Jain Bauddh Aur Gita Me Karm Siddhant

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prakrit Bharati Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032591/1

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jaina, bauddha aura gItA ma karma siddhAnta pro. sAgaramala jaina

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prAkRta bhAratI puSpa : 21 jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta pro. sAgaramala jaina prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura

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prakAzakaH prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI 13-e, gurunAnaka patha, mena mAlavIya nagara, jayapura-302017 phona : 0141-2524827, 2520230 E-mail : prabharati@gmail.com web-site : prakritbharati.net IAL RD lA baiMka oNpha mahArASTra Bank of Maharashtra bhArata sarakAra kA udyama eka parivAra eka baiMka ' sahayoga (sI.esa.Ara.) se prathama saMskaraNa 2016 ISBNNo. : 978-93-81571-76-7 mUlya : Rs 200/- rupaye (c) prakAzakAdhIna lejara TAipa seTiMga : prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura mudraka : rAja prinTarsa, jayapura (mo. 9982066620) Jain, Buddha aur Gita me Karm Siddhant by Prof. Sagarmal Jain Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur

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prakAzakIya bhAratIya cintana ke anusAra naitika jIvana kI samagra sAdhanA bandhana yA duHkha se mukti ke liye hai| bhAratIya cintakoM kI dRSTi meM puNya aura pApa kI samagra cintanA kA sAra nimna kathana meM samAyA huA hai ki "paropakAra puNya hai aura parapIr3ana pApa hai|" _ bandhana ke pramukha kAraNoM ko isa pustaka 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta' meM varNita kiyA hai| jaina paramparA meM bandhana ke mUlabhUta tIna kAraNa rAga, dveSa aura moha mAne gaye haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM rAga aura dveSa ina donoM ko karma-bIja kahA gayA hai aura una donoM kA kAraNa moha batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM, phira bhI unameM rAga hI pramukha hai| rAga ke kAraNa hI dveSa hotA hai| jaina kathAnakoM ke anusAra indrabhUti gautama kA mahAvIra ke prati prazasta rAga bhI unake kaivalya kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka rahA thaa| isa prakAra rAga evaM moha hI bandhana ke pramukha kAraNa haiN| AcArya kundakunda rAga ko pramukha kAraNa batAte hue kahate hai, Asakta AtmA hI karma-bandha karatA hai aura anAsakta mukta ho jAtA hai, yahI jina bhagavAn kA upadeza hai| isalie karmoM meM Asakti mata rkho| lekina yadi rAga kA kAraNa jAnanA cAheM to jaina paramparA ke anusAra moha hI isakA kAraNa siddha hotA hai| yadyapi moha aura rAga-dveSa sApekSarUpa meM eka dUsare ke kAraNa banate haiN| isa prakAra dveSa kA kAraNa rAga aura rAga kA kAraNa moha hai| moha tathA rAga paraspara eka dUsare ke kAraNa hai| ataH rAga, dveSa

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aura moha ye tIna hI jaina paramparA meM bandhana ke mUla kAraNa haiN| isameM se dveSa ko jo rAga janita hai, chor3a dene para zeSa rAga aura moha ye do kAraNa bacate haiM, jo anyonyAzrita haiN| jainavicAraNA kI bhA~ti hI bauddhavicAraNA meM bhI bandhana yA duHkha kA hetu Asrava mAnA gayA hai| bauddhavicAraNA meM Asrava tIna mAne gaye haiM(1) kAma, (2) bhava aura (3) avidyaa| bauddha aura jaina vicAraNAoM meM isa artha meM bhI Asrava ke vicAra ke sambandha meM mataikya hai ki Asrava avidyA (mithyAtva) ke kAraNa hotA hai| gItA ke anusAra AsurI sampadA bandhana kA hetu hai| usameM dambha, darpa, abhimAna, krodha, kaThora vANI evaM ajJAna ko AsurI sampadA kahA gayA hai| yaha pustaka Agama marmajJa khyAti prApta vidvAn DaoN. sAgaramala jaina kA gahana va gUDha adhyayana hai| isameM jaina, bauddha va gItA meM karma siddhAnta ko spaSTa kiyA hai| baiMka oNpha mahArASTra dvArA prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI ko sI.esa.Ara. kAryakrama ke antargata sAMskRtika kAryakalApoM ke antargata pustakoM ke prakAzana hetu sahayoga diyA gayA, usake lie hama vizeSa AbhAra vyakta karate haiN| prakAzana se jur3e sabhI sadasyoM ko dhanyavAda! devendrarAja mehatA saMsthApaka evaM mukhya saMrakSaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura

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anukramaNikA 1. karma-siddhAnta 1. naitika vicAraNA meM karma-siddhAnta kA sthAna 2. karma-siddhAnta kI maulika svIkRtiyA~ aura phalitArtha 3. karma-siddhAnta kA udbhava 4. kAraNa sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAe~ 5. aupaniSadika dRSTikoNa 6. jaina darzana kA samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa 7. karma zabda kA artha 8. karma kA bhautika svarUpa 9. bhautika aura abhautika pakSoM kI pArasparika prabhAvakatA 10. karma kI mUrtatA 11. karma aura vipAka kI paramparA 12. karmaphala saMvibhAga 13. jaina darzana meM karma kI avasthA 14. karma vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA 15. karma siddhAnta para AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara 2. karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 1. tIna prakAra ke karma 2. azubha yA pApa karma 3. puNya (kuzala karma) 4. puNya aura pApa (zubha aura azubha) kI kasauTI 5. sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra

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6. zubha aura azubha se zuddha kI ora 7. zuddha karma (akarma) 8. jaina darzana meM karma-akarma vicAra 9. bauddha darzana meM karma-akarma kA vicAra 10. gItA meM karma akarma kA svarUpa 11. akarma kI artha-vivakSA para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra 3. karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 1. bandhana aura duHkha 2. bandhana kA kAraNa-Asrava 3. bandhana ke kAraNoM kA bandha ke cAra prakAroM se sambandha 4. aSTakarma aura unake kAraNa 5. ghAtI aura aghAtI karma 6. pratyItyasamutpAda aura aSTakarma, eka tulanAtmaka vivecana . 108 7. mahAyAna dRSTikoNa aura aSTakarma 113 8. kammabhava aura uppattibhava tathA ghAtI aura aghAtI karma 114 9. cetanA ke vibhinna pakSa aura bandhana 115 4. bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) 1. saMvara kA artha 2. jaina paramparA meM saMvara kA vargIkaraNa 3. bauddha-darzana meM saMvara 4. gItA kA dRSTikoNa 5. saMyama aura naitikatA 6. nirjarA 7. jaina sAdhanA meM aupakramika nirjarA kA sthAna 8. bauddha AcAra, darzana aura nirjarA 9. gItA kA dRSTikoNa 10. niSkarSa 138

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karma-siddhAnta 1. naitika vicAraNA meM karma-siddhAnta kA sthAna sAmAnya manuSya ko naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAn banAye rakhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki karmoM kI zubhAzubha prakRti ke anusAra zubhAzubha phala prApta hone kI dhAraNA meM usakA vizvAsa banA rhe| koI bhI AcAradarzana isa siddhAnta kI sthApanA kiye binA janasAdhAraNa ko naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAn banAye rakhane meM saphala nahIM hotaa| ___ karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ane vAle vartamAnakAlika samasta mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika karma bhUtakAlIna karmoM se prabhAvita hote haiM aura bhaviSya ke karmoM para apanA prabhAva DAlane kI kSamatA se yukta hote haiN| saMkSepa meM, vaijJAnika jagat meM tathyoM evaM ghaTanAoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie jo sthAna kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta kA hai, AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vahI sthAna 'karma-siddhAnta' kA hai| prophesara hariyannA ke anusAra, "karmasiddhAnta kA Azaya yahI hai ki naitika jagat meM bhI bhautika jagat kI bhA~ti, paryApta kAraNa ke binA kucha ghaTita nahIM ho sktaa| yaha samasta duHkha kA Adi srota hamAre vyaktitva meM hI khojakara Izvara aura prativezI ke prati kaTutA kA nivAraNa karatA hai| atItakAlIna jIvana hI vartamAna vyaktitva kA vidhAyaka hai| jisa prakAra koI bhI vartamAna ghaTanA kisI paravartI ghaTanA kA kAraNa banatI hai usI prakAra hamArA vartamAna AcaraNa hamAre paravartI AcaraNa evaM caritra kA kAraNa banatA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka karma-siddhAnta [1]

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braiDale jaba yaha kahate haiM "mAnava caritra kA nirmANa hotA hai| to unakA tAtparya yahI hai ki atIta ke kRtya hI vartamAna caritra kA nirmAtA hai aura isI vartamAna caritra ke AdhAra para hamAre bhAvI caritra (vyaktitva) kA nirmANa hotA hai| karma-siddhAnta kI AvazyakatA AcAradarzana ke lie utanI hI hai, jitanA vijJAna ke lie kAryakAraNa siddhAnta kii| vijJAna kAryakAraNa siddhAnta meM AsthA prakaTa karake hI Age bar3ha sakatA hai aura AcAradarzana karma-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para hI samAja meM naitikatA ke prati niSThA jAgRta kara sakatA hai| jisa prakAra kAryakAraNa-siddhAnta ke parityAga karane para vaijJAnika gaveSaNAe~ nirarthaka haiM, usI prakAra karma-siddhAnta se vihIna AcAradarzana bhI arthazUnya hotA hai| pro. veMkaTaramaNa likhate haiM ki 'karma siddhAnta kAryakAraNa siddhAnta ke niyamoM evaM mAnyatAoM kA mAnavIya AcaraNa ke kSetra meM prayoga hai, jisakI upakalpanA yaha hai ki.jagat meM kucha bhI saMyoga athavA svacchandatA kA pariNAma nahIM hai| jagat meM sabhI kucha kisI niyama ke adhIna hai| DaoN. Ara.esa. navalakkhA kA kathana hai ki 'yadi kAryakAraNa-siddhAnta jAgatika tathyoM kI vyAkhyA ko prAmANika rUpa se prastuta karatA hai, to phira usakA naitikatA ke kSetra meM prayoga karanA nyAyika kyoM nahIM hogaa| maiksamUlara ne bhI likhA hai ki 'yaha vizvAsa ki koI bhI acchA yA burA karma (binA phala diye) samApta nahIM hotA, naitika jagat kA ThIka vaisA hI vizvAsa hai jaisA ki bhautika jagat meM UrjA kI avinAzitA ke niyama kA vizvAsa hai|' karma-siddhAnta aura kAryakAraNa-siddhAnta meM sAmya hote hue bhI unake viSayoM kI prakRti ke kAraNa donoM meM jo maulika antara hai, use dhyAna meM rakhanA caahie| bhautika jagat meM kAryakAraNa-siddhAnta kA viSaya jar3a padArtha hote haiM, ataH usameM jitanI niyatatA hotI hai vaisI niyatatA prANIjagat meM lAgU hone vAle karmasiddhAnta meM nahIM ho sktii| yahI kAraNa hai ki karma-siddhAnta meM niyatatA aura svatantratA kA samucita saMyoga hotA hai| [2] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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upayogitA ke tarka (praigmeTika laoNjika) kI dRSTi se bhI yaha dhAraNA Avazyaka aura aucityapUrNa pratIta hotI hai ki hama AcAradarzana meM eka aise siddhAnta kI pratiSThApanA kareM, jo naitika kRtyoM ke anivArya phala ke AdhAra para unake pUrvavartI aura anuvartI pariNAmoM kI vyAkhyA bhI kara sake tathA prANiyoM ko zubha kI ora pravRtta aura azubha se vimukha kreN| ___ bhAratIya cintakoM ne karma-siddhAnta kI sthApanA ke dvArA na kevala naitika kriyAoM ke phala kI anivAryatA prakaTa kI, varan unake pUrvavartI kArakoM evaM anuvartI pariNAmoM kI vyAkhyA bhI kI, sAtha hI sRSTi ke vaiSamya kA sundaratama samAdhAna bhI kiyaa| 2. karma-siddhAnta kI maulika svIkRtiyA~ aura phalitArtha ___ karma-siddhAnta kI prathama mAnyatA yaha hai ki pratyeka kriyA usake pariNAma se jur3I hai, usakA paravartI prabhAva aura pariNAma hotA hai| pratyeka naitika kriyA anivAryatayA phalayukta hotI hai, phalazUnya nahIM hotii| karmasiddhAnta kI dUsarI mAnyatA yaha hai ki usa pariNAma kI anubhUti vahI vyakti karatA hai jisane pUrvavartI kriyA kI hai| pUrvavartI kriyAoM kA kartA hI usake pariNAma kA bhoktA hotA hai| tIsare, karma-siddhAnta yaha bhI mAnakara calatA hai ki karma aura usake vipAka kI yaha paramparA anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai| jaba ina tInoM praznoM kA vicAra karate haiM to zubhAzubha naitika kriyAoM ke phalayukta yA savipAka hone ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana ekamata pratIta hote haiN| bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM ne niSkAmabhAva evaM vItarAgadRSTi se yukta AcAraNa ko zubhAzubha kI koTi se pare atinaitika (A Moral) mAnakara phalazUnya yA avipAkI mAnA hai| jaina vicAraNA ne aise AcaraNa ko phalayukta mAnate hue bhI usake phala yA vipAka ke sambandha meM IryApathika bandha aura mAtra pradezodaya kA jo vicAra prastuta kiyA hai usake AdhAra para yaha matabheda mahatvapUrNa nahIM raha jAtA hai| jahA~ taka karmoM kA kartA aura bhoktA vahI AtmA hotA hai karma-siddhAnta [3]

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isa mAnyatA kA sambandha hai, gItA aura jaina darzana kI dRSTi se jo AtmA karmoM kA kartA hai, vahI unake karmaphaloM kA bhoktA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki AtmA svakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai, parakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga nahIM krtaa| buddha ke sAmane bhI jaba yahI prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki AtmA svakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai yA parakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai to buddha ne mahAvIra se bhinna uttara diyA aura kahA ki prANI yA AtmA ke sukha-duHkha na to svakRta hai, na prkRt|' buddhi ko svakRta mAnane meM zAzvatavAda kA aura parakRta mAnane meM ucchedavAda kA doSa dikhAI diyA, ataH unhoMne mAtra vipAka-paramparA ko hI svIkAra kiyaa| jahA~ taka karma-vipAka-paramparA ke pravAha ko anAdi mAnane kA prazna hai, tInoM hI AcAradarzana samAna rUpa se use anAdi mAnate haiN| saMkSepa meM ina AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM ke phalitArtha nimnalikhita haiM 1. vyakti kA vartamAna vyaktitva usake pUrvavartI vyakti (caritra) kA pariNAma hai aura yahI vartamAna vyaktitva (caritra) usake bhAvI vyaktitva kA nirmAtA hai| 2. naitika dRSTi se zubhAzubha jo kriyAe~ vyakti ne kI haiM vahI unake pariNAmoM kA bhoktA bhI hai| yadi vaha una saba pariNAmoM ko ina jIvana meM nahIM bhoga pAtA hai, to vaha una pariNAmoM ko bhogane ke lie bhAvI janma grahaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra karma-siddhAnta se punarjanma kA siddhAnta bhI phalita hotA hai| 3. sAtha hI ina pariNAmoM ke bhoga ke lie isa zarIra ko chor3ane ke pazcAt dUsarA zarIra grahaNa karane vAlA koI sthAyI tattva bhI honA caahie| isa prakAra naitika kRtyoM ke anivArya phalabhoga ke sAtha AtmA kI amaratA kA siddhAnta jur3a jAtA hai| yadi karma-siddhAnta kI mAnyatA ke sAtha AtmA kI amaratA svIkAra nahIM kI jAtI hai, to jaina vicArakoM [4] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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kI dRSTi se kRtapraNAza aura akRtabhoga ke doSa upasthita hote haiN| unakI dRSTi meM AtmA kI amaratA yA nityatA kI dhAraNA ke abhAva meM karmasiddhAnta kAphI nirbala par3a jAtA hai| isa prakAra AtmA kI amaratA kI dhAraNA karma-siddhAnta kI anivArya phalazruti hai| 4. karma-siddhAnta yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki AcAra ke kSetra meM zubha aura azubha aisI do prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ hotI haiN| sAtha hI zubha pravRtti kA phala zubha aura azubha pravRtti kA phala azubha hotA hai| 5. karma-siddhAnta cetana Atma-tattva ko prabhAvita karane vAlI pratyeka ghaTanA evaM anubhUti ke kAraNa kI khoja bAhya jagat meM nahIM karatA, varan Antarika jagat meM karatA hai| vaha svayaM cetanA meM hI usake kAraNa ko khojane kI koziza karatA hai| 3. karma-siddhAnta kA udbhava karma-siddhAnta kA udbhava kaisA huA, yaha vicAraNIya viSaya hai| bhAratIya cintana kI jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM paramparAoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa to huA hai, lekina usake sarvAMgINa vikAsa kA zreya jaina paramparA ko hI hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki 'yadyapi vaidika sAhitya tathA bauddha sAhitya meM karmasambandhI vicAra haiM, para vaha itanA alpa hai ki usakA koI khAsa grantha usa sAhitya meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| usake viparIta jaina darzana meM karmasambandhI vicAra sUkSma, vyavasthita aura ati vistRta haiN| vaidika paramparA kI prArambhika avasthA meM upaniSadkAla taka koI Thosa karma-siddhAnta nahIM bana pAyA thA, yadyapi vaidika sAhitya meM Rt ke rUpa meM usakA aspaSTa nirdeza avazya upalabdha hai| pro0 mAlavaNiyA kA kathana hai ki 'Adhanika vidvAnoM meM isa viSaya meM koI vivAda nahIM hai ki upaniSadoM ke pUrvakAlIna vaidika sAhitya meM karma yA adRSTa kI kalpanA kA spaSTa rUpa dikhAI nahIM detaa| karma kAraNa hai aisA vAda bhI upaniSadoM kA sarvasammatavAda ho, yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa|" vaidika sAhitya karma-siddhAnta [5]

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meM Rta ke niyama ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina usakI vistRta vyAkhyA usameM upalabdha nahIM hai| pUrva yuga meM jina vicArakoM ne isa vaicitryamaya sRSTi, vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM, vyakti kI vibhinna sukhadaduHkhada anubhUtiyoM tathA sada-asad pravRttiyoM kA kAraNa jAnane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, unameM se adhikAMza ne isa kAraNa kI khoja bAhya tathyoM meM kii| unake ina prayAsoM ke phalasvarUpa vibhinna dhArAe~ udbhuta huiiN| 4. kAraNa sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAe~ __ zvetAzvataropaniSad, sUtrakRtAMga, aMguttaranikAya, mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva tathA gItA meM ina vividha vicAradhArAoM ke sandarbha upalabdha haiN| unameM kucha pramukha mAnyatAe~ isa prakAra haiM 1. kAlavAda - samagra jAgatika tathyoM, vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM tathA vyakti ke sukha-duHkha evaM kriyAkalApoM kA ekamAtra kAraNa kAla hai| 2. svabhAvavAda - jo bhI ghaTita hotA hai yA hogA, usakA AdhAra vastu kA apanA svabhAva hai| svabhAva kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 3. niyativAda - ghaTanAoM kA ghaTita honA pUrvaniyata hai aura ve usI rUpa meM ghaTita hotI haiN| unheM koI kabhI bhI anyathA nahIM kara sktaa| jaisA honA hotA hai, vaisA hI hotA hai| 4. yadRcchAvAda - jagata kI kisI bhI ghaTanA kA koI bhI niyata hetu nahIM hai, usakA ghaTita honA mAtra eka saMyoga hai| isa prakAra yaha saMyoga para bala detA hai tathA ahetuvAdI dhAraNA kA pratipAdana karatA hai| 5. mahAbhUtavAda - yaha bhautikavAdI dhAraNA hai| isake anusAra pRthvI, agni, vAyu aura pAnI ye cAroM mahAbhUta hI mUlabhUta kAraNa haiM, sabhI kucha inake vibhinna saMyogoM kA pariNAma hai| 6. prakRtivAda - prakRtivAda triguNAtmaka prakRti ko hI samagra jAgatika vikAsa tathA mAnavIya sukha-duHkha evaM bandhana kA kAraNa mAnatA hai| [6] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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7. IzvaravAda - isake anusAra Izvara hI jagat kA racayitA evaM niyantA hai| jo bhI kucha hotA hai vaha saba usI kI icchA kA pariNAma hai| jaina aura bauddha AgamoM meM evaM aupaniSadika sAhitya meM ina sabhI mAnyatAoM kI AlocanA kI gayI hai| yaha samAlocanA hI eka vyavasthita karma-siddhAnta kI sthApanA kA AdhAra banI hai| DaoN0 nathamala TAMTiyA ke zabdoM meM sRSTi sambandhI vibhinna mAnyatAoM ke virodha meM hI karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa huA, aisA pratIta hotA hai| 5. aupaniSadika dRSTikoNa aupaniSadika sAhitya meM sarvaprathama ina vividha mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA kI gayI hai| jahA~ pUrvavartI RSiyoM ne jagat ke vaicitrya evaM vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa kinhIM bAhya tattvoM ko mAnakara santoSa kiyA hogA, vahA~ aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne ina mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA ke dvArA Antarika kAraNa khojane kA prayAsa kiyaa| zvetAzvatara upaniSad ke prArambha meM hI yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki hama kisake dvArA sukha-duHkha meM prerita hokara saMsAra-yAtrA (vyavasthA) kA anuvartana kara rahe haiM? RSi yaha jijJAsA prakaTa karatA hai ki kyA kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, bhUta, yoni (prakRti), puruSa evaM inakA saMyoga kAraNa hai? isa para vicAra karanA caahie| RSi kA kahanA ki kAla svabhAva Adi kAraNa nahIM ho sakate, na inakA saMyoga hI kAraNa ho sakatA hai; kyoMki inameM se pratyeka tathA inakA saMyoga sabhI AtmA se 'para' hai, ataH inakA AtmA se tAdAtmyabhAva nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jIvAtmA bhI kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vaha to svayaM sukha-duHkha ke adhIna hai|" zvetAzvatara bhASya meM kAla, svabhAva Adi ke kAraNa na ho sakane ke sambandha meM yaha bhI tarka diyA gayA hai ki kAlAdi meM pratyeka alaga-alaga rUpa meM kAraNa nahIM mAne jA sakate, aisA mAnanA pratyakSa-viruddha hai, kyoMki loka meM kAlAdi nimittoM ke paraspara milane para hI kArya hote dekhA jAtA hai| karma-siddhAnta [7]

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karma-siddhAnta kI udbhAvanA meM aupaniSadika cintana kA yogadAna yaha hai ki usameM tatkAlIna kAla, svabhAva, niyati Adi siddhAntoM kI apUrNatA kI abhivyakta karane kA prayAsa mAtra kiyA gyaa| usane na kevala inakA niSedha kiyA, varan inake sthAna para Izvara (brahma) ko kAraNa mAnane kA prayAsa kiyaa| zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha buddhimAna to svabhAva ko kAraNa batalAte haiM aura kucha kAla ko, kintu ye mohagrasta hai (ataH ThIka nahIM jaante)| yaha bhagavAn kI mahimA hI hai, jisase loka meM yaha brahmacakra ghUma rahA hai| lekina vaha brahma bhI pUrvakathita vibhinna kAraNoM kA adhiSThAna hI bana sakA, kAraNa nhiiN| bhASyakAra kahate haiM ki brahma na kAraNa hai, na akAraNa, na kAraNa-akAraNa ubhayarUpa hai, na donoM se bhinna haiN| advitIya paramAtmA kA kAraNatva upAdAna athavA nimitta svataH kucha bhI nahIM hai| isa prakAra aupaniSadika cintana meM kAraNa kyA hai? yaha nizcaya nahIM ho skaa| gItA kA dRSTikoNa ___gItA meM kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, prakRtivAda, daivavAda evaM IzvaravAda ke saMketa milate haiN| gItAkAra ina saba siddhAntoM ko yathAvasara svIkAra karake calatA hai| vaha kabhI kAla ko, kabhI prakRti ko, kabhI svabhAva ko, to kabhI puruSa athavA Izvara ko kAraNa mAnatA hai| yadyapi gItAkAra pUrvavartI vicArakoM se isa bAta meM to bhinna hai ki isameM se vaha kisI eka hI siddhAnta ko mAnakara nahIM calatA, varan yathAvasara sabhI ke mUlya ko svIkAra karake calatA hai, tathApi usameM spaSTa samanvaya kA abhAva-sA lagatA hai aura isa taraha sabhI siddhAnta pRthak se raha jAte haiN| phira bhI itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki gItAkAra antima kAraNa ke rUpa meM Izvara ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa zramaNa paramparA meM ina vibhinna vAdoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA evaM brahma ke sthAna para karma ko hI isakA kAraNa mAnA gyaa| buddha aura mahAvIra [8] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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1 1 donoM ne karma ko hI Izvara ke sthAna para pratiSThita kiyA aura jagata ke vaicitrya kA kAraNa karma hai, aisI udghoSaNA kii| IzvaravAdI darzanoM meM jo sthAna Izvara kA hai, vahI sthAna bauddha aura jaina darzana meM karma siddhAnta ne le liyA hai / aMguttaranikAya meM bhagavAna buddha ne vibhinna kAraNatAvAdI aura akAraNatAvAdI dRSTikoNoM kI samIkSA kI hai / " jagat ke vyavasthA niyama ke rUpa meM buddha spaSTarUpa se karma - siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiM / suttanipAta meM svayaM buddha kahate haiM, kisI kA karma naSTa nahIM hotaa| kartA use prApta karatA hI hai| pApakarma karanevAlA paraloka meM apane ko duHkha meM par3A pAtA hai| saMsAra karma se calatA hai, prajA karma se calatI hai / ratha kA cakra jisa prakAra ANI se baMdhA rahatA hai usI prakAra prANI karma se baMdhe rahate haiN| 17 bauddha mantavya ko AcArya narendradeva nimna zabdoM meM prastuta karate haiM, jIva loka aura bhAjana loka (vizva) kI vicitratA IzvarakRta nahIM hai / koI Izvara nahIM hai jisane buddhipUrvaka isakI racanA kI ho / lokavaicitrya karmaja hai, yaha satvoM ke karma se utpanna hotA hai / 18 bauddha vicAra meM prakRti evaM svabhAva ko mAtra bhautika jar3a jagata kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / buddha spaSTa rUpa se karmavAda ko svIkAra karate haiM / buddha se zubha mANavaka ne prazna kiyA thA, he gautama, kyA hetu hai, kyA pratyaya hai, ki manuSya hote hue bhI manuSya rUpa vAle meM hInatA aura uttamatA dikhAI par3atI hai ? he gautama, yahA~ manuSya alpAyu dekhane meM Ate haiM aura dIrghAyu bhI bahurogI bhI alparogI bhI, kurUpa bhI, rUpavAn bhI, daridra bhI dhanavAna bhI, nirbuddhi bhI, prajJAvAn bhI / he gautama, kyA kAraNa hai ki yahA~ prANiyoM meM itanI hInatA aura praNItatA ( uttamatA ) dikhAI par3atI hai ? bhagavAna buddha ne jo isakA uttara diyA hai vaha bauddha dharma meM karmavAda ke sthAna ko spaSTa kara detA hai| ve kahate haiM, he mANavaka prANI karmasvayaM ( karma hI jinakA apanA ), karma dAyAda, karmayoni, karmabandhu aura karmapratizaraNa hai / karma hI prANiyoM ko isa hInatA aura uttamatA meM vibhakta karatA hai / " bauddha darzana meM karma ko caittasika pratyaya ke rUpa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura yaha mAnA gayA hai ki karma ke karma - siddhAnta " [9]

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kAraNa hI AcAra, vicAra evaM svarUpa kI yaha vividhatA hai / isa prakAra bauddha dharma ne karma ko kAraNa mAna kara prANiyoM kI hInatA evaM praNItatA kA uttara to bar3e hI spaSTa rUpa meM diyA hai, phira bhI yaha karma kA niyama kisa prakAra apanA kArya karatA hai, isakA kAla svabhAva Adi se kyA sambandha hai, isake bAre meM usameM itanA adhika vistRta vivecana nahIM hai jitanA ki jaina darzana meM hai / jaina dRSTikoNa jaina darzana meM bhI kAraNatA sambandhI ina vividha siddhAntoM kI samIkSA kI gayI / sUtrakRtAMga evaM usake paravartI jaina sAhitya meM inameM se adhikAMza vicAraNAoM kI vistRta samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai / yahA~ vistAra meM na jAkara una samIkSAoM kI sArabhUta bAtoM ko prastuta karanA hI paryApta hai / sAmAnyatayA vyakti kI sukha duHkhAtmaka anubhUti kA AdhAra kAla nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki yadi kAla hI eka mAtra kAraNa hai to eka hI samaya meM eka vyakti sukhI aura dUsarA vyakti duHkhI nahIM ho sktaa| phira acetana kAla hamArI sukha duHkhAtmaka cetana avasthAoM kA kAraNa kaise ho sakatA hai? yadi yaha mAneM ki vyakti kI sad-asad pravRttiyoM kA kAraNa yA preraka tattva svabhAva hai aura hama usakA atikramaNa nahIM kara sakate haiM, to naitika sudhAra, naitika pragati kaise hogI? dasyu aMgulimAla, bhikSu aMgulimAla meM nahIM badala skegaa| niyativAda ko svIkAra karane para bhI jIvana meM prayatna yA puruSArtha kA koI mUlya nahIM raha jAyegA / isI prakAra Izvara ko hI preraka yA kAraNa mAnane para vyakti kI zubhAzubha pravRttiyoM ke lie prazaMsA yA nindA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAyegA / yadi Izvara hI vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa hai to phira vaha nyAyI nahIM kahA jA sakegA / pUrvanirdezita ina vibhinna vAdoM meM kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, niyativAda aura IzvaravAda isalie bhI asvIkArya hai ki inameM kAraNa ko bAhya mAnA gayA, lekina kAraNa - pratyaya ko jIvAtmA se bAhya mAnane para nirdhAraNavAda mAnanA [ 10 ] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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par3egA aura nirdhAraNavAda yA AtmA kI cayana sambandhI paratantratA meM naitika uttaradAyitva kA koI artha nahIM raha jAyegA / prakRtivAda ko mAnane para AtmA ko akriya yA kUTastha mAnanA par3egA, jo naitika mAnyatA ke anukUla siddha nahIM hogA / usameM AtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM / mahAbhUtoM ke kAraNa mAnane para dehAtmavAda yA ucchedavAda ko svIkAra karanA hogA, lekina AtmA ke sthAyI astitva ke abhAva meM karmaphala vyatikrama aura naitika pragati kI dhAraNA kA koI artha nahIM rhegaa| kRtapraNAza aura akRtabhoga kI samasyA utpanna ho jAyegI, sAtha hI bhautikavAdI dRSTi bhogavAda kI ora pravRtta karegI aura jIvana ke ucca mUlyoM kA koI artha nahIM rahegA / yadRcchAvAda ko svIkAra karane para saba kucha saMyoga para nirbhara hogA, lekina saMyoga yA ahetukatA bhI naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se samIcIna nahIM hai| naitika jIvana meM eka vyavasthA tathA krama hai, jise ahetuvAdI nahIM samajhA sakatA / ina sabhI siddhAntoM kI uparyukta akSamatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jaina darzana ne karma siddhAnta kI sthApanA kii| jaina vicAradhArA ne saMsAra kI prakriyA ko anAdi mAnate hue jIvoM ke sukha-duHkha evaM unakI vaiyaktika vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa karma ko mAnA / bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra spaSTa kahate haiM ki jIva svakRta sukha - duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai, parakRta kA nahIM 120 phira bhI jaina karma siddhAnta kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha apane karma - siddhAnta meM uparyukta vibhinna matoM ko yathocita sthAna de detA hai| jaina karma siddhAnta meM kAlavAda kA sthAna isa rUpa meM hai ki karma kA phaladAna usake vipAkakAla para hI nirbhara hotA hai / pratyeka karma kI apanI vipAka kI dRSTi se eka niyata kAla-maryAdA hotI hai aura sAmAnyatayA karma usa niyata samaya para hI apanA phala pradAna karatA hai / isI prakAra pratyeka karma kA niyata svabhAva hotA hai| karma apane svabhAva ke anusAra hI phala pradAna karatA hai, sAmAnyatayA isa dhAraNA ko yaha kahakara bhI prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA karma-siddhAnta [11]

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hai ki vyakti apane AcaraNa ke dvArA eka vizeSa caritra (svabhAva) kA nirmANa kara letA hai| vahI vyakti kA caritra usake bhAvI AcaraNa ko niyata karatA hai| isa rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI vyakti kI pravRtti hotI hai| pUrva arjita karma hI vyakti kI niyati bana jAte haiN| isa artha meM karma siddhAnta meM niyati kA tattva bhI praviSTa hai| karma ke nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM karmaparamANuoM ko sthAna dekara karma siddhAnta bhautika tattva ke mUlya ko bhI svIkAra kara letA hai| isI prakAra karma-siddhAnta meM vyakti kI karma kI cayanAtmaka svatantratA ko svIkAra kara yadRcchAvAdI dhAraNA ko bhI sthAna diyA gayA hai| karma siddhAnta ke anusAra vyakti svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA, niyantA aura svAmI hai| isa rUpa meM vaha svayaM hI Izvara bhI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana aneka ekAMgI dhAraNAoM ke samucita samanvaya ke AdhAra para apanA karma siddhAnta prastuta karatA hai| 6. jaina darzana kA samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa jaina AcAryoM ne kAla, svabhAva Adi sambandhI vibhinna kArakoM aura puruSArtha ke samanvaya meM AcAradarzana ke eka sacce siddhAnta kI khoja karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| AcArya siddhasena kA kahanA hai ki kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakarma aura puruSArtha paraspara nirapekSa rUpa meM kArya kI vyAkhyA karane meM ayathArtha bana jAte haiM, jabaki yahI siddhAnta paraspara sApekSa rUpa meM samanvita hokara kArya kI vyAkhyA karane meM saphala ho jAte haiN|" gItA ke dvArA jaina dRSTikoNa kA samarthana gItA meM jaina darzana ke isa samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana prApta hotA hai| gItA kahatI hai ki manuSya mana, vANI aura zarIra se jo bhI ucita aura anucita karma karatA hai usake kAraNa ke rUpa meM adhiSThAna, kartA, indriyA~, vibhinna prakAra kI ceSTAe~ aura daiva yaha pA~coM hI kAraNa hote haiN| [12] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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vastutaH mAnavIya vyavahAra kI preraNA evaM AcaraNa ke rUpa meM vibhinna niyativAdI tattva aura manuSya kA puruSArtha donoM hI kArya karate haiN| ina donoM ke samanvaya ke dvArA hI naitika uttaradAyitva evaM naitika jIvana ke preraka kI saphala vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki karma siddhAnta hameM eka aisA pratyaya detA hai jisameM vibhinna kArakoM kA sundara samanvaya khojA jA sakatA hai aura jo naitikatA ke lie samyaka jIvanadRSTi pradAna karatA hai| 7. karma zabda kA artha 'karma' zabda ke aneka artha haiN| sAdhAraNa 'karma' zabda kA artha "kriyA' hai, pratyeka prakAra kI halacala, cAhe vaha mAnasika ho athavA zArIrika, kriyA kahI jAtI hai| gItA meM karma zabda kA artha ___ mImAMsAdarzana meM karma kA tAtparya yajJa-yAga Adi kriyAoM se hai jabaki gItA varNAzrama ke anusAra kiye jAne vAle smArta kAryoM ko bhI karma kahatI hai| tilaka ke anusAra gItA meM karma zabda kevala yajJa-yAga evaM smArta karma ke hI saMkucita artha meM prayukta nahIM huA hai, varan sabhI prakAra ke kriyA-vyApAroM ke vyApaka artha meM prayukta huA hai| manuSya jo kucha bhI karatA hai, jo bhI kucha nahIM karane kA mAnasika saMkalpa yA Agraha rakhatA hai ve sabhI kAyika evaM mAnasika pravRttiyA~ bhagavadgItA ke anusAra karma hI hai| bauddha darzana meM karma kA artha ___ bauddha vicArakoM ne bhI karma zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| vahA~ bhI zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM ko karma kahA gayA hai, jo apanI naitika zubhAzubha prakRti ke anusAra kuzala karma athavA akuzala karma kahe jAte haiN| bauddha darzana meM yadyapi zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika ina tInoM prakAra kI kriyAoM ke artha meM karma zabda kA prayoga huA hai, karma-siddhAnta [13]

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phira bhI vahA~ kevala cetanA ko pramukhatA dI gayI hai aura cetanA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai| buddha ne kahA hai, 'cetanA hI bhikSuoM kA karma hai aisA maiM kahatA hU~, cetanA ke dvArA hI karma ko karatA hai- kAyA se, vANI se yA mana se| yahA~ para cetanA ko karma kahane kA Azaya kevala yahI hai ki cetanA ke hone para hI ye samasta kriyAe~ sambhava haiN| bauddha darzana meM cetanA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai, ki dUsare karmoM kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| usameM karma ke sabhI pakSoM kA sApekSa mahatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| Azraya, svabhAva aura samutthAna kI dRSTi se tInoM prakAra ke karmoM kA apanA-apanA viziSTa sthAna hai| Azraya kI dRSTi se kAyakarma hI pradhAna hai kyoMki manakarma aura vAcAkarma bhI kAyA para hI Azrita haiN| svabhAva kI dRSTi se vAkkarma hI pradhAna hai, kyoMki kAya aura mana svabhAvataH karma nahIM hai, karma unakA svasvabhAva nahIM hai, yadi samutthAna (Arambha) kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to mana karma hI pradhAna hai, kyoMki sabhI karmoM kA Arambha mana se hai| bauddha darzana meM samutthAna kAraNa ko pramukhatA dekara hI yaha kahA gayA hai ki cetanA hI karma hai| sAtha hI isI AdhAra para karmoM kA eka dvividha vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai1. cetanA karma aura 2. cetayitvA krm| cetanA mAnasa karma hai aura cetanA se utpanna hone ke kAraNa zeSa donoM vAcika aura kAyika karma cetayitvA karma kahe gaye haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi karma zabda kriyA ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai, lekina karma siddhAnta meM karma zabda kA artha kriyA se adhika vistRta hai| vahA~ para karma zabda meM zArIrika, mAnasika aura vAcika kriyA, usa kriyA kA vizuddha cetanA para par3ane vAlA prabhAva evaM isa prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa bhAvI kriyAoM kA nirdhAraNa aura una bhAvI kriyAoM ke kAraNa utpanna hone vAlI anubhUti sabhI samAviSTa ho jAtI haiN| sAdhAraNa rUpa se karma zabda ke kriyA, kriyA kA uddezya aura usakA phalavipAka tInoM hI artha lie jAte haiN| karma meM kriyA kA uddezya, kriyA aura usake phalavipAka taka ke sAre tathya sannihita haiN| AcArya narendradeva [14] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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likhate haiM, kevala cetanA (Azaya) aura karma hI saphala karma nahIM haiN| (usameM) karma ke pariNama kA bhI vicAra karanA hogaa|" jaina darzana meM karma zabda kA artha sAmAnyatayA kriyA ko karma kahA jAtA hai, kriyAe~ tIna prakAra kI haiM - 1. zArIrika, 2. mAnasika aura 3. vaacik| zAstrIya bhASA meM inheM yoga kahA gayA hai, lekina jaina paramparA meM karma kA yaha kriyAparaka artha karma zabda kI eka AMzika vyAkhyA hI prastuta karatA hai| usase kriyA ke hetu para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArya devendrasUri karma kI paribhASA meM likhate hai, jIva kI kriyA kA jo hetu hai, vaha karma hai paM.sukhalAlajI kahate haiM ki mithyAtva, kaSAya Adi kAraNoM se jIva ke dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai vahI karma kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra ve karma hetu aura kriyA donoM hI karma ke antargata le jAte haiM, jaina paramparA meM karma ke do pakSa haiM- 1. rAgadveSa, kaSAya Adi manobhAva aura 2. karma pudgala kriyA kA hetu hai aura rAgadveSAdi kriyA hai| karmapudgala se tAtparya una jar3a paramANuoM (zarIra rAsAyanika tattvoM) se hai jo prANI kI kisI kriyA ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita hokara, usase apanA sambandha sthApita kara karmazarIra kI racanA karate haiM aura samaya vizeSa ke pakane para apane phala (vipAka) ke rUpa meM vizeSa prakAra kI anubhUtiyoM utpanna kara alaga ho jAte haiN| inheM dravya karma kahate haiN| saMkSepa meM jaina vicAra meM karma kA tAtparya Atmazakti ko prabhAvita aura kuMThita karane vAle tatva se hai| sabhI Astika darzanoM ne eka aisI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai jo AtmA yA cetanA kI zuddhatA ko prabhAvita karatI hai| jaina darzana use 'karma' kahatA hai| vahI sattA vedAnta meM mAyA yA avidyA, sAMkhya meM prakRti, nyAyadarzana meM adRSTa aura mImAMsA meM apUrva ke nAma se kahI gayI hai| bauddha darzana meM vahI karma ke sAtha-sAtha avidyA, saMskAra aura vAsanA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| nyAyadarzana meM adRSTa aura saMskAra tathA vaizeSika darzana karma-siddhAnta [15]

