI meghamAlA evaM pArzva tIrthaMkara kI 216 zramaNiyAM tathA eka pANDurAryA ye 218 zramaNiyAM zithilAcArI ke rUpa meM prasiddha huiiN| kucha anaMga sundarI jaise- madanarekhA Adi sAdhviyAM pArzva evaM mahAvIra ke kAla meM kisI samaya huIM thIM aisA ullekha milatA hai| inameM viziSTa zramaNiyAM to mAtra 99 hI haiM, zeSa zithilAcArI kI zreNI meM AtI haiN| ina 99 zramaNiyoM meM lagabhaga 65 zramaNiyoM ke alpAdhika jIvanavRtta prApta hote haiM, zeSa ke vaha bhI nhiiN| jahAM tIrthaMkarakAla kI sampUrNa sAdhviyoM kI saMkhyA ar3atAlIsa lAkha ATha sau sattara hajAra AMkI gayI (kahIM-kahIM caurAsI lAkha cAra sau paccIsa hajAra ) hai, unameM muTThI bhara zramaNiyoM ke ullekhoM se yaha samajhA jA sakatA hai ki hamArA itihAsa kahAM taka kAlakavalita ho gayA hai| AvazyakatA hai ki jo kucha zeSa bacA hai, use prAcIna bhaNDAroM se nikalavA kara unakA sarvekSaNa karavAyA jAya tAki itihAsa meM una sAdhviyoM kI maujUdagI ke sAtha nyAya ho ske| sandarbha-granthaH 1. jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa, AcArya hastImalajI 2. Avazyaka niryukti, bhadrabAhu, harSa puSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA 3. bar3I sAdhu vandanA, AcArya jayamala jI mahArAja

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Sramana, Vol. 61, No. 2 April - June 10 CONTRIBUTION OF ACARYA MAHAPRAJNA TO THE WORLD OF PHILOSOPHY Samani Dr. Shashiprajna* .. [Late Acarya Mahaprajna was a great saint, thinker, philosopher and scholar of Jainism. Through some of his novel concepts he enriched the Jaina Philosophy and gave insight for social transformation. He looked at theory of Sadjivanikaya, Karmavada and morality in non-traditional way and introduced few newer ideas to make Jaina philosophy compatible with the modern empirical world philosophy. In this paper the author underlines the novel contributions of Acarya Mahaprajna in the field of Jaina philosophy.] Introduction: The study of philosophy is the continuous process of quest for truth. In this non-stopping journey of development of thoughts great philosophers contributed a lot by their novel thoughts and enriched the world of philosophy. In this paper, efforts will be made to highlight the philosophical thoughts envisaged by the 21st century's great philosopher Acarya Mahaprajna. Mahaprajna's independent, innovative thoughts regarding the concept of Jaina theory of causation and concept of creation can be considered as the metaphysical contribution. The concept of Sadjivanikaya and self development, the concept of moral responsibility, karmavada and purusarthavada, etc. give us a clear notion of karma philosophy and its social relevance in the era of Science and Technology. Moreover his ideas regarding the Jaina Ethical code of conduct and criteria of morality are really touching points and can brain-wash the misconceptions regarding the Jaina ethical concepts that they are not * Professor, Jain Philosophy, Jaina Vishva Bharati, Ladnun

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76 : Gramana, Vol 61, No. 2 April-June 10 social. But Mahaprajna's revolutionary views can open new horizons in the world of Jaina philosophy. The theory of Causation The concept of causation is the basic foundation of each and every philosophy. Jaina philosophy is basically based on the theory of anekanta. So there is a kind of misconception among the Eastern and Western scholars that there is no room for an absolute truth in Jaina philosophy and all the truths are relative. It was Mahaprajna who expounded that there are two types of truth as per the theory of anekanta i.e. sapeksa and nirapeksa i.e. relative and absolute.' Moreover, he established that pancastikaya, (medium of motion, medium of rest, space, soul and matter-five substances) kala (time) loka-aloka (universe and contra universe) are absolute truth, where cause and effect theory can't be applied. In case of relative truths only, one can trace its cause and effect.? He further extends his view in this manner that Jains believe in the principle of parinamika-bhava, which can be classified under two heads as anadi-parinamika and sadi-parinamika i.e. change which has no beginning and change with beginning respectively. Pancastikaya come under the head of anadi-parinamika which are eternal i.e. change without a beginning or an end. But simultaneously, they are constantly evolving and taking different forms. It just exists there without any cause since infinity and remains so forever. Where as, sadi-parinamika case can be explained through cause and effect theory. For example a house was built. It has its beginning. So in such instances of change which has beginning (sadi-parinamika) we can search relative truth as its material cause and efficient cause as invisible. The World and its Creator Since time immemorial, the philosophers and the scientists of different schools and streams have tried their best to unfold this mystery, "who created this world? Why? When? and How!- these questions have been asked from time to time again and again. There is a wide difference of opinion among the philosopher

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Contribution of Acarya Mahaprajna to the.... : 77 about the concept of creation. If we subscribe to the view that world is a creation then creator has to be somebody different than the world. A question would then be asked- "From where he come and is there another world?" If god is accepted as the creator of this world, then question may be raised as to what are the basic attributes of God through which, he created the world. If the creator is regarded to be an embodiment of pure consciousness, why his creation should have both the characteristics i.e., sentience as well as insentience? How coms this dichotomy? Another vital question would surface then. in order to make something, the creator has to collect some raw material. Did that come from this world or from some other world. Similarly, if we believe that the world is made out of God's own properties, then it is not a new creation but only an extension or new modification of the original stuff. The Jaina philosophers didn't wish to tread this futile path in imagining such questions and trying to answer them. They maintained that the world is not a creation by any body like God. It just exists there since infinity and would remain so, forever. There are different notions regarding the creation. In the words of Mahaprajna, creation is nothing but the combination of anadi and sadi-parinamanat i.e. it is composed of five fundamental substances which occurs due to combination of Jiva and pudgala. Acarya Tulsi also in his text, 'Illuminator of Jaina Tenets' rightly defined creation as 'Jivapudgalavorvividha samyogaih sah vividharupah. In fact, Jagat is nothing but mixed product of Jiva (the soul) and pudgala (matter), we don't see either of them in its original form, as it is imperceptible. But that doesn't mean that what we don't see is not Jagat (creation). So according to Mahaprajna for creation there is no need to accept God. The Concept of Sadjivanikaya and Self-development According to Jaina philosophy, the theory of rebirth is nothing but the theory of transmigration between four realms namely celestial, human, animal and infernal. The concept of Sadjivanikaya (classification of six beings) is the upshot of the theory of rebirth. Mahaprajna says, soul exists, soul is eternal and karmic bondage

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78 Sramana, Vol 61, No. 2 April-June 10 these three concepts of Jaina ethics are sufficient to prove the theory of rebirth." In no other school of Eastern or Western philosophy we find such a subtle classification of Jivas from one-sensed to five-sensedbeings. Siddhasena rightly commented that for proving the omniscience of Tirthankara Mahavira, only Sadjivanikaya concept is more than sufficient." The point of consideration here is that Mahaprajna says, we don't find such a successive development of consciousness on the basis of the sequence of one to five sense organs namely touch, taste, small, colour and sound in other schools of philosophy. He says the development of consciousness begins from the sense of touch and reaches up to the level of five sense organs accompanied by mind. Acarya Mahaprajna believes that the one who doesn't understand the real existence of Sadjivanikaya, can't understand how to give an end to the unending chain of rebirth and attain the spiritual heights.' So this concept of Sadjivanikaya must be understood for the attainment of liberation. Atmakartrtvavada and the concept of Moral Responsibility Jains believe in nityanityatmaka nature of soul. Soul never loses its real nature of caitanya (Consciousness) so it is nitya (eternal) but at the same time it keeps on changing every moment to keep its existence. If for a moment soul gives up parinamana i.e. if svabhavika change is stopped, then there will be no more existence of soul. To maintain the existence of soul, svabhavika kartrtva of soul i.e. parinamana (change) must be accepted. If the soul transmigrates from human realm to the animal kingdom, or hell or heaven, then such parinamana is considered as vaibhavika kartrtva.10 Acarya Sri asserts that this concept of kartrtva has shown the concept of sadhana that nobody can give either pain or pleasure to any body in this world. This kind of novel idea gave rise to the concept of atmakartrtvavada which means soul can't endorse any soul of blame on others for one's own deeds and misdeeds but soul himself is responsible for one's own pleasure and sorrow."It seems

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Contribution of Acarya Mahaprajna to the..... to be human psychology that one wants to take honour of everything good but disowns anything wrong or evil. It means that for good, you are responsible, but for bad, you throw the responsibility on others. According to Jainism, your soul is responsible for both good and evil. One cannot impose the responsibility on anyone else not even on God. This is the gist of Jaina doctrine of atmakartrtvavada. This doctrine helps us to develop a new avenue of our own consciousness, and that is to refrain from accusing others and confess one's own responsibility for doing anything wrong or considering one's own Self responsible for suffering or pain instead of accusing others. This is novel contribution of the Mahaprajna to mould the attitude of the person who imposes the cause of suffering on other. Karmavada and Purusarthavada Jaina Ethical philosophy is based upon the theory of karma. Jaina philosophy doesn't accept that notion of God who rewards or punishes one according to fruition of auspicious karmas and inauspicious karmas respectively. The world is governed by natural laws, so there is no need to accept any God. In favour of God many logics are given as out of compassion God created this world. Some say, God was alone, he wanted to be many (tadaiksat bahusyam), so the world came into being. Mahaprajna has given a reasonable logic in favour of the Jaina theory of karma. He says that the primary basis of acceptance of theory of karma is freedom of will. Secondly, the moral responsibility of each and every action is on the individual itself. Thirdly, every individual has the right to progress and change his destiny.12 : 79 He says, if one claims that everything happens according to the theory of karma in Jaina philosophy, then there will be no difference between the Isvaravada i.e. theism and karmavada i.e. theory of karma. But Acarya Mahaprajna emphasizes that the theory of karma is the theory of purusartha i.e. effort. One can't differentiate the two as they are twins found always together. 13 One can change one's karma through efforts. In canonical text we get two types of karmasi.e. dalika karma and nikacita karma. Dalika karmas

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80 : Sramana, Vol 61, No. 2 April-June 10 are those karmas, which can be changed. Nikacita karma are those karmas which can never be changed." Here we are helpless. So other philosophers considered that we can't change the karmas once bound. But Acarya Mahaprajna asserts that at maximum level, karmas are changeable. The area of unchangeable karmas are very much least in number. Therefore on the basis least unchangeable karmas, we shouldn't accept that we can't change our karmas and future.'s Moreover, Mahaprajna says it should be crystal clear in everybody's mind that from the point of view of the raise of nikacita karma, soul is under the pressure of dependence of karma. From the point of view of dalika karma, there are two possibilities-where ever soul tries to change one's karma through the observation of vows, penance and practice of meditation, patience, etc. soul is dominant over karmas and one can change karma and where ever soul doesn't indulge in any kind of efforts for changing one's karmas, such soul is dependent upon karmas and such soul is governed by the karmas. 16 If we don't accept change occurring through auspicious efforts, then all, the practices of penances, etc. will prove to be meaningless. Tirthankara Mahavira paved the path of four fold efforts namely udirana (pre-maturation), upasamana (suppression), vedana (experience of karma) and nirjara (shedding of karmas)."? Acarya, Mahaprajna declares that it is the concept of udirana (prematuration of karma) and the concept of samkramana (possibility of changing karmas) the two revolutionary novel concepts, which prove the theory of karma as the theory of efforts. 18 Acarya Mahaprajna says, one who wishes to make one's future bright, must concentrate on the sources of purusarthai.e. efforts. He says, we have three sources of efforts namely the actions of mind, speech and body. Now the question arises as to how these three-fold actions can make a bright future. To this he says, if mind is pure, passionless and always thinks positively, then such mind can create a good fate. One who speaks truth, and one who is straight forward in one's speech and in one's physical actions can build a good fate.'' On the other hand, if the three-fold actions work in opposite path,