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ke dharmAdharma bhI jaina darzana ke karma ke samAnArthaka haiN| sAMkhyadarzana meM prakRti ( triguNAtmaka sattA ) aura yogadarzana meM Azaya zabda bhI isI artha ko abhivyakta karate haiM / zaiva darzana kA 'pAza' zabda bhI jaina darzana ke karma kA samAnArthaka hai| yadyapi uparyukta zabda karma ke paryAyavAcI kahe jA sakate haiM, phira bhI pratyeka zabda apane gahana vizleSaNa meM eka dUsare se pRthaka artha kI abhivyaMjanA bhI karatA hai| phira bhI sabhI vicAraNAoM meM yaha samAnatA hai ki sabhI karma saMskAra ko AtmA kA bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa svIkAra karate haiM / jaina dharma do prakAra ke kAraNa mAnatA hai- 1. nimitta kAraNa aura 2. upAdAna kAraNa / karma siddhAnta meM karma ke nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM karma-vargaNA tathA upAdAna kAraNa ke rUpa meM AtmA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 8. karma kA bhautika svarUpa jaina darzana meM bandhana aura mukti kI prakriyA kI vyAkhyA binA ajIva (jar3a) tatva ke vivecana ke sambhava nahIM / AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa kyA hai? jaba yaha prazna jaina dArzanikoM ke samakSa AyA, to unhoMne batAyA ki AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa mAtra AtmA nahIM ho sakatA / pAramArthika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAye to AtmA meM svata: ke bandhana meM Ane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai| jaise binA kumhAra, cAka Adi nimittoM ke miTTI svataH ghaTa kA nirmANa nahIM kara sakatI, vaise hI AtmA svataH binA kisI bAhya nimitta ke koI bhI aisI kriyA nahIM kara sakatA jo usake bandhana kA kAraNa ho / vastutaH krodha Adi kaSAya, rAga, dveSa evaM moha Adi bandhaka manovRttiyA~ bhI AtmA meM svataH utpanna nahIM ho sakatIM jaba taka ki ve karmavargaNaoM ke vipAka ke rUpa meM cetanA ke samakSa upasthita nahIM hotIM / yadi manovaijJAnika dRSTi se kahA jAve to jisa prakAra zarIra rasAyanoM aura raktarasAyanoM ke parivartana hamAre saMvegoM (manobhAvoM) kA kAraNa hote haiM aura saMvegoM ke kAraNa hamAre raktarasAyana aura zarIrarasAyana meM parivartana hote haiM donoM parivartana paraspara sApekSa haiM, usI prakAra karma ke lie Atmatatva aura jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta [16]

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jar3a karma vargaNAe~ paraspara sApekSa haiN| jar3a karma vargaNAoM ke kAraNa manobhAva utpanna hote haiM aura una manobhAvoM ke kAraNa punaH jar3a karma paramANuoM kA Asrava evaM bandha hotA hai jo apanI vipAka avasthA meM punaH manobhAvoM (kaSAyoM ) kA kAraNa banate haiM / isa prakAra manobhAvoM ( Atmika pravRtti) aura jar3a karma paramANuoM ke paraspara prabhAva kA krama calatA rahatA hai| jaise vRkSa aura bIja meM pArasparika sambandha hai vaise hI AtmA ke bandhana kI dRSTi se AtmA kI azuddha manovRttiyoM (kaSAya evaM moha) aura karma paramANuoM meM parasparika sambandha hai| jar3a karma paramANu aura AtmA meM bandhana kI dRSTi se kramazaH nimitta aura upAdAna kA sambandha mAnA gayA hai| karma pudgala bandhana kA nimitta kAraNa hai aura AtmA upAdAna kAraNa hai| jaina vicAraka ekAnta rUpa meM na to AtmA ko hI bandhana kA kAraNa mAnate haiM aura na jar3a karma vargaNAoM ko, apitu yaha mAnate haiM ki jar3a karma vargaNAoM ke nimitta se AtmA bandha karatA hai| dravya karma aura bhAva karma karma ke dravyAtmaka aura bhAvAtmaka ye do pakSa haiM / pratyeka karma saMkalpa ke hetu ke rUpa meM vicAraka ( upAdAna kAraNa) aura usa vicAra kA preraka ( nimitta kAraNa) donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| AtmA ke mAnasika vicAra bhAva-karma haiM aura ye manobhAva jisa nimitta se hote hai yA jo inakA preraka hai vaha dravya karma hai| karma ke cetana-acetana pakSoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue AcArya nemicandra likhate haiM, pudgala piNDa dravyakarma haiM aura usakI cetanA ko prabhAvita karanevAlI zakti bhAva karma hai / 30 karma siddhAnta ke samucita vyAkhyA ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki karma ke AkAra ( Form ) aura viSaya vastu (Matter) donoM hI hoN| jar3a karma - paramANu karma kI viSayavastu haiM aura manobhAva usake AkAra haiM / hamAre sukha duHkhAdi anubhavoM athavA zubhAzubha karma saMkalpoM ke lie karma paramANu bhautika kAraNa haiM aura karma - siddhAnta [17]

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manobhAva caitasika kAraNa haiN| AtmA meM jo mithyAtva (ajJAna) aura kaSAya (azucita vRtti) rUpa, rAga-dveSa Adi bhAva haiM vahI bhAva karma haiN| bhAva karma AtmA kA vaibhAvika pariNAma (dUSita vRtti) hai aura svayaM AtmA hI usakA upAdAna hai| bhAvakarma kA Antarika kAraNa AtmA hai, jaise- ghaTa kA Antarika (upAdAna) kAraNa miTTI hai| dravya karma sUkSma kArmaNa jAti ke paramANuoM kA vikAra hai aura AtmA unakA nimitta kAraNa hai, jaise kumhAra ghar3e kA nimitta kAraNa hai| AcArya vidyAnandi ne aSTasahastrI meM dravyakarma ko 'AvaraNa' aura bhAva karma ko 'doSa' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| cUMki dravya karma Atma zaktiyoM ke prakaTana ko rokatA hai, ataH vaha 'AvaraNa' hai aura bhAva karma svayaM AtmA kI hI vibhAvAvasthA hai, ataH vaha 'doSa' hai| jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM karma mAne gaye haiM-AvaraNa aura vikssep| jainAcAryoM ne AvaraNa aura doSa athavA dravya karma aura bhAvakarma ke madhya kArya-kAraNa bhAva svIkAra kiyA hai| 1 jaina karmasiddhanta meM manovikAroM kA svarUpa karma paramANuoM kI prakRti para nirbhara karatA hai aura karma paramANuoM kI prakRti kA nirdhAraNa manovikAroM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma meM karma ke cetana aura acetana donoM pakSoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jise vaha apanI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma kahatA hai| jaise kisI kArya ke lie nimitta aura upAdAna donoM kAraNa Avazyaka haiM, vaise hI jaina karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra AtmA (jIva) ke pratyeka karmasaMkalpa ke lie upAdAna rUpa meM bhAvakarma (manovikAra) aura nimittarUpa meM dravyakarma (karma-paramANu) donoM Avazyaka haiN| jar3a paramANu hI karma kA bhautika yA acit pakSa hai aura jar3a karma-paramANuoM meM prabhAvita vikArayukta cetanA kI avasthA karma kA caittasika pakSa hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva kI jo zubhAzubharUpa naitika pravRtti hai, usakA mUla kAraNa to mAnasika (bhAvakarma) hai lekina una mAnasika vRttiyoM ke lie jisa bAhya kAraNa kI apekSA hai vahI dravya karma hai| ise hama vyakti kA pariveza kaha sakate [18] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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haiN| manovRttiyoM, kaSAyoM athavA bhAvoM kI utpatti svataH nahIM ho sakatI, usakA bhI kAraNa apekSita hai| sabhI bhAva jisa nimitta kI apekSA karate haiM, vahI dravya karma hai| isI prakAra jaba taka AtmA meM kaSAyoM (manovikAra) athavA bhAva karma kI upasthita nahIM ho, taba taka karma paramANu jIva ke lie karmarUpa meM (bandhana ke rUpa meM) pariNata nahIM ho skte| isa prakAra karma ke donoM pakSa apekSita haiN| dravya karma aura bhAva karma kA sambandha paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM ki bhAva-karma ke hone meM dravya-karma nimitta hai aura dravya-karma meM bhAva-karma nimitta, donoM kA Apasa meM bIjAMkura kI taraha kArya-kAraNabhAva sambandha hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM karma ke cetana aura jar3a donoM pakSoM meM bIjAMkuravat pArasparika kAryakAraNabhAva mAnA gayA hai| jaise bIja se vRkSa aura vRkSa se bIja banatA hai aura usameM kisI ko bhI pUrvApara nahIM kahA jA sakatA, vaise hI dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma meM bhI kisI pUrvAparatA kA nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadyapi pratyeka dravyakarma kI apekSA se usakA bhAvakarma pUrva hogA aura pratyeka bhAvakarma ke lie usakA dravyakarma pUrva hogaa| vastutaH isameM santati apekSA se anAdi kArya-kAraNa bhAva hai| upAdhyAya amaramuni jI likhate haiM ki bhAva karma ke hone ke pUrvabaddha dravya-karma nimitta hai aura vartamAna meM badhyamAna dravyakarma nimitta hai| donoM meM nimitta naimittika rUpa kAryakaraNa sambandha hai| (a) bauddha dRSTikoNa evaM usakI samIkSA __yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki karmoM ke bhautika pakSa ko kyoM svIkAra kareM? bauddha darzana karma ke caittasika pakSa ko hI svIkAra karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki bandhana ke kAraNa avidyA, vAsanA, tRSNAdi caittasika tatva hI haiN| DaoN. TAMTiyA isa sandarbha meM jaina mata kI samucitatA para prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM ki yaha tarka diyA jA karma-siddhAnta [19]

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sakatA hai ki krodhAdi kaSAya, jo AtmA ke bandhana kI sthitiyA~ haiM, ve AtmA ke hI guNa haiM aura isalie AtmA ke guNoM (caittasika dazAoM) ko AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa mAnane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM AtI hai / lekina isa sambandha meM jaina vicArakoM kA uttara yaha hogA ki krodhAdi kaSAya avasthAe~ bandha kI prakRtiyA~ haiM, krodhAdi kaSAya avasthA meM honA to svataH hI AtmA kA bandhana hai, ve bandhana kI upAdhi ( nimittakaraNa) nahIM ho sakatI / kaSAya bandhana kA sRjana karatI hai, lekina unakI upAdhi (Condition) to anivAryatayA unase bhinna honI cAhie, kyoMki kaSAya Adi AtmA kI vaibhAvika avasthAe~ haiM, isalie unakA kAraka yA upAdhi ( nimitta) AtmA ke guNoM se bhinna honA cAhie aura isa prakAra kaSAya aura bandhana kI upAdhi yA nimittakaraNa anivArya rUpa se bhautika honA caahie| yadi bandhana kA kAraNa Antarika aura caittasika hI hai aura kisI bAhya tattva se prabhAvita nahIM hotA to phira usase mukti kA kyA artha hogA / 34 jaina mata ke anusAra yadi bandhana aura bandhana kA kAraNa donoM hI samAna prakRti ke haiM to upAdAna aura nimitta kAraNa kA antara hI samApta ho jAvegA / yadi kaSAya AtmA meM svataH hI utpanna ho jAte haiM to ve usakA svabhAva hI hoMge aura yadi ve AtmA kA svabhAva hai to unheM chor3A nahIM jA sakegA aura yadi unheM chor3anA sambhava nahIM to mukti bhI sambhava nahIM hogii| dUsare jo svabhAva haiDDa vaha Antarika evaM svata: haiM aura yadi svabhAva meM svataH binA kisI bAhya nimitta ke hI vikAra A sakatA hai, to phira bandhana meM Ane kI sambhAvanA sadaiva banI rahegI aura mukti kA koI artha hI nahIM rhegaa| yadi pAnI meM svataH hI uSNatA utpanna ho jAve to zItalatA usakA svabhAva nahIM ho sktaa| AtmA meM bhI yadi manovikAra svataH hI utpanna ho sake to vaha nirvikAra nahIM raha sktaa| jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki uSNatA ke saMyoga se jisa prakAra pAnI svaguNa zItalatA ko chor3a vikArI ho jAtA hai, vaise hI AtmA jar3a karma - paramANuoM ke saMyoga se hI vikArI banatA hai / kaSAyAdi bhAva AtmA kI vibhAvAvasthA ke sUcaka [20] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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haiM, ve svataH hI vibhAva ke kAraNa nahIM ho skte| vibhAva svataH prasUta nahIM hotA, usakA koI bAhya nimitta avazya honA caahie| jaise pAnI ko zItalatA kI svabhAva-dazA se uSNatA kI vibhAvadazA meM parivartita hone ke lie svasvabhAva se bhinna agni kA saMyoga (bAhya nimitta) Avazyaka hai, vaise hI AtmA ko jJAna-darzana rUpa svasvabhAva kA parityAga kara kaSAyarUpa vibhAvadazA ko grahaNa karane ke lie bAhya nimitta rUpa karmapudgaloM kA honA Avazyaka hai| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra jar3a karmaparamANu aura cetana AtmA ke pArasparika sambandha ke binA vibhAvadazA yA bandhana kathamapi sambhava nhiiN| bauddha vicAraka yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki amUrta caittasika tattva hI amUrta cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiN| mUrta jar3a (rUpa) amUrta cetana (nAma) ko prabhAvita nahIM karatA, lekina isa AdhAra para jar3a-cetanamaya jagat yA bauddha paribhASA meM nAma rUpAtmaka jagat kI vyAkhyA saMbhava nahIM hai| yadi caittasika tattvoM aura bhautika tattvoM ke madhya koI kAraNAtmaka sambandha svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA hai, to unake sambandhoM se utpanna isa jagat kI tArkika vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hogii| vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM ne isI kaThinAI se bacane ke lie bhautika jagat (rUpa) kA nirasana kiyA, lekina yaha to vAstavikatA se mu~ha mor3anA hI thaa| bauddha dArzana karma yA bandhana ke mAtra caittasika pakSa ko hI svIkAra karatA hai, lekina thor3I adhika gaharAI se vicAra karane para dikhAI detA hai ki bauddha darzana meM bhI donoM pakSa milate haiN| pratItyasamutpAda meM vijJAna (cetanA) tathA nAma rUpa ke madhya kAraNasambandha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| milindaprazna meM to spaSTarUpa se kahA gayA hai ki nAma (cetana pakSa) aura rUpa (bhautika pakSa) anyonyAzrayabhAva se sambaddha hai| vastutaH bauddha darzana bhI nAma (cetana) aura rUpa (bhautika) donoM ke sahayoga se hI kArya niSpatti mAnatA hai| usakA yaha kahanA ki cetanA hI karma hai, kevala isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki kArya niSpatti meM cetanA sakriya tattva ke rUpa meM pramukha kAraNa hai| karma-siddhAnta [21]

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(ba) sAMkhya darzana aura zAMkaravedAnta ke dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA sAMkhya dArzanikoM ne puruSa ko kUTastha mAnakara kevala jar3a prakRti ke AdhAra para bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA karanA cAhA, lekina ve bhI puruSa aura prakRti ke madhya koI vAstavika sambandha sthApita nahIM kara pAye aura dArzanikoM ke dvArA kaThora AlocanA ke pAtra bne| unhoMne buddhi, ahaMkAra aura mana jaise caittasika tatvoM ko bhI pUrNataH jar3a prakRti kA pariNAma mAnA jo ki isa AlocanA se bacane kA pUrvaprayAsa hI kahA jA sakatA hai| sAMkhya darzana bandhana aura mukti ko prakRti se sambandhita kara naitika jagata meM apanI vAstavikavAditA kI rakSA nahIM kara paayaa| yadi bandhana aura mukti donoM jar3a prakRti se hI hote haiM, to phira bandhana se mukti kI ora prayAsa rUpa naitikatA bhI jar3a-prakRti se hI sambandhita hogI, lekina sAMkhya naitika cetanA jisa vivekajJAna para adhiSThita hai, vaha jar3a-prakRti meM sambhava nhiiN| vivekAbhAva aura vivekajJAna donoM kA sambandha to puruSa se hai| yadi puruSa avikArI, apariNAmI aura kUTastha hai to usameM vivekAbhAvarUpa vikAra jar3a-prakRti ke kAraNa kaise ho sakatA hai| kUTastha AtmavAda AtmA ke vibhAva yA bandhana kI tarkasaMgata vyAkhyA nahIM krtaa| isa prakAra sAMkhya darzana tArkika dRSTi se apanI rakSA karane meM asamartha rhaa| zAMkaravedAnta meM karma evaM mAyA paryAyavAcI haiN| usameM bhI sAMkhya ke puruSa ke samAna Atman yA brahman ko nirvikArI evaM nirapekSa mAnA gayA hai, lekina yadi AtmA nirvikArI aura nirapekSa hai to phira bandhana, mukti aura naitikatA kI sArI kahAnI arthahIna hai| isI kaThinAI ko samajhakara zAMkarakhedAnta ne bandhana aura mukti ko mAtra vyavahAradRSTi se svIkAra kiyaa| gItA kA dRSTikoNa ___ saiddhAntika dRSTi se gItA sAMkhya darzana se prabhAvita hai aura bandhana ko mAtra jar3a prakRti se sambandhita mAnatI hai| usameM AtmA ko akartA hI kahA gayA hai, lekina gItA meM jo bandhana kA kAraNa hai vaha pUrNatayA jar3a [22] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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(bhautika) nahIM hai| jaba taka jar3a-prakRti kI upasthiti meM puruSa yA AtmA ahaMkAra se yukta nahIM hotA taba taka bandhana nahIM hotaa| AtmA kA ahaMbhAva hI vaha caittasika pakSa hai, jo bandhana kA mUlabhUta upAdAna hai aura jar3aprakRti usa ahaMbhAva kA nimitta hai| ahaMkAra ke lie nimitta ke rUpa prakRti aura upAdAna ke rUpa cetana puruSa donoM hI apekSita haiN| prakRti ahaMkAra kA bhautika pakSa hai aura puruSa usakA cetana pkss| isa prakAra yahA~ gItA aura jaina darzana nikaTa A jAte haiN| gItA kI prakRti jaina darzana ke dravyakarma ke samAna hai aura gItA kA ahaMkAra bhAvakarma ke samAna hai| donoM meM kArya-kAraNabhAva hai aura donoM kI upasthiti meM hI bandhana hotA hai| eka samagra dRSTikoNa Avazyaka karmamaya naitika jIvana kI samucita vyavasthA ke lie, bandhana aura mukti ke vAstavika vizleSaNa ke lie, eka samagra dRSTikoNa Avazyaka hai| eka samagra dRSTikoNa bandhana aura mukti ko na to pUrNatayA jar3a-prakRti para Aropita karatA hai aura na use mAtra caitasika tattvoM para AdhArita karatA hai| yadi karma kA acetana yA jar3a pakSa hI svIkAra kiyA jAye, to karma AkArahIna viSayavastu hogA aura yadi karma kA caittasika pakSa hI svIkAreM to karma viSayavastuvihIna AkAra hogA, lekina viSayavastuvihIna AkAra aura AkAravihIna viSayavastu donoM hI vAstavikatA se dUra haiN| jaina karma siddhAnta karma ke bhautika evaM bhAvAtmaka pakSa para samucita jora dekara jar3a aura cetana ke madhya eka vAstavika sambandha banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| DaoN. TAMTiyA likhate haiM, "karma apane pUrNa vizleSaNa meM jar3a aura cetana ke madhya yojaka kar3I hai- yaha cetana aura cetanasaMyuktajar3a pArasparika parivartanoM kI sahayogAtmakatA ko abhivyaMjita karatA hai|" sAMkhya yoga ke anusAra karma pUrNataH jar3a-prakRti se sambandhita hai aura isalie vaha prakRti hI hai jo bandhana meM AtI hai aura mukta hotI hai| bauddha darzana ke anusAra karma pUrNatayA cetanA ke sambandhita hai aura isalie cetanA karma-siddhAnta [23]

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hI bandhana meM AtI hai aura mukta hotI hai, lekina jaina vicAraka isa ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM se santuSTa nahIM the| unake anusAra saMsAra kA artha hai jar3a aura cetana kA pArasparika bandhana aura mukti kA artha hai donoM kA alaga-alaga ho jAnA 136 9. bhautika aura abhautika pakSoM kI pArasparika prabhAvakatA vastutaH naitika dRSTi se yaha prazna adhika mahatvapUrNa hai ki caitanya Atmatattva aura karmaparamANuoM (bhautika tattva) ke madhya kyA sambandha hai ? jina dArzanikoM ne carama satya ke rUpa meM advaita kI dhAraNA ko chor3akara dvaita kI dhAraNA svIkAra kI unake lie yaha prazna banA rahA hai ki inake pArasparika sambandhoM kI vyAkhyA kreN| yaha eka kaThina samasyA hai| isa samasyA se bacane ke lie hI aneka cintakoM ne ekatattvavAda kI dhAraNA sthApita kii| bhAratIya cArvaka dArzanikoM evaM Adhunika bhautikavAdiyoM ne jar3a ko hI carama satya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra isa samasyA ke samAdhAna se chuTTI pAI / dUsarI aura zaMkara evaM bauddha vijJAnavAda ne cetana ko hI carama satya maanaa| isa prakAra unheM bhI isa samasyA ke samAdhAna kA koI prayAsa nahIM karanA par3A, yadyapi unake samakSa yaha samasyA avazya thI ki isa dRzya bhautika jagat kI vyAkhyA kaise kareM? aura isakA usa vizuddha caitanya parama tattva se kisa prakAra sambandha sthApita kareM? unhoMne isa jagat ko mAtra pratIti batAkara samasyA kA samAdhAna khojA, lekina vaha samAdhAna bhI sAmAnya buddhi ko santuSTa na kara pAyA / pazcima meM barkale ne bhI jar3a kI sattA ko mAnas se svatantra na mAnakara aisA hI prayAsa kiyA thA, lekina naitikatA kI samucita vyAkhyA kisI bhI prakAra ke ekatattvavAda meM sambhava nahIM / jina vicArakoM ne jaina darzana ke samAna naitikatA kI vyAkhyA ke lie jar3a aura cetana, puruSa aura prakRti athavA manas aura zarIra kA dvaita svIkAra kiyA unake lie yaha mahatvapUrNa samasyA thI ki ve isa bAta kI vyAkhyA kareM ki ina donoM ke bIca kyA [24] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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sambandha hai? pazcima meM yaha samasyA dekArta ke sAmane bhI upasthita thii| dekArta ne isakA hala pArasparika pratikriyAvAda ke AdhAra para kiyaa| lekina svataMtra sattAoM meM paraspara pratikriyA kaisI? spInojA ne usake sthAna para samAnAntaravAda kI sthApanA kI aura jar3a caitanya meM pArasparika pratikriyA na mAnate hue bhI unameM eka prakAra ke samAnAntara parivartana ko svIkAra kiyA tathA isakA AdhAra sattA kI tAttvika ekatA maanaa| lAIbanIja ne pratikriyAvAda kI kaThinAiyoM se bacane ke lie pUrvasthApita sAmaMjasya kI dhAraNA kA pratipAdana kiyA aura batAyA ki sRSTi ke samaya hI mana aura zarIra ke bIca Izvara ne aisI pUrvAnukUlatA utpanna kara dI hai ki usameM sadA sAmaMjasya rahatA hai, jaise - do alaga ghar3iyAM yadi eka bAra eka sAtha milA dI jAtI haiM to ve eka dUsare para binA pratikriyA karate hue bhI samAna samaya hI sUcita karatI haiM, vaise hI mAnasika parivartana aura zArIrika parivartana paraspara aprabhAvita evaM svatantra hote hue bhI eka sAtha hote rahate haiN| pazcima meM yaha samasyA acetana zarIra aura cetanA ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara thii| jabaki bhArata meM sambandha kI yaha samasyA prakRti, triguNa athavA karma paramANu aura AtmA ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara thii| gaharAI se vicAra karane para yahA~ bhI mUla samasyA zarIra aura AtmA ke sambandha ko lekara hI hai| yadyapi zarIra se bhAratIya cintakoM kA tAtparya sthUla zarIra se na hokara sUkSma zarIra (liMga-zarIra) se hai| yahI liMgazarIra jaina darzana meM karma-zarIra kahA jAtA hai jo karmaparamANuoM kA banA hotA hai aura baMdhana kI dazA meM sadaiva AtmA ke sAtha rahatA hai| yahA~ bhI mUla prazna yahI hai ki yaha liMga-zarIra yA karma-zarIra AtmA ko kaise prabhAvita karatA hai| sAMkhya darzana puruSa tathA prakRti ke dvaita ko svIkAra karate hue bhI apane kUTastha AtmavAda ke kAraNa inake pArasparika sambandha ko ThIka prakAra se nahIM samajha paayaa| jaina darzana vastuvAdI evaM pariNAmavAdI hai aura isalie vaha jar3a-cetana ke madhya vAstavika sambandha svIkAra karane karma-siddhAnta [25]

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meM kaThinAI anubhava nahIM karatA / vaha cetanA para hone vAle jar3a ke prabhAva ko svIkAra karatA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki anubhava hameM yaha batAtA hai ki jar3a mAdaka padArthoM kA prabhAva cetanA para par3atA hI hai / ataH yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki jar3a-karma vargaNAoM kA prabhAva cetana AtmA para par3atA hai| saMsAra kA artha jar3a aura cetana kA vAstavika sambandha hai / 10. karma kI mUrtatA jaina darzana ke anusAra dravya karma pudaglajanya hai, ataH mUrta (bhautika) hai| kAraNa se jisa prakAra kArya kA anumAna hotA hai, usI prakAra kArya se bhI kAraNa kA anumAna hotA hai / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra zarIra Adi kArya mUrta hai to unakA kAraNa karma bhI mUrta hI honA caahie| karma kI mUrtatA siddha karane ke lie kucha tarka isa prakAra diye jA sakate haiM- karma mUrta hai, kyoMki usake sambandha se sukha-duHkha Adi kA jJAna hotA hai, jaise agni se / yadi karma amUrta hotA, to usake kAraNa sukha-duHkhAdi kI vedanA sambhava nahIM hotI / mUrta kA amUrta prabhAva yadi karma mUrta hai, to phira vaha amUrta AtmA para apanA prabhAva kaise DAlatA hai? jisa prakAra vAyu aura agni kA amUrta AkAza para kisI prakAra kA prabhAva nahIM par3atA, usI prakAra amUrta AtmA para bhI mUrta karma kA koI prabhAva nahIM par3anA cAhie? isakA uttara yahI hai ki jaise amUrta jJAnAdi guNoM para mUrta madirAdi kA prabhAva par3atA hai, vaise hI amUrta jIva para bhI mUrta karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai / ukta prazna kA eka dUsarA tarkasaMgata evaM nirdoSa samAdhAna yaha bhI hai ki karma ke sambandha se AtmA kathaMcit mUrta bhI hai, kyoMki saMsArI AtmA anAdikAla se karma santati se sambaddha hai, isa apekSA se AtmA sarvathA amUrta nahIM hai, apitu karma sambaddha hone ke kAraNa svarUpataH amUrta hote hue bhI vastutaH kathaMcit mUrta hai / isa dRSTi se bhI AtmA para mUrta karma kA upaghAta, anugraha aura prabhAva par3atA hai / 37 jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta [26]

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vastutaH jisa para karma siddhAnta kA niyama lAgU hotA hai vaha vyaktitva amUrta nahIM hai| hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva zarIra (bhautika) aura AtmA ( abhautika) kA eka viziSTa saMyoga hai| zarIrI AtmA bhautika tathyoM se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sktaa| jaba taka AtmA zarIra (karma - zarIra) ke bandhana se mukta nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka vaha apane ko bhautika prabhAvoM se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita nahIM rakha sakatI / mUrta zarIra ke mAdhyama se usa para mUrta-karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| mUrta kA amUrta se sambandha yaha prazna bhI uTha sakatA hai ki mUrta karma amUrta AtmA se kaise sambandhita hote haiM? jaina vicArakoM kA samAdhAna yaha hai ki jaise mUrta ghaTa amUrta AkAza ke sAtha sambandhita hotA hai vaise hI mUrta karma amUrta AtmA ke sAtha sambandhita hote haiM / jaina vicArakoM ne AtmA aura karma ke sambandha ko nIra-kSIravat athavA agni lauhapiMDavat mAnA hai / yaha prazna bhI uTha sakatA hai ki yadi do svatantra sattAoM - jar3a karmaparamANu aura cetana meM pArasparika prabhAva ko svIkAra kiyA jAyegA to phira muktAvasthA meM bhI jar3a-karma paramANu AtmA ko prabhAvita kiye binA nahIM raheMge aura mukti kA koI artha nahIM hogA / yadi ve paraspara eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karane meM sakSama nahIM hai to phira bandhana hI kaise siddha hogA? AcArya kundakunda ne isa prazna kA uttara dete hue kahA ki jaise svarNa kIcar3a meM rahane para bhI jaMga nahIM khAtA jabaki lohA jaMga khA jAtA hai, isI prakAra zuddhAtmA karmaparamANuoM ke madhya rahate hue bhI unake nimitta se vikArI nahIM banatA jabaki azuddha AtmA vikArI bana jAtA hai| jar3a-karma paramANu usI AtmA ko vikArI banA sakate haiM jo pUrva meM rAga dveSa Adi se azuddha hai| 8 vastutaH AtmA jaba taka bhautika zarIra se yukta hotA hai, tabhI taka karmaparamANu use prabhAvita kara sakate haiN| karma- zarIra ke rUpa meM rahe hue karma-paramANu hI bAhya jagat karma-paramANuoM kA AkarSaNa kara sakate haiN| karma-siddhAnta [ 27 ]

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cU~ki muktAvasthA meM AtmA azarIrI hotA hai, ataH usa avasthA meM karma paramANuoM kI upasthiti meM bhI use bandhana meM Ane kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| 11. karma aura vipAka kI paramparA rAga dveSa Adi kI zubhAzubha vRttiyA~ hI bhAvakarma ke rUpa meM AtmA kI avasthA vizeSa hai| bhAvakarma kI upasthiti meM hI dravya-karma AtmA ke dvArA grahaNa kiye jAte haiN| bhAvakarma ke nimitta se dravyakarma kA Asrava hotA rahatA hai aura yahI dravyakarma samayavizeSa meM bhAvakarma kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra karma-pravAha calatA rahatA hai| karma-pravAha hI saMsAra hai| karma aura vipAka kI paramparA se yaha saMsAracakra pravartita hotA rahatA hai| bhagavAna buddha kahate haiM ki karma se vipAka pravartita hote haiM aura vipAka se karma utpanna hotA hai| karma se punarjanma hotA hai aura isa prakAra yaha saMsAra pravartita hotA hai| ataH yaha prazna mahatvapUrNa hai ki karma aura AtmA kA sambandha kaba se hai athavA karma aura vipAka kI paramparA kA prArambha kaba huA? yadi hama ise sAdi mAnate haiM to yaha mAnanA par3egA ki kisI kAla vizeSa meM AtmAbaddha huA, usake pahale mukta thA, phira use bandhana meM Ane kA kyA kAraNa? yadi muktAtmA ko bandhana meM Ane kI sambhAvanA mAnI jAye to mukti kA mUlya adhika nahIM raha jaataa| dUsarI ora yadi ise anAdi mAnA jAye to jo anAdi hai vaha ananta bhI hogA aura isa avasthA meM mukti kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM raha jaayegii| jaina dRSTikoNa jaina dArzanikoM ne samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie eka sApekSa uttara diyA hai| unakA kahanA ki karmaparamparA karmavizeSa kI apekSA se sAdi aura sAnta hai aura pravAha kI dRSTi se anAdi-ananta hai| karmaparamparA kA pravAha bhI vyakti vizeSa kI dRSTi se anAdi to hai lekina ananta nahIM hai| use ananta nahIM mAnane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki karma vizeSa ke rUpa meM to [28] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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sAdi hai aura yadi vyakti navIna karmoM kA Agamana roka sake to vaha paramparA ananta nahIM raha sktii| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra rAga-dveSarUpI karma-bIja ke bhuna jAne para karma-pravAha kI paramparA samApta ho jAtI hai| karma-paramparA ke sambandha meM yahI eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai, jisake AdhAra para bandhana kA anAditva, mukti se anAvRtti aura mukti kI sambhAvanA kI samucita vyAkhyA ho sakatI hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa bauddha AcAradarzana bhI bandhana ke AnAditva aura mukti se anAvRtti dhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| ataH bauddha dRSTi se karma paramparA ko vyaktivizeSa kI dRSTi se AnAdi aura sAnta mAnanA samucita pratIta hotA hai| bauddha dArzanika kAraNarUpa karma-paramparA se Age kisI kartA ko nahIM dekhate haiN| unake anusAra, saccA jJAnI kAraNa se Age kartA ko nahIM dekhatA na vipAka kI pravRtti se Age vipAka bhoganevAle ko| kintu kAraNa ke hone para kartA hai aura vipAka kI pravRtti se bhoganevAlA hai, aisA mAnatA hai| bauddha dArzanika apanI anAtmavAdI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kAraNa rUpa karma-paramparA para ruka jAnA pasanda karate haiM, kyoMki usa AdhAra para anAtma kI avadhAraNA sarala hotI hai, lekina karma ke kAraNa ko mAnanA aura usake kAraka ko nahIM mAnanA eka vadatovyAghAta hai| yahA~ hama isakI gaharAI meM nahIM jAnA caahte| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki kartA, karma aura karma vipAka tInoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrvakoTi nahIM mAnI jA sktii| bauddha dArzanika bhI karma aura vipAka ke sambandha meM ise svIkAra karate haiN| kahA hai ki karma aura vipAka ke pravartita hone para vRkSa bIja ke samAna kisI kA pUrva chora nahIM jAna par3atA hai| isa prakAra bauddha dArzanikoM ke anusAra bhI pravAha anAdi to hai, lekina vaiyaktika dRSTi se vaha ananta nahIM rhtaa| jaise kisI bIja ke bhuna jAne para usa bIja kI dRSTi se bIja-vRkSa kI paramparA samApta ho jAtI hai, vaise hI vyakti ke rAga, dveSa aura moha kA prahANa ho jAne para usa vyakti ko karma vipAka paramparA kA anta ho jAtA hai| karma-siddhAnta [29]

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12. karmaphala saMvibhAga karma - siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai ki kyA eka vyakti apane kiye hue zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala dUsare vyakti ko de sakatA hai athavA nahIM de sakatA? kyA vyakti apane kiye hue zubhAzubha karmoM kA hI bhoga karatA hai athavA dUsaroM ke dvArA kiye hue zubhAzubha kA phala bhI use milatA hai? isa sandarbha meM samAlocya AcAra darzanoM ke dRSTikoNa para bhI vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai / jaina dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra prANI ke zubhAzubha karmoM ke pratiphala meM koI bhAgIdAra nahIM bana sakatA, jo vyakti zubhAzubha karma karatA hai vahI usakA phala prApta karatA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa vidhAna hai saMsArI jIva sva evaM para ke lie jo sAdhAraNa karma karatA hai usa karma ke phala bhoga ke samaya ve bandhu bAndhava (parijana) hissA nahIM lete / 1 isI grantha meM prANI kI anAthatA kA nirNaya karate hue yaha batAyA gayA hai ki na to mAtA-pitA aura putra-pautrAdi hI prANI kA hitAhita karane se samartha hai| 2 bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se jaba yaha prazna kiyA gayA ki prANI svakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karate haiM yA parakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karate hai? to mahAvIra kA spaSTa uttara thA ki prANI svakRta sukha - duHkha kA bhoga karate haiM, parakRta kA nahIM 43 isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA meM karmaphala saMvibhAga ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa bauddha darzana meM bodhisatva kA Adarza karmaphala saMvibhAga ke vicAra ko puSTa karatA hai / bodhisatva to sadaiva yaha kAmanA karate haiM ki usake kuzala karmoM kA phala vizva ke samasta prANiyoM ko mile, phira bhI bauddha darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki kevala zubhakarmoM meM hI dUsare ko sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa ke sambandha meM AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM [30] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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ki sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki karma svakIya hai, jo karma karatA hai vahI (santAnapravAha kI apekSA se) usakA phala bhogatA hai, kintu pAlInikAya meM bhI puNya pariNAmanA (pattidAna) hai| vaha yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki mRta kI sahAyatA ho sakatI hai| sthAviravAdI preta aura devoM ko dakSiNA dete haiM arthAt bhikSukoM ko diye hue dAna (dakSiNA) se jo puNya saMcita hotA hai, usako dete haiN| bauddhoM ke anusAra hama apane puNya meM dUsaroM ko sammilita kara sakate haiM, pApa meM nahIM hindUoM ke samAna hI bauddha bhI pretayoni meM vizvAsa karate haiM aura preta ke nimitta jo bhI dAnapuNya Adi kiyA jAtA hai usakA phala preta ko milatA hai, yaha mAnate haiN| bauddha yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki yadi prANI marakara paradattopajIvI pretAvasthA meM janma letA hai, taba to use yahA~ usake nimitta kiyA jAnevAlA puNya karma kA phala milatA hai, lekina yadi vaha marakara manuSya, nAraka, tiryaca yA deva yoni meM utpanna hotA hai to puNyakarma karane vAle ko hI usakA phala milatA hai| isa prakAra bauddha vicAraNA kuzala karmoM ke phala saMvibhAga ko svIkAra karatI hai| gItA evaM hindU paramparA kA dRSTikoNa gItA karma phala saMvibhAga meM vizvAsa karatI hai, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| gItA meM zrAddha tarpaNa Adi kriyAoM ke abhAva meM tathA kuladharma ke vinaSTa hone se pitara kA patana ho jAtA hai, yaha dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isakA spaSTa artha hai ki saMtAnAdi dvArA kiye gaye zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA prabhAva unake pitaroM kA par3atA hai| mahAbhArata meM yaha bAta bhI svIkAra kI gaI hai ki na kevala santAna ke kRtyoM kA prabhAva pUrvajoM para par3atA hai varan pUrvajoM ke zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA phala bhI santAna ko prApta hotA hai| zAnti parva meM bhISma, yudhiSTira se kahate haiM, he rAjan cAhe kisI AdamI ko usake pApa karmoM kA phala usa samaya milatA huA na dIkha par3e, tathApi vaha use hI nahIM kintu usake putroM, potroM aura prapautroM taka ko bhoganA par3atA hai| isI sandarbha meM manusmRti (4/ 173) evaM mahAbhArata (Adiparva, karma-siddhAnta [31]