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Contribution of Acarya Mahaprajna to the..... : 81 then it will lead to establishment of bad fate. So control over mind, body and speech is the way to bright future. The Jaina Ethical code of conduct and Society Acarya Mahaprajna divides acara or conduct under the two broad categories, one is atmabhimukhi i.e. the conduct which leads towards the self-upliftment and other one is samajabhimukhii.e. the conduct which leads to social upliftment. Self oriented conduct (atmabhimukhi) is called spiritual conduct and society-oriented conduct is called as morality.20 He established that the Jaina code of conduct, namely five mahavratas and five anuvratas are basically for peaceful social-existence. Basically there is misconception among the non-Jaina scholars that the Jaina Ethical philosophy gives much emphasis to individual progress only and there is no room for the social development in Jaina Ethics. It is crystal clear that the vow of non-violence means not to kill others, the vow of truthfulness means not to tell a lie in any case, the vow of non-stealing means not to steal anything without the consent of the owner and the vow of celibacy means to be content with one's own wife or completely giving up one's sexual pleasures which is the main cause of all cruel and violent actions. The vow of non-possession means to give up all sorts of possession or limiting one's possession to the possible extent. All these vows are related with the society. So Anuvrata and Mahavrata both are samajabhimukhi as they give moral injections for social peace.21 Acarya Mahaprajna emphasized on this concept that the basic foundation of anuvratas and mahavratas are, the three guptis i.e. control of mind, speech and body which is purely atmabhimukh1.22 It has nothing to do with the social upliftment. This kind of clear, impartial distinction can give raise to the concept of Jaina sociology in the world of Jaina philosophy. Criteria of Morality There is no single criteria of morality as it changes from place to place; it changes according to different environmental situations. Eastern and Western Ethical philosophers have different views regarding the criteria of morality. Acarya Mahaprajna founded the criterias of Jaina morality. As per his view, the main criterias of

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82 : Sramana, Vol 61, No. 2 April-June 10 Jaina morality are- restraints (samyam), honesty (pramanikata), application of pure means (Sadhana-suddhi) and modulation of human relations (manava sambandho mein sudhara).??He believes that activity in which there is no restraint, is not a moral activity. So restraint over one's desire is the main basis or Jaina morality. 24 Moreover Acarya Mahaprajna believes, there is inter-link between the four basic criterias of Jaina morality. He says, unless and until, there will not be restrain over one's own desires, cases of corruption and mal-practices, all such actions which arise: due to dishonesty can't be avoided. So practice of honesty and restraint over one's desires are fully inter-related. Man of honesty and controller of desires can never use the wrong means for achieving one's personal end. If the relations between persons to person are compassionate then no incident of cruelty can occur in the society. He concludes in this way that the restrain oriented life style only can bring about bright future for the individual and the society as a whole.25 In nutshell, it can be concluded that the Acarya Mahaprajna was a man of philosophy and spirituality simultaneously. This is the main reason behind his novel contribution to the world of Jaina philosophy. Each and every line of novel contribution of Mahaprajna is capable enough to give a new insight for personal cum social transformation. Not even a single field of knowledge escaped from his wisdom, that's why his literature can create quiet a revolutionary environment and can lead towards the path of achieving global peace and peaceful co-existence in the world as a whole. References 1. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana aura Anekanta - Adarsh Sahitya Sangha, Churu, 1994, p. 90. 2. Ibid, p. 91 3. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana aura Anekanta, , op. cit., p. 92 4. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana aura Anekanta, op. cit., p. 94, Jaina Darsana ka Samyak Darsana, Adarsh Sahitya Sangha, Churu, 2004, p. 33

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Contribution of Acarya Mahaprajna to the.... : 83 5. Mahaprajna, Philosophical Foundations of Jainism, Adarsh Sahitya Sangh, Delhi, 2000, p. 25 6. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana ka Samyak Darsana, op. cit., p. 50 7. Siddhasena Divakara, Dvatrimsad-dvatrimsika, Baroda, 1977, gatha, 1/13 8. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana aura Anekanta,, op. cit., p. 128 9. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana aura Anekanta, op. cit., p. 129 10. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana aura Anekanta, op. cit., p. 84-85 11. Mahaprajna, Philosophical Foundations of Jainism - Adarsh Sahitya Sangh, Delhi, 2002, p. 99 12. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana aura Anekanta, op. cit, p. 101 13. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana aura Anekanta, op. cit., p. 104 14. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana : Manana Aura Mimamsa- Adarsh Sahitya Sangha, Churu, 1995, p. 322 15. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana ka Samyak Darsana, op. cit., p. 49 16. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana : Manana Aura Mimamsa, op. cit., p. 322 17. As found in Jaina Darsana ka Samyak Darsana, op. cit, p. 45 18. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana ka Samyak-darsana, op. cit., p. 46 19. Ibid, p. 47 20. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana aura Anekanta, op. cit., p. 140 21. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana aura Anekanta, op. cit., p. 141 22. Ibid, p. 141 23. Mahaprajna, Jaina Darsana aura Anekanta, op. cit., p. 141-143 24. Ibid, p. 142 25. Ibid, p. 146

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Sramana, Vol. 61, No. 2 April - June 10 KARUNA AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ITS SOCIAL IMPLEMENTATION Dulichand Jain * [Karuna is the base of the philosophy of Non-violence advocated by Mahavira and Buddha. It is the pivot around which all the ethical virtues like friendliness, compassion, equanimity, tolerance, harmony and Jivadaya revolve. Inspired by Karuna, the author has established a social organisation "Karuna International' the main thrust of which is to implant the seeds of love and kindness among the childrens through schooling and promoting animal shelters, animal feeding, environmental maintenance and other similar events. In this paper the author exhibits the contributions made by the said organisation.] Some concepts and ideas are so powerful that they can have the power to transform the human mind and the human condition in a significant way. Karuna as propounded by the Jaina Tirthankaras is one such potent tool. The Jaina scriptures teach that life is precious to one and all; hence one should not cause harm even to the subtlest form of life. Such an attitude fosters kindness and friendliness which can unite hearts and minds. Live and let live - said Lord Mahavira. This slogan contains the answer to many of the problems that plague the world today such as disharmony, war cruelty, terrorism, pollution, environmental degradation, ecological imbalance - to name a few. Today there is great need to protect the environment and ecology from disaster. Such problems have taken on an overwhelming proportion, and there is a dire need to understand that they have arisen because of our selfishness and selfcentredness. They have arisen because we are not in harmony with the universe, with others, and with our own selves. President, Karuna International, 70, Sembudoss Street, Chennai-600001

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Karuna and the Significance of its Social ... : 85 Lord Mahavira was a great seer who strived to help the masses to find peace and happiness. He did this by laying emphasis on non-violence and compassion. Non-violence is considered one of the five principles of Jainism along with truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy and non-possessiveness. One is required to conduct one's life in accordance with these principles. Compassion is the practical implementation of non-violence. One cannot practice non-violence without compassion. The practice of compassion sows the seeds of respect for another. It teaches us that just as my life is precious to me, another person's life is precious to him too. So Mahavira stressed on "reverence for all life". The life of every being is sacred and must be respected. He said, savve pana piyauya, suhasaya dukkhapadikala/ appiyavaha piyajivino jiviukama savvesim jviyampiyam/'. i.e. "All living beings are fond of life, they relish pleasure, loath misery, disfavour injury, wish for longevity and long for survival. In short, life is dear to all." Such compassion for every form of life, human and nonhuman, from the single-sensed creatures to the five-sensed creatures, lies at the heart of Jainism. Life is precious and to kill any being, be it an innocent bee or a serial killer, is considered abhorrent. No wonder then, the great seer declared compassion to be the mother of religion. He said, savvehim bhuehis dayanukampi khanti samjayabambha yari/ i.e. A true monk should have compassion on all beings, he should be of a forbearing nature, restrained and chaste. He further said, kodicallanajanani duhkhaduriyakhigga nitthavani / samsara jalahitatarani ekaciya hoi jivadaya // 3 i.e. "Compassion gives millions of benefits; all troubles, sins and enemies are destroyed by it just as a boat which can take us across this worldly ocean." It is in a parallel vein that the great scientist Albert Einstein stated, "Our task must be to free ourselves by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creature and the whole of nature and its beauty".

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86 Sramana, Vol 61, No. 2 April-June 10 Thus, the need of the hour is for 'HUMANE EDUCATION PROGPAMME'. As Yehudi Menuhin asked with his uncanny perception, "Why is compassion not part of our established curriculum, an inherent part of our education? Compassion, awe, wonder, curiosity, exaltation, humility these are the very foundation of any real civilization, no longer the prerogatives of any of the churches but belonging to everyone, every child in every home, in every school". It is to address the need of the hour that the KARUNA INTERNATIONAL movement was conceived. It was built to revive and ignite these finer emotions in our youth, who will define and decide the future course of humanity. At Karuna International, we are aware that in order to create a caring and compassionate society in the future, the seeds of love and kindness need to be implanted in children at an early age. Children are born with an inborn curiosity towards their environment, and they have a natural affinity towards birds and animals. If this innate affection can be converted into an informed awareness and sympathy, they will grow into sensitive, compassionate humane beings who will abhor all forms of 'himsa or violence and create a truly refined and civilized society in the future. From its humble initiation of 3 schools in 1995, the organization has grown today into a magnificent and gigantic network of more than 1850 clubs in schools and colleges across the country. 1 The Mission of the Karuna Movement is: > To inculcate kindness, sympathy and understanding towards all living > To instill reverence for life since all life forms are sacred and should not be callously destroyed for man's pleasure and benefits. >> Appreciation of the unity and harmony in the universe and the need for peaceful co-existence. >> Practicing compassion and participating in all activities that promote love and kindness. >> Promotion of vegetarian way of life.

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Karuna and the Significance of its Social ... : 87 >> Development of nobility of character. The need to spread the Karuna mission is becoming more and more urgent because the social definition for success today is instant material rewards and a flamboyant.lifestyle based on high levels of consumption and self-gratification. In such an ambience, it is very easy for youngsters to lose sight of what they are trampling upon while racing towards their goals. It is important to make them realize that they cannot inflict pain or suffering on other life forms for their own pleasure. Such an attitude may bring them success, but only short-lived. Karuna Club-Programmes and Activities The Karuna club in each school is launched with an impressive, inaugural function, followed by a solemn pledge taken by the students to eschew violence and embrace compassion. These clubs receive guidance and support, as well as periodic review and assessment, by Karuna International. Each club must conduct at least six programmes annually, including meetings, competitions, exhibitions, publications, eco-clubs and guest lectures.* At these programmes, the activities must be aimed at building awareness of Karuna ideals such as kindness towards animals, protection of the environment and vegetarianism. The clubs are also required to organize a minimum of 10 activities such as visits to animal shelters, animal feeding, environmental maintenance, interaction with the elderly persons at old age homes and similar events. Based on the activity reports sent by the clubs, Karuna International confers awards during its annual conference. Karuna International is recognized by the Animal Welfare of India and accredited to impart programmes for school and college teachers on humane education. Teachers are crucial catalysts in a child's world; hence it is important to involve them in any programme aimed towards children. A syllabus on humane education is also prepared for the guidance of teachers. Frequent training and orientation programmes for teachers are conducted to equip them to inspire and co-ordinate the Karuna club activities in their schools. Teachers who effectively carry the Karuna torch forward are felicitated by Karuna International.