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80/3) kA uddharaNa dete hue tilaka bhI likhate haiM ki na kevala hameM, kintu kabhI-kabhI hamAre nAma rUpAtmaka deha se utpanna lar3akoM aura hamAre nAtiyoM taka ko karmaphala bhogane par3ate haiN| isa prakAra hindU vicAraNA sabhI zubhAzubha karmoM ke phala saMvibhAga ko svIkAra karatI hai| tulanA evaM samIkSA bauddha aura hindU paramparA meM mahatvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki hindU dharma meM manuSya ke zubha aura azubha karmoM kA phala usake pUrvajoM evaM santAnoM ko mila sakatA hai, jaba ki bauddha dharma meM kevala puNya karmoM kA phala hI pretoM ko milatA hai| hindU dharma meM puNya aura pApa donoM karmoM kA phala saMvibhAga svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jaba ki bauddhadharma kA siddhAnta yaha hai ki kuzala (puNya) karma kA hI saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai, akuzala (pApa) karma kA nhiiN| milindaprazna meM do kAraNoM se akuzala karma ko saMvibhAga ke ayogya mAnA hai 1. pApa karma meM preta kI anumati nahIM hai, ataH usakA phala use nahIM mila sktaa| 2. ataH usakA saMvibhAga nahIM ho sakatA kintu kuzala vipula hotA hai ataH usakA saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai| ___ lekina vicAradarzana dekheM to yaha tarka aucityapUrNa nahIM hai| yadi anumati ke abhAva meM azubha kA phala prApta nahIM hotA hai to phira zubha kA phala kaise prApta ho sakatA hai? dUsare yaha kahanA ki akuzala parimita hai, ThIka nahIM hai| isa kathana kA kyA AdhAra hai ki akuzala (pApa) parimita hai? dUsare, parimita kA bhI bhAga honA saMbhava hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki vyakti ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa kA prabhAva kevala parijanoM para hI nahIM, samAja para bhI par3atA hai| vartamAna vaijJAnika yuga meM bhI manuSya kI zubhAzubha kriyAoM se samAja evaM bhAvI pIr3hI prabhAvita hotI hai| eka manuSya kI galata nIti kA pariNAma samUce rASTra aura rASTra kI bhAvI pIr3hI ko bhugatanA par3atA hai, yaha eka svayaMsiddha tathya hai| aisI sthiti meM karma phala kA saMvibhAga siddhAnta kara lene para [32] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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karma siddhAnta ke mUla para hI kuThArAghAta hotA hai, kyoMki karma siddhAnta meM vaiyaktika vividha anubhUtiyoM kA kAraNa vyakti ke andara hI mAnA jAtA hai, jabaki phala saMvibhAga ke AdhAra para hameM bAhya kAraNa ko svIkAra karanA hotA hai| jaina karma-siddhAnta meM phala saMvibhAga kA artha samajhane ke lie hameM upAdAna kAraNa (Antarika kAraNa) aura nimitta kAraNa (bAhya kAraNa) kA bheda samajhanA hogaa| jaina karma siddhAnta mAnatA hai ki vividha sukhadaduHkhada anubhUtiyoM kA mUla kAraNa (upAdAna kAraNa) to vyakti ke apane hI pUrva karma haiN| dUsarA vyakti to mAtra nimitta bana sakatA hai| arthAt upAdAna kAraNa kI dRSTi se sukha-duHkhAdi anubhava svakRta hai aura nimittakAraNa kI dRSTi se parakRta hai| gItA bhI yaha dRSTikoNa apanAtI hai| gItA meM kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM ki yaha loga to apanI hI mauta mareMge, tU to mAtra nimitta hogA, lekina yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai yadi dUsaroM kA hitAhita karane meM mAtra nimitta hote haiM to phira hameM pApapuNya kA bhAgI kyoM mAnA jAtA hai? jaina vicArakoM ne isa prazna kA samAdhAna khojA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki hamAre puNya-pApa dUsare ke hitAhita kI kriyA para nirbhara na hokara hamArI manovRtti para nirbhara haiN| hama dUsaroM kA hitAhita karane para uttaradAyI isalie haiM ki vaha karma evaM karma saMkalpa hamArA hai| dUsaroM ke prati hamArA jo dRSTikoNa hai, vahI hameM uttarAdAyI banAtA hai| usI ke AdhAra para vyakti karma ke bandha karatA hai aura usakA phala bhogatA hai| 13. jaina darzana meM karma kI avasthA jaina darzana meM karmoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM para gaharAI se vicAra huA hai| pramukha rUpa se karmoM kI dasa avasthAe~ mAnI gayI haiM- 1. bandha, 2. saMkramaNa, 3. utkarSaNa, 4. apavartana, 5. sattA, 6. udaya, 7. udIraNA, 8. upazamana, 9. nidhatti aura 10. nikaacnaa| karma-siddhAnta [33]

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1. bandha- kaSAya evaM yoga ke phalasvarUpa karma paramANuoM kA Atma pradezoM se jo sambandha hotA hai, use jaina darzana meM bandha kahA jAtA hai| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA eka svatantra adhyAya meM kI gaI hai| 2. saMkramaNa- eka karma ke aneka avAntara bheda haiM aura jaina karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra karma kA eka bheda apane sajAtIya dUsare bheda meM badala sakatA hai| yaha avAntara karma-prakRtiyoM kA adala-badala saMkramaNa kahalAtA hai| saMkramaNa vaha prakriyA hai jisameM AtmA pUrva-baddha karmoM kI avAntara prakRtiyoM, samayAvadhi, tIvratA evaM parimANa (mAtrA) ko parivartita karatA hai| saMkramaNa meM AtmA pUrvabaddha karma-prakRti kA, navIna karma-prakRti kA bandha karate samaya milAkara tatpazcAt navIna karma-prakRti meM usakA rUpAntaraNa kara sakatA hai| udAharaNArtha, pUrva meM baddha duHkhada saMvedana rUpa asAtAvedanIya karma kA navIna sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha karate samaya hI sAtAvedanIya karma-prakRti ke sAtha milAkara usakA sAtAvedanIya karma meM saMkramaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi darzanamoha karma kI tIna prakRtiyoM mithyAtvamoha, samyaktvamoha aura mizramoha meM navIna bandha ke abhAva meM bhI saMkramaNa sambhava hotA hai, kyoMki samyaktvamoha evaM mizramoha kA bandha nahIM hotA hai| ve avasthAe~ mithyAtvamoha karma ke zuddhIkaraNa se hotI haiN| saMkramaNa karmoM ke avAntara bhedoM meM hI hotA hai, mUla bhedoM meM nahIM hotA hai, arthAt jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA Ayukarma meM saMkramaNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isI prakAra kucha avAntara karma aise haiM jinakA rUpAntara nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaise darzana-mohanIya aura cAritra-mohanIya karma kA rUpAntara nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra koI narakAyu ke bandha ko manuSya Ayu ke bandha meM nahIM badala sktaa| naitika dRSTi meM saMkramaNa kI dhAraNA kI do mahatvapUrNa bAteM haiMeka to yaha hai ki saMkramaNa kI kSamatA kevala AtmA kI pavitratA ke sAtha hI bar3hatI jAtI hai| jo AtmA jitanA pavitra hotA hai utanI hI usakI Atmazakti prakaTa hotI hai aura utanI usameM karma-saMkramaNa kI kSamatA bhI [34] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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hotI hai, lekina jo vyakti jitanA adhika apavitra hotA hai, usameM karmasaMkramaNa kI kSamatA utanI hI kSINa hotI hai aura vaha adhika mAtrA meM paristhatiyoM (karmoM) kA dAsa hotA hai / pavitra AtmAe~ paristhitiyoM kI dAsa na hokara unakI svAmI bana jAtI haiM / isa prakAra saMkramaNa kI prakriyA AtmA ke svAtantrya aura dAsatA ko vyakti kI naitika pragati para adhiSThita karatI hai / dUsare, saMkramaNa kI dhAraNA bhAgyavAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda ko sabala banAtI hai / 3. udvartanA- AtmA se karma - paramANuoM ke baddha hote samaya jo kASAyika tAratamatA hotI hai usI ke anusAra bandhana ke samaya karma kI sthiti tathA tIvratA kA nizcaya hotA hai| jaina karma siddhAnta ke anusAra AtmA navIna bandha karate samaya pUrvakRta karmoM kI kAlamaryAdA aura tIvratA ko bar3hA bhI sakatI hai / yahI karma paramANuoM kI kAla maryAdA aura tIvratA ko bar3hAne ki kriyA udvartanA kahI jAtI hai I 4. apavartanA- jisa prakAra navIna bandha ke samaya pUrvabaddha karmoM kI kAla maryAdA (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anubhAga ) ko bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai usI prakAra use kama bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura yaha kama karane kI kriyA apavartanA kahalAtI hai| 5. sattA- karmoM kA bandha ho jAte se pazcAt unakA vipAka bhaviSya meM kisa samaya hotA hai / pratyeka karma apane sattA kAla ke samApta hone para hI phala ( vipAka) de pAtA hai| jitane samaya taka kAla maryAdA paripakva na hone ke kAraNa karmoM kA AtmA ke sAtha sambandha banA rahatA hai, usa avasthA ko sattA kahate haiM / 6. udaya- jaba karma apanA phala ( vipAka) denA prArambha kara dete haiM, usa avasthA ko udaya kahate haiM / jaina darzana yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki sabhI karma apanA phala pradAna to karate haiM lekina kucha karma aise bhI hote hai jo phala dete hue bhI bhoktA ko phala kI anubhUti nahIM karAte haiM aura nijarita karma - siddhAnta [35]

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ho jAte haiN| jaina darzana meM phala denA aura phala kI anubhUti honA ye alaga tathya mAne gaye haiN| jo karma binA phala kI anubhUti karAye nirjarita ho jAtA hai, usakA udaya pradezodaya kahA jAtA hai| jaise, Aparezana karate samaya acetana avasthA meM zalya kriyA kI vedanA kI anubhUti nahIM hotii| kaSAya ke abhAva meM IryApathika kriyA ke kAraNa jo bandha hotA hai usakA mAtra pradezodaya hotA hai| jo karma paramANu apanI phalAnubhUti karavAkara AtmA se nirjarita hote haiM, unakA udaya vipAkodaya kahalAtA hai| vipAkodaya kI avasthA meM to pradezodaya hotA hI hai, lekina pradezodaya kI avasthA meM vipAkodaya ho hI, yaha anivArya nahIM hai| 7. udIraNA- jisa prakAra samaya se pUrva kRtrima rUpa se phala ko pakAyA jA sakatA hai, usI prakAra niyata kAla ke pUrva hI prayAsapUrvaka udaya meM lAkara karmoM ke phaloM ko bhoga lenA udIraNA hai| sAdhAraNa niyama yaha hai ki jisa karma prakRti kA udaya yA bhoga cala rahA ho, usakI sajAtIya karma-prakRti kI udIraNA sambhava hai| 8. upazamana- karmoM ke vidyamAna rahate hue bhI unake phala dene kI zakti ko kucha samaya ke lie davA denA yA unheM kisI kAla vizeSa ke lie phala dene meM sakSama banA denA upazamana hai| upazamana meM karma ko DhaMkI huI agni ke samAna banA diyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra rAkha se dabI huI agni usa AvaraNa ke dUra hote hI punaH prajjvalita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra upazamana kI avasthA ke samApta hote hI punaH udaya meM Akara apanA phala detA hai| upazamana meM karma kI sattA naSTa nahIM hotI hai, mAtra use kAla vizeSa taka ke lie phala dene meM akSama banAyA jAtA hai| 9. nidhatti- karma kI vaha avasthA nidhatti hai jisameM karma na apane avAntara bhedoM meM rUpAntarita ho sakate haiM aura na apanA phala pradAna kara sakate haiM, lekina karmoM kI samaya-maryAdA aura vipAka tIvratA (pariNAma) ko kama adhika kiyA jA sakatA hai arthAt isa avasthA meM utkarSaNa aura apakarSaNa sambhava haiN| [36] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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10. nikAcanA - karmoM kA bandhana itanA pragAr3ha honA ki unakI kAla maryAdA evaM tIvratA (parimANa) meM koI parivartana na kiyA jA sake, na samaya ke pUrva unakA bhoga hI kiyA sake, nikAcanA kahA jAtA hai / isameM karma kA jisa rUpa meM bandhana huA hotA hai usI rUpa meM usako anivAryatayA bhoganA par3atA hai / karma kI avasthAoM para bauddha dharma kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA bauddha karma - vicAraNA meM janaka, upasthambhaka, upapIlaka aura upaghAtaka aise cAra karma mAne gaye haiM / janaka karma dUsarA janma grahaNa karavAte haiM, isa rUpa meM ve sattA kI avasthA se tulanIya haiM / upasthambhaka karma dUsare karma phala dene meM sahAyaka hote haiM, ye utkarSaNa kI prakriyA ke sahAyaka mAne jA sakate haiM / upapIlaka karma dUsare karmoM kI zakti ko kSINa karate haiM, ye apavartana kI avasthA se tulanIya haiN| apaghAtaka karma dUsare karma kA vipAka rokakara apanA phala dete haiM ye karma upazamana kI prakriyA ke nikaTa haiN| bauddha darzana meM karmaphala ke saMkramaNa kI dhAraNA svIkAra kI gayI hai / bauddha darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki yadyapi karma (phala) kA vipraNAza nahIM hai, tathApi karma phala kA sAtikrama ho sakatA hai 1 vipacyamAna karmoM kA saMkramaNa ho sakatA hai| vipacyamAna karma ve haiM jinako badalA jA sakatA hai arthAt jinakA sAtikramaNa (saMkramaNa) ho sakatA hai, yadyapi phala bhoga anivArya hai| unheM aniyata vedanIya kintu niyamavipAkakarma bhI kahA jAtA hai| bauddha darzana kA niyatavedanIya niyatavipAka karma jaina darzana ke nikAcanA se tulanIya hai| karma kI avasthAoM para hindU AcAradarzana kI dRSTi se vicAra evaM tulanA karmoM kI sattA, udaya, udIraNA aura upazamana ina cAra avasthAoM kA vivecana hindU AcAradarzana meM bhI milatA hai / vahA~ karmoM kI saMcita, prArabdha aura kriyamANa aisI tIna avasthAe~ mAnI gayI hai| vartamAna kSaNa ke pUrva taka kiye gaye samasta karma saMcita karma kahe jAte haiM, inheM hI apUrva karma - siddhAnta [37]

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aura adRSTa bhI kahA gayA hai| saMcita karma ke jisa bhAga kA phala bhoga zurU ho jAtA hai use hI prArabdha karma kahate haiN| isa prakAra pUrvabaddha karma ke do bhAga hote haiN| jo bhAga apanA phala denA prArambha kara detA hai vaha prArabdha (Arabdha) saMcita kahalAtA hai zeSa bhAga jisakA phala bhoga prArambha nahIM huA hai anArabdha (saMcita) kahalAtA hai| lokamAnya tilaka ne 'kriyAmANa karma' aisA svatantra avasthA bheda nahIM mAnA hai| ve kahate haiM ki yadi usakA pANinisUtra ke anusAra bhaviSyakAlika artha lete haiM, to use anArabdha kahA jaayegaa| tulanA kI dRSTi se karma kI anArabdha yA saMcita avasthA hI 'sattA' kI avasthA kahI jA sakatI hai| isI prakAra prArabdha-karma kI tulanA karma kI udaya avasthA se kI jA sakatI hai| kucha loga navIna karma saMcaya kI dRSTi se kriyamANa nAmaka svatantra avasthA mAnate haiN| kriyamANa karma kI tulanA jaina vicAraNA ke bandhamAna karma se kI jA sakatI hai| DaoN. TAMTiyA saMcita karma kI tulanA karma kI sattA avasthA se, prArabdhakarma kI tulanA udaya karma se tathA kriyamANa karma kI tulanA bandhamAna karma se karate haiN| vaidika paramparA meM karma kI upazamana avasthA ko mAnyatA kA spaSTa nirdena to nahIM milatA, phira bhI mahAbhArata meM pArAzaragItA meM eka nirdeza hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki kabhI-kabhI manuSya kA pUrvakAla meM kiyA gayA puNya (apanA phala dene kI rAha dekhatA huA) cupa baiThA rahatA haiisa avasthA kI tulanA jaina vicAraNA ke upazamana se kI jA sakatI hai| karma kI ina vibhinna avasthAoM kA prazna karmavipAka kI niyatatA se sambandhita hai| ataH isa prazna para bhI thor3A vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| 14. karma vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA jaina dRSTikoNa hamane Upara karmoM kI avasthAoM para vicAra karate hue dekhA ki kucha karma aise haiM jinakA vipAka niyata hai aura usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jo jaina vicAraNA meM nikAcita karma kahe jAte haiN| jinakA bandha jisa vipAka ko lekara hotA hai usI vipAka ke [38] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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dvArA ve kSaya (nirjarita) hote haiM anya kisI prakAra se nahIM, yahI karma vipAka kI niyatatA hai| isake atirikta kucha karma aise bhI haiM, jinakA vipAka usI rUpa meM anivArya nahIM hotaa| unake vipAka ke svarUpa, mAtrA, samayAvadhi evaM tIvratA Adi meM parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai, jinheM hama anikAcita karma ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| jaina vicAraNA karma vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA donoM ko hI svIkAra karatI hai aura batAtI hai ki karmoM ke pIche rahI huI kaSAyoM kI tIvratA evaM alpatA ke AdhAra para hI kramazaH niyata vipAkoM evaM aniyata vipAkI karmoM kA bandha hotA hai| jina karmoM ke sampAdana ke pIche tIvra kaSAya (vAsanAe~) hotI haiM, unakA bandha bhI ati pragAr3ha hotA hai aura usakA vipAka bhI niyata hotA hai| isake viparIta jina karmoM se sampAdana ke pIche kaSAya alpa hotI hai unakA bandha zithila hotA hai, aura isIlie unakA vipAka bhI aniyata hotA hai| jaina karma siddhAnta kI saMkramaNa, udvartanA, apavartatA, udoraNA evaM upazamana kI avasthAe~ karmoM ke aniyata vipAka kI ora saMketa karatI haiM, lekina jaina vicAraNA sabhI karmoM ko aniyatavipAkI nahIM maantii| jina karmoM kA bandha tIvra kaSAya bhAvoM ke phalasvarUpa hotA hai unheM vaha niyatavipAkI karma mAnatI hai / vaiyaktika dRSTi se sabhI AtmAoM meM karmavipAka meM parivartana karane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI / jaba vyakti eka AdhyAtmika U~cAI para pahu~ca jAtA hai, tabhI usameM karma vipAka ko aniyata banAne kI zakti utpanna hotI hai / phira bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie vyakti kitanI hI AdhyAtmika U~cAI para sthita ho, vaha mAtra unhIM karmoM kA vipAka aniyata banA sakatA hai, jinakA bandha aniyatavipAkI karma ke rUpa meM huA hai| jina karmoM kA bandha niyatavipAkI karmoM ke rUpa meM huA hai unakA bhoga anivArya hai| isa prakAra jainavicAraNA karmoM ke niyatatA aura aniyatatA ke donoM pakSoM ko svIkAra karatI hai aura isa AdhAra para apane karma siddhAnta ko niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda ke doSoM se bacA letI hai| I karma-siddhAnta [ 39 ]

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bauddha dRSTikoNa bauddha darzana meM bhI karmoM ke vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM karmoM ko niyata vipAkI aura aniyatavipAkI donoM prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai| jina karmoM kA phala-bhoga anivArya nahIM yA jinakA pratisaMvedana Avazyaka nahIM ve karma aniyatavipAkI haiN| aniyatavipAkI karma ke phalabhoga kA ullaMghana ho sakatA hai| isake atirikta ve karma jinakA pratisaMvedanA yA phalabhoga anivArya hai ve niyatavipAkI karma haiM arthAt unake phalabhoga kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kucha bauddha AcAryoM ne niyatavipAkI aura aniyatavipAkI karmoM ke pratyeka ko cAra-cAra bhAgoM meM vibhajita kiyA hai| niyatavipAka karma 1. dRSTadharmavedanIya niyatavipAka karma arthAt isI janma meM anivArya phala denevAlA krm| 2. upapadyavedanIya niyatavipAka karma arthAt upapanna hokara samAntara janma meM anivArya phala denevAlA krm| 3. aparAparyavedanIya niyatavipAka karma arthAta vilamba se anivarya phala denevAlA krm| 4. aniyata vedanIya kintu niyatavipAka karma arthAt ve karma jo vipacyamAna to haiM (jinakA svabhAva badalA jA sakatA hai evaM sAtikramaNa ho sakatA hai) kintu jinakA bhoga anivArya hai| isake atirikta kucha AcAryoM ke anusAra niyatavipAka karma para vipAka-kAla kI niyatatA ke AdhAra para bhI vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura aisI avasthA meM niyatavipAka karma ke do rUpa hoMge (1) jinakA vipAka bhI niyata hai aura vipAka kAla bhI niyata hai tathA (2) ve jinakA vipAka jo niyata hai, lekina vipAka kAla niyata nhiiN| aise karma aparAparyavedanIya se dRSTadharmavedanIya bana jAte haiN| . aniyatavipAka karma 1. dRSTadharmavedanIya aniyatavipAka karma arthAt jo isI janma meM phala denevAlA hai lekina jisakA phala bhoga Avazyaka nahIM hai| 2. upapadyavedanIya [40] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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aniyatavipAka karma arthAt utpanna hokara samAntara janma meM phala denevAlA hai lekina jisakA phalabhoga ho yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| 3. aparAparya aniyatavipAka karma arthAt jo derI se phala denevAlA hai lekina jisakA phala bhoga Avazyaka hai| 4. aniyatavedanIya aniyatavipAka karma arthAt jo anubhUti aura vipAka donoM dRSTiyoM se aniyata hai| isa prakAra bauddha vicAraka na kevala karmoM ke vipAka meM niyatatA aura aniyatatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, varan donoM kI vistRta vyakhyA bhI karate haiN| ve yaha bhI batAte haiM ki kauna karma niyatavipAkI hogA-prathamataH ve karma jo kevala kRta nahIM kintu upacita bhI haiM niyatavipAka karma haiN| karma ke upacita hone kA matalaba hai karma kA caittasika ke sAtha-sAtha bhautika dRSTi se bhI parisamApta honaa| dUsare, ve karma jo tIvra pramAda (zraddhA) aura tIvra kleza (rAga dveSa) se kiye jAte haiM, niyatavipAka karma haiN| bauddha darzana kI yaha dhAraNA jaina darzana se bahuta kucha milatI hai, lekina pramukha antara yahI hai ki jahA~ bauddha darzana tIvra zraddhA aura tIvra rAga-dveSa donoM avasthA meM honevAle karma ko niyatavipAkI mAnatA hai, vahA~ jaina darzana mAtra rAga-dveSa (kaSAya) kI avasthA meM kiye hue karmoM ko hI niyatavipAkI mAnatA hai| tIvra zraddhA kI avasthA meM kie gaye karma jaina darzana ke anusAra niyatavipAkI nahIM haiN| hA~ yadi tIvra zraddhA ke sAtha prazasta rAga hotA hai to zubha karma bandha to hotA hai, lekina vaha niyatavipAkI hI ho, yaha anivArya nahIM hai| donoM hI isa bAta meM sahamata hai ki mAtRvadha, pitRvadha tathA dharma, saMgha aura tIrtha tathA dharmapravartaka ke prati kiye gaye aparAdha niyatavipAkI hote haiN| gItA kA dRSTikoNa vaidika paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki saMcita karma ko jJAna ke dvArA binA phala bhoga ke hI naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra vaidika paramparA karma-vipAka kI aniyatatA ko svIkAra kara letI hai| jJAnAgni saba karmoM ko bhasma kara detI hai| arthAt jJAna ke dvArA saMcita karmoM ko naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi vaidika paramparA meM Arabdha karmoM kA bhoga karma-siddhAnta [41]

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anivArya mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra vaidika paramparA meM karma vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA donoM svIkAra kI gaI haiN| phira bhI usameM saMcita karmoM kI dRSTi se niyatavipAka kA vicAra nahIM miltaa| sabhI saMcita karma aniyata - vipAkI mAna lie gaye haiN| 1 niSkarSa vastutaH karma siddhAnta meM karmavipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA kI donoM virodhI dhAraNaoM ke samanvaya ke abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI yathArtha vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai| yadi ekAnta rUpa meM karma vipAka kI niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai to naitika AcaraNa kA cAhe niSedhAtmaka kucha mUlya banA rahe, lekina usakA vidhAyaka mUlya pUrNatayA samApta ho jAtA hai / niyata bhaviSya ke badalane kI sAmarthya naitika jIvana meM nahIM raha pAtI hai| dUsare, yadi karmoM ko pUrNataH aniyatavipAkI mAnA jAve to naitika vyavasthA kA hI koI artha nahIM rahatA hai / vipAka kI pUrNa niyaMtatA mAnane para nirdhAraNavAda aura vipAka kI pUrNa aniyatatA mAnane para anirdhAraNavAda kI sambhAvanA hogI, lekina donoM hI dhAraNAe~ aikAntika rUpa meM naitika jIvana kI samucita vyAkhyA kara pAne meM asamartha haiM / ataH karma vipAka kI niyatatA hI eka tarkasaMgata dRSTikoNa hai, jo naitika darzana kI samyak vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai / isake pUrva ki hama isa adhyAya ko samApta kareM hameM karma siddhAnta ke sambandha meM pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vicArakoM ke AkSepoM para bhI vicAra kara lenA cAhie / 15. karma siddhAnta para AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara karma siddhAnta ko asvIkAra karane vAle vicArakoM ke dvArA karmasiddhAnta ke pratipedha ke lie prAcInakAla se hI tarka prastuta kiye jAte rahe haiN| AcArya hemacandra ne apane prasiddha grantha 'triSaSThizalAkApuruSacarita' meM una vicArakoM ke dvArA diye jAne vAle kucha tarkoM kA digdarzana karAyA jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta [42]

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hai| karma-siddhAnta ke virodha meM una vicArakoM kA nimna tarka hai, eka "prastarakhaNDa jaba pratimA ke rUpa meM nirmita ho jAtA hai taba snAna, aMgarAga, mAlA, vastra aura alaMkAroM se usakI pUjA kI jAtI hai| vicAraNIya yaha hai ki isa pratimArUpa prastarakhaNDa ne kauna-sA puNya kiyA thA? eka anya prastara khaNDa jisa para upaviSTa hokara loga mala-mUtra visarjana karate haiM, usane kauna-sA pApa karma kiyA thA? yadi prANI karma se hI janma grahaNa karate haiM aura marate haiM, phira jala ke budabuda jisa zubhAzubha karma se utpanna hote haiM aura vinaSTa hote haiM?"57 ___karma-siddhAnta ke virodha meM diyA gayA yaha tarka vastutaH eka bhrAnta dhAraNA para khar3A huA hai| karma-siddhAnta kA niyama zarIrayukta cetana prANiyoM para lAgU hotA hai, jabaki Alocaka ne apane tarka jar3a padArthoM ke sandarbha meM diye haiN| karma-siddhAnta kA niyama jar3a ke lie nahIM hai| ataH jar3a jagat ke sambandha meM diye hue tarka usa para kaise lAgU ho sakate haiN| yadi hama jaina dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para unheM jIvanayukta mAneM to bhI vaha yaha AkSepa asatya hI siddha hotA hai, kyoMki jIvanayukta mAnane para yaha bhI sambhava hai ki unhoMne pUrva jIvana meM koI aisA zubha yA azubha karma kiyA hogA jisakA pariNAma ve prApta kara rahe haiN| isa prakAra donoM hI dRSTiyoM se yaha AkSepa samucita pratIta nahIM hotaa| karma siddhAnta para mekeMjI ke AkSepa aura unakA pratyuttara pAzcAtya AcAradarzana ke pramukha vidvAn jaoNna mekeMjI ne apanI pustaka hindU ethiksa meM karma siddhAnta para kucha AkSepa kiye haiM 1. karma siddhAnta meM aneka aise karmoM ko bhI zubhAzubha phala denevAlA mAna liyA gayA hai jinheM sAmAnyatayA naitika dRSTi se acchA yA burA nahIM kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH mekeMjI kA yaha AkSepa karma siddhAnta para na hokara mAtra prAcya aura pAzcAtya AcAradarzana ke antara ko spaSTa karatA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraNA meM aneka prakAra ke dhArmika kriyA-karmoM, niSedhAtmaka evaM vaiyaktika sadguNoM- jaise upavAsa, dhyAnAdi tathA pazu jagata meM pradarzita karma-siddhAnta [43]

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sahAnubhUti evaM karuNA ko naitika dRSTi se zubhAzubha nahIM mAnA gayA hai, lekina dRSTikoNa kA bheda hai, kyoMki pAzcAtya AcAradarzana nIti zAstra ko mAnava samAja ke pArasparika vyavahAroM taka sImita karatA hai, ataH yaha dRSTibheda svAbhAvika hai| bhAratIya cintana kA AcAradarzana ke prati vyaktiniSTha dRSTikoNa inheM naitika mUlya pradAna kara detA hai / 2. maikeMjI kA dUsarA AkSepa yaha hai ki karma - siddhAnta ke anusAra puraskAra aura daNDa do bAra diye jAte haiN| eka bAra svarga aura naraka meM aura dUsarI bAra bhAvI janma meM 9 maikeMjI kA yaha AkSepa paraloka kI dhAraNA ko nahIM samajha pAne ke kAraNa hai / bhAvI janma meM svarga aura naraka ke jIvana bhI sammilita haiM / koI bhI karma kevala eka hI bAra apanA phala pradAna karatA hai yA to vaha apanA phala svargIya jIvana meM de yA nArakIya jIvana meM athavA isI loka meM mAnavIya evaM pAzvika jIvanoM meM / 3. karma siddhAnta IzvarIya kRpA ke vicAra ke virodha meM jAtA hai 160 jahA~ taka maikeMjI ke isa AkSepa kA prazna hai, jaina aura bauddha dRSTikoNa nizcita rUpa se apane karma siddhAnta kI dhAraNA meM IzvarIya kRpA ko koI sthAna nahIM dete haiM / jaina darzana ke anusAra vyakti svayaM hI apane vikAsa aura patana kA kAraNa banatA hai, ataH usake lie IzvarIya kRpA kA koI artha nahIM hai| gItA meM IzvarIya kRpA kA sthAna hai, lekina sAtha hI yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki Izvara karma-niyama ke anusAra hI vyavahAra karatA hai / yaha satya hai ki karma - siddhAnta aura IzvarIya kRpA ye do dhAraNAe~ eka dUsare ke virodha meM jAtI haiM, lekina gItA ke anusAra yahA mAna liyA jAya ki Izvara karma-niyama ke anusAra zAsana karatA hai, to donoM dhAraNAoM meM koI virodha nahIM raha jAtA hai / karma - siddhAnta kisI Izvara kI kRpA se bhIkha kI apekSA AtmanirbharatA kA pATha par3hAtA hai / 4. karma - siddhAnta meM lokahita ke lie uThAye gaye kaSTa aura pIr3A kI prazaMsA nirarthaka hai / 1 isa AkSepa se mekeMjI kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta [44]

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yadi karma - siddhAnta meM niSThA rakhanevAlA vyakti lokahita ke kArya karatA hai to bhI vaha prazaMsanIya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha vastutaH lokahita nahIM varan svahita hI kara rahA hai| usake dvArA kiye gaye lokahita ke kAryoM kA pratiphala use milane vAlA hai / karma - siddhAnta ke anusAra lokahita meM bhI svArtha buddhi hotI hai, ataH lokahita ke kArya prazaMsanIya nahIM mAne jA skte| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki karma - siddhAnta meM AsthA rakhane para lokahita meM bhI svArtha- buddhi ho sakatI hai aura isa AdhAra para vyakti kA lokahita kA karma prazaMsanIya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / svArtha- buddhi se kiye gaye lokahita karmoM ko bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM bhI prazaMsanIya nahIM kahA gayA hai, lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki unameM lokahita kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM to niSkAma - buddhi se kiyA gayA lokahita hI sadaiva prazaMsanIya mAnA gayA hai| isa prazna para pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se bhI vicAra kara liyA jAya / yadyapi pAramArthika dRSTi se bhAratIya AcAradarzana apane karmasiddhAnta ke dvArA yaha avazya svIkAra karate haiM ki vyakti kisI bhI dUsare kA hita ahita nahIM kara sakatA, lekina vyAvahArika dRSTi se yA nimitta kAraNa kI dRSTi se yaha avazya mAnA gayA hai ki vyakti dUsare ke sukha duHkha kA nimitta kAraNa bana sakatA hai aura isa AdhAra para usakA lokahita prazaMsanIya bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai / vyAvahArika naitikatA kI dRSTi se lokahita kA mahatva bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM svIkRta rahA hai| DaoN. dayAnanda bhArgava ke zabdoM meM AdhyAtmika AtmasAkSAtkAra, na ki samAjasevA jIvana kA parama sAdhya hai lekina samAjasevA AdhyAtmika AtmAsAkSAtkAra kI sIr3hI kA prathama patthara hI siddha hotI hai 162 5. maikeMjI ke vicAra meM karma - siddhAnta ke AdhAra para mAnava jAti kI pIr3AoM evaM duHkhoM kA koI kAraNa nahIM batAyA jA sakatA 163 isa karma - siddhAnta [ 45 ]

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AkSepa kA samAdhAna yaha hai ki koI bhI kArya akAraNa nahIM ho sakatA / usakA koI na koI kAraNa to avazya hI mAnanA pdd'egaa| yadi mAnavatA kI pIr3A kA kAraNa vyakti nahIM hai to yA to usakA kAraNa Izvara hogA yA prakRti / yadi isakA kAraNa Izvara hai to vaha nirdayI hI siddha hogA aura yadi isakA kAraNa prakRti hai to manuSya ke sambandha meM yAntrikatA kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, lekina mAnava vyavahAra ke yAntrikatA ke siddhAnta meM naitika aura jIvana meM ucca mUlyoM kA koI sthAna nahIM rhegaa| ataH mAnavatA kI pIr3A kA kAraNa vyakti ko hI mAnanA hogA / samagra mAnavatA kI pIr3A kA kAraNa pratyeka vyakti svayaM hI hai| jaina vicAraNA meM isa sambandha meM sAmudAyika karma kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jisakA bandhana aura vipAka donoM hI samagra samAja ke sadasyoM ko eka sAtha hotA hai / yahI eka dhAraNA hai jo isa AkSepa kA samucita samAdhAna kara sakatI hai| 6. mekeMjI ke vicAra meM karma - siddhAnta yAntrika rUpa meM kArya karatA hai aura karma ke manovaijJAnika pakSa yA prayojana ko vicAra meM nahIM letA hai 164 keMjI kA yaha dRSTikoNa bhI bhrAntipUrNa hI hai| karma siddhAnta karma ke manovaijJAnika pakSa kA kartA ke prayojana ko mahatvUparNa sthAna detA hai| karma ke mAnasika pakSa ke abhAva meM to bauddha aura vaidika vicAraNAoM meM koI bandhana hI nahIM mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi jaina vicAraNA IryApathika bandha ke rUpa meM karma ke bAhya pakSa ko svIkAra karatI hai, lekina usake anusAra bhI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa to yahI manovaijJAnika pakSa hai| jaina sAhitya meM tandula matsya kI kathA spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAtI hai ki karma kI bAhya kriyAnviti ke abhAva meM bhI mAtra vaicArika yA manovaijJAnika pakSa hI bandhana sRjana kara detA hai, ataH karma - siddhAnta meM manovaijJAnika pakSa yA karma ke mAnasika pahalU kI upekSA nahIM huI hai / isa prakAra karma siddhAnta para kiye jAnevAle AkSepa naitikatA kI dRSTi se nirbala hI siddha hote haiM / karma siddhAnta meM ananya AsthA rakhakara hI naitika jIvana meM Age bar3hA jA sakatA hai| [46] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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saMdarbha grantha AuTalAinsa oNpha iMDiyana philAsaphI, pR. 71 ethikala sTaDIja, pR. 53, philAsAphikala kvATaralI, apraila 1932, pR. 72 zaMkarsa brahmavAda, pR. 248 thrI lekcararsa Ana vedAnta philAsaphI, pR. 165 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. bhagavatIsUtra, 1 / 2 / 64 saMyuttanikAya, 12/17 7. 8. darzana aura cintana, pR. 219 9. AtmamImAMsA, pR. 80 10. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 220 11. zvatAzvataropaniSad, 1/1-2 12. zvetAzvetara ( bhA0 ), 1/2 13. vahI, 6 / 1 14. vahI, 1 / 3 15. gItA, 8 / 23, 5/14, 9/8, 18/61 16. aMguttaranikAya, 3 / 61 17 18. bauddha dharmadarzana, pR. 250 19. majjhimanikAya, 3 / 45 suttanipAta vAseTThasutta, 60-61 20. bhagavatIsUtra, 1/2/64 21. sanmati prakaraNa, 3/53 22. gItA, 18 / 14 23. gItArahasya, pR. 55-46 24. gItA 5/8.11 25. aMguttaranikAya - uddhRta bauddha darzana aura anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 463 26. bauddha dharma darzana, pR. 249 27. vahI, pR. 255 28. karmavipAka (karmagrantha pahalA), 1 29. darzana aura cintana, pR. 225 30. gommaTasAra karmakANDa, 6 31. aSTasahasrI, pR. 51; uddhRta- sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 227 32. karmavipAka, bhUmikA, pR. 24 karma - siddhAnta [ 47 ]

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33. zrI amara bhAratI, nava. 1965, pR. 9 34. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 225-26 35. milindaprazna, lakSaNaprazna, dvitIya varga 36. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 228 amara bhAratI, navambara 1965, pR. 11-12 37. 38. samayasAra, 318-19 39. mAjjhimanikAya, 3/1/3 40. visuddhimagga, bhAga-2, pR. 205 41. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 13 / 23, 4/4 42. vahI, 20 / 23 -30 43. bhagavatIsUtra, 1/2/64 44. bauddha dharma darzana, pR. 277 45. gItA, 1/42 46. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 129 47. gItArahasya, pR. 268 48. dekhie - AtmamImAMsA, pR. 132 - 133; milindaprazna, 4/8/30 - 35, pR. 288 49. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 254 50. tattvArthasUtra, 8/2-3 51. bauddha dharma darzana, pR. 275 52. gItArahasya, pR. 284 53. sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 260 54. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 290 / 17 55. bauddha dharma darzana, adhyAya 13 56. jJAnAgni sarvakarmANi bhasmasAt kurutaM - gItA, 4 / 37 57. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, 1/1/335-36 58. hindU ethiksa, pR. 218 59. vahI, pR. 220 60. vahI, pR. 223 61. vahI, pR. 224 62. jaina ethiksa, pR. 30 63. vahI, pR. 27 64. jaina aithiksa, pR. 27 [48] ** jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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2 karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva 1. tIna prakAra ke karma jaina dRSTi se 'karmANA badhyate jantuH' kI ukti ThIka hai, lekina jaina darzana meM sabhI karma athavA kriyAe~ samAna rUpa se bandhanakAraka nahIM haiN| usameM do prakAra ke karma mAne gaye haiM- eka ko karma kahA gayA hai, dUsare ko akrm| samasta sAmparAyika kriyAe~ karma kI koTi meM AtI haiM aura IryApathika kriyAe~ akarma kI koTi meM AtI haiN| naitika darzana kI dRSTi se prathama prakAra ke karma hI naitikatA ke kSetra meM Ate haiM aura dUsare prakAra ke karma naitikatA ke kSetra se pare haiN| unheM atinaitika kahA jA sakatA hai, lekina naitikatA ke kSetra meM AnevAle sabhI karma bhI eka samAna nahIM hote haiN| unameM se kucha zubha aura kucha azubha hote haiN| jaina paribhASA meM inheM kramazaH puNya-karma aura pApa-karma kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana ke anusAra karma tIna prakAra ke hote haiM- 1. IryApathika karma (akarma) 2. puNya karma aura 3. pApa krm| bauddha darzana meM bhI tIna prakAra ke karma mAne gaye haiM- 1. avyakta yA akRSNa-azukla karma 2. kuzala yA zukla karma aura 3. akuzala yA kRssnnkrm| gItA meM bhI tIna prakAra ke karma nirUpita hai- 1. akarma, 2. karma (kuzala karma) aura 3. vikarma (akuzala krm)| jaina darzana kA IryApathika karma, bauddha darzana kA avyakta yA akRSNa karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [49]