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88 : Sramana, Vol 61, No. 2 April-June 10 The Karuna club programmes are formulated after thorough consultations eminent educationalists and teachers so as to make them relevant, practical; effective and enjoyable. A fourteen-point programme has been designed as a model to be followed by Karuna clubs. Karuna International is established to address the following concerns regarding the erosion of value systems in our society: > Degradation and imbalances in the ecosystem. >> The excessive and indiscriminate consumption of non vegetarian food which leads to the destruction of animal lives. >> The need to preserve the cosmic integral unity of the universe where all natural resource are naturally balanced and biodiversity is maintained. > The need for humane education worldwide and the importance of compassion as a way of life. By inculcating the nutritive values of vegetarian diet, the Karuna movement has transformed the lives of many non-vegetarian teachers and students. Many have voluntarily opted to consume vegetarian diet after understanding the various cruelties caused to poor voiceless animals by non-vegetarian food. By this marked transformation, they indirectly exhibit their compassion and kindness towards poor animals. Highlights: >> Karuna International has organized 12 All India Conferences in which 1000 teachers and activities have taken part in each conference. Also they have organized 8 regional conferences on state levels. We have organized 300 teachers training programmes and 400 students training programmes. They have also conducted thousand of Inter-school competitions on the theme of compassion, non-violence, animal welfare, prevention of cruelty, love for nature and environment and maintaining ecological balance. >We have published 12 books in English, 12 in Hindi, 5 in Tamil and 3 in Telugu which are distributed free in all schools

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Karuna and the Significance of its Social .... : 89 and colleges. With the efforts of Karuna International, 1,02,000 students of 96 schools have decided to use only non-leather shoes. They have also undertaken not to use any animal products. > 22,000 students have switched over to a vegetarian diet. > Karuna International publishes a monthly Newsletter which gives information about all Karuna club programmes. In the competition on "Stories of compassion" book, 40,000 students give examination and they are awarded prizes worth Rs.2, 50,000/- each year. Our Hope for Tomorrow To shoulder this ideology forward among the community at large, 35 Karuna Kendras have been established in towns and cities to involve more and more citizens; these Kendras will strengthen and vitalize the movement further. Our insensitivity and carelessness towards animal lives and our veering towards nonvegetarian food habits is largely responsible for environmental degradation and global violence that stalks the world today. This has been recognized not only in India, but across the globe. The need for compassion is the most urgent requirement of the world today for its peace and continued survival. Thus, we find that the noble thought of 'Jiva-daya" or compassion preached by Lord Mahavira 2500 years ago has been implemented effectively by Karuna International. Within the past 14 years significant work has been done by these clubs in communicating the message of compassion to 10,00,000 children and 35,000 teachers through 1850 schools and colleges. Reference: I. Acaranga - Sutra 1.2.3. 63 2. Uttaradhyayana- Sutra 21.13 3. Dasavaikalika-curni 5.11 4. Karuna club: A universal movement, page 7 published by Karuna International, Chennai-I. 5. Syllabus on Humane Education, Published by Karuna Interna tional, Chennai-I.

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Sramana, Vol. 61, No. 2 April - June 10 POTENTIALS OF TOURISM WITH REFERENCE TO VARANASI AND ITS JAINA PLACES Vivek Tiwari* (Varanasi is one of the oldest living cities of the world. It has confluence of all the three major religious traditions of IndiaHinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. That is why it is equally regarded as the most sacred place and pilgrimage for all three traditions. Thousands of tourists visit Varanasi every year. So far tourism is concerned, here in Varanasi Buddhist sites are prominent but Jaina sites are rather ignored. In this paper the author underlines the potentials of Jaina tourist sites sharing some novel ideas to promote Jaina tourism in Varanasi.] Tourism in its different forms has been one of the most vital and essential human activity, which promotes mutual understanding and social harmony. In the true spirit of "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" i.e. the world is a family, tourism starts with travel and travel brings movement and the movement is life essence (pranavana). The Upanisadic philosophy of caraiveti-caraiveti-caraiveti i.e. keep on moving, keep on moving; keep on moving , underlines the same principle. Tourism is a tremendous source of knowledge which has rightly been pointed out by St. Augustine who states that- the world is a book and those who do not travel, read its only one page. Through the promotion of tourism we can move forward to achieve the goal of World Peace also. In Indian context in every social, religious activity like marriage, pilgrimage, and performance of rituals, including sarskaras, we can very easily find the spirit of *Research Scholar, Dept. of AIHC & Archaeology, Jiwaji Univ. Gwalior

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Potentials of Tourism with Reference to Varanasi... : 91 tourism which now has become well defined and collaborative activity. Kashi or Varanasi, as an ageless city, is said to be one of the oldest living cities of the world. Its sacredness from the view point of convergence of all the three religious and cultural streams, namely Vedic-Puranic (not Hindu)', Buddhism and Jainism is well known. Varanasi is truly the holiest city and also the cultural capital of India. Kashi (city of Divine Light) is right word to denote the holiness and wholeness of the city but Varanasi in modern context has been accepted as synonym and hence by Varanasi we mean the whole of present city extended beyond Banaras Hindu University in south and beyond Sarnath in north. Varanasi allures and invites tourists not only from different parts of India but also from all over the world because of its rich and varied past heritage and traditions and more because of its living cultural diversity with inherent unity. The city with somewhat meager material facilities for the tourists is the city of experience and feel of spirituality. It is perhaps the only city in India which is sacred equally to Buddhists, Jainas and of course to the people of Vedic-Puranic faith. So far the city is mainly known for tourism in Buddhist and Vedic-Puranica (not Hinduism) sectors and its importance in Jain context has been denied while Varanasi is equally potential to offer very significant places of Jain religion and culture for the tourists, including Jaina pilgrims (tirthatana). Jainism has been one of the three main religious streams of India which was basically a religion of Sramanic (ascetic) tradition. Jainism developed around the 24 Jinas or the Tirthankaras who represent the basic tenets of Jainism i.e. deep austerity, nonviolence and absolute renunciation. Its importance in Jain context is apparent from the tradition, according to which out of 24 Jinas four were born in and around Varanasi, they are Suparsvanatha (7h

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92 Sramana, Vol 61, No. 2 April-June 10 : Jina), Candraprabha (8th Jina), Sreyamsanatha (11th Jina) and Parsvanatha (23rd). Of these, Parsvanatha, who is considered to be a historical Jina and who is usually assigned the time of 8th century B.C, occupies the most venerated position in Varanasi. As a consequence Varanasi became the place of Jaina pilgrimage. In the ambience of Varanasi, we come across plenty of ancient and medieval Jaina vestiges in the forms of icons and temples. The most important of such examples are found from Rajghat and several others places in Varanasi (Bhelupura, Bhadaini Mata Anandmai Ghat, Ramghat and Maidagin) as well as from Sarnath. The Jaina remains from Varanasi belong mainly to a period from 6th century A.D. to 20th century. These remains are affiliated to both the Svetambara and Digambra sects and most of the temples are dedicated to Suparsvanatha and Parsvanatha However a few images of Rsabhanatha (1st Jina), Vimalanatha (13th Jina), Neminatha (22nd Jina) and Mahavira (24th Jina and senior contemporary of Buddha) whose lives are not associated with Varanasi, are also found. Although we do not have surviving ancient Jaina temple in Varanasi yet on the basis of the antiquity and continuity of Jainism. in Varanasi, as established by the Varanasi-Kalpa of Vividhatirtha Kalpa (of Jinaprabha Suri of 14th century A.D), mentioning about the Parsvanatha temple of Varanasi, it may be postulated that some ancient Jaina temples dedicated to Parsvanatha must have existed in past. One of the earliest images from Varanasi represents Mahavira which is now preserved in Bharat Kala Bhavan, Varanasi (Acc. No. 161). The image, datable to c. 6th century A.D., is particularly significant because it is one of the earliest examples which shows the cognizance of the Jina which in present case is lion. The graceful image exhibits all the features of the Gupta images which are to be seen in its plasticity, serenity, elegance and animation. The body contours reveal vegetative rhythm. The image shows a wonderful

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Potentials of Tourism with Reference to Varanasi... : 93 synthesis between the external form and the inner meaning with the result that the figure reveals the height of spirituality. Mahavira absorbed in deep mediation is seated without Trichatra on a throne decorated with Visvapadma. Another image of equal importance represents Neminatha which is found from Rajghat and is presently preserved in the Bharat Kala Bhavan, Varanasi (Acc. No. 212). The image, datable to c.7th century A.D., is one of the earliest images which contains the figures of Yaksa and Yaksi. Even in the absence of conch cognizance of Neminatha, the image could be identified with Neminatha on account of the figures of his Ambika Yaksi (shown with two babies) and also a palmtree which is associated with Balarama who was the cousin brother of Neminatha. Through this paper as a research student of Tourism I want to make some submissions for promoting tourism in Jaina sector also so that, besides the Jaina pilgrims, general domestic and International Tourists could also be offered some new packages in Varanasi This could be combined with places of Buddhist and Vedic-Puranic interest namely, Sarnath, Vishwanatha Temple, Ganga (Ganga Arati and Boat-ride). Atleast half day should be given for visiting Jaina temples at Sarnath, Chandrapuri and Bhelupur and Bhadaini, last two being birth places respectively of Parsvanatha and Supasvanatha. In museums like Archaeological Museum, Sarnath and Bharat Kala Bhavan (B.H.U) also some time should be devoted for appreciating the aesthetic and spiritual beauty of Jaina images. Another package could be developed as exclusive Jaina circuit which may originate from Varanasi and move to Pava, Sammed Sikhara in East and Ayodhya, Shatrunjaya and Ginnar in the West. One more package of exclusive Jaina tourism may, besides the above places, include Deograh, Khajuraho, Gwalior, Girnar, Shatrunjaya, Shravanabelgola, Tiruparuttikunram and Halebid. This would be for the Tourists who are interested more in knowing about the contributions of Jainism to art and culture. Now the time has come when we must think rather should make positive efforts for the development of Jaina Tourism for the benefit of Jaina community in particular and global Tourists in general.