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azukla karma tathA gItA kA akarma samAna hai| isI prakAra jaina darzana kA puNya karma, bauddha darzana kA kuzala (zukla) karma tathA gItA kA sakAma sAtvika karma bhI samAna hai| jaina darzana kA pApa karma bauddha darzana kA akuzala (kRSNa) karma tathA gItA kA vikarma hai| pAzcAtya naitika darzana kI dRSTi se bhI karma tIna prakAra ke haiM- 1. atinaitika, 2. naitika aura 3. anaitik| jaina darzana kA IryApathika karma atinaitika karma hai, puNya karma naitika karma hai, aura pApakarma anaitika karma hai| gItA kA akarma atinaitika zubha karma yA karma naitika aura vikarma anaitika hai| bauddha darzana meM anaitika, naitika aura atinaitika karma ko kramazaH akuzala, kuzala aura avyakta karma athavA kRSNa, zukla aura akRSNa karma kahA gayA hai| inheM nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai:karma pAzcAtya jaina bauddha gItA AcAradarzana 1. zuddha atinaitikakarma IryApathikakarma avyakta karma akarma 2. zubha naitika karma puNya karma kuzala (zukla) karma karma 3. azubha anaitika karma pApa karma akuzala (kRSNa) karma vikarma AdhyAtmika yA naitika pUrNatA ke lie hameM kramazaH azuma karmoM se zubha karmoM kI aura zubha karmoM se, zuddha karmoM kI ora bar3hanA hogaa| Age hama isI krama se una para thor3I adhika gaharAI se vivecana kreNge| 2. azubha yA pApa karma jaina AcAryoM ne pApa kI yaha paribhASA kI hai ki vaiyaktika sandarbha meM jo AtmA ko bandhana meM DAle, jisake kAraNa AtmA kA patana ho, jo AtmA ke Ananda kA zoSaNa kare aura AtmazaktiyoM kA kSaya kare, vaha pApa hai|' sAmAjika sandarbha meM jo parapIr3A yA dUsaroM ke duHkha kA kAraNa hai, vaha pApa hai (pApAya prpiiddn)| vastutaH jisa vicAra evaM AcAra se apanA aura para kA ahita ho aura jisase aniSTa phala kI prApti ho vaha [50] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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vRtti), 10.la, SaDyantra aura kaTamAsA), 7. mAna pApa hai| naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se ve sabhI karma jo svArtha, ghRNA yA ajJAna ke kAraNa dUsare kA ahita karane kI dRSTi se kiye jAte haiM, pApa karma haiN| itanA hI nahIM, sabhI prakAra ke durvicAra aura durbhAvanAe~ bhI pApa karma haiN| pApa yA akuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina dRSTikoNa - jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra pApa karma 18 prakAra ke haiM- 1. prANAtipAta (hiMsA) 2. mRSAvAda (asatya bhASaNa) 3. adattAdAna (caurya ka), 4. maithuna (kAma vikAra), 5. parigraha (mamatva, mUrchA, tRSNA yA saMcaya vRtti), 6. krodha (gussA), 7. mAna (ahaMkAra), 8. mAyA (kapaTa, chala, SaDyantra aura kUTanIti), 9. lobha (saMcaya yA saMgraha kI vRtti), 10. rAga ( Asakti) dveSa (ghRNA, tiraskAra, IrSyA Adi), 11. kleza (saMgharSa, kalaha, lar3AI, jhagar3A Adi) 12. abhyAkhyAna (doSAropaNa), 13. pizunatA (cugalI), 14. paraparivAda (paranindA), 15. rati-arati (harSa aura zoka), 13. mAyA-mRSA (kapaTa sahita asatya bhASaNa), 17 mithyAdarzanazalya (ayathArtha jIvanadRSTi) bauddha dRSTikoNa- bauddha darzana meM kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika AdhAroM para nimna 10 prakAra ke pApoM yA akuzala karmoM kA varNana milatA hai| 1. kAyika pApa - 1. prANAtipAta (hiMsA), 2. adattAdAna (corI), 3. kAmesumicchAcAra (kAmabhoga sambandhI duraacaar)| 2. vAcika pApa - 4. musAvAda (asatya bhASaNa), 5. pisunAvAcA (pizuna vacana), 3. pharUsAvAcA (kaThora vacana), samphalApa (vyartha aalaap)| 3. mAnasika pApa - 8. abhijjA (lobha), 9. vyApAda (mAnasika hiMsA yA ahitA cintana), 10. micchAdiTThI (mithyA dRssttikonn)| abhidhammatthasaMgaho meM nimna 14 akuzala caittasika batAye gaye hai-- 1. moha (citta kA andhApana), mUr3hatA, 2. ahirika (nirlajjatA), 3. anottappaM-a-bhIrUtA (pApa karma meM bhaya na mAnanA), 4. uddhacvaM karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [51]

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uddhatapana (caMcalatA), 5.lobho (tRSNA), 6. diTThi-mithyAdRSTi, 7. mAnoahaMkAra, 8. doso-dveSa, 9. issA-IrSyA (dUsare kI sampatti ko na saha sakanA), 10. macchIriyaM-mAtsaryya (apanI sampatti ko chipAne kI pravRtti) 11. kukkucca-kokRtya (kRta akRta ke bAre meM pazcAttApa) 12. thInaM, 13. middhaM, 14. vicikicchA-vicikitsA (sNshy)| gItA kA dRSTikoNa ____ gItA meM bhI jaina aura bauddha darzana meM svIkRta ina pApAcaraNoM yA vikarmoM kA ullekha AsurI sampadA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| gItArahasya meM tilaka ne manusmRti ke AdhAra para nimna dasa prakAra ke pApAcaraNa kA varNana kiyA hai| 1. kAyika - 1. hiMsA, 2. corI, 3. vyaabhicaar| 2. vAcika - 4. mithyA (asatya), 5. tAnA mAranA, 6. kaTu vacana, 7. asaMgata vaannii| 3. mAnasika - 8. paradravya kI abhilASA, 9. ahita cintana, 10. vyartha aagrh| pApa ke kAraNa ___ jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra pApakarma kI utpatti ke sthAna tIna haiM1. rAga (Asakti), 2. dveSa (ghRNA), 3. moha (ajnyaan)| jIva rAga, dveSa aura moha se hI pApakarma karatA hai| buddha ke anusAra bhI pApakarma kI utpatti ke sthAna tIna haiM- 1. lobha (rAga), 2. dveSa aura 3. moh| gItA ke anusAra kAma (rAga ) aura krodha hI pApa ke kAraNa haiN| 3. puNya (kuzala karma) puNya vaha hai jisake kAraNa sAmAjika evaM bhautika stara para samatva kI sthApanA hotI hai| mana, zarIra aura bAhya pariveza meM santulana banAnA yaha puNya kA kArya hai| puNya kyA hai isakI vyAkhyA meM tattvArthasUtrakAra [52] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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kahate hai- zubhAsrava puNya hai / lekina puNya mAtra Asrava nahIM hai, vaha bandha aura vipAka bhI hai| vaha heya hI nahIM hai, upadeya bhI hai| ataH aneka AcAryoM ne usakI vyAkhyA dUsare prakAra se kI hai| AcArya hemacandra puNya kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki puNya (azubha) karmoM kA lAghava hai aura zubha karmoM kA udaya hai|' isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra kI dRSTi meM puNya azubha (pApa) karmoM kI alpatA aura zubha karmoM ke udaya ke phalasvarUpa prApta prazasta avasthA kA dyotaka hai| puNya ke nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka svarUpa kI vyAkhyA AcArya abhayadeva kI sthAnAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM milatI hai| AcArya abhayadeva kahate haiM ki puNya vaha hai jo AtmA ko pavitra karatA hai athavA pavitratA kI ora le jAtA hai| AcArya kI dRSTi meM puNya AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM sahAyaka tattva hai| muni suzIla kumAra likhate haiM, puNya mokSArthiyoM kI naukA ke lie anukUla vAyu hai jo naukA ko bhavasAgara zIghra pAra karA detI hai| jaina kavi banArasIdAsajI samayasAra nATaka maiM kahate haiM ki jisase bhAvoM kI vizuddhi ho, jisase AtmA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora bar3hatA hai aura jisase isa saMsAra meM bhautika samRddhi aura sukha milatA hai vahI puNya hai / " jaina tattvajJAna ke anusAra, puNya karma ve zubha pudgala paramANu haiM jo zubhavRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita ho bandha karate haiM aura apane vipAka ke avasara para zubha adhyavasAyoM, zubha vicAroM evaM kriyAoM kI ora prerita karate haiM tathA AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM bhautika anukUlatAoM ke saMyoga prastuta kara dete haiN| AtmA kI ve manodazAe~ evaM kriyAe~ bhI puNya kahalAtI haiM jo zubha pudgala paramANu ko AkarSita karatI haiN| sAtha hI dUsarI ora ve pudgala paramANu jo ina zubha vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ko prerita karate haiM aura apane prabhAva se Arogya, sampatti evaM samyak zraddhA jJAna evaM saMyama ke avasara upasthita karate haiM, puNya kahe jAte haiN| zubha manovRttiyA~ bhAvapuNya haiM aura zubha pudgala paramANu dravyapuNya haiM / karma kA azubhatva zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [53]

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puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa bhagavatIsUtra meM anukampA, sevA, paropakAra Adi zubha pravRttiyoM ko puNyopArjana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM nau prakAra ke puNya nirUpita hai21. annapuNya - bhojanAdi dekara kSudhArta kI kSudhA nivRtti krnaa| 2. pAnapuNya - tRSA (pyAsa) se pIr3ita vyakti ko pAnI pilaanaa| 3. layanapuNya - nivAsa ke lie sthAna denA jaise dharmazAlAe~ Adi bnvaanaa| 4. zayanapuNya - zayyA, bichaunA Adi denaa| 5. vastrapuNya - vastra kA dAna denaa| 6. manapuNya - mana se zubha vicAra krnaa| jagat ke maMgala kI zubhakAmanA krnaa| 7. vacanapuNya - prazasta evaM saMtoSa denevAlI vANI kA prayoga krnaa| 8. kAyapuNya - rogI, duHkhita evaM pUjyajanoM kI sevA krnaa| namaskArapuNya - gurujanoM ke prati Adara prakaTa karane ke lie unakA abhivAdana krnaa| bauddha AcAradarzana meM bhI puNya ke isa dAnAtmaka svarUpa kI carcA milatI hai| saMyuktanikAya meM kahA gayA hai, anna, pAna, vastra, zayyA, Asana evaM cAdara ke dAnI paNDita puruSa meM puNya kI dhArAe~ A giratI haiN| abhidhammatthasaMgaho meM 1. zraddhA, 2. apramattatA (smRti), 3. pApa karma ke prati lajjA, 4. pApa karma ke prati bhaya, 5. alobha (tyAga), 6. advaiSa (maitrI), 7. samabhAva, 8. mana kI pavitratA zarIra kI prasannatA, 10. mana kA halakApana, 11. zarIra kA halakApana, mana kI mRdutA, 12. zarIra kI mRdutA, 13. mana kI saralatA, zarIra kI saralatA Adi ko bhI kuzala caitasika kahA gayA hai| [54] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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jaina aura bauddha darzana meM puNyaviSayaka vizeSa antara yaha hai ki jaina darzana meM saMvara, nirjarA aura puNya meM antara kiyA gayA hai, kintu bauddha darzana meM aisA spaSTa antara nahIM hai| jainAcAradarzana meM samyakdarzana (zraddhA), samyakjJAna (prajJA) aura samyak cAritra (zIla) saMvara aura nirjarA ke antargata haiM aura bauddha AcAradarzana meM dharma, saMgha aura buddha ke prati dRr3ha zraddhA, zIla aura prajJA (kuzala karma) ke antargata hai| 4. puNya aura pApa (zubha aura azubha) kI kasauTI zubhAzubhatA yA puNyapApa ke nirNaya ke do AdhAra ho sakate haiM- 1. karma vA bAhya svarUpa arthAt samAja para usakA prabhAva aura 2. kartA kA abhipraay| ina donoM meM kauna-sA AdhAra yathArtha hai, yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| gItA aura bauddha darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA saccA AdhAra mAnA gyaa| gItA spaSTarUpa se kahatI hai ki jisameM kartatva bhAva nahIM hai. jisakI buddhi nirlipta hai, vaha ina saba logoM ko mAra DAle to bhI yaha samajhanA cAhie ki usane na to kisI ko mArA hai aura na vaha usa karma se bandhana ko prApta hotA hai| dhammapada meM buddha vacana bhI aisA hI hai (naiSkarmyasthiti ko prApta) brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajAsahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI niSpApa hokara jAtA hai| bauddha darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI puNya-pApa kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| isakA pramANa sUtrakRtAMga ke Ardraka saMvAda meM bhI milatA hai| jahA~ taka jaina mAnyatA kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra usameM bhI kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| muni suzIlakumArajI likhate haiM, zubha-azubha karma ke baMdha kA mukhya AdhAra manovRttiyoM hI haiN| eka DaoNkTara kisI ko pIr3A pahu~cAne ke lie usakA vraNa cIratA hai| usase cAhe rogI ko lAbha hI ho jAye parantu DaoNkTara to pApa karma ke bandha kA hI bhAgI hogaa| isake viparIta vahI DaoNkTara karuNA ke prerita hokara vraNa cIratA hai aura kadAcita usase rogI kI mRtyu ho jAtI karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [55]

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hai, to bhI DaoNkTara apanI zubha bhAvanA ke kAraNa puNya kA bandha karatA hai / 17 paMDita sukhalAla jI bhI yahI kahate haiM, puNya baMdha aura pApa baMdha kI saccI kasauTI kevala UparI kriyA nahIM hai, kintu usakI yathArtha kasauTI kartA kA Azaya hI hai| 18 isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma meM bhI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra manovRttiyA~ hI haiM, phira bhI usameM karma kA bAhyasvarUpa upekSita nahIM hai| nizcaya dRSTi se to manovRttiyA~ hI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA ki nirNAyaka haiM, phira bhI vyavahAradRSTi se karma kA bAhya svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM ArdrakakumAra bauddhoM kI ekAMgI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue kahate haiM ki jo mAMsa khAtA ho - cAhe na jAnate hue hI khAtA ho to bhI usako pApa lagatA hI hai / hama jAnakara nahIM khAte, isalie doSa (pApa) nahIM lagatA aisA kahanA asatya nahIM to kyA hai?" isase spaSTa hai ki jaina dRSTi meM manovRtti ke sAtha hI karmoM kA bAhya svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai / vAstava meM sAmAjika dRSTi yA loka vyavahAra meM to yahI pramukha nirNAyaka hotA hai| sAmAjika nyAya meM to karma kA bAhya svarUpa hI usakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai, kyoMki Antarika vRtti ko vyakti svayaM jAna sakatA hai, dUsarA nahIM / jaina dRSTi ekAMgI nahIM hai, vaha samanvayavAdI aura sApekSavAdI hai / vaha vyakti sApekSa hokara manovRtti ko karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka mAnatI hai aura samAja sApekSa hokara karmoM ke bAhya svarUpa para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai, usameM dravya ( bAhya) aura bhAva (AMtarika) donoM kA mUlya hai| yoga (bAhya kriyA) aura bhAva (manovRtti) donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiM, yadyapi usameM manovRtti hI pramukha kAraNa hai / vaha vRtti aura kriyA meM vibheda nahIM mAnatI / usakI samanvayavAdI dRSTi meM manovRtti zubha ho aura kriyA azubha ho, yaha sambhava nahIM, mana meM zubha bhAva ho to pApAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai / vaha eka samAlocaka dRSTi se [56] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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kahatI hai ki mana meM satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se dUsarI bAteM (azubhAcaraNa) karanA kyA saMyamI puruSoM kA lakSaNa hai? usakI dRSTi meM siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM antara AtmapravaMcanA hai| mAnasika hetu para hI jora dene vAlI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai, karma bandhana kA satya jJAna nahIM batAne vAle, isa vAda ko mAnane vAle kitane hI loga saMsAra meM pha~sate rahate haiM ki pApa lagane ke tIna sthAna haiM- svayaM karane se, dUsare se karAne se, dUsaroM ke kArya kA anumodana karane se| parantu yadi hRdaya pApa mukta ho to ina tInoM ke karane para bhI nirvANa avazya mile| yaha vAda ajJAna hai, mana se pApa ko pApa samajhate hue jo doSa karatA hai, use nirdoSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha saMyama (vAsanA nigraha) meM zithila hai| parantu bhogAsakta loga ukta bAteM mAnakara pApa meM par3e haiN| pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM bhI sukhavAdI dArzanika karma kI phalazruti ke AdhAra para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karate haiM, jaba ki mArTinyU karma-preraka para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra ina donoM pAzcAtya vicAraNAoM meM apUrNa satya hai - eka kA AdhAra lokadRSTi hai tathA dUsarI kA AdhAra paramArtha dRSTi yA zuddhadRSTi hai| eka vyAvahArika satya hai aura dUsarA pAramArthika sty| naitikatA vyavahAra se paramArtha kI ora prayANa hai, ataH usameM donoM kA hI mUlya hai| kartA ke abhiprAya ko zubhazubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra mAne, yA karma ke samAja para honevAle pariNAma ko, donoM sthitiyoM meM kisa prakAra kA karma puNya-karma yA ucita karma kahA jAyegA aura kisa prakAra kA karma pApa-karma yA anucita karma kahA jAyegA, isa prazna para vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya cintana meM puNya para vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya cintana meM puNya pApa kI vicAraNA ke sandarbha meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pramukha hai| jahA~ karma-akarma karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [57]

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kA vicAra vyakti sApekSa hai, vahA~ puNya-pApa kA vicAra samAja sApekSa hai| jaba hama karma-akarma yA karmabandha kA vicAra karate haiM, to vaiyaktika-karma preraka yA vaiyaktika cetanA kI vizuddhatA (vItarAgatA) hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra banatI hai, lekina jaba hama puNya-pApa kA vicAra karate haiM to samAjakalyANa yA lokahita hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra hotA hai| vastutaH bhAratIya cintana meM jIvanAdarza to zubhAzubhatva kI sImA se Upara uThanA hai| usa sandarbha meM vItarAga yA anAsakta jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa hI vyakti kA parama sAdhya mAnA gayA hai aura vahI karma ke bandhana yA abandhana kA AdhAra hai, lekina zubha aura azubha donoM meM hI rAga to hotA hI hai, rAga ke abhAva meM to karma zubhAzubha se Upara uThakara atinaitika (zuddha) hogaa| zubhAzubha karmoM meM pramukhatA rAga kI upasthiti yA anupasthiti kI nahIM, varan usakI prazastatA yA aprazastatA kI hai| prazasta-rAga zubha yA puNyabandha kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura aprazasta-rAga azubha yA pApabandha kA kAraNa hai| rAga kI prazastatA usameM dveSa kI kamI ke AdhAra para nirbhara karatI hai| yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM, yathApi jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA jitanI alpa aura manda hogI vaha rAga utanA prazasta hogA aura jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA aura tIvratA jitanI adhika hogI, rAga utanA hI aprazasta hogaa| dveSavihIna rAga yA prazasta rAga hI niSkAma prema kahA jAtA hai| usa prema se parArtha yA paropakAravRtti kA udaya hotA hai jo zubha kA sRjana karatI hai| usI se loka maMgalakArI pravRttiyoM ke rUpa meM puNya karma nissRta hote haiM, jabaki dveSayukta aprazasta rAga hI ghRNA ko janma dekara svArtha-vRtti kA vikAsa karatA hai| usase azubha, amaMgalakArI pApakarma nissRta hote haiN| saMkSepa meM jisa karma ke pIche prema aura parArtha hotA hai vaha puNya-karma hai aura jisa karma ke pIche ghRNA aura svArtha hotA hai vaha pApa-karma hai| jaina AcAradarzana puNya karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM jina tathyoM para adhika jora detA hai ve sabhI samAja sApekSa haiN| vastutaH zubha-azubha ke vargIkaraNa [58] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pradhAna hai| bhAratIya cintakoM kI dRSTi meM puNya aura pApa kI samagra cintanA kA sAra nimna kathana meM samAyA huA hai ki 'paropakAra puNya hai aura parapIr3ana pApa hai|' jaina vicArakoM ne puNya-bandha ke dAna, sevA Adi jina kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai unakA pramukha sambandha sAmAjika kalyANa yA loka maMgala se hai| isI prakAra pApa ke rUpa meM jina tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai ve sabhI loka amaMgalakArI tattva hai| isa prakAra jahA~ taka zubha-azubha yA puNya-pApa ke vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, hameM sAmAjika saMdarbha meM use dekhanA hogA, yadyapi bandhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karate samaya kartA ke Azaya ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| 5. sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra yaha satya hai ki karma ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nirNaya anya prANiyoM yA samAja ke prati kiye gaye vyavahAra athavA dRSTikoNa ke sandarbha meM hotA hai| lekina anya prANiyoM ke prati hamArA kauna-sA vyavahAra yA dRSTikoNa zubha hogA aura kauna-sA azubha hogA, inakA nirNaya kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAye? bhAratIya cintana ne isa sandarbha meM jo kasauTI pradAna kI hai, vaha yahI hai ki jaisA vyavahAra hama apane lie pratikUla samajhate haiM vaisA AcaraNa dUsare ke prati nahIM karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM anukUla hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA yahI zubhAcaraNa hai| isake viparIta jo vyavahAra hameM apane lie pratikUla lagatA hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM apane lie anukUla lagatA hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati nahIM karanA azubhAcaraNa hai| bhAratIya RSiyoM kA yahI saMdeza hai| saMkSepa meM sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hI vyavahAra ke zubhatva kA pramANa hai| jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa ___ jaina darzana ke anusAra jisa vyakti meM saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hai, vahI naitika karmoM kA sRSTA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [59]

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meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta prANiyoM ko jo apane samAna samajhatA hai aura jisakA sabhI ke prati sambhAva hai vaha pApa-karma kA bandha nahIM krtaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra bhI dharma-adharma (zubhAzubhatva) ke nirNaya meM apane samAna dUsare ko samajhanA caahie| sabhI ko jIvita rahane kI icchA hai| koI bhI maranA nahIM caahtaa| sabhI ko apane prANa priya haiN| sukha anukUla hai aura duHkha pratikUla hai| isalie vahI AcaraNa zreSTha hai, jisake dvArA kisI bhI prANa kA hanana nahIM ho bauddha darzana kA dRSTikoNa bauddha darzana meM bhI sarvatra Atmavat dRSTi ko hI karma ke zubhatva kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM ki jaisA maiM hU~ vaise hI ye dUsare prANI bhI haiM aura jaise ye dUsare prANI vaisA hI maiM hU~, isa prakAra sabhI ko apane samAna samajhakara kisI kI hiMsA yA ghAta nahIM karanA cAhie 26 dhammapada meM bhI yahI kahA hai ki sabhI prANI daNDa se Darate haiM, mRtyu se sabhI bhaya khAte haiM, sabako jIvana priya hai, ataH sabako apane samAna samajhakara na mAre aura na mArane kI preraNA kre| sukha cAhane vAle prANiyoM ko apane sukha kI cAha se jo duHkha detA hai vaha marakara sukha nahIM pAtA, lekina jo sukha cAhane vAle prANiyoM ko apane sukha kI cAha se duHkha nahIM detA vaha marakara sukha ko prApta hotA hai| hindU dharma kA dRSTikoNa ___ manusmRti, mahAbhArata tathA gItA meM bhI hameM isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana milatA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sukha aura duHkha sabhI meM dUsare prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi rakhakara vyavahAra karatA hai vahI paramayogI hai| mahAbhArata meM aneka sthAnoM para isa vicAra kA samarthana milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaisA apane lie cAhatA hai vaisA hI vyavahAra dUsare ke prati bhI kre|" tyAga-dAna, sukha-duHkha, priya-apriya sabhI meM dUsare ko apanI AtmA ke samAna mAnakara vyavahAra karanA caahie| jo vyakti dUsare [60] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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prANiyoM ke prati apane jaisA vyavahAra karatA hai vahI svarga ke sukhoM ko prApta karatA hai| 1 jo vyavahAra svayaM ko priya lagatA hai vaisA hI vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati kiyA jAya / he yudhiSThira, dharma aura adharma kI pahacAna kA yahI lakSaNa hai 12 pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa pAzcAtya cintana meM bhI sAmAjika jIvana meM dUsaroM ke prati vyavahAra karane kA yaha dRSTikoNa svIkRta hai ki jaisA vyavahAra tuma apane lie cAhate ho vaisA hI dUsare ke lie kro| kAMTa ne bhI kahA hai ki kevala usI niyama ke anusAra kAma karo jise tuma eka sArvabhauma niyama bana jAne kI icchA karate ho| mAnavatA, cAhe vaha tumhAre andara ho yA kisI anya ke, sadaiva sAdhya banI rahe, sAdhana kabhI na ho kAMTa ke isa kathana kA Azaya bhI yahI hai ki naitika jIvana ke saMdarbha meM sabhI ko apane samAna mAnakara vyavahAra karanA cAhie / 6. zubha aura azubha se zuddha kI ora jaina dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA meM zubha-azubha athavA maMgala-amaMgala kI vAstavikatA svIkAra kI gayI hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusara tattva nau haiM jisameM puNya aura pApa svataMtra tatva haiM 34 tatvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti ne jIva, ajIva, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, baMdha aura mokSa ye sAta tattva ginAye haiM, inameM puNya aura pApa ko nahIM ginAyA hai / 35 lekina yaha vivAda mahatvapUrNa nahIM kyoMki jo paramparA unheM svataMtra tatva nahIM mAnatI hai vaha bhI usako Asrava tattva ke antargata mAna letI hai / yadyapi puNya aura pApa mAtra Asrava nahIM hai, varan unakA baMdha bhI hotA hai aura vipAka bhI hotA hai / ataH Asrava ke zubhAsrava aura azubhAsrava ye do vibhAga karane se kAma nahIM banatA, balki baMdha aura vipAka meM bhI do-do bheda karane hoMge / isa kaThinAI se bacane ke lie hI pApa evaM puNya ko svataMtra tatvoM ke rUpa meM gina liyA gayA hai / 1 karma kA azubhatva zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [61]

Page #69
phira bhI jaina vicAraNA nirvANa-mArga ke sAdhaka ke lie donoM ko heya aura tyAjya mAnatI hai, kyoMki donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| vastutaH naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA zubhAzubha yA puNya-pApa se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| zubha (puNya) aura azubha (pApa) kA bheda jaba taka banA rahatA hai, naitika pUrNatA nahIM aatii| azubha para pUrNa vijaya ke sAtha hI vyakti zubha (puNya) se bhI Upara uThakara zuddha dazA meM sthita ho jAtA hai| RSibhAsita sUtra meM RSi kahatA hai, pUrvakRta puNya aura pApa saMsAra saMtati ke mUla hai| AcArya kundakunda puNya-pApa donoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahakara donoM ke bandhakatva kA antara bhI spaSTa kara dete haiN| samayasAra meM ve kahate haiM ki azubha karma pApa (kuzIla) aura zubha karma puNya (suzIla) kahe jAte haiM, phira bhI puNya karma saMsAra (bandhana) kA kAraNa hai jisa prakAra svarNa kI ber3I bhI lauha ber3I ke samAna hI vyakti ko bandhana meM rakhatI hai, usI prakAra jIvakRta sabhI zubhAzubha karma bhI bandhana ke kAraNa hai| phira bhI AcArya puNya ko svarNa ber3I kahakara usake pApa se kiJcit zreSThatA siddha kara dete haiN| AcArya amRtacandra kA kahanA hai ki pAramArthika dRSTi se puNya aura pApa donoM meM bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki antatogatvA donoM hI bandhana hai| yahI bAta paM. jayacandrajI bhI kahate haiM puNya pApa doU karama, baMdharUpa duI maani| zuddha AtmA jina lahyo, tamU carana hita jaani||" jainAcAryoM ne puNya ko nirvANa kI dRSTi se heya mAnate hue bhI use nirvANa kA sahAyaka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| nirvANa prApta karane ke lie antatogatvA puNya ko tyAganA hI hotA hai, phira bhI vaha nirvANa meM ThIka usI prakAra sahAyaka hai jaise sAbuna vastra ke maila ko sApha karane meM sahAyaka hai| zuddha vastra ke lie sAbuna kA lagA honA anAvazyaka hai use bhI alaga karanA hotA hai, vaise hI nirvANa yA zuddhAtma dazA meM puNya kA [62] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

Page #70
honA bhI anAvazyaka hai, use bhI chor3anA hotA hai| jisa prakAra sAbuna maila ko dUra karatA hai aura maila chUTane para svayaM alaga ho jAtA hai, vaise hI puNya bhI pApa rUpa alaga ho jAtA hai| ataH vyakti jaba azubha (pApa) karma se Upara uTha jAtA hai, taba usakA zubha karma bhI zuddha karma bana jAtA hai| dveSa para pUrNa vijaya pA jAne para rAga bhI nahIM rahatA hai, ataH rAga-dveSa ke abhAva meM usase jo karma nissRta hote haiM ve zuddha (IryApathika) hote haiN| puNya (zubha) karma ke sambandha meM eka mahatvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki puNyopArjana kI uparyukta kriyAe~ jaba anApaktabhAva se kI jAtI haiM to ve zubha bandha kA kAraNa na hokara karmakSaya (saMvara aura nirjarA) kA kAraNa bana jAtI hai| isI prakAra saMvara aura nirjarA ke kAraNa saMyama aura tapa jaba AsaktabhAva yA phalAkAMkSA (nidAna arthAt unake pratiphala ke rUpa meM kisI nizcita phala kI kAmanA karanA) se yukta hote haiM, to ve karma kSaya athavA nirvANa kA kAraNa na hokara bandhana kA hI kAraNa banate haiM, cAhe vaha sukhada phala ke rUpa meM kyoM na hoN| jainAcAradarzana meM rAga dveSa se rahita hokara kiyA gayA zuddha kArya hI mokSa yA nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura AsaMktipUrvaka kiyA gayA zubha kArya bhI bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ para gItA kA anAsakta karma-yoga jaina darzana ke atyanta samIpa A jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA kA lakSya azubha karma se zubha karma kI aura zubha se zuddhakarma (vItarAga dazA) kI prApti hai| AtmA kA zuddhopayoga hI jaina naitikatA kA antima sAdhya hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa ___ bauddha darzana bhI jaina darzana ke samAna naitika sAdhanA kI antima avasthA meM puNya aura pApa donoM se Upara uThane kI bAta kahatA hai aura isa prakAra vaha bhI samAna vicAroM kA pratipAdana karatA hai| bhagavAn buddha suttAnipAta meM kahate haiM ki jo puNya aura pApa ko dUra kara zAMta (sama) ho gayA hai, isa loka aura paraloka (ke yathArtha svarUpa) ko jAnakara karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [63]

Page #71
(karma) raja rahita ho gayA hai, jo janma-maraNa se pare ho gayA hai, vaha zramaNa sthira, sthitAtmA (tathatA) kahalAtA hai| sabhiya parivrAjaka dvArA buddha vaMdanA meM yahI bAta doharAyI gayI hai| vaha buddha ke prati kahatA hai, 'jisa prakAra sundara puNDarIka kamala pAnI meM lipta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra Apa puNya aura pApa donoM meM lipta nahIM hote| isa prakAra bauddha darzana kA bhI antima lakSya zubha aura azubha se Upara uThanA hai| gItA kA dRSTikoNa ____gItAkAra ne bhI yaha saMketa kiyA hai mukti ke lie zubhAzubha donoM prakAra ke karmaphaloM se mukta honA Avazyaka hai| zrI kRSNa kahate haiM, he arjuna, tU jo bhI karma karatA hai, jo kucha khAtA hai, jo kucha havana karatA hai, jo kucha dAna detA hai athavA tapa karatA hai vaha sabhI zubhAzubha karma mujhe arpita kara de arthAt unake prati kisI prakAra kI Asakti yA kartRtvabhAva mata rkh| isa prakAra saMnyAsa yoga se yukta hone para tU zubhAzubha phala denevAle karma bandhana se chUTa jAyegA aura mujhe prApta hovegA2 gItAkAra spaSTa karatA hai ki zubha aura azubha donoM hI karma bandhana haiM aura mukti ke lie unase Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| buddhimAna manuSya zubha aura azubha yA puNya aura pApa donoM ko tyAga detA hai| sacce bhakta kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jo zubha aura azubha donoM kA parityAga kara cukA hai arthAt jo donoM se Upara uTha cukA hai, vaha bhaktiyukta puruSa mujhe priya hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ne gItA ke paricayAtmaka nibandha meM bhI isa dhAraNA ko prastuta kiyaa| ve AcArya kundakunda ke sAtha sama:vara hokara kahate haiM, cAhe hama acchI icchAoM ke bandhana meM baMdhe hoM yA burI icchaoM ke, bandhana to donoM hI haiN| isase kyA antara par3atA hai ki jina jaMjIroM meM hama baMdhe haiM ve sone kI hai yA lohe kI jaina darzana ke samAna gItA bhI yahI kahatI hai ki jaba puNya karmoM ke sampAdana dvArA pApa karmoM kA kSaya kara diyA jAtA hai, taba vaha puruSa rAga dveSa ke dvandva se mukta hokara dRr3ha nizcayapUrvaka merI bhakti [64] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

Page #72
karatA hai| isa prakAra gItA bhI naitika jIvana ke lie azubha se zubha karma kI ora, aura zubha karma se zuddha yA niSkAma karma kI ora bar3hane kA saMketa detI hai| gItA kA antima lakSya bhI zubhAzubha se Upara niSkAma jIvana dRSTi kA nirmANa hai| pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa aneka pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA ke lie zubhAzubha se pare jAnA Avazyaka mAnA hai| breDale kA kahanA hai ki naitikatA hameM zubhAzubha se pare le jAtI hai| naitika jIvana ke kSetra meM zubha aura azubha kA virodha banA rahatA hai lekina AtmapUrNatA kI avasthA meM yaha virodha nahIM rahanA caahie| ataH pUrNa AtmasAkSAtkAra ke lie hameM naitikatA (zubhAzubha) ke kSetra se Upara uThanA hogaa| breDale ne naitikatA ke kSetra se Upara dharma (AdhyAtma) kA kSetra mAnA hai| usake anusAra, naitikatA kA anta dharma meM hotA hai, jahA~ vyakti zubhAzubha ke dvaMdva se Upara uThakara Izvara se tAdAtmya sthApita kara letA hai, ve likhate haiM ki anta meM hama aise sthAna para pahu~ca jAte haiM, jahA~ prakriyA kA anta hotA hai, yadyapi sarvottama kriyA sarvaprathama yahA~ se hI Arambha hotI hai| yahA~ para hamArI naitikatA Izvara se tAdAtmya meM carama avasthA meM phalita hotI hai aura sarvatra hama usa amara prema ko dekhate haiM, jo sadaiva virodhAbhAsa meM phalita hotI hai aura sarvatra hama usa amara prema ko dekhate haiM, jo sadaiva virodhAbhAsa para vikasita hotA hai, kintu jisameM virodhAbhAsa kA sadA ke lie anta ho jAtA hai| ___ breDale ne naitikatA aura dharma meM jo bheda kiyA, vaisA hI bheda bhAratIya darzanoM ne vyAvahArika naitikatA aura pAramArthika naitikatA meM kiyA hai| vyAvahArika naitikatA kA kSetra zubhAzubha kA kSetra hai| yahA~ AcaraNa kI dRSTi samAja-sApekSa hotI hai aura loka maMgala hI usakA sAdhya hai| pAramArthika naitikatA kA kSetra zuddha cetanA (anAsakta yA vItarAga jIvana dRSTi) hai, yaha karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [65]

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vyakti sApekSa hai| vyakti ko bandhana se bacAkara mukti kI ora le jAnA hI isakA antima sAdhya hai| 7. zuddha karma (akarma) __zuddha karma vaha jIvana vyavahAra hai jisameM kriyAe~ rAga-dveSa se rahita hotI haiM tathA jo AtmA ko bandhana meM nahIM ddaaltiiN| abandhaka karma hI zuddha karma haiN| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra karate haiM ki AcaraNa (kriyA) evaM bandhana meM kyA sambandha hai? kyA karmaNA badhyate jantuH' kI ukti sarvAzataH satya hai? jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM yaha ukti ki 'karma se prANI bandhana meM AtA hai' nirapekSa satya nahIM hai| eka to karma yA kriyA ke sabhI rUpa bandhana kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM haiM phira yaha bhI sambhava hai ki AcaraNa evaM kriyA ke hote hue bhI koI bandhana nahIM ho, lekina yaha nirNaya kara pAnA ki bandhaka karma kyA hai aura abandhaka karma kyA hai, atyanta kaThina hai| gItA kahatI hai ki karma (bandhaka karma) kyA hai aura akarma (abaMdhaka karma) kyA hai, isake viSaya meM vidvAn bhI mohita ho jAte haiN| karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke jJAna kA viSaya atyanta gahana hai| yaha karma-samIkSA kA viSaya atyanta gahana aura duSkara kyoM hai, isa prazna kA uttara hameM jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki karma, kriyA yA AcaraNa samAna hone para bhI bandhana kI dRSTi se ve bhinna-bhinna prakRti ke ho sakate haiN| mAtra AcaraNa, karma yA puruSArtha ko dekhakara yaha nirNaya denA sambhava nahIM ki vaha naitika dRSTi se kisa prakAra kA hai| jJAnI aura ajJAnI donoM hI samAna vIratA ko dikhAte hue (arthAt samAnarUpa se karma karate hue) bhI adhUre jJAnI aura sarvathA ajJAnI kA, cAhe jitanA parAkrama (puruSArtha) ho, para vaha azuddha hai aura karma-bandhana kA kAraNa hai, parantu jJAna evaM bodha sahita manuSya kA parAkrama zuddha hai aura use usakA kucha phala nahIM bhoganA pdd'taa| yogya rIti se kiyA huA tapa bhI yadi kIrti kI icchA se kiyA [66] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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gayA ho to zuddha nahIM hotA / 50 bandhana kI dRSTi se karma kA vicAra usake bAhya svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, usameM kartA kA prayojana, kartA kA viveka evaM dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI mahattvapUrNa haiM aura karmoM kA aisA sarvAMgapUrNa vicAra karane meM vidvat varga bhI kaThinAI meM par3a jAtA hai| karma meM kartA ke prayojana ko, jo ki eka Antarika tathya hai, jAna pAnA sahaja nahIM hotA / lekina, kartA ke lie jo ki apanI manodazA kA jJAtA bhI hai, yaha Avazyaka hai ki karma aura akarma kA yathArtha svarUpa samajhe, kyoMki usake abhAva meM mukti sambhava nahIM hai / kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM ki maiM tujhe karma ke usa rahasya ko batAU~gA jise jAnakara tU mukta ho jAyegA / 1 naitika vikAsa ke lie baMdhaka aura abaMdhaka karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai / baMdhana kI dRSTi se karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra hai / 8. jaina darzana meM karma-akarma vicAra karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie usa para do dRSTiyoM ke vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / (1) usakI bandhanAtmaka zakti ke AdhAra para aura (2) usakI zubhAzubhatA ke AdhAra para / bandhanAtmaka zakti ke AdhAra para vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki kucha karma bandhana meM DAlate haiM, aura kucha karma bandhana meM nahIM DAlate haiM / bandhaka karmoM ko karma aura abandhaka karmoM ko akarma kahA jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM karma aura akarma ke yathArtha svarUpa kA vivecana hameM sarvaprathama AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM milatA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha karma ko vIrya (puruSArtha) kahate haiM, kucha akarma ko vIrya (puruSArtha) kahate haiM / 2 isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM sakriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai, jabaki dUsare vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM niSkriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai| isa sambandha meM mahAvIra apane dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue yaha spaSTa karma kA azubhatva zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [67]

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karane kA prayAsa karate haiM ki 'karma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA evaM akarma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA kA abhAva' aisA nahIM mAnanA caahie| ve atyanta sImita zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki pramAda karma hai, apramAda akarma hai| aisA kahakara mahAvIra yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki akarma niSkriyatA nahIM, vaha to satat jAgarUkatA hai| apamatta avasthA yA Atma-jAgRti kI dazA meM kriyAzIlatA bhI akarma ho jAtI hai jabaki pramatta dazA yA Atma jAgRti ke abhAva meM niSkriyatA bhI karma (bandhana) bana jAtI hai| vastutaH kisI kriyA kA bandhakatva mAtra kriyA ke ghaTita hone meM nahIM, varan usake pIche rahe hue kaSAya bhAvoM evaM rAga-dveSa kI sthiti para nirbhara hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra, rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya (jo ki AtmA kI pramatta dazA hai) hI kisI kriyA ko karma banA dete haiM jabaki kaSAya evaM Asakti se rahita hokara kiyA huA karma akarma bana jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jo Asrava yA bandhanakAraka kriyAe~ haiM ve hI anAsakti evaM viveka se samanvita hokara mukti ke sAdhana bana jAtI haiN| isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA meM karma aura akarma apane bAhya svarUpa kI apekSA kartA ke viveka aura manovRtti para nirbhara hote haiN| jaina darzana meM bandhana kI dRSTi se kriyAoM ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai- (1) IryApathika kriyAe~ (akarma) aura (2) sAmparAyika kriyAe~ (krm)| IryApathika kriyAe~ niSkAma vItarAgadRSTi sampanna vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM jo bandhanakAraka haiN| saMkSepa meM ve samasta kriyAe~ jo Asrava evaM bandha kI kAraNa haiM, karma haiM aura ve samasta kriyAe~ jo saMvara evaM nirjarA kI hetu haiM akarma haiN| jaina dRSTi meM akarma yA IryApathika karma kA artha hai- rAga-dveSa evaM moha rahita hokara mAtra karttavya athavA zarIra nirvAha ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA krm| aura karma kA artha hai rAga-dveSa evaM mohasahita kriyaaeN| jaina darzana ke anusAra jo kriyA yA vyApAra rAga-dveSa aura moha se yukta hotA hai vaha bandhana meM DAlatA hai isalie vaha karma hai aura jo kriyA vyApAra rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita hokara karttavya yA zarIra nirvAha ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, vaha [68] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai ata: akarma hai| jinheM jaina darzana meM IryApathika kriyAe~ yA akarma kahA gayA hai unheM bauddha paramparA anucita avyakta yA akRSNa-azukla karma kahatI hai aura jinheM jaina paramparA sAmparAyika kriyAe~ yA karma kahatI haiM, unheM bauddha paramparA upacita karma yA kRSNa zukla karma kahatI hai| isa sambandha meM vistAra se vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| 9. bauddha darzana meM karma-akarma kA vicAra . bauddha vicAraNA meM bhI aura unake phala dene kI yogyatA ke prazna ko lekara mahAkarma vibhaMga meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana kA pramukha prazna yaha hai ki kauna se karma upacita hote haiN| karma ke upacita hone kA tAtparya saMcita hokara phala dene kI kSamatA ke yogya hone se hai| bauddha paramparA kA upacita karma jaina paramparA ke vipAkodayI karma se aura bauddhaparamparA kA anupacita karma jaina paramparA ke pradezodayIkarma (IryApathika karma) se tulanIya hai| mahAkarmavibhaMga meM karma kI kRtyatA aura upacitatA ke sambandha ko lekara karma kA eka caturvidha vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 1. ve karma jo kRta (sampAdita) nahIM haiM lekina upacita (phala pradAtA) haiM- vAsanAoM ke tIvra Avega se prerita hokara kiye gaye aise karmasaMkalpa jo kAryarUpa meM pariNata nahIM ho pAye, isa varga meM Ate haiN| jaisekisI vyakti ne krodha yA dveSa ke vazIbhUta hokara kisI ko mArane kA saMkalpa kiyA ho, lekina vaha use mArane kI kriyA ko sampAdita na kara sakA ho| 2. ve karma jo kRta bhI haiM aura upacita haiM- ve samasta aicchika karma jinako saMkalpapUrvaka sampAdita kiyA gayA hai, isa koTi meM Ate haiN| akRta upacita karma aura kRta upacita karma donoM zubha aura azubha ho sakate haiN| 3. ve karma jo kRta haiM lekina upacita nahIM haiM- abhidharmakoSa ke anusAra nimna karma kRta hone para upacita nahIM hote haiM arthAt apanA phala nahIM dete haiMkarma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [69]

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(a) ve karma jinheM saMkalpapUrvaka nahIM kiyA gayA hai, arthAt jo sacintya nahIM haiM, upacita nahIM hote haiN| (ba) ve karma jinheM sacintya hote hue bhI sahasAkRta haiM, upacita nahIM hote haiN| inheM hama Akasmika karma kaha sakate haiN| Adhunika manovijJAna meM inheM vicAraprerita karma (AiDiyo mITara ekTITI) kahA jA sakatA hai| (sa) bhrAntivaza kiyA gayA karma bhI upacita nahIM hotaa| / (da) karma ke karane ke pazcAt yadi anutApa yA glani ho, to usa pApa kA prakAzana karake pApa virati kA vrata lene se vaha kRtakarma upacita nahIM hotaa| (I) zubha kA abhyAsa karane se tathA Azraya bala se (buddhAdi ke zaraNAgata ho jAne se) bhI pApakarma upacita nahIM hotaa| 4. ve karma jo kRta bhI nahIM hai aura upacita bhI nahIM haiMsvapnAvasthA meM kiye gaye karma isI prakAra ke hote haiN| . isa prakAra prathama do vargoM ke karma prANI ko bandhana meM DAlate haiM aura antima do prakAra ke karma prANI ko bandhana meM nahIM ddaalte| ____ bauddha AcAradarzana meM bhI rAga-dveSa aura moha se yukta hone para hI karma ko bandhana kAraka mAnA jAtA hai aura rAga dveSa aura moha se rahita karma ko bandhanakAraka nahIM mAnA jaataa| bauddhadarzana rAga-dveSa aura moha rahita arhat ke kriyA vyApAra ko bandhana kAraka nahIM mAnatA hai, aise karmoM ko akRSNa-azukla yA avyakta karma bhI kahA gayA hai| 10. gItA meM karma akarma kA svarUpa gItA bhI isa sambandha meM gahArAI se vicAra karatI hai ki kauna-sA karma bandhanakAraka aura kauna-sA karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hai| gItA ke anusAra karma tIna prakAra ke hai- 1. karma, 2. vikarma, 3. akrm| gItA ke anusAra karma aura vikarma bandhanakAraka haiM aura akarma bandhanakAraka nahIM haiN| [70] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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1. karma nAma karma hai| - phala kI icchA se jo zubha karma kiye jAte haiM, usakA 2. vikarma samasta azubha karma jo vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie kiye jAte haiM, unheM vikarma kahA gayA hai| sAtha hI phala kI icchA evaM azubha bhAvanA se jo dAna, tapa, sevA Adi zubha karma kiye jAte haiM, ve bhI vikarma kahalAte haiN| gItA meM kahA gayA hai, jo tapa mUr3hatApUrvaka haTha se mana, vANI, zarIra kI pIr3Asahita athavA dUsare kA aniSTa karane ke vicAra se kiyA jAtA hai vaha tAmasa kahA jAtA hai 16 sAdhAraNatayA mana, vANI evaM zarIra se honevAle hiMsA, asatya, corI Adi niSiddha karma mAtra hI vikarma samajhe jAte haiM, parantu bAhya rUpa se vikarma pratIta hone vAle karma bhI kabhI kartA kI bhAvanAnusAra karma yA akarma ke rUpa meM badala jAte haiN| Asakti aura ahaMkAra se rahita hokara zuddha bhAva evaM mAtra kartavya - buddhi se kiye jAnevAle karma (jo bAhyataH vikarma pratIta hote haiM) bhI phalotpAdaka na hone se akarma hI haiM 57 - 3. akarma - phalasaktirahita ho apanA kartavya samajhakara jo bhI karma kiyA jAtA hai usa karma kA nAma akarma hai| gItA ke anusAra, paramAtmA meM abhinna bhAva se sthita hokara kartApana ke abhimAna se rahita puruSa dvArA jo karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha mukti ke atirikta anya phala nahIM dene vAlA hone se akarma hI hai 1 58 11. akarma kI artha - vivakSA para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana kriyA - vyApAra ko bandhakatva kI dRSTi se do bhAgoM meM bAMTa dete haiM - 1. bandhaka karma aura 2. abandhaka karma / abandhaka kriyA - vyApAra ko jaina darzana meM akarma yA IryApathika karma, bauddhadarzana meM akRSNa- azukla karma yA avyakta karma tathA gItA meM akarma kahA gayA hai| sabhI samAlocya AcAradarzanoM kI dRSTi meM akarma karma - abhAva nahIM hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra karma prakRti ke udaya ko karma kA azubhatva zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [71]

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samajhakara, binA rAga-dveSa ke jo karma hotA hai vaha akarma hI hai| mana, vANI, zarIra kI kriyA ke abhAva kA nAma hI akarma nahIM hai| gItA ke anusAra, vyakti kI manodazA ke AdhAra para kriyA na karane vAle vyaktiyoM kA kriyAtyAga rUpa akarma bhI karma bana sakatA hai aura kriyAzIla vyaktiyoM kA karma bhI akarma bana sakatA hai| gItA kahatI hai, karmendriyoM kI saba kriyAoM ko tyAga kriyArahita puruSa (jo apane ko sampUrNa kriyAoM kA tyAgI samajhatA hai) ke dvArA prakaTa rUpa se koI kAma hotA huA na dIkhane para bhI tyAga kA abhimAna yA Agraha rahane ke kAraNa usase vaha tyAgarUpa karma hotA hai| usakA vaha tyAga kA abhimAna yA Agraha akarma ko bhI karma banA detA hai| isI prakAra kartavya prApta hone para bhaya yA svArthavaza kartavya-karma se mu~ha mor3anA, vihita karmoM kA tyAga kara denA Adi meM bhI karma nahIM hote, parantu isa dazA meM bhI bhaya yA rAgabhAva akarma ko bhI karma banA detA hai| anAsakta vRtti aura kartavya dRSTi se jo karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha karma rAga-dveSa ke abhAva ke kAraNa akarma bana jAtA hai| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki karma aura akarma kA nirNaya kevala zArIrika kriyAzIlatA yA niSkriyatA se nahIM hotaa| kartA ke bhAvoM ke anusAra hI karmoM kA svarUpa banatA hai| isa rahasya ko samyakrUpeNa jAnanevAlA hI gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM manuSyoM meM buddhimAn yogI hai|" sabhI virvacya AcAradarzana meM karma-akarma vicAra meM vAsanA, icchA yA kartRtvabhAva hI pramukha tattva mAnA gayA hai| yadi karma ke sampAdana meM vAsanA, icchA yA kartRtva buddhi kA bhAva nahIM hai to vaha karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hotaa| dUsare zabdoM meM bandhana kI dRSTi se vaha karma-akarma bana jAtA hai, vaha kriyA akriyA ho jAtI hai| vastutaH karma-akarma vicAra meM kriyA pramukha tattva nahIM hai, pramukha tattva hai kartA kA cetana pkss| yadi cetanA jAgRta hai, apramatta hai, vizuddha hai, vAsanAzUnya hai, yathArtha dRSTi sampanna hai, to phira kriyA kA bAhya svarUpa adhika mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| AcArya pUjyapAda kahate [ 72] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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haiM, jo Atma-tattva meM sthira hai vaha bolate hue bhI nahIM bolatA hai, calate hue bhI nahIM calatA hai, dekhate hue bhI nahIM dekhatA hai| AcArya amRtacandra kA kathana hai, rAgAdi (bhAvoM) se mukta vyakti ke dvArA AcaraNa karate hue yadi hiMsA (prANaghAta) ho jAye to vaha hiMsA nahIM hai arthAt hiMsA aura ahiMsA, pApa aura puNya mAtra bAhya pariNAmoM para nirbhara nahIM hote, varan usameM kartA kI cittavRtti hI pramukha hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI spaSTa kahA gayA hai, bhAvoM se virakta jIva zokarahita ho jAtA hai, vaha kamala-patra kI taraha saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI lipta nahIM hotA 64 gItAkAra bhI isI vicAra dRSTi ko prastuta karate hue kahatA hai- jisane karma phalAsakti kA tyAga kara diyA hai, jo vAsanAzUnya hone ke kAraNa sadaiva hI AkAMkSArahita hai aura Atmatattva meM sthira hone ke kAraNa AlAmbana rahita hai, vaha kriyAoM ke karate hue bhI kucha nahIM karatA hai| gItA kA akarma jaina darzana ke saMvara aura nirjarA se bhI tulanIya hai| jaina darzana meM saMvara evaM nirjarA ke hetu kiyA jAnevAlA samasta kriyA-vyApAra mokSa kA hetu hone se akarma hI mAnA gayA hai| isI prakAra gItA meM bhI phalAkAMkSA se rahita hokara IzvarIya Adeza ke pAlanArtha jo niyata karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaha akarma kI mAnA gayA hai| donoM meM jo vicAra sAmya hai, vaha tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane vAle ke lie kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| gItA aura jainAgama AcArAMga meM milane vAlA nimna vicAra-sAmya bhI vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, agrakarma aura mUla karma ke bhedoM meM viveka rakhakara hI karma kr| aise karmoM kA kartA hone para bhI vaha sAdhaka niSkarma hI kahA jAtA hai| niSkarmatA ke jIvana meM upAdhiyoM kA adhikya nahIM hotA, laukika pradarzana nahIM hotaa| usakA zarIra mAtra yogakSema (zArIrika kriyAoM) kA vAhaka hotA hai| gItA kahatI hai- AtmavijetA, indriyajit sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva rakhanevAlA vyakti karma kA kartA hone para niSkarma kahA jAtA hai| vaha karma se lipta nahIM hotA, jo phalAsakti se mukta hokara karma karatA hai, vaha naiSThika zAnti prApta karatA hai, lekina jo phalAsakti karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [73]

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se baMdhA huA hai, vaha kucha nahIM karatA huA bhI karma bandhana se baMdha jAtA hai| gItA kA uparyukta kathana sUtrakRtAMga ke isa kathana se bhI kAphI nikaTatA rakhatA hai- mithyAdRSTi vyakti kA sArA puruSArtha phalAsakti se yukta hone ke kAraNa azuddha hotA hai aura bandhana kA hetu hai, lekina samyakdRSTi vyakti kA sArA puruSArtha zuddha hai kyoMki vaha nirvANa kA hetu hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki donoM hI AcAradarzanoM meM akarma kA artha niSkriyatA vivakSita nahIM hai, phira bhI tilaka ke anusAra yadi isakA artha niSkAma buddhi se kiye gaye pravRttimaya sAMsArika karma se mAnA jAya to vaha buddhisaMgata nahIM hogaa| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra niSkAmabuddhi se yukta hokara athavA vItarAgAvasthA meM sAMsArika pravRttimaya karma kA kiyA jAnA sambhava nhiiN| tilaka ke anusAra, niSkAma buddhi se yukta hokara yuddha taka lar3A jA sakatA hai| lekina jaina darzana ko yaha svIkAra nahIM hai| usakI dRSTi meM akarma kA artha mAtra zArIrika anivArya karma hI abhipreta hai| jaina darzana kI IryApathika kriyAe~ pramukhatayA anivArya zArIrika kriyAe~ hI haiN| gItA meM bhI akarma kA artha zArIrika anivArya karma ke rUpa meM gRhIta hai (4/ 21) / AcArya zaMkara ne apane gItAbhASya meM anivArya zArIrika karmoM ko akarma kI koTi meM mAnA hai| jaina vicAraNA meM bhI akarma meM anivArya zArIrika kriyAoM ke atirikta nirapekSa bhAva se janakalyANArtha kiye jAne vAle karma tathA karmakSaya ke hetu kiyA jAnevAlA tapa svAdhyAya Adi bhI samAviSTa hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra, jo pravRttiyA~ pramAda-rahita haiM, ve akarma haiN| tIrthakaroM kI saMgha-prarvatana Adi lokalyANakAraka pravRttiyA~ evaM sAmAnya sAdhaka ke karmakSaya (nirjarA) ke hetu kiye gaye sabhI sAdhanAtmaka karma akarma haiN| saMkSepa meM jo karma rAga dveSa se rahita hone se bandhanakAraka nahIM haiM, ve akarma hI haiN| gItA rahasya meM bhI tilaka ne yahI dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA hai| karma aura akarma kA vicAra karanA ho to vaha itanI hI dRSTi se karanA cAhie ki manuSya ko [74] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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vaha karma kahA~ taka baddha karegA, karane para bhI jo karma hameM baddha nahIM karatA usake viSaya meM kahanA cAhie ki usakA karmatva athavA bandhakatva naSTa ho gyaa| yadi kisI bhI karma kA bandhakatva arthAt karmatva isa prakAra naSTa ho jAya to phira vaha karma akarma hI huA / karma ke bandhakatva se yaha nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai ki vaha karma hai yA akarma 172 jaina aura bauddha AcAradarzana meM arhat ke kriyA vyApAra ko tathA gItA meM sthitaprajJa ke kriyA vyApAra ko bandhana aura vipAkarahita mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki arhat yA sthitaprajJa meM rAga- - dveSa aura moharUpI vAsanAoM kA pUrNatayA abhAva hotA hai / ataH usakA kriyA - vyApAra bandhanakAraka nahIM hotA aura isalie vaha akarma kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra tInoM AcAradarzana isa sambandha meM eka mata haiM ki vAsanA evaM kaSAya se rahita niSkAma karma akarma hai aura vAsanAsahita sakAma karma hI karma hai, bandhana kAraka hai / uparyukta vivecana se niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki karma-akarma vivakSA meM karma kA caittasika pakSa hI mahatvapUrNa hai| kauna - sA karma bandhanakArakaM hai aura kauna - sA karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hai, isakA nirNaya kriyA ke bAhya svarUpa se nahIM varan kriyA ke mUla meM nihita cetanA kI rAgAtmakatA ke AdhAra para hogaa| paM. sukhalAlajI karmagrantha kI bhUmikA meM likhate haiM, sAdhAraNa loga yaha samajha baiThate haiM ki amuka kAma nahIM karane se apane ko puNya pApa kA lepa nahIM lagegA, isase ve kAma ko chor3a dete haiN| para bahudhA unakI mAnasika kriyA nahIM chUTatI / isase ve icchA rahane para bhI puNya pApa ke lepa (bandha) se apane ko mukta nahIM kara skte| yadi kaSAya ( rAgAdibhAva) nahIM hai to Upara kI koI bhI kriyA AtmA ko bandhana meM rakhane meM samartha nahIM hai| isase ulTe yadi kaSAya kA vega bhItara vartamAna hai to Upara se hajAra yatna karane para bhI koI apane ko bandhana se chur3A nahIM sktaa| isI se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki Asakti chor3akara jo kAma kiyA jAtA hai vaha bandhanakAraka nahIM hotA / 73 karma kA azubhatva zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [75]

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saMdarbha grantha abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa-5, pR. 876 jaina siddhAnta bola-saMgraha, bhAga-3, pR. 182 bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, bhAga 1, pR. 480 abhidhammatvasaMgaho, 10/19-20 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. manusmRti, 12/5/7 6. tattvArthasUtra, 6/4 7. 8. sthAnAMga TIkA, 1/11-12 9. jaina dharma, pR. 84 10. samayasAra nATaka utthAnikA, 28 11. bhagavatIsUtra, 7/10/121 12. sthAnAMgasUtra, 9 13. abhidhammatvasaMgrahI, caitasika vibhAga 14. gItA, 18 / 17 yogazAstra, 4/107 15. dhammapada, 249 16. sUtrakRtAMga, 3/6/27-42 17. jaina dharma, pR. 160 18. darzana aura cintana, khaNDa - 2, pR. 226 19. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6/27-42 20. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/24-29 21. dekhie - aThAraha pApa sthAna, pratikramaNa sUtra 22. anuyogadvArasUtra, 129 23. dazavaikAlika, 4/9 24. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/4, pR. 104 25. dazavaikAlika, 6/11 26. suttanipAta, 37/27 27. dhammapada, 129, 131, 132 28. gItA, 6 / 30 29. mahAbhArata zAMti parva, 258 / 21 30. mahAbhArata anuzAsana parva, 113/6/10 31. mahAbhArata anuzAsana parva, 113/6-10 [76] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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32. subhASita saMgraha se uddhRta 33. nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa, pR. 268 para uddhRta 34. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28/14 35. tattvArthasUtra, 1/4 36. isimAsayaM sutta, 9/2 37. samayasAra, 145-146 38. pravacanasAraTIkA, 1/72 39. samayasAraTIkA, pR. 207 40. suttanipAta, 32/11 41. vahI, 32/38 42. gItA, 9/28 43. vahI, 2/50 44. vahI, 12/16 45. bhagavadgItA, pR. 56 46. gItA, 7/28 47. ethikala sTaDIja, pR. 314 48. vahI, pR. 342 49. gItA, 4/16 50. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/22 51. gItA, 4/16 52. sUtrakRtAMka, 1/8/1-2 53. vahI, pR. 1/8/3 54. sUtrakRtAMka, 1/4/2/1 55. dekheM-DevhalapamenTa oNpha maoNrala philAsaphI ina iMDiyA, pR. 168-174 56. gItA, 17/19 57. vahI, pR. 18/17 58. vahI, pR. 3/10 59. gItA, 3/6 60. vahI, 18/7 61. vahI, 4/18 62. iSTopadeza, 41 63. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 45 karma kA azubhatva, zubhatva evaM zuddhatva [77]

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64. uttarAdhyayana, 32/99 65. gItA, 4/20 66. AcArAMga, 1/3/2/4, 1/1/1/110-dekhiye AcArAMga (saMtabAla) pariziSTa, pR. 36-37 67. gItA, 5/7, 5/12 68. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/22-23 69. gItArahasya, 4/16 (TippaNI) 70. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/12 71. gItA (zAM0), 4/21 72. gItArahasya, pR. 684 73. karmagrantha, prathama bhAga, bhUmikA, pR. 25-26 [78] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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3 karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA 1. bandhana aura duHkha bandhana sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA pramukha pratyaya hai, yahI duHkha hai| bhAratIya cintana ke anusAra, naitika jIvana kI samagra sAdhanA bandhana yA duHkha se mukti ke lie hai| isa prakAra bandhana naitika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana-darzana kI pramukha mAnyatA hai| yadi bandhana kI vAstavikatA se inkAra karate haiM, to naitika sAdhanA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA, kyoMki bhAratIya darzana meM naitikatA kA pratyaya sAmAjika vyavahAra kI apekSA bandhana-mukti, duHkha-mukti athavA AdhyAtmika vikAsa se sambandhita hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra, jar3a dravyoM meM eka pudgala nAmaka dravya hai| pudgala ke aneka prakAroM meM karma-vargaNA yA karma-paramANu bhI eka prakAra hai| karma-vargaNA yA karma-paramANu eka sUkSma bhautika tattva (dravya) hai| isa sUkSma bhautika karma-dravya (Karmic Matter) se AtmA kA sambandhita honA hI bandhana hai| tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti kahate haiM, "kaSAyabhAva ke kAraNa jIva kA karma-pudgala se AkrAnta ho jAnA hI bandha hai|" bandhana Atma kA anAtma se, jar3a kA cetana se, deha kA dehI se saMyoga hai| yahI duHkha hai, kyoMki samagra duHkhoM kA kAraNa zarIra hI mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH AtmA ke bandhana kA artha sImitatA yA apUrNatA hai| AtmA kI sImitatA, karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [79]

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apUrNatA, bandhana evaM duHkha, sabhI usake zarIra ke sAtha Abaddha hone ke kAraNa haiN| vAstava meM, zarIra hI bandhana hai| zarIra se yahA~ tAtparya sthUla zarIra nahIM, varan liMga-zarIra, karma-zarIra yA sUkSma-zarIra hai, jo vyakti ke karma-saMskAroM se banatA hai| yaha sUkSma liMga-zarIra yA karma-zarIra hI prANiyoM ke sthUla zarIra kA AdhAra evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA kAraNa hai| janma-maraNa kI yaha paramparA hI bhAratIya darzanoM meM duHkha yA bandhana mAnI gayI hai| karma-grantha meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA jisa zakti (vIrya) vizeSa se karma-paramANuoM ko AkarSita kara unheM ATha prakAra ke karmoM ke rUpa meM jIva-pradezoM se sambandhita karatA hai tathA karma-paramANu aura AtmA paraspara eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM, vaha bandhana hai| jaisedIpaka apanI USmA se battI ke dvArA tela ko AkarSita kara use apane zarIra (lau) ke rUpa meM badala letA hai vaise hI yaha AtmarUpI dIpaka apane rAgabhAvarUpI USmA ke kAraNa kriyAoM rUpI battI ke dvArA karma-paramANuoM rUpI tela ko AkarSita kara use apane karma zarIra rUpI lau meM badala detA hai| isa prakAra yaha bandhana kI prakriyA calatI rahatI hai| "AtmA ke rAgabhAva se kriyAe~ hotI haiM, kriyAoM se karma-paramANuoM kA Asrava (AkarSaNa) hotA hai aura karmAsrava se karma-bandha hotA hai| yaha bandhana kI prakriyA karmoM ke svabhAva (prakRti), mAtrA, kalA, maryAdA aura tIvratA ina cAroM bAtoM kA nizcaya kara sampanna hotI hai|'' 1. prakRti bandha- yaha karma paramANuoM kI prakRti (svabhAva) kA nizcaya karatA hai, arthAt karma ke dvArA AtmA kI jJAnazakti, darzanazakti Adi kisa zakti kA AvaraNa hogA, isa bAta kA nirdhAraNa karma kI prakRti karatI hai| 2. pradeza bandha- karma-paramANu AtmA ke kisa vizeSa bhAga kA AvaraNa kareMge, isakA nizcaya pradeza bandha karatA hai| yaha mAtrAtmaka hotA hai| sthiti aura anubhAga se nirapekSa karma-dalikoM kI saMkhyA kI pradhAnatA se karma-paramANuoM kA grahaNa pradeza-bandha kahalAtA hai| [80] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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3. sthiti bandha- karma-paramANu kitane samaya taka sattA meM raheMge aura kaba apanA phala denA prArambha kareMge, isa kAla-maryAdA kA nizcaya sthitibandha karatA hai| yaha samaya maryAdA kA sUcaka hai| 4. anubhAga bandha- yaha karmoM ke bandha evaM vipAka kI tIvratA aura mandatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| yaha tIvratA yA gahanatA (Intensity) kA sUcaka hai| 2. bandhana kA kAraNa-Asrava jaina dRSTikoNa- jaina darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa Asrava hai| Asrava zabda kleza yA mala kA bodhaka hai| kleza yA mala hI karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM ko AtmA ke samparka meM Ane kA kAraNa hai| ataH jaina tattvajJAna meM Asrava kA rUr3ha artha yaha bhI huA ki karmavargaNAoM kA AtmA meM AnA Asrava hai| apane mUla artha meM Asrava una kArakoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, jo karmavargaNAoM ko AtmA kI ora lAte haiM aura isa prakAra AtmA ke bandhana ke kAraNa hote haiN| Asrava ke do bheda haiM (1) bhAvAsrava aura (2) drvyaasv| AtmA kI vikArI manodazA bhAvAnava hai aura karmavargaNAoM ke AtmA meM Ane kI prakriyA dravyAsrava hai| isa prakAra bhAvAsrava kAraNa hai aura dravyAsrava kArya yA prakriyA hai| dravyAsrava kA kAraNa bhAvAsrava hai, lekina yaha bhAvAtmaka parivartana bhI akAraNa nahIM hai, varan pUrvabaddha karma ke kAraNa hotA hai| isa prakAra pUrva-bandhana ke kAraNa bhAvAnava aura bhAvAsrava ke kAraNa dravyAsrava aura dravyAsrava se karma kA bandhana hotA hai| vaise sAmAnya rUpa meM 'mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika pravRttiyA~ hI Asrava haiN| ye pravRttiyA~ yA kriyAe~ do prakAra kI hotI haiM, zubha pravRttiyA~ puNya karma kA Asrava hai aura azubha pravRttiyA~ pApa karma kA Asrava hai| una sabhI mAnasika evaM kAyika pravRttiyoM kA, jo Asrava kahI jAtI haiM, vistRta vivecana yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| jainAgamoM meM inakA vargIkaraNa aneka sthaloM para aneka prakAra se milatA hai| yahA~ tattvArthasUtra ke AdhAra para eka vargIkaraNa prastuta kara denA hI paryApta hogaa| karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [81]

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tattvArthasUtra meM Asrava do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- (1) IryApathika aura (2) saampraayik| jaina darzana gItA ke samAna yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki jaba taka jIvana hai, taba taka zarIra se niSkriya nahIM rahA jA sktaa| mAnasika vRtti ke sAtha hI sAtha sahaja zArIrika evaM vAcika kriyAe~ bhI calatI rahatI haiM aura kriyA ke phalasvarUpa karmAsrava bhI hotA rahatA hai, lekina jo vyakti kaluSita mAnasika vRttiyoM (kaSAyoM) ke Upara uTha jAtA hai, usakI aura sAmAnya vyaktiyoM kI kriyAoM ke dvArA hone vAle Asrava meM antara to avazya hI mAnanA hogaa| kaSAyavRtti (dUSita manovRtti) se Upara uThe vyakti kI kriyAoM ke dvArA jo Asrava hotA hai, use jaina paribhASA meM IryApathika Asrava kahate haiN| jisa prakAra calate hue rAste kI dhUla kA sUkhA kaNa pahale kSaNa meM sUkhe vastra para lagatA hai, lekina gati ke sAtha hI dUsare kSaNa meM vilaga ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra kaSAyavRtti se rahita kriyAoM se pahale kSaNa meM Asrava hotA hai aura dUsare kSaNa meM vaha nirjarita ho jAtA hai| aisI kriyA AtmA meM koI vibhAva utpanna nahIM karatI, kintu jo kriyAe~ kaSAyasahita hotI haiM unase sAmparAyika Asrava hotA hai| sAmparAyika Asrava AtmA ke svabhAva kA AvaraNa kara usameM vibhAva utpanna karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM sAmparAyika Asrava kA AdhAra 38 prakAra kI kriyAe~ haiM1-5, hiMsA, asatya-bhASaNa, corI, maithuna, saMgraha (parigraha) ye pA~ca avrata 6-9, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ye cAra kaSAya 10-14, pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM kA sevana 15-38, caubIsa sAmparAyika kriyAe~ 1. kAyikI kriyA- zArIrika halana-calana Adi kriyAe~ kAyikI kriyA kahI jAtI haiN| yaha tIna prakAra haiM- (a) mithyAdRSTi pramatta jIva kI kriyA, (ba) samyak dRSTi pramatta jIva kI kriyA, (sa) samyakdRSTi apramatta sAdhaka kI kriyaa| inheM kramazaH avirata kAyikI, duSpraNihita kAyikI aura uparata kAyikI kriyA kahA jAtA hai| [ 82] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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2. adhikaraNikA kriyA- ghAtaka astra-zastra Adi ke dvArA sampanna kI jAne vAlI hiMsAdi kI kriyaa| ise prayoga-kriyA bhI kahate haiN| 3.prAdveSikI kriyA- dveSa, mAtsarya, IrSyA Adi se yukta hokara kI jAne vAlI kriyaa| ___4.pAritApanikI- tAr3anA, tarjanA Adi ke dvArA duHkha denaa| yaha do prakAra kI hai- 1. svayaM ko kaSTa denA aura 2. dUsare ko kaSTa denaa| jo vicAraka jaina darzana ko kAyAkleza kA samarthaka mAnate haiM unheM yahA~ eka bAra punaH vicAra karanA caahie| yadi usakA mantavya kAyAkleza kA hotA to jaina darzana sva-pAritApanikI kriyA ko pApa ke Agamana kA kAraNa nahIM maantaa| 5.prANAtipAtakI kriyA- hiMsA krnaa| isake bhI do bheda haiM- 1. svaprANAti-pAtakI kriyA arthAt rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara Atma ke svasvabhAva kA ghAta karanA tathA 2. paraprANAtipAtakI kriyA arthAt kaSAyavaza dUsare prANiyoM kI hiMsA krnaa| 6.Arambha kriyA- jar3a evaM cetana vastuoM kA vinAza krnaa| 7.pArigrAhikI kriyA- jar3a padArthoM evaM cetana prANiyoM kA saMgraha krnaa| 8.mAyA kriyA- kapaTa krnaa| 9.rAga kriyA- Asakti krnaa| yaha kriyA mAnasika prakRti kI hai ise prema pratyayikI kriyA bhI kahate haiN| 10. dveSa kriyA- dveSa-vRtti se kArya krnaa| 11. apratyAkhyAna kriyA- asaMyama yA avirati kI dazA meM hone vAlA karma apratyAkhyAna kriyA hai| 12. mithyAdarzana kriyA- mithyAdRSTitva se yukta honA evaM usake anusAra kriyA krnaa| karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [83]

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13. dRSTijA kriyA- dekhane kI kriyA evaM tajanita rAga-dveSAdi bhAvarUpa kriyaa| 14. sparzana kriyA- sparza sambandhI kriyA evaM tajjanita rAga-dveSAdi bhaav| ise pRSTijA kriyA bhI kahate haiN| 15. prAtItyakI kriyA- jar3a padArtha evaM cetana vastuoM ke bAhya saMyoga yA Azraya se utpanna rAgAdi bhAva evaM tajjanita kriyaa| 16. sAmanta kriyA- svayaM ke jar3a padArtha kI bhautika sampadA tathA cetana prANija sampadA; jaise- patniyA~, dAsa, dAsI athavA pazu-pakSI ityAdi ko dekhakara logoM ke dvArA kI huI prazaMsA se harSita honaa| dUsare zabdoM meM logoM ke dvArA svaprazaMsA kI apekSA krnaa| sAmantavAda kA mUla AdhAra yahI hai| 17. svahastikI kriyA- svayaM ke dvArA dUsare jIvoM ko trAsa yA kaSTa dene kI kriyaa| isake do bheda haiM- 1. jIva svahastikI,- jaisecA~TA mAranA, 2. ajIva svahastikI, jaise- DaNDe se maarnaa| . 18. naisRSTikI kriyA- kisI ko pheMkakara maarnaa| isake do bheda haiM- 1. jIva-nisarga kriyA; jaise- kisI prANI ko pakar3akara pheMka dene kI kriyA, 2. ajIva-nisarga kriyA; jaise- bANa Adi maarnaa| 19. AjJApanikA kriyA- dUsare ko AjJA dekara karAI jAne vAlI kriyA yA pApa krm| 20. vaidAriNI kriyA- vidAraNa karane yA phAr3ane se utpanna hone vAlI kriyaa| kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra do vyaktiyoM yA samudAyoM meM vibheda karA denA yA svayaM ke svArtha ke lie do pakSoM (kretA-vikretA) ko galata salAha dekara phUTa DAlanA aadi| 21. anAbhoga kriyA- avivekapUrvaka jIvana-vyavahAra kA sampAdana krnaa| [84] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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22. anAkAMkSA kriyA- svahita evaM parahita kA dhyAna nahIM rakhakara kriyA krnaa| 23. prAyogikI kriyA- mana se azubha vicAra, vANI se azubha sambhASaNa evaM zarIra se azubha karma karake, mana, vANI aura zarIra zakti kA anucita rUpa meM upayoga krnaa| 24. sAmudAyika kriyA- samUha rUpa meM ikaTThe hokara azubha yA anucita kriyAoM kA karanA; jaise- sAmUhika vezyA-nRtya krvaanaa| logoM ko Thagane ke lie sAmUhika rUpa se koI kampanI kholanA athavA kisI ko mArane ke lie sAmUhika rUpa meM koI SaDyaMtra karanA aadi| mAtra zArIrika vyApArarUpa IryApathika kriyA, jisakA vivecana pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai, ko milAkara jainavicAraNA meM kriyA ke paccIsa bheda tathA Asrava ke 39 bheda hote haiN| kucha AcAryoM ne mana, vacana aura kAya yoga ko milAkara Asrava ke 42 bheda bhI mAne haiN|' Asrava rUpa kriyAoM kA eka saMkSipta vargIkaraNa sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI upalabdha hai| saMkSepa meM ve kriyAe~ nimna prakAra haiM-10 1. artha kriyA- apane kisI prayojana (artha) ke lie kriyA karanA; jaise- apane lAbha ke lie dUsare kA ahita krnaa| 2. anartha kriyA- binA kisI prayojana ke kiyA jAne vAlA karma; jaise- vyartha meM kisI ko staanaa| 3. hiMsA kriyA- amuka vyakti ne mujhe athavA mere priyajanoM ko kaSTa diyA hai athavA degA, yaha socakara usakI hiMsA krnaa| 4. akasmAt kriyA- zIghratAvaza athavA anajAne meM hone vAlA pApakarma; jaise- ghAsa kATate-kATate jaldI meM anAja ke paudhe ko kATa denaa| 5. dRSTi viparyAsa kriyA- matibhrama se hone vAlA pApa-karma; jaisecaurAdi ke bhrama meM sAdhAraNa anaparAdhI puruSa ko daNDa denA, mAranA aadi| jaise- dazaratha ke dvArA mRga ke bhrama meM kiyA gayA zravaNakumAra kA vdh| karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [ 85]