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94 : Sramana, Vol 61, No. 2 April-June 10 Fig-2 Fig-3 Fig-1 Fig-4 Fig-5

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: 95 Potentials of Tourism with Reference to Varanasi... 4. Parshvanatha temple (Jinaatha). Khajuraho, 950 70 A.D. Fig-6 Fig-7 01-pl Fig-8 2000-412

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96 : Sramana, Vol 61, No. 2 April-June 10 Sarasvall Parshvanatha Svetombsra Jaina Temple Bhalupur Varanasi 200 A D Rishabhanatha Varanasi. 983 AD Parshvanatha Digambara Jaina Temple Brelupur Varanasi Fig-11 Fig-9 General View of Parshvanatha Svetambara Jana Temple, Shelupur. Varanasi, 2000AD Fig-10

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Potentials of Tourism with Reference to Varanasi... : 97 Foot-Notes and References 1. Varanasi as an abode of Lord Siva is known as the avimukta and moksada city. It is the city where the sacred most river Mother Ganga flows who is beautifully adorned by the crescent shaped chain of 85-ghats (stepped river bank). These ghats are occupied by the buildings, Dharmshalas and temples of all the regions. 2. Kamal Giri, Maruti Nandan Tiwari, V. P. Singh, "Jaina Mandir aur Murtiyan", Kashi Ke Mandir aur Murtiyan, Varanasi, p 97103. Maruti Nandan Tiwari, "Potentials of Varanasi for tourismAn Overview", Dimensions of Tourism in Varanasi. National Seminar Souvenir held at Banaras Hindu University Varanasi in Dec. 7-9, 1998; p 34-37. 3. Sarnath in Varanasi is one of the sacred most places of the Buddhists, where Buddha gave his first sermon and as a consequence Sarnath developed as one of the most prolific Buddhist sites of India, producing two best creations of Indian art in the forms of Ashokan Lion pillar Capital and Gupta period Buddha image in dharmacakra pravartan-mudra (preaching posture) 4. We have refrained from using the word Hinduism in narrow sense and instead we have used Vedic-Puranic. Details of Illustrations 1. Ceiling of Rangamandapa of Vimala Vasahi, Mt. Abu (Rajasthan), 12th century A.D. 2. Ajitanatha Temple, Taranga (Gujarat), 12th century. 3. Jaina Temple, Ranakpur (Rajasthan), 14th century A.D. 4. Jaina Temples on Shatrunjaya hill (Gujarat), 12th-20th cent. A.D. 5. Jaina Temples, Shravanbelgola (Karnataka), 10th-12th cent. A.D. 6. Parsvanatha Temple, Khajuraho (M.P.), 950-70 A.D 7. Mahavira, Varanasi (U.P.), Gupta period, in Bharat Kala Bhavan, Varanasi. 8. Neminatha, Rajghat, Varanasi (U.P.), 7th century A.D in Bharat Kala Bhavan, Varanasi. 9. Rsabhanatha, Varanasi, 983 A.D. Parsvanatha Digambara Jaina Temple, Bhelupura, Varanasi. 10. General view of Parsvanatha Svetambara Jaina Temple, Bhelupur, Varanasi, 2000 A.D. 11. Sarasvati, Parsvanatha Svetambara Jaina Temple, Bhelupur, Varanasi, 2000 A.D.

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viziSTa vyaktitva sampradAyAtIta AcArya zrI mahAprajJa AcAryazrI mahAprajJa rAjasthAna ke una santa vibhUtiyoM meM gine jAte haiM jinhoMne jana-kalyANa kI dizA meM navIna avadhAraNAeM diiN| inake bahuAyAmI vyaktitva ne zaikSaNika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, AdhyAtmika sabhI kSetroM meM aneka kIrtimAna gddh'e| unhoMne apane gahana jJAna, dUradarzI dRSTi evaM prajJA se pUre vizva ko Alokita kiyaa| jhuMjhanu jile ke 'Tamakora' gA~va meM bAlUjI parivAra meM tolArAma corar3iyA ke putra rUpa meM 14 jUna 1920 ASAr3ha kRSNa trayodazI ko ApakA janma huaa| ApameM 10 varSa kI umra meM hI vairAgya bhAva jAgrata ho gayA aura AcArya kAlUgaNi kI nizrA meM 29 janavarI 1931 meM saradAra zahara meM hue maryAdA mahotsava meM terApaMtha dharma saMgha meM Apa dIkSita ho gaye / yahA~ unheM 'muni nathamala' nAma diyA gyaa| AcArya kAlUgaNI ne Apako adhyayanArtha AcArya tulasI ke pAsa bhejA jo kAlAntara meM navameM AcArya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hue| 1965 meM AcArya tulasI ne muni nathamala ko terApaMtha kA nikAya - saciva niyukta kiyaa| navambara 1978 meM AcAryazrI ne muni nathamala ko 'mahAprajJa' nAma diyaa| 1979 meM Apako yuvAcArya pada pradAna kiyA gayA jo ki AcArya ke bAda dUsarA sabase bar3A pada thaa| tabhI se Apa yuvAcArya mahAprajJa kahalAne lge| apane dIkSA paryAya ke 20veM varSa meM mahAprajJajI ne dhyAna kI mahattA kA anubhava kiyA aura dhyAna ke viSaya meM unhoMne nUtana AdhyAtmika prayoga prArambha kiyA tathA prekSAdhyAna ke vibhinna vaijJAnika upakrama ke antargata kaI viziSTa prayoga nirdiSTa kiye| unhoMne mastiSka se pare socA aura antaH prajJA ke kSetra meM praveza kiyA tathA prekSAdhyAna ke mAdhyama se jIvana vijJAna ko samajhane kI zikSA dii| 1995 ko AcArya tulasI ne terApaMtha ke dasaveM AcArya ke rUpa meM unheM apanA uttarAdhikArI bnaayaa| isI varSa ve jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM ke anuzAstA bhI banAye gaye / 5 disambara 2001 ko mAnava meM ahiMsaka cetanA ke jAgaraNa tathA naitika mUlyoM ke vikAsa ke liye AcAryazrI ne sujAnagar3ha se eka aisI ahiMsA-yAtrA prArambha kI jisane ahiMsA, sauhArda, bhrAtRtva evaM zAnti kA saMdeza prasArita kiyA aura pUre deza meM aneka sthaloM para ahiMsA ke kendra khole gaye / DaoN. zAradA siMha, zodhAdhikArI, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha

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viziSTa vyaktitva : 99 2003 meM unheM indirA gAMdhI rASTrIya ekatA puraskAra se bhI sammAnita kiyA gyaa| 15 akTUbara 2003 ko sUrata meM bhArata ke rASTrapati DaoN. e.pI.je. abdula kalAma ke janmadivasa para Ayojita eka kAryakrama meM AcArya mahAprajJa evaM rASTrapati dvArA bhArata kI janatA aura yuvA pIr3hI ko AdhyAtmika prazikSaNa dene hetu eka yojanA kA zubhArambha bhI kiyA gayA jise Surat Spritual Declaration (SSD) nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| unhoMne kula 233 pustakoM kA praNayana kiyaa| saMskRta bhASA meM 'saMbodhi, azruvINA, mukulam, atulA tulA Adi tathA hindI bhASA meM 'zraSabhAyaNa' kavitA jagat meM dastAvejI hastAkSara evaM pramukha grantha mAne jAte haiN| Apako jaina Agama, bauddha granthoM, vaidika granthoM tathA anya prAcIna evaM arvAcIna zAstroM kA gahana jJAna thaa| ____ AcArya mahAprajJa kA antima pravacana jisameM unhoMne kahA thA "hara vyakti jIne kI cAha rakhatA hai kintu duHkha va mRtyu binA bulAye A jAtI hai| ananta sukhAnubhUti karanI hai to apane andara dekho, bhItara meM ananta darzana, ananta jJAna, ananta Ananda, ananta zakti hai| na kisI ke dvArA duHkha diyA jAtA hai na sukha liyA jAtA hai| isI antima pravacana ke bAda cAturmAsa ke liye curu pahuMce AcArya mahAprajJa kI dila kI gati meM avarodha utpanna huA aura apane janma ke dasaveM dazaka meM praveza ke eka mAha pUrva hI unhoMne mahAprayANa kara diyaa| Aja mahAprajJa nAma eka pavitra mantra bana gayA hai| aneka puraskAroM se puraskRta hokara bhI unakA mana sadA sAre prabhAvoM se achUtA rhaa| unake anAsakta adharoM para sadA niHspRhatA ke amara gIta mukhara hote rhe| hameM vizvAsa hai sva. AcArya mahAprajJa kA yaha anAsakta yoga yugadIvaTa para sadA preraNA kA dIpa banakara jalatA rhegaa| aise yugadraSTA mahApuruSa ke prati samasta pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parivAra zraddhA sumana arpita karatA hai|

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jijJAsA aura samAdhAna (1) jijJAsA- zvetAmbara aura digambara jaba donoM eka hI dharma ko mAnane vAle haiM to phira unameM kyA antara hai? aura yaha antara kaise AyA? praznakartA- DA0 manoramA jaina, vArANasI samAdhAna*- zvetAmbara aura digambara jainoM meM kyA antara hai ise jAnane se pUrva isake itihAsa-krama ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| Aja se 2536 varSa pUrva caubIsaveM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn mahAvIra (janma I. pUrva 599) ke nirvANa (I. pUrva 527) ke 162 varSoM taka (candragupta ke zAsanakAla taka) jaina saMgha meM koI matabheda nahIM thaa| mahAvIra ke bAda gautama, sudharmA aura jambU svAmI ye tInoM gaNadhara kevalI (anubaddha kevalajJAnI) hue| jambU kevalI ke bAda zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra kramazaH prabhava, zayyaMbhava, yazobhadra, saMbhUtivijaya aura bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca caudaha pUrvo ke jJAtA hue| saMbhUtivijaya aura bhadrabAhu ye donoM yazobhadra ke ziSya the| saMbhUtivijaya ke ziSya sthUlabhadra the| digambara-paramparAnusAra jambUsvAmI ke bAda viSNu, nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca zrutakevalI (AgamajJa) hue| isa taraha bhadrabAhu ko donoM paramparAoM ne mAnya kiyaa| isake bAda nimittajJAnI bhadrabAhu candragupta ke zAsanakAla meM magadha meM par3ane vAle 12 varSIya akAla ko jAnakara apane saMgha ke sAtha dakSiNa meM samudra taTa kI ora cale ge| jo zeSa sAdhu bace ve sthUlabhadra (nirvANa, vI.ni. saM. 219) ke netRtva meM vahIM raha ge| ___akAla ke dUra hone para pATaliputra meM sthUlabhadra ne jaina sAdhuoM kA eka sammelana bulAyA jisameM maukhika paramparA se cale A rahe gyAraha aMga granthoM kA saMkalana kiyA gyaa| bArahavA~ aMga 'dRSTivAda' bhadrabAhu ke alAvA kisI dUsare ko yAda nahIM thaa| unakI anupasthiti se usakA saMkalana nahIM ho skaa| isake bAda Arya skandila (I. san 300-313) ke netRtva meM mathurA meM dUsarA sammelana huaa| karIba isI samaya nAgArjunasUri ke netRtva meM valabhI (saurASTra) meM bhI eka sammelana huaa| isake bAda donoM netA Apasa meM nahIM mila sake jisase AgamoM * pro. sudarzana lAla jaina, nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI .