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6. mRSA kriyA- jhUTha bolanA / 7. adattAdAna kriyA- caurya karma karanA / 8. adhyAtma kriyA- bAhya nimitta ke abhAva meM hone vAle manovikAra arthAt binA samucita kAraNa ke mana meM hone vAlA krodha Adi durbhAva / 9. mAna kriyA- apanI prazaMsA yA ghamaNDa karanA / 10. mitra kriyA - priyajanoM, putra, putrI, putravadhU, patnI Adi ko kaThora daNDa denA / 11. mAyA kriyA- kapaTa karanA, DhoMga krnaa| 12. lobha kriyA - lobha karanA / 13. IryApathikI kriyA- apramatta, vivekI evaM saMyamI vyakti kI gamanAgamana evaM AhAra-vihAra kI kriyA / vaise mUlabhUta Asrava yoga (kriyA) hai, lekina yaha samagra kriyAvyApAra bhI svataH prasUta nahIM hai / usake bhI preraka sUtra haiM jinheM AsravadvAra yA bandha hetu kahA gayA hai| samavAyAMga, RSibhASita evaM tattvArthasUtra meM inakI saMkhyA 5 mAnI gayI hai ( 1 ) mithyAtva, (2) avirati, (3) pramAda, (4) kaSAya aura (5) yoga (kriyA) / samayasAra meM inameM se 4 kA ullekha milatA hai, usameM pramAda kA ullekha nahIM / 12 uparyukta pA~ca pramukha Asrava-dvAra yA bandhahetuoM ko punaH aneka bheda-prabhedoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ kevala nAmanirdeza karanA paryApta hai / pA~ca Asrava dvAroM yA bandhahetuoM ke avAntara bheda isa prakAra haiM 1. mithyAtva - mithyAtva ayathArtha dRSTikoNa hai jo pA~ca prakAra kA hai - (1) ekAnta, (2) viparIta, (3) vinaya, (4) saMzaya aura (5) ajJAna / 2. avirati - yaha amaryAdita evaM asaMyamita jIvana praNAlI hai| isake bhI pA~ca bheda haiM- (1) hiMsA, (2) asatya, (3) steyavRtti, (4) maithuna ( kAma vAsanA) aura (5) parigraha ( Asakti) / [86] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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3. pramAda- sAmAnyatayA samaya kA anupayoga yA durupayoga pramAda hai| lakSyonmukha prayAsa ke sthAna para lakSya-vimukha prayAsa samaya kA durupayoga hai, jabaki prayAsa kA abhAva anupayoga hai| vastutaH pramAda Atma-cetanA kA abhAva hai| pramAda pA~ca prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai (ka) vikathA- jIvana ke lakSya (sAdhya) aura usake sAdhanA mArga para vicAra nahIM karate hue anAvazyaka carcAe~ krnaa| vikathAe~ cAra prakAra kI haiM- (1) rAjya sambandhI (2) bhojana sambandhI, (3) striyoM ke rUpa saundarya sambandhI, aura (4) deza smbndhii| vikathA samaya kA durupayoga hai| (kha) kaSAya- krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobh| inakI upasthiti meM AtmacetanA kuNThita hotI hai| ataH ye bhI pramAda haiN| (ga) rAga- Asakti bhI Atma-cetanA ko kuNThita karatI hai, isalie pramAda kahI jAtI hai| (gha) viSaya-sevana- pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM kA sevn| (Ga) nidrA- adhika nidrA lenaa| nidrA samaya kA anupayoga hai| 4. kaSAya- krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ye cAra pramukha manodazAe~, jo apanI tIvratA aura mandatA ke AdhAra para 16 prakAra kI hotI haiM, kaSAya kahI jAtI haiN| ina kaSAyoM ke janaka hAsyAdi 9 prakAra ke manobhAva upakaSAya haiN| kaSAya aura upakaSAya milakara paccIsa bheda hote haiN| 5. yoga- jaina zabdAvalI meM yoga kA artha kriyA hai jo tIna prakAra kI haiM- (1) mAnasika kriyA (manoyoga), (2) vAcika kriyA (vacanayoga) (3) zArIrika kriyA (kAya yog)| ___ yadi hama bandhana ke pramukha kAraNoM ko aura saMkSepa meM jAnanA cAheM to jaina paramparA meM bandhana ke mUlabhUta tIna kAraNa rAga (Asakti), dveSa aura moha mAne gaye haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM rAga aura dveSa ina donoM ko karma karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [87]

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bIja kahA gayA hai| aura una donoM kA kAraNa moha batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM, phira bhI unameM rAga hI pramukha hai| rAga ke kAraNa hI dveSa hotA hai| jaina kathAnakoM ke anusAra indrabhUti gautama kA mahAvIra ke prati prazasta rAga bhI unake kaivalya kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka rahA thaa| isa prakAra rAga evaM moha (ajJAna) hI bandhana ke pramukha kAraNa haiN| AcArya kundakunda rAga ko pramukha kAraNa batAte hue kahate haiM, Asakta AtmA hI karma-bandha karatA hai aura anAsakta mukta ho jAtA hai, yahI jina bhagavAn kA upadeza hai| isalie karmoM meM Asakti mata rakho, lekina yadi rAga (Asakti) kA kAraNa jAnanA cAheM to jaina paramparA ke anusAra moha hI isakA kAraNa siddha hotA hai| yadyapi moha aura rAga-dveSa sApekSarUpa meM eka dUsare ke kAraNa banate haiN| isa prakAra dveSa kA kAraNa rAga aura rAga kA kAraNa moha hai| moha tathA rAga (Asakti) paraspara eka dUsare ke kAraNa haiN| ataH rAga, dveSa aura moha ye tIna hI jaina paramparA meM bandhana ke mUla kAraNa haiN| isameM se dveSa ko jo rAga (Asakti) janita hai, chor3a dene para zeSa rAga (Asakti) aura moha (ajJAna) ye do kAraNa bacate haiM, jo anyonyAzrita haiN| bauddha darzana meM bandhana (duHkha) kA kAraNa jainavicAraNA kI bhA~ti hI bauddhavicAraNA meM bhI bandhana yA duHkha kA hetu Asrava mAnA gayA hai| usameM bhI Asrava (Asava) zabda kA upayoga lagabhaga samAna artha meM hI huA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki zrI esa0 sI0 ghoSAla Adi kucha vicArakoM ne yaha mAna liyA ki bauddhoM ne yaha zabda jainoM se liyA hai| merI apanI dRSTi meM yaha zabda tatkAlIna zramaNa paramparA kA sAmAnya zabda thaa| bauddhaparamparA meM Asrava zabda kI vyAkhyA yaha hai ki jo madirA (Asava) ke samAna jJAna kA viparyaya kare vaha Asrava hai| dUsare jisase saMsArarUpI duHkha kA prasava hotA hai vaha Asrava hai| jaina darzana meM Asrava ko saMsAra (bhava) evaM bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana meM Asrava ko bhava kA hetu kahA gayA hai| donoM darzana [88] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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arhatoM ko kSINAmrava kahate haiN| bauddhavicAraNA meM Asrava tIna mAne gaye haiM- (1) kAma, (2) bhava aura (3) avidyA, lekina abhidharma meM dRSTi ko bhI Asrava kahA gayA hai| avidyA aura mithyAtva samAnArthI haiM hii| kAma ko kaSAya ke artha meM liyA jA sakatA hai aura bhava ko purnajanma ke artha meN| dhammapada meM pramAda ko Asrava kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiM, jo kartavya ko chor3atA hai aura akartavya ko karatA hai aise malayukta pramAdiyoM ke Asrava bar3hate haiN| isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA ke samAna bauddha vicAraNA meM bhI pramAda Asrava kA kAraNa hai| bauddha aura jaina vicAraNAoM meM isa artha meM bhI Asrava ke vicAra ke sambandha meM mataikya hai ki Asrava avidyA (mithyAtva) ke kAraNa hotA hai, lekina yaha avidyA yA mithyAtva bhI akAraNa nahIM, varan AsravaprasUta hai| jisa prakAra bIja se vRkSa aura vRkSa se bIja kI paramparA calatI hai, vaise hI avidyA (mithyAtva) se Asrava aura Asrava se avidyA (mithyAtva) kI paramparA paraspara sApekSarUpa meM calatI rahatI hai| buddha ne jahA~ avidyA ko Asrava kA kAraNa mAnA, vahA~ yaha bhI batAyA ki AsravoM ke samudaya se avidyA kA samudaya hotA hai|" eka ke anusAra Asrava citta-mala hai, dUsare ke anusAra ve Atma-mala hai, lekina isa AtmavAda sambandhI dArzanika bheda ke hote hue bhI donoM kA sAdhanAmArga Asrava-kSaya ke nimitta hI hai| donoM kI dRSTi meM AsravakSaya hI nirvANa-prApti kA prathama sopAna hai| buddha kahate haiM, "bhikSuo, saMskAra, tRSNA, vedanA, sparza, avidyA Adi sabhI anitya, saMskRta aura kisI kAraNa se utpanna hone vAle haiN| bhikSuo ise bhI jAna lene aura dekha lene se AsravoM kA kSaya hotA hai|"18 jaise jainaparamparA meM rAga, dveSa aura moha bandhana ke mUlabhUta kAraNa mAne gaye haiM, vaise hI bauddha paramparA meM lobha (rAga), dveSa aura moha ko bandhana (karmoM kI utpatti) kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jo mUrkha lobha, dveSa aura moha se prerita hokara choTA yA bar3A jo bhI karma karatA hai, use usI ko karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [89]

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bhoganA par3atA hai, na ki dUsare kA kiyA huaa| isalie buddhimAn bhikSu ko cAhie ki lobha, dveSa aura moha kA tyAga kara vidyA kA lAbha kara sArI durgatiyoM se mukta ho| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM rAga, dveSa aura moha yahI tIna bandhana (saMsAra-paribhramaNa) ke kAraNa siddha hote haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM isa bandhana kI mUlabhUta tripuTI kA sApekSa sambandha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM, "lobha aura dveSa kA hetu moha hai- kintu paryAya se rAga, dveSa bhI moha ke hetu haiN|''21 rAga, dveSa aura moha meM sApekSa sambandha hai| ajJAna (moha) ke kAraNa hama rAga-dveSa karate haiM aura rAga-dveSa hI hameM yathArtha jJAna se vaMcita rakhate haiN| avidyA (moha) ke kAraNa tRSNA (rAga) hotI hai aura tRSNA (rAga) ke kAraNa moha hotA hai| gItA kI dRSTi meM bandhana kA kAraNa- jaina paramparA bandhana ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM jo pA~ca hetu batAtI hai, unako gItA kI AcAra paramparA meM bandhana ke hetu ke rUpa meM khojA jA sakatA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke pA~ca hetu haiM- (1) mithyAtva, (2) avirati, (3) pramAda, (4) kaSAya aura (5) yog| gItA meM mithyA dRSTikoNa ko saMsAra-bhramaNa kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM, mithyAtva ke pA~ca prakAra (1) ekAnta, (2) viparIta, (3) saMzaya, (4) vinaya (rUr3hivAditA) aura (5) ajJAna meM se viparIta, saMzaya aura ajJAna ina tIna kA vivecana gItA meM milatA hai| vinaya ko agara rUr3ha paramparA ke artha meM leM to gItA vaidika rUr3ha paramparAoM kI AlocanA ke rUpa meM vinaya ko svIkAra kara letI hai| hA~, gItA meM ekAnta kA mithyAtva ke rUpa meM vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotaa| avirati kA vivecana gItA azuci-vrata ke rUpa meM karatI hai| gItA meM bhI hiMsA, asatya, steya, brahmacarya aura parigraha (lobha-Asakti) avirati ye pA~coM prakAra bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| pramAda jo tamoguNa se pratyutpanna hai, [90] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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gItA ke anusAra, adhogati kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi gItA meM 'kaSAya' zabda kA prayoga nahIM huA hai, tathApi jaina vicAraNA meM kaSAya ke jo cAra bheda- krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha batAye gaye haiM, unako gItA meM bhI AsurI-sampadA kA lakSaNa evaM naraka Adi adhogati kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicAraNA meM yoga zabda mAnasika, vAcika aura zArIrika karma ke lie prayukta huA hai aura ina tInoM ko bandhana kA hetu mAnA gayA hai| gItA svatantra rUpa se zArIrika karma ko bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM mAnatI, vaha mAnasika tathya se sambandhita hone para hI zArIrika karma ko bandhana mAnatI hai, anyathA nhiiN| phira bhI gItA ke 18veM adhyAya meM samasta zubhAzubha karmoM kA sampAdana mana, vANI aura zarIra se mAnA gayA hai| gItA ke anusAra AsurI-sampadA bandhana kA hetu hai| usameM dambha, darpa abhimAna, krodha, pAruSya (kaThora vANI) evaM ajJAna ko AsurIsampadA kahA gayA hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM, 'dambha, mAna, mada se samanvita duSpUrNa Asakti (kAmanAe~) se yukta tathA moha (ajJAna) se mithyAdRSTitva ko grahaNa kara prANI asadAcaraNa se yukta ho saMsAra-paribhramaNa karate haiN|" yadi hama gItA ke isa zloka kA vizleSaNa kareM to hameM yahA~ bhI bandhana ke kAma (Asakti) aura moha ye do pramukha kAraNa pratIta hote haiM, jinheM jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai, isa zloka kA pUrvArddha kAma se prArambha hotA hai aura uttarArddha moha se| yadi granthakAra kI yaha yojanA yuktipUrNa mAnI jAye to bandhana ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNa ekamata ho jAte haiN| uparyukta zloka ke pUrvArddha meM granthakAra ne dambha, mAna aura mada ko duSpUrNa kAma ke Azrita kahakara spaSTa rUpa se kAma ko ina sabameM pramukha mAnA hai aura uttarArddha meM to mohAt zabda kA upayoga hI moha ke mahattva ko spaSTa batAtA hai| gItAkAra yahA~ moha (ajJAna) ke kAraNa do bAtoM kA honA svIkAra karatA hai- 1. mithyAdRSTi kA grahaNa aura 2. asadAcaraNa, jo hameM jaina vicAraNA ke moha karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [91]

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ke do bheda aura darzana-moha aura cAritra-moha kI yAda dilA dete haiN| yaha bAta tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| eka anya zloka meM bhI gItAkAra ne moha (avidyA-ajJAna) aura Asakti (tRSNA, rAga yA lobha) ko naraka kA kAraNa batAkara unake bandhakatva ko spaSTa kiyA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki moha-jAla meM AvRtta aura kAma-bhogoM meM Asakta puruSa apavitra narakoM meM girate haiM / arthAt moha aura Asakti patana ke kAraNa haiN| sAtaveM adhyAya meM gItA jaina vicAraNA ke samAna saMsAra (arthAt bandhana) ke tIna kAraNoM kI vyAkhyA karatI hai| vahA~ gItA kahatI hai ki icchA (rAga), dveSa aura tajanita moha se sabhI prANI ajJAnI bana saMsAra ke bandhana ko prApta hote haiN| yahA~ gItAkAra rAga, dveSa aura moha bandhana ke ina tIna kAraNoM kI vyAkhyA hI nahIM karatA, varan icchA-dveSa se utpanna moha kahakara jainadarzana ke samAna rAga, dveSa aura moha kI paraspara sApekSatA ko bhI abhivyakta kara detA hai| sAMkhya yoga darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa- yogasUtra meM bandhana yA kleza ke pA~ca kAraNa mAne gaye haiM- 1. avidyA, 2. asmitA (ahaMkAra), 3. rAga (Asakti), 4. dveSa aura 5. abhiniveza (mRtyu kA bhy)| inameM bhI avidyA hI pramukha kAraNa hai, kyoMki zeSa cAroM avidyA para AdhArita haiN| jainadarzana ke rAga, dveSa aura moha (avidyA) isameM bhI svIkRta haiN| nyAya darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa- nyAyadarzana meM jainadarzana ke samAna bandhana ke mUlabhUta tIna kAraNa mAne gaye haiM- 1. rAga, 2. dveSa aura 3. moh| rAga (Asakti) ke bhItara kAma, matsara, spRhA, tRSNA, lobha, mAyA tathA dambha kA samAveza hotA hai tathA dveSa meM krodha, IrSyA, asUyA, droha (hiMsA) tathA amarSa kaa| moha (ajJAna) meM mithyAjJAna, saMzaya, mAna aura pramAda hote haiN| rAga aura dveSa moha athavA ajJAna se utpanna hote haiN|" isa prakAra tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAye to sabhI vicAraNAoM meM avidyA (moha) aura rAga-dveSa hI bandhana, duHkha yA kleza ke kAraNa haiN| [92] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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dveSa bhI rAga ke kAraNa hotA hai, ataH mUlataH Asakti (rAga) aura avidyA (moha) hI bandhana ke kAraNa haiM, jinakI sthiti paraspara sApekSa bhAva se hai| 3. bandhana ke kAraNoM kA bandha ke cAra prakAroM se sambandha bandha ke cAra prakAroM kA bandha ke kAraNoM se kyA sambandha hai, isa para vicAra karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| jainadarzana meM svIkRta bandha ke pA~ca kAraNoM meM se kaSAya aura yoga ye do bandhana ke prakAra kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiN| ataH kaSAya aura yoga ke sandarbha meM bandha ke ina cAra prakAroM para vicAra apekSita hai| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra kaSAya kA sambandha sthiti aura anubhAga-bandha se hai| kaSAyavRtti kI tIvratA hI bandhana kI samayAvadhi (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anubhAga) kA nizcaya karatI hai| pApabandha meM kaSAya jitane tIvra hoMge, bandhana kI samayAvadhi aura tIvratA bhI utanI hI adhika hogI, lekina puNya-bandha meM kaSAya aura rAgabhAva kA bandhana kI samayAvadhi se to anuloma sambandha hotA hai, lekina bandhana kI tIvratA se pratiloma sambandha hotA hai arthAt kaSAya jitane alpa hoMge puNyabandha utanA hI adhika hogaa| zubha karmoM kA bandha kaSAyoM kI tIvratA se kama aura kaSAyoM kI mandatA se adhika hogaa| jahA~ taka anubhAgabandha aura sthitibandha ke pArasparika sambandha kA prazna hai, azubha-bandha meM donoM meM anuloma sambandha hotA hai arthAt jitanI adhika samayAvadhi kA bandha hogA utanA hI adhika tIvra hogA, lekina zubha-bandha meM donoM meM viloma-sambandha hogA arthAt jitanI adhika samayAvadhi kA bandha hogA utanA hI kama tIvra hogaa| bandhana ke dUsare kAraNa yoga (Activity) kA sambandha pradeza-bandha aura prakRti-bandha se hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda aura kaSAya ke abhAva meM mAtra kriyA (yoga) se bhI bandha hotA hai| kriyA karmaparamANuoM kI mAtrA (pradeza) aura guNa (prakRti) kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| yoga yA kriyAe~ jitanI adhika hoMgI, utanI hI adhika mAtrA meM karmaparamANu AtmA kI ora AkarSita hokara usase apanA sambandha sthApita karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [93]

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kreNge| sAtha hI kriyA kA prakAra hI karma- pudgaloM kI prakRti kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai / yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki kriyA ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kaSAyoM para nirbhara hotA hai aura antima rUpa meM to kaSAya hI karma-pudgaloM kI prakRti kA nizcaya karate haiM, lekina nikaTavartI kAraNa kI dRSTi se kriyA (yoga) hI karma - pudgaloM ke bandha kI prakRti kA nizcaya karatI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM kaSAya yA rAga bhAva kA sambandha bandhana kI samayAvadhi (sthiti) tathA tIvratA ( anubhAga ) se hotA hai jabaki kriyA (yoga) kA sambandha bandhana kI mAtrA (pradeza) aura guNa (prakRti) se hotA hai| 4. aSTakarma aura unake kAraNa jisa rUpa meM karmaparamANu AtmA kI vibhinna zaktiyoM ke prakaTana kA avarodha karate haiM aura AtmA kA zarIra se sambandha sthApita karAte haiMunake anusAra unake vibhAga kiye jAte haiM / jainadarzana ke anusAra karma ATha prakAra ke haiM - 1. jJAnAvaraNIya, 2. darzanAvaraNIya, 3. vedanIya, 4. mohanIya, 5. AyuSya, 6. nAma, 7. gotra aura 8. antarAya 134 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko Dha~ka dete haiM, usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~, AtmA kI jJAnazakti ko DhaMka detI haiM aura sahaja jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka banatI haiM, ve jJAnAvaraNIya karma kahI jAtI haiN| jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke bandhana ke kAraNa- jina kAraNoM se jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke paramANu AtmA se saMyojita hokara jJAna-zakti ko kuMThita karate haiM, ve cha: haiM / 1. pradoSa - jJAnI kA avarNavAda ( nindA) karanA evaM usake avaguNa nikaalnaa| 2. nihnava- jJAnI kA upakAra svIkAra na karanA athavA kisI viSaya ko jAnate hue bhI usakA apalApa krnaa| 3. antarAya - jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka bananA, jJAnI evaM jJAna ke sAdhana pustakAdi ko naSTa karanA / 4. mAtsarya - vidvAnoM ke prati dveSabuddhi rakhanA, jJAna ke sAdhana pustaka Adi meM aruci rakhanA / 5. asAdanA - jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta [94]

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jJAna evaM jJAnI puruSoM ke kathanoM ko svIkAra nahIM karanA, unakI samucita vinaya nahIM karanA aura 6. upaghAta- vidvAnoM ke sAtha mithyAgraha yukta visaMvAda karanA athavA svArthavaza satya ko asatya siddha karane kA prayatna krnaa| uparyukta chaH prakAra kA anaitika AcaraNa vyakti kI jJAnazakti ke kuMThita hone kA kAraNa hai| . jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka- vipAka kI dRSTi se jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke kAraNa pA~ca rUpoM meM AtmA kI jJAna-zakti kA AvaraNa hotA hai 1. matijJAnAvaraNa- aindrika evaM mAnasika jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva, 2. zrutijJAnAvaraNa- bauddhika athavA AgamajJAna kI anupalabdhi, 3. avadhi jJAnAvaraNa- atIndriya jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva, 4. manaHparyAya jJAnAvaraNa- dUsare kI mAnasika avasthAoM kA jJAna prApti kara lene kI zakti kA abhAva, 5. kevala jJAnAvaraNa- pUrNajJAna prApta karane kI kSamatA kA abhaav| kahIM-kahIM vipAka kI dRSTi se inake 10 bheda batAye gaye haiN| 1. sunane kI zakti kA abhAva, 2. sunane se prApta hone vAle jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 3. dRSTi zakti kA abhAva, 4. dRzyajJAna kI anupalabdhi, 5. gaMdhagrahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 6. gandha sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 7. svAda grahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 8. svAda sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 9. sparza-kSamatA kA abhAva aura 10. sparza sambandhI jJAna kI anuplbdhi|" 2. darzanAvaraNIya karma jisa prakAra dvArapAla rAjA ke darzana meM bAdhaka hotA hai usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI darzana-zakti meM bAdhaka hotI haiM, ve darzanAvaraNIya karma kahalAtI haiN| jJAna se pahale hone vAlA vastu tattva kA nirvizeSa (nirvikalpa) bodha, jisameM sattA ke atirikta kisI vizeSa guNa dharma kI prApti nahIM hotI, darzana kahalAtA hai| darzanAvaraNIya karma AtmA ke darzanaguNa ko AvRtta karatA hai| karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [95]

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darzanAvaraNIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa- jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke samAna hI chaH prakAra ke azubha AcaraNa ke dvArA darzanAvaraNIya karma kA bandha hotA hai- (1) samyak dRSTi kI nindA (chidrAnveSaNa) karanA athavA usake prati akRtajJa honA, (2) mithyAtva yA asat mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karanA, (3) zuddha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka bananA, (4) samyakdRSTi kA samucita vinaya evaM sammAna nahIM karanA, (5) samyakdRSTi para dveSa karanA, (6) samyakdRSTi ke sAtha mithyAgraha sahita vivAda krnaa| darzanAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka- uparyukta azubha AcaraNa ke kAraNa AtmA kA darzana guNa nau prakAra se kuMThita ho jAtA hai-39 1. cakSudarzanAvaraNa- netra-zakti kA avaruddha ho jaanaa| 2. acakSudarzanAvaraNa- netra ke atirikta zeSa indriyoM kI sAmAnya anubhavazakti kA avaruddha ho jaanaa| 3. avadhidarzanAvaraNa- sImita atIndriya darzana kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA upasthita honaa| 4. kevala darzanAvaraNa- paripUrNa darzana kI upalabdhi kA nahIM honaa| 5. nidrA- sAmAnya nidraa| 6. nidrAnidrA- gaharI nidraa| 7. pracalA- baiThe-baiThe A jAne vAlI nidraa| 8. pracalApracalA- calate-phirate bhI A jAne vAlI nidraa| styAnagRddhi- jisa nidrA meM prANI bar3e-bar3e bala-sAdhya kArya kara DAlatA hai| antima do avasthAe~ Adhunika manovijJAna ke dvividha vyaktitva ke samAna mAnI jA sakatI haiN| uparyukta pA~ca prakAra kI nidrAoM ke kAraNa vyakti kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA meM avarodha utpanna ho jAtA hai| [96] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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3. vedanIya karma jisake kAraNa sAMsArika sukha-duHkha kI saMvedanA hotI hai, use vedanIya karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM- 1. sAtAvedanIya aura 2. asaataavedniiy| sukha rUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa sAtAvedanIya aura duHkha rUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa asAtAvedanIya karma kahalAtA hai| - sAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa- dasa prakAra kA zubhAcaraNa karane vAlA vyakti sukhada-saMvedanA rUpa sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha karatA hai1. pRthvI, pAnI Adi ke jIvoM para anukampA karanA, 2. vanaspati, vRkSa, latAdi para anukampA krnaa| 3. dvIndriya Adi prANiyoM para dayA krnaa| 4. paMcendriya pazuoM evaM manuSyoM para anukampA krnaa| 5. kisI ko bhI kisI prakAra se duHkha na denaa| 6. kisI bhI prANI ko cintA evaM bhaya utpanna ho aisA kArya na krnaa| 7. kisI bhI prANI ko zokAkula nahIM bnaanaa| 8. kisI bhI prANI ko rudana nahIM kraanaa| 9. kisI bhI prANI ko nahIM mAranA aura 10. kisI bhI prANI ko pratAr3ita nahIM karanA / karmagrantha meM sAtAvedanIya karma ke bandhana kA kAraNa gurubhakti, kSamA, karuNA, vratapAlana, yoga-sAdhanA, kaSAyavijaya, dAna aura dRr3hazraddhA mAnA gayA hai|" tattvArthasUtrakAra kA bhI yahI dRSTikoNa hai| sAtAvedanIya karma kA vipAka- uparyukta zubhAcaraNa ke phalasvarUpa prANI nimna prakAra kI sukhada saMvedanA prApta karatA hai- 1. manohara, karNapriya, sukhada svara zravaNa karane ko milate haiM, 2. manojJa, sundara rUpa dekhane ko milatA hai, 3. sugandha kI saMvedanA hotI hai, 4. susvAdu bhojanapAnAdi upalabdha hotA hai, 5. manojJa, komala sparza va Asana zayanAdi kI upalabdhi hotI hai, 6. vAMchita sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai, 7. zubha vacana, prazaMsAdi sunane kA avasara prApta hotA hai, 8. zArIrika sukha milatA hai| ____ asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa- jina azubha AcaraNoM ke kAraNa prANI ko duHkhada saMvedanA prApta hotI hai, ve 12 prakAra ke haiM- 1. kisI karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [97]

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bhI prANI ko duHkha denA, 2. cintita banAnA, 3. zokAkula banAnA, 4. rulAnA, 5. mAranA aura 6. pratAr3ita karanA, ina chaH kriyAoM kI maMdatA aura tIvratA ke AdhAra para inake bAraha prakAra ho jAte haiN| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra 1. duHkha, 2. zoka, 3. tApa, 4. AkrAndana, 5. vadha aura 6. paridevana ye chaH asAtAvedanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa haiM jo 'sva' aura 'para' kI apekSA se 12 prakAra ke ho jAte haiN| sva evaM para kI apekSA para AdhArita tattvArthasUtra kA yaha dRSTikoNa adhika saMgata hai| karmagrantha meM sAtAvedanIya ke bandha ke kAraNoM ke viparIta guru kA avinaya, akSamA, krUratA, avirati, yogAbhyAsa nahIM karanA, kaSAyayukta honA tathA dAna evaM zraddhA kA abhAva asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| ina kriyAoM ke vipAka ke rUpa meM ATha prakAra kI duHkha saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiM- 1. karNa-kaTu, karkaza svara sunane ko prApta hote haiM, 2. amanojJa evaM saundaryavihIna rUpa dekhane ko prApta hotA hai, 3. amanojJa gandhoM kI upalabdhi hotI hai, 4. svAdavihIna bhojanAdi milatA hai, 5. amanojJa, kaThora evaM duHkhada saMvedanA utpanna karane vAle sparza kI prApti hotI hai, 6. amanojJa mAnasika anubhUtiyoM kA honA, 7. nindA-apamAnajanaka vacana sunane ko milate haiM aura 8. zarIra meM vividha rogoM kI utpatti se zarIra ko du:khada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI hai|" 4. mohanIya karma jaise- madirA Adi nazIlI vastu ke sevana se viveka-zakti kuMThita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra jina karma-paramANuoM se AtmA kI viveka-zakti kuMThita hotI hai aura anaitika AcaraNa meM pravRtti hotI hai, unheM mohanIya (vimohita karane vAle) karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM- darzanamoha aura caaritrmoh| mohanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa- sAmAnyatayA mohanIya karma kA bandha chaH kAraNoM se hotA hai- 1. krodha, 2. ahaMkAra, 3. kapaTa, 4. lobha, [98] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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5. azubhAcaraNa aura 6. vivekAbhAva (vimUr3hatA ) / prathama pA~ca se cAritramoha kA aura antima se darzanamoha kA bandha hotA hai / karmagrantha meM darzanamoha aura cAritramoha ke bandhana ke kAraNa alaga-alaga batAye gaye haiM / darzanamoha ke kAraNa haiM- unmArga dezanA, sanmArga kA apalApa, dhArmika sampatti kA apaharaNa aura tIrthaMkara, muni, caitya ( jina - pratimAe~) aura dharma-saMgha ke pratikUla AcaraNa | cAritramoha karma ke bandhana ke kAraNoM meM kaSAya, hAsya Adi tathA viSayoM ke adhIna honA pramukha hai / 9 tattvArthasUtra meM sarvajJa, zruta, saMgha, dharma aura deva ke avarNavAda ( nindA) ko darzanamoha kA tathA kaSAyajanita Atma-pariNAma ko cAritramoha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai 150 samavAyAMgasUtra meM tIvratama mohakarma ke bandhana ke tIsa kAraNa batAye gaye 1. jo kisI sa prANI ko pAnI meM DubAkara mAratA hai / 2. jo kisI trasa prANI ko tIvra azubha adhyavasAya se mastaka ko gIlA camar3A bAMdhakara mAratA hai| 3. jo kisI trasa prANI ko mu~ha bA~dha kara mAratA hai / 4. jo kisI trasa prANI ko agni ke dhue~ se mAratA hai / 5. jo kisI trasa prANI ke mastaka kA chedana karake mAratA hai / 6. jo kisI trasa prANI ko chala se mArakara ha~satA hai / 7. jo mAyAcAra karake tathA asatya bolakara apanA anAcAra chipAtA hai| 8. jo apane durAcAra ko chipAkara dUsare para kalaMka lagAtA hai| 9. jo kalaha bar3hAne ke lie jAnatA huA mizra bhASA bolatA hai / 10. jo pati-patni meM matabheda paidA karatA hai tathA unheM mArmika vacanoM se jheMpA detA hai| 11. jo strI meM Asakta vyakti apane-Apako kuMvArA kahatA hai| 12. jo atyanta kAmuka vyakti apane Apa ko brahmacArI kahatA hai / 13. jo cApalUsI karake apane svAmI ko ThagatA hai / 14. jo jinakI kRpA se samRddha banA hai vaha IrSyA se unake hI kAryoM meM vighna DAlatA hai / 15. jo apane upakArI kI hatyA karatA hai / 16. jo prasiddha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai / 17. jo pramukha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai / 18. jo saMyamI ko pathabhraSTa karatA hai / 19. jo mahAn puruSoM kI nindA karatA hai| 20. jo nyAyamArga kI nindA karatA hai / 21. jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru karma- -bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [99]

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kI nindA karatA hai / 22. jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru kA avinaya karatA hai| 23. jo abahuzruta hote hue bhI apane-Apako bahuzruta kahatA hai| 24. jo tapasvI na hote hue bhI apane-Apako tapasvI kahatA hai / 25. jo asvastha AcArya Adi kI sevA nahIM karatA / 26. jo AcArya Adi kuzAstra kA prarUpaNa karate haiM / 27. jo AcArya Adi apanI prazaMsA ke lie maMtrAdi kA prayoga karate haiM / 28. jo ihaloka aura paraloka meM bhogApabhoga pAne kI abhilASA karatA hai / 29. jo devatAoM kI nindA karatA hai yA karavAtA hai / 30. jo asarvajJa hote hue bhI apane Apako sarvajJa kahatA hai| (a) darzana - moha - jaina-darzana meM darzana zabda tIna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai- 1. pratyakSIkaraNa, 2. dRSTikoNa aura 3. zraddhA / prathama artha kA sambandha darzanAvaraNIya karma se hai, jabaki dUsare aura tIsare artha kA sambandha mohanIya karma se hai / darzana - moha ke kAraNa prANI meM samyak dRSTikoNa kA abhAva hotA hai aura vaha mithyA dhAraNAoM evaM vicAroM kA zikAra rahatA hai, usakI vivekabuddhi asaMtulita hotI hai| darzanamoha tIna prakAra kA hai - 1. mithyAtva moha- jisake kAraNa prANI asatya ko satya tathA satya ko asatya samajhatA hai / zubha ko azubha aura azubha ko zubha mAnanA mithyAtva moha hai / 2. samyak - mithyAtva moha - satya evaM asatya tathA zubha evaM azubha ke sambandha meM anizcayAtmakatA aura 3. samyaktva moha - kSayika samyaktva kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka samyaktva moha hai 12 arthAt dRSTikoNa kI AMzika vizuddhatA / (ba) cAritra - moha - cAritra moha ke kAraNa prANI kA AcaraNa azubha hotA hai | cAritra - mohajanita azubhAcaraNa 25 prakAra kA hai - 1. prabalatama, krodha, 2. prabalatama mAna, 3. prabalatama mAyA ( kapaTa), 4. prabalatama lobha, 5. ati krodha, 6. ati mAna, 7. ati mAyA ( kapaTa), 8. ati lobha, 9. sAdhAraNa krodha, 10. sAdhAraNa mAna, 11. sAdhAraNa mAyA jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta [100]

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(kapaTa), 12. sAdhAraNa lobha, 13. alpa krodha, 14. alpa mAna, 15. alpa mAyA (kapaTa) aura 16. alpa lobha ye solaha kaSAya haiN| uparyukta kaSAyoM ko uttejita karane vAlI nau manovRttiyA~ (upakaSAya) haiM- 1. hAsya, 2. rati (sneha, rAga), 3. arati (dveSa), 4. zoka, 5. bhaya, 6. jugupsA (ghRNA), 7. strIveda (puruSa sahavAsa kI icchA), 8. puruSaveda (strI sahavAsa kI icchA), 9. napuMsakaveda (strI-puruSa donoM ke sahavAsa kI icchaa)| mohanIya karma vivekAbhAva hai aura usI vivekAbhAva ke kAraNa azubha kI ora pravRtti kI ruci hotI hai| anya paramparAoM meM jo sthAna avidyA kA hai, vahI sthAna jaina paramparA meM mohanIya karma kA hai| jisa prakAra anya paramparAoM meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa avidyA hai, usI prakAra jaina paramparAoM meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa mohanIya karma hai| mohanIya karma kA kSayopazama hI naitika vikAsa kA AdhAra hai| 5. AyuSya karma jisa prakAra ber3I kaidI kI svAdhInatA meM bAdhaka hai, usI prakAra jo karma paramANu AtmA ko vibhinna zarIroM meM niyata avadhi taka kaida rakhate haiM, unheM AyuSya karma kahate haiN| yaha karma nizcaya karatA hai ki AtmA ko kisa zarIra meM kitanI samayAvadhi taka rahanA hai| AyuSya karma cAra prakAra kA hai- 1. naraka Ayu, 2. tiryaMca Ayu (vAnaspatika evaM pazu jIvana) 3. manuSya Ayu aura 4. deva Ayu AyaSya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa- sabhI prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha kA kAraNa zIla aura vrata se rahita honA mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se kisa prakAra kA jIvana milatA hai, usakA nirdeza bhI jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM pratyeka prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke cAra-cAra kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| (a) nArakIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- 1. mahArambha (bhayAnaka hiMsaka karma), 2. mahAparigraha (atyadhika saMcaya vRtti), karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [ 101]

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3. manuSya, pazu Adi kA vadha karanA, 4. mAMsAhAra aura zarAba Adi nazIle padArthoM kA sevn| (ba) pAzvika jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- 1. kapaTa karanA, 2. rahasyapUrNa kapaTa karanA, 3. asatya bhASaNa, 4. kama-jyAdA tola-mApa krnaa| karma-grantha meM pratiSThA kama hone ke bhaya se pApa kA prakaTa na karanA bhI tiryaJca Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai|" tattvArthasUtra meM mAyA (kapaTa) ko hI pazu-yoni kA kAraNa batAyA hai|58 (sa) mAnava jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- 1. saralatA, 2. vinayazIlatA, 3. karuNA aura 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honaa| tattvArthasUtra meM 1. alpa Arambha, 2. alpa parigraha, 3. svabhAva kI saralatA aura 4. svabhAva kI mRdutA ko manuSya Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai|" (da) daivIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- 1. sarAga (sakAma) saMyama kA pAlana, 2. saMyama kA AMzika pAlana, 3. sakAma tapasyA (bAla tapa) 4. svAbhAvika rUpa meM karmoM ke nirjarita hone se| tattvArthasUtraM meM bhI yahI kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| karma-grantha ke anusAra avirata samyakdRSTi manuSya yA tiryaMca, dezavirata zrAvaka, sarAgI-sAdhu, bAla-tapasvI aura icchA nahIM hote hue bhI paristhiti vaza bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana karate hue akAma nirjarA karane vAle vyakti devAyu kA bandha karate haiN| AkasmikamaraNa- prANI apane jIvanakAla meM pratyeka kSaNa Ayu karma ko bhoga rahA hai aura pratyeka kSaNa meM Ayu karma ke paramANu bhoga ke pazcAt pRthak hote rahate haiN| jisa samaya vartamAna Ayukarma ke pUrvabaddha samasta paramANu AtmA se pRthak ho jAte haiM usa samaya prANI ko vartamAna zarIra chor3anA par3atA hai| vartamAna zarIra chor3ane se pUrva hI navIna zarIra ke Ayukarma kA bandha ho jAtA hai, lekina yadi AyuSya kA bhoga isa prakAra niyata hai to AkasmikamaraNa kI vyAkhyA kyA? isake pratyuttara meM jainavicArakoM ne Ayukarma kA bhoga do prakAra kA mAnA- 1. kramika, 2. [102] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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Akasmika / kramika bhoga meM svAbhAvika rUpa se Ayu kA bhoga dhIre-dhIre hotA rahatA hai, jabaki Akasmika bhoga meM kisI kAraNa ke upasthita ho jAne para Ayu eka sAtha hI bhoga lI jAtI hai| ise hI AkasmikamaraNa yA akAla mRtyu kahate hai / sthAnAMgasUtra meM isake sAta kAraNa batAye gaye haiM - 1. harSa - zoka kA atireka, 2. viSa athavA zastra kA prayoga, 3. AhAra kI atyadhikatA athavA sarvathA - abhAva 4. vyAdhijanita tIvra vedanA, 5. AghAta 6. sarpadazAMdi aura 7. zvaoNsa - nirodha 162 6. nAma karma jisa prakAra citrakAra vibhinna raMgoM se aneka prakAra ke citra banAtA hai, usI prakAra nAma - karma vibhinna paramANuoM se jagat ke prANiyoM ke zarIra kI racanA karatA hai / manovijJAna kI bhASA meM nAma-karma ko vyaktitva kA nirdhAraka tattva kaha sakate haiN| jaina-darzana meM vyaktitva ke nirdhAraka tattvoM ko nAma karma kI prakRti ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai, jinakI saMkhyA 103 mAnI gaI hai lekina vistAramaya se unakA varNana sambhava nahIM hai / uparyukta sAre vargIkaraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa hai- 1. zubhanAmakarma (acchA vyaktitva) aura 2. azubhanAmakarma ( burA vyaktitva) / prANI - jagat meM jo Azcaryajanaka vaicitrya dikhAI detA hai, usakA pramukha kAraNa nAma - karma hai| zubhanAma karma ke bandha ke kAraNa- jainAgamoM meM acche vyaktitva kI upalabdhi ke cAra kAraNa mAne gaye haiM- 1. zarIra kI saralatA, 2 . vANI kI saralatA, 3. mana yA vicAroM kI saralatA, 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honA yA sAmaJjasya pUrNa jIvana 163 zubhanAmakarma kA vipAka - uparyukta cAra prakAra ke zubhAcaraNa se prApta zubha vyaktitva kA vipAka 14 prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1. adhikArapUrNa prabhAvaka vANI (iSTa zabda), 2. sundara sugaThita zarIra (iSTa rUpa), 3. zarIra se niHsRta hone vAle maloM meM bhI sugandhi (iSTa gaMdha), 4. jaivIya rasoM kI samucitatA ( iSTa rasa ), 5. tvacA kA sukomala honA karma- -bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [103]

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(iSTa sparza), 6. acapala yogya gati (iSTa gati), 7. aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para honA (iSTa sthiti), 8. lAvaNya, 9. yazaH kIrti kA prasAra (iSTa yazaH kIrti), 10. yogya zArIrika zakti (iSTa utthAna, karma, balavIrya, puruSArtha aura parAkrama), 11. logoM ko rucikara lage aisA svara, 12. kAnta svara, 13. priya svara aura 14. manojJa svara / __ azubha nAma karma ke kAraNa- nimna cAra prakAra ke azubhAcaraNa se vyakti (prANI) ko azubha vyaktitva kI upalabdhi hotI hai- 1. zarIra kI vakratA, 2. vacana kI vakratA, 3. mana kI vakratA, 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya vRtti yA asAmaMjasya pUrNa jIvana / azubhanAma karma kA vipAka- 1. aprabhAvaka vANI (aniSTa zabda), 2. asundara zarIra (aniSTa sparza), 3. zArIrika maloM kA durgandhayukta honA (aniSTa gaMdha), 4. jaivIya rasoM kI asamucitatA (aniSTa rasa), 5. apriya sparza, 6. aniSTa gati, 7. aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para na honA (aniSTa sthiti), 8. saundarya kA abhAva, 9. apayaza, 10. puruSArtha karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 11. hIna svara, 12. dIna svara, 13. apriMya svara aura 14. akAnta svr| 7. gotra karma jisake kAraNa vyakti pratiSThita aura apratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai, vaha gotra karma hai| yaha do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1. ucca gotra (pratiSThita kula) aura 2. nIca gotra (apratiSThita kula) kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa ke kAraNa prANI kA apratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai aura kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se prANI kA pratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai, isa para jainAcAra-darzana meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ahaMkAravRtti hI isakA pramukha kAraNa mAnI gaI hai| ucca gautra evaM nIca gautra ke karma-bandha ke kAraNa- nimna ATha bAtoM kA ahaMkAra na karane vAlA vyakti bhaviSya meM pratiSThita kula meM janma [104] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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letA hai- 1. jAti, 2. kula, 3. bala (zArIrika zakti), 4. rUpa (saundarya), 5. tapasyA (sAdhanA ), 6. jJAna (zruta), 7. lAbha (upalabdhiyA~) aura 8. svAmitva (adhikAra) / isake viparIta jo vyakti uparyukta ATha prakAra kA ahaMkAra karatA hai vaha nIca kula meM janma letA hai / " karma-grantha ke anusAra bhI ahaMkAra rahita guNagrAhI dRSTi vAlA, adhyayana-adhyApana meM ruci rakhane vAlA tathA bhakta ucca-gotra ko prApta karatA hai aura isake viparIta AcaraNa karane vAlA nIca gautra ko prApta karatA hai / tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra para- nindA, AtmaprazaMsA, dUsaroM ke sadguNoM kA AcchAdana aura asadguNoM kA prakAzana ye nIca gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiM / isake viparIta para-prazaMsA, Atma-nindA, sadguNoM kA prakAzana, asadguNoM kA gopana aura namravRtti evaM nirabhimAnatA ye ucca gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiM / " gotra-karma kA vipAka - vipAka (phala) dRSTi se vicAra karate hue yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jo vyakti ahaMkAra nahIM karatA, vaha pratiSThita kula meM janma lekara nimnokta ATha kSamatAoM se yukta hotA hai- 1. niSkalaMka mAtR-pakSa (jAti), 2. pratiSThita pitR pakSa (kula), 3. sabala zarIra, 4. saundaryayukta zarIra, 5. ucca sAdhanA evaM tapa-zakti, 6 . tIvra buddhi evaM vipulajJAna rAzi para adhikAra, 7. lAbha evaM vividha upalabdhiyA~ aura 8. adhikAra, svAmitva evaM aizvarya kI prApti, lekina ahaMkArI vyaktitva uparyukta samagra kSamatAoM se athavA inameM se kinhIM vizeSa kSamatAoM se vaMcita rahatA hai| 70 8. antarAya karma abhISTa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA pahu~cAne vAle kAraNa ko antarAya karma kahate haiN| yaha pA~ca prakAra kA hai / 1. dAnAntarAya - dAna kI icchA hone para bhI dAna nahIM kiyA jA sake, 2. lAbhAntarAya - koI prApti hone vAlI ho lekina kisI kAraNa se usameM bAdhA A jAnA, 3. bhogAntarAya - bhoga meM bAdhA upasthita honA jaise vyakti sampanna ho, bhojanagRha meM acchA karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [105]

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susvAdu bhojana bhI banA ho lekina asvasthatA ke kAraNa use mAtra khicar3I hI khAnI paDe, 4. upabhogAntarAya- upabhoga kI sAmagrI ke hone para bhI upabhoga karane meM asamarthatA, 5. vIryAntarAya- zakti ke hone para bhI puruSArtha meM usakA upayoga nahIM kiyA jA sknaa| - (tattvArthasUtra, 8.14) jaina nIti-darzana ke anusAra jo vyakti kisI bhI vyakti ke dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga-zakti ke upayoga meM bAdhaka banatA hai, vaha bhI apanI upalabdha sAmagrI evaM zaktiyoM kA samucita upayoga nahIM kara pAtA hai| jaise- koI vyakti kisI dAna dene vAle vyakti ko dAna prApta karane vAlI saMsthA ke bAre meM galata sUcanA dekara yA anya prakAra se dAna dene se roka detA hai athavA kisI bhojana karate hue vyakti ko bhojana para se uThA detA hai to usakI upalabdhiyoM meM bhI bAdhA upasthita hotI hai athavA bhoga-sAmagrI ke hone para bhI vaha usake bhoga se vaMcita rahatA hai| karmagrantha ke anusAra jina-pUjA Adi dharma-kAryoM meM vija utpanna karane vAlA aura hiMsA meM tatpara vyakti bhI antarAya karma kA saMcaya karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra bhI vighna yA bAdhA DAlanA hI antarAya karma ke bandha kA kAraNa hai|' 5. ghAtI aura aghAtI karma karmoM ke isa vargIkaraNa meM jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya ina cAra karmoM ko 'ghAtika' aura nAma, gotra, AyuSya aura vedanIya ina cAra karmoM ko 'aghAtI' mAnA jAtA hai| ghAtI karma AtmA ke jJAna, darzana, sukha aura zakti guNa kA AvaraNa karate haiN| ye karma AtmA kI svabhAvadazA ko vikRta karate haiM, ataH jIvana-mukti meM bAdhaka hote haiN| ina ghAtI karmoM meM avidyA rUpa mohanIya karma hI AtmasvarUpa ke AvaraNa, kSamatA, tIvratA aura sthiItakAla kI dRSTi se pramukha haiN| vastutaH mohakarma hI eka aisA karma-saMskAra hai, jisake kAraNa karma-bandha kA pravAha satata banA rahatA hai| mohanIya karma usa bIja ke samAna hai, jisameM aMkuraNa kI [106] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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zakti hai| jisa prakAra ugane yogya bIja havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se apanI paramparA ko bar3hAtA rahatA hai usI prakAra mohanIya rUpI karma-bIja jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya rUpa havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se karma-paramparA ko satata banAye rakhatA hai| mohanIya karma hI janma, maraNa, saMsAra yA bandhana kA mUla hai, zeSa ghAtI karma usake sahayogI mAtra haiN| ise karmoM kA senApati kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra senApati ke parAjita hone para sArI senA hataprabha ho zIghra hI parAjita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra moha karma para vijaya prApta kara lene para zeSa sAre karmoM ko AsAnI se parAjita kara AtmazuddhatA kI upalabdhi kI jA sakatI hai| jaise hI moha naSTa ho jAtA hai, vaise hI jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa kA pardA haTa jAtA hai, antarAya yA bAdhakatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura zakti (AtmA) jIvana-mukta bana jAtA hai| aghAtI karma ve haiM jo AtmA ke svabhAva dazA kI upalabdhi aura vikAsa meM bAdhaka nahIM hote| aghAtI karma bhune hue bIja ke samAna haiM, jinameM navIna karmoM kI utpAdana kSamatA nahIM hotii| ve karma-paramparA kA pravAha banAye rakhane meM asamartha hote haiM aura samaya kI paripakvatA ke sAtha hI apanA phala dekara sahaja hI alaga ho jAte haiN| sarvaghAtI aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRtiyA~- AtmA ke sva-lakSaNoM kA AvaraNa karane vAle ghAtI karmoM kI 45 karma-prakRtiyA~ bhI do prakAra kI haiM- 1. sarvaghAtI aura 2. deshghaatii| sarvaghAtI karma prakRti kisI AtmaguNa ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI hai aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRti usake eka aMza ko Avarita karatI hai| AtmA ke svAbhAvika satyAnubhUti nAma-guNa ko mithyAtva (azuddha dRSTikoNa) sarva-rUpeNa AcchAdita kara detA hai| anantajJAna (kevalajJAna) aura anantadarzana (kevaladarzana) nAmaka AtmA ke guNoM kA AvaraNa bhI pUrNa rUpa se hotA hai| pA~coM prakAra kI nidrAe~ bhI AtmA kI sahaja anubhUti karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [107]

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kI kSamatA ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI haiM / isI prakAra cAroM kaSAyoM ke pahale tInoM prakAra, jo ki saMkhyA meM 12 hote haiM, bhI pUrNatayA bAdhaka banate haiN| anantAnubandhI kaSAya samyaktva kA, pratyAkhyAnI kaSAya dezavratI cAritra (gRhastha dharma) kA aura pratyAkhyAnI kaSAya sarvavratI cAritra ( munidharma) kA pUrNatayA bAdhaka banatA hai / ataH ye 20 prakAra kI karma - prakRtiyA~ sarvaghAtI kahI jAtI haiN| zeSa jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI 4, darzanAvaraNIya karma kI 3, mohanIya karma kI 13, antarAya karma kI 5 kula 25 karma - prakRtiyA~ dezaghAtI kahI jAtI haiM / sarvaghAta kA arthamAtra ina guNoM ke pUrNa prakaTana ko rokanA hai na ki ina guNoM kA anastitva, kyoMki jJAnAdi guNoM ke pUrNa abhAva kI sthiti meM Atma-tattva aura jar3a - tattva meM aMtara hI nahIM rahegA / karma to prakaTana meM bAdhaka tattva haiM, ve AtmaguNoM ko vinaSTa nahIM kara sakate / nandisUtra meM to kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko cAhe kitanA hI Avarita kyoM na kara leM, phira bhI vaha na to usakI prakAza - kSamatA ko naSTa kara sakatA hai aura na usake prakAza ke prakaTana ko pUrNatayA roka sakatA hai, usI prakAra cAhe karma jJAnAdi AtmaguNoM ko kitanA hI AvRta kyoM na kara le, phira bhI unakA eka aMza hamezA hI anAvRta rahatA hai 172 6. pratyItyasamutpAda aura aSTakarma, eka tulanAtmaka vivecana jaina darzana ke aSTakarma ke vargIkaraNa para koI tulanAtmaka vivecana sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki bauddha darzana aura gItA meM isa rUpa meM koI vivecanA upalabdha nahIM hai, lekina jisa prakAra jaina-darzana kA karma-vargIkaraNa bandhana evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA ke kArakoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai usI prakAra bauddha - paramparA meM pratItya-samutpAda bhI janma-maraNa kI paramparA ke kArakoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai / ataH usa para saMkSepa meM vicAra kara lenA upayukta hogA / pratItyasamutpAda kA artha hai aisA hone para aisA hotA hai aura aisA na hone para aisA nahIM hotA hai / vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki pratyeka utpAda kA [108] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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koI pratyaya, hetu yA kAraNa avazya hotA hai| yadi pratyeka utpAda sahetuka hai to phira hamAre bandhana yA duHkha kA bhI koI hetu avazya hogaa| pratItyasamutpAda hamAre bandhana yA duHkha kI nimna 12 aMgoM meM kAryakAraNAtmaka vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai| 1. avidyA- pratItyasamutpAda kI prathama kar3I avidyA hai| bauddhadarzana meM avidyA kA artha hai duHkha, duHkha samudaya, duHkha-nirodha aura duHkha nirodhamArga rUpI cAra Aryasatya sambandhI ajnyaan| avidyA kA hetu Asrava hai, AsravoM ke samudaya se avidyA kA samudaya hotA hai aura avidyA ke kAraNa hI janma-maraNa paramparA kA saMsaraNa hotA hai| isa prakAra bauddha-darzana meM avidyA saMsAra meM AvAgamana (bandhana) kA mUlAdhAra hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA jAye to avidyA jaina-paramparA ke darzana-moha ke samAna hai| donoM ke anusAra yaha eka AdhyAtmika andhatA yA samyak-dRSTikoNa kA abhAva hai| donoM hI isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki avidyA yA darzana-moha duHkha, bandhana evaM anaitika AcaraNa kA pramukha kAraNa hai| donoM hI paramparAe~ avidyA yA darzana moha ko anAdi mAnate hue bhI ahetuka yA akAraNa nahIM mAnatI haiM, jaisA ki sAMkhya darzana meM mAnA gayA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM avidyA aura tRSNA meM tathA jaina-paramparA meM darzana-moha aura cAritra-moha meM pArasparika kArya-karaNa sambandha mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra avidyA yA darzana-moha ahetuka nahIM hai, usakA hetu tRSNA yA cAritra moha hai| 2. saMskAra- pratItyasamutpAda kI dUsarI kar3I saMskAra hai| kuzalaakuzala kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika cetanAe~, jo janma-maraNa paramparA kA kAraNa banatI haiM, saMskAra kahI jAtI haiN| saMskAra eka prakAra se mAnasika vAsanA hai jo avidyAjanya hai| saMskAra tIna prakAra ke haiM- 1. puNyAbhisaMskAra, 2. apuNyAbhi-saMskAra, 3. anyonyaabhisNskaar| ye saMskAra jaina paramparA ke cAritra-moha se tulanIya haiN| puNyAbhisaMskAra puNya-bandha karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [109]

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se, apuNyAbhisaMskAra pApa-bandha se aura anyonyAbhisaMskAra puNyAnubandhI pApa yA pApAnubandhI puNya se tulanIya hai / 3. vijJAna - pratItyasamutpAda kI tIsarI kar3I vijJAna (cetanA) hai, jo saMskArajanya hai| vijJAna kA tAtparya una citta-dhArAoM se hai jo pUrvajanma meM kiye hue kuzala akuzala karmoM ke vipAkarUpa isa janma meM prakaTa hotI haiM aura jinake kAraNa manuSya ko aindrika saMvedana evaM anubhUti hotI hai arthAt vijJAna indriyoM kI jJAna-sambandhI cetana kSamatA kA AdhAra evaM nirdhAraka hai| isa prakAra vijJAna jaina - paramparA ke jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa karma se tulanIya hai / pA~coM jJAnendriyA~ tathA mana ye chaha vijJAna ke prakAra haiM / - 4. nAma-rUpa- nAma-rUpa kA pratItyasamutpAda meM cauthA sthAna hai| nAma-rUpa kA hetu vijJAna (cetanA) hai| bauddha darzana meM samasta jagat- rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna, ina paMcaskandhoM se nirmita hai| prathama rUpaskandha ko rUpa aura zeSa cAroM skandhoM ko nAma kahA jAtA hai| rUpa bhautika aura nAma cetana hai / milindaprazna meM nAgasena likhate haiM ki jitanI sthUla cIjeM haiM ve sabhI rUpa haiM aura jitanI sUkSma mAnasika avasthAe~ haiM ve nAma haiN| pRthvI, agni, pAnI aura vAyu ye cAroM mahAbhUta aura inase pratyutpanna sabhI vastue~ evaM zarIrAdi rUpa kahI jAtI haiM, jabaki vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna ye cAroM nAma kahe jAte haiN| nAma - jaina- vicAraNA ke AyuSya karma, gatinAmakarma aura zarIra - nAmakarma kI saMyukta avasthA se tulanIya haiN| 5. SaDAyatana- SaDAyatana se tAtparya cakSu, ghrANa, zravaNa, rasanA aura sparza ina pA~ca indriyoM evaM chaThe mana se hai / SaDAyatana kA kAraNa nAmarUpa hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para vyakti ke sandarbha meM nAmarUpa aura SaDAyatana jaina- darzana ke nAma-karma ke samAna hai, kyoMki jainadarzana meM nAmakarma aura bauddha darzana meM nAma - rUpa tathA SaDAyatana vaiyaktikatA ke nirdhAraka haiM aura ye donoM hI samAna haiM / [110] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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6. sparza- SaDAyatana arthAt indriyoM evaM mana ke hone se unakA apane-apane viSayoM se samparka hotA hai| yaha indriyoM aura viSaya kA saMyoga hI sparza hai| yaha SaDAyatanoM para nirbhara hone se chaha prakAra kA haiA~kha-sparza (dekhanA), kAna kA sparza (sunanA), nAka kA sparza (gandhagrahaNa), jIbha kA sparza, (svAda), zarIra kA sparza (tvak saMvedanA) aura mana kA sparza (vicaar-sNklp)| ye sabhI kuzala yA akuzala karma ke vipAka mAne gaye haiN| 7. vedanA- vedanA sparza-janita hai| indriya aura viSayoM ke saMyoga kA mana para par3ane vAlA prathama prabhAva vedanA hai| indriyoM ke hone para unakA apane-apane viSayoM se samparka hotA hai aura vaha samparka hamAre mana para prabhAva DAlatA hai| yaha prabhAva cAra prakAra kA hotA hai- 1. sukha rUpa, 2. duHkha rUpa, 3. sukha-duHkha rUpa aura 4. asukha-aduHkha ruup| pA~ca indriyoM evaM mana kI apekSA se vedanA ke chaha vibhAga bhI kiye gaye haiN| sparza aura vedanA jaina-vicAraNA ke vedanIya karma ke samAna haiN| sukharUpa vedanA sAtAvedanIya aura duHkharUpa vedanA asAtAvedanIya se tulanIya hai| asukha-aduHkha rUpa vedanA kI tulanA jaina darzana kI vedanIya karma kI pradezodaya nAmaka avasthA se kI jA sakatI hai| 8. tRSNA- indriyoM evaM mana ke viSayoM ke samparka kI cAha tRSNA hai| yaha chaha prakAra kI hotI hai- zabda-tRSNA, rUpa-tRSNA, gaMdhatRSNA, rasa (AsvAda)- tRSNA, sparza-tRSNA aura mana ke viSayoM kI tRssnnaa| inameM se pratyeka kAmatRSNA, bhavatRSNA aura vibhavatRSNA ke rUpa meM tIna prakAra kI hotI hai| viSayoM ke bhoga kI vAsanA ko lekara jo tRSNA udita hotI hai, vaha kAma-tRSNA hai| viSaya (padArtha) aura viSayI (bhoktA) kA saMyoga sadaiva banA rahe, unakA uccheda na ho, yaha lAlasA bhavatRSNA hai| yaha zAzvatatA yA bane rahane kI tRSNA hai| arucikara yA duHkhada saMvedana rUpa viSayoM ke samparka ko lekara jo vinAza-sambandhI karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [111]

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icchA udita hotI hai, vaha vibhava tRSNA hai / yaha dveSa sthAnIya evaM anastitva kI tRSNA hai 1 tRSNA lobha kA hI rUpa hai / isa prakAra yaha jaina- darzana ke cAritramoha karma ke antargata A jAtI hai| eka dUsare prakAra se tRSNA apUrNa yA atRpta icchA hai aura isa prakAra yaha antarAya karma se bhI tulanIya hai, yadyapi donoM meM adhika nikaTatA nahIM hai / 9. upAdAna- upAdAna kA artha Asakti hai jo tRSNA ke kAraNa hotI hai / upAdAna cAra prakAra ke haiM- 1. kAmUpAdAna - kAmabhoga meM gRddha bane rahanA, 2 . diTThapAdAna - mithyA dhAraNAoM se cipake rahanA, 3. sIlabbUttUpAdAna- vyartha ke karmakANDoM meM lage rahanA aura 4. attavAdUpAdAnaAtmavAda meM Asakti rakhanA / upAdAna kA sambandha bhI mohanIya karma se hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| diTTUpAdAna, sIlabbUttupAdAna aura attavAdUpAdAna kA sambandha darzana-moha se aura kAmUpAdAna kA sambandha cAritramoha se hai| vaise ye upAdAna vaiyaktika puruSArtha ko sanmArga kI dizA meM lagAne meM bAdhaka haiM aura isa rUpa meM vIryAntarAya ke samAna haiM / 10. bhava- bhava kA artha hai punarjanma karAne vAlA karma / bhava do prakAra kA hai- kammabhava aura uppattibhava / jo karma punarjanma karAne vAlA hai vaha karmabhava (kammabhava) hai aura jisa upAdAna ko lekara vyakti loka meM janma grahaNa karatA hai vaha utpattibhava (uppattibhava) hai / bhava jaina- darzana ke AyuSya karma se tulanIya hai / kammabhava yAnI jIvana sambandhI AyuSya karma kA bandha hai jo tRSNA yA moha ke kAraNa hotA hai / uppattibhava vartamAna jIvana sambandhI AyuSya karma hai| 11. jAti- devoM kA devatva, manuSyoM kA manuSyatva, catuSpadoM kA catuSpadatva jAti kahA jAtA hai / jAti bhAvI janma kI yoni kA nizcaya hai jisase punaH janma grahaNa karanA hotA hai / jAti kI tulanA jaina darzana ke jAti nAma karma se aura kucha rUpa meM gotra - karma se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta [112]

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12. jarA-maraNa- janma dhAraNa kara vRddhAvasthA aura mRtyu ko prApta honA jarA-maraNa hai| jarA-maraNa kI tulanA bhI AyuSya karma ke bhoga se kI jA sakatI hai| AyuSya-karma kA kSaya honA hI jarAmaraNa hai| __ isa prakAra bauddha-darzana ke pratItyasamutpAda aura jaina-darzana ke karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM kucha nikaTatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi donoM meM mukhya antara yaha hai ki bauddha-darzana meM pratItyasamutpAda kI kar3iyoM meM pArasparika kArya-kAraNa zrRMkhalA kI jo manovaijJAnika yojanA dikhAI gaI hai, vaisI jaina karma-siddhAnta meM nahIM hai| usameM kevala mohakarma kA anya karmoM se kucha sambandha khojA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI paMcAstikAyasAra meM hameM eka aisI manovaijJAnika yojanA parilakSita hotI hai, jisakI tulanA pratItyusamutpAda se kI jA sakatI hai| 7. mahAyAna dRSTikoNa aura aSTakarma mahAyAna bauddha-darzana meM karmoM kA jJeyAvaraNa aura klezAvaraNa ke rUpa meM vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| vaha jaina darzana ke karma vargIkaraNa ke kAphI nikaTa hai| klezAvaraNa bandhana evaM duHkha kA kAraNa hai jabaki jJeyAvaraNa jJAna ke prakAza yA sarvajJatA meM bAdhaka hai| klezAvaraNa jaina-darzana ke cAritra moha karma aura jJeyAvaraNa kevalajJAnAvaraNa karma se tulanIya hai| vaise jaina vicAraNA dvArA svIkRta karma ke do kArya AvaraNa aura vikSepa kI tulanA bhI kramazaH jJeyAvaraNa aura klezAvaraNa se kI jA sakatI hai| 8. kammabhava aura uppattibhava tathA ghAtI aura aghAtI karma aSTa karmoM meM AtmA ke svabhAva ke AvaraNa kI dRSTi se cAra karma ghAtI aura cAra karma aghAtI mAne gaye haiM, lekina yadi navIna bandha yA punarjanma utpAdaka hai, zeSa sabhI karmoM kA bandha moha-karma kI upasthiti meM hI hotA hai| moha-karma kI anupasthiti meM aisA koI bandha nahIM hotA jisake kAraNa AtmA ko janmamaraNa ke cakra meM pha~sanA pdd'e| bauddha-darzana meM AtmA ke svabhAva ko Avarita karane vAle ghAtI aura aghAtI karmoM ke sambandha meM to koI vicAra upalabdha nahIM hai lekina usameM karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [113 ]

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punarjanma utpAdaka karma kI dRSTi se kammabhava aura uppattibhava kA vicAra avazya upalabdha hai| pratItyasamutpAda kI 12 kar3iyoM meM avidyA, saMskAra, tRSNA, upAdAna aura bhava pA~ca kammabhava haiM / inake kAraNa janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA pravAha calatA rahatA hai| zeSa vijJAna, nAmarUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza, vedanA, jAti aura jarAmaraNa utpattibhava haiM, jo apanI udaya yA vipAka avasthA meM naye bandhana kA sRjana nahIM karate haiM / kammabhava meM avidyA aura saMskAra bhUtakAlIna jIvana ke arjita karma - saMskAra yA cetanA - saMskAra haiM / ye saMkalita hokara vipAka ke rUpa meM hamAre vartamAna jIvana ke utpattibhava (vijJAna, nAmarUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza aura vedanA) kA nizcaya karate haiN| tatpazcAt vartamAna jIvana ke tRSNA, upAdAna aura bhava svayaM kammabhava ke rUpa meM bhAvI jIvana ke utpattibhava ke rUpa meM jAti aura jarAmaraNa kA nizcaya karate haiN| vartamAna jIvana ke tRSNA, upAdAna aura bhava bhAvI - jIvana ke avidyA aura saMskAra bana jAte haiM aura vartamAna meM bhAvI jIvana ke lie nizcita hue jAti aura jarAmaraNa bhAvI jIvana meM vijJAna, nAmarUpa aura SaDAyatana ke kAraNa hote haiN| isa prakAra kammabhava racanAtmaka karma zakti ke rUpa meM jaina-darzana ke moha-karma ke samAna janma-maraNa kI zrRMkhalA kA sarjaka hai aura utpatti-bhava zeSa niSkriya karma avasthAoM ke samAna hai, jo mohakarma yA kammabhava ke abhAva meM janma-maraNa kI paramparA ke pravAha ko banAye rakhane meM asamartha hai| isa prakAra bauddha darzana kA karmabhava jainadarzana meM moha - karma se aura utpatti-bhava jaina vicAraNA kI zeSa karma avasthAoM ke samAna hai| ise nimna tulanAtmaka tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai kammabhava [114] bauddha paramparA 1. avidyA 2. saMskAra 3. tRSNA jaina paramparA mohakarma kI sattA kI avasthA mohakarma kI vipAka aura navIna bandha jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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4. upAdana kI avsthaa| 5. bhava utpattibhava 6. vijJAna jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, AyuSya, nAma, 7. nAma-rUpa gotra aura vedanIya karma kI vipAka 8. SaDAyatana avsthaa| 9. sparza 10. vedanA 11. jAti bhAvI jIvana ke lie AyuSya, nAma, 12. jarA-maraNa gotra Adi karmoM kI bandha kI avsthaa| 9. cetanA ke vibhinna pakSa aura bandhana karma-akarma vicAra meM hamane dekhA ki bandhana mukhya rUpa se kartA kI caittasika avasthA para AdhArita hai, ataH yaha vicAra bhI Avazyaka hai ki cetanA aura bandhana ke bIca kyA sambandha hai? Adhunika manovijJAna meM cetanA __Adhunika manovijJAna cetanA ke tIna pakSa mAnatA hai, jinheM kramazaH (1) jJAnAtmaka pakSa, (2) bhAvAtmaka pakSa aura (3) saMkalpAtmaka pakSa kahA jAtA hai| inhIM tIna pakSoM ke AdhAra para cetanA ke tIna kArya mAne jAte haiM- 1. jAnanA 2. anubhava karanA 3. icchA krnaa| bhAratIya cintana meM bhI cetanA ke ina tIna pakSoM athavA kAryoM ke sambandha meM prAcIna samaya se hI paryApta vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne cetanA ke nimna tIna pakSoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai- 1. jJAna-cetanA 2. karmacetanA aura 3. krmphlcetnaa| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para jJAna-cetanA ko cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa se, karmaphalacetanA ko cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka (anubhUtyAtmaka) pakSa se aura karma-cetanA ko cetanA ke saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ke samakakSa mAnA jA sakatA hai| karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [115]

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jaina dRSTikoNa uparyukta tInoM pakSoM para bandhana ke kAraNa kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki cetanA kA jJAnAtmaka pakSa yA jJAna- cetanA bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| jJAna cetanA to mukta jIvAtmAoM meM bhI hotI hai, ataH use bandhana kA kAraNa mAnanA asaMgata hai / karmaphalacetanA yA cetanA ke anubhUyAtmaka pakSa ko bhI apane Apa meM bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki arhat yA kevalI meM bhI vedanIya karma kA phala bhogane ke kAraNa karmaphala cetanA to hotI hai, lekina vaha usake bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM banatI / uttarAdhyayanasUtra spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki indriyoM ke mAdhyama se hone vAlI sukhada aura duHkhada anubhUtiyA~ vItarAga ke mana meM rAga-dveSa ke bhAva utpanna nahIM kara sktiiN|" isa prakAra na cetanA kA jJAnAtmaka pakSa bandhana kA kAraNa hai, na anubhUyAtmaka pakSa bandhana kA kAraNa hai / cetanA ke tIsare saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ko, jise karmacetanA kahA jAtA hai, bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki zeSa do jJAnacetanA aura anubhavacetanA to cetanA kI niSkriya avasthAe~ haiM, yadyapi unameM pratibimbita hone vAlI bAhya ghaTanAe~ sakriya tattva haiM, lekina karma- cetanA svata: hI sakriya avasthA hai| saMkalpa, vikalpa evaM rAga-dveSAdi bhAvoM kA janma cetanA kI isI avasthA meM hotA hai ataH jaina-darzana meM cetanA kA yahI saMkalpAtmaka pakSa bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi isake pIche upAdAna kAraka ke rUpa meM bhautika tathyoM se prabhAvita hone vAlI karmaphala cetanA kA hAtha avazya hotA hai / kucha vicArakoM ne karma-cetanA ko bhI niSkriya kriyAcetanA ke rUpa meM samajhane kI koziza kI hai, lekina aisI avasthA meM cetanA kA koI bhI sakriya pakSa nahIM rahane se bandhana kI vyAkhyA saMbhava nahIM hogii| yadi karma - cetanA kevala kriyA ke hone kA jJAna hai to phira vaha jJAna cetanA yA karmaphala cetanA se bhinna nahIM hogI / ataH karmacetanA kI niSkriya rUpa meM vyAkhyA ucita pratIta nahIM hotI hai / kevala jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta [116]

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usI kA sambandha bandhana se ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vahI rAga-dveSa yA kaSAyAdi bhAva-karmoM kI kartA hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa se tulanA ____bauddha vicAra meM bhI cetanA ko jJAnAtmaka, anubhavAtmaka tathA saMkalpAtmaka pakSoM se yukta mAnA gayA hai, jinheM kramazaH sannA, vedanA aura cetanA (saMkalpa) kahA gayA hai| jaina paramparA jise jJAna-cetanA kahatI hai use bauddha-paramparA meM sannA yA kriyA-cetanA kahA jAtA hai, jaina paramparA kI karmaphala cetanA bauddha paramparA kI vipAka-cetanA yA vedanA ke samakakSa hai| bauddha-vicAraNA kI cetanA (saMkalpa) kI tulanA jaina vicAraNA kI karma-cetanA se kI jA sakatI hai| tInoM pakSoM se samanvita cetanA naitika AdhAra para zobhanA, akuzala aura avyakta aise tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kI gayI hai| punaH zobhanA yA kuzala cetanA ko tIna upabhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- 1. zubha saMkalpa cetanA, 2. zubha vipAka cetanA aura 3. zubha kriyA cetnaa| isI prakAra azubha yA akuzala cetanA bhii| 1. akuzala saMkalpa cetanA, 2. akuzala vipAka cetanA, aura 3. akuzala kriyA cetanA (jJAna cetanA)- aise tIna upabhAgoM meM vibhAjita kI gaI hai, lekina isameM se zubha aura azubha vipAka cetanAe~ tathA zubha aura azubha kriyA cetanAe~ bandhana kI koTi meM nahIM AtI haiN| yadyapi bAhya jagat meM ye kriyAzIlatA kI avasthAe~ haiM, lekina inake pIche kartA kA koI Azaya nahIM hone se ye bandhanakAraka nahIM haiN| mAtra zubha aura azubha saMkalpa-cetanA hI bandhana dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiM tathA saMsAra ke AvAgamana kA kAraNa haiN| saMdarbha 1. tattvArthasUtra 8/2-3 2. karma prakRti, bandha prakaraNa, 1 3. tattvArthasUtra TIkA, bhAga 1, pR0 343 uddhRta sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 232 4. tattvArthasUtra, 8/4 karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [117]

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5. tattvArthasUtra, 6/1-2 6. vahI, 6/3-4 vahI, 6/5 tattvArthasUtra, 6/6 nava padArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 100 7. 8. 9. 10. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/1 11. (a) samavAyAMga, 5 / 4; (ba) isiyabhAsiya, 9 / 5 ( sa ) tattvArthasUtra, 8 / 1 12. samayasAra, 171 13. uttarAdhyayana, 32/7 14. samayasAra, 157 15. saMyuttanikAya, 36/8, 43/7/3, 45/5/10 dekhiye- bauddha dharmadarzana, pR0 245 16. dhammapada, 292; 17. majjhimanikAya, 1/1/9 18. saMyuttanikAya, 21 / 3 / 9 19. aMguttaranikAya, 3/33 ( pR0 137) 20. vahI, 3/33 21. bauddha dharmadarzana, pR0 25 22. (a) gItA, 16 / 10; (ba) gItA (zAM0), 16 / 10 23. gItA, 14 / 13, 14/17 24. vahI, 18/15 25. vahI, 16/5 26. vahI, 16/4 27. vahI, 16 / 10 28. gItA, 16 / 16 29. gItA, 7/27; gItA ( zA0 ), 7/27 30. yogasUtra, 2/3 31. nItizAstra, pR0 63 32. karmagrantha, bhAga-2, pR. 51 (dekhie - sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR. 235 se 239) 33. karmagrantha, bhAga - 2, pR. 121 34. uttarAdhyayana, 33 / 23 35. (a) karmagrantha, 1 / 54 ( ba ) tattvArthasUtra, 6 / 11 [118] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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36. tattvArthasUtra, 87 37. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 236 38. (a) tattvArthasUtra, 6/11 (ba) karmagrantha, 1/54 39. tattvArthasUtra, 88 40. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 237 41. karmagrantha, 1/55 42. tattvArthasUtra, 6/13 43. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 237 44. vahI, pR0 237 45. tattvArthasUtra, 6/12 46. karmagrantha, 1/55 47. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 237 48. vahI, pR0 237 49. karmagrantha, 1/56-57 50. tattvArthasUtra, 6/14-15 51. samavAyAMga, 30/1 52. tattvArthasUtra, 8/10 53. vahI, 8/10 54. tattvArthasUtra, 8/11 55. sthAnAMga, 1/4/4/363 56. vahI, 6/19 57. karmagrantha, 1/58 58. tattvArthasUtra, 6/17 59. vahI, 6/18 60. vahI, 6/20 61. karmagrantha, 1/59 62. sthAnAMga, 7/561 63. tattvArthasUtra, 6/22 64. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 239 65. tattvArthasUtra, 6/21 66. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 239 67. tattvArthasUtra, 8/13 karma-bandha ke kAraNa, svarUpa evaM prakriyA [119]

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68. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 240 69. (a) karmagrantha, 1/60; (ba) tattvArthasUtra, 6/24 70. navapadArtha jJAnasAra, pR0 240 71. (a) karmagrantha, 1/61; (ba) tattvArthasUtra, 6/26 72. nandisUtra, 42 73. (a) dIghanikAya, 2/2; (ba) saMyuttanikAya, 12/1/2; (sa) bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR0 373-410 74. paMcAstikAyasAra, 128 va 129 75. abhidharma koSa-karmanirdeza nAmaka cauthA nirdeza, uddhRta jaina sTaDIja, pR0 251 252 76. paMcAstikAyasAra, 38 77. uttarAdhyayana, 32/100 78. uddhRta sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI, pR0 247 [120] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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4 bandhana se mukti kI ora ( saMvara aura nirjarA ) yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AtmA ke pUrvakarma - saMskAroM ke kAraNa bandhana kI prakriyA avirAma gati se cala rahI hai / pUrvakarma - saMskAra vipAka ke avasara para AtmA ko prabhAvita karate haiM aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa mAnasika evaM zArIrika kriyA - vyApAra hotA hai aura usa kriyA vyApAra ke kAraNa navIna karmAsrava evaM karma-bandha hotA hai / ataH yaha prazna upasthita hotA haiM ki bandhana se mukta kaise huA jAya ? jaina darzana bandhana se bacane ke lie jo upAya batAtA hai, use saMvara kahate haiM / 1. saMvara kA artha tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra Asrava nirodha saMvara hai / ' saMvara mokSa kA mUla-kAraNa' tathA naitika sAdhanA kA prathama sopAna hai| saMvara zabda sam upasargapUrvaka vR dhAtu se banA hai / vR dhAtu kA artha hai rokanA yA nirodha krnaa| isa prakAra saMvara zabda kA artha hai AtmA meM praveza karane vAle karma-vargaNA ke pudgaloM ko roka denA / sAmAnyataH zArIrika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM kA yathAzakya nirodha ( rokanA) karanA saMvara hai, kyoMki kriyAe~ hI Asrava kA kAraNa haiN| jaina - paramparA meM saMvara ko karmaparamANuoM ke Asrava ko rokane ke artha meM aura bauddha paramparA meM kriyA ke nirodha ke artha meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki bauddha - paramparA meM karmavargaNA (paramANuoM) kA bhautika svarUpa mAnya nahIM hai, ataH ve saMvara bandhana se mukti kI ora ( saMvara aura nirjarA) [121] -