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jijJAsA aura samAdhAna : 101 kA aMzataH pAThabheda banA raha gyaa| isake bAda daMvarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM valabhI meM eka tIsarA sammelana (vI.ni. saM. 980 - 993) huaa| isameM jise jo yAda thA use pustakArUr3ha kara diyA gyaa| idhara digambara paramparAnusAra mahAvIra nirvANa ke 683 varSa bAda (I. san prathama zatAbdI madhyakAla) giranAra parvata kI candra guphA meM tapasyA meM lIna AcArya dharasena ke pAsa (mahArASTra meM sthita nagarI) AcArya arhavali ne puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali nAmaka do ziSyoM ko bhejaa| vahA~ kucha pUrvoM kA jJAna prApta kara donoM ne milakara SaTkhaNDAgama grantha ko lipibaddha kiyaa| isake bAda guNadhara ne kasAyapAhuDa aura AcArya kundakunda ne samayasArAdi granthoM kI racanA kii| yahI Aja digambara paramparA ke mAnya Agama haiM / digambaroM ne sabhI aMga Agama granthoM aura upAGga Agama granthoM kA lopa svIkAra kara liyA, jo eka bar3I bhUla huii| idhara uttara bhArata meM akAla kI vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM sthUlabhadra ke saMgha ne apavAda svarUpa vastrAdi grahaNa karake kucha niyamoM meM zithilatA ko svIkAra kara liyaa| phalasvarUpa Age calakara (I.san prathama zatAbdI) zvetAmbara, digambara bheda bana gae aura donoM kI gurvAvaliyA~ bhinna ho giiN| prArambhika matabheda sAdhu ke vastra ko lekara thaa| guru aura zAstra meM matabheda hone para bhI bahuta samaya taka eka hI prakAra kI mUrti kI donoM upAsanA karate rahe parantu bAda meM ArAdhya meM bheda na karake mUrtiyoM kI saMracanA meM antara kara diyA gyaa| kucha mAnyatAoM meM tathA kucha bAhya kriyAoM Adi meM bAhya matabheda hone para bhI bauddhoM kI taraha dArzanika siddhAntoM (chaha dravya, sAta tattva, syAdvAda, anekAntavAda, pAMca mahAvrata, ahiMsA, vItarAgatA Adi) meM matabheda nahIM hue / isa aitihAsikatA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara paramparAoM kI bhinnatA ko nimna sAraNI dvArA darzAyA jA sakatA hai zvetAmbara paramparA meM svIkRta 1. savastra mukti hotI hai| 2. strImukti (usI paryAya meM) saMbhava hai| 3. gRhasthAvasthA meM mukti saMbhava hai| 4. bharata cakravartI ko zIzamahala meM hI kevalajJAna prApta ho gayA thaa| mallinAtha (19veM tIrthaGkara) strI thiiN| 5. digambara paramparA meM svIkRta savastra mukti nahIM hotI hai| nhiiN| 1. 2. 3. nhiiN| 4. nhiiN| 5. nahIM, puruSa the|

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102 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 6. kevalajJAnI kavalAhAra 6. kevalajJAnI kA zarIra parama - (bhojana) karate haiN| audArika ho jAtA hai ataH bhojana grahaNa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| 7. kevalajJAnI nIhAra (mala- 7. nhiiN| mUtrAdi kA visarjana karate haiN| 8. marudevI ko hAthI para car3he hue 8. nhiiN| hI mukti ho gii| 9. sAdhu ke liye pahale 14 9. sAdhu ko saMyama-rakSaNArthapicchI, upakaraNa grAhya the aba aura kamaNDala aura zAstra upakaraNahI adhika ho gae haiN| svIkRta haiM, anya nhiiN| vastrAbhUSaNa yukta (alaMkRta) 10. nahIM, pUrNa digambara pratimA pratimA pUjya hai| pratimA kI (padmAsana yA khaDgAsana mudrA saMracanA meM bhI thor3A aMtara hai| meM) hI pUjya hai| unakI dhyAnamudrA aisI ho jisameM cakSu adhakhulI avasthA (nAsAgra dRSTi) meM ho tathA zarIra se vItarAgatA prakaTa hotI ho| 11. bhagavAn mahAvIra kA 11. nahIM, kSatriyANI ke garbha meM hI garbhaparivartana (brAhmaNI ke garbha se avataraNa huA thaa| kSatriyANI ke garbha meM) huA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA vivAha huA 12. donoM nhiiN| thA aura eka kanyA bhI huI thii| 13. mahAvIra tapakAla meM 12 mAsa 13. nhiiN| taka vastra pahane rhe| 14. sAdhuoM aura sAdhviyoM ke dvArA 14. vidhi milane para eka hI ghara meM kaI gharoM se bhikSAcaryA lAkara khar3e-khar3e aMjulI meM eka bAra ekAdhika bAra AhAra krnaa| hI AhAra, pAnI Adi lenA 'sAdhviyAM baiThakara AhAra karatI haiM yaha antara hai| 15. gyAraha aMga-Agama upalabdha haiM 15. samasta aMga aura pUrvo kA lopa parantu dRSTivAda aura pUrvo kA ho gayA hai| pUrvo para AdhArita lopa ho gayA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama tathA kaSAyapAhuDa 12.

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jijJAsA aura samAdhAna : 103 grantha upalabdha haiM paravartI kundakundAcArya Adi ke grantha Agamavat haiN| 16. Agama ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM 16. jaina zaurasenI prAkRta meM Agama likhita haiN| likhita haiN| 17. svarga 12 haiM aura unake mukhya 17. svarga 16 haiM parantu unake mukhya indra bhI 12 haiN| indra 12 hI haiN| saba milAkara indroM kI saMkhyA 100 hai| 18. muni ke 27 mUla guNa haiN| 18. muni ke 28 mUla guNa haiN| digambaroM ke mUlaguNoM se kucha antara bhI hai| 19. tIrthaGkara kI mAtA ko 14 svapna 19. tIrthaGkara kI mAtA ko 16 svapna Ate haiN| Ate haiN| kevalI ke Upara upasarga 20. nhiiN| sambhava hai| 21. mAnuSottara parvata se Age manuSya 21. nhiiN| jA sakatA hai| 22. aMgagranthoM ke saMkalana hetu 22. nhiiN| vAcanAyeM huiiN| 23. pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma dharma 23. aisA nahIM hai, parantu (ahiMsA, satya, acaurya aura sAmAyikAdi cAra prakAra ke aparigraha) ko mahAvIra ne cAritra meM chedopasthApanA cAritra paJcayAma (brahmacarya jor3akara) jor3akara paJcayAma kiyaa| isa kiyaa| isa parivartana kA kAraNa parivartana meM zvetAmbaravat kAraNa thA manuSyoM kI vicAra-zakti kI the| bhinntaa| tIrthaMkara AdinAtha ke jIva Rju-jar3a the| dUsare se teIsaveM tIrthaMkara ke kAla ke jIva RjuprAjJa the parantu mahAvIra ke kAla ke jIva vakra-jar3a the| 24. pArzvanAtha ke ziSya kezI kA 24. aisA ullekha nahIM hai| acela, mahAvIra ke ziSya gautama ke pazcayAma tathA ratnatraya dharma inheM

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104 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 sAtha saMvAda huA thA aura kezI bhI abhISTa haiN| ne apane 500 ziSyoM ke sAtha mahAvIra kA dharma (paJcayAma tathA acela dharma) svIkAra kiyA thaa| vastutaH ratnatraya' (samyagdarzana, jJAna, cAritra) donoM kA mUla lakSya thaa| 25. sudharmA gaNadhara se gurvAvali 25.indrabhUti gautama gaNadhara se gurvAvali prArambha hai, gautama gaNadhara se nhiiN| prArambha hotI hai| inhoMne hI 12 Aja sabhI santAne sudharmA kI haiN| aMgoM ko saMyojita kiyA aura AgamoM meM kahIM-kahIM gautama sudharmA ko sauNpaa| sudharmA ne dvArA prazna kie gae haiN| jambU ko sauNpaa| 26. sthUlabhadra antima zrutadhara (11 26. 683 varSoM taka aMgajJAna kI aMga, 14 pUrvo ke jJAtA) the| paramparA kSINa hote hue bhI vajrasvAmI 10 pUrvo ke tathA avicchinna rhii| unake ziSya AryarakSita 9.5 pUrvo ke jJAtA the| tatpazcAt pUrvo kA jJAna lupta ho gyaa| kevala 11 aMga bace raha gye| 27. aMga bAhya (upAGga, mUlasUtra 27. aMgabAhya zruta bhI lupta ho gyaa| Adi) zrutoM kI Aja bhI sattA hai parantu unakI saMkhyA Adi meM kucha antara hai| 28. bhagavAn ke pairoM kA nAkhUna yukta 28. miTTI meM paira rakhane para jaise cihna UparI caraNa cihna pUjya hai| banate haiM vaise bhagavAn ke caraNa cihna pUjya haiN| 29. avAntara pantha bheda 29. avAntara pantha bheda (ka) caityavAsI yA maMdiramArgI (cauthI- (ka) bhaTTAraka paMthI (13vIM pA~cavIM shtaabdii)| ye mukhapaTTI shtaabdii)| ye mUrtipUjaka haiN| hAthoM meM rakhate haiM parantu bolate samaya use mukha para rakhate haiN| (kha) sthAnakavAsI (15vIM shtaabdii)| (kha) tAraNapaMthI (15vIM shtaabdii)| ye

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jijJAsA aura samAdhAna : 105 meM lambI mukhapaTTI rakhate haiN| mUrtipUjaka nahIM, zAstrapUjaka haiN| mUrtipUjA nahIM krte| (ga) terahapaMthI (18vIM shtaabdii)| ye (ga) terahapaMthI aura bIsa paMthI caur3I mukhapaTTI rakhate haiN| mUrti (17vIM shtaabdii)| ye donoM pUjaka nahIM haiN| mUrtipUjaka haiM teraha paMtha meM striyA~ bhagavAn kA abhiSeka nahIM kara sktiiN| inake yahA~ pUjA meM sacitta puSpa, naivedya Adi nahIM car3hAyA jaataa| bIsa paMtha meM ye donoM bAteM svIkRta haiN| ye bhagavAn ko candana aura phUloM se alaMkRta bhI karate haiN| (gha) kahAnapaMthI yA mumukSupanthI yA sonagar3hI (20vIM shtaabdii)| ye nizcaya naya mArga kA anusaraNa karate haiM tathA terahapaMthI kI taraha mUrtipUjaka haiN| 30. gurvAvali-sudharmA, jambU, prabhava, 30. gurvAvali-gautama, sudharmA, zayyaMbhava, yazobhadra ziSya, jambU, viSNu, nandimitra, (saMbhUtivijaya aura bhadrabAhu), aparAjita, govardhana, bhdrbaahu| sthUlabhadra (saMbhUtivijaya ke shissy)| isI taraha anya avAntara bheda bhI dekhe jA sakate haiN| dArzanika siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA meM bhI kahIM-kahIM antara milatA hai (jaise, pramANa-lakSaNa, bandhaprakriyA aadi)| Question (2) Is peaceful co-existence possible through Jainism? Question by: Sandeep Kumar Jain, Manager, CISCO, USA. Answer: Everybody wants happiness and peaceful coexistence in his life. All the religions and faiths teach us to strive

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80EUR : nu, af EUR9, 312 /372-04580 towards this ultimate goal of peaceful co-existence. Jainism enables an individual and societies to achieve this ultimate goal by prescribing them to believe and acquire the Right Vision, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct. In order to acquire these three objectives, Jainism proposes the following three principles to practice: 1. Non-violence (Ahimsa) 2. Abstinence from worldly possessions (Aparigraha) 3. Multiplicity of Views (Anekanta) Non-violence is deeply rooted in the Jaina philosophy. Jainism believes that all types of evils can be eliminated by practicing non-violence. Violence is commonly believed to mean bodily harm to someone: additionally, Jainism believes that hurting someone's feelings or emotions either directly or indirectly, especially when done on purpose, are also violence. Non-violence is for the brave people. Mahatma Gandhi fought against the British rule to free India based on the sound principles of Non-violence. All the 24 Jaina Tirthankaras were born in royal families and were also great warriors; but they all realized that it is more courageous to conquer oneself than the outside world. It is extremely challenging to practice the purest form of Nonviolence in our daily lives. Violence can occur from one of the following four kinds of activities: a) Accidental violence is caused by living a life while doing daily routine work. b) Occupational violence is caused while doing business. c) Protective violence is caused while protecting oneself when attacked from others as a reaction. d) Intentional violence is caused either by making a mental deterinination or by thinking about hurting someone. Jainism prescribes that a common person must avoid intentional violence by taking extra measures, while the other forms of violence must be avoided as for as possible. Jainism insists on

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jijJAsA aura samAdhAna : 107 vegetarian food habits and strongly opposes non-vegetarian food habits. It is an established fact that non-vegetarian food habits not only promote violence but also are harmful to our mind, body and spiritual soul. It has been medically shown that non-vegetarian food habits are responsible for many types of diseases. Similarly, drinking filtered water and eating before sunset are also medically proved good life-style habits as they prevent many types of harmful infections, indigestion, acidity and reflux problems. The principle of Aparigraha is about practicing renunciation of materialistic possessions, controlling anger, greed etc. For example, a family person should only earn and possess just enough to meet his ends and to lead a simple life, and the excess money and other materialistic possessions should be donated to the people, community and society in need. Aparigraha allows peaceful prevention of undue accumulation of capital in the hands of individuals. Consequently, such a practice can significantly help the societies and nations reach socio-economic equalization. The principle of Anekanta is about respectful acceptance of multiple view-points and perspectives about any subject matter. Firstly, the human beings have limited, and often, differing and incomplete understanding and knowledge about a subject matter. Secondly, the thoughts and the understanding about a subject matter are presented, expressed and communicated with varying view-points. Sometime, these varying view-points are conflicting in nature and unacceptable by some other individuals. Jainism strikes a perfect balance by unifying and harmonizing the individual view-points into a predictable and acceptable whole based upon the theory of Syadvada . In other words, the theory of Syadvada is like a music orchestra that blends the individual discordant notes of different instruments into a perfect composition. The theory of Syadvada teaches that there is no one independent individual correct view-point; there are multiple correct viewpoints and they all must be simultaneously true to facilitate "intellectual tolerance".

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POC : sau, af EUR9, 31 / 37-47-80 As is obvious, the principles of Ahimsa, Anekanta and Aparigraha are the right conduct, knowledge and vision. Jainism further believes that we all should be friendly to others, show compassion towards people in need and respect good people. Therefore, by practising the principles of Jainism, one inherently promotes and cultivates peaceful co-existence of individuals and societies not only with other human beings but also with all other living creatures, thereby also protecting our environment. Question (3) Anekantavada and Syadvada theories of Jainism teaches us the acceptance of different points of view. How can individuals practice this in everyday life to become more tolerant? Question by: Sanjay Kumar Jain, CISCO, USA Answer: Individual can practice Anekantavada by following means: * Listen to others * Attempt to understand other person's viewpoints and not impose our own. * Communicate your own viewpoints by educating others or using alternate communication mechanisms in a peaceful manner. * Be flexible and adopting. Question (4) Jainism advocates total non-violence. How does one defend one self or one's country in the face of violence by others? Answer: Jainism prescribes absolute total non-violence for 'Munis'. It strongly recommends total non-violence to the common man or woman like us; however it allows the common man or woman to defend oneself or one's country only when attacked by others.

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vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM || kharataragaccha ziromaNi sAdhvI DaoN. saumyaguNA zrI jI kA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha se sAnanda vihAra kharataragaccha ziromaNi svAdhyAya nimagnA parama pUjya sAdhvI DaoN. saumyaguNA zrI jI kA sAdhvIdvaya DaoN. sthitaprajJA zrI jI evaM DaoN. saMvegaprajJA zrI jI ma.sA. ke sAtha 1 janavarI 2009 ko pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM adhyayanArtha Agamana huA thaa| Apane jaina vizvabhAratI lADanUM se 'jaina vidhi-vidhAna sambandhI sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa' viSaya para pI-eca.DI. kI hai| apane isI viSaya ko aura adhika vistAra dene hetu 'jaina vidhi-vidhAna, tulanAtmaka va samIkSAtmaka adhyayana' para Apa DI.liT kara rahI haiN| Apake sAtha hI padhArI (mumukSu) monikA jI bhI jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM se 'prazamarati prakaraNa kA dArzanika adhyayana viSaya para pIeca.DI. meM saMlagna rhiiN| sAdhvI saumyaguNAzrIjI ne apane zodha se sambandhita samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM kAzI hindU vizvavidhyAlaya ke saMskRta vidyA ke labdhapratiSTha vidvAn pro0 gopabandhu mizrA jI se tathA anya sambandhita vidvAnoM se bhI vicAra vimarza kiyaa| apane pravAsa ke daurAna Apane pArthanAtha vidyApITha meM Ayojita aneka sammelanoM evaM vyAkhyAnoM meM apanI garimAmayI upasthiti se zodha saMsthAna kA na kevala gaurava bar3hAyA apitu sAragarbhita va AgamajJa vANI se hamArA mArgadarzana bhI kiyaa| 30 maI 2010 ko Apa sAdhvIdvaya ke sAtha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha se vihAra kara bhelupura jaina maMdira phuNcii| bar3I saMkhyA meM zraddhAluoM ne Apake sAtha pada-yAtrA karate hue Apako vidAI dii| vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro. sudarzanalAla jaina, sahanidezaka DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya Adi ne apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha azrupUrita netroM se Apako vidA kiyaa| dinAMka 31.5.10 ko prAtaH maMdira meM pUjA-arcana ke pazcAt Apane sAdhvIdvaya va sahayogiyoM ke sAtha vidA lekara cAturmAsa hetu prasthAna kiyaa| Apake bhAvoM kI sampreSaNazIlatA, sahajatA, vANI kI komalatA sadaiva hamAre sAtha rhegii| Apa sAdhvIdvaya ke sAtha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM punaH padhAreM yahI vidyApITha parivAra kI kAmanA hai|

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110 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna-10 pArzvacandragaccha kI nau sAdhviyoM kA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM adhyayanArtha Agamana dinAMka 15.6.2010 ko pArzvacandragaccha kI nau sAdhviyA~ paramapUjya punItakalAzrIjI, paramapUjya bhavyAnandazrIjI, paramapUjya saMyamarasAzrIjI, paramapUjya siddhAntarasAzrIjI, paramapUjya namanakalAzrIjI, paramapUjya zAsanarasAzrIjI, paramapUjya saMvegarasAzrIjI, paramapUjya maitrIkalAzrIjI, paramapUjya namrazIlAzrIjI, paramapUjya gurukRpAzrIjI ma. tathA mumukSu devAMzI vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM adhyayanArtha pdhaarii| dhyAtavya hai ki pArzvacandra gaccha kA yaha sAdhvIsaMgha sva0 pravartinI AryA pa. pU. UMkArazrIjI kI nizrA meM san 1999 se 2000 taka yahA~ rahakara adhyayana kara cukA hai| vartamAna meM nau sAdhviyoM meM se pA~ca sAdhviyA~ pArzvanAtha vidyApITha se pI-eca.DI. kreNgii| anya sabhI sAdhviyoM ke sAtha Apa yahA~ rukakara adhyayana kreNgii| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM mAsika vyAkhyAnamAlAyeM sampanna jaina dharma, kalA, saMskRti, itihAsa, purAtattva Adi viSayoM meM ruci rakhane vAle sudhIjanoM ke lie pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka ke netRtva meM lAlA harajasarAya jaina smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA ke antargata dinAMka 20.5.2010 ravivAra ko mAsika vyAkhyAnamAlA kA punaH Arambha kiyA gyaa| isa vyAkhyAnamAlA ke antargata prathama vyAkhyAna kharataragaccha zAkhA kI AgamajJa, viduSI va saralamanA sAdhvI DaoN. saumyaguNA zrI jI ma.sA. dvArA diyA gyaa| 1. 'AlocanA aura prAyazcitta'-DaoN. sAdhvI saumyaguNAzrI hama apane dainika jIvana meM nitya aneka aparAdha karate haiN| una aparAdhoM se nivRtti pAne hetu hameM aisA kyA karanA cAhie jisase pApa karma kA bandha na ho, isI uddezya ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue parama pUjyA sAdhvI jI ne apane sAragarbhita vyAkhyAna dvArA hamArA mArgadarzana kiyA aura AlocanA aura prAyazcitta ke vividha pakSoM para prakAza DAlate hue dainika jIvana meM usake mahattva ko pratipAdita kiyaa| 2. "jaina itihAsa ke mahAnAyaka candragupta va kumArapAla"DaoN.ramezacandra jaina 19 jUna 2010 ko lAlAzrI harajasarAya jaina smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA ke antargata dvitIya vyAkhyAna "jaina itihAsa ke mahAnAyaka candragupta va kumArapAla"

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vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM : 111 viSaya para DaoN. ramezacandra jaina, nidezaka, jaina vidyA adhyayana evaM anusandhAna kendra, varddhamAna kAleja, bijanaura dvArA diyA gayA / vyAkhyAna kA Arambha paramapUjya sAdhvI zrI bhavyAnanda jI mahA. dvArA maMgalAcaraNa se huA / viSaya para vyAkhyAna dete hue vidvAn vaktA DaoN. ramezacandra jaina ne candragupta ke viSaya meM jaina zAstroM kA ullekha karate hue itihAsa ke aneka tathyoM ko ujAgara kiyA tathA usake sandarbha meM navIna saMbhAvanAeM vyakta kiiN| isI prakAra unhoMne kumArapAla nareza ke jaina dharma ke prabala anuyAyI hone kI bAta ko svIkAra karate hue jaina dharma ko unake dvArA diye gaye rAjyAzraya tathA jaina dharma ke kSetra meM unake dvArA diye gaye avadAnoM para bhI prakAza ddaalaa| isa avasara para sampUrNAnanda vizvavidyAlaya se pro0 phUlacanda jaina, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya se pro. dInabandhu pANDeya, pro0 kamaleza kumAra jaina, DaoN. azoka kumAra jaina, lAla bahAdura saMskRta vidyApITha dillI se DaoN. anekAnta jaina, DaoN. amRtalAla pANDeya, DaoN. Ananda zrIvAstava, oma prakAza siMha, DaoN. zAradA siMha DaoN. aMjanI kumAra mizra Adi vidvAn upasthita the| pro. sudarzanalAla jaina, nidezaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ne vyAkhyAna ke mahattva ko pratipAdita karate hue upasthita sabhI vidvAnoM ke prati AbhAra prakaTa kiyaa| kAryakrama kA saMcAlana vidyApITha ke sahanidezaka DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya ne kiyaa| ISSJS-2010 Programme successfully completed at Parshwanath Vidyapeeth (8th June-3rd July 2010) A Report A group of 44 foreigner students and scholars of ISSJS (International Summer School for Jaina Studies) divided in three groups (two Junior and one Senior) visited Parshwanath Vidyapeeth for Jaina Studies programme. The First Group of 14 students arrived on June 8th morning. During their stay from 8th June-11 June, 2010 they consulted Library and attended special lectures organized by ISSJS-PV Global Centre on different aspects of Jainism. The scholars who delivered their lectures for this group, prominent among them were Prof. M. N. P. Tiwari, Dept. of History of Art, Banaras Hindu University and Dr. Priyadarshana Jain, Associate Professor, Dept. of Jainology, University of Ma