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ko jaina-paramparA ke artha meM nahIM lete haiN| usameM saMvara kA artha mana, vANI evaM zarIra ke kriyA-vyApAra yA aindrika pravRttiyoM kA saMyama hI abhipreta hai| vaise jaina-paramparA meM bhI saMvara ko kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM ke nirodha ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki saMvara ke pA~ca aMgoM meM ayoga (akriyA) bhI eka hai| yadi isa paramparAgata artha ko mAnya karate hue bhI thor3A Upara uThakara dekheM to saMvara kA vAstavika artha saMyama hI hotA hai| jainaparamparA meM saMvara ke rUpa meM jisa jIvana-praNAlI kA vidhAna hai vaha saMyamI jIvana kI pratIka hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM saMvara ke pA~ca bhedoM kA vidhAna pA~coM indriyoM ke saMyama ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM to saMvara ke sthAna para saMyama ko hI Asava-nirodha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| vastutaH saMvara kA artha hai anaitika yA pApakArI pravRttiyoM se apane ko bacAnA aura saMvara zabda isa artha meM saMyama kA paryAya hI siddha hotA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM saMvara zabda kA prayoga saMyama ke artha meM hI huA hai| dhammapada Adi meM prayukta saMvara zabda kA artha saMyama hI kiyA gayA hai| saMvara zabda kA yaha artha karane meM jahA~ eka ora hama tulanAtmaka vivecana ko sulabha banA sakeMge vahIM dUsarI ora jaina-paramparA ke mUla Azaya se bhI dUra nahIM jAyeMge, lekina saMvara kA yaha niSedhaka artha hI saba kucha nahIM hai, varan usakA eka vidhAyaka pakSa bhI hai| zubha adhyavasAya bhI saMvara ke artha meM svIkAra kiye gaye haiM, kyoMki azubha kI nivRtti ke liye zubha kA aMgIkAra prAthamika sthiti meM Avazyaka hai| vRtti-zUnyatA ke abhyAsI ke lie bhI prathama zubha-vRttiyoM ko aMgIkAra karanA hotA hai, kyoMki citta kA zubhavRtti se paripUrNa hone para azubha ke lie koI sthAna nahIM rhtaa| azubha ko haTAne ke lie zubha Avazyaka hai| saMvara kA artha zubha-vRttiyoM kA abhyAsa bhI hai| yadyapi vahA~ zubha kA mAtra vahI artha nahIM hai jise hama puNyAsava yA puNyabaMdha ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| 2. jaina paramparA meM saMvara kA vargIkaraNa (a) jaina-darzana meM saMvara ke do bheda haiM- 1. dravya saMvara aura 2. bhAva sNvr| dravyasaMgraha meM kahA gayA hai ki karmAsrava ko rokane meM sakSama [122] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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.... . AtmA kI caittasika sthiti bhAvasaMvara hai, aura dravyAsrava ko rokane vAlA usa caittasika sthiti kA pariNAma dravya saMvara hai| (ba) saMvara ke pA~ca aMga yA dvAra batAye gaye haiM- 1. samyaktvayathArtha dRSTikoNa, 2. virati- maryAdita yA saMyamita jIvana, 3. apramattatAAtma-cetanatA, 4. akaSAyavRtti- krodhAdi manovegoM kA abhAva aura 5. ayoga- akriyaa| - (sa) sthAnAMgasUtra meM saMvara ke ATha bheda nirUpita haiM- 1. zrotra indriya kA saMyama, 2. cakSu indriya kA saMyama, 3. ghrANa indriya kA saMyama, 4. rasanA indriya kA saMyama, 5. sparza indriya kA saMyama, 6. mana kA saMyama, 7. vacana kA saMyama, 8. zarIra kA sNym| (da) prakArAntara se jainAgamoM meM saMvara ke sattAvana bheda bhI pratipAdita haiM, jinameM pA~ca samitiyA~, tIna guptiyA~, dasavigha yati-dharma, bAraha anuprekSAe~ (bhAvanAe~), bAIsa parISaha aura pA~ca sAmAyika cAritra sammilita haiN| ye sabhI karmAsrava kA nirodha kara AtmA ko bandhana se bacAte haiM, ataH saMvara kahe jAte haiN| ina sabakA vizeSa sambandha saMnyAsa yA zramaNa jIvana se hai| uparyukta AdhAroM para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki saMvara kA tAtparya aisI maryAdita jIvana-praNAlI hai jisameM vivekapUrNa AcaraNa (kriyAoM kA sampAdana) mana, vANI aura zarIra kI ayogya pravRttiyoM kA saMyamana, sadguNoM kA grahaNa, kaSTa-sahiSNutA aura samatva kI sAdhanA samAviSTa hai| jaina-darzana meM saMvara ke sAdhaka se yahI apekSA kI gaI hai ki usakA pratyeka AcaraNa saMyata evaM vivekapUrNa ho, cetanA sadaiva jAgRta rahe tAki indriyoM ke viSaya usameM rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyA~ paidA na kara skeN| jaba indriyA~ aura mana apane viSayoM ke samparka meM Ate haiM to AtmA meM vikAra yA vAsanA utpanna hone kI sambhAvanA khar3I hotI hai, ataH sAdhanA-mArga ke pathika ko sadaiva jAgRta rahate hue viSaya-sevana rUpa chidroM se Ane vAle karmAsrava yA vikAra se apanI rakSA karanI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kachuA jisa prakAra apane aMgoM ko sameTakara khatare se bAhara ho jAtA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka bhI adhyAtma bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) [123]

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yoga ke dvArA antarmukha hokara apane ko pApa vRttiyoM se surakSita rkhe|' mana, vANI, zarIra aura indriya-vyApAroM kA saMyamana hI naitika jIvana kI sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| sacce sAdhaka kI vyAkhyA karate hue dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sUtra tathA usake rahasya ko jAnakara hAtha, paira, vANI, tathA indriyoM kA yathArtha saMyama rakhatA hai (arthAt sanmArga meM vivekapUrvaka prayatnazIla rahatA hai), adhyAtmarasa meM hI jo masta rahatA hai aura apanI AtmA ko samAdhi meM lagAtA hai, vahI saccA sAdhaka hai| 3. bauddha-darzana meM saMvara tripiTaka sAhitya meM saMvara zabda kA prayoga bahuta huA hai, lekina kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika pravRttiyoM ke saMyamana ke artha meM hii| bhagavAn buddha saMyuttanikAya ke saMvarasutta meM asaMvara aura saMvara kaise hotA hai isake viSaya meM kahate haiM bhikSuoM! saMvara aura asaMvara kA upadeza kruuNgaa| use suno| bhikSuoM kaise asaMvara hotA hai? bhikSuoM! cakSuvijJeya rUpa, zrotravijJeya zabda, ghrANavijJeya gandha, jihvAvijJeya rasa, kAyAvijJeya sparza, manovijJeya dharma, abhISTa, sundara, lubhAvane, pyAre, kAmayukta, rAga meM DAlane vAle hote haiN| yadi koI bhikSu usakA abhinandana kare, usakI bar3AI kare aura usameM saMlagna ho jAya, to use samajhanA cAhie ki maiM kuzala dharmoM se gira rahA huuN| ise parihAna kahA hai| bhikSuoM! aise hI asaMvara hotA hai| bhikSuoM! saMvara kaise hotA hai? bhikSuoM! cakSuvijJeya rUpa, zrotravijJeya zabda, ghrANavijJeya gandha, jihvAvijJeya rasa, kAyavijJeya sparza, manovijJeya dharma, abhISTa, sundara, lubhAvane, pyAre, kAmayukta, rAga meM DAlane vAle hote haiN| yadi koI bhikSu unakA abhinandana na kare, unakI bar3AI na kare, aura unameM saMlagna na ho, to use samajhanA cAhie ki maiM kuzala dharme se nahIM gira rahA huuN| ise aparihAna kahA hai| bhikSuoM! aise hI saMvara hotA hai|" [124] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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dhammapada meM buddha kahate haiM, 'bhikSuoM ! A~kha kA saMvara uttama hai, zrotra kA saMvara uttama hai, bhikSuoM ! nAsikA kA saMvara uttama hai aura uttama hai jihvA kA saMvara / mana, vANI aura zarIra sabhI kA saMvara uttama hai / jo bhikSu pUrNatayA saMvRta hai, vaha samagra duHkhoM se zIghra hI chUTa jAtA hai / "12 isa prakAra bauddha darzana meM saMvara kA tattva svIkRta rahA hai / indriyanigraha aura mana, vANI evaM zarIra ke saMyama ko donoM paramparAoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| donoM hI saMvara ( saMyama) ko navIna karma-saMtati se bacane kA upAya tathA nirvANa - mArga kA sahAyaka tattva svIkAra karate haiM / dazavaikAlikasUtra ke samAna buddha bhI sacce sAdhaka ko susamAhita (susaMvRta) rUpa meM dekhanA cAhate haiM / ve kahate haiM ki " bhikSu vastutaH vaha kahalAtA hai, jo hAtha aura paira kA saMyama karatA hai, jo vANI kA saMyama karatA hai, jo uttama rUpa se saMyata hai, jo adhyAtma meM sthita hai, jo samAdhi yukta hai aura saMtuSTa hai| 13 4. gItA kA dRSTikoNa - gItA meM saMvara zabda kA prayoga nahIM huA hai, phira bhI mana, vANI, zarIra aura indriyoM ke saMyama kA vicAra to usameM hai hI / sUtrakRtAMga ke samAna kachue kA udAharaNa dete hue gItAkAra bhI kahatA hai ki " kachuA apane aMgoM ko jaise sameTa letA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka jaba saba ora se apanI indriyoM ko, indriyoM ke viSayoM se sameTa letA hai, taba usakI buddhi sthira hotI hai| '' 14 " he arjuna ! yatna karate hue buddhimAn puruSa ke mana ko bhI yaha pramathana-svabhAva vAlI indriyA~ balAtkAra se hara letI haiM / jaise- jala meM vAyu nAva ko hara letA hai, vaise hI viSayoM meM vicaratI huI indriyoM ke bIca meM jisa indriya ke sAtha mana rahatA hai, vaha eka hI indriya isa ayukta puruSa kI buddhi kA haraNa kara letI hai / he mahAbAho ! jisa puruSa kI indriyA~ saba prakAra ke indriyoM-viSayoM se vaza meM hotI haiM usakI buddhi bandhana se mukti kI ora ( saMvara aura nirjarA) [125]

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sthira hotI hai| isalie manuSya ko cAhie ki una sampUrNa indriyoM ko vaza meM karake samAhitacitta huA mere parAyaNa sthita hoye|"15 isa prakAra gItA kA jora bhI saMyama para hai| 5. saMyama aura naitikatA vastutaH jaina aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana saMyama ke pratyaya ko mukti ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiN| jaina-vicAraNA meM (naitikatA) ke tIna pramukha aMga mAne gaye haiM- 1. ahiMsA 2. saMyama aura 3. tp| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, "ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa rUpa dharma sarvotkRSTa maMgala hai" saMyama kA artha hai maryAdita yA niyamaparvaka jIvana aura naitikatA kA bhI yahI artha hai| naitikatA ko maryAdita yA niyamapUrvaka jIvana se bhinna nahIM dekhA jA sktaa| kinhIM vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA ho sakatI hai ki vyakti ko jIvana-yAtrA ke saMcAlana meM kinhIM maryAdAoM evaM AcAra niyamoM meM bA~dhanA ucita nahIM hai| tarka diyA jA sakatA hai ki maryAdAoM ke dvArA vyakti ke jIvana kI svAbhAvikatA naSTa ho jAtI hai aura maryAdAe~ yA niyama kabhI bhI paramasAdhya nahIM ho skte| ve to svayaM eka prakAra kA baMdhana hai| lakSya kI prApti meM maryAdAe~ vyartha haiN| lekina yaha mAnyatA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| prakRti kA sUkSma nirIkSaNa karane para jJAta hotA hai ki prakRti (sampUrNa jagata) niyamoM se Abaddha hai| pAzcAtya dArzanika spinojA kA kathana hai ki saMsAra meM jo kucha ho rahA hai, niyamabaddha ho rahA hai| isase bhinna kucha ho hI nahIM sakatA, jo kucha hotA hai prAkRtika niyama ke adhIna hotA hai|" prakRti svayaM una tathyoM ko vyakta kara rahI hai jo isa dhAraNA ko puSTa karate haiM ki vikArayukta avasthA kI prApti evaM Atma-vikAsa ke lie bhI maryAdAe~ Avazyaka haiN| cetana aura acetana donoM prakAra kI sRSTi kI apanI-apanI maryAdAe~ haiN| sampUrNa jagat niyamoM se zAsita hai| jisa samaya jagat meM niyamoM kA astitva samApta hogA, usI samaya jagat kA astitva bhI samApta ho jaayegaa| [126] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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nadI kA astitva taToM kI maryAdA meM hai| yadi nadI apanI sImArekhA (taTa) ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai to kyA usakA astitva raha sakatA hai? kyA vaha apane lakSya jalanidhi (samudra) ko prApta kara sakatI hai, kiMvA jana-kalyANa meM upayogI ho sakatI hai? prakRti yadi apane niyamoM meM Abaddha na rahe, vaha maryAdA tor3a de to vartamAna vizva kyA apanA astitva banAye rakha sakatA hai? prakRti kA astitva svayaM unake niyamoM para hai| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan kahate haiM, "prakRti kA mArga logoM ke mana meM chAI bhAvanA aura saMskAra dvArA nahIM, varan zAzvata niyamoM dvArA nirdhArita hotA hai, vizva pUrNa rUpa se niyamabaddha hai|''18 pazu jagat ke apane niyama aura apanI maryAdAe~ haiM, jinake AdhAra para ve apanI jIvana-yAtrA sampanna karate haiN| unakA AhAra-vihAra sabhI niyamabaddha hai| ve nizcita samaya para bhojana kI khoja ko jAte evaM vApasa lauTa Ate haiN| unake jIvana-kAryoM meM eka vyavasthA hotI hai, lekina uparyukta sabhI tathyoM ke prati Apatti yaha kI jA sakatI hai ki ye sabhI niyama svabhAvika yA prAkRtika haiM jaba ki mAnavIya naitika niyama kRtrima yA nirmita hote haiN| ataeva unakI mahattA prAkRtika niyamoM kI mahattA ke AdhAra para siddha nahIM kI jA sktii| ___ aba hama yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kareMge ki manuSya ke lie nirmita naitika niyama kyoM Avazyaka haiN| isa hetu hameM sarvaprathama yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hogA ki sAmAnya prANI varga aura manuSya meM kyA antara hai, jisake AdhAra para use naitika maryAdAe~ (nirmita niyama) pAlana karane ko kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki prANI-varga meM manuSya hI aisA prANI hai jisameM cintana kI sarvAdhika kSamatA hai| usakA yaha jJAnaguNa yA vivekakSamatA hI use pazuoM se pRthak kara ucca sthAna pradAna karatI hai| ___naitika niyama mAnava jAti ke sahasroM varSoM ke cintana aura manana kA pariNAma hai| unake mAnane se inakAra karane kA artha hogA ki manuSya-jAti ko usakI jJAna-kSamatA se vilaga kara pazu-jAti kI zreNI meM milA denaa| bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) [127]

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svAbhAvika niyama to pazuoM meM bhI hote haiN| unakA AcAra-vyavahAra unhIM niyamoM se zAsita hotA hai| ve AhAra kI mAtrA, rakSA ke upAya Adi kA nizcaya ina svAbhAvika niyamoM ke sahAre karate haiM, lekina manuSya kI sArthakatA isI meM hai ki vaha svacintana ke AdhAra para apane hitAhita kA dhyAna rakhakara aisI maryAdAe~ nizcita kare jisase vaha paramasAdhya ko prApta kara ske| kAMTa ne kahA hai ki "anya padArtha niyama ke adhIna calate haiN| manuSya niyama ke pratyaya ke AdhIna bhI cala sakatA hai anya zabdoM meM usake lie Adarza banAnA aura una para calanA saMbhava hai|" __manuSya apane ko pUrNa rUpa se prakRti para Azrita nahIM chodd'taa| vaha prakRti ke AdezoM kA pUrNa rUpa se pAlana nahIM krtaa| mAnava-jAti kA itihAsa yaha batAtA hai ki manuSya ne prakRti se zAsita hone kI apekSA usa para zAsana karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| phira AcAra ke kSetra meM yaha dAvA kaise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki manuSya ko apanI vRttiyoM kI pUrti hetu mAnavoM dvArA nirmita naitika maryAdAoM dvArA zAsita nahIM karake svataMtra paricAraNa karane denA caahie| manuSya ne jIvana meM kRtrimatA ko adhika sthAna de diyA hai aura isa hetu unake lie adhika nirmita naitika maryAdAoM kI AvazyakatA hai| manuSya sAmAjika prANI hai| yaha manuSya ke sambandha meM dUsarA mudrAlekha hai| yaha vyakta karatA hai ki manuSya ke niyama aise hone cAhie jo use sAmAjika prANI banAye rkheN| yadi vaha itanA nahIM kare, to bhI sAmAjika vyavasthA meM vyAghAta utpanna kare, aisI AcAra vidhi ke nirmANa kA adhikAra use prApta nahIM hai| uparyukta nizcaya ke AdhAra para manuSya kI AcAra-vidhi yA naitika maryAdAe~ do prakAra kI ho sakatI haiM- samAjagata aura aatmgt| pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI aise hI do vibhAga karate haiM- 1. upayogitAvAdI siddhAnta, 2. antarAtmaka siddhaant| lekina nirapekSa rUpa se na to samAjagata vidhi hI apanAyI jA sakatI hai aura na aatmgt| donoM kA mahatva sApekSa hai| yaha tathya alaga hai ki [128 ] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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kisI paristhiti aura sAdhana kI yogyatA ke AdhAra para kisI eka ko pramukhatA dI jA sakatI hai aura dUsarI gauNa ho sakatI hai, lekina eka kI pUrI taraha avahelanA karake Age nahIM bar3hA jA sktaa| naitika maryAdAoM kA pAlana hama apane svayaM ke lie kareM yA samAja ke lie, lekina unakI anivAryatA se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| dRSTikoNa cAhe jo ho, donoM meM saMyama kA sthAna samAna hai| asaMyama se jIvana bigar3atA hai, prANI du:khI hotA hai| 1. khAna-pAna meM saMyama- khAna-pAna meM saMyama atyanta Avazyaka hai, na pacane vAle yA svAsthya ke virodhI tatvoM ke zarIra meM praveza ke kAraNa roga paidA hoNge| rugNa vyakti yadi bhojana kA saMyama na rakhe, to roga bar3hegA aura vaha mRtyu ke mukha meM pahu~ca jaayegaa| 2. bhogoM meM saMyama- viSaya sukha bar3e madhura lagate haiM, para yadi vyakti isameM saMyama na rakhe to vIrya-nAza se zakti hrAsa yAvat rogotpatti se maraNa taka ho sakatA hai| sundara striyoM ko dekhakara mana lalacA jAtA hai, kintu parAyI striyoM se viSaya-sukha kI icchA karane para samAjavyavasthA meM vizRMkhalA paidA ho jaayegii| mana kI caMcalatA va daur3a meM yadi maryAdAe~ na raheM to abhogya bahana, beTI, kuTumbinI taka se viSaya-sukha kI lAlasA jAgRta ho jAyegI aura isa prakAra sAmAjika maryAdAe~ samApta ho jaayeNgii| 3. vANI kA saMyama- bolane meM saMyama na rahe to kalaha evaM manomAlinya bar3hatA hai| cAhe jaisA, jo bhI mana meM AyA. use bolane kA pariNAma bar3A dAruNa hotA hai| vacana ke asaMyama se choTI-sI bAta bhI vivAda kA kAraNa bana jAtI hai| adhika jhagar3e isI kAraNa paidA hote haiN| mahAbhArata kA mahAyuddha vANI ke asaMyama kA hI pariNAma thaa| hama dekhate haiM ki vAdya-yaMtroM ke vAdana meM, moTara Adi vAhanoM ke calAne meM hAtha kA saMyama jarUrI hotA hai| thor3A-sA hAtha kA saMyama khatma bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) [129]

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ki moTara kahIM se kahIM jA giregI / tAla va vAdya para niyaMtraNa na rahA to saMgIta kA sArA majA kirakirA ho jAyegA / isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki saMyama ke binA jIvana cala nahIM sakatA, siddhi prApta nahIM ho sakatI / saMyama rUpI breka hara kAma meM Avazyaka hai / jIvana kI yAtrA meM saMyama rUpI breka na ho to mahAn anartha ho sakatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI saMyama ke abhAva meM sukhada jIvana kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI / sAmAjika jIvana meM saMyama ke binA praveza karanA saMbhava nahIM / vyakti jaba taka apane hitoM ko maryAdita nahIM kara sakatA aura apanI AkAMkSAoM ko samAja hita meM balidAna nahIM kara sakatA, vaha sAmAjika jIvana ke ayogya hai / samAja meM zAMti aura samRddhi isI AdhAra para saMbhava hai, jaba usake sadasya apane hitoM kA niyaMtraNa karanA jaaneN| sAmAjika jIvana meM hameM hitoM kI prApti ke lie eka sImArekhA nizcita karanI hotI hai / hama apane hitasAdhana kI sImA vahIM taka bar3hA sakate haiM, jahA~ taka dUsare ke hita kI sImA prArambha hotI hai| samAja meM vyakti apanA svArtha sAdhana vahIM taka kara sakatA hai jahA~ taka usase dUsare kA ahita na ho| isa sAmAjika jIvana ke Avazyaka tattva haiM- anuzAsana, 2. sahayoga kI bhAvanA aura 3. apane hitoM kA balidAna karane kI kSamatA / kyA ina sabakA AdhAra saMyama nahIM hai? saccAI yaha hai ki saMyama ke binA sAmAjika jIvana kI kalpanA hI saMbhava nahIM / saMyama aura mAnava-jIvana aise ghule-mile tathya haiM ki unase pare suvyavasthita jIvana kI kalpanA saMbhava nahIM dikhAI detI / saMyama kA dUsarA rUpa hI maryAdita jIvana-vyavasthA hai / manuSya ke lie amaryAdita jIvanavyavasthA saMbhava nahIM hai| hama sabhI ora se maryAdAoM se Abaddha haiM / prAkRtika maryAdAe~, vyaktigata maryAdAe~, pArivArika maryAdAe~, samAjika maryAdAe~, rASTrIya maryAdAe~, aura antarrASTrIya maryAdAe~ sabhI se manuSya baMdhA jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta [130]

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huA hai aura yadi vaha ina sabako svIkAra na kare to vaha usa dazA meM pazu se bhI hIna hogaa| ___ isa prakAra yaha siddha hotA hai ki maryAdAoM kA pAlana anivArya hai| sabhI maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA saMyama nahIM hai, lekina yadi maryAdAoM kA pAlana svecchA se kiyA jAtA hai to unake pIche avyakta rUpa meM saMyama kA bhAva nihita rahatA hai| sAmAnyatayA ve hI maryAdAe~ saMyama kahalAtI haiM jinake dvArA vyakti AtmavikAsa aura paramasAdhya kI prApti karatA hai| 6. nirjarA AtmA ke sAtha karma-pudgaloM kA sambaddha honA baMdha hai aura AtmA se karma-vargaNAoM kA alaga honA nirjarA hai| navIna Ane vAle karma-pudgaloM ko rokanA (saMvara) hai, parantu mAtra saMvara se nirvANa kI prApti saMbhava nhiiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki kisI bar3e tAlAba ke jala srotoM (pAnI ko Agamana ke dvAroM) ko banda kara diyA jAe aura usake andara rahe hue jala ko ulIcA jAya aura tApa se sukhAyA jAe to vaha vistIrNa tAlAba bhI sUkha jaaegaa|" isa rUpaka meM AtmA hI sarovara hai, karma pAnI hai, karma hI pAnI kA Agamana hai| usa pAnI ke Agamana ke dvAroM ko niruddha kara denA saMvara hai aura pAnI kA ulIcanA aura sukhAnA nirjarA hai| yaha rUpaka yaha batAtA hai ki "saMvara se naye kama rUpI jala kA Agamana (Asrava) to ruka jAtA hai, lekina pUrva meM baMdhe hue, sattArUpa karmoM kA jala jo AtmArUpI tAlAba meM zeSa hai, use sukhAnA hI nirjarA hai| dravya aura bhAva rUpa nirjarA- nirjarA zabda kA artha hai jarjarita kara denA, jhAr3a denA arthAt Atma-tattva se karma-pudgaloM kA alaga ho jAnA athavA alaga kara denA nirjarA hai| yaha nirjarA do prakAra kI hai| AtmA kA vaha caittasika avasthA rUpa-hetu jisake dvArA karma-pudgala apanA phala dekara alaga ho jAte haiM, bhAva-nirjarA kahA jAtA hai| bhAva-nirjarA AtmA kI vaha vizuddha avasthA hai jisake kAraNa karma-paramANu AtmA se alaga ho jAte bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) [131]

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haiM / yahI karma - paramANuoM kA AtmA se pRthakkaraNa dravya nirjarA hai| bhAva-nirjarA kAraNa rUpa hai aura dravya - nirjarA kArya rUpa hai / sakAma aura akAma nirjarA- nirjarA ke ye do prakAra bhI mAne gaye haiM - 1. karma jitanI kAla - maryAdA ke sAtha ba~dhA hai, usake samApta ho jAne para apanA vipAka (phala) dekara AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai, yaha yathAkAla - nirjarA hai| ise savipAka akAma aura anaupakramika nirjarA bhI kahate haiN| ise savipAka nirjarA isalie kahate haiM ki isameM karma apanA vipAka dekara alaga hotA hai arthAt isameM phalodaya ( vipAkodaya) hotA hai| ise akAma nirjarA isa AdhAra para kahA gayA hai ki isameM karma ke alaga karane meM zakti ke saMkalpa kA tattva nahIM hotA / upakrama zabda prayAsa ke artha meM AtA hai, isameM vaiyaktika prayAsa kA abhAva hotA hai, ata: ise anaupakramika bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha eka prakAra se vipAka - avadhi ke Ane para apanA phala dekara svabhAvika rUpa meM karma kA alaga ho jAnA hai| 2. tapasyA ke mAdhyama se karmoM ko unake phala dene ke samaya ke pUrva arthAt unakI kAlasthiti paripakva hone ke pahile hI pradezodaya ke dvArA bhogakara balAt alaga kara diyA jAtA hai, to yaha nirjarA sakAma nirjarA kahI jAtI hai, kyoMki nirjarita hone meM samaya kA tattva apanI sthiti ko pUrI nahIM karatA hai| ise avipAka nirjarA bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki isameM vipAkodaya yA phalodaya nahIM hotA hai, mAtra pradezodaya hotA hai / vipAkodaya aura pradezodaya ke antara ko eka udAharaNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaba klorophArma suMghAkara kisI vyakti kI cIra-phAr3a kI jAtI hai to usameM use asAtAvedanIya (duHkhAnubhUti) nAmaka karma kA pradezodaya hotA hai, lekina vipAkodaya nahIM hotA hai / usameM du:khada vedanA ke tathya to upasthita hote haiM, lekina duHkhada vedanA kI anubhUti nahIM hai / isI prakAra pradezodaya karma ke phala kA tathya to upasthita ho jAtA hai, lekina usakI phalAnubhUti nahIM hotI hai / ataH vaha avipAkA nirjarA kahI jAtI hai| ise sakAma nirjarA bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki isameM karma - paramANuoM ko AtmA se alaga [132] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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karane kA saMkalpa hotA hai / yaha aupakramika nirjarA bhI kahI jAtI hai, kyoMki isameM upakrama yA prayAsa hotA hai| prayAsapUrvaka, taiyArIsahita, karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM ko AtmA se alaga kiyA jAtA hai| yaha karmoM ko nirjarita (kSaya) karane kA kRtrima prakAra hai / anaupakramika yA savipAkanirjarA anicchApUrvaka, azAnta evaM vyAkula citta vRtti se, pUrvasaMcita karma ke pratiphaloM kA sahana karanA hai jaba ki avipAka nirjarA icchApUrvaka samabhAvoM se jIvana kI AI huI paristhitiyoM kA mukAbalA karanA hai| 7. jaina sAdhanA meM aupakramika nirjarA kA sthAna jaina - sAdhanA kI dRSTi se nirjarA kA pahalA prakAra jise savipAka yA anaupakramika nirjarA kahate haiM, adhika mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| yaha pahalA prakAra sAdhanA ke kSetra meM hI nahIM AtA hai kyoMki karmoM ke bandha aura nirjarA kA yaha krama to satata calA A rahA hai / hama pratikSaNa purAne karmoM kI nirjarA karate rahate haiM, lekina jaba taka navIna karmoM kA sRjana samApta nahIM hotA, aisI nirjarA se sApekSa rUpa meM koI lAbha nahIM hotA / jaisekoI vyakti purAne RNa kA bhugatAna to karatA rahe lekina navIna RNa bhI letA rahe to vaha RNa-mukta nahIM ho paataa| jaina- darzana ke anusAra AtmA savipAka nirjarA to anAdikAla se karatA A rahA hai, lekina nirvANa kA lAbha prApta nahIM kara skaa| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM "yaha cetana AtmA karma ke vipAkakAla meM sukhada aura duHkhada phaloM kI anubhUti karate hue punaH duHkha ke bIja rUpa ATha prakAra ke karmoM kA bandhana kara letA hai, kyoMki karma jaba apanA vipAka phala dete haiM, to kisI nimitta se dete haiM aura ajJAnI AtmA zubha nimitta para rAga aura azubha nimitta para dveSa karake navIna bandha kara letA hai| ''21 ataH sAdhanA-mArga ke pathika ke lie pahale yaha nirdeza diyA gayA ki vaha prathama jJAna - yukta ho karmAsrava kA nirodha kara apane Apako saMvRta kare / saMvara ke abhAva meM nirjarA kA koI mUlya nahIM / bandhana se mukti kI ora ( saMvara aura nirjarA) [133]

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aupakramika nirjarA ke bheda- jaina vicArakoM ne isa aupakramika athavA avipAka nirjarA ke 12 bheda kiye haiM, jo ki tapa ke hI 12 bheda haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM- 1. anazana yA upavAsa, 2. UnodarI- AhAra mAtrA meM kamI, 3. bhikSAcaryA athavA vRtti saMkSepa-maryAdita bhojana, 4. rasaparityAgasvAdajaya, 5. kAyAkleza-AsanAdi, 6. pratisaMlInatA- indriya-nirodha, kaSAya-nirodha, kriyA-nirodha tathA ekAMta nivAsa, 7. prAyazcita- svecchA se daNDa grahaNa kara pApa-zuddhi yA duSkarmoM ke prati pazcAttApa, 8. vinayavinamravRtti tathA variSThajanoM ke prati sammAna prakaTa karanA, 9. vaiyAvRtyasevA, 10. svAdhyAya, 11. dhyAna aura 12. vyutsarga- mamatva-tyAga 2 isa prakAra sAdhaka saMvara ke dvArA navIna-karmoM ke Asrava (Agamana) kA nirodha kara tathA nirjarA dvArA pUrva karmoM kA kSaya kara nirvANa prApta kara letA hai| 8. bauddha AcAra, darzana aura nirjarA buddha ne svatantra rUpa se nirjarA ke sambandha meM kucha kahA ho, aisA kahIM dikhAI nahIM diyA, phira bhI aMguttaranikAya meM eka prasaMga hai, jahA~ buddha ke antevAsI ziSya Ananda nirgrantha-paramparA meM pracalita nirjarA kA pariSkAra karate hue bauddha-dRSTikoNa upasthita karate haiN| abhaya licchavi Ananda ke sammukha nirjarA sambandhI jaina-dRSTikoNa ina zabdoM meM prastuta karate hai- "bhante! jJAtR-putra nirgrantha kA kahanA hai ki tapasyA se purAne karmoM kA nAza ho jAtA hai aura karmoM ko na karane se naye karmoM kA ghAta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra karma kA kSaya hone se du:kha kA kSaya, duHkha kA kSaya hone se vedanA kA kSaya aura vedanA kA kSaya hone se sAre duHkha kI nirjarA hogii| isa prakAra sAMdRSTika nirjarA- vizuddhi se (duHkha kA) atikramaNa hotA hai| bhante, bhagavAn (buddha) isa viSaya meM kyA kahate haiM?" isa prakAra abhaya dvArA nirjarA ke tapa-pradhAna nigraMtha-dRSTikoNa ko upasthita kara nirjarA ke sambandha meM bhagavAn buddha kI vicArasaraNi ko jAnane kI jijJAsA prakaTa kI gaI hai| AyuSmAn Ananda isa sambandha meM [134] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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bhagavAn buddha ke dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM, "abhaya! una bhagavAn (buddha) ke dvArA tIna nirjarA- vizuddhiyA~ samyak prakAra se kahI gayI haiN| he abhaya! bhikSu sadAcArI hotA hai, prAtimokSa- zikSA-padoM ke niyama kA samyak pAlana karane vAlA hotA hai| isa prakAra vaha zIlasampanna bhikSu kAma-bhogoM se dUra ho caturtha dhyAna ko prApta kara vihAra karatA hai| isa prakAra vaha zIla-sampanna bhikSu AsravoM kA kSaya kara anAsravacitta-vimukti, prajJA-vimukti ko isI zarIra meM jAnakara, sAkSAt kara, prApta kara, vihAra karatA hai| vaha nayA karma nahIM karatA aura purAne karmoM (ke phala) ko bhogakara samApta kara detA hai| yaha sAMdRSTika nirjarA hai, akAlikA (deza aura kAla kI sImAoM se pre)| 23 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha-paramparA nirjarA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra to kara letI hai, lekina usake tapasyAtmaka pahalU ke sthAna para usake cAritravizuddhyAtmaka tathA citta-vizuddhyAtmaka pahalU para hI adhika jora detI hai| 9. gItA kA dRSTikoNa ___ yadyapi gItA meM nirjarA zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai, tathApi jaina-darzana nirjarA zabda kA jisa artha meM prayoga karatA hai, vaha artha gItA meM upalabdha hai| jaina-darzana meM nirjarA zabda kA artha purAtana karmoM ko kSaya karane kI prakriyA hai| gItA meM bhI purAne karmoM ko kSaya karane kI prakriyA kA nirdeza hai| gItA meM jJAna ko pUrva-saMcita karma ko naSTa karane kA sAdhana kahA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai ki jisa prakAra prajjvalita agni IMdhana ko bhasma kara detI hai, usI prakAra jJAnAgni sabhI purAtana karmoM ko naSTa kara detI hai| hameM yahA~ jaina-darzana aura gItA meM spaSTa virodha pratibhAsita hotA hai| jainavicAraNA tapa para jora detI hai aura gItA jJAna para, lekina adhika gaharAI meM jAne para yaha virodha bahuta mAmUlI raha jAtA hai, kyoMki jainAcAra-darzana meM tapa kA mAtra zArIrika yA bAhya pakSa hI svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, varan usakA jJAnAtmaka evaM AMtarika pakSa bhI svIkRta hai| jaina-darzana meM tapa ke bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) [ 135]

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vargIkaraNa meM svAdhyAya Adi ko sthAna dekara use jJAnAtmaka svarUpa diyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM, uttarAdhyayana evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM ajJAnatapa kI tIvra nindA bhI kI gaI hai| ataH jaina vicAraka bhI yaha to svIkAra kara lete haiM ki nirjarA jJAnAtmaka tapa se hotI hai, ajJAnAtmaka tapa se nhiiN| vastutaH nirjarA yA karmakSaya ke nimitta jJAna aura karma (tapa) donoM Avazyaka haiN| yahI nahIM, tapa ke lie jJAna ko prAthamika bhI mAnA gayA hai| paM0 daulatarAmajI kahate haiM koTi janma tapa tapaiM jJAna bina karma jharai je| jJAnI ke dina mAhiM trigupti tai sahaja Tarai te|| isa prakAra jainAcAra-darzana jJAna ko nirjarA kA kAraNa to mAnatA hai, lekina ekAMta kAraNa nahIM maantaa| jainAcAra-darzana kahatA hai mAtra jJAna nirjarA kA kAraNa nahIM hai| yadi gItA ke uparyukta zloka ko AdhAra mAneM to jahA~ gItA kA AcAra-darzana jJAna ko karmakSaya (nirjarA) kA kAraNa mAnatA hai, vahA~ jaina-darzana jJAna-samanvita tapa se karmakSaya (nirjarA) mAnatA hai, lekina jaba gItAkAra jJAna aura yoga (karma) kA samanvaya kara detA hai, to donoM vicAraNAe~ eka dUsare ke nikaTa A jAtI haiN| gItA purAtana karmoM se chUTane ke liye bhakti ko bhI sthAna detI hai| gItA ke anusAra yadi bhakta apane ko pUrNatayA nizchala bhAva se bhagavAn ke caraNoM meM samarpita kara detA hai to bhI vaha sabhI purAtana pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa svayaM kahate haiM ki "tU saba dharmoM kA parityAga kara merI zaraNa meM A, maiM tujhe sabhI purAtana pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA, tU cintA mata kr| 26 yadi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to yahA~ jaina-darzana aura gItA kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai| jaina-darzana purAtana karmoM se mukti ke lie unakA bhoga athavA tapasyA ke dvArA unakA kSaya- yaha do hI mArga dekhatA hai, lekina gItA purAtana karmoM kA kSaya karane ke lie na kevala jJAna evaM bhakti para bala detI hai, varan vaha jaina vicAraNA meM prastuta saMyama aura nirjarA ke anya vividha sAdhanoM- indriya-saMyama evaM mana, vANI tathA zarIra kA saMyama, ekAnta-sevana, [ 136] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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alpa-AhAra, dhyAna, vyutsarga (vairAgya) Adi kI bhI vivecanA karatI hai| kahA gayA hai ki "he arjuna! vizuddha buddhi se yukta, ekAnta aura zuddha deza kA sevana karane vAlA tathA alpa-AhAra karane vAlA, jIte hue mana, vANI aura zarIra vAlA aura dRr3ha vairAgya ko bhalI prakAra prApta puruSa nirantara dhyAnayoga ke parAyaNa huA, sadaiva vairAgyamukta, antaHkaraNa ko vaza meM karake tathA indriyoM ke zabdAdika viSayoM ko tyAgakara aura rAga-dveSoM ko naSTa karake tathA ahaMkAra bala, ghamaNDa, kAma, krodha aura saMgraha ko tyAgakara, mamatArahita aura zAnta anta:karaNa huA, saccidAnandaghana brahma meM ekIbhAva hone ke yogya ho jAtA hai| 27 yadi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekheM to gItAkAra ke isa kathana meM saMvara aura nirjarA ke adhikAMza tathya samAviSTa haiN| yahA~ gItA kA dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA ke atyanta samIpa A jAtA hai| 10. niSkarSa isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana baMdhana se mukti ke liye do upAyoM para bala dete haiM- navIna baMdha se bacane ke liye saMyama aura purAtana baMdhana se chUTane ke liye tapa, jJAna bhakti yA dhyAna / jahA~ taka saMyama kI bAta hai, tInoM AcAra-darzana use lagabhaga samAna rUpa se svIkAra karate haiN| tInoM ke liye saMyama kA artha kevala indriyavyApAroM kA nirodha na hokara usake pIche rahI huI Asakti kA kSaya bhI hai| jahA~ taka purAtana karmoM se chUTane ke sAdhana kA prazna hai jaina-darzana tapa para, bauddha-darzana dhyAna (citta-nirodha) para tathA gItA jJAna evaM bhakti para adhika bala detI hai, lekina jaisA ki hamane dekhA, jaina-darzana kA tapa jJAna samanvita hai to gItA kA jJAnamArga bhI tapa evaM saMyama se yukta hai| bauddhadarzana kA dhyAna bhI jaina-darzana aura gItA donoM ko hI svIkRta hai| jo bhI antara pratIta hotA hai, vaha zabdoM kA hai, mUlAtmA kA nhiiN| jaina-darzana meM nirjarA ke sAdhana rUpa jisa tapa kA vidhAna hai, usameM jJAna aura dhyAna donoM hI samAhita hai| tInoM AcAra-darzana sAdhaka se yaha apekSA karate haiM ki bandhana se mukti kI ora (saMvara aura nirjarA) [137]

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vaha saMyama (saMvara) ke dvArA navIna karmoM ke bandhana ko rokakara tathA jJAna, dhyAna aura tapasyA ke dvArA purAtana karmoM kA kSaya kara paramazreya ko prApta kreN| saMdarbha 1. tattvArthasUtra 9/1 2. sarvadarzanasaMgraha, pR0 80 3. sthAnAMga, 5/2/427 4. uttarAdhyayana, 29/26 5. dhammapada, 360-363 6. dravyasaMgraha, 34 7. samavAyAMga, 5/5 8. sthAnAMga, 8/3/598 9. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/16 10. dazaivakAlika, 10/15 11. saMyuttanikAya, 34/2/5/5 12. dhammapada, 360-361 13. vahI, 362, tulanIya dazavaikAlika 10/15 14. gItA, 2/58 15. gItA, 2/60, 2/67, 2/68, 2/61 16. dazavaikAlika, 1/1 17. pazcimI darzana (dIvAnacanda), pR0 121 18. hinduoM kA jIvana-darzana, pR0 68 19. pazcimI darzana (dIvAnacaMdra), pR0 164 20. uttarAdhyayana 30/5-9 21. samayasAra, 389 22. uttarAdhyayana, 30/7-8, 30 23. aMguttaranikAya, 3/74 24. (a) uttarAdhyayana, 9/44 (ba) sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/24 25. chahar3hAlA, 4/5 26. gItA, 18/66 27. gItA, 18/51-53 [138] jaina, bauddha aura gItA meM karma siddhAnta

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prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura 13e, gurunAnaka patha, mAlavIya nagara, jayapura phona : 0141-2524827, 2520230 E-mail : prabharati@gmail.com Web-Site : prakritbharati.net baiMka oNpha mahArASTra Bank of Maharashtra ISBN 978-93-81571-76-7 galAma bhArata sarakAra kA udyama eka parivAra eka baiMka ke sahayoga (sI.esa.Ara.) se 97893811571767 // Rs200.00