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887: 940, auf EUR8, sta / 3741--80 dras, Chennai. Prof. M.N.P. Tiwari delivered his lecture on Jaina Art and Iconography while Dr. Priyadarshana Jain gave her talk on Jaina Agama Uttaradhyayana, Ratnakaranda-sravakacara and Sallekhana. Prof. Tiwari highlighted the main features of Jaina Art and Iconography with help of more than two hundred visuals. Dr. Priyadarshna beautifully elaborated the contents from the verses of Uttaradhyayana and Ratnakaranda-sravakacara with the help of Power Point Presentation putting into a lot of parables and stories. The group also visited Jaina Temples, Ghats and enjoyed the Ganga Arti, sight-seeing and beautiful morning of Benaras. They also participated in Jaina Puja organized at Naria Digambara Jaina temple. On 11th June they left for New Delhi by Air. In first group following students and scholars completed their study: 1.Ms. Prof. N. Vallely (Faculty member), Ontario, Canada, 2. Ms. Julie Anne Weaver, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 3. Ms. Balbir Helen Gorrie, 4. Ms. Nina Kuchuk, Ontario, Canada; 5. Ms. Cameron Mary Helen, Montgomery, Ontario, Canada; 6. Ms. Collete Genevieve St. Onge, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; 7. Mr. Bradly Michael Leo J. Boileau, Ottawa Ontario, Canada; 8. Ms. Marie-Josef Blanchard, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 9. Ms. Stephaine Machabee, Wooler, Ontario, Canada,; 10. Mr. Guy Dondo, Gatineau, Ontario, Canada; 11. Ms. Alison Rose Mackenzie, Dandas, Ontario, Canada; 12. Mr. Andrew William Moores, Ontario, Canada, 13. Mr. Jakson Charles Byers, Woodlawn, Ontario, Canada. The second Group of 16 students arrived PV on June 14th morning. During their stay from 14th June-17 June, 2010 they worked on their project allotted by ISSJS. They attended special lectures delivered by Prof. M. N. P. Tiwari, Dept. of History of Art, Banaras Hindu University on Jaina Art & Iconography and Dr. Kamla Jain, Former Associate Professor, Dept. of Philosophy, Jesus & Mary College, University of Delhi, on Anuvratas, Pratikramana, Six Essential Duties' and 'Penance.' Dr. Jain

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vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM : 113 beautifully presented the Jaina accounts of Anuvrata, Pratikramana and Ksamapana with its divisions and sub-divisions in detail. The group also visited Jaina Temples, Ghats, Ganga Arti at Dashashwamedha Ghat and enjoyed the sight-seeing and beautiful morning of Varanasi (Subahe-Benaras). They also participated in Jaina Puja organized at Bhelupur Jaina temple. On 17th June they left for New Delhi by Shivganga Express. In second group following students and scholars completed their study at PV. 1. Olson, Stephanie Rose Smith, USA; 2. Ms. Lory Mataele Mannering; 3. Abby Kualapai, Ulupii, Pacific Island; 4. H. K. Patrick, Hawaii; 5. Meegan O Brien; 6. Brandie Miharu Ichiki, USA; 7. Mr.Kavin Mcleod, USA; 8. Strickland Rose Patricia; 9.Amanda Marie Spadafora; 10. Ms.Jocelyn Moya, USA; 11. Shelly Mac Kinnon; 12. Ms. Natalie Mondschein, Canada; 13. Ms. Erin Mac Donald, Canada; 14. Ms. Jin Qi (Chinese), China; 15. Ms. Maya Haddad, USA. The third 6W Group of 11 senior scholars arrived PV on June 23th morning. For this group the first lecture was delivered by Prof. M. N. P. Tiwari on 'Jaina Art & Iconography' Prof. Tiwari in his lecture highlighted the main features of Jaina Art an Iconography with the aid of audiovisuals. Param Pujya Sadhvi Bhavyanandji with her group also attended the lecture of Prof. Tiwari and appreciated the contents of the lecture. The next two lectures were delivered by Prof. N. H. Samtani, a renowned scholar of Buddhism on 'Meeting Points of Jainism and Buddhism' and 'Concept of Soul and Liberation in Jainism and Buddhism. In third group following scholars completed their study at PV. 1. Mr. Bartosek Josef, Cajkovskeno; 2. Miss. Kayla P. Keehu, USA; 3. Mr. P. Christian Haskett; 4. Mr. Hillman Seen, Ontario 5.. Mr. Sean David Butler, USA; 6. Mrs. Ana Belelacqua Brazelj, Slovenia; 7. Mr. Kragh, Kate, South Korea; 8. Prof. Kragh Timme, Ulrich, South Korea; 9. Dr. Nathan Bishop Robert Loewen,Canada; 10. Mr. Aukland,

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888: 949, af EUR8, si p/ 3441-09-20 Knut, Norway; 11. Mr. Brianne Graham Donaldson, USA; On 27th June 2010 a Press Conference was held at PV regarding future Academic programmes. The Press conference was addressed by Dr. Shugan C. Jain, Director ISSJS, Prof. S.L. Jain, Director, Dr. S. P. Pandey, Asst. Director and Dr. Viney Jain. The Media person met the foreigner students individually and knew about their project undertaken and their experiences about their visit to India for Jaina Studies. In the Press Conference leading scholars were also called to share their views in elevating Parshwanath Vidyapeeth academically as well as financially. Noted among them were Prof. Rewa Prasad Dwivedi, Prof. R.C. Panda, Prof. Kamalesh Dutta Tripathi, Prof. Kamalesh Jain and Prof. Phool Chand Jain. They shared their views about developing the Institute by running intensive courses on Prakrit and Jainology along with some more innovative programmes. From 28th June 2010 to 3rd July 2010 the scholars of ISSJS worked on their individual projects allotted by ISSJS itself. They consulted Library of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth in order to complete their projects. Proposed Seminar: A Series of Seminars on Integrating Modern Science and Spirituality for Social Wellness: A Challenge of 21st Century Our biggest challenge in the 21st century is to integrate the religious, spiritual and scientific knowledge into a generally acceptable holistic world-view to form the basis for an ethical, nonviolent and eco-friendly way of life for maximizing social and personal well being. To facilitate progress towards accomplishing this formidable task, International School for Jain Studies in association with some of the leading Indian universities/institutes is pleased to announce three interdisciplinary seminars cumidiscussion meetings, one each at Delhi, Varanasi and Jaipur with the following objectives.

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Objectives: * To critically review and evaluate various aspects of current interactions between different disciplines of modern science and spirituality in the context of social wellness. To develop an ethical system based on a holistic world-view taking into account both the scientific and spiritual perspectives. * To establish a Multidisciplinary Task Force to identify feasible research areas/problems and formulate projects for focused and coordinated research, with national and international collaborations. Venues & Dates for the Seminars (tentative and subject to confirmation) University Place Dates Delhi LSSVP/ DU December 11- 12, 2010 Focal Theme: A. Consciousness and Knowledge Varanasi PV-BHU January 22 -23 2011 vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM : 115 Focal Theme: B1. Jiva, Karma, Rebirth, Purusartha and Spiritual Evolution. B2. Scientific, Personal & Social Dimensions of Spirituality. Jaipur RU February 19 - 20, 2011 Focal Theme: C. Ethics based on an Integrated World-View Coordinators of the Seminars: LBSSVP, New Delhi Coordinator, A DU, Delhi Coordinator, A PV, Varanasi PV, Varanasi Coordinator, B1 Coordinator, B2 RU, Jaipur Coordinator, C Contact Persons for Detailed Information: Convener: Prof. Viney Jain, Advisor ISJS,(+91-98181 86570) Chairman Program Committee: Dr. Shugan C. Jain, Chairman ISJS (+91-98181 39000). Prof.. Veer Sagar Jain Prof. K. Murlidhar Prof. S.L. Jain Dr. S. P. Pandey Prof. Kusum Jain Mail: International School for Jain Studies D-28 Panchsheel Enclave, New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: isjs_seminars@yahoo.in; vineykjain@yahoo.com; svana@vsnl.com Secretariat: Ms. Chanchal Jain Phone #: +91-11-2649 1228; +91-9971803638.

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jaina jagat / prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura kI upalabdhiyA~ (sAdhvI pratibhA jI ko pI-eca.DI. kI upAdhi) prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura meM zodhakAryarata sAdhvI pratibhA jI ko unake zodhaprabandha "ArAdhanA patAkA meM pratipAdita samAdhi-maraNa kI avadhAraNA' viSaya para jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM se pI-eca.DI. kI upAdhi pradAna kI gyii| dhyAtavya hai ki isake pUrva bhI zAjApura, prAcya vidyApITha se 19 chAtra-chAtrAeM pI-eca.DI. kI upAdhi grahaNa kara cuke haiN| sAdhvI pratibhA jI ne apanA zodha-kArya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke nirdezana meM pUrA kiyaa| zodhakArya ke atirikta vidyApITha meM aneka prAkRta aura saMskRta bhASA ke mUla granthoM tathA zodha granthoM kA prakAzana bhI kiyA jAtA rahA hai| saMsthA ke dvArA isI varSa DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke zodha-prabandha "jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma darzana ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya AcAra darzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana" nAmaka grantha do khaNDoM meM prAkRta bhAratI jayapura kI sahabhAgitA se prakAzita huA hai| anya bhI kucha mahattvapUrNa grantha haiM jo prakAzana kI prakriyA meM cala rahe haiN| zoka samAcAra ahiMsA ke agradUta AcAryazrI mahAprajJa kA mahAprayANa __ antarrASTrIya khyAti prApta AdhyAtmika santa ziromaNi, prekSAdhyAna ke pravartaka, ahiMsA-yAtrA ke anuyAyI, terApaMtha dharmasaMgha ke dazaveM AcArya mahAprajJa kA dinAMka 9 maI 2010 ko rAjasthAna ke curu zahara meM samAdhipUrvaka mahAprayANa ho gyaa| cAturmAsa ke lie curu pahu~ce AcArya mahAprajJa ko acAnaka dila kA daurA par3A aura DAkTaroM ke athaka prayAsoM ke bAvajUda bhI unheM bacAyA na jA skaa| ___AcArya mahAprajJa ke mahAprayANa kI khabara sunakara pUrA deza zoka saMtapta ho gyaa| unake antima darzanArtha deza bhara se zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM, upAsakaupAsikAoM ke curu Ane kA krama prArambha ho gyaa| AcAryazrI ke vyaktitva aura kRtittva ko smaraNa meM rakhate hue aneka sthAnoM para unheM bhAvabhInI zraddhAMjaliyA~ dI gayIM aura sarakAra se mahAprajJa jI ko 'bhArata ratna' pradAna karane kI mAMga kI gyii| ahiMsA yAtrA ke preraka va adhyAtma kSetra meM apane prabhAvI vyaktitva va anekAneka sAhityika kRtiyoM ke liye vikhyAta AcArya mahAprajJa jI kA mahAprayANa

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jaina jagat : 117 nizcita hI eka apUraNIya kSati hai| eka santa jIvana kA antaHparIkSaNa unake sampUrNa mAnavIya vikAsAtmaka paramparAoM ke anuzIlana para nirbhara karatA hai| AcAryazrI aise hI udAracetA, ahiMsApriya puruSa the| unakA yaha mahAprayANa kAyotsarga mAtra hI kahA jaayegaa| kyoMki unhoMne apane anekoM pravacanoM meM kAyA ko dharmazAlA kahA hai| dharmasaMgha meM unhoMne maryAdA ko sadaiva mahattva diyaa| apane guru AcArya tulasI kI taraha nija para zAsana kiyA aura anuzAsana para jora diyaa| unhoMne prekSAdhyAna ke rUpa meM jaina-yoga kA zodhana aura pravartana kara yoga ke kSetra meM apUrva yogadAna diyaa| unake mahAprayANa se na kevala jaina jagat apitu sampUrNa mAnava jagat kI jo AdhyAtmika kSati huI hai usakI pUrti asaMbhava sI lagatI hai| AcArya zrI kI AtmA jahA~ kahIM bhI hogI jaina vidyA ke upAsakoM ko Aloka va preraNA pradAna karatI rahegI, aisI hamArI bhAvanA hai| unake isa mahAprayANa para samasta pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parivAra ne unheM bhAvabhInI zraddhAMjali arpita kI tathA unake mArga para calane kA bhAva abhivyakta kiyaa| pAvAgiri siddhakSetra ke adhyakSa evaM nirmANa maMtrI kA duHkhada nidhana madhya pradeza meM sthita pAvAgiri siddhakSetra ke adhyakSa zrI vimala caMda jaina kA AsAma ke khArupeTiyA jile meM 7 maI 2010 rAtri eka baje kAra durghaTanA meM nidhana ho gyaa| isa sandarbha meM sanAvada meM 10 maI ko prAtaH 9 baje zoka sabhA rakhI gayI jisameM deza kI aneka viziSTa hastiyA~ bhI sammilita huiiN| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI ora se zrI jaina ko hArdika shrddhaaNjli| AcAryazrI bAhubalI sAgara jI mahArAja kA samAdhimaraNa siddhAnta tIrtha zikohapura ke praNetA AcAryazrI bAhubalIsAgara jI mahArAja kA dinAMka 10 maI 2010 ko sAyaM 5 baje sallekhanApUrvaka samAdhimaraNa ho gyaa| AcAryazrI pichale kucha dinoM se asvastha cala rahe the| aMtatogatvA unhoMne zarIra tyAga kA nizcaya kiyA aura 10 maI sAyaM 5 baje cUlagiri siddhakSetra meM apanI nazvara kAyA kA tyAga kiyaa| aneka jaina Agamika granthoM ko prakAza meM lAne ke kSetra meM Apane jo Adarza sthApita kiyA, vaha hama sabhI ke liye sadaiva prakAza stambha kI bhA~ti kArya karatA rhegaa| aise mahAmanasvI ke nidhana para vidyApITha parivAra unheM hArdika zraddhAMjali arpita karatA hai|

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118 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2 / apraila-jUna 10 sAhitya satkAra pustaka samIkSA yogazAstra - lekhaka hemacandra, hindI anu. - padmasUri, sampAdaka - munizrI jayAnanda vijayajI, prakAzaka zrI gururAmacandra prakAzana samiti, bhInamAla (rAja.) prastuta kRti kalikAla sarvajJa zrIhemacandrAcArya kI svaracita kRti hai / yadyapi jaina yoga para aba taka aneka granthoM kA prakAzana ho cukA hai tathApi apanI svopajJa vyAkhyA tathA sarala hindI anuvAda kI dRSTi se yaha grantha apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| jaina darzana meM samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyakcAritra ina tInoM kI samaveta sAdhanA se hI mukti mAnI gayI hai| AcArya zrIhemacandra ne 'abhidhAna cintAmaNikoza' meM kahA hai "mokSopAya - yogo jJAnazraddhAnacaraNAtmakaH arthAt jJAna, darzana, cAritra ye tInoM hI mokSa ke upAya haiN| yogazAstra mukhyataH inhIM tInoM se sambandhita hai| jaisA ki hama jAnate haiM ki bhAratIya darzana athavA dharma meM varNita yogazAstra meM yoga ko yama, niyamAdi ATha aMgoM meM vibhAjita kara unheM cittavRtti nirodha se lekara sarvabhUmikAoM taka kI paridhi meM bA~dha diyA gayA hai kintu AcArya hemacandra ne na kevala muni apitu gRhastha tathA anya janoM ko bhI ucca AdhyAtmika stara taka pahu~cAne ke liye yaugika aMgoM ko pratipAdita karate hue bhI samyagjJAna, darzana, cAritra ina tInoM ko paramAtma svarUpa prApta karane kA sAdhana mAnA hai| unhoMne saralatA se grAhyatA kI dRSTi se sambandhita viSaya se jur3e aneka rocaka tathyoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| prastuta grantha ke Arambha meM hI yoga kA mAhAtmya, usakI garimA, sAdhanA ke phala aura camatkAroM kA itanA sajIva varNana hai ki hara jijJAsu sAdhaka yoga-sAdhanA ke lie AkarSita hokara apane jIvana ko usI meM DhAla lene ke lie prayatnazIla ho sakatA hai| yogazAstra meM kula 12 prakAza ke antargata 1012 zloka haiN| pahale se tIsare prakAza meM yoga ke yama va niyama kI jaina dRSTi se vivecanA kI gayI hai| kahIMkahIM tulanAtmaka rUpa se anya darzanoM ke sAtha usakI tulanA bhI parilakSita hotI hai| cauthe prakAza meM kramazaH kaSAya- vijaya, citta vRtti, citta zuddhi, indriya nigraha, samatva dhyAna, anuprekSA, maitrI Adi bhAvanAoM evaM unake AsanoM kI vizad vivecanA kI gayI hai| pA~caveM prakAza ke antargata prANAyAma aura usakI bhUmiyoM Adi kA varNana hai| chaThe prakAza meM pratyAhAra, dhAraNA, sAtaveM prakAza meM dhyAna, AThaveM prakAza meM padastha, navameM prakAza meM rUpastha, tathA dasaveM prakAza meM rUpAtIta dhyAna kA varNana tathA antima do prakAzoM- gyArahaveM va bArahaveM meM dharmadhyAna, zukladhyAna, nirvikalpa samAdhi Adi kI vistRta vivecanA jaina dRSTi se kI gayI hai / nizcaya hI padmasUrijI dvArA anuvAdita yaha pustaka rocaka aura aneka praznoM kA samAdhAna karane vAlI hai| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA AkarSaka evaM mudraNa truTirahita hai| yaha pustaka zodhArthiyoM evaM pustakAlayoM ke liye paThanIya evaM saMgrahaNIya hai| - DaoN. zAradA siMha, zodhAdhikArI, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha

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jaina jagat : 119 sAbhAra-prApti 15. (ka) AcArya virAga sAgara dvArA likhita / saMpAdita / saMkalita evaM zrI samyagjJAna digambara jaina virAga vidyApITha dvArA prakAzita grantha1. zuddhopayoga, 2009, mUlya : 40.00 2. jIvoM para dayA karo, zuddha zAkAhAra karo, 2009, mUlya : 20.00 3. saMskAra-surabhi 4. kalyANaka mahotsava, 2007, mUlya : 20.00 5. parama digambara jaina muni, 2009, mUlya : 45.00 6. zraddhA-prasUna, 2007, mUlya : 25.00 7. karma vijJAna, bhAga-1, 2009 8. Bal Vigyan, Part-1, mUlya : 10.00 9. tIrthakara aise bano, 2007, mUlya 60.00 10. caitanya ciMtana, bhAga-1, mUlya : 15.00 11. bArasANuvekkhA, 2010, mUlya : 100.00 12. sallekhanA se samAdhi, mUlya : 40.00 13. bhAvoM kA vizuddha kSaNa, mUlya : 20.00 14. dAna tIrtha, mUlya : 20.00 burAiyA~ hI jela, acchAiyA~ hI mukti 16. bhagavAn zrI mahAvIra, subhASita-sahasram 17. akSayanidhi, mUlya : 10.00 18. vimala nitya pAThAvalI, 2009, mUlya : 50.00 19. naitika kathA maMjUSA, bhAga-2, mUlya : 20.00 20. samayocita zikSAyeM mAnatuMga kI amara bhakti, samAyojaka, AcArya virAga sAgara, mUlya : 65.00 22. sarvodayI jaina digambara tIrtha, 2006, mUlya 30.00 23. virAga maMthana, mUlya : 7.00 24. samyagdarzana, mUlya : 35.00 25. sAmAyika pATha, 2008, mUlya 11.00 (kha) anya lekhakoM dvArA likhita tathA virAga vidyApITha ke saujanya se prApta26. bhakti kI jhaMkAra, racayitrI-AryikA-viyuktazrI, prakAzaka samyagjJAna, digambara jaina virAga vidyApITha, bhiNDa (ma.pra.). 27. virAgasetu (mahAkAvya), lekhaka, DaoN. udayacaMdra jaina, prakAzaka, virAgodaya jaina zramaNa saMskRti TrasTa, dillI, 2008, mUlya : 100.00 28. Know Your Enemies, lekhaka-virAga sAgara jI mahArAja, prakAzaka,

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120 : zramaNa, varSa 61, aMka 2/ apraila-jUna-10 zrI virAgodaya TrasTa, 2008 29. virAga sindhu kI urmiyA~, lekhaka kAnti kumAra 'karuNa', prakAzaka, zrI samyagjJAna digambara jaina virAga vidyApITha, bhiNDa (ma.pra.) mUlya : 20.00 digambara sAdhuoM kA Adarza milana, lekhaka, virAga sAgara jI mahArAja, prakAzaka- zrI samyagjJAna zikSaNa samiti, nAgapura (mahA.) 2007 AdhyAtmika zaMkA samAdhAna, lekhaka-virAga sAgara jI mahA., prakAzaka paoNpyulara prakAzana, sUrata (guja.), 2009, mUlya : 30.00 32. Avazya dIpikA, (zrAvaka dinacaryA) saMkalanakartA-dIpacaMda jaina, prakAzaka-zrI samyagjJAna virAga vidyApITha, bhiNDa (ma.pra.) mUlya : 20.00 bhaktAmara stotra, lekhaka- muni zrI vinamra sAgara jI mahA., prakAzaka- zrI virAga sAgara vidyApITha, bhiNDa (ma.pra.) samAyocit zikSAyeM, bhAga-3, saMkalana- pU. AryikA 105 viziSTa zrI mAtA jI, prakAzaka- zrI samyagjJAna digambara jaina virAga vidyApITha, bhiNDa (ma.pra.) 2008, mUlya : 18.00 35. zrIdvAdazavratakathAsaMgraha : zrI ajitaprabhasUriviracita, saMpAdaka-saMzodhaka - munirAja jayAnaMda vijaya, prakAzaka- guruzrI rAmacandra prakAzana samiti, bhInamAla, (rAja.) 36. zrImunipaticaritram pUrvAcAryakRtam, saMpAdaka-saMzodhaka-munirAjazrI jayAnaMdavijaya evaM guNAnurAgI muni bhagavanta, prakAzaka- guruzrI rAmacandra prakAzana samiti, bhInamAla (rAja.) yogazAtra, lekhaka-hemacandra, hindI anuvAda-padmasUri, saMpAdaka-munizrI jayAnandavijaya jI, prakAzaka- zrI guru rAmacandra prakAzana samiti, bhInamAla, (rAja.) 38. zrIprabhAvaka caritra, lekhaka- prabhAcaMdrasUri, saMpAdaka-jayAnaMda vijayajI, prakAzaka-zrIguru rAmacandra prakAzaka samiti, bhInamAla, (rAja.) (ga) prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura se prApta pustakeM39. bhAratIya AcAra-darzana, (jaina, bauddha, hindU dharma ke sambandha meM) eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga-1 (saiddhAntika pakSa) lekhaka- DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, prakAzaka-prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAja.) prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) 2010 / / 40. bhAratIya AcAra-darzana (jaina, bauddha, hindU dharma ke sambandha meM) : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga-2 (vyAvahArika pakSa) lekhaka- DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, prakAzaka- prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAja.) evaM prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) bauddha darzana kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, lekhaka- sAdhvI jyotsnA jI, sampAdaka evaM mArgadarzaka- pro. sAgaramala jaina, prakAzaka- prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.) evaM zvetAmbara, sthAnakavAsI jaina saMgha, zujAlapura (m.pr.)| 41.

